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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 18:46:48 -0700 |
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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/44568-0.txt b/44568-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a7f6870 --- /dev/null +++ b/44568-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24869 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, A Comprehensive History of Norwich, by A. D. +Bayne + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: A Comprehensive History of Norwich + + +Author: A. D. Bayne + + + +Release Date: January 2, 2014 [eBook #44568] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY OF +NORWICH*** + + +Transcribed from the 1869 Jarrold and Sons edition by David Price, email +ccx074@pglaf.org + + + + + + A COMPREHENSIVE + HISTORY OF NORWICH + + + INCLUDING + + A SURVEY OF THE CITY: + + AND ITS PUBLIC BUILDINGS; + + CIVIL AND MUNICIPAL HISTORY: + + INCLUDING COMPLETE LISTS OF MAYORS AND SHERIFFS, + AND NOTICES OF EMINENT CITIZENS; + + POLITICAL HISTORY: + + INCLUDING COMPLETE ELECTION RETURNS AND LISTS OF MEMBERS + OF PARLIAMENT; + + RELIGIOUS HISTORY: + + INCLUDING MEMOIRS OF BISHOPS AND DEANS—RISE AND + PROGRESS OF NONCONFORMITY; + + COMMERCIAL HISTORY: + + INCLUDING THE SUBSTANCE OF PRIZE ESSAYS ON THE MANUFACTURES + AND TRADE OF NORWICH. + + * * * * * + + By A. D. BAYNE. + + * * * * * + + JARROLD AND SONS, 12, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON; + + AND LONDON AND EXCHANGE STREETS, NORWICH. + MDCCCLXIX. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +SOME account of the sources of information should be given in the preface +to a history, in order to assure the reader of the authenticity of the +narrative. No one can have turned over a bookseller’s catalogue of local +historical publications without observing how few they are in comparison +with the extent and importance of the particular district in view. The +fact is, that most of the productions of the early authors are either +very scarce or are entirely out of print. No city or county can boast of +so many industrious topographers and antiquarians as Norwich and Norfolk. +If we arrange them in alphabetical order, we have:—Ames, Beatniffe, +Blomefield, P. Browne, Brettingham, Sir Thomas Browne, Chambers, Cory, +Cotman, Dixon, Eldridge, Sir Richard Elles, Forby, Sir John Fenn, Sir +Andrew Fountaine, R. Fitch, Gibson, Gillingwater, Hudson Gurney, Green, +Gunn, Gurdon, Harrod, Ives, Kent, J. Kirkpatrick, Le Neve, Lawrence, +Mackerell, Manship (both father and son), Marshall, Tom Martin, Matchett, +Neville, Nashe, Parkin, Prideaux, Quarles, Richards, Sir H. Spelman, Sir +John Spelman, Clement Spelman, Swinden, Dawson Turner, Wilkins, Watts, +Wilkinson, and the Woodwards (father and son). Most of these, however, +were antiquarians, and contributed more to archæology and topography than +to history. + +Mr. J. Kirkpatrick, in the early part of the eighteenth century, was the +first who formed the plan of a regular historical narrative. He spent +the greater part of his life in making researches and collecting +materials for a history of Norwich; and he wrote an immense quantity of +matter in thick folio volumes, the whole of which he left in MS. to the +old corporation. They comprised— + +No. 1. A thick folio volume of the Early History and Jurisdiction of the +City; date 1720. + +No. 2. A similar folio volume, being an account of the Military State of +the City, its walls, towers, ponds, pits, wells, pumps, &c.; date 1722. + +No. 3. A thick quarto. + +No. 4. Several large bundles, foolscap folio; Annals of Norwich. + +No. 5. A fasciculus, foolscap folio; Origin of Charities, and Wills +relating thereto, in each parish. + +No. 6. Memorandum books of Monuments. + +No. 7. Ditto of Merchants’ Marks. + +No. 8. Ditto of Plans of Churches. + +No. 9. Paper containing Drawings of the City Gates, and a plan of +Norwich. + +No. 10. Drawings of all the Churches. + +No. 11. An immense number of pieces of paper containing notes of the +tenure of each house in Norwich. + +No. 12. A MS. quarto volume of 258 pages; the first sixty devoted to +notes upon the Castle at Norwich, the remainder to an account of +Religious Orders and Houses, and the Hospitals of the City. + +After the new corporation was constituted, all Kirkpatrick’s MSS. were +dispersed into different hands. The late Hudson Gurney, Esq., obtained +possession of some of them, and published a very limited number of copies +of those relating to the castle and to religious houses. Mr. Dawson +Turner edited the last-named MS. (No. 12), and it was printed in 1845. +He says that all the other MSS. had disappeared, but that they were safe +in the custody of the old corporation, thirty years before (1815), when +Mr. De Hague held the office of town clerk. + +Fortunately, Mr. Kirkpatrick was the contemporary of the Rev. F. +Blomefield, the historian of Norfolk, who appreciated his researches, and +bore this testimony to his merits:— + + “Mr. Kirkpatrick was a most laborious antiquary and made great + collections for the city of Norwich, of which he published a large + prospectus. In pursuing his studies, he worked with Peter Le Neve, + Norroy; and as they were very intimate, they mutually exchanged their + collections for this place, Mr. Kirkpatrick giving all his draughts + to Mr. Le Neve, and Mr. Le Neve giving his to Mr. Kirkpatrick. To + the labours of both these gentlemen I am exceedingly obliged, and did + I not acknowledge my obligations in this public manner, I should + inwardly condemn myself as guilty of the highest ingratitude.” + +Mr. Blomefield was, indeed, indebted to his deceased friend for the most +valuable parts of his History of Norwich, published in 1742. It is the +only part of his work which can be properly called history, the rest +consisting of topographical descriptions of different hundreds and +parishes in Norfolk. Mr. Blomefield began to print his “History of +Norfolk” at his own press in his own house at Fersfield, in 1739, by +subscription, and intended to publish a list of his subscribers when the +whole was finished. During his life the History came out in monthly +folio numbers; but he died when he had proceeded as far as page 678 of +the third volume. This volume was completed by the Rev. Charles Parkin, +rector of Oxburgh, Suffolk; and after his death was printed in 1769 by +Whittingham, bookseller at Lynn, by whom the “Continuation” was published +in two more volumes in 1777, these two volumes being very inferior to the +previous three. Blomefield’s work is of course the chief source of +information respecting Norwich, and it has been republished in many +abridged forms, the best edition being that printed by J. Crouse for M. +Booth, bookseller, in 1781, in ten vols., the last relating to Norwich. +Many smaller abridgements have also been published, carrying on the +narrative to a later date. + +The most reliable authority for the whole of the eighteenth century is +the “Norfolk Remembrancer,” compiled with great care by Mr. Matchett. R. +Fitch, Esq., published a very full and accurate account of the Old Walls +and Gates from J. Kirkpatrick’s MSS., illustrated with views by the late +John Ninham. B. B. Woodward, Esq., F.S.A., librarian of the royal +library at Windsor Castle, has also been a contributor to the history of +the old city, but as yet we have only brief reports of his lectures “On +Norwich in the Olden Time,” as published in the local journals. He +directed attention to the purely fictitious accounts of the origin of the +city to be found in the early historians, who drew in all good faith on +their fertile imaginations. He gave a much more probable account, and +described the progress of the city at different periods, as quoted in the +following pages. Mr. Harrod, too, has contributed a good deal to more +accurate views of early periods, especially in relation to the +earth-works of the castle, and to the monasteries. + +The chapters on the “Rise and Progress of Nonconformists in Norwich” in +this history, are the first given in any work of the kind, and supply +information which will readily account for the political condition of the +city. From a few hundreds in the seventeenth century, the Nonconformists +have so greatly increased that now they number many thousands, and have +at the same time attained to considerable wealth and influence. + +The chapters on Trade and Commerce supply a new feature in Norwich +history, and are very important to men of business. The information on +this head, including the history of the Manufactures and of the Wholesale +Trade of the city, is for the most part taken from Essays, by the +compiler, to which the prizes were awarded at the Norwich Industrial +Exhibition of 1867. + +The great length of the secular narrative must suffice as an apology for +the brevity of the ecclesiastical details, which occupy the greater +portion of Blomefield’s work. A full history of the churches in Norwich +would fill many volumes; indeed, Kirkpatrick’s account of the Old +Religious Houses occupies as many as 300 pages. But the general reader +would not be interested by such details. + +A full history of Norwich, up to the latest date, has long been wanted, +and the present compiler has availed himself of all sources of +information, but he has been obliged to compress a great deal into a +small compass. He has introduced many notices of eminent citizens of +every period, including bishops and ministers of all denominations, who +exercised much influence in their day and generation. + +Accurate views of local history afford the clearest insight into the +state of society at different periods. Thus the records of Norwich +Castle prove that nearly all the land in the country was either assigned +to bear, or was chargeable with, the castle guard of some castle or other +in ancient times. The castles being fortresses were the centres around +which large towns arose, and where people most congregated for protection +in lawless ages. The whole island was one vast camp during the feudal +period. Monasteries were the only places of refuge for travellers, or +for the destitute poor, and when the religious houses were dissolved, an +entire change took place in the state of society. + +Local history, properly understood, is not a dry register of events, but +leads from particular conclusions to higher generalisations. The +predominance of certain ideas at different times produced all the events +of those periods. Norwich men took an active part in all the great +movements of the day,—in the Reformation, the Civil Wars, the +Commonwealth, and all the agitations of more modern times. Therefore, +the story of the city is interesting and important in every period, and +it is identified with the whole course of events in East Anglia. Indeed, +it is difficult to separate the history of Norwich, the capital of East +Anglia, from that of the whole district. + + [Picture: Decorative mark] + + + + +SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. + + PART I. + PAGES +SURVEY OF NORWICH. Rise and Progress of the City—The 9–115 +Modern City—Public Buildings—Parishes and Parish +Churches—Nonconformist Chapels. + PART II. + + CHAPTER I. +The Ancient City—Old Walls and Gates—Desecrated Churches 116–145 +and Chapels—Monastic Institutions—Monumental Brasses + CHAPTER II. +The Aborigines 146–151 + CHAPTER III. +Norwich in the Roman Period—The Venta Icenorum 152–157 + CHAPTER IV. +Norwich in the Anglo-Saxon Period 151–161 + CHAPTER V. +Norwich under the Danes 162–164 + CHAPTER VI. +Norwich in the Norman Period 165–168 + CHAPTER VII. +Norwich in the Twelfth Century 169–172 + CHAPTER VIII. +Norwich in the Thirteenth Century 173–176 + CHAPTER IX. +Norwich in the Fourteenth Century 177–182 + CHAPTER X. +Norwich in the Fifteenth Century 183–187 + CHAPTER XI. +Norwich in the Sixteenth Century—Bilney’s 188–211 +Martydom—Dissolution of the Monasteries—Kett’s +Rebellion—Queen Mary—Queen Elizabeth—Eminent Citizens of +the Period + CHAPTER XII. +Norwich in the Seventeenth Century—The Civil Wars—Eminent 212–240 +Citizens + CHAPTER XIII. +Nonconformity in Norwich—The Independents—The 241–257 +Baptists—The Methodists + CHAPTER XIV. +Social State of Norwich from Fourteenth to Eighteenth 258–267 +Centuries—Trade Regulations, &c. + CHAPTER XV. +Norwich in the Eighteenth Century—Social 268–356 +State—Nonconformity—Eminent Citizens—Norwich in the +Nineteenth Century + CHAPTER XVI. +History of the Norwich Navigation 357–365 + CHAPTER XVII. +Leading Events of the Nineteenth Century 366–378 + CHAPTER XVIII. +The Reform Era—Commission of Enquiry respecting the Old 379–404 +Corporation—The Election of Stormont and Scarlett + CHAPTER XIX. +The Reign of Queen Victoria—Leading Events 405–415 + CHAPTER XX. +The Murder of Isaac Jermy, Recorder of Norwich 416–428 + CHAPTER XXI. +The Census of 1861—New Poor Law Act—Visit of Prince and 429–454 +Princess of Wales, the Duke of Edinburgh, and the Queen +of Denmark—The New Drainage Scheme + CHAPTER XXII. +History of the Triennial Musical Festivals 455–474 + CHAPTER XXIII. +Eminent Citizens of the Nineteenth Century 475–540 + CHAPTER XXIV. +Norwich Artists in the Nineteenth Century 541–551 + PART III. + + CHAPTER I. +Rise and Progress of the Manufacture of Textile Fabrics, 552–594 +and Present State of the Trade + CHAPTER II. +Trade and Commerce of the City—Banks and 595–633 +Banking—Wholesale Producers and Dealers—Cattle and Corn +Trade—Traffic by Rail and Water, &c. + PART IV. + + CHAPTER I. +Political History—Elections for the City—List of Members 634–683 +of Parliament + CHAPTER II. +Political History continued—Lists of Mayors, Sheriffs, 684–705 +Stewards, and Recorders + CHAPTER III. +Ecclesiastical History—Origin of the See—Lists of 706–721 +Bishops, Deans, and Clergy—Dignitaries of the +Diocese—Nonconformist Ministers + CHAPTER IV. +Religious, Educational, and Benevolent 722–735 + APPENDIX. +City Authorities and Officials, &c. 736–738 + + [Picture: Decorative mark] + + + + +INDEX TO CONTENTS. + + PAGE +Aborigines of the District 146 +Act obtained for Paving and 291, 324 +Lighting +Agricultural Implement Makers 611 +Agricultural Society’s (Royal) 416 +Visit +Agriculture, Chamber of 441 +Alexander Rev. John 490 +Alfred Prince, in Norwich 443 +Alfred the Great, Reign of 159 +Allen Thomas, M.A. 248 +Anchorages or Hermitages 139 +Ancient City, The 117 +Anderson William, Notice of 307 +Andrew’s, St. Hall—see St. +Andrew’s Hall +Angles, Arrival of 11 +Anglo-Saxon Coins 160, 161 +Anglo-Saxon Dynasty, Restoration 12 +of +Anglo-Saxon Period, Norwich in 158 +the +Archæological Society, (British) 433 +Visit of +Artists of Norwich 541 +Art, School of (in Free Library) 61 +Assize Courts, City and County 50 +Assizes removed to Norwich 381 +Asylum, New Lunatic, contemplated 441 +Austin Friars 138 + +Bank, the Crown 76 +Banks and Banking 595 +Baptist Chapels 110, 111, 112 +Baptists in Norwich, History of 253 +the +Barbauld, Anna Letitia 307 +Barlow, Peter 307 +Barracks, Cavalry 76 +Bathurst Bishop 36, 300, 328 +Bathurst Bishop, Memoir of 520 +Bathurst Bishop, Professor 329 +Taylor’s account of +Beechey, Sir William 307 +Benedictine Priory 136 +Bethel Built 270 +Bible Society, Norwich Auxiliary 335 +Established +Bignold, Sir Samuel 378, 381, 432 +Bigod, Hugh 169, 170, 172 +Bigod, Roger 163, 166, 168, 169, 172, 173, + 174, 175 +Bigod, William 169 +Bilney, the Martyr 51, 191 +Bishop Bathurst, monument of 36, 521 +,, ,, mentioned in _Monthly 300 +Magazine_ +,, ,, elected 328 +,, ,, Professor Taylor’s account 329 +of +,, ,, Memoir of 520 +,, Goldwell, tomb of 36 +,, Hall, driven out 222, 227 +,, ,, Memoir of 226 +,, Hall’s palace 100 +,, Herbert de Losinga (first 13 +bishop) +,, ,, Norman statue of 39 +,, Hinds, memoir of 524 +,, Horne, monument of 36 +,, Nykke, tomb of 34 +,, Parkhurst, tomb of 35 +,, Pelham, notice of 714 +,, Stanley, memoir of 524 +,, Wren and the “Book of Sports” 244 +Bishop’s Palace, History and 43 +description of +Bishops of Norwich, list of 708 +Black Friars 138 +Blomefield, the Norfolk Historian 127, 306 +Blind, Hospital for the 327, 733 +Blythe, Hancock 307 +Board of Health 14, 429 +Boleyn, Sir William, tomb of 37 +Bombazines, manufacture of 204 +introduced +Book of Sports 78, 244 +Boot and Shoe Trade, Wholesale 601 +Bourn, Samuel 297 +Bracondale Lodge (Miss Martineau) 106 +Brand, John, B.A. 307 +Brasses, Monumental 140, 563 +Bread Riots 286, 292, 340 +Brethren of the Sac Friars 139 +Brewers’ Mark, &c., Mr. R. Fitch 264 +on +Brewers, Wholesale 616 +Bridge, Carrow, first stone laid 333 +,, Duke’s Palace, erected 347 +,, Foundry, first stone laid 334 +Bridge W., M.A. 245 +British Archæological Society, 433 +Visit of +,, Association for the 444 +Advancement of Science, Visit of +Brooke, Sir James, educated at 45, 726 +Grammar School +Brown, Rev. Robert 243 +Browne, Sir Thomas, memoir of 230 +Brush and Paper Bag Makers 620 +Burial Ground—the Rosary 108 +Bury and Schneider unseated 656 +Buxton, Thomas Fowell 104 + +Caer Gwent or Guntum, Norwich 10, 157 +called so by the Iceni +Caister, a village on the bank of 10, 11 +the Taas +Caister and Norwich, Traditional 10 +Couplet +Caister Camp 105, 157 +Canons Honorary 718 +Canute assigned custody of 152 +Norwich Castle to Earl Turkel +Cardinal Wolsey visited Norwich 189 +Carmelite Friars 137 +Caroline, Queen, Address to 350 +Carriage Manufacturers 620 +Carrow Abbey 84, 139 +Carrow Bridge, first stone laid 333 +Carrow Works (Messrs. J. and J. 84, 605 +Colman’s) +Carrying Trade 625 +Carter, Rev. John, memoir of 239 +Castle built 11, 163 +,, burnt by Danes 12 +,, description and history of 20 +,, fortifications of 21, 22 +,, ,, Mr. Woodward’s opinions 23, 119 +,, ,, Kirkpatrick’s opinions 23 +,, ,, Mr. Harrod’s opinions 24 +,, made the public prison 178 +,, Corporation, the 339 +,, Hill, View from 47 +Cathedral, additions and repairs 29, 30, 31, 276 +by Eborard, John de Oxford, +Walter de Suffield, Ralph de +Walpole, &c. +,, Brasses destroyed during 37 +Commonwealth +,, Chartists attended at 406 +,, Cloisters, description of 41 +,, Close, Upper and Lower 44 +,, Dignitaries of the 717 +,, Dimensions of 32 +,, Edward I. and Eleanor at 29 +,, Exterior, description of 39 +,, Gateways 46 +,, Injuries by fires, wind, and 29, 30, 189, 212, 323 +lightning +,, Injuries by Reformers 31, 219 +,, Interior description of 33 +,, Monument of Bishop Bathurst 36 +,, ,, Bishop Home 36 +Cathedral, Monument of Sir 37 +William Boleyn +,, Original Structure 28 +,, Prideaux, Dr., Inscription in 34 +Memory of +,, Queen Elizabeth dined in 43, 205 +Cloisters +,, Tomb of Bishop Goldwell 36 +,, ,, ,, Herbert de Losinga 37 +,, ,, ,, Nykke 35 +,, ,, ,, Parkhurst 35 +,, ,, Miles Spencer 34 +,, Yarmouth people ask for stones 31 +for a workhouse +Catherine, Queen, visited Norwich 189 +Catholic Apostolic Chapel 115 +Cattle and Corn Trade 623 +Cattle Food and Manure Trades 622 +Cattle Market, cost of 49 +improvements, &c. +Cavalry Barracks 76 +Cemetery, Public (opened 1856) 101, 432 +,, The Rosary 108 +Census of 1861 435 +Chamber of Agriculture 441 +Chantrey’s, Sir Francis last work 37, 521 +Chapel Field 98, 133 +Chapels, Nonconformists’ 720 +,, ,, Ber Street (Wesleyans) 112 +,, ,, Calvert Street (Methodist 112 +Free Church) +,, ,, Catherine’s Plain 113 +(Primitive Methodists) +,, ,, Chapel-in-the-Field 110 +(Independents) +,, ,, Cherry Lane (Baptists) 112 +,, ,, Clement Court (Catholic 115 +Apostolic—Irvingites) +,, ,, Crook’s Place (Methodist 112 +Free Church) +,, ,, Cowgate Street (Primitive 113 +Methodist) +,, ,, Dereham Road (Primitive 113 +Methodist) +,, ,, Dutch Church (Free 114 +Christian Church) +,, ,, Ebenezer (Baptists) 111 +,, ,, French Church 114 +(Swedenborgians) +,, ,, Gildencroft (Baptists) 111 +,, ,, Jireh—Dereham Road 112 +(Baptists) +,, ,, Lady Lane (Wesleyans) 112 +,, ,, Octagon (Unitarians) 113 +,, ,, Old Meeting (Independents) 109 +,, ,, Orford Hill (Baptists) 111 +,, ,, Pottergate Street 112 +(Baptists) +,, ,, Princes Street 109 +(Independents) +,, ,, Priory Yard (Baptists) 112 +,, ,, Queen Street 114 +(Swedenborgians) +,, ,, St. Clement’s (Baptists) 111 +,, ,, St. Faith’s Lane (Jews) 115 +,, ,, St. John’s Maddermarket 113 +(Roman Cath.) +,, ,, St. Mary’s (Baptists) 110 +,, ,, St. Peter’s Hall 112 +(Presbyterians) +,, ,, Tabernacle (Lady 110 +Huntingdon’s) +,, ,, Upper Goat Lane (Friends) 113 +,, ,, Willow Lane (Roman 113 +Catholics) +Chapels, Desecrated 133 +Charing (Sherers’) Cross removed 275 +Charitable Institutions 732 +,, ,, Bethel 270 +,, ,, Blind Hospital 327, 733 +,, ,, Doughty’s Hospital 733 +,, ,, Great Hospital (called also 79, 197, 279, 733 +Old Men’s, St. Giles’, or St. +Helen’s) +,, ,, Jenny Lind Infirmary 430, 733 +,, ,, Lying-in Charity 377 +,, ,, Norfolk and Norwich 280, 733 +Hospital +,, ,, Norwich Magdalen 733 +,, ,, Orphans’ Home 733 +,, ,, Public Dispensary 325, 733 +Charles II. and Queen visited 223, 225 +Norwich +Chartist Movements 406, 408, 653 +Christ Church, New Catton 92, 405 +Church Congress in Norwich 442 +Church of England Young Men’s 732 +Society +Churches, All Saints 96 +,, Christ Church (New Catton) 92, 405 +,, desecrated 127–133 +,, despoiled by Reformers 219 +,, Holy Trinity (Heigham) 102 +,, list of 719 +,, number of, in olden times 62 +,, St. Andrew 70 +,, St. Andrew (Eaton) 104 +,, St. Augustine 87 +,, St. Bartholomew (Heigham) 102 +,, St. Benedict 75 +,, St. Clement 91 +,, St. Edmund 93 +,, St. Etheldred 82 +,, St. George Colegate 87 +,, St. George Tombland 77 +,, St. Giles 67 +,, St. Gregory 68 +,, St. Helen 80 +,, St. James 9 +,, St. John Maddermarket 69 +,, St. John Timberhill 97 +,, St. John Sepulchre 95 +,, St. Julian 81 +,, St. Lawrence 73 +,, St. Margaret 75 +,, St. Martin at Oak 86 +,, St. Martin at Palace 79 +,, St. Mark (Lakenham) 105 +,, St. Mary at Coslany 88 +,, St. Matthew (Thorpe) 106 +,, St. Michael Coslany 85 +,, St. Michael at Plea 77 +,, St. Michael at Thorn 96 +,, St. Paul 93 +,, St. Peter Hungate 78 +,, St. Peter of Mancroft 65 +,, St. Peter per Mountergate 81 +,, St. Peter Southgate 82 +,, St. Philip (Heigham) 102 +,, St. Saviour 92 +,, St. Simon and Jude 79 +,, St. Stephen 94 +,, St. Swithin 73 +,, Trinity, Holy (Heigham) 102 +Cigar and Tobacco Trade 617 +City and County of Norwich 170 +City Jail 99, 355 +City Library 61 +City Officials, list of 736 +City separated from County of 170 +Norfolk +Civic Feasts 52, 197, 204, 378, 402, 403 _et + passim_ +Civil Wars, the 216 +Clabburn Thomas, monument of 87 +Clarke, Dr. Adam, in Norwich 257 +Clarke, Dr. Samuel, memoir of 236 +Clergy, ignorance of, in 242 +fifteenth century +Clergy of City and Hamlets, list 719 +of +Close, Cathedral, Upper and Lower 44 +Clothiers, Wholesale 601 +Clover Joseph, artist 546 +Coaches, Mail, to London 282 +Coal Trade 622 +Coins, Anglo-Saxon 160, 161 +Coins of Iceni 149 +Collinges Dr. 296 +Commercial History 552 +Commercial School 726 +Compounding for Poor-rates 440 +abolished +Cooper Henry 308 +Corn Exchange (old) opened 372 +,, description of 58 +Corn Exchange, portraits in (Earl 59 +Leicester & Jno. Culley, Esq.) +Corn, high price of 286, 293 +Corn Trade 623 +Corporation, Municipal 170 +,, ,, First Mayor of New 402 +,, ,, History of the 316 +,, ,, Last Mayor of Old 401 +,, ,, Members of, for 1869 736 +,, ,, Present state of the 395 +,, ,, Presents to the, by Lord 279 +Howard, 223; Sir Robt. Walpole, +275; Sir Armine Wodehouse +Corporation, Old, _Commission of 381 +Inquiry_ +,, Evidence of Athow, John 395 +,, ,, Bacon, R. M. 395 +,, ,, Barnard, A. 391 +,, ,, Bignold, S. (mayor) 383 +,, ,, Bolingbroke, Alderman 383, 391 +,, ,, Francis, John 391, 394 +,, ,, Gurney, J. J. 383, 388, 392 +,, ,, Newton, Alderman 386 +,, ,, Palmer, George 392 +,, ,, Robberds, J. W. 395 +,, ,, Simpson, W. 383 +,, ,, Stan, John Rising 390 +,, ,, Wilde, William 389 +,, ,, Willett, H. 393 +,, ,, Wright Mr. 394 +Cosin, Dr. John, memoir of 238 +Costume of various periods 553 +Cotman, J. S., artist 550 +Council Chamber 50 +County Jail (the Castle) 27 +Crape Manufacture 581, 592, 593 +Crome, John, artist (“Old Crome”) 89, 542 +Memorial of +Crome, Miss, artist 546 +Crome, J. B., artist 545 +Cromwell and the Commonwealth 222 +Cromwell, John 249 +Crosse, John Greene, memoir of 530 +Crotch, Dr. William 538 +Crown Bank (Harveys and Hudson) 76 +Crucifixion of a boy by Jews, 174 +alleged + +Dalrymple, William, memoir of 526 +Danes, Incursions of 12 +Danes settled in Norwich 162 +Dean and Chapter 718 +Dean and Chapter’s Library 44 +Deans of Norwich, list of 715 +Deave, Reuben 308 +Denmark, Queen of, visit to 443 +Norwich +De Dominâ Friars 138 +De Pica or Pied Friars 138 +De Sacco Friars 139 +Desecrated Chapels 133 +Desecrated Churches 127–133 +Dignitaries of the Diocese 717 +Diocese, Dignitaries of 717 +Disfranchisement of Freemen 374, 402 +Dispensary, Public 325, 733 +Dissolution of the Monasteries 194 +Dixon, W. R., artist 547 +Domesday Book 12, 13, 165, 260 +Dominican Friars 138 +Doughty’s Hospital 733 +Drainage, the New Scheme for 446 +Drapers, Wholesale 616 +Dress at different periods 553 +Drill Hall 98 +Duchess of Norfolk (died 1593), 70 +monument of +Duke of Sussex visited Norwich 345 +Duke of Wellington, Statue of 63 +Duke’s Palace Bridge erected 347 +Dungeon Tower 76 +Dutch and Flemings, arrival of 166, 557 +Dutch Church (Free Christian 114 +Church) + +Earlham Hall 103 +Earlham, Hamlet of 103 +Earthquakes felt in Norwich 278 +Eaton, Hamlet of 104 +Ecclesiastical History 706 +Edinburgh, Duke of, in Norwich 443 +Education in Norwich 726 +Edward I. and Eleanor at 29 +Cathedral +Edward III. and Philippa visit 178 +Norwich +Edward VI. Commercial School 726 +,, Grammar School 45, 726 +Eighteenth Century, Norwich in 268 +the +Eldon Club 641 +Election, First under the Reform 662 +Act of 1867 +Election of Stormont and Scarlett +(see Stormont and Scarlett) +Elections since Reform Act of 650 +1832 +Elizabeth Fry 104, 503, 505 +Elizabeth, Queen, visits of, to 43, 51, 205 +Norwich +Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of 185 +Edward IV., visits Norwich +Eminent Citizens, Notices of— +,, ,, Alexander, Rev. John 490 +,, ,, Anderson, William 307 +,, ,, Barbauld, Anna Letitia 307 +,, ,, Barlow, Peter 307 +,, ,, Bathurst, Bishop 520 +,, ,, Beechey, Sir William 307 +,, ,, Blomefield, Rev. F. 306 +,, ,, Blythe, Hancock 307 +,, ,, Brand, John, B.A. 307 +,, ,, Browne, Sir Thomas 230 +,, ,, Carter, Rev. John 239 +,, ,, Clarke, Dr. Samuel 236 +,, ,, Cooper, Henry 308 +,, ,, Cosin, Dr. John 238 +,, ,, Crosse, John Greene 530 +,, ,, Crotch, Dr. William 538 +,, ,, Dalrymple, William 526 +,, ,, Deave, Reuben 308 +,, ,, Enfield, Dr. 298, 309 +,, ,, Fenn, Sir John 309 +,, ,, Fry, Elizabeth 503, 505 +,, ,, Goslin, John 239 +,, ,, Gurney, John 499 +,, ,, Gurney, Joseph John 503 +,, ,, Hall, Bishop 226 +,, ,, Hall, Thomas 309 +,, ,, Hinds, Bishop 524 +,, ,, Hobart, John 310 +,, ,, Hooke, James 310 +,, ,, Hooker, Dr. 536 +,, ,, Kaye, John 210 +,, ,, Kinnebrook, David 310 +,, ,, Kirkpatrick, John 303 +,, ,, Legge, Dr. 209 +,, ,, Lens, John 310 +,, ,, Lubbock, Dr. 311 +,, ,, Mountain, Right Rev. J. 311 +,, ,, Opie, Mrs. 537 +,, ,, Parker, Archbishop 211 +,, ,, Parr, Dr. Samuel 311 +,, ,, Pearson, Dr. John 238 +,, ,, Rigby, Dr. 311 +,, ,, Robert, Viscount of 237 +Yarmouth +,, ,, Saint, William 312 +,, ,, Sanby, George, D.D. 312 +,, ,, Say, William 312 +,, ,, Sayers, Frank, M.D. 312 +,, ,, Smith, Sir J. E., M.D. 312 +,, ,, Stanley, Bishop 522 +,, ,, Stevenson, William 313 +,, ,, Taylor, John, D.D. 313 +,, ,, Taylor, Professor Edward 475 +,, ,, Taylor, William 313 +,, ,, Thurlow, Edward, Baron 313 +,, ,, Wilkins, William 314 +,, ,, Wilkins, William, sen. 314 +,, ,, Wilks, Rev. Mark 482 +,, ,, Windham, William 314 +,, ,, Wrench, Sir Benjamin 314 +Enfield, Dr. 298, 309 +Erpingham Gate 46 +Erpingham, Sir Thomas 46, 51 +Ethelbert Gate 46 +Exhibitions, Great, (1851 & 1862) 430, 436 +Norwich Contributors to +Exhibition, Norwich Industrial 443 +Extent of Modern City 15 + +Fastolf Sir John, House of 46 +Fenn, Sir John 309 +Fifteenth Century, Norwich in the 183 +Fires, serious injuries by 188, 277, 323 +Fish Market 64 +Fitch, R., Esq., on the Old Walls 121 +and Gates +Flag of France taken by Nelson 58 +Flemings, Arrival or 166, 171, 204, 557, 560, 567 +Flemish Refugees banished 244 +Flint Implements of Iceni 148 +Flint Structure, curious specimen 72 +of +Floods, violent, in Norwich 269, 279, 280 +Flour Mills 621 +Fortifications of the Old City 122 +Foundry Bridge, first stone laid 334 +Fourteenth Century, Norwich in 177 +the +Fourteenth to eighteenth 258 +Centuries, social state +Franciscan Friars 137 +Fransham John 309 +Free Christian Church 114 +Free Library 61 +Freemasons, Dean Prideaux, first 272 +master here +Freemen, disfranchisement of 374, 402 +French Church (Swedenborgian) 114 +French Revolution commemorated 284 +Friaries 136 +Friars, Carmelites or White 137 +Friars de Dominâ 138 +Friars de Pica or Pied Friars 138 +Friars de Sacco 139 +Friars Franciscan or Grey 137 +Friars of St. Mary 138 +Friars, Preachers (Black Friars) 138 +Friends’ Meeting House 113 +Fry, Elizabeth 104, 503, 505 +Fynch, Martin 249 + +Gates and Walls, old 121 +Gateways of Cathedral 46 +Gedge, Mr. G., promoted National 410, 412, 414 +Rate +Goslin John, Memoir of 239 +Grammar School 45, 726 +,, Brooke, Sir James, educated at 45, 726 +,, Lord Nelson 45, 726 +,, Valpy Dr., once head master 45, 726 +Grantham Thomas 253 +Great Exhibitions (1851 and 430, 436 +1862), Norwich Contributions to +Great Hospital (see Charitable +Institutions) +Grey Friars 137 +Grocers, wholesale 617 +Guardians, Corporation of 375, 438 +Guild Feasts 52 +Guild Hall, description of 50 +,, memorials of Nelson in 51 +,, Bilney the martyr confined 51 +there +Guilds and Pageants 180, 208, 239, 274, 282, 403 +Guild, the Tanners’ 74 +Gurney Family 103, 498 +,, Hudson, on Venta Icenorum 153 +,, John 502 +,, Joseph John 368, 509 +,, ,, buried in Gildencroft 111, 518 + +Hall, Bishop, memoir of 226 +Hall’s Bishop, Palace 100 +Hall, Guild (see Guildhall) +Hall, St. Andrew’s (see St. +Andrew’s Hall) +Hall, Thomas 309 +Hallett, Rev. J., on History of 251 +Old Meeting House +Hamlets—Earlham 103 +,, Eaton 104 +,, Heigham 98 +,, Hellesdon 103 +,, Lakenham 104 +,, Pockthorpe 108 +,, Thorpe 106 +,, Trowse, Carrow, and Bracondale 106 +Harrod on Fortifications of 24 +Castle +Hart, Rev. R., on Old Costumes 564 +Harvey, Charles 353 +Harvey, John 354 +Harvey, Robert 339 +Harvey, Sir R. J. H., Bart., 107, 597 +Heigham, Hamlet of 98 +Hellesdon, Hamlet of 103 +Henry I. visited Norwich 169 +Henry VI. visited Norwich 184 +Henry VII. visited Norwich 186 +Herbert de Losinga (first bishop) 13 +,, tomb of 37 +Hermitages or Anchorages 139 +Hinds, Bishop, memoir of 524 +Hobart, John 310 +Hodgson, Charles, artist 547 +Hodgson, David, artist 548 +Holy Trinity, Church of the 102 +Hooke, James 310 +Hooker, Dr., notice of 536 +Horticultural Implement Makers 611 +Hospitals (see Charitable +Institutions) +Huntingdon’s, Lady, Connexion 110 + +Iceni, the 11, 147 +,, Coins of 149 +,, Flint Implements of 148 +,, Woodward on 117 +,, Sepulchral Urns 148 +Independent Chapels 109, 110 +Independents, History of the 247 +Indigent Blind Hospital 327, 733 +Indulgences to those buried in 137 +“Pardon Cloister” +Industrial Exhibition 443 +Innes, Rev. J. B. 251 +Iron Trade 609 +Irvingites’ Chapel 115 + +Jail, the City 99, 355 +Jail, the County 27 +Jenny Lind Infirmary 430, 733 +Jermy, Isaac, Recorder, Murder of 416 +Jews accused of crucifying a boy 174 +Jews, first settled in Norwich 165 +Jews, large influx of 169 +‘Jews’ Synagogue 115 +John’s (King) visit to Norwich 173 +John of Gaunt visited Norwich 179 + +Kaye, John, memoir of 210 +Kett’s Castle 136 +Kett’s Rebellion 198 +King (see Royal Visits) +King Edward VI. Commercial School 726 +King Edward VI. Grammar School 45, 726 +Kinghorn, Rev. J., Tributary 256 +Lines by Mrs. Opie +Kinnebrook, David 310 +Kirkpatrick, John, memoir of 303 +Kirkpatrick—buried in St. Helen’s 80, 305 +Church +,, on fortifications of Castle 23 + +Ladbrooke, Robert 548 +Lady Huntingdon Chapels 110 +Lakenham, Hamlet of 104 +Law of Settlement and Removal 414 +Legge, Dr., memoir of 209 +Lens, John, M.A. 310 +Library, City (at Free Library) 61 +,, Dean and Chapter’s 44 +,, Free Library 61 +,, Literary Institution 60 +,, Norwich Public 59, 298 +Literary Institution, Norfolk and 60 +Norwich +Lollards’ Pit (see also Martyrs) 136, 184, 193, 203 +Lord Abinger 401 +Lord Nelson 45, 51, 56, 288, 289, 330 +Lubbock, Richard, M.D. 311 +Lunatic Asylum, new one 441 +contemplated +Lying-in-Charity, Established 377 + +Magdalen, or Female Home 733 +Mail Coaches, first started to 282 +London +Maltby, Dr. Edward 297 +Manufacture of Bombazines 204 +introduced +Manufacture of Worsted introduced 166 +Manufacturers of the last century 302 +Manufactures mentioned in “Paston 178 +Letters” +Manufactures, Norwich, at Great 430, 436 +Exhibitions +Manufactures, Norwich, presented 437 +to Princess of Wales +Manufactures—Textile 553 +Fabrics—History of +,, ,, in Eighteenth Century 569 +,,, , in Nineteenth Century 578 +Manure Manufacturers 622 +Margaret of Anjou (Queen of Henry 185 +VI.) visited Norwich +Market, Corn 58 +Market Cross, the 188 +Market, Cattle, cost of 49 +improvements, &c +Market, Fish 64 +Market Place, dimensions of 63 +Market Place, formerly the Great 18 +Croft +Martineau Family 106 +Martyr, the Boy William 174 +Martyr, Thomas Bilney 51, 191 +Martyrs (see also Lollards’ Pit) 184, 191, 193, 196, 203, 206, + 242, 243 +Masons, Free, Dean Prideaux first 272 +master here +Mayor and Sheriff, alternate 429 +nominations of +Mayor, the first 72, 170, 684 +Mayors and Sheriffs, complete 684 +list of +Mayor’s Feast, curious speech at 53 +a +Mayors’ Feasts (see also Civic 52, 204, 378, 403 _et passim_ +Feasts) +Mayors’ Gold Chain 271 +Members of Parliament first 176 +elected for Norwich +Members for Norwich, complete 669 +list of +Methodists, Calvinistic 256 +Methodist Free Church Chapels 112 +Methodist, Primitive, Chapels 112 +Methodists, Wesleyan 112, 257 +Miles Spencer, Tomb of 34 +Ministers, Nonconformist 720 +Modern City, situation and extent 15 +of +Monasteries, dissolution of 194 +Monastic Institutions 135 +Monumental Brasses 140 +Moore William (last Mayor of Old 401 +Corporation) +Mountain, Right Rev. Jacob 311 +Municipal Reform Act 170, 400 +Murder of Isaac Jermy, Recorder 416 +Museum, Norfolk and Norwich 60, 401 +Musical Festivals 324, 333, 356, 403 +,, History of 455 +Mustard and Starch Manufactory 84, 605 +(Messrs. J. and J. Colman’s) + +National Rate advocated by Mr. G. 410, 412, 414 +Gedge and others +Navigation, Norwich, history of 357 +the +Nelson, Lord, educated at Grammar 45, 726 +School +,, memorials of, in Guildhall 51, 288 +,, portrait of, in St. Andrew’s 56, 289 +Hall +,, statue of, in Cathedral Close 45 +,, victory of, celebrated in 330 +Norwich +New Catton (Christ Church) 92, 405 +New Mills 74 +Newspaper, first in Norwich 269 +Nineteenth Century, Norwich in 315 +the +Nonconformist Ministers, list of 720 +Nonconformists (see Chapels) 109, 720 +,, Baptists 110, 111, 112 +,, Catholic Apostolic 115 +,, Friends 113 +,, Free Christian Church 114 +,, Independents 109, 110 +,, Irvingites 115 +,, Jews 115 +,, Lady Huntingdon’s Connexion 110 +,, Methodist Free Church 112 +,, ,, Primitive 112 +,, ,, Wesleyan 112 +,, Presbyterian 112 +,, Roman Catholics 113, 114 +,, Swedenborgians 114 +,, Unitarians 113 +Nonconformity in Norwich, history 241, 294 +of +Norman Conquest 165 +Norman Architecture, specimens of 62 +Northwic, Norwich named so by the 11 +Angles +Norwich—Aborigines 146 +,, and Caister, traditional 10 +couplet +,, “a Port” 357 +,, Antiquities 116 +,, Assizes removed to 381 +,, became a Danish City 12 +,, Bishops, list of 708 +,, Clergy of City and Hamlets 719 +,, Corporation of (see +Corporation) +,, Crape Manufacture 581, 592, 593 +,, custody of, assigned by Canute 162 +to Earl Turkel +,, Deans, list of 715 +,, during Civil Wars 216 +,, during Commonwealth 222 +,, extract from Domesday Book 166 +,, first represented in 176 +Parliament +,, from fourteenth to eighteenth 258 +centuries +,, in the Roman Period 10, 152 +,, in the Anglo-Saxon Period 158 +,, in the Norman Period 165 +,, in the Twelfth Century 169 +,, in the Thirteenth Century 173 +,, in the Fourteenth Century 177 +,, in the Fifteenth Century 183 +,, in the Sixteenth Century 188 +,, in the Seventeenth Century 212 +,, in the Seventeenth Century, 224 +Sir Thos. Browne and Lord +Macaulay on +,, in the Eighteenth Century 268 +,, in the Nineteenth Century 315 +,, Jews first settled in 165 +,, made a Staple Town 178 +,, Mayors and Sheriffs, complete 684 +list of +,, Members of Parliament for, 669 +complete list of +,, Navigation, history of the 357 +,, Nonconformity, history of 241, 294 +,, Recorder of, Isaac Jermy, 416 +murdered +,, Recorders, list of 704 +,, seriously injured by Fire 188, 277 +,, Shawl Manufacture 587 +,, Site of, formerly under the 9, 10 +sea +,, Stewards, list of 705 +,, supplies against Spanish 205 +Armada +,, under the Angles n 11 +,, under the Danes 162 +,, under the Reform Era 379 +,, Union (New Act) 438 +,, Venta Icenorum of the Romans 11, 117, 153 + +Octagon Chapel (Unitarian) 113, 138, 295 +Old Bridewell, a curious flint 71 +structure (built about 1370) +Old Corporation (see Corporation) +“Old Crome,” artist 89, 542 +Old Meeting House 109 +,, Rev. J. Hallett on the History 251 +of +Old Men’s Hospital 79, 197, 279, 733 +Old Norwich 117 +,, fortifications of 122 +Old Walls and Gates—Mr. R. Fitch 121–127 +on +Opie, Mrs., buried in Gildencroft 111 +,, Notice of 537 +Orphan’s Home 733 + +Paper Bag Makers 620 +Paper Manufacturers 621 +“Pardon Cloister” Indulgences 137 +Parker, Archbishop, memoir of 211 +Parishes and Parish Churches 62 +Parliament—Norwich first 176 +represented in +Parliamentary Reform, Movements 284, 341, 380, 643, 648 +in favour of +Parr, Dr. Samuel 311 +Parry, Capt. W. E., Freedom of 351 +City presented to +“Paston Letters” on Norwich 178 +Manufactures +Paving and Lighting, Act obtained 291, 324 +for +Paving of Norwich, worst in 14, 291 +England +Pearson, Dr. John, Memoir of 238 +Pelham, Dr., present Bishop, 714 +notice of +Perpendicular Architecture, 62 +Specimens of +Peter, the Wild Youth 277 +Physical Condition of Norwich at 9 +an early period +Plagues and Pestilences 203, 206, 213, 214, 259, 377 +Pockthorpe, Hamlet of 108 +Police Introduced 403 +Political History 635 +Poor Law, New Act for Norwich 438 +Poor Law Reform 410 +Poor Law Removal Act 412 +Population, &c., by Domesday Book 12, 13, 260 +,, at various periods 13, 315, 375, 408, 430, 435 +Portrait of J. H. Gurney, Esq., 60 +in Museum +Portrait of Nelson by Beechey 56 +Portraits and Pictures in St. 57 +Andrew’s Hall +Portraits in Corn Exchange (Earl 59 +of Leicester & J. Culley, Esq.) +Portraits in Shirehall (Lord 50 +Wodehouse, Earl of Leicester, and +H. Dover, Esq.) +Post Office 62 +Precedence, Questions of 213 +Presbyterian (Scotch) Chapel 112 +Presbyterians (Unitarians) 295 +History of +Prideaux, Dr., Inscription in 34 +memory of +Primitive Methodist Chapels 112 +Prince Alfred in Norwich 443 +Prince and Princess of Wales in 443 +Norwich +Prince’s Street Chapel 109 +Priories—Benedictine and St. 136 +Leonard’s +Priory Yard Chapel 112, 253 +Protestant Association 407 +Established +Provisions, high price of 286, 293 +Public Dispensary Established 325 +Public Library 59 +Publishers, Manufacturing 615 +Pull’s Ferry 44 +Puritans, their doings and 219, 243, 244 +sufferings + +Queen (see Royal Visits) +Queen Caroline, Address to 350 + +Railway Communications 15, 16, 409 +Rajah of Sarawak, Educated at 45, 726 +Grammar School +Read, Sir Peter, tomb of 65 +Rebellion, Kett’s 198 +Rebellion, Wat Tyler’s 178 +Recorder of Norwich (Isaac Jenny) 416 +murdered +Recorders of Norwich, list of 704 +Reed, Rev. Andrew 251 +Reed, Rev. Andrew, on the Rise of 247 +Nonconformity in Norwich +Reformation, the 184, 206 +Reform in Parliament, movements 284, 341, 380, 643, 648 +in favour of +Reformed Parliament—first 650 +election (1832) +Religious History of Norwich 722 +Rifle Volunteers 433 +Rigby, Edward, M.D. 311 +Rise and Progress of the City 9, 11 +River Wensum, rise and course of 16 +River Yare 15 +Robert, Viscount of Yarmouth, 237 +memoir of +Roger Bigod 163, 166, 168, 169, 172, 173, + 174, 175 +Roman Catholic Chapels 113, 114 +Roman Invasion 152 +,, opinion of Rev. Scott Surtees 152 +Roman Roads 117, 118, 119, 153 +Rosary Burial Ground 108 +Royal Agricultural Society’s 416 +Visit +Royal Visits—Catherine 189 +,, Charles II. and Queen 223, 225 +,, Duke of Edinburgh (Prince 443 +Alfred) +,, Duke of Sussex 345 +,, Edward I. and Eleanor 29 +,, Edward III. and Philippa 178 +,, Elizabeth 43, 51, 205 +,, Elizabeth Woodville (Queen of 185 +Edward IV.) +,, Henry I. 169 +,, Henry VI. 184 +,, Henry VII. 186 +,, John 173 +,, Margaret of Anjou (Queen of 185 +Henry VI.) +,, Prince and Princess of Wales 443 +,, Prince Alfred (Duke of 443 +Edinburgh) +,, Queen of Denmark 443 +Rush, James Blomfield, murderer 416 +of Isaac Jermy, Recorder + +Saint William 312 +Saints, All, parish of 96 +Sampson and Hercules’ Court 46 +Sandby, George, D.D. 312 +Sandringham Gates, the 437, 612 +Savings Bank opened 339 +Say, William 312 +Sayers, Frank, M.D. 312 +Scarlett, Sir James, made Lord 401 +Abinger +School, Commercial 726 +,, Grammar 45, 726 +,, of Art 61 +Schools, Endowed and Charity 628 +See, Bishop’s, origin of 706 +,, removed to Norwich 13, 706 +Separation of Norwich and Norfolk 170 +Sepulchral Urns of Iceni 148 +Settlement and Removal, Law of 414 +Seventeenth Century, Norwich in 212 +the +,, ,, Sir T. Browne & Lord 224 +Macaulay on +Shawls made in Norwich 587 +Sheriffs of Norwich, complete 688 +list of +Shirehall, portraits in (Earl of 49, 50 +Leicester, Lord Wodehouse, and H. +Dover, Esq.) +Shoe Trade, Wholesale 601 +Shops, Warehouses, Banks, &c 18 +Sixteenth Century, Norwich in the 188 +Slavery, Abolition of 368, 371, 374 +Smith, Sir James Edward 312 +Soap Manufacture 621 +Soc, Sac, and Custom 166 +Spanish Armada, supplies against 205 +Springfield, T. O. 373, 588 +,, first Mayor of New Corporation 403 +St. Andrew, Parish of 70 +,, Andrew, Parish of (Eaton) 104 +,, Andrew’s Hall, description and 51 +history of +,, ,, dimensions of 54 +,, ,, Flag of France taken by 58 +Nelson +,, ,, Mayor’s Feasts in 52 _et passim_ +,, ,, Musical Festivals 53, 324, 333, 356, 403, 455 +,, ,, Portraits and Pictures in 57 +,, ,, Portrait of Nelson, by 56 +Beechey +,, ,, restored 281 +,, ,, used as Corn Hall and 54, 272 +Exchange +,, Augustine, parish of 87 +,, Bartholomew, Heigham 102 +,, Benedict, parish of 74 +,, Clement, parish of 91 +,, Edmund, parish of 93 +,, Etheldred, parish of 82 +,, George Colegate, parish of 89 +,, George Tombland, parish of 77 +,, Giles, parish of 67 +,, Giles’ Hospital (see +Charitable Institutions) +,, Gregory, parish of 68 +,, Helen, parish of 79 +,, Helen’s Hospital (see +Charitable Institutions) +,, James, parish of 93, 108 +,, John Maddermarket, parish of 69 +,, John Sepulchre, parish of 95 +,, John Timberhill, parish of 97 +,, Julian, parish of 81 +,, Lawrence, parish of 73 +,, Leonard’s Priory 136 +,, Margaret, parish of 74 +,, Mark (Lakenham) 105 +,, Martin at Oak, parish of 86 +,, Martin at Palace, parish of 79 +,, Mary, Friars of 138 +,, Mary Coslany, parish of 88 +,, Matthew (Thorpe) 106 +,, Michael at Coslany, parish of 85 +,, Michael at Plea, parish of 77 +,, Michael at Thorn, parish of 96 +,, Paul, parish of 93, 108 +,, Peter Hungate, parish of 78 +,, Peter Mancroft, parish of 64 +,, Peter per Mountergate, parish 81 +of +,, Peter Southgate, parish of 82 +,, Philip (Heigham) 102 +,, Saviour, parish of 92 +,, Simon and Jude, parish of 79 +,, Stephen, parish of 94 +,, Swithin, parish of 73 +Stanfield Hall, Murders at 416 +Stanley, Bishop, Memoir of 522 +Stannard, Alfred, artist 549 +Stannard, Joseph, artist 548 +Stannard, Mrs., artist 549 +Staple Town, Norwich made a 178 +Starch and Mustard manufactory 84, 605 +(Messrs. J. and J. Colman’s) +Stark, James, artist 550 +Stevenson, William, F.S.A. 313 +Stewards of Norwich, list of 705 +Stormont and Scarlett’s +Election—Commission of Enquiry +,, ,, Evidence of Bush, Henry 397 +,, ,, ,, Cooper, William 397 +,, ,, ,, Cozens, Mr. 397 +,, ,, ,, Francis, J. 397 +,, ,, ,, Hayes, John 397 +,, ,, ,, Rust, Thomas 396 +,, ,, ,, Turner, Alderman 397 +,, ,, ,, Wortley, Mr. 397 +Stracey, Sir H. J., Bart., M.P., 668 +unseated +Street Improvements (London and 19 +Opie Streets) +Streets named from Trades 121 +Streets, names of, first put up 280 +Surtees, Rev. Scott F., on Roman 152 +Invasion +Survey of the City 9 +Sutton, Dr. Charles Manners 328 +Swedenborgians (French Church) 114 +Sweyn, landing of 118 + +Tabernacle Chapel 110, 256 +Tanners’ Guild 74 +Taylor, Dr. John 295, 313 +Taylor, Professor Edward 295, 344, 350, 458, 643 +,, ,, Memoir of 475 +Taylor, William 313 +Telegraphic Communications 16 +Textile Manufactures, History of 553 +,, in Eighteenth Century 569 +,, in Nineteenth Century 578 +Theatre Royal 61, 322, 367 +Thelwall, the Republican Orator 287 +Thirteenth Century, Norwich in 173 +the +Thorpe, Hamlet of 106 +Thurlow, Edward Baron 313 +Tillett, J. H., petitioned 668 +against Sir H. J. Stracey, Bart., +M.P. +Tobacco and Cigar Trade 617 +Tombland, St. George’s 77 +Towers of the Old City 124 +Trade Regulations in Seventeenth 265 +Century +Trade Stations and Rows in Olden 19, 121 +Times +Trinity, Holy, Church of 102 +(Heigham) +Trowse Millgate 106 +Turnpike Roads opened 280 +Twelfth Century, Norwich in the 169 +Tyler’s Wat, Rebellion 178 + +Unitarian Chapel (Octagon) 113 +Unitarians, History of the 295 +Upholsterers, Manufacturing 619 +Urns, Sepulchral, of Iceni 148 + +Valpy, Dr., Head Master of 45, 334 +Grammar School +Venta Icenorum 11 +,, Gurney, Hudson, on the 153 +,, Woodward, B. B., on the 117 +Volunteer Infantry 325, 326 +Volunteer Rifle Corps 433, 738 + +Wales, Prince and Princess of, in 443 +Norwich +Walloons settled here 204 +Walls and Gates, old 121 +Ward Elections, cost of contests 319, 320 +Water Gate to Cathedral Precincts 44 +Water Works 99 +Wat Tyler’s Rebellion 178 +Weavers’ Co-operative Society 441 +Weavers, disturbances by 373, 406, 583 +Weavers, number of (in 1839–1840) 584 +Wellington, Statue of 63 +Wensum River, rise and course of 16 +Wesley, Revs. John and Charles in 112, 257 +Norwich +White Friars 137 +Whitlingham (Sir R. J. H. 107 +Harvey’s) +Wilkins, William 314 +Wilks, Rev. Mark 482, 637 +William, “The Boy Martyr” 174 +Windham, Major General, “Hero of 433 +the Redan” +Windham, William 314 +Wine, Spirits, and Beer Trade 615 +Woodward, B. B., on 23 +Fortifications of Castle +,, on Venta Icenorum 117 +Wool Weaving Introduced 171 +Workhouse, first act for erecting 269 +a +Workhouse, New (built in 1859) 101 +Workhouse, Old 327 +Worship, Places of (see +“Churches” and “Chapels”) +Worsted Manufacture introduced 166 +Wren, Bishop, and the “Book of 244 +Sports” +Wrench, Sir Benjamin 314 + +Yarn Company, first stone of 403 +factory laid +Young Men’s Christian Association 732 + + [Picture: Decorative graphic] + + + + +A SURVEY OF NORWICH. + + +Rise and Progress of the City. + + +IN tracing the rise and progress of the city, it is necessary to inquire +respecting the physical condition of the district around it at an early +period. Before the dawn of authentic history, it is in vain to expect +full information on this point; but the natural changes that have taken +place may be traced with tolerable clearness. Geologists inform us that +the whole area of Norfolk, including Norwich, was in remote ages under +the sea; that by the slow accumulation of alluvial matter islands were +formed in this estuary; and that the waters were divided into several +channels. + +We may speculate as to the causes of these changes of the level of land +and water, but we cannot doubt the fact of such changes having taken +place. When or why the great body of waters retired to its great +reservoir in the bed of the ocean is unknown; but whatever the causes, it +is certain that between the first and the eleventh century the waters did +gradually recede till the river assumed a narrower appearance. The +higher part of the city from Ber Street up to Lakenham was probably, 2000 +years ago, like an island surrounded by water flowing up the valley of +the Taas on that side, and over the valley of the Wensum on the other +side. + +The existence of Norwich as a city during the Roman period from B.C. 50 +till A.D. 400 or 500 is very doubtful. Camden says that its name occurs +nowhere till the Danish wars. If it did exist, it was only a fishing +station, for then a broad arm of the sea flowed up the valley of the +Yare, and covered a great part of the north side of the present city. +Indeed, for centuries after the Christian era this arm of the sea may +have flowed over the greater part of the ground on which the north side +of the city now stands. In the course of time, however, the arm of the +sea gradually silted up and left only the present narrow river Wensum +flowing into the Yare. + +Tradition has handed down this couplet: + + “Caister was a city when Norwich was none, + And Norwich was built of Caister stone.” + +There is, however, no evidence that Caister was ever more than a village +on the banks of the Taas, where the Romans built a camp to overawe the +neighbourhood; while all the old Roman roads have always radiated from +Norwich, proving that it was a place of importance in the Roman period. +The _Iceni_ called it _Caer Gwent_, altered by the Romans into _Venta_, +so that it was the _Venta Icenorum_ of the Romans, who probably threw up +the mound on which a castle was afterwards built, in the Anglo-Saxon +period. + +Norwich very likely took its rise after the departure of the Romans, +about A.D. 418, on account of the distracted state of the empire. Then, +the camp or station at Caister being almost deserted, the few remaining +Romans joined with the natives, and they became one people; and the +situation of Norwich being thought preferable to that of Caister, many +retired hither for the facility of fishing and the easier communication +with the country. Caister, however, though almost deserted, kept up some +reputation, till the river becoming so shallow, cut off all intercourse +with it by water and reduced it to a place of no importance. + +After the departure of the Romans, the Angles from the opposite coast +made themselves masters of this part of the island, and to them is +chiefly owing the further progress of the city and its present name. +“Northwic” signifies a northern station on a winding river, and may have +been so called because of its being situated north of the ancient station +at Caister. + +Norwich Castle was probably built in the reign of Uffa, the first king of +the East Angles, soon after the year 575. About 642 it became a royal +castle, and one of the seats of Anna, king of the East Angles, whose +daughter Ethelfred, on her marriage with Tombert, a nobleman or prince of +the Girvii (a people inhabiting the fenny parts of Norfolk), had this +Castle, with the lands belonging to it, given her by her father. About +677, this Tombert and his wife granted to the monastery of Ely, which +they had founded, certain lands held of Norwich Castle, by Castle guard, +to which service they must have been liable before the grant, for, by the +laws of the Angles, lands granted to the church were not liable to +secular service, unless they were at first subject thereto whilst in +secular hands, which proves that this was a Royal Castle in the time of +King Anna. + +The Danes soon came over in such large numbers and so frequently, that +they at last got possession of the whole of East Anglia, and became the +parent-stock of the inhabitants of parts of Norfolk and Suffolk. In +1003, Sweyn or Swaine, King of Denmark, came over with his forces and, in +revenge for the massacre of the Danes in the previous year, burnt Norwich +and its Castle, as well as many other places. They afterwards rebuilt +the city and castle, and came hither in such large numbers, that Norwich +became a Danish city, with a Danish Castle, about 1011. After the +restoration of the Anglo-Saxon dynasty, the city entered on a new career +of prosperity, and according to the Domesday Book of Edward the +Confessor, it contained 25 churches, and 1320 burgesses, besides the +serfs or labourers. It was still the capital of East Anglia, with a few +hundred houses, but the greater part of the area round the Castle +presented only marshes and green fields. Two broad arms of the sea still +flowed up the valleys on each side of the city. The whole district all +around consisted of marsh, and moor, and woods, and yet uncultivated +land. + +In 1094, Herbert de Losinga, then Bishop of Thetford, removed the See +hither, and began to build the Cathedral, from which time the city +increased yearly in wealth and trade. Domesday Book (1086) contains an +account of all the lands and estates in England, and also of all the +towns. Norwich was then next in size to York, and contained 738 +families. Thetford had at the same time 720 burgesses, and 224 houses +empty. Thetford, therefore, was decaying and Norwich was rising. In +1377, a census was taken of several great towns in England, and Norwich +was found to contain 5300 people, for a migration hither of Flemings and +Walloons, who introduced the manufacture of woollen and worstead fabrics, +had increased the population. In 1575, the muster roll of men delivered +to the government capable of bearing arms contained 2120 names, which +would be the proportion for 15,000 people. The population in 1693 +amounted to 28,881 inhabitants. In 1752 it had increased to 36,241, and +in 1786 to 40,051. In 1801 it had decreased to 36,832. In 1811 the +number was 37,256, and during the next ten years so large was the +increase that in 1821 the number was 50,288. In 1831, when the census +was taken, Norwich contained 61,116; in 1841, 61,796; in 1851, 68,713; in +1861, 74,414. + +Notwithstanding the continued succession of wars from the revolution in +1688 to the conclusion of the peace in 1763, the city continued to +prosper, and its trade had become very great, extending all over Europe, +and Norwich manufactures were in demand in every town on the continent. +Indeed, the period of war, from 1743 to 1763, was the most prosperous era +in Norwich history. The prosperity continued till the disputes arose +between the government and the North American colonies, which commenced +in 1765 and became serious in 1774, and were not terminated till 1783, +when the independence of the United States was acknowledged. During this +period, in fact, the trade of the place was so good, that great numbers +of people came from the surrounding villages and obtained employment in +the factories. After the passing of the paving act in 1806, the new +paving of the city commenced, and proceeded very slowly. This necessary +work was interrupted at intervals from the want of money, and the +Commissioners got deep in debt. In forty years they spent £300,000, and +left Norwich the worst paved town in England. The drainage was very +defective, and the hamlets were not drained at all. The supply of water +was altogether insufficient, and in the hamlets was obtained from wells. +The Board of Health was established in 1851, under the powers of the +Public Health Acts, and since then its provisions have been carried out. +The sanitary condition of Norwich has subsequently greatly improved and +the rate of mortality decreased, owing to the wise and judicious measures +which have been adopted of late years. A fuller description of “the +Ancient City” will be found under the head of “Norwich Antiquities.” + + + +The Modern City. + + +THE modern city, with all its improvements and extensions, presents a +very different aspect to what it did in former times, when it was +enclosed by high walls and gates. It stands for the most part on the +summit and sloping sides of a rising ground, running parallel with the +river Wensum on the southern side, above its confluence with the Yare. +Its greatest extent from St. Clement’s Hill (north) to Hartford Bridges +(south) is four and a quarter miles; and following the zigzag line of +boundary it is about seventeen miles in circumference, comprising 6630 +acres of land. Within its jurisdiction, as a city and a county of +itself, it includes the picturesque hamlets of Lakenham and Bracondale on +the south, of Catton on the north, of Thorpe on the east, and of Heigham +on the west, in which direction Norwich is rapidly extending. + +The city is situated in the eastern division of Norfolk, of which county +it is the capital. It is 20 miles distant from the sea at Yarmouth, 108 +miles distant from London, 42 from Lynn, 22 from Cromer, 43 from Ipswich, +72 from Cambridge, and 99 from Lincoln; being in latitude 52° 42′ N., and +in longitude 1° 20′ E of Greenwich. The Great Eastern Railway system +places it in communication with all the towns before named, and all the +large towns of England. There is a railway station at Thorpe for the +Norfolk line from Yarmouth to Ely, and another station at St. Stephen’s +Gates for the Suffolk line from Norwich to Ipswich. Telegraphic lines +are established along both railways, and there is also another line from +London, viâ Norwich, to Cromer, on the northern coast of the county. +Navigation is carried on by river from Norwich to Yarmouth. The Wensum, +which rises at Rudham, enters the city on the N.W., and leaves it on the +S.E. It pursues a boldly serpentine course through the town, first +traces for a short space the western limits, then describes a semi-circle +round the left bank, then winds through a thinly-built part of the city, +and next traverses a compact eastern side. An eminence, that may be +called a hill, compared with the flatness of the surrounding country, +extends along the right bank of the river and terminates near its last +bend; and this eminence bears on its summit and its slopes all the more +ancient parts of the city, with a large portion of its present streets +and buildings. The outline of the area within the old walls somewhat +resembles the form of a cornucopia, with the narrow end twisted round +from the S. to the S.E., and has been aptly compared to the figure of a +haunch of venison. A strong flint embattled wall, flanked with forty +towers, pierced by twelve beautiful gates, and fortified by a broad +ditch, formerly surrounded the city, except at two places, where the +Wensum formed a natural defence; but having fallen into decay, and being +considered a hindrance to the growth and improvement of the town, it was +stripped of all its gates, its ditch was filled in, and the only portions +of walls which were permitted to remain are a few strips, here and there, +of crazy ruin. The city inside the walls is divided into thirty-five +parishes, and has five more and parts of two others within the county of +the city. Altogether it contains forty parish churches, exclusive of the +Cathedral, the French and Dutch Churches, and Christ’s Church, New +Catton; and upwards of twenty Nonconformist chapels. It formerly +included about twenty other parishes, but they have been consolidated +with some of the present parishes, and the churches either desecrated or +taken down. Among the chapels which have altogether disappeared may be +mentioned the Chapel of St. Mary in the Field, St. Catherine’s Chapel, +Hildebrand’s Chapel, Magdalen Chapel, St. Michael’s Chapel, (Tombland), +St. Nicholas’s Chapel, St. Olave’s Chapel, (near King Street gates), and +others. + +The older portion of the city in most of its street arrangements is very +irregular; and its thoroughfares are narrow and winding, following in +some instances the line of the ancient walls. Some of its houses, +however, are handsome structures, and are often admired by strangers as +beautiful specimens of squared flint facings. The old street +architecture, however, is rapidly vanishing before the hand of +improvement. Many of the half-timber, lath and plaster houses, +remarkable for their grotesque gables and picturesque appearance, have +given place to plainer, but more comfortable and convenient dwellings; +some of which have handsome fronts, more especially round the Market +Place, and in the principal streets. We may, especially, notice the +warehouses and shops of Messrs. Chamberlin, Mr. G. L. Coleman, and others +in the Market Place; of Mr. Caley, Mr. Fiske, Mr. Livock, Mr. Dixon, Mr. +Sawyer, and Mr. Allen in London Street; the offices of the National +Provincial Bank in London Street; and of the Crown Bank on the Castle +Meadow. + + + +THE MARKET PLACE. + + +The Market Place, which occupies the centre of the city, is one of the +most spacious in England; and being overhung by the singularly massive +square tower of St. Peter’s, and presenting several specimens of antique +houses of the gable-front construction, is very picturesque in its +appearance. It was formerly the great Croft, belonging to the Castle, on +the outer ditch of which it is supposed to have abutted. The first parts +built upon were the east and west sides and the north end. The other +portions were built by virtue of royal licenses. As already indicated, +it has been within the last few years greatly improved, by the erection +of new houses and fronts; and upon the whole it may be said to be well +paved—though as regards the paving of the city generally, there is still +room for improvement. The approaches to the Market Place, it should here +be mentioned, were formerly very narrow and difficult, and they are not +even now all that could be wished; but many improvements have +nevertheless been made at very great expense. Thus, London Street has +within the last few years been widened, at a cost of £20,000; and Opie +Street has been opened from London Street to the Castle Hill. Of course, +the principal places of business are mostly clustered together, either in +the Market Place or in the nearest streets; but in former times, every +business in Norwich had its particular row or station. Thus, in ancient +deeds, we read of the Glover’s Row, Mercers Row, Spicer’s Row, Needler’s +Row, Tawer’s Row, Ironmonger’s Row; also of the Apothecary’s Market, the +Herb Market, the Poultry Market, the Bread Market, the Flesh Market, the +Wool and Sheep Market, the Fish Market, the Hay Market, the Wood Market, +the Cheese Market, the Leather Market, the Cloth-cutter’s Market, the +White-ware Market; all of which we find mentioned before the reign of +Richard II.; for about the latter end of the reign of Edward III., trades +began to be mingled in such a manner, that many of these names were lost. + + + +NORWICH CASTLE. + + + [Picture: Norwich castle] + +HIGH over the centre of the old city, over all its churches, and towers, +and streets, rises the Norman Castle, frowning in feudal grandeur over +the whole district. It stands on the summit of a mound or hill, steep on +all sides, which appears to be chiefly the work of nature, with additions +by human labour. The embattled quadrangular keep, in its restored state, +retaining all the details of architectural decoration peculiar to the +Norman style, presents a faithful image, though without the grey +antiquity, of its original exterior, and is a noble striking object from +whatsoever point it is seen. The common history is, that a fortress +existed here during the Saxon period, and that Uffa, the first King of +the East Angles, formed one of earth, according to the rude method of the +times. In 642, Anna, another of the East Anglian kings, is said to have +resided here; and during the Danish wars, this fortress was often taken +and retaken. Alfred is believed to have repaired it, and to have erected +the first stone structure, which was destroyed by the Danes in 1004. +Canute probably erected another castle here about 1018, and after the +conquest it was much injured during a siege, and was rebuilt by Roger +Bigod. The plan of the fortifications has been a subject of some +controversy. According to the account commonly given of the fortress, it +consisted of a barbican or outwork to defend the entrance; three nearly +concentric lines of defence, each consisting of a wall and ditch, and +enclosing a ballium or court; and a great central keep, as the last +resort in the event of a siege. The area comprised a space of +twenty-three acres, and each ditch had a bridge over it similar to the +one now remaining. The barbican, or outwork of the fortification, was +situated beyond the outer ditch, if it ever existed. The wall commenced +at the opening called Orford Street, and gradually extended to the end of +Golden Ball Lane, the other extremity terminating in Buff Coat Lane. The +widest part is stated to have been forty yards broad, and gradually +decreasing at the extremities, the length being about 220 yards. Part of +the original form of the wall was supposed to be traceable from the +position of the buildings erected on its site in Buff Coat Lane. The +road to the castle from Ber Street was supposed to pass through the +barbican, exactly where Golden Ball Lane recently stood. The circuits of +the outer vallum and the middle vallum are minutely described by most of +the local historians; but unfortunately there is no sufficient evidence +in support of this old theory of three ditches round the castle—nothing +but a vague traditional story, filled up by imagination. The editors of +the history published by Crouse in 1768, say: + + “This castle was defended by a wall surrounding it, built on the brow + of the hill on which it stands, and by three ditches; the outermost + of which reached on the west to the edge of the present Market Place, + on the north to London Lane, which it took in; on the east nearly to + Conisford Street, and on the south to the Golden Ball Lane. The + postern or back entrance into the works was on the north-east, by + which a communication was had with the earl’s palace, then occupying + the whole space between the outer ditch and Tombland. The grand + entrance is on the south, from which you passed three bridges in + going to the Castle. The first hath been immemorially destroyed; the + ruins of the second remained till the ditches were filled up and + levelled thirty years since; and the third still continues and + consists of one whole arch, exceeded by very few in England.” + +Mr. John Kirkpatrick, who wrote an account of the Castle in the last +century, gives quite a different description of the earth works. He +notices the present ditch, and a second entrenchment lying between the +present ditch and the Shire house, which then stood near the old weighing +house on the hill. He also refers to the Shire house ditch as a distinct +entrenchment. He describes a bridge house on the inner side of the great +southern ditch in the middle of the present Cattle Market, and the line +of the houses forming the southern limit of the Cattle Market seems to +show the limit of the outwork. + +Mr. B. B. Woodward, F.S.A., in his lectures delivered here on “Norwich in +the Olden Time,” adopted this view of the earth works, which he believed +did not consist of three concentric lines of defence. He described the +Saxon fortress as probably no more than a strong palisade carried along +the inner edge of two great trenches and the top of the steep bank of the +small stream called the “Cockey;” the buildings consisting of a great +timber hall with offices and stabling. He believed that the Normans +strengthened the outworks, cast up the great mound, dug the vast inner +ditch, and reared the noble donjon, which, before the “restoration” of +its exterior, was a fine feudal monument. After the Norman period the +earth works, Mr. Woodward thought, underwent great changes. The +horse-shoe trench on the east side disappeared and was built upon. This +horse-shoe trench enclosed the Castle Meadow. Another smaller outwork +was formed on the south side of the original great southern trench, both +of the last named being crossed by bridges. In support of this view, Mr. +Woodward referred to the account given by Kirkpatrick, who, as we have +said, described the second ditch as lying between the great circular +ditch and the Shire house, which then stood near the old weighing house. +The old way from King Street had been disused because the growth of the +city had so greatly altered the defensive character of the fortress. In +addition to this, there were the names of two churches, one of which was +St. Martin’s, (originally called “on the Hill,”) but afterwards “at +Bailey” or “at the Castle gate;” and the other, St. John, now Timberhill, +but then “at the Castle gate.” Unless a way existed through the outworks +to the castle hill, these churches could not have been properly called +“at the Castle gate;” and as the “Bailey,” was the space enclosed within +the intrenchments of the Castle, the other name of St. Martin would be +quite inappropriate. The Buckes, in their view of the Castle, +represented a ruined building, like a bridge house, on the inner side of +the great southern ditch. Before the end of the last century, the level +of the south side of the hill was raised to form a Cattle Market. + +Mr. Harrod, some years since, at a meeting of the Archæological Society +held in the Museum, exploded the theory of three circular ditches by +showing from the city records that houses had always stood on the sites +of the supposed outer and middle ditches; the inner vallum was the only +one, and extended round the base of the hill on which the keep is +erected, and is plainly traceable at the present time. It is planted +with trees and shrubs, having a gravelled walk in the centre, and is +enclosed with an iron palisade. The area of the upper ballium is level +and comparatively high, and forms an irregular circle on the summit of +the hill, surrounded by an iron railing. The great Keep situated within +this area is a massive quadrangular pile, 110 feet in length from east to +west, 92 feet 10 inches in breadth from north to south, and 69½ feet high +to the top of the merlons of the battlements, and the walls are from 10 +to 13 feet in thickness. From the basement to the top are three stories, +each strengthened by small projecting buttresses, between which the walls +are ornamented with semi-circular arches resting on small three-quarter +columns. In the upper story the backs of some of these arcades are +decorated with a kind of reticulated work, formed by the stones being +laid diagonally, so that the joints resemble the meshes of a net. To +give it greater richness of effect, each stone had two deeply chased +lines, crossing each other parallel with the joints, so as to present the +appearance of Mosaic. On the exterior of the west side are two arches +which appear to have been originally intended as a deception to the +enemy, giving an idea of weakness externally, where in fact was the +greatest strength; for the wall is not only 13 feet in thickness in this +place, but, within, it was additionally barricaded by two oblique walls +which were, long ago, taken down. On the east side of the keep there is +a projecting tower called Bigod’s tower, which was most probably built by +Hugh Bigod, third Earl of Norfolk, who succeeded his brother as High +Constable of the Castle, early in the 12th century. This tower, which +was an open portal to the grand entrance of the Castle, is of a richer +kind of architecture, and in the genuine Norman style, and since 1824, +has been entirely restored, so as now to exhibit its pristine aspect, +which is certainly different from the rest of the keep. The interior of +the keep has been so greatly altered in order to adapt it to prison +purposes, that the original arrangement of apartments cannot be traced. + +The style of architecture has been a matter of dispute, as to whether it +is Saxon, Danish, or Norman. Mr. Boid, in his history and analysis of +the principal styles of architecture, ventures to challenge any one to +prove the existence of any monument in this country of real Saxon skill; +nor has any specimen been discovered. Mr. Wilkins, of Norwich, who has +described both the ancient and modern states of the fortress in Vol. xii. +of the Archæologia, believed, however, that the part which yet remains +might have been constructed chiefly in the reign of Canute, but that it +is notwithstanding in the style of architecture practised by the Saxons, +long before England became subject to the Danes, and is the best exterior +specimen of the kind. Other and later writers, with much better +evidence, believe the whole keep to be Norman, of the time of William +Rufus; for it is similar in style to Castle Rising, built in the reign of +that king, by Albini. The earth works and stone works are very similar. +The whole of the exterior of the keep has been refaced, the original +style being preserved. It is to be regretted that the work was not +wholly refaced with small square stones, in the Norman manner, instead of +commencing with the large massive freestone, which is coloured to +represent smaller stones. This defect, however, on being discovered was +remedied, for a great part of the exterior was finished after the Norman +fashion. The county jail stands on the east side of the keep, and was +built on the site of a previous prison in 1824–28 at a cost of £15,000. +It comprises a governor’s house and three radiating wings, and has room +for 224 male prisoners. Three bridges are, as we have said, thought by +some authorities to have crossed three ditches, but for more than a +century the present bridge has been the only one. This bridge consists +of one large semicircular arch. Mr. Wilkins supposed that it was the +original bridge built by the Saxons, but this is only conjectural like +the rest of his theory about the earth works. At the termination of this +bridge, upon the upper ballium, are the remains of two circular towers, +14 feet in diameter, which are supposed to have flanked the portal of the +ballium wall. The history of the castle will be given at some length in +subsequent pages. We shall now proceed to + + + +THE CATHEDRAL. + + +THIS grand Norman pile is the great ornament to the city, but its +situation is so low that its goodly proportions can be seen only from one +point of view, namely from Mousehold Heath. From that elevation it +presents the dignity of a great work of architecture, and the spire may +be seen on a clear day, on the north, at a distance of twenty miles. The +noble tower, with its gracefully tapering spire, second in height only to +that of Salisbury, the flying buttresses, and the circular chapels at the +east end, are objects of interest to the attentive antiquarian observer. + +The cloisters on the south side, and the bishop’s palace and grounds on +the north, and other premises, shut out from public view most of the +exterior, except the west front. A fine view of the splendid effect, +produced by a series of unbroken lines, may be obtained opposite the +south transept, where the whole pile, comprising the transept, tower, and +spire, blend themselves into one harmonious whole. The interior from the +west front entrance presents a most imposing appearance, and when +surveying the vast length of the nave, we feel that our forefathers + + “Builded better than they knew, + Unconscious stones to beauty grew.” + +We shall first give, in as complete a manner as our limited space will +permit, a sketch of the foundation and progress of the edifice, the +erection of which occupied a century, and then we shall describe its +different parts, exterior and interior, including the nave, the screen, +the choir, the transepts, and the cloisters. + +The original structure was begun in 1096 by Herbert de Losinga, the first +bishop of the diocese. The portions he built comprise the choir, with +the aisles surrounding it, the chapels of Jesus and St. Luke, and the +central tower with the episcopal palace on the north side of the church, +and a monastery on the south. Bishop Eborard, the successor of Herbert, +added the nave and its two aisles, from the ante-choir or rood loft, to +the west end. The building, as left by Eborard, remained till 1171, when +it sustained some damage by fire, but was repaired by Bishop John de +Oxford, about 1197, who also added some alms houses to the monastery. +The Lady chapel at the east end, which has long since been destroyed, was +the next addition to the building, and was erected by Walter de Suffield, +the tenth bishop, who filled the See from 1244 to 1257. + +In the year 1271, the tower was greatly injured by lightning during +divine service, and in 1272 the whole church was damaged considerably, in +the violent warfare which was at that time carried on between the monks +and the citizens; but in 1278, having been repaired, the church was again +consecrated by William de Middleton on the day he was enthroned Bishop of +Norwich, in the presence of King Edward I. and Eleanor his queen, the +Bishops of London, Hereford, and Waterford, and many lords and knights. +We can now form no idea of the grandeur of such a ceremony in that age. + +The tower having been much injured and weakened by fire, a new one, +according to Blomefield, was begun and finished by Bishop Ralph de +Walpole; but this, says Britton, more properly applies to the spire, the +style of which, rather than of the tower, corresponds with that period. +Bishop Walpole ruled the diocese from 1289 to 1299. Before his +translation to Ely, which took place in the latter year, he commenced the +cloister at the north-east angle, and built the chapter house. He only +completed a small portion of the east aisles. The chapter house has +since been destroyed. The rest of the cloister was built by Richarde de +Uppenhall, Bishop Salmon, Henry de Will, John de Hancock, Bishop +Wakering, Jeffery, Symonds, and others, and was completed A.D. 1430, in +the 133rd year from the first commencement of the work. + +In January, 1362, the spire was blown down, and the choir thereby much +injured; but under the auspices of Bishop Percy, the present spire was +erected and the choir repaired. In 1629, the upper part of the spire was +again blown down, and in 1633, at a general chapter, it was ordered to be +repaired. In 1843, seven feet were added to its elevation, with the +present finial which formed a consistent termination to the crockets. + +In 1463, the church was much injured by fire, the wood work in the +interior of the tower having been ignited by lightning. Under Bishop +Lyhart, however, it was again repaired and ornamented. The splendid +stone roof of the nave was added, the cathedral was paved, and a tomb was +erected over the founder, which was afterwards demolished during the +great rebellion. About the year 1488, Bishop Goldwell built the roof of +the choir of similar but inferior work to that of the nave, adding the +upper windows and flying buttresses. He also fitted up the choir and the +chapels around it, and covered the arched stone work with lead. In 1509 +the transepts having been much injured by fire, Bishop Nykke repaired +them, adding stone roofs to them in the same manner as the rest of the +church. + +At the dissolution of the monasteries, the cathedral suffered greatly +from the zeal of the Reformers, much curious work being destroyed; and +several obnoxious crucifixes, images, niches, tabernacles, and paintings, +were removed. In 1643, the fanatics took possession of the church and +the adjoining palace, and plundered them of all that was valuable. The +Yarmouth people being in want of a workhouse, sent a petition to the Lord +Protector, praying that “that great useless pile, the cathedral, might be +pulled down, and the stones given them to build a workhouse.” Of course +the petition was not granted. Soon after the restoration, the church was +fitted up again. In 1740, the nave and aisles were newly paved, the +tower was repaired, and the church cleaned. In 1763, the floor of the +choir was again repaved, the stalls repaired and painted, and other +improvements made, not always in harmony with the original structure. + +The edifice was extended, embellished, altered, and repaired by many +bishops and by wealthy families till it was completed about 1500. +Alternate dilapidations and restorations followed. The dilapidations +were sometimes sudden, sometimes gradual, and the restorations have +continued at frequent intervals almost to the present day. The entire +pile was repaired and beautified on an extensive scale in 1806–7. The +decayed ornaments of the west front were restored, and many improvements +in other parts were effected in 1818 and following years. The south +front was renovated, and several houses which had stood against the walls +were removed in 1831. The entire fabric was again restored, on the plan +of Edward Blore, about 1840–3; and some portions were repaired, some +embellishments were added, and some interesting ancient features were +brought into view between the years 1843 and 1868. + +The pile as it now stands, comprises a nave of fourteen bays with aisles, +a transept of three bays in each wing, a central tower, a steeple, an +apsidal sacristy on the north-east side, a choir of four bays with +aisles, an apsidal end, and a procession path; also three chapels, in the +south side, the north-east side, and south-east side; and a cloister with +each alley of eleven panes to the south of the nave. The dimensions of +the Cathedral as taken from actual measurement are as follows:— + + _Feet_. _Inches_. +Length of church 407 0 +,, nave to choir screen 204 0 +,, choir from screen 183 0 +,, roof of nave 251 0 +,, transept 178 0 +Breadth of nave and aisles 72 0 +,, choir from back of stalls 27 1 +,, aisles of choir 15 0 +Height of spire from ground 315 0 +,, tower 140 5 +,, spire from tower 174 7 +,, roof of nave from pavement 69 6 +,, roof of choir from pavement 83 6 + +_The Interior_. + + +We shall now proceed with our description of the interior, which contains +the finest specimens of Norman architecture in existence, and admired by +all men of taste. Nothing can exceed the grandeur of the lofty nave, +massive columns, and wide circular arches. The whole pile is chiefly of +the early Norman style, wherein the semi-circular arches and massive +short columns are the leading features. These are considerably varied in +size, moulding, and ornament, in different parts of the edifice. + +The Nave comprises fourteen semicircular arches, ornamented with billet +and zigzag mouldings, and supported by massive piers. The arches of the +triforium are of similar style to those below. The magnificent roof, the +work of Bishop Lyhart, the rebus of whose name is of frequent occurrence +upon the vault and corbels, is ornamented with 328 historical figures, +curiously carved, in a kind of relievo peculiar to itself, being chiefly +composed of little figures, most exactly put together, said to be the +only work of the kind in existence, being a complete chain of sacred +history, beginning at the tower with the Creation of the World; the +different days of the creation being disposed of in the several figures +in the intersections of the arched work of the roof. The Fall of Man, +Noah’s Ark, and incidents in the lives of the patriarchs, are represented +in the first seven arches; the rest to the west end represent events +narrated in the New Testament. The interior of the nave looks much too +long in proportion to the rest of the pile, and the triforium is out of +keeping in consequence of its heavy circular arches being too high as +compared with those of the tier below, but the piers of the nave, with +the grand arches which they support, are splendid specimens of Norman +work and decoration. + +The south transept is Norman work modified by a few innovations, and is +flanked by square turrets, arcaded at the top and terminating in +pinnacles. The north transept is of similar character. The side aisles +are low, and the roof of plain vaulting. The west window is of unusually +large size, and is of the same design, as regards the tracery, with that +in Westminster Hall. This window has been filled in with gorgeously +coloured glass, being designed as a memorial of Bishop Stanley, who was +buried in the middle of the nave. + +In the seventh arch of the north side are the remains of a doorway, with +a stone bench, formerly leading into the monks’ preaching yard, now part +of the bishop’s garden. Even after the Reformation, and up to the time +of the great rebellion, sermons were preached here before the Civic +Authorities and the Members of the Cathedral. Between the sixth and +seventh pillars is an unpretending inscription to the memory of the +learned Dr. Prideaux, formerly Dean of Norwich, author of the “Connection +of the Old and New Testaments,” who died November 1st, 1724. The tomb +between the corresponding pillars on the opposite side is that of Miles +Spencer, Chancellor of the Diocese in 1537. Between the seventh and +eighth pillars is the low tomb of Bishop Nykke, who died in 1535. At the +eighth pillar a pulpit formerly stood. Bishop Parkhurst’s tomb stands in +the next space, between the eighth and ninth pillars. + +The Screen was originally the division between the rood-loft and the +chapel of our Lady of Pity. Bishop Lyhart erected the rood-loft, and +upon it the principal rood or cross was placed with the representation of +the Holy Trinity, to whom this church was dedicated; together with the +images of the Blessed Virgin and St. John, and such other saints as were +esteemed here. The rood or crucifix, of full proportions, was made of +wood, and in most churches was placed in a loft constructed for the +purpose over the entrance from the church into the chancel. The nave +represented the Church Militant, and the chancel the Church Triumphant. +Those, therefore, who would pass out of the former into the latter, must +go under the loft; that is, must go under the cross and suffer +affliction. But no rood was complete without the images of the Virgin +and St. John on either side of the cross, in allusion to St. John xix. +26,—“Jesus saw His mother and the disciple standing by, whom He loved.” + +The Choir contains sixty-two stalls according to the number of the old +foundations, namely, a prior, sub-prior, and sixty monks. They are +adorned with rich and quaint carvings and canopies, as far as the west +pillars of the tower. The “misereres” (projecting brackets on the under +side of the seats of stalls in churches), are richly carved and present a +great variety of design. Among the stalls the Rev. R. Hart discovered +upwards of sixty _misereres_, and he described them very minutely. In +every example that he had seen the space under the ledge is carved in a +bold relief, with an ornamented boss on each side to balance, as it were, +the centre, whatever it might have been. As may be supposed scriptural +or legendary designs are not often found in such a position. There are, +however, a few examples. + +The interior of the tower, which is raised on four massive arches, +presents three arcades, the upper and lower forming galleries, and the +former containing the lower windows of the lantern, which are filled with +painted glass. The clerestory and roof of the chancel are the work of +Bishop Goldwell. Here is an admirable specimen of engrafting a later +style upon the Norman architecture, with as little violence to the eye as +possible. + +The tomb of Bishop Goldwell stands within the chapel, formerly dedicated +to St. James, and with its canopy forms a rich specimen of ornamental +sculpture and architecture. On the east side of the fifteenth north +pillar is the monument to the memory of the learned Bishop Home, author +of an excellent “Introduction to the Study of the Bible.” In the space +between the seventeenth and eighteenth pillars was the chapel dedicated +to St. Anne, and in the next space was the seat occupied by Queen +Elizabeth, when she attended divine service during her visit to this +city. The monument to the late Bishop Bathurst now occupies the spot, a +sitting statue sculptured in white marble. Not only for its intrinsic +merits is this statue of great value, but also because it is the last +finished work of Sir Francis Chantrey, who visited Norwich for the +purpose of fixing it only a few days before his death. Opposite to this +monument is the altar tomb of Sir William Boleyn, now despoiled of its +brasses. Sir Thomas Browne tells us in his “Repertorium,” that, during +the Commonwealth, “more that a hundred” brasses were reeved in the +Cathedral alone,—a greater number than the whole county of Norfolk could +now supply. Hence our readers may easily understand what an immense +number of these interesting memorials must have been lost, independently +of the number that have been partially despoiled by the removal of their +canopies. + +At the foot of the altar steps, in the middle of the chancel, is the tomb +of Bishop Herbert de Losinga, erected by the Dean and Chapter, in 1682, +in the place of one destroyed during the civil wars. It has been +levelled with the pavement and presents a long Latin inscription from the +pen of Dean Prideaux. The east windows of the clerestory were the gift +of the Bishop, the Misses Morse, and the Dean and Chapter of the +Cathedral, and were erected between 1840 and 1847. The lower one in the +triforium is an obituary window to the memory of the late Canon Thurlow, +placed there by his friends. This space had before been occupied by a +window with a pointed arch, representing the Transfiguration. The window +was removed to the south transept, and the arches of both windows have +been restored. + +The bishop’s throne, ascended by three steps, was originally placed at +the east end of the church, behind the altar, and raised so high that +before the partition was made between the altar and the entrance to Our +Lady’s chapel, the bishop had an uninterrupted view from his throne +directly in a line through the whole church. The custos, or master of +the high altar, annually accounted for the offerings made there, which +produced a large sum; and at the annual processions of the city and +country clergy, on the feasts of the Holy Trinity and St. Paul, something +considerable was realized. + +The stone roof of the south transept, as well as that of the north, was +raised by Bishop Nykke, about 1501. At the same time, probably, the old +Norman arch leading into the chancel aisle was filled with the rich and +numerous mullions and tracery, which characterise the last period of +pointed architecture. The adjoining aisle leads to the chapel of our +Lady the Less, otherwise called Bawchyn’s Chapel, having been dedicated +to the Virgin and all the Saints, by William de Bawchyn, about the middle +of the fourteenth century. The founder is buried in an arched vault +under the chapel. This chapel is now used as the Consistory Court. +Adjoining is St. Luke’s Chapel, sometimes used as the parish church of +St. Mary in the Marsh, that church having been demolished. Strictly +speaking, the circular part only is the chapel dedicated to St. Luke, but +the adjoining aisle, as far as the most eastward point, is now enclosed +and fitted up for the use of the parish. It is part of Bishop Herbert’s +original foundation. The font was brought from the parish church; it is +richly carved with designs of the seven sacraments, &c. Passing round at +the back of the altar we come to the Jesus Chapel. + +The north transept is similar to the south. From the east wall of it +there was a doorway leading to a chapel, said to be the ancient Vestiary. +The arch has been filled up, and the entrance is from a small door on the +outside. Over the exterior of the door leading to the Bishop’s palace is +a niche, containing a figure, said to represent Bishop Herbert, one of +the few specimens extant of a Norman statue. + + +_The Exterior_. + + +THE exterior of the Cathedral is not very imposing. The west front was +the work of Bishop Alnwick, in the reign of Henry VI. It is divided into +three compartments, forming the termination of the nave and the aisles. +The central division presents the grand entrance doorway, and a large +central window filled with coloured glass, which we have already +described. It rises into a gable, formerly pierced with a small light, +now a niche, flanked by two turrets with spirelets and round-headed +single panels, and surmounted by a cross. The doorway is formed by a +bold deep-pointed arch, and is much enriched in the spandrels and side +fasciæ with mouldings, niches, pedestals, statues, and other decorations. +The central window is divided, both horizontally and vertically, into +three leading compartments, and subdivided by small mullions; and has +good decorations of perpendicular character. Each of the two lateral +divisions of the west front exhibits pure Norman work, and is of three +stories; the first pierced with the doorway; the second pierced with four +windows separated only by small columns; the third displaying three blank +arches, and flanked with a small staircase turret. At each side of the +great window, and at the extremities of the side divisions, are Norman +turrets, lately restored and substituted for very debased cupolas. +Engravings are extant representing this front with high and slender +pinnacles where the Norman turrets now stand. + +The north and south elevations of the nave show a three-storied aisle; +and a clerestory and triforium, with an embattled parapet in each, +exhibit a great height, and tiers of blank arches or arcades with some +later perpendicular windows. On the exterior of the nave will be +observed many traces of alterations in times long subsequent to the +original building. The lowest tiers of windows are of comparatively +modern insertion, and intersect the string course of a billet moulding, +all round the exterior of the edifice. Next above is the arcade of blank +arches, with semicircular mouldings, having regular bases and capitals, +and continuing round the whole structure. Above these was the tier of +original windows now closed up, but surmounted by windows of the +sixteenth century. The exterior of the side aisles is here terminated by +a plain embattled parapet of the same date as the windows before +mentioned. The windows of the clerestory are, however, Norman, and have +blank arches on each side, and continue the same all round the upper part +of the nave and transept. They are surmounted by a parapet similar to +that of the side aisles. The exterior of the south transept has been +lately restored, and various old houses that blocked up the entrance have +been cleared away. + +The tower is grandly Norman in four stages, each adorned with arcades, +columns, and tracery mouldings. It has, at the corners, square turrets +with their angles cut off, and is surmounted by decorated battlements and +crocketted pinnacles. The spire is decorated English octangular, +elegantly proportioned, enriched with bands, and boldly crocketted in +ribs running up its angles. It terminates in a handsome finial, and is +the loftiest in England except that of Salisbury. The base of the spire +is supported by projecting buttresses at each angle, terminating in a +small pinnacle. + + +THE CLOISTERS. + + +The Cloisters, which are entered by a tasteful modern door on the south +side of the nave, form one of the most beautiful quadrangles in England. +They comprise a square of about 174 feet, and are 12 feet wide. They +were commenced by Bishop Walpole about 1297, but were not completed by +succeeding prelates till 1430. The style of architecture is the +decorated, with traces of the perpendicular. The eastern part is the +most ancient, and a progressive change may be observed in the tracery of +the windows, commencing at the north-east corner, continuing through the +south and the west, and terminating with the north sides. The roof is +much admired for its exquisitely beautiful groining, and its bold yet +elegant bosses, with their sculptured subjects and tasteful foliage. The +doorway leading from the eastern aisle of the cloisters to the nave is +deserving especial notice, being a pointed arch with four columns on each +side, having archwolt mouldings, in front of which are seven canopied +niches, with richly-sculptured crockets containing figures. Above the +door, at the south-west corner, are carved figures of “The Temptation of +our First Parents.” In the first two arches on the west side of the door +are two lavatories, where the monks used to wash their hands before going +into the refectory or common eating hall. Over each of these are three +niches, where images formerly stood. The cloisters are surpassed by none +in beauty of architecture and solemnity of effect. They branch off from +the south transept, and enclose a square court or area. There are eleven +noble windows or arched openings on the western side, twelve on the east, +eleven on the north, and eleven on the south. All these windows are +divided into three lights by two columns, and are decorated with a +variety of beautiful tracery. They are of decorated architecture, except +eight on the north side, which have perpendicular tracery in decorated +arches. The upper portion of the tracery of all the windows appears to +have been once filled with stained glass. + +The pavement of the north side of the cloisters was torn up in the great +rebellion, and relaid by William Burleigh, Esq. In this alley Queen +Elizabeth dined in public when she visited Norwich in 1578. In memory +thereof, her Majesty’s arms and those of the nobility who attended her +were painted on the wall of the church, and properly blazoned with +supporters, etc., but they were entirely effaced a century ago. + +The dormitory of the monks adjoined the cloisters on the south. At a +short distance from the cloisters are the only remains of the Priory +founded by Bishop Herbert, consisting of three massive clustered columns, +the capitals of which are curiously carved. + + +THE BISHOP’S PALACE. + + +The Bishop’s Palace stands on the north side of the Cathedral Church, to +which there was in former times a passage from the door of the north +transept, arched over with stone similar to the cloisters. The original +palace was founded by Bishop Herbert, but has undergone so many repairs +and alterations, that but little of the first building remains, and that +part adjoins a new structure, in a similar style of architecture. In the +garden there is a fine ruin, said to be remains of the grand entrance +into the great hall, which reached to the site of the present episcopal +chapel, and was 110 feet long, and 60 broad. This chapel was restored in +1662, and in it are monuments of Bishops Reynolds and Sparrow. The +entrance to the episcopal residence is from St. Martin’s Plain, by the +palace gate, built by Bishop Alnwyck about 1430. It has a large pointed +arch of several mouldings, and the spandrels are filled with tracery; but +it has suffered materially from injudicious repairs. Over the arch is a +series of pannelled compartments with the letter M crowned. On the west +side is a small door, on which, amongst other ornaments, are a heart and +mitre, the supposed rebus of Bishop Lyhart. + + +THE CATHEDRAL PRECINCTS. + + +The Cathedral Precincts include the Upper and Lower Close, and a large +portion of garden ground, with good houses on the south side. The Upper +Close was formerly used as a play ground to the Grammar School; it is now +enclosed with palisades. At the south-east corner is the Audit Room, +which contains the library of the Dean and Chapter. The Lower Close was +enclosed by Dean Lloyd, in 1782, and converted into a garden. At the +extremity of the Lower Close, near the edge of the river, still stands a +double arch of black flint, which is considered the roughest bit of +picturesque in Norwich, and has been frequently sketched. It was +formerly the Water-gate to the precincts, and is now known as “Pull’s +Ferry.” + + + +THE FREE GRAMMAR SCHOOL. + + + [Picture: The Free Grammar School] + +The Free Grammar School, near the west end of the Cathedral, was founded +by Bishop Salmon, in 1325, and annexed to a small Collegiate Chantry. At +the dissolution of this college, the Corporation, by their Hospital +Charter, were required to find a master and usher, and to remunerate them +out of the ample revenues assigned to them by that charter. This trust +was transferred, in 1836, from the Corporation to the Charity Trustees. +There are generally a little more than a hundred pupils at the school. +The celebrated Dr. Valpy was once the head-master; and in addition to +many eminent scholars, the celebrated “Norfolk hero,” Lord Nelson; Sir +James Brooke, the Rajah of Sarawak; and other noted characters, were +educated here. Opposite the school is a colossal marble statue of +Nelson. It was executed by Mr. Milne, of London, and has been highly +commended as a work of art. Of this school, and also of the Commercial +School, which is under the same trust, we shall have more to say in +subsequent pages. + +The Gateways to the Cathedral on the west side are deserving of notice. + + + +THE ERPINGHAM GATE + + +is situated directly before the west front of the Cathedral, and is in an +excellent state of preservation. It was built in 1428 by Sir Thomas +Erpingham, (who lies buried in the choir of the Cathedral) as a penance +for having espoused the cause of Wickliffe. It consists of a lofty +pointed arch, in the mouldings of which are a series of thirty-eight +statues in canopied niches. The spandrels are highly decorated with +tracery mouldings and shields, the whole being enclosed in a kind of +square frame with semi-circular buttresses, each of which is divided into +four compartments with statues, niches, pedestals, and shields. As a +matter of some interest, it may here be mentioned that over against the +front of this gate is a large block of buildings, enclosing what is +commonly called Sampson and Hercules’ Court. The grotesque wood figures, +designed to represent these personages, formerly supported the portico, +but are now placed in the paved court. The one holds a club, and the +other the jawbone of an ass. The house itself was formerly owned by Sir +John Fastolf, and afterwards by the Countess of Lincoln; and in the time +of Henry VII. by Elizabeth Duchess of Suffolk, who used it as a city +house for herself and family. It is now in the occupation of Messrs. +Pratt and Hancock, wholesale grocers and cheese factors, who have covered +in the whole court. + + + +THE ETHELBERT GATEWAY + + +leads to the south end of the Upper Close. It was built by the citizens +as an atonement for the injuries done in a quarrel which they had with +the monks in 1272. The chamber over the arch was formerly used as a +chapel dedicated to St. Ethelbert, the church of that name having been +destroyed during the riots. The west front has a modern pediment of +stone tracery, inlaid with flint. Beneath is a series of blank niches +with a statue in the centre. In the spandrels of the arch are figures, +in basso relievo, of a man with a sword and round shield attacking a +dragon. The east front consists of stone tracery and flint with painted +windows. + + + +THE VIEW FROM THE CASTLE HILL. + + +We shall now return to the Castle-hill Walk, which is favourable for a +view of the whole city, with all its churches and towers. If we take our +position on the eastern side we shall see the broad vale of the Yare, +where the Romans came up in their galleys and landed on that side of the +river, then very wide. We shall see also where the first street (King +Street,) extends southward the whole length of the city, with tall +chimnies of great breweries sending forth volumes of smoke. Northward +the same street extends to an open space called Tombland; beyond which, +Wensum Street and Magdalen Street lead in a straight line to Catton and +the village of Sprowston. The circle of vision includes the Cathedral, +the Grammar School, St. Helen’s Church, Mousehold Heath, Kett’s Castle, +Lollards’ Pit, the hamlet of Thorpe, the churches of St. Peter per +Mountergate, St. Julian, and St. Peter Southgate, in King Street. +Walking round to the west side, we have before us the spacious Market +Place, and the noble church of St. Peter Mancroft, with a mass of +buildings. From the Market Place we see several lines of streets running +in a direction from east to west; Bethel Street, leading to St. Giles’ +Church, and St. Giles’ Street, in a straight line to Heigham. Here in +the foreground, the Guildhall is a conspicuous object. More on the right +we have London Street, Prince’s Street, St. Andrew’s Street, Pottergate +Street, and St. Benedict’s Street, running in lines from east to west. +Here, the chief objects are the churches of St. John’s Maddermarket and +St. Gregory; and in the distance, St. Lawrence, St. Margaret’s, and St. +Michael’s at Coslany. From the north side of the Castle walk we see +Exchange Street, Post Office Street leading into St. Andrew’s, and St. +George’s Street, Pitt Street, and St. Augustine’s, and St. Martin’s at +Oak, all the lower parts of the town, full of close narrow streets, +yards, and courts. The principal objects in view are St. Andrew’s Hall, +the churches of St. Martin at Oak, St. Mary, St. Augustine, St. George’s +Colegate, St. Saviour, St. Clement, St. Peter Hungate, St. Michael at +Plea, St. Paul, St. Simon and Jude, St. Edmund, and St. George Tombland. + + + +THE CATTLE MARKET. + + +The Cattle Market, on the south side of the hill, has been greatly +extended, and presents the most extensive area for the purpose in +England. On the east side whole blocks of old houses have been cleared +away, and great additions made to the space for the display of horses, +cattle, sheep, and pigs. The improvements cost the city over £50,000. +Every Saturday the hill presents a busy and highly interesting scene, and +a vast amount of business is transacted here in the space of a few hours. +The area has recently been further enlarged by the demolition of some old +houses at the corner of Golden Ball Street. A line of new houses has +been built on the east side, ending with the handsome show rooms of +Messrs. Holmes and Sons, the well-known Agricultural Machine Makers, who +have won many prizes for their implements. + + + +THE SHIREHALL. + + +The Shirehall, on the Castle Meadow, was erected from a plan by William +Wilkins, Esq. It was commenced on September 9th, 1822, and opened +September 27th, 1823, and is a poor imitation of the Tudor style of +architecture. It stands on the north-east side of the Castle, and is a +substantial brick edifice, possessing all the usual accommodations. It +comprises Crown Court, Nisi Prius Court, and rooms for witnesses and +others. The county assizes and sessions are held in these courts. Near +the crown court there is a small room communicating, by a shaft, with the +prison above, whence prisoners are brought down for trial. The grand +Jury room is a large apartment, and the walls are adorned with fine +portraits of the late Lord Wodehouse and the late Earl of Leicester, +painted by Sir T. Lawrence. There is also a portrait of the late Henry +Dover, Esq., for many years Chairman at Quarter Sessions. + + + +THE GUILDHALL. + + +The Guildhall is a large antique building, chiefly of flint, at the north +end of the Market Place. It was completed in 1413, when the windows of +the Council Chamber were glazed chiefly with stained glass; but all these +ornaments have disappeared, except in three east windows. The furniture +of this room is of the time of Henry VIII., and the wood work is +ornamented with the linen pattern. The room has been much improved of +late years. The principal court is on the ground floor, where the city +assizes and sessions are held. The Police Court is in a room above, +opposite the Council Chamber. The Town Clerk and City Treasurer have +offices in the building. The Police Station is on the ground floor of +the east side. + +The interior of the hall is decorated with portraits, some interesting +trophies of the battle of St. Vincent, presented by Nelson, the city +regalia, and the buskins of a famous dancer, who danced from London to +Norwich in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. When that Queen visited the +city in 1578, there was a magnificent banquet given in the Council +Chamber, and a pageant devised for her amusement was exhibited. In one +of the cells at the bottom of the building, the martyr Thomas Bilney was +confined, and there tested his powers of endurance by holding his finger +in the lighted flame of a candle, to prove his willingness to suffer his +approaching doom. In 1660, the lower court at the west end, now used as +an assize court, was set apart as a cloth hall, and the room above as a +place for the sale of yarn. During the present century the hall has been +much improved on the south side. New windows should be inserted on the +north side. + + + +ST. ANDREW’S HALL. + + +St. Andrew’s Hall stands in the centre of the city, in the parish of St. +Andrew. It was originally the Church of the Convent of the Blackfriars, +the building of which was begun about the year 1415, by Sir Thomas +Erpingham, who died in 1428, before it was finished. It was completed by +his son, Sir Robert Erpingham, who was rector of Bracon Ash, in Norfolk, +a friar of the order of St. Dominic, and a member of this convent. This +convent extended from St. Andrew’s Street to the river from south to +north, and as far as Elm Hill on the east. The cloister was on the north +side of the church, with a burial place in the middle. The convent +kitchen was at the north-west corner. Between the nave and choir of the +church there was a neat sexangular steeple, which had three large bells +in it and a clock. It was built about 1462, and fell down on November +6th, 1712. A turret was afterwards erected in its place, in which a +clock bell hung. At the dissolution of the monasteries in 1538, the +citizens applied to Henry VIII., through the interest of the Duke of +Norfolk, for a grant of the convent for the use of the city, and +requested that he would allow them to make the church into “a large hall, +for the mayor and his brethren, with all the citizens to repair unto at +common assemblies,” to make a chapel of the choir, and to appropriate the +rest of the building to other purposes. This was complied with, and the +petition is dated June 25th, 1540. After this, the guilds of the several +companies in the city, twenty in number, used to hear mass in the choir, +and make their offerings in that place; and most of them held their +feasts in the hall. + +In 1544, Henry Fuller, Esq., being then mayor, kept the first mayor’s +feast in grand style in the new hall. In 1561, the Earls of +Northumberland and Huntingdon, the Lord Thomas Howard, and Lord +Willoughby, with many other lords and knights, came to Norwich to visit +the Duke of Norfolk, and they lodged at the Duke’s palace. At that very +time the mayor’s feast was held; and William Mingay, then mayor, invited +the noble lords and their ladies to the banquet. They accepted the +invitation, and were entertained in princely style; and they expressed +great satisfaction with their reception. After dinner, Mr. John Martin, +a wealthy citizen, delivered the following characteristic speech:— + + “Maister Mayor of Norwich, and it please your Worship, you have + feasted us like a King. God bless the Queen’s Grace. We have fed + plentifully; and now, whilom I can speak plain English, I heartily + thank you Maister Mayor; and so do we all. Answer, Boys, Answer. + Your Beer is pleasant & potent, and will soon catch us by the + _caput_, and stop our manners: And so Huzza for the Queen’s Majesty’s + Grace, and all her bonny-brow’d Dames of Honour. Huzza for Maister + Mayor and our good Dame Mayoress. His noble grace, there he is, {53} + God bless him, and all this jolly company. To all our friends round + county, who have a penny in their purse, and an English heart in + their bodies, to keep out Spanish Dons, and Papists with their + faggots to burn our whiskers. Shove it about, twirl your cap cases, + handle your jugs, and Huzza for Maister Mayor, and his brethren, + their Worships.” + +On many subsequent occasions, the hall was the scene of grand civic +festivities, to which we shall have to allude hereafter. + +The Triennial Musical Festivals are held here. And, formerly, the +assizes for the city; the nomination of candidates to represent the city +in Parliament; and the mayor’s feasts, which were generally given on the +day when he was sworn into office, were also all held in this spacious +building; and on some festive occasions, nearly 1000 ladies and gentlemen +have dined here, including most of the principal families of the city. +Several times between 1650 and 1700 the hall was proclaimed “a public +exchange for the despatch of business between merchants and tradesmen.” +The last time was in 1725, when it was used only one year. It was opened +in October, 1796, as a corn exchange and continued to be used as such +every Saturday till 1828. Under the superintendance of Mr. Barry, the +City Surveyor, a complete restoration of the hall was effected in 1863. + +The exterior of the hall, as seen from the plain, presents an imposing +appearance, chiefly owing to the fine effect of its long range of +clerestory windows, of which there are fourteen on each side. The five +westernmost windows on the south side are each of three lights, of +decorated character, being of earlier date than any of the other windows. +The sixth or easternmost window is of four lights, perpendicular in +style. On the north side are six beautiful perpendicular windows of four +lights, probably the most elegant in style in the eastern counties. The +principal entrance is through the new porch on the south-west, which is +similar in style to the original building. A large entrance door is +provided in the centre of the west front, and above this there is a large +and beautiful five-light window, producing a fine effect in the interior +of the hall. The interior consists of a nave, 124 feet by 32 feet; and +north and south aisles, 124 feet by 16 feet, each being divided from the +nave by six lofty and handsomely-moulded stone columns, supporting seven +elegant stone arches. Above these arches are the clerestory windows, +fourteen on each side, perpendicular in style, and somewhat later in +character than the other windows. The roof, which is of chestnut, is of +hammer-beam construction, with moulded spandrel brackets and circular +shafts. From the hammer-beams spring moulded arch ribs. The rafters, +which were originally visible, are plastered on the underside, giving the +effect of panelling; the ground-work being intense blue with gilded +stars. The hollows in the whole of the timber are coloured vermillion, +and gilded pateræ are inserted within these hollows at stated distances. +The circular ribs are finished with a bead on the underside, which is +decorated by spiral bands, alternately drab and oak colours. The +intersection of the main timbers at the apex of the roof is distinguished +by carved bosses, richly gilt. The aisle roofs are similarly decorated, +but without the gilded pateræ. At the east end the orchestra is placed +within a recess, under a fine deeply-moulded stone arch, of large size. + +The nave and aisles are lighted at night by nine polished brass coronæ, +of characteristic design, pendant from the centres of the arched ribs of +the roof. When lighted up at night, during the Choral Society and +Festival Concerts, the interior presents a very brilliant appearance. +Amongst the principal attractions of the hall are the portraits of city +worthies and some historical paintings. A fine work of art, Queen +Eleonora sucking the poison from her husband’s wound; and another, the +Death of Lady Jane Grey, by Martin, a native of this city; may be seen at +the west end. Large sums have been offered for them. The two oldest +portraits in the hall are Queen Anne and Prince George of Denmark. A +fine portrait of Admiral Lord Nelson, painted by Sir William Beechey, was +the last for which the illustrious “Norfolk Hero” sat after his return to +England in 1801. It is allowed to be an admirable likeness. He is +standing on the quarter deck of a man of war; the tri-coloured flag of +France is lying at his feet; and the flag of Spain lies on a cannon; +leaning against which is the sword of the Spanish Admiral, Don Xavier +Winthysen, surrendered to him on February 14th, 1797. On the hero’s hat +is the magnificent diamond Aigrette, or Plume of Triumph, and under it +the rich pelisse of sable fur, both of which were presented to him by the +Grand Seigneur. He is decorated with the red riband as Knight of the +Bath, and with the blue riband and medal suspended therefrom, which are +the Insignia of the Order of St. Ferdinand. On his breast are stars of +the most honourable Order of the Bath, of the Grand Cross, of the Order +of St. Ferdinand, and of the Imperial Order of the Crescent Suspended +from his neck by a riband, hang two gold chains, and another is affixed +to his button hole on the right side, all of which had been presented to +him, at various times, for his unparalleled naval victories. + + “Such honours England to her hero paid, + And peaceful sleeps the mighty Nelson’s shade.” + +This superb painting may be seen at the west end of the hall on the north +side. Gainsborough painted the portrait of Sir Harbord Harbord, +afterwards Lord Suffield, considered one of the best in the hall. +Amongst the other portraits in the building are some painted by +Gainsborough, Beechey, Heins, Smith, Bardwell, Stoppelaer, Adolphe, Opie, +Clover, Hoppner, Lawrence, and Thompson. The following is a list in +chronological order, with names of the painters. + +_Name_. _Artist_. _Date of + Picture_. +Queen Anne 1705 +Prince George 1705 +Benjamin Nuthall Mayor Heins 1721 +Robert Marsh Mayor Heins 1731 +Francis Arnam Mayor Heins 1732 +Timothy Balderstone Mayor Heins 1736 +Thomas Vere, M.P. Mayor Heins 1736 +Thomas Harwood Mayor Heins 1737 +Robert Harvey Mayor Smith 1738 +William Clarke Mayor Heins 1740 +Hon. Horace Heins 1741 +Walpole, M. P. +William Wiggett Mayor Heins 1743 +Robert Earl of Heins 1743 +Orford +John Lord Hobart Heins 1743 +Simeon Waller Mayor Heins 1746 +William Crowe Mayor Bardwell 1746 +Thomas Harvey Mayor Heins 1749 +Thomas Hurnard Mayor Heins 1752 +John Press Mayor Bardwell 1753 +John Gay Mayor Bardwell 1755 +Peter Columbine Mayor Stoppelaer 1755 +Jeremiah Ives, Sen. Mayor Stoppelaer 1756 +Nockold Thompson Mayor Heins 1756 +John Goodman Mayor Bardwell 1757 +Robert Rogers Mayor Bardwell 1758 +John Spurrell Mayor Smith 1758 +Sir Thomas Mayor Bardwell 1761 +Churchman, Knt. +Jeremiah Harcourt Mayor Bardwell 1762 +Benjamin Hancock Mayor Adolphe 1764 +John Dersley Mayor Bardwell 1764 +James Poole Mayor Bardwell 1765 +Thomas Starling Mayor Williams 1767 +Jeremiah Ives, Jun. Mayor Catton 1781 +Sir Harbord Gainsborough 1783 +Harbord, Bt., M.P. +Robert Partridge Mayor Beechey 1784 +Edward and Eleonora Martin 1787 +Lady Jane Grey Martin 1787 +John Patteson Mayor Beechey 1797 +John Harvey Mayor Opie 1797 +John Herring Mayor Opie 1799 +Horatio Lord Nelson Beechey 1801 +Rt. Hon. Henry Opie 1802 +Hobart, M.P. +Rt. Hon. W. Hoppner 1803 +Windham, M.P. +Charles Harvey, Recorder Lawrence 1804 +M.P. +Thomas Back Mayor Glover 1809 +Barnabas Leman Mayor Glover 1813 +William Smith, M.P. Thompson 1814 +Sir J. P. Yallop Mayor Clint 1815 +William Hankes Mayor Clint 1816 +Crisp Brown Mayor Glover 1817 +Robert Hawkes Mayor Haydon 1822 +J. S. Patteson, Mayor Beechey 1823 +Jun. +Henry Francis Mayor Lane 1824 +William Simpson Town Clerk Phillips 1826 +Charles Turner Mayor Briggs 1835 +T. O. Springfield Mayor Westcott 1852 +Sir Samuel Bignold, Mayor J. P. Knight 1853 +Knt. +Rt. Hon. Lord J. P. Knight 1868 +Stafford + +And over the west window is festooned the Flag of France taken by Lord +Nelson from the ship _Genereux_ in 1800. + + + +THE CORN EXCHANGE. + + +The Corn Exchange is situated in Exchange Street, which commences at the +north end of the Market Place. The original building, which was erected +in 1828, at a cost of £6000, being found too small, was taken down in +1861, and the present spacious edifice was built by a company at a cost +of £16,000, including the site. The exterior is massive in its effect. +The key stone of the large window has a carved head of Ceres. The +interior is well lighted from the roof, the superficial area of the glass +being equal to the area of the hall. The inside measurement is 125 feet +by 81 feet. The height from the floor is 66 feet. At the east end are +portraits of John Culley, Esq., the originator of the Exchange, and of +the late Earl of Leicester, who was justly regarded as the greatest +farmer in Norfolk. A large amount of business is transacted here every +Saturday afternoon. + + + +THE NORWICH PUBLIC LIBRARY. + + +The Norwich Public Library is located in a spacious room built for the +purpose at the end of an avenue opposite the Guildhall. The first +meeting of subscribers was held there on September 7th, 1837. The +library contains about 30,000 volumes, including many old books of +divinity and archæology. The yearly subscription is one guinea paid by +shareholders, and 26s. paid by others; and subscribers are entitled to +borrow two sets of books at a time. The library is open from 10 a.m. +till 9 p.m. Besides the large room which contains the books, there are +smaller rooms for the convenience of readers. Mr. Langton is the +librarian. + + + +THE NORFOLK AND NORWICH MUSEUM + + +is a fine building, erected in 1839, in Broad Street, St. Andrew’s. It +contains very valuable collections in geology, ethnology, and entomology, +but chiefly in ornithology. The specimens in ornithology comprise nearly +all the varieties of the raptores or birds of prey, mostly supplied by J. +H. Gurney, Esq. A large new room in the adjoining building is filled +with specimens of British birds, also contributed by J. H. Gurney, Esq., +whose portrait adorns the room. The fossil remains of mammalia, for the +most part discovered in Norfolk, are extremely interesting. Two other +spacious rooms have just been added to the Museum, one of which is filled +with Elephantine Remains, contributed by the Rev. Jno. Gunn; and the +botanical department has been enriched by the late J. D. Salmon’s +well-arranged specimens, bequeathed by him to this institution, which is +open free on Mondays and Saturdays. + + + +THE NORFOLK AND NORWICH LITERARY INSTITUTION + + +occupies the upper part of the same building as the Museum, and a large +room in the adjoining one. It was established in 1822, and contains more +than 20,000 well-selected volumes in the various departments of +literature. It is supported by several hundred subscribers who pay two +guineas yearly, and the shareholders pay a guinea and a half yearly. +Every member has the privilege of borrowing two books, and a pamphlet and +review at the same time. A greater number is allowed to country members, +as well as a longer time for reading. The rooms are open from 10 a.m. +till 9 p.m. Mr. F. Quinton is the librarian. + + + +THE FREE LIBRARY. + + +This is a large building at the corner of St. Andrew’s Broad Street; +erected in 1856, and opened in 1857, under the Free Libraries and Museum +Act, by the Corporation, at a cost of £10,000. It includes large rooms +for the Museum and the Free Library, the Literary Institution, and the +School of Art. The Free Library, in the lower room, contains about 4,000 +volumes, and the Old Collection called the City Library. The middle room +above is fitted up as a lecture hall. The School of Art is located at +the top of the building, where rooms are furnished for about 200 pupils, +who receive instruction in drawing, designing, and decorative art. There +is a committee of management for the Free Library, another for the +Museum, and another for the School of Art. Mr. Harper is the librarian. + + + +THE THEATRE ROYAL + + +is situate at a short distance from the Market Place, in Theatre Street. +It is a very plain building, erected in 1826, but the interior is quite +commodious enough for the limited number of patrons which Norwich +furnishes to the drama. + + + +THE POST OFFICE + + +is a large, but by no means handsome building; situate in Post Office +Street, near the Market Place. There are two deliveries from London +daily, and mails daily to all parts of the kingdom. + + + +THE PARISHES AND PARISH CHURCHES. + + +Norwich appears to have taken the lead in the erection of religious +edifices. At a very early period, before the reign of Edward the +Confessor, the city contained 25 churches, and in the eleventh century, +55 existed in or near the town. After the conquest, 43 chapels were in +the patronage of the burgesses, most of which were afterwards made +parochial. In the reign of Edward III., 58 parish churches and chapels +were within the walls, besides 19 monastic institutions and cells, +anchorages, &c. Norwich still contains a greater number of churches and +parishes than any other city in England except London. Many of the +present churches are excellent specimens of ancient architecture. +Several of them are built of squared flints. Besides the cathedral there +are three undoubted specimens of the Norman style, and there are also +many examples of the decorated or florid which succeeded the lancet +style, of the transition style, and of the perpendicular. This later +perpendicular style, which prevailed during the 15th and 16th centuries, +is the chief characteristic of the city churches. The best examples of +this style are the churches of St. Peter Mancroft, St. Andrew, St. +Stephen, St. Giles, and St. John Maddermarket; also St. Andrew’s Hall. +Of all these churches complete restorations have been lately effected. +The original designs have been faithfully adhered to by the architects +and contractors, which is the highest praise that can be awarded them. +In this age we can only restore or rebuild; we cannot invent new orders +of architecture. All our restorations take us back to the middle ages, +and the spirit of those ages seems to be again revived in our parish +churches. + +We shall now proceed to describe the parishes and parish churches, in +four districts, west, east, north, and south. + + +WESTERN DISTRICT. + + +The western district is the most prominent, comprising the Market Place, +the parishes of St. Peter at Mancroft, St. Giles, St. Gregory, St. John’s +Maddermarket, St. Andrew, St. Margaret, St. Benedict, St. Swithin, and +St. Lawrence. Nearly all the public buildings are situated in this part +of the town—the Guildhall, the Corn Hall, the Post Office, the Museum, +the Free Library and School of Art, the Public Library, and the Literary +Institution. The Market Place is about 200 yards in length, and 110 in +breadth, but part of that area is occupied by the Guildhall, and St. +Peter’s church. A handsome bronze statue of the Duke of Wellington, 8 ft +6 in. high, was erected, at a cost of £1000, in the middle of the Market +Place in 1854. This statue is placed on a granite pedestal, surrounded +by a low railing with lamps at the corners. The new Fish Market is on +the western side of the Market Place. It consists of two rows of shops +with an open space between, and was built, a few years ago, at a cost of +£6000. On Saturdays the Market Place presents a highly animated scene, +and is well supplied with provisions of every kind. It is generally +crowded from morning till night by the citizens, and by the vendors of +the produce of the field, the garden, or the dairy. It is surrounded by +handsome shops, warehouses, hotels, and taverns. + + +_St. Peter of Mancroft_. + + +This parish was, at the beginning of the Confessor’s reign, an open +field, that part of it which is now the Market Place, being the great +croft of the Castle or Magna Crofta. Towards the end of the Confessor’s +reign it began to be built over and inhabited; and at the survey of 1086, +the whole field was owned and held by Ralf de Guader, Earl of Norfolk, in +right of his castle, who granted it to the King in Common to make a new +burgh between them, which burgh contained the entire parishes of St. +Peter of Mancroft and St. Giles. The Earl Ralf founded the church of St. +Peter and St. Paul at Mancroft, and gave it to his chaplains. On his +forfeiture, Robert Blund, the Sheriff, received an ounce of gold, yearly, +from the chaplains; and on Godric’s becoming sheriff, the Conqueror gave +it to Wala his chaplain, at which time it was worth £3 per annum. + +Sir Peter Read, though not certainly known to be a native of this city, +yet deserves to be mentioned here, because he was buried in St. Peter’s +Church, having this inscription on his monument:— + + “Hereunder lieth the corps of Peter Read, Esq., who hath worthily + served not only his prince and country, but also the Emperor Charles + the Fifth, both at his Conquest of Barbary, and his siege of Tunis, + as also in other places, who had given him, by the said Emperor, the + Order of Barbary, who died on the 29th December, in the year of our + Lord God 1566.” + +If it be demanded why the title of “knight” was not put on his tomb, but +only “esquire,” it may be answered that he was knighted by the Emperor +Charles V., and Queen Elizabeth would suffer no foreign honour to be worn +by her subjects in her dominions, saying, “Her sheep should be known by +her mark only.” The knight lies buried in the east corner of the north +aisle of this church. His effigy in complete armour is on a brass plate +on the stone. He gave £4 4_s._ yearly from the rental of houses in St. +Giles’, that the great bell of St. Peter’s Mancroft Church should ring at +four o’clock every morning and eight in the evening for the benefit of +travellers. + +The following epitaph in this church is a specimen of good versification +for the time in which it was written, 1616:— + + “Here Richard Anguishe sleepes for whom alyve + Norwich and Cambridge lately seemed to strive; + Both called him son as seemed well they might; + Both challenged in his life an equal right: + Norwich gave birth and taught him well to speake + The mother English, Latin phrase, and Greeke; + Cambridge with arts adorned his ripening age + Degress and judgment in the sacred page; + Yet Norwich gains the vantage of the strife, + Whiles there he ended where began his life. + + September XXIII. Ao Dni. 1616.” + +The church is a large handsome cruciform structure of freestone mixed +with flint, begun in 1430 and finished in 1455. It is a good example of +the perpendicular style, and is the finest parish church in the city. It +is 212 feet in length, and 70 feet in breadth, with a noble tower 98 feet +high, covered with paneling, and containing an excellent peal of 12 +bells, a clock, and chimes. The bells weigh 183 cwt. 2 qrs. 14 lbs., and +were exchanged for an old peal of ten in 1775, at a cost of £800 raised +by public subscription. + +The clustered pillars supporting the roof, with the arches surmounting +them, are lofty and slender, and the windows are large and numerous, so +that the whole interior has a light and airy appearance. The roof of the +nave is of fine open timber work, with a sort of wooden vault over each +window, like a stone roof. The Clerestory has seventeen fine windows on +each side, with short transoms in the heads, and good tracery. The +vaulting shafts are brought down to the bottom of the clerestory windows, +and have niches under them. There is a chancel or small transept on each +side of the nave. The font stands under a perpendicular canopy, +supported by pillars, and forming a baptistry on a raised platform, with +room to walk round the font. The east window is filled with beautiful +stained glass, mostly ancient. There are some fine paintings in the +vestry. The church was restored, the old pews were replaced by open oak +benches, and a new pulpit, reading desk, and altar rail, handsomely +carved, were purchased in 1851. During the alterations, a vault four or +five feet deep was discovered under the stalls of the choir. The outer +wall of this vault supported the screen dividing the choir from the nave +and aisles, and contained a range of about a dozen earthen jars, placed +on their sides with their mouths open to the vault. The use of these +jars has never been ascertained. The benefice is a perpetual curacy +certified at £10, and now valued at £87. It was augmented in 1746 with +£200 given by the Rev. J. Francis, with £100 of royal bounty from 1742 to +1810, and with £400 subscribed by the minister and parishioners in 1818. +The Rev. C. Turner, M.A., is incumbent. + + +_St. Giles_. + + +St. Giles’ Street, west of the Market Place, is one of the best built in +the city, and leads to the small parish of St. Giles. The church, near +the top of the street, was founded in the reign of William I. by Elwyn +the priest, who gave it to the monks of Norwich. Consequently it is now +in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter. It is frequently called “St. +Giles on the Hill” in ancient records. It is a fine structure in the +perpendicular style, and is one of the handsomest old churches in the +city. It was wholly rebuilt in the reign of Richard I., but after 1581 +the old chancel was demolished. A new chancel has been recently built, +and the church completely restored. The nave is of five bays, and has a +good open timber roof, supported by angels bearing shields, emblazoned +with the arms of England, France, and Castile. The clerestory windows +have been modernised. The south porch has a fine groined vault with fan +tracery, and is surmounted by a parvise, and a rich parapet and cornice. +The nave and aisles are 81 feet long, divided by slender pillars, and are +lighted by large and elegant windows. The tower is 120 feet high, and +contains a clock and eight bells. The church estate consists of small +tenements given by Thomas Parker in 1534. The perpetual curacy, valued +at £70, was augmented from 1744 to 1791 with £1000 of Queen Anne’s +bounty. The Rev. W. Nottidge Ripley, M.A., is the incumbent. + +Passing from the Market Place to Pottergate Street we come to the parish +of + + +_St. Gregory_. + + +The church is a fine structure of great antiquity, in the perpendicular +style. The chancel was rebuilt in 1325, and the whole pile has received +many modern repairs. The nave and aisles, with the two chapels at the +east end, were new leaded in 1537. In 1597, a timber spire covered with +lead was erected on the tower, and was the only spire in Norwich, except +that of the Cathedral, but being unsafe, it was taken down. The tower +contains a clock and six bells, the latter given by the parishioners in +1818. The tower arch is very lofty, and across it is the original stone +gallery for the singers, with groined vaults above and beneath, the lower +part forming a western porch opening into the north and south porches, +which are also groined. There are four well moulded arches on each side +of the nave, with clustered shafts having embattled caps. The rood stair +turret remains on the north side of the edifice. The clerestory windows +have decorated tracery, and the windows of the aisles are of a mixed +character under arches recessed in the walls. In 1861, Mr. Wm. Smith, +and the incumbent collected £800 for the purpose of restoring the church +and reseating it in oak. The perpetual curacy was certified at £3, and +is now valued at £120. It was augmented from 1747 to 1812 with £1400 of +royal bounty. The Dean and Chapter are patrons. The present incumbent +is the Rev. J. Wortley. + + +_St. John’s Maddermarket_. + + +is a very populous parish near the Market Place, between Pottergate +Street and Charing Cross. The church is a large handsome edifice in the +perpendicular style, consisting of a nave, two aisles, two porches, and a +fine tower, under which is an arched rood, and on the top are four +figures at the angles. The fine decorated east window is of five lights +with flowing tracery. The north porch has a richly-groined vault, and +its outer doorway is deeply recessed. The roofs of the chapel of All +Saints at the east end of the north aisle, and of St. Mary the Virgin in +the south aisle, are boarded under and painted with angels holding books +and scrolls, with sentences from the Te Deum, the Angelical Salutation, +&c. The church has been completely restored recently at a cost of £1200. +Lady Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk, (second wife of the Duke, who was +beheaded in Elizabeth’s reign,) died at the Duke’s Palace, in this +parish, in 1563, and was interred with great pomp on the north side of +the choir, where a mural monument was erected to her memory in 1791 by +Lord John Howard of Waldon. The benefice is a discharged rectory, valued +in K. B. at £7 10s. 2d., and now at £110. It was augmented from 1714 to +1814 with £1800 of royal bounty. It is in the patronage of New College, +Oxford, to which it was granted by Henry VI. The Rev. G. F. Price is the +present incumbent. + + +_St. Andrew_. + + +The parish of St. Andrew is extensive, and populous, and improvements +have been made in some of the streets, where large premises have been +built. The church in Broad Street, to which it gives its name, is a fine +large perpendicular structure, consisting of nave, chancel, aisles, +clerestory, and tower. The latter, which has seven bells and a clock, +was rebuilt in 1478, and the nave and chancel were rebuilt in 1606. The +window at the east end is filled with stained glass. There are sedilia +for three priests in the chancel, and several old stalls with +“misereres.” The interior contains many ancient as well as modern +monuments and inscriptions. The whole of the interior has been recently +restored and renovated, and furnished with open benches instead of the +old pews. The gallery, which obscured the noble tower arch, was removed +in 1863, and the fine screen work, so long hidden, brought to light. +There is no chancel arch, but the rood stair turret still remains on the +south side; and under the east window, externally, are some good niches +and panels. A beautiful carved stone reredos was erected in 1850 by +subscription in memory of the late Rev. James Brown, B.D., who was the +esteemed incumbent of this parish from 1807 to 1856. The benefice is a +perpetual curacy valued in 1831 at £90, and augmented from 1756 to 1786 +with £800 of Queen Anne’s bounty, and with a grant of £600 in 1815. The +church estate is let in long leases, for £22 16s. yearly. The +parishioners are the patrons. The Rev. A. C. Copeman, M.A., incumbent. +In this parish, on St. Andrew’s Hill, stood one of the oldest churches in +this city, dedicated to St. Christopher. It was destroyed by fire in the +reign of Henry VIII. Remains of old vaults may be traced in a line of +vaults and crypts under the City Arms Tavern, and on the premises of Mr. +Harman, Wine and Spirit Merchant, higher up the street on the east side. + +The Old Bridewell, in this parish, was built by Bartholomew Appleyard +about the year 1370. The north wall is 79 feet in length and 27 feet in +height, and is considered one of the greatest curiosities of the kind in +England. The flints are squared to such a nicety, that the edge of a +knife can scarcely be put between them. Most of them are about three +inches square. The surface is very smooth, and no brickwork can appear +more regular. The building was nearly destroyed by fire on October 22nd, +1751, and again much damaged by fire on July 28th, 1753, but this curious +wall sustained little injury. Mr. Talman says, “That the Jews introduced +the art of squaring flints;” and Dr. Cromwell Mortimer, Secretary to the +Royal Society, states that the gate of the Austin Friars at Canterbury, +that of St. John’s Abbey at Colchester, and the gate near the Whitehall, +Westminster, are in the same taste, but the platform on the top of the +Royal Observatory at Paris, built in 1667, which is paved with flint in +this manner, is an instance in proof that the French had recovered this +art exemplified in the Old Bridewell here. William Appleyard, son of the +builder, the first mayor of Norwich, occupied this house in 1403. After +passing through many hands, it became the property of the late Mr. +Newbegin, who converted it into a tobacco factory. His son, Mr. J. +Newbegin, now holds the property, and has lately built a handsome +wholesale tobacco warehouse on the premises next to the alley. + +In Broad Street, St. Andrews, stood the ancient church of St. Crucis. It +was dedicated to the honour of the Holy Cross, and was erected before the +year 1272. It was desecrated in 1551, and the parish united to St. +John’s Maddermarket. + + +St. Lawrence. + + +St. Lawrence Church stands upon the very spot to which the arm of the sea +rose in former times, when Norwich was merely a fishing town, and this +spot was the quay or landing place for all herrings brought into the +city. After the water had receded, the church was founded on the same +site in the reign of Edward the Confessor, in the 10th century. In 1460, +the original building was taken down, and the present one was erected +twelve years afterwards. It consists of a nave, chancel, aisles, north +and south porches, clerestory, and a tower 112 feet high, with six bells. +The roof of the church is supported by clustered columns, the inside is +light and regular, and the windows are large and well filled with +tracery. They were formerly decorated with stained glass, all of which +was demolished by the Puritans in 1643. There is here an ancient +octangular font, ornamented with shields, angels, &c. In the spandrels +of an arched door, in the western side of the church, are two ancient +carvings, one representing the martyrdom of St. Lawrence broiling on a +gridiron, and the other a number of Danish soldiers shooting arrows into +the body of King Edmund, whose head is seen lying in a thicket, as +described in the old legend. The Rev. E. A. Hillyard is the present +incumbent. + + +_St. Swithin_. + + +St. Swithin’s Church, situated between upper and lower Westwick Street, +is a neat building, containing a nave, two aisles, and tower. One side +of the nave is supported by pointed arches on columns, and the other by +round arches and square piers. The Chapel of St. Mary, at the east end +of the north aisle, had an altar, and the guild of the Holy Virgin, +called the tanner’s guild, was kept there. The rectory was anciently in +the donation of the See of Norwich, and in the year 1200 was annexed to +the deanery of Norwich, as were the churches of St. Simon and Jude, and +Corstweyt, and the deanery of Taverham, and so held till 1329, when the +deaneries were separated from the churches which were then perpetually +united. But notwithstanding this union, in 1546 Bishop Rugge separated +the advowson from the bishopric, and granted it to William Farrar and +others. In 1608, John Ward was patron, who suffering a lapse, was by the +bishop collated to it; and entry being made that the bishop had collated +him in full right, it has ever since been supposed to be in the bishop’s +patronage, and held by sequestration or license at the bishop’s +nomination. During the cleaning of this Church in 1834, an ancient +portrait of Edward the Confessor, painted on a panel, was found beneath +one of the seats, where it is supposed to have been placed during the +civil wars. The altar piece contains portraits of Moses and Aaron, and +the church has an ancient font. The rectory, valued in K. B. at £6 3s. +4d., has been augmented, and is still in the patronage of the bishop. + + * * * * * + +The New Mills, as to a principal part of them, are in this parish. +Formerly all the city bakers were obliged to grind here, and the miller, +as a public servant, had a livery and badge given him every year. The +mills are still the property of the city, and in 1706 were let, with the +baker’s grant thereto belonging, for the term of 87 years, at the yearly +rent of £200, but reduced in 1708 to £180. The Mills are now let to Mr. +Wells, and produce a large quantity of flour weekly. Steam mills are now +also at work in this locality, in the occupation of Messrs. Barber and +Sons, who are also proprietors of Hellesdon Mills. + + +_St. Margaret_. + + +St. Margaret’s Church, in Westwick Street, has a square tower with a +spacious nave, chancel, and south aisle. It is a plain building of the +perpendicular period. The rood stair turret remains on the north side of +the church, and on the south side of the altar is a small pedestal on +which the bell that was rung at mass stood in former times. The rectory +is valued at £80. The bishop is the patron, and the Rev. J. W. Cobb is +the rector. The church which has been for some time disused, being in a +very ruinous condition, has just been restored. + + +_St. Benedict_. + + +St. Benedict’s Church, at the end of the street to which it gives its +name, is a small building with nave, chancel, north aisle, and round +tower. The tower contains three bells, and in the chancel is a piscina. +The church was repaired and re-roofed a few years since, at a cost of +£150. The living is a perpetual curacy valued at £95, and was augmented +by royal bounty. The Rev. J. Dombrain is the incumbent. + + +THE EASTERN DISTRICT. + + +This side of the city has been greatly improved by the formation of a new +road called Prince of Wales’ Road, from Foundry Bridge to the Castle +Hill. Handsome houses have been built on each side, and broad pavements +laid down. Rose Lane has been widened and improved. The Castle Meadow +has been adorned by the erection of a new bank called the Crown Bank, a +very handsome building in the Corinthian style of architecture. This is +the finest building of the kind in the eastern counties. + +The Cavalry Barracks are situated in Barrack Street on the east side of +the city, on the site of an old manor house. They were built by the +government in 1791 at a cost of £20,000. The buildings are of brick, and +form three sides of a square, the centre being for the accommodation of +the officers. The wings accommodate the soldiers to the extent of 320 +men, and 266 horses. The high wall which surrounds the entire barracks, +including the parade ground, encloses an area of ten acres. + +The Dungeon Tower is opposite the barracks, on land called “The Hospital +Meadow.” It is a large round tower of brick, originally surrounded by a +battlement. It was built as a prison for the cathedral precincts. The +Norfolk Railway Station stands in the hamlet of Thorpe near the Foundry +Bridge. + + +_St. Michael at Plea_. + + +The Church of St. Michael at Plea is at the top of Queen Street. This +church was so named from the Archdeacon holding his pleas or courts +there. It is a cruciform church with a low flint tower, and a modern +bell turret. Its transepts were formerly chapels dedicated to St. John +the Baptist and the Virgin Mary. It contains several old paintings of +the crucifixion, resurrection, &c., in the panels. About two years ago +the tower was restored at a cost of £250. The rectory, valued in K. B. +at £6 10s., and in 1831 at £85, was augmented with £600 of Queen Anne’s +bounty from 1774 to 1791, and with a parliamentary grant of £1000 in +1816. The lords of the manors of Sprowston and Horsford are patrons +alternately. The Rev. C. Morse, LL.B., is the incumbent. + + +_St. George Tombland_. + + +The Church of St. George Tombland stands at the end of Prince’s Street, +and is so named from the open space near it having formerly been used as +a burying place. It has a handsome square tower which contains five +bells, and was erected by the parishioners in 1445. The nave, aisles, +and chancel are covered with lead, and have some spacious galleries and +ornamental inscriptions of ancient and modern times. The building is +chiefly of the perpendicular period, but some portions are of an older +date. Three new memorial windows were recently inserted on the north +side. Messrs. J. and J. King, Prince’s Street, put in the stained glass. +The Rev. W. Bridge was ejected from the incumbency of this parish for +refusing to read the Book of Sports. He afterwards became pastor of the +Old Meeting House. The churchyard has been planted with shrubs, and if a +neat iron railing were substituted for the present wall, it would greatly +improve the appearance of Tombland. The Rev. K. Trimmer is the +incumbent. + + +_St. Peter Hungate_. + + +St. Peter Hungate Church is in the same street at the top of Elm Hill. +The original church was demolished in 1458, when the present one was +built. It was built by John Paston and Margaret his wife. It is of +black flint in the form of a cross, having a nave, chancel, transepts, +and square tower with two bells. The roof of the nave is ornamented with +figures of angels. In 1861 the interior was much improved. The rectory +of St. Peter Hungate, valued in K.B. at £3 1s. 5½d., and now at £63, was +augmented from 1743 to 1810 with £600 of royal bounty. The Lord +Chancellor is patron, and the Rev. S. Titlow, M.A., has been rector since +1839. + + +_St. Simon and Jude_. + + +St. Simon and Jude’s Church in Wensum Street has a nave, a chancel, and a +low flint and stone tower, with five bells. It is in the perpendicular +style, and is of great antiquity. It contains a few old brasses, and +several monuments of the Pettus family, in one of which lies, in complete +armour, the figure of Sir J. Pettus, the first of the family who was +knighted. The Rev. J. F. Osborne is the incumbent. + + +_St. Martin at Palace_. + + +St. Martin at Palace Church stands opposite the entrance to the Bishop’s +Palace. It has a nave with aisles, chancel with aisles, clerestory, and +a tower with five bells. It is of the plain perpendicular style, and +contains a good panelled octagon font. The east window of the chancel is +filled with stained glass, representing the adoration of the magi, the +annunciation, the crucifixion, the resurrection of our Saviour, &c. The +living is a perpetual curacy valued at £70, and augmented from 1743 to +1813 with £1800 of royal bounty. The Dean and Chapter are patrons. The +Rev. R. W. Barker is incumbent. + + +_St. Helen_. + + +The parish of St. Helen is situated on the east side of the cathedral, +and nearly the whole of the parish belongs to the Great Hospital, which +is an extensive range of buildings, comprising the antique remains of the +dissolved hospital of St. Giles, and several modern additions erected at +various periods, for the accommodation of the alms people who have been +increased in number progressively with the augmentation of the income. +In 1850, ninety-two men, and eighty-two women were lodged, fed, and +clothed at the expense of the charity, which also supports a master and +ten nurses. The alms people must be of the age of 65 years or upwards +before their admission. They are clothed in dark blue, and allowed +sixpence per week each for pocket money. + +St. Helen’s Church in Bishopgate Street belonged to the monks, who +demolished it and consolidated the cure with the church of St. Giles’ +Hospital, now called the Great Hospital, on the opposite side of the +street, soon after the foundation of the latter by Bishop Suffield in +1250. The whole of this hospital church, which serves as the parish +church of St. Helen, is still standing. It has a square perpendicular +tower at the south-west corner, containing one bell. The greater part of +the pile has been converted into lodgings for the alms people. The +church is fitted up with gothic carved work and open seats. Kirkpatrick, +the antiquary, is buried here. The perpetual curacy received by lot £200 +of Queen Anne’s bounty in 1816, and was valued in 1831 at £16 exclusive +of the glebe house, but is now worth £200 per annum. The City Charity +Trustees are patrons. The Rev. W. F. Patteson, incumbent. + + * * * * * + +In King Street are the churches of St. Peter per Mountergate, St. Julian, +St. Etheldred, and St. Peter Southgate, all ancient edifices. + + +_St. Peter per Mountergate_. + + +St. Peter per Mountergate derives the latter part of its name from a gate +formerly placed near the churchyard, at the foot of the Castle mount. +The old church is in the perpendicular style, and has a nave, chancel, +south porch with parvise, and a square embattled tower, with five bells +and a clock. The building has been recently restored and fitted up with +open benches, those in the nave being stained deal, and in the chancel +oak. The famous Thomas Codd, who was Mayor of Norwich during Kett’s +Rebellion, and who was a great benefactor to the city, was interred in +the nave. The benefice is now a perpetual curacy, valued at £78, and +augmented with £200 of Queen Anne’s bounty in 1766, and with a +parliamentary grant of £800 in 1812. The Dean and Chapter are patrons. +The Rev. John Durst, incumbent. + + +_St. Julian_. + + +St. Julian’s Church, in King Street, is a very small ancient structure, +founded before the conquest, and comprises nave, chancel, north porch, +and tower. It is principally of the Norman period, and most of the +windows are decorated and perpendicular insertions. The tower, which is +ruined, has a deeply recessed Norman arch, slightly pointed, and having +shafts with caps and bases. It has also a small Norman loop window in +the thickness of the wall splayed both inside and outside. The south +doorway is a very fine specimen of Norman architecture, and was restored +in 1845, when the chancel was rebuilt and the church thoroughly restored +at a cost of £500. The east window was at the same time filled with +stained glass, representing our Saviour seated and surrounded by the +evangelists. The font is perpendicular in style, cup-shaped and +panelled. There was a hermitage for a female recluse in the churchyard, +but it was demolished at the dissolution. The rectory, certified at £19 +3s. 1d., has been long consolidated with All Saints. The Rev. C. F. +Sculthorpe, M.A., is patron. + + +_St. Etheldred_. + + +St. Etheldred’s Church, in King Street, is supposed to be one of the +oldest structures in the city, and had in its burial ground a very +ancient anchorage, which continued till after the Reformation. It is a +small building with a nave, chancel, and tower. The benefice is a +perpetual curacy, certified at £2 14s., and valued at £77. It was +augmented from 1745 to 1802 with £800 of Queen Anne’s bounty. The +Trustees of the Great Hospital are patrons. The Rev. W. Bishop is the +present incumbent. + +The parish of St. Etheldred seems to have been one of the parishes of the +Anglo Saxon period, and in it formerly were the houses of many families +of distinction, including the residences of Sir Thomas de Helgheton, of +Henry de Norwich, of the Abbot of Wymondham, of Sir James Hobart, and of +Sir Robert de Sulle, who was killed by the rebels in the reign of Edward +III. No remains of these houses now exist. All along the east side of +King Street, next the river, there is a line of vaults, which seem to +have formed the foundations of old churches now demolished. The Old +Music House still stands in King Street, in the parish of St. Etheldred, +and on its site formerly stood the house of one of the rich Jews, who +settled here in the reign of William Rufus. It afterwards became the +property of his grandson Isaac, at whose death it was escheated to the +crown. Henry III. gave it to Sir William de Valeres, Knt., and in 1290 +it was the residence of Alan de Frestons, Archdeacon of Norfolk, who had +a public chapel there. In 1626, it belonged to John Paston, Esq., and in +1633 it was the city house of Chief Justice Coke. The present house is +not older than the 17th century. Under it there are very extensive +vaults of a more ancient date, now occupied by Messrs. Youngs, Crawshay, +and Youngs, as ale stores. + + +_St. Peter Southgate_. + + +St. Peter Southgate, near the south end of King Street, is an ancient +church, with a nave, chancel, north chapel, south porch, and a square +flint tower, in which are three bells. The windows are chiefly square +headed, and the architecture is of the late perpendicular period. There +is a good cross on the east gable. Part of an old screen remains in +front of the north chapel. The Rev. W. Bishop is the incumbent. + + * * * * * + +Carrow Works, at the top of King Street, are the most extensive in +England for the production of flour, starch, mustard, and blue. The +works cover an area of five acres. They are conveniently situated on the +banks of the Yare, and are permeated by trams from the Great Eastern +Railway. Here are large flour mills, starch mills, and mustard mills, in +which 1200 hands are employed. Steam engines to the enormous amount of +400 horse power are used to drive the machinery. About 100 tons of goods +are produced here weekly, and sent away by rail to all parts of England, +Europe, and America. A large number of hands are engaged in making the +tins and wooden boxes in which most of the mustard is packed. We visited +Carrow Works chiefly to see the mustard, starch, and blue factories; but +we were tempted to take a peep at the great flour mill which has been +erected by Messrs. J. and J. Colman, and which for magnitude and +completeness has few equals. The machinery in this mill is driven by a +magnificent pair of engines of 80 horse power. The Mayor for the present +year, 1868, J. J. Colman, Esq., is the principal proprietor of these +great works, and he has built many houses all around for his work-people, +and also schools for their children at a cost of £2000. + +A Nunnery formerly stood outside of King Street Gates, and was called +Carrow Abbey, from “carr” a watering place, and “hoe” a hill. This abbey +was dedicated to St. Michael and St. John. It was founded in the year +1146 by two ladies named Leftelina and Seyna. It was richly endowed by +King Stephen, and consisted of a prioress and nine benedictine black +nuns, afterwards increased to twelve. The site within the walls +contained about ten acres of land, and the revenues and possessions were +extensive. At the dissolution the abbey and lands became private +property. J. H. Tillett, Esq., is the present occupier. + + +THE NORTHERN DISTRICT. + + +This district includes all the parishes from the north-west to the +north-east side of the river Wensum; and comprises the parishes of St. +Michael at Coslany, St. Martin at Oak, St. Augustine, St. Mary, St. +George’s Colegate, St. Clement, St. Saviour, St. Paul, St. James, and St. +Edmund. On the north side we enter the oldest part of the city, which +seems to have been always chosen by the poorest portion of the +population, near the great factories, which stand high above all the +surrounding poverty-stricken dwellings. + + +_St. Michael at Coslany_. + + +St. Michael at Coslany, commonly called St. Miles’, is a spacious church, +with a lofty square tower and eight musical bells. The nave was rebuilt +by John and Stephen Stallon, who were sheriffs in 1511 and 1512. The +south aisle was begun by Gregory Clark, and was finished by his son, who +was Mayor in 1514. The interior is handsomely decorated. At the east +end of the south aisle there is a chapel, founded by Robert Thorp in the +reign of Henry VII., encrusted externally with black flints, like inlaid +work. The altar piece, by Heins, represents the Resurrection and the +Four Evangelists, and the floor is paved with black and white marble, +brought from the domestic chapel at Oxnead. There are a few ancient +brasses and modern mural monuments. The rectory, valued in K.B. at £13 +6s. 8d. and now at £117, was augmented in 1738 with £200 bequeathed by +the Rev. E. Brooke; in 1818, with £200 given by the late rector; and from +1738 to 1818 with £1000 of royal bounty. Gonville and Caius College, +Cambridge, had the patronage of the living, which was usually given to +the oldest bachelor of that college. It has recently been purchased by +the Rev. E. Hollond, Benhall Lodge, Suffolk. The Rev. R. H. Kidd is the +incumbent. + + +_St. Martin at Oak_. + + +The parish of St. Martin at Oak, in Coslany Street, and the whole +neighbourhood, is a very old part of the city, full of very poor people. +The church derived its name from a large oak which formerly stood in the +churchyard. This was much visited during the reign of superstition, and +many legacies were given towards painting, repairing, and dressing the +image of St. Mary in the Oak. Another oak was planted on the same spot +in 1656, but that now growing was planted eight years ago. The church is +built of flint and stone in the perpendicular style, and contains some +good piers. In 1852, the chancel was rebuilt and a new organ was placed +in the church; and in 1862, plain open benches were substituted for the +old pews in the chancel. There are a few monuments and brasses in the +church, and in one of the former are effigies of Jeremiah Ravens and his +wife in alabaster. She died in 1711, and he in 1727. The south porch is +now used as a vestry, and the outer doorway is built up. The benefice is +a perpetual curacy, certified at 20s., and now valued at £102. It was +augmented with £200 given by William Nockells in 1722, and £1000 of royal +bounty obtained from 1723 to 1824. The Dean and Chapter are patrons. +Rev. C. Caldwell, B.A., the esteemed incumbent, is much respected for his +kindness to the poor. + + +_St. Augustine_. + + +From St. Martin at Oak we pass onward into St. Augustine’s, where we find +various factories and a very populous neighbourhood. The church, on the +east side of the Gildencroft, is in the perpendicular style, and consists +of a nave with aisles, chancel with aisles, south porch and tower. The +tower contains a clock and three bells. The roof of the north aisle of +the chancel is finely carved, and the clerestory is built of flint. In +the south aisle of the nave is a marble monument in memory of Thomas +Clabburn, manufacturer, who died in 1858. It was erected by the +subscriptions of more than 600 weavers of Norwich as a tribute to his +many virtues. The rectory, valued in K.B. at £6 7s. 8½d. and now at +£150, was augmented in 1781 with £200 of Queen Anne’s bounty, and in +1810, 1811, and 1821, with £1400 in parliamentary grants. The Dean and +Chapter are the patrons. The Rev. Matthew John Rackham is the incumbent. + + +_St. Mary Coslany_. + + +From St. Augustine’s we pass down Pitt Street to the parish of St. Mary, +inhabited chiefly by poor people. The church is a cruciform structure +with a tall round tower of flint, containing six bells. There are no +aisles. The south porch has a good groined vault and a richly moulded +doorway, with a parvise or chamber above. The chancel has a panelled +ceiling with rich perforated work. The pulpit is ancient and has tracery +in the upper part of the panels, with the linen pattern below, and a +perforated iron projection for the book rest. The font is octagonal, and +has painted shields of arms in its upper panels. The rood-stair turret +is at the intersection of the north transept and chancel. At the west +end of the nave there is an old parish chest, and in the south transept +there is a square-headed foliated piscina. Several ancient stalls are +remaining, and in the north wall of the chancel there is a tombstone of +the Elizabethan era, dated 1578, and having incised figures of Martin +Vankermbeck, M.D., and his wife. The perpetual curacy was augmented, +from 1733 to 1824, with £2200 of royal bounty, and is valued at £124. +The Marquis of Townshend is patron. Rev. C. Morse, LL.B., is incumbent. + + +_St. George Colegate_. + + +We pass on eastward to the parish of St. George’s Colegate, wherein are +some of the best built streets on this side of the city. The church is a +large structure rebuilt at different periods, viz., the tower and nave +about 1459; the chancel in 1498; the north aisle with the chapel of St. +Mary in 1504; and the south aisle with the chapel of St. Peter in 1513. +The tower is lofty and has a clock and three bells. The rood-stair +turret still remains on the south side. The east window is of three +lights, and is filled with painted glass by Mr. Swan, with figures +representing Faith, Hope, and Charity. The living is a perpetual curacy, +valued at £98, and augmented from 1737 to 1792 with £1000 of Queen Anne’s +bounty. The Dean and Chapter are patrons. The Rev. A. W. Durdin, +incumbent. The memorial to John Crome, familiarly known to Norwich +citizens, and to artists and connoisseurs in paintings as “Old Crome,” +one of the most esteemed of our Norwich “worthies,” has just been placed +in the church of St. George Colegate, in which parish he passed the +latter years of his life, and in which he died soon after being chosen +churchwarden, in the year 1821. The idea of erecting a monument to the +memory of Crome originated in 1841, amongst some of his fellow-citizens +who were lovers of the fine arts, but the subscriptions received up to +1844 appear only to have amounted to about twenty-six pounds. At the +death of Mr. Lound, who had been receiving the subscriptions, in 1861, +Mr. J. B. Morgan, determining to carry out the object of the subscribers, +recommended the work of canvassing for subscriptions, which ultimately +reached the sum of about £100. Funds having been raised, a committee of +amateur artists was formed, who consulted Mr. Bell, an eminent sculptor, +of London, and a native of this city, by whom a handsome mural tablet has +been placed at the east end of the south aisle of St. George’s Church to +the memory of Crome. This tablet, which is of white marble, is divided +into three panels, the centre panel containing a bas-relief profile bust +of John Crome. Judging from the portrait of Crome recently hung in the +Council Chamber, this is an admirable likeness of the Norwich landscape +painter. Beneath are the name “John Crome” in gold letters, and a +palette and pencils; and above an elegantly carved laurel wreath. On one +panel is the following: “Near this spot lie the remains of one of +England’s greatest landscape painters, born in this city, December 21st, +1769, and died in this parish April 22nd, 1821;” and on the right-hand +panel, “This memorial is erected forty-seven years after his death by +admirers of his art, principally connected with Norfolk, his native +county.” + +St. Clement’s parish includes St. Clement Within and St. Clement Without. +The population increased from 853 inhabitants in 1801 to nearly 4000 in +1861. This large increase occurred chiefly in the northern suburb of the +city, called New Catton, which, in 1842, was constituted an +ecclesiastical district, and assigned to Christ Church, a new edifice +built there. Some centuries ago, several old churches, called St. Anne’s +Chapel, All Saints, St. Botolph, and St. Margaret, existed in this +parish, but no vestiges now remain. + +St. Clement’s Church, in Colegate Street, is one of the oldest in the +city, and belonged to the manor of Tokethorpe. It has a square tower +with three bells, a nave without aisles, and a chancel, all in the +perpendicular styles. The chancel contains four dedication crosses, and +is separated from the nave by a fine arch. The tower arch is blocked by +the organ and gallery. The communion plate weighs 88 ozs., including a +silver gilt cup given by S. Sofyld in 1569. Three parish houses are let +for £26 10s. yearly, which is applied with the church rates, except a +reserved yearly rent of 3s. 4d. payable to the Great Hospital, pursuant +to a lease granted in 1569 for 500 years. The rectory valued in K.B. at +£7 9s. 2d., and now at £96, was augmented in 1738 with £200 of Queen +Anne’s bounty, and £200 bequeathed by the Rev. Edward Brooke. It is in +the patronage of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, and incumbency of +the Rev. R. Rigg. + + +_Christ Church_. + + +Christ Church in New Catton was consecrated by Bishop Stanley amid a +disturbance caused by the chartists. It is a chapel of ease in the +improving parish of St. Clement. It is a neat structure of flint and +brick in the early English style, comprising nave, chancel, transepts, +and a bell turret at the west end. It was finished in 1841 at a cost of +about £2500, and has sittings for 600 people. It was built by +subscription, and by the same means £800 have been invested for its +endowment, and £200 for its reparation. The rector of St. Clement’s is +patron of the perpetual curacy, valued at £150, and it is now in the +incumbency of the Rev. Robert Wade, B.A. + + +_St. Saviour_. + + +St. Saviour’s Church, in Magdalen Street, is a small structure, and has a +square tower with two bells. It has some modern monuments. The south +porch is now used as a baptistry. The font has an octagonal panelled +basin, and is supported by four shafts resting on lions’ heads, and +carried through ogee canopies with pinnacles between. The perpetual +curacy was certified at £3, and is now valued at £103. It was augmented +from 1729 to 1813 with £1800 of royal bounty. The Dean and Chapter are +patrons. The Rev. W. Harris Cooke, M.A., incumbent. + + +_St. Edmund_. + + +St. Edmund’s Church, in Fishgate Street, was founded in the reign of +William I. It comprises a nave, chancel, south aisle, and tower with one +bell. The arches of the nave are nearly flat, and the sub-arches are +carried on shafts with moulded caps. The rectory, valued in K.B. at £4 +6s. 3d., and now at £165, was augmented in 1726 with £200 given by Rev. +W. Stanley and Rev. R. Corey, and from 1726 to 1819 with £1000 of royal +bounty. The Rev. T. Taylor is the incumbent. + + +_St. James_. + + +St. James’ Church, in Cowgate, includes Pockthorpe in its parish, and was +a well endowed rectory till 1201, when it was appropriated to the +Cathedral Priory. It is now a peculiar of the Dean and Chapter. The +Rev. A. D. Pringle, incumbent. + + +_St. Paul_. + + +St. Paul’s Church, in the square called St. Paul’s Plain, is an old +dilapidated building with a small round tower, the upper part of which +was octagonal, but was rebuilt about 1819 of white brick with stone +coping. It has some decorated windows, but is chiefly in the +perpendicular style. There is a north aisle, and at the east end a +parclose, the two screens of different patterns, but both in the same +perpendicular style. The perpetual curacy was certified at only £2, but +was augmented from 1745 to 1749 with £200 of Queen Anne’s bounty, and is +now worth £150. The Dean and Chapter are patrons, and the Rev. Bell +Cooke is incumbent. + + +THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT. + +_St. Stephen_. + + +The parish of St. Stephen’s, on the south side of the city, is extensive +and populous. The streets present some good shops and places of +business. The principal streets are Rampant Horse Street, St. Stephen’s +Street, and Surrey Street. The Norfolk and Norwich Hospital is at the +top of St. Stephen’s Street, and the far-famed Norwich Union Fire and +Life Office is in Surrey Street. + +The church, at the west end of Rampant Horse Street, is a handsome +edifice of the late perpendicular style, of the 16th century, with a nave +and clerestory, two aisles, a chancel, two small chapels, and a square +tower. The nave is divided from the aisles by fluted columns with +pointed arches. The windows are large and numerous, and that at the east +end is filled with stained glass representing the life of the Virgin +Mary, and dated 1610. This church was founded before the Norman +Conquest, but has been all rebuilt at different periods, the chancel +about 1520, and the nave in 1550. The roof is a fine specimen of open +timber-work, and is richly carved. The tower stands on the north side of +the church, and beneath it is the porch. In 1859, the interior was +thoroughly restored at a cost of £1500, and a new carved pulpit and a +reading desk were put up at the same time. Under the superintendence of +Mr. Phipson, the county architect, ten new windows have been lately +inserted in this church, five on each side. They are in the +perpendicular style corresponding to the style of the building. They are +glazed with cathedral glass and a ruby border. There is also a new +window over the south door of the chancel. It is glazed with painted +glass of a geometrical pattern, put in by the London firm that produced +the work in the large western window, representing the death of St. +Stephen. That window cost £300. The benefice is a discharged vicarage, +valued in K.B. at £9, and now at £212. It was augmented from 1715 to +1812 with £1000 of royal bounty. The Dean and Chapter are patrons. The +Rev. C. Baldwin, vicar. + + +_St. John Sepulchre_. + + +St. John Sepulchre is a large church at the top of Ber Street, dedicated +to St. John the Baptist and the Holy Sepulchre, and founded in the reign +of Edward the Confessor. It consists of a nave, chancel, a sort of +transept chapel on each side, and a lofty tower with five bells and a +clock. The font is octagonal and is ornamented with angels, lions, &c. +The east window is of three lights filled with stained glass, the centre +light presenting a figure of St. John the Baptist. The window is in +memory of the Rev. Samuel Stone, M.A., incumbent of this parish, who was +a great friend of the poor, and died in 1848. Here is a fine mural +monument of the Watts family. The rood-stair turret still remains, and +in the south side of the chancel is a fine consecration cross. The +living is a perpetual curacy, certified at £9 1s., and now valued at +£144. It was augmented from 1737 to 1812 with £1600 of royal bounty. +The Dean and Chapter are patrons. The Rev. W. T. Moore, incumbent. + + +_St. Michael at Thorn_. + + +This part of the city includes the parish of St. Michael at Thorn, so +called from the “thorns” formerly growing in the neighbourhood, of which +there is one now in the churchyard. The Rev. A. Davies is incumbent of +the parish. The church is remarkable for its antiquity. + + +_All Saints_. + + +At the bottom of Ber Street we may turn to the left into the parish of +All Saints, where the church stands in an open space called All Saints’ +Green. The church is a small structure, having a nave, chancel, porch, +and tower containing three bells. The chancel contains some decorated +windows, but the other portions of the church are perpendicular. The +east window is modern and filled with poor stained glass, but there are +some fragments of ancient stained glass, containing heads of bishops, +&c., in the windows of the aisles. The font is octagonal and in the +perpendicular style. There are three monuments with merchant’s marks +upon them. The rectory, valued in K.B. at £3 14s. 7d., is consolidated +with St. Julian, valued in K.B. at £5. The joint benefices are now worth +£300 per annum. They were augmented with £300 of Queen Anne’s bounty in +1769 and 1810, and with £200 given by John Drinkwater, Esq., and £500 +given by S. Thornton, Esq., in 1800. The Rev. C. F. Sculthorpe, M.A., is +patron, and the Rev. G. S. Outram is incumbent. + + +_St. John Timberhill_. + + +St. John’s Timberhill, at the north end of Ber Street, was founded soon +after the priory of Norwich, to which it was appropriated, and it was +dedicated to St. John the Baptist. It has a nave, chancel, south porch +with parvise, and two aisles with chapels at their east ends. That on +the north, a part of which is now used for the vestry, was called our +Lady’s Chapel. There is a hagroscope or squint on the south side of the +chancel, and near it is a small decorated piscina. The font is circular +and Norman. The whole building needs restoration. The square tower fell +down on August 20th, 1784, and damaged the west end of the church. Its +foundations still remain, but the bells were sold to pay for the repairs. +The perpetual curacy was augmented from 1738 to 1813 with £1000 of royal +bounty, and valued in 1835 at £31. The Dean and Chapter are patrons. +The Rev. S. Titlow, M.A., has been the incumbent since 1831. + + +_Chapel Field_. + + +There is yet left unnoticed a small district lying south of St. Giles’, +and which is generally known as Chapel Field. Near this field once stood +a college called St. Mary in the Fields, founded about the beginning of +the 13th century by John Le Brun. Soon after its establishment its +benefactors were so numerous that in a short time it became a very noble +college, having a dean, chancellor, precentor, treasurer, seven +prebendaries, and six chaplains. Miles Spencer, the last dean, persuaded +the college to resign its revenues for small pensions, after he had +obtained a grant of the whole for himself from Henry VIII. at the +dissolution. The property afterwards passed through several hands, and +the field is now the property of the corporation. It has recently been +enclosed by a massive palisade, and much improved as a place of +recreation; and a large Drill Hall has been built at the north-west +corner for the use of the Volunteers. The Drill Hall was opened by the +Prince of Wales in 1866. + + +THE HAMLETS. + +_Heigham_. + + +The hamlets have, of late years, been greatly increased in extent and +population, and are likely to leave the old city in the shade. Heigham, +on the west side of the city, has become a town, with two churches, and +another about to be built, three chapels, and several large schools. +Since 1801, the population has increased from 544 to 15,000 souls. Many +new streets have been laid out between the Dereham and Earlham Roads; +long rows of new houses have been built, and are nearly all occupied. +The National School-house, on Dereham road, was built in 1840 at a cost +of £1000, and is attended by about 270 children. + + * * * * * + +The CITY JAIL, an ugly building, stands in this hamlet at the corner of +St. Giles’ Road. It was built in 1827 from a design by Mr. Philip +Barnes, of Norwich, at a cost of £30,000. The front elevation is massive +and is supported by Tuscan columns. The whole building encloses an area +of 1 acre 2 roods 34 poles, and contains 114 cells. The house of the +governor stands in the centre and commands a view of the entire prison, +which is well ventilated and supplied with water pumped by the +tread-wheel. + + * * * * * + +The NEW WATER WORKS are in this hamlet, and supply the city with water +from the river Wensum. After filtration the water is forced up by steam +power to the distributing reservoir at Lakenham, at a height of 134 feet +above the level of the river at Carrow Bridge, whence it flows by +gravitation to all parts of the city and the suburbs. The present +company has a capital of £60,000 in £10 shares, and was incorporated +under an act of parliament passed in 1850, the powers of which have been +enlarged by subsequent acts, so that wholesome and pure water is now +constantly supplied at very low terms. Excellent provision has also been +made for a plentiful supply for extinguishing fires, by fixing hydrants +at every 100 yards. + + +_Bishop Hall’s Palace_. + + + [Picture: Bishop Hall’s Palace] + +The OLD PALACE, where the celebrated Bishop Hall resided, (now known as +the Dolphin Inn,) is in this hamlet. Here he retired after his expulsion +from the bishop’s palace by the republican party in 1644. The house, +which is fast going to decay, displays the peculiarities of the domestic +architecture of the time of James I. The front presents two projecting +bays, one on each side of the door, which afford a light to the lower and +upper rooms. The doorway deserves a passing notice, and some curiously +carved heads will be found in the interior, as well as the remains of an +ancient piscina in the wall at the entrance. There is a large parlour on +the right hand, wainscotted all round from the floor to the ceiling. + + * * * * * + +The NEW WORKHOUSE was erected in 1859 at an expense of £33,000 exclusive +of £680 paid for about nine acres of land. It is an extensive range of +brick buildings in the Tudor style of architecture, having room for about +1000 inmates, but it has never had so many as yet, though the number is +increasing every year. The debt on the building was £22,000, and will be +gradually paid off by instalments. + + * * * * * + +The NEW CEMETERY. The greatest improvement effected in Norwich during +the present century was the closing of all the churchyards for burials, +and the opening of a new cemetery for the dead. It was opened in 1856 +and is pleasantly situated on high ground next the Earlham Road; the +whole area being divided into two parts, one side being consecrated and +the other unconsecrated. The whole comprises 35 acres of land prettily +laid out and planted. It was formed at a cost of £7000 by the Burial +Board. There are entrances from the Earlham and Dereham Roads. The two +principal chapels are of early English architecture with porches and +apsidal terminations. There is also a small chapel for the use of the +Jews. + + * * * * * + +The long contemplated division of this extensive hamlet into three +parishes, has at length been carried into effect. The old church of St. +Bartholomew is to be the parish church of the new parish of that name on +the north side next the river. The estimated population is 5,600. The +Rev. J. G. Dixon is rector. The central part of the hamlet, lying +between the Dereham and Earlham Roads, with a population of 4,400, is to +form the new parish of St. Philip; but a church has not been yet built. +The third parish, the incumbency of which is retained by the Rev. C. T. +Rust, includes all that part of Heigham which lies between Earlham Road +and the boundary of St. Stephen’s. The population is about 6,400. The +church, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, in Essex Street, is the parish +church. The church of St. Bartholomew stands on an eminence above the +Wensum, and is a small structure in the perpendicular style, with a nave, +south aisle, north porch, chancel, and a square tower, in which are three +bells. It has a mural monument to the pious Bishop Hall, who was buried +here in 1656. The living is a rectory valued in K.B. at £6 13s. 4d., and +now at a little over £200. Trinity Church, near Unthank’s Road, was +built by subscription, and consecrated in August 1861, to supply the +great want of church accommodation which had long been felt in this part +of the hamlet. It is a large building in the decorated style, and +consists of nave, transepts, and apsidal chancel, with a tower containing +one bell, and surmounted by a slated spire 120 feet high. The total cost +was £7000. + +In 1861, an ancient lead coffin, containing the remains of a female +skeleton, was discovered about four feet below the surface on a chalk pit +at Stone Hills, Heigham. It was perfectly plain, and appeared to have +been formerly enclosed in an outer case of wood, and was probably of the +Roman period. Near it were found two bronze torque rings of a twisted +pattern, encrusted with a fine green patina, and evidently of the +Anglo-Saxon period. + + +_Hellesdon_. + + +Hellesdon, adjoining Heigham, is a small and pretty village on an +eminence two miles north-west of the city, but the parish is partly in +Taverham hundred. It adjoins the river, which is here crossed by a +cast-iron bridge, built by the corporation of Norwich in 1819. The +common was enclosed in 1811. The Bishop is lord of the manor and owner +of a great part of the soil. + + +_Earlham_. + + +Earlham is a very pleasant village, situated at the end of the Earlham +Road. The ivy-mantled church is a very ancient building of small size. +The hall, situated in a park, is associated with the honoured name of +Gurney, and will long be an object of deep interest. Amongst other +members of that distinguished family who resided here was the deservedly +esteemed Joseph John Gurney, who often entertained many of the +celebrities of his day. It was here that Wilberforce, Chalmers, and a +host of worthies, well known to fame, visited one of the happiest of the +homes of England, where the sterling character of Thomas Fowell Buxton +was formed and matured, and where he met with the partner of his future +life. It was the birthplace of Elizabeth Fry the philanthropist, of whom +there is yet no monument in this city. + + +_Eaton_. + + +The hamlet of Eaton, two miles south-west of Norwich, is in the vale of +the Taas. The manor is about 1300 acres, and belongs to the Dean and +Chapter, but the soil is let to a number of lessees, many of whom have +handsome houses in the Newmarket Road, one of the finest approaches to +the city. Indeed, this road may be called the “west end” of Norwich. +Eaton church is dedicated to St. Andrew, and is a long ancient building +covered with thatch, and having an embattled tower with three bells. It +was originally a Norman structure, but it appears to have been rebuilt in +the early English period, and to have been considerably altered in the +15th century. About two years ago the church was thoroughly restored at +a cost of about £400, when a number of beautiful mural paintings were +discovered, some of them well preserved. The living is a vicarage not in +charge, valued at £87, and augmented in 1732 with £200 given by the Earl +of Thanet, and £200 of Queen Anne’s bounty. + + +_Lakenham_. + + +Lakenham is the next hamlet on the south side of the city, and the roads +to it are favourite walks of the citizens. Caister is an adjoining +village, where may be seen extensive remains of a Roman camp, built +before Norwich existed. The configuration of the camp may still be +traced as a parallelogram, enclosing an area of 32 acres, sufficient for +a force of 6000 men. On the western side, which was washed by the Taas, +formerly stood the water gate, with a round tower, where vessels used to +unload. A very large number of Roman coins have been dug up here. +Returning to the hamlet of Lakenham, we ascend a hill called Long John’s +Hill. Lakenham church stands on high ground above the river Taas, and is +a small structure dedicated to St. John the Baptist and All Saints. It +has a tower with three bells. The benefice is a vicarage united to +Trowse Newton, and with it valued at £261, in the patronage of the Dean +and Chapter, and incumbency of the Rev. Alfred Pownall, M.A. + +St. Mark’s Church, in Lakenham, was consecrated September 24th, 1844, and +is a neat structure in the perpendicular style, comprising a nave without +aisles, and an embattled tower with turrets, pinnacles, and three bells. +It was built by subscription at a cost of £4000, and contains 900 +sittings, most of which are free. The interior has commodious galleries, +and is neatly fitted up. Ladies presented the communion table, plate, +books for divine service, font, &c. The population in this hamlet has +increased from 428 in 1801 to 4866 in 1861. The perpetual curacy, valued +at £150, is in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter. The Rev. N. T. +Garry, M.A., is incumbent. + + +_Trowse-Millgate_, _Carrow_, _and Bracondale_. + + +Trowse-Millgate, Carrow, and Bracondale, extend southward from King +Street to the river Yare, opposite Trowse Newton. They form one hamlet, +though each division had formerly a parochial chapel. Miss Martineau +owns the greater part of the soil, and lives at Bracondale Lodge, a +handsome mansion with delightful pleasure grounds. The late P. M. +Martineau collected here many remnants of Gothic architecture in 1804, +and used them in the erection of a lofty arch and an edifice, +representing a small priory with windows filled by stained glass. + + +_Thorpe_. + + +The hamlet of Thorpe, one of the most delightful suburbs of the city, +lies on the south-east side, opposite Foundry Bridge, and extends to +Mousehold Heath. It contains many handsome villas, which are mostly +surrounded by gardens. Many of the city gentry reside in this pleasant +hamlet, which now contains about 3000 inhabitants. The church, dedicated +to St. Matthew, was built in 1852 at a cost of £2300, for an +ecclesiastical district, comprising that part of Thorpe parish within the +city liberties, containing about 2500 inhabitants. It is a neat +structure in the Norman style of architecture, from a design by Mr. Kerr, +formerly architect of this city. It consists of a nave, transepts, and +apsidal chancel, and is a unique structure. The five windows of the +chancel are filled with stained glass. The rector of Thorpe is patron of +the perpetual curacy, valued at £130, which is now held by the Rev. +George Harris Cooke, M.A., who has a handsome parsonage house, erected in +1863 at a cost of £1400, in the Tudor style. + +The road from the Foundry Bridge to Thorpe village is a favourite walk of +the citizens. Thorpe lodge (the entrance to which is guarded by couchant +lions, and is a conspicuous object on the left,) was the residence of the +late John Harvey, Esq., “a fine old English gentleman,” who was a great +promoter of manufactures, and of aquatic sports. Its present proprietor +and occupant is Donald Dalrymple, Esq. The old hall, the name by which +the manor house is now known, stands at the entrance to the village. It +was formerly the country seat of the bishops. Adjoining are the remains +of a chapel, now used as a coach house and stable. On the south side of +the river, which was once reached by the ferry boat, stands the village +of Whitlingham, where the citizens formerly resorted by thousands in the +summer months. The grounds in this locality present a pleasing variety +of hill and dale, wood and water, and the view from the White House +includes the windings of the “bonny Yare,” the opposite village of +Thorpe, the spire of the Cathedral rising above the distant hills, and +the frowning aspect of the old Norman Castle. The whole of the land here +now belongs to R. J. H. Harvey, Esq., M.P., who has greatly improved an +estate of 2000 acres next the river. He has often thrown the grounds +open to the citizens. + +The Rosary Burial Ground, in Thorpe hamlet, was established in 1819 by +the late Rev. Thomas Drummond, for the use of Dissenters. Being aware +that many of the burial grounds attached to their chapels are held on +leases under the corporation, he urged the necessity of a general +cemetery on freehold land, so securely vested in trust that it could not +be converted to other uses at any future time. The Rosary occupies eight +acres of land in a good situation. It is divided into sections separated +by plantings of trees or shrubs, and contains a small chapel. It is not +consecrated, and ministers of any denomination may officiate at funerals. +In this beautiful resting-place for the dead are deposited the remains of +many of the worthiest of the Norwich citizens. + + +_Pockthorpe_. + + +Pockthorpe was originally part of Thorpe, but when severed in the time of +the Conqueror, with the parishes of St. James and St. Paul, took the name +of Paucus Thorpe or Little Thorpe, corrupted into Pockthorpe. The place +is apparently wedded to poverty, with no Divorce Court to grant it +relief. It is chiefly inhabited by poor weavers or spinners, who still +adhere to an old pastime, the rearing of pigeons, as appears from many +coops at the broken windows. The brewery here is an old well-established +concern, and sends out about 100,000 barrels of beer yearly. + + + +NONCONFORMISTS’ CHAPELS. + + +The OLD MEETING HOUSE, Colegate Street, was erected in 1693 by the +Independents, a congregation of which body had existed in Norwich since +the Commonwealth. They had originally assembled in a brewery in St. +Edmund’s, and afterwards in the “west granary” of St. Andrew’s Hall. Mr. +Bridge, the first pastor, who was incumbent of St. George’s, Tombland, +seceded from the church in the reign of James II., and sat in the +Westminster Assembly of Divines. The building is a large structure of +red brick, fronted with four Corinthian pilasters. It contains sittings +for 700 persons, and has spacious schoolrooms adjacent. The Rev. John +Hallett is the present minister. + + * * * * * + +PRINCE’S STREET CHAPEL (Independent) was erected in 1819. It is a +handsome building of white brick, and has been enlarged and almost +rebuilt at a cost of £2000, under the superintendence of Mr. Boardman, +architect, of this city. It will now accommodate 1000 persons. The new +front presents an elevation in the modern Italian or composite style, +with seven windows of ornamental design. The roof has been raised and +new windows inserted, eight on each side. New galleries have been +erected with cast-iron columns, and ornamental iron front. A new apse +has been added, and a vestry or retiring room at the back. The whole +interior has been reseated with plain open benches. The entrances, +staircase, hall, and avenues, are laid with tessellated tiles. At a +short distance from the chapel there is a spacious schoolroom, with class +rooms on each side. The Rev. G. S. Barrett is the present minister. + + * * * * * + +THE CHAPEL IN THE FIELD, (Independent) opened in 1858, is a handsome +edifice with two imposing spiral turrets. Its arched interior has a fine +effect, increased by the introduction of four painted windows in the +apse. The building affords sittings for 900 persons. Adjoining are +spacious schoolrooms in a similar style of architecture. The Rev. Philip +Colborne is the present minister. + + * * * * * + +THE TABERNACLE (Lady Huntingdon’s Connexion) is situate near St. Martin’s +at Palace. It was built by the Calvinistic Methodists, under Mr. +Wheatley, in 1772, at a cost of £1752. In 1775, the Tabernacle was sold +to the Countess of Huntingdon, who visited Norwich in the following year, +and vested the building in trust with four clergymen and three laymen of +the same connexion to appoint ministers whose preaching and sentiments +are according to the articles and homilies of the church of England. It +contains 1000 sittings. The Rev. Burford Hooke is the present minister. +There is also another chapel of the same connexion on the Dereham Road, +of which the Rev. John Joseph James Kempster is the minister. + + * * * * * + +ST. MARY’S CHAPEL (Baptist) was originally erected in 1714, but was +rebuilt in its present style in 1811 and enlarged in 1838. Rev. Joseph +Kinghorn was pastor from May 20th, 1791, till his death, on September +1st, 1832. Rev. William Brock was pastor from 1833 to 1848, when he +resigned his charge and went to London, where he preaches at Bloomsbury +chapel. Since 1849, the Rev. G. Gould has been the pastor. Spacious +schoolrooms adjoining the chapel are now in course of erection. + + * * * * * + +ST. CLEMENT’S (Baptist) was erected in 1814 and contains 900 sittings, +and there is a spacious schoolroom adjacent. The celebrated Mark Wilks +was once the pastor. The present minister is the Rev. T. Foston. + + * * * * * + +EBENEZER CHAPEL (Baptist), on Surrey Road, was built in 1854, the +minister being the Rev. R. Govett, who some years since seceded from the +established church. + + * * * * * + +THE GILDENCROFT (Baptist), in St. Augustine’s, formerly occupied by the +Society of Friends, was erected in 1680. There is a spacious burial +ground attached, in which lie the remains of Joseph John Gurney, Mrs. +Opie, and other eminent Friends. The Rev. C. H. Hosken is the minister. + + * * * * * + +ORFORD HILL CHAPEL (Baptist) was opened as a chapel in 1832. The Rev. J. +Brunt is the present minister. + +There are also Baptist Chapels in Cherry Lane, (Rev. W. Hawkins); this +was formerly a Wesleyan Chapel in which the Rev. John Wesley preached; +Priory Yard, (Rev. R. B. Clare); Pottergate Street, (Rev. H. Trevor); and +Jireh Chapel, Dereham Road, (no regular pastor). + + * * * * * + +THE PRESBYTERIANS recently purchased St. Peter’s Hall, in Theatre Street, +as a place of worship. The hall contains about 700 sittings, which are +generally all occupied. The Rev. W. A. Mc Allan was ordained minister in +1867, and he preaches with great success to large congregations. + + * * * * * + +WESLEYANS. The Revs. John and Charles Wesley paid their first visit to +this city in 1754, but their followers had no settled place of worship +here till 1769, when they built a small chapel in Cherry Lane, where the +late Dr. Adam Clarke was stationed in 1783, and began to display that +vast genius which afterwards astonished the religious world. The +Wesleyan Methodists have two chapels, one a very spacious edifice in Lady +Lane, and the other, just finished, in Ber Street. + + * * * * * + +The UNITED METHODIST FREE CHURCH has two chapels. That in Calvert Street +was erected by the Wesleyan Methodists in 1810, and is a large brick +edifice with about 1200 sittings, and two houses for the ministers. The +other is in Crook’s Place, Heigham, and was opened in 1839, and contains +800 sittings. + + * * * * * + +THE PRIMITIVE METHODISTS have chapels on St. Catherine’s Plain, Cowgate +Street, and Dereham Road. The first named, called Lakenham Chapel, was +built in 1835, and contains 600 sittings. The second, in Cowgate Street, +was built about 20 years since, and contains 300 sittings. The third, on +Dereham Road, was built in 1864, on the site of a smaller one, at a cost +of £1316, raised by subscription. Sunday schools are connected with all +these chapels. + + * * * * * + +THE UNITARIANS occupy the OCTAGON CHAPEL, St. George’s, a handsome +building, of the shape implied by its name. It is surmounted by a dome, +supported by eight Corinthian pillars. It was erected in 1756, on the +site of the old Presbyterian Meeting-house. Dr. John Taylor, and Dr. +Enfield (compiler of the Speaker) preached in this chapel. Rev. D. H. +Smyth is the minister. + + * * * * * + +THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS have a meeting-house in Upper Goat Lane, a fine +white-brick structure, with Doric portico, and lighted by a dome lantern. + + * * * * * + +The ROMAN CATHOLICS have two chapels. In the last century there was a +chapel connected with the palace of the Duke of Norfolk on the site of +the present Museum, but it was lost when that property was sold by him. +The Roman Catholics raised a subscription and built their present chapel +in St. John’s Maddermarket in 1794. It is merely a plain building, but +the altar is very handsome. It contains sittings for about 600 people. +The services here are carried out with great solemnity, and with a strict +adherence to the ritual of the Church of Rome. There is generally a +large congregation at divine service. The Rev. Canon Dalton is the +officiating priest. He resides near the chapel in a very ancient +building that was occupied by the City Sheriff in the reign of Queen +Elizabeth. The chapel in Willow Lane, called the Chapel of the Apostles, +is a handsome building, erected in 1828. The windows are of stained +glass, and the interior decorations are very striking. This chapel is +served by Fathers of the Society of Jesus, commonly called Jesuits. It +is the custom of that order to change the officiating clergy every few +years. The Rev. Mr. Lane of the order was a contemporary of the Rev. Mr. +Beaumont, the first priest of St. John’s chapel, during the greater part, +if not all, of that gentleman’s lengthened ministry of 62 years, and died +about the same time. The congregation is generally larger than at St. +John’s Chapel. + + * * * * * + +FREE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. The Dutch Church, in St. Andrew’s Hall, +originally the Conventual Church of the Black Friars, was granted to the +Walloon congregation; but they now have service only once a year, when a +sermon is preached in Dutch and afterwards in English. During the rest +of the year the place is used by the Free Christian Church—Rev. J. +Crompton, minister. + + * * * * * + +THE FRENCH CHURCH, Queen Street—originally the parochial church of St. +Mary Parva, and afterwards a cloth exchange—was granted, in 1637, to the +French Protestant refugees. It is now occupied by the receivers of the +doctrines enunciated by Emanuel Swedenborg. Mr. E. D. Rogers, leader. + + * * * * * + +THE JEWS—who were formerly very numerous in this city—have a handsome +synagogue in St. Faith’s Lane, erected in 1849, at a cost of £1600. Rev. +S. Caro, minister. + + * * * * * + +The CATHOLIC APOSTOLIC CHURCH (Irvingites) occupy a building in Clement +Court, Redwell Street. The present minister is the Rev. Arthur Inglis, +B.A. + +Since the 17th century Nonconformists have increased from a few hundreds +to 10,000 in this city. + + + + +PART II. + + +CHAPTER I. + + +Norwich Antiquities. + + +THE Castle, Cathedral, and churches already described are the chief +antiquities of the city, but other remains are worthy of notice, and have +been described by Blomefield, Kirkpatrick, Taylor, Harrod, S. Woodward, +B. B. Woodward, the Rev. R. Hart of Catton, R. Fitch, Esq., and other +antiquaries, who have explored every part of the old city. They nearly +all agree in their accounts of the rise and progress of Norwich, and of +its condition at different periods. + + +THE ANCIENT CITY. + + +B. B. Woodward, Esq., F.S.A., delivered two lectures on “Norwich in the +Olden Time,” to the members of the Church of England Young Men’s Society, +at the Assembly Rooms, some years since. He showed a thorough knowledge +of all the previous authorities, with whom he sometimes differed. He +exhibited four large maps, presenting views of the Old City at different +periods, from A.D. 400 to A.D. 1400. He stated that he had derived the +greater part of his materials for them from the series of maps of ancient +Norwich made by his father, the late Mr. S. Woodward, but he had +corrected and completed them from the publications of various +Archæological Societies since they had been constructed, and he hoped +that they would serve to illustrate the growth and progress of the +ancient city with general fidelity to facts. Directing attention to the +first map, which represented the condition of the _Venta Icenorum_, A.D. +400, Mr. Woodward pointed out the purely fictitious character of the +earliest accounts of Norwich to be found in the older historians, who +drew, in all good faith, on their fertile imaginations, and both +persuaded themselves that they were writing history, and that they were +believed to be doing so by others. + +The old-established tradition, that the sea came up to Norwich, he +stated, was undoubtedly to be accepted, but not as having occurred within +the historic period. From various facts, and particularly from the +occurrence of a Roman road at Wangford, near Bungay, near the edge of the +present stream, he concluded that in the times of the Romans, the valleys +of the Eastern Counties did not present a very different aspect from +their present one, though of course where there was now meadow, marsh +existed formerly, and many small streams have disappeared. Mr. Woodward, +on this point, differed entirely from all the local historians and +antiquarians, and his opinion is not supported by any evidence. The +existence of a Roman road at Wangford, near Bungay, if such there be, has +nothing to do with the river Yare. Mr. Woodward offered no proof that it +is a Roman road. All the local historians state that a broad arm of the +sea flowed up to Norwich till the 11th century, when Sweyn came up with a +great fleet and landed an army here. Parochial records prove that the +river came up to St. Lawrence Steps at a later period. We may therefore +dismiss this singular opinion as untenable. + +Mr. Woodward regarded Norwich as the _Venta Icenorum_ of the Romans for +several reasons, and particularly because it was plain from the +occurrence of these Ventas in Britain, and none in any other part of the +Roman world, that this was the name of a British town, which its being +called the Venta of the Iceni strongly confirmed—even, in fact, a British +stronghold, constructed according to the custom of that people in parts +of the country without hills. In hilly countries the strongholds were +entrenchments round the summits of the hills, but then there were small +tracts of land surrounded by marshes. Such were the British strongholds +on Bungay Common, and that at Horning, and such he believed was the +_Venta Icenorum_. They were not intended for permanent occupation, but +as places of safety for their wives and children, and for their cattle, +in case of the attack of another tribe; and they could rarely be held +against the enemy for any length of time. In this instance, the trench +was drawn in a horse-shoe form, from the eastern slope of the ground on +which the Castle now stands to the western side, the steep bank of the +little stream, called the Cockey, being rendered more steep by art, +whilst the Wensum and marshes protected the other sides. The position of +the Roman camp, as the map showed, was determined by its being the +fittest for keeping in check the _Iceni_ of _Venta_, and preventing them +from marching against the southern part of the island; and it might +probably have been placed there after the disastrous experiment of what +the _Iceni_ could do under such a leader as their famous Queen Boadicea. +In the latter part of the Roman period it would seem that the conquerors +had less occasion for mere military force here, for the remains of a +Roman villa had been found in the northern side of the camp at Caister. + +Mr. Woodward said the Map of Norfolk still showed traces of Roman roads +radiating from Norwich. The principal roads were—one entering the +stronghold in the western side, now St. Stephen’s Street; another +entering it on the east, now known as King Street. This last crossed the +river by a ford at Fyebridge, and was the origin of Magdalen Street and +St. Augustine’s Street; another road left the fortress on the western +side, near the river, and was called St. Benedict’s Street; and the last +crossed the river at Bishopbridge by another ford, and sent off branches +to the north-east and east of Norfolk. He believed that nearly all the +main lines of road originated with the Romans, but this is at least +doubtful. Norwich must then have been a very large town to have required +so many main lines of roads; but its very existence as a town is +uncertain during the Roman period. + +Mr. Woodward’s second map exhibited the entrenchments round the fortress +as already described, at the time of the Conquest. Map the third +exhibited the condition of the city in the time of the Domesday Survey, +or about A.D. 1100, when 54 churches and chapels existed. Map the fourth +showed the state of the city A.D. 1400, when Norwich was described as at +the acme of its splendour and importance, and second only to Bristol, +after London. This arose from its being the capital of East Anglia, and +the residence of so many of the clergy and gentry. Mr. Woodward pointed +out the sites of some of the old monasteries in this period. The +Bishop’s palace was then within the precincts of the close. Besides the +monastery there, and that of St. Leonard’s, there were then several +others in Norwich. In King Street, to the south of St. Faith’s Lane, +were the Austin Friars, and to the north of Rose Lane the Grey Friars. +Both these monastic communities were said to have encroached on the +adjacent streets, churchyards, &c., by extending their precincts; which +accounted for the changes around them. The Carmelites occupied the whole +angle of the city between the river, the walls, and Bargate Street. But +few traces of these establishments now remain. The case of the Black +Friars was very different. Their magnificent church is still almost +entire; much of the convent is still standing in St. Andrew’s Hall, and +the Dutch or Walloon Church, and the oldest parts of the former +Workhouse. In addition to these, there had been several smaller monastic +orders which were merged in the others before the 15th century. In this +period, most of the streets on the north side of the town were in +existence, and some on the south side. + +Formerly, as already intimated, some of our streets were named from the +trades of those who occupied them. Thus there were Saddlers’ Gate, now +White Lion Street; Wastelgate, now Red Lion Street; Cordwainers’ Row, now +part of the Walk; Goldsmiths’ Row, north side of the Market; Hosiers’ +Row, in part of London Street; Cutlers’ Row, in part of London Street; +Hatters’ Row, now St. Giles’ Street; Dyers’ Row, in St. Lawrence Street; +and Pottergate Street, still so called. The Cloth Hall stood in the +Haymarket; and on the west side were the Butchery, the Fishmarket, and +various other rows, where articles of food were sold. + + +OLD WALLS AND GATES. + + +R. FITCH, ESQ., is the very best authority respecting the old walls and +gates, of which he made a study for many years; and in 1861 he published +a very handsome illustrated volume entitled, “Views of the Gates of +Norwich made in the years 1792–3, by the late John Ninham; with an +Historical Introduction, Extracts from the Corporation Records, and +Papers by the late John Kirkpatrick, contributed to the Transactions of +the Norfolk and Norwich Archæological Society, by Robert Fitch, F.S.A., +F.G.S.” The author says:— + + “The history of the walls of Norwich is a history of the gate houses, + and in speaking of the origin of the first we include that of the + second. In 1294, being the 23rd Edward I., the first mural tax was + granted, and continued three years. A second tax succeeded this, and + in 1304 a third tax was imposed, to continue in operation for five + years. In the 11th of Edward II., a fourth tax of the like nature + was allowed; and in two years after, namely in 1319, the walls of + Norwich were completed.” + + “When the thickness and extent of the fortifications of this city are + considered, it cannot be thought surprising that a period of 25 years + elapsed before these mural defences were finished, so far as to + render no additional tax necessary. It must not, however, be + considered that no other pecuniary assistance was required towards + the work. The citizens themselves manifested the greatest interest + in the subject; and the ancient books of account contain not only + entries of money expended on the walls and gates, but also register + the private contributions of persons towards the same object and for + necessary reparation.” + + “It has been previously observed, that in 1319 the walls of the city + were said to have been completed; but something more was required to + render them adequate to the purpose for which they were designed. + Neither towers nor gates could be of use unless properly furnished + with munitions of war and the implements then in use for their + projection. This does not appear to have taken place until 23 years + after completion, namely in 1342, in 16th Edward III., when a + patriotic citizen, Richard Spynk, for the honour of the monarch and + the safety of his fellow citizens, gave thirty espringolds to cast + stones with, to be kept at divers gates and towers; 100 gogions, or + balls of stone, locked up in a box; a box with ropes and + accoutrements; four great arblasters, or crossbows, and 100 gogions + for each arblaster; two pairs of grapples, to bring the bows to the + requisite tension for discharge; also other gogions, and some + armour.” + +After stating other acts of this citizen, Mr. Fitch proceeds:— + + “From this long recital of gifts, it must be concluded that Richard + Spynk was virtually the fortifier of the city; for it is clear that + until his munificence made the gates and walls complete, they were + imperfect. Nor did he suffer his work to fall into decay; but by the + adoption of rules and regulations, he preserved to the city the full + benefit of what he had done.” + + “Before proceeding further with an outline of the history of the + Walls and Gates, it should be stated that Norwich had been previously + surrounded by a ditch and bank for protection.” * * * * * + + “One benefit produces another, and to Richard Spynk was the City not + only indebted for its safety from aggression, but also for an + extension of its liberties. + + “It is recorded that Queen Isabella induced the king, her son, in + consideration of the costs and charges for the Walls which had been + raised without call on the Government, to grant a charter to the + Citizens, that they, and their heirs and successors, dwelling in the + said City, should for ever be free from jurisdiction of the Clerk of + the Market and of the household of the King, and his heirs, so that + the said Clerk or his officers should not enter the City, or fee or + make assay of any measures or weights, or to exercise or do anything + belonging to the said office of the Clerk of the Market. + + “In this King’s reign, according to the Customs’ Book, there is an + account of the battlements on the various gates, towers, and walls. + These were numbered, in order that each parish might be made + acquainted with its responsibilities of repairs in this respect. + Beginning from the river to Coslany Gate, there were 112 battlements, + and 10 on the gate itself. From that point to St. Augustine’s Gate, + were 69 battlements, and on the gate, 12. Thence to Fibrigge Gate—on + the walls and towers were 153 battlements, and on the gate, 13; + thence to Pockthorpe Gate—on the walls and towers were 178, and on + the gate, 10; and from this gate to the river were about 40. From + this point to the tower of Conisford Gate, the river chiefly protects + the city, but the tower bore 12 battlements; and from the tower on + the city side of the water to Conisford Gate, were 26 battlements + with 14 on the gate. Thence to Ber Street Gate, were 150; on the + gate and its wicket were 27; and from thence to St. Stephen’s Gate + were 307 (here were some strong towers); and on this gate and wicket + were 28. + + “From St. Stephen’s to St. Giles’ Gate were 229 (here again were + several strong towers), and on the gate and wicket were 15; and from + St. Giles’ to St. Benedict’s Gate were 100, and on the gate itself + and wicket were 16; thence to Heigham Gate 79, and on the gate 4—and + from this gate to the tower and wall on the river were 16 + battlements; in all, 1630. At this period (1345, according to the + Domesday Book of the City) there was a tax called ‘Fossage,’ to + defray the great charges of the walls and ditches.” * * + + “In 1385 a general survey was made, and all the walls and gates were + placed in good repair, with a sufficient number of men appointed to + guard them. It was also agreed that churchwards should be chosen + annually, whose duty it should be to prevent any decay or permanent + injury to the fortifications by timely repair or by reconstruction. + In 1386, the expectancy of invasion caused general fear throughout + the realm, and particularly in the eastern counties. The king sent + nearly a thousand men to Yarmouth for the defence of the coast; and + so imminent was the peril, that the king commanded the authorities of + Norwich to place the walls, towers, and gates in full and able + condition to repel all who might appear in opposition to the king’s + authority, or crush a design to injure the city. The towers were + therefore filled with engines of defence, the walls rendered perfect, + and the ditches made as wide and as deep as the necessities of the + case demanded.” * * * * + +The author proceeds to show the anxious attention which was paid to the +preservation of the walls and gates, by copious extracts from a roll, +dated 1386. He then gives a full history of the fortifications, from +which we shall make some extracts in our narrative of events at different +periods. He thus concludes his historical sketch:— + + “Not a fragment of the gates now exists, but the certain indications + of where, in some instances, they once stood, are yet accidentally + preserved.” + +With a short notice of these, the account is concluded:— + + “CONISFORD GATE. A fragment of the wall of the east side of this + gate still exists, attached to the west of the ‘Cinder Ovens’ public + house at the south end of King Street, and also on the opposite side + of the street. + + “BER STREET GATE. No portion of this gate remains; but where the + structure stood is sufficiently evident by the high wall on the west + side of the upper end of Ber Street. + + “BRAZEN DOORS. Not a fragment remains. + + “ST. STEPHEN’S GATE. No portion left. + + “ST. GILES’ GATE. The house against which the south side of this + gate abutted still stands, and part of the lower walls of the + building can be seen. {126} + + “ST. BENEDICT’S GATE. Here a corresponding house or abuttal of this + gate stands perfect, with one of the strong iron staples, on which + hung one of the doors, projecting from the wall. + + “HEIGHAM GATE. Very slight remains left. + + “ST. MARTIN’S GATE. A portion of the north side of this gate is left + erect and firm, with small tenements abutting against it + + “ST. AUGUSTINE’S GATE. No fragment is left. A large portion of the + ditch between this gate and St. Martin’s is clearly seen, very few + buildings having been erected on its site. + + “MAGDALEN GATE. No portion left, but the form and interior of the + city wall is well seen at this point. + + “BARRE or POCKTHORPE GATE. Indications are left of where the gate + stood, with fragments of the wall on the right and left + + “BISHOP’S GATE. Nothing of the gate exists, but the exact site may + be seen by the necessary increased width of the bridge. + + “The precise spot where each gate stood may be found by tracing a + line of the city wall, where it crossed a street; the gates being of + course integral portions of the wall perforated for traffic and + fortified with extra work for adequate defence.” + + + +DESECRATED CHURCHES. + + +The Rev. Francis Blomefield, of Fersfield, who flourished in the first +half of the last century, was the chief of Norfolk historians and +antiquarians. He was great in genealogy and heraldry, and very elaborate +on monuments and epitaphs, while he altogether passed over more important +matters. We might almost wish that he had known less of heraldry and +more of history; but his great work must ever be the foundation of local +history in Norwich and Norfolk. A perfect copy of his work, being very +scarce, is now worth at least £20. It contains most of the documentary +antiquities of the city, such as charters, acts of parliaments, +proceedings of public bodies, and other official sources of information, +of which he has made a good use. He has given full details from the +records of every parish, and of the old corporation. He states the great +changes which took place in the city and county at the time of the +Reformation, and the dissolution of the monasteries, when nineteen of +those institutions existed in Norwich. + +Blomefield notices several large conventual churches, which were +desecrated at the Reformation, and many parish churches which have been +demolished, their parishes being incorporated with those now existing. + + * * * * * + +ALL SAINTS’, situated in Fyebridge Street, was at the north corner of the +street called Cowgate, at its entrance into Magdalen Street, and was +built before the Conquest. At the foundation of the cathedral it was +appropriated to the convent, and at the Reformation to the dean and +chapter. It was said to have had a very fine font, erected in 1477. In +1550 the church was taken down, and the parish, with that of St. +Margaret, was annexed to St. Paul’s. + + * * * * * + +ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S, in Ber Street, was in the patronage of the prior of +Wymondham, and at the Dissolution was consolidated with St. John’s +Sepulchre, and the church taken down. + + * * * * * + +ST. BITTULPH’S stood in Magdalen Street, a little north of Stump Cross. +It was founded before 1300 and was taken down in 1548, and the parish +united to St. Saviour’s. + + * * * * * + +ST. CHRISTOPHER’S stood on the east side of St. Andrew’s Hill, and was +one of the oldest churches in the city. It was burnt down in the reign +of Henry III. The greater portion of the parish was united to St. +Andrew’s and a smaller part to St. Michael’s at Plea. + + * * * * * + +ST. CRUCIS, or St. Crowches, stood in Broad Street, St. Andrew’s. It was +dedicated to the honour of the holy cross, and was erected before the +year 1272. In 1551 it was desecrated, and the parish united to St. +John’s Maddermarket. + + * * * * * + +ST. CLEMENT’S, in Conisford, situated in King Street, was a very ancient +church, founded long before the Conquest. It was united with St. +Julian’s in 1482. + + * * * * * + +ST. CUTHBERT’S was situated at the north end of King Street, near +Tombland. About 1492 it was united to the church of St. Mary the Less at +the monastery gates, and was demolished in 1530. + + * * * * * + +ST. EDWARD’S stood on the west side of King Street, near St. Etheldred’s +church. About the end of the 13th century it was united to St. Julian’s. +All along King Street there are many vaults and crypts, which seem to +have formed the foundations of old churches and monasteries. + + * * * * * + +ST. FAITH’S or ST. VEDAST’S was situated near the place where Cooke’s +hospital now stands, in Rose Lane. It was founded before the Conquest +and was taken down in 1540, the parish being united with that of St. +Peter per Mountergate. The latter is a corruption of the old name +“Parmenter Gate,” which should be restored by authority. It was the old +Tailor Street. + + * * * * * + +ST. FRANCIS’ belonged to the Grey Friars, whose convent stood near the +site of Cooke’s hospital. It was a noble church, 300 feet in length and +80 feet in breadth, with cloisters and a large chapter house. At the +Dissolution it was, with the convent, granted to the Duke of Norfolk. + + * * * * * + +ST. JAMES’, CARROW, belonged to the nunnery there, and with it became +private property at the Dissolution, the parish being united to Lakenham. + + * * * * * + +ST. JOHN’S IN SOUTHGATE stood at the north corner of Rose Lane, and about +1300 was annexed to St. Peter Parmenter Gate. The Grey Friars pulled it +down and annexed the site of it to their convent. + + * * * * * + +ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST’S stood on the site of the present Octagon chapel. +It was originally a parish church; but when the Dominicans, or Friars’ +Preachers, settled here in 1226, it was given to them, and the parish was +united to St. George’s at Colegate. They immediately built a convent in +this place and the church was used by them as a chapel, till they removed +to their new convent in St. Andrew’s, where they dedicated their church +also to St. John the Baptist. The church is now St. Andrew’s Hall, and +the chancel (formerly the Dutch church) is now the place of worship of +the FREE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. + + * * * * * + +ST. MARGARET’S, IN FYEBRIDGE, was a church of ancient foundation, +situated on the west side of Magdalen Street, near the gate. There is no +account how long it has been dissolved. The parish is now united with +St. Paul’s. + + * * * * * + +ST. MARGARET’S AT NEWBRIDGE, anciently called St. Margaret’s at Colegate, +was situated near Blackfriars’ bridge, on the west side of the street. +The parish was depopulated by the great pestilence, in 1349, when the +church ceased to be parochial, and the parish was annexed to that of St. +George’s Colegate. The church occupied the site of Weston’s brewery, now +demolished. + + * * * * * + +ST. MARTIN’S in BALLIVA was situated near the spot where, until lately, +the Golden Ball tavern stood, on the south side of the Castle Hill. The +church was on the right hand of the entrance into Golden Ball Lane. In +1562, this church was demolished and the parish united to St. Michael’s +at Thorn. Formerly all persons dying in the castle, and all criminals +executed, were buried in this churchyard, but this right, after the +desecration of the church, was conferred upon St. Michael’s at Thorn. + + * * * * * + +ST. MARY THE VIRGIN’S was situated in Conisford, and belonged to the +Augustine Friars, being also dedicated to St. Augustine. It was a noble +structure, 450 feet long and 90 feet wide, with cloisters on the north +and south sides. After the Dissolution it became private property in +1547, when the church and conventual buildings were demolished. + + * * * * * + +ST. MARY UNBRENT stood on the west side of Magdalen Street, near Golden +Dog Lane. The church was demolished at the dissolution, and the parish +united to St. Saviour’s. “Unbrent” means unburnt. The church was called +St. Mary _in combusto loco_, or in that part of the city burnt in the +great fire in the time of William I. Blomefield thinks that the church +was then consumed, and afterwards rebuilt; and that it was erroneously +written in ancient documents _uncombusto_, instead of _in combusto_. + + * * * * * + +ST. MATTHEW’S, near the palace, was a small church. The parish has, +since the great pestilence of 1349, been united with that of St. Martin’s +at Palace. + + * * * * * + +ST. MICHAEL’S in Coslany was sold to the Austin Friars in 1360, and +shortly afterwards the parish was united to that of St. Peter Parmenter +Gate, when the church was demolished and a cloister erected on its site. + + * * * * * + +ST. OLAVE’S, or St. TOOLEY’S, stood on the east side of Tooley Street, +next to the corner of Cherry Lane. It was demolished in 1546, and the +parish consolidated with St. George’s Colegate. + + * * * * * + +ST. CATHERINE’S in NEWGATE was situated on St. Catherine’s Hill. In 1349 +the whole parish was almost depopulated by the pestilence, after which +the church was deserted and converted into a chapel, the parish being +united with that of All Saints. At the Dissolution the chapel was +granted to Sir John Milton, and in 1567 conveyed to the city for the use +of St. Giles’ hospital. Thus a large amount of Church property was +applied to secular purposes. + + +DESECRATED CHAPELS. + + +Blomefield gives an account of different chapels dedicated to various +purposes, most of which were destroyed at the Dissolution. + + * * * * * + +ST. CATHERINE’S CHAPEL stood upon Mousehold, about a mile north-east of +the barracks, was founded about the time of the Conquest, and was deemed +a parochial chapel while it was standing. At the Dissolution this chapel +was demolished and the parish united with that of St. James. + + * * * * * + +THE CHAPEL OF ST. THOMAS A BECKET, which was not parochial, stood near +the same place. No traces of the building can now be discovered. + + * * * * * + +THE COLLEGE OF ST. MARY IN THE FIELDS, originally called the Chapel in +the Fields (whence the present name of Chapel Field was derived), was a +chapel dedicated to Mary the Virgin. It was founded about the year 1250, +by JOHN LE BRUN, as an hospital, but its benefactors were so numerous and +munificent that in a very short time it became a noble college, +consisting of a dean, chancellor, precentor, treasurer, and seven other +prebendaries. Six chaplains or chantry priests were afterwards added. +The dean was collated by the bishop in right of the see, or by the king +during a vacancy. The premises were very extensive, and were granted at +the dissolution to Miles Spencer, LL.D., the last dean. After passing +through many hands the property came into possession of shareholders, who +built Assembly Rooms on the site of the college. Bond Cabbell, Esq. +subsequently bought the whole building for a Freemasons’ Hall. + + * * * * * + +GUILDHALL CHAPEL adjoined the south side of the hall, and was dedicated +to St. Barbara. It served as a chapel for the prisoners as well as for +the Court to attend divine service when they assembled on public +business. It was pulled down long since, and the present porch was +erected on its site. + + * * * * * + +ST. MICHAEL’S CHAPEL, TOMBLAND, stood on the site of the obelisk, and was +one of the most ancient religious buildings in Norwich. It was founded +by the Earl of the East Angles long before the Conquest and prior to the +building of the Cathedral; served as a chapel for the use of their +palace, which stood facing the south side of the chapel-yard; and +occupied the south end of Tombland, from the monastery gate to the chapel +ditch. Bishop Herbert demolished it, and the whole site was laid open +for the improvement of the monastery, and a stone cross was erected on +the spot. Instead of this, the Bishop built another chapel on the summit +of the hill outside of Bishopgate, and dedicated it to St. Michael. + + * * * * * + +ST. NICHOLAS’ CHAPEL, Bracondale, was situated at the corner of the road +now leading to Carrow Bridge. It was much frequented by fishermen and +watermen, who were then numerous, and who made offerings there to St. +Nicholas, their patron saint. It was founded before the Conquest and was +parochial; but in the time of Edward II. the parish was returned as +belonging to Lakenham, with which it is now united. + + * * * * * + +ST. OLAVE’S CHAPEL, near King Street Gates, was a parochial chapel long +before the Conquest, and in the reign of Edward III. the parish was +united to that of St. Peter Southgate. The chapel was demolished before +1345. + + +MONASTIC INSTITUTIONS. + + +Mr. Taylor’s _Index Monasticus_ contains the fullest account of the old +monasteries which, at one period, were very numerous in the city. Many +of them possessed large churches, great wealth, and considerable power. +They comprised Priories, Friaries, and Nunneries, which were situated in +or near King Street, or St. Faith’s Lane, or the Cowgate. Formerly all +the west side of the river was called the Cow-holm, where cows fed on the +meadows, and Cowgate consisted of open fields. + + +PRIORIES. + + +The Benedictine Priory at the cathedral was founded by Bishop Herbert as +already noticed. The Priory of St. Leonard’s was founded by Bishop +Herbert before he built the cathedral, and here he placed the monks while +the priory was being built. It was situated on Mousehold Heath, opposite +Bishop’s Bridge, and served as a cell to the cathedral priory till the +Dissolution. At the Dissolution it was granted by Henry VIII. to Thomas, +Duke of Norfolk, whose son Henry, Earl of Surrey, erected on its site a +splendid house, called Surrey house, which has long since fallen into +decay. St. Michael’s Chapel, built by Bishop Herbert, was near the +priory, and served by monks. It was demolished by the rebel Kett, who, +with his followers, encamped near it, so that it has since been called +Kett’s Castle. Near the remains of this chapel, in the valley beneath, +was Lollard’s Pit, the spot where many of the early Reformers were +burned. + + +FRIARIES. + + +This class of monastic institutions consisted of houses erected for the +Friars, of orders grey, or white, or black. The monasteries were seldom +endowed, because the Friars were, by profession, beggars, and lived on +what they could get. They obtained a great deal of money in the ages of +superstition. Many of their buildings were large and stately, and +connected with noble churches in which great personages were frequently +interred. Most of the monasteries were houses of refuge for the +destitute poor in the middle ages. + + * * * * * + +THE GREY OR FRANCISCAN FRIARS seem to have been the first who settled +here near the site of Cooke’s Hospital about 1226. This convent was a +place of great resort, and the church, as already stated in our notice of +the Desecrated Churches, was a large building 300 feet in length, and 80 +feet in breadth, with spacious cloisters and conventual buildings; not a +stone of which now remains. One of the cloisters of this convent was +called “Pardon Cloister,” on account of the pope granting indulgences to +all who were buried there, a source of revenue to the monks. At the +Dissolution the possessions were granted to the Duke of Norfolk. + + * * * * * + +THE WHITE FRIARS or CARMELITES had a flourishing convent near White +Friars’ Bridge, which was founded by Philip de Cowgate in 1256. He +assumed the name from his estates, being the principal person in those +parts of the city. The monks were called White Friars from their dress, +and Carmelites from the monastery of Mount Carmel in Palestine, the place +of their first residence, from which they were driven by the Saracens +about the year 1238, after which they settled in different parts of +Europe. The monastery has been long demolished, and the site built upon. + + * * * * * + +THE BLACK FRIARS, sometimes called the Dominican Friars or Friars’ +Preachers, settled here about 1226, in the church of St. John the +Baptist, which formerly stood in Colegate Street, on the site of the +Octagon Chapel. They afterwards removed into the parish of St. Andrew, +where they built a large monastery. The name of the church is now St. +Andrew’s Hall. + + * * * * * + +AUSTIN FRIARY. The possessions of this convent were bounded on the north +by St. Faith’s Lane, and extended as far as the river. At the +Dissolution they were granted to Sir Thomas Heneage. + + * * * * * + +THE FRIARS DE DOMINA arose in 1288, and in 1290 were introduced here. +They had a house on the south side of St. Julian’s Churchyard, where they +continued till the reign of Edward III., when, all the brethren dying of +the great pestilence of 1348, their convent became private property. + + * * * * * + +THE FRIARS OF ST. MARY occupied a house situated in the yard of the +desecrated church of St. Martin in Balliva, where the Golden Ball Tavern +stood. They joined the order of White Friars. + + * * * * * + +THE FRIARS DE PICA or PIED FRIARS, so called from their black and white +garments, lived in a college at the corner of the churchyard of St. Peter +Parmentergate. They joined one of the other orders. + + * * * * * + +THE FRIARS DE SACCO, or BRETHREN of the SAC, settled here about 1250 in a +house opposite to the church of St. Peter’s Hungate. The whole premises, +bounded by Bridge Street on the west, by the river on the north, and by +the street leading to Hungate on the south, were settled on them, where +they built a church, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, on the site of which +St. Andrew’s Hall now stands. The Black Friars were united with them in +1307, when the convent was greatly enlarged, extending to the river on +the north side, and to Elm Hill on the east side. + + * * * * * + +A NUNNERY formerly existed at Carrow Abbey, dedicated to St. Mary and St. +John. It was founded in the year 1146 by two ladies named Leftelina and +Seyna. It was richly endowed by King Stephen, and consisted of a +Prioress and nine Benedictine Nuns, which number was afterwards increased +to twelve. The site within the walls contained about ten acres of land, +and the revenues and possessions were great. At the Dissolution the +abbey and lands became private property. + + * * * * * + +ANCHORAGES or HERMITAGES were connected with several of the monastic +institutions in the city, and even inhabited by recluses. Anchorets were +a sort of monks, so called from their shutting themselves up in +anchorages or cells. Of these there were male and female, the eremite or +hermit, who pretended to follow the example of John the Baptist, and the +anchoress, who professed to imitate the conduct of Judith. All these +anchorages were abolished at the Dissolution or at the Reformation. + + +THE MONUMENTAL BRASSES OF NORWICH AND NEIGHBOURHOOD. + + +To Archæologists, and particularly to those directing their attention to +Monumental Brasses, the following list of Brasses in Norwich and the +principal villages in the neighbourhood, may be considered useful. They +are classified under their distinctive characters, namely—1st, +Ecclesiastics; 2nd, knights; 3rd, civilians and ladies; 4th, +miscellaneous. The list specifies those consisting of effigies generally +perfect, with their inscriptions, unless otherwise mentioned. + +An alphabetical list of the churches, with the various brasses in each, +is also appended. + +ECCLESIASTICS. + 1389. Richardus Thaseburgh, rector of _Hellesdon_. + Hellesdon. + 1437. Galfridus Langley, installed Prior _St. Lawrence_. + of Saint Faith the Virgin, at + Horsham, 1401. + 1450. John Alnwik, in academic costume. _Surlingham_. + 1487. Roger Clarke, priest. _St. Peter at + Southgate_. + 1497. Walter Goos, priest. _St. Swithin_. + 1499. John Smyth, priest—chalice. _St. Giles_. + Henry Alikok—chalice. _Colney_. + Thome Coke, rector of _St. Michael at + Bodham—chalice lost, inscription Coslany_. + only remaining. + An individual unknown—chalice. _Poringland Magna_. + Randulphus Pulvertoft—inscription _The Cathedral_ + only. (_Jesus’ Chapel_). + 1531. William Richies, vicar of _Bawburgh_. + Bawburgh. + 1545. Thome Capp, vicar. _St. Stephen_. +KNIGHTS. + c1460. John Toddenham. A small figure, _St. John in + with scroll from the mouth. Maddermarket_, + _Norwich_. + 1499. Thome Heveningham, and Anne, his _Ketteringham_. + wife. This is a beautifully + executed brass, and is placed + under a canopy upon an altar tomb. + He died 1499. The blank intended + for the date of the death of his + wife still remains. + 1559. John Corbet, and Jane, his wife. _Sprowston_. + He died 1470. The blank left for + the date of her death still + remains. + 1565. Sir Edward Warner. _Plumstead Parva_. + 1568. Sir Peter Rede. Discovered to be _St. Peter Mancroft_, + a Palimpsest, in 1851. _Norwich_. +CIVILIANS AND LADIES. + _c_1380. Richard de Heylesdone, and _Hellesdon_. + Beatrice, his wife. + 1384. John de Heylesdone, and Johanna, _Hellesdon_. + his wife. An inscription only. + 1412. Walter Moneslee, and Isabella, his _St. John in + wife. Maddermarket_. + 1432. Robert Baxter, and Christiana, his _St. Giles_. + wife. + 1435. Robert Brasyer, and Christiana, _St. Stephen_. + his wife. A celebrated + bell-founder. + Roberti Brasyer (mutilated). _St. Stephen_. + 1436. Richard Purdaunce, and Margaret, _St. Giles_. + his wife. + 1436. John Asgar, the younger. _St. Lawrence_. + _c_1445. Alice Thorndon. _Frettenham_. + 1460. Thomas Bokenham, and wife. _St. Stephen_. + _c_1460. A Lady (unknown). _Frettenham_. + 1470. Jane Corbet, in Brass, of John _Sprowston_. + Corbet, and Jane, his wife—see + “Knights.” + 1475. William Pepyr, and Joan, his wife. _St. John in + Inscription and four shields lost Maddermarket_. + 1475. William Norwiche, and Alicia, his _St. George at + wife. A Bracket Brass. Canopy Colegate_. + mutilated. + 1495. John Horslee, and Agnes, his wife. _St. Swithin_. + 1499. Anne Heveningham, in Brass, of _Ketteringham_. + Thome Heveningham, and Anne, his + wife—see “Knights.” + A Lady (unknown). There are two _Ketteringham_. + Inscriptions, with a figure of a + Child, inserted with this Brass, + in the wall of the church, which + do not relate to it. + 1591. Richard Ferrers, Mayor of Norwich, _St. Michael at + in the years 1473, 1478, 1483, Coslany_. + 1493, 1498. Merchant’s mark and + inscription only remaining. + 1502. Thomas Cook. _St. Gregory_. + 1503. Edward Ward. _Bixley_. + 1505. William Dussing, and Katherine, _Kirby Bedon_. + his wife. In winding sheets. + 1505. Thome Tyard. In winding sheets. _Bawburgh_. + _c_1510. Juliane Anyell. _Witton_. + 1514. Margaret Pettwode. _St. Clement_. + 1515. Henrici Scolows, and Alicia, his _St. Michael at + wife. In winding sheets, with Coslany_. + four evangelical emblems. + 1524. John Terri, and Lettys, his wife. _St. John in + An elaborate Brass, with twenty Maddermarket_. + lines of English verse. +_c_1527. John Gilbert. Fragments of canopy _St. Andrew_. + and inscription only remaining. +1528. Edwardus Whyte, and Elizabeth, his _Shottisham St. + wife. Mary_. +_c_1538. William Layer, and wife. _St. Andrew_. + Inscription lost. +1540. Nicholas Suttherton. An _St. John in + inscription and shield. A Maddermarket_. + palimpsest, now in the church + chest, formerly at east end of + nave. +1546. Bel Buttry. _St. Stephen_. +1558. Robarte Rugge, Mayor of Norwich, _St. John in + and Elizabeth, his wife. Maddermarket_. +1560. Helen Caus, wife of Thomas Caus, _St. John in + Mayor of Norwich. This is one of Maddermarket_. + three effigies which represented + Thomas Caus, Mayor in 1495 and + 1503, and Johanna and Helen, his + wives, and is a late example of + the pedimental head dress. The + other effigies are lost. + A Mayor of Norwich, and his Wife. _St. John in + Name and date unknown. Maddermarket_. + Inscription lost. + 1577. Anne Rede, wife of Sir Peter Rede _St. Margaret_. + (whose Brass lies in St. Peter of + Mancroft Church). + 1600. Mary Bussie. Lost since 1850; _St. Peter of + formerly in the church of Mancroft_. + 1605. Mis Anē Claxton; an inscription _St. Mary at + and shield. Coslany_. + 1649. Clere Talbot, and his Wives. _Dunston_. + 1818. Mary Elizabeth, wife of Edward _The Cathedral_ + South Thurlow. A cross, brass, (_north side of + with a border inscription; laid Choir_). + down within the last few years. +MISCELLANEOUS. + 1452. Thomas Childes. A skeleton _St. Lawrence, + figure, inscription lost. Norwich_. + An individual unknown. A heart _Kirby Bedon_. + with three scrolls. + A small figure in winding sheet; _Bawburgh_. + comparatively modern. + +LIST OF THE CHURCHES WITH BRASSES. + +_St. Andrew_, _Norwich_. + John Gilbert 1527 + William Layer, and wife 1538 +_The Cathedral_, _Jesus’ Chapel_, _Norwich_. + Randulphus Pulvertoft 1499 + Mary Elizabeth, wife of Edward South Thurlow 1818 +_St. Clement_, _Norwich_. + Margaret Pettwode 1514 +_St. George at Colegate_, _Norwich_. + William Norwiche 1475 +_St. Giles_, _Norwich_. + Robert Baxter, and Christiana, his wife 1432 + Richard Purdaunce, and Margaret, his wife 1436 + John Smyth, priest 1499 +_St. Gregory_, _Norwich_. + Thomas Cok 1502 +_St. John in Maddermarket_. + Walter Moneslee, and Isabella, his wife 1412 + John Toddenham _c_1460 + William Pepyr, and Joan, his wife 1476 + A Mayor of Norwich, name unknown + John Terri, and Lettys, his wife 1524 + Nicholas Suttherton 1540 + Robarte Rugge, and Elizabeth, his wife 1558 + Helen Caus 1560 +_St. Lawrence_, _Norwich_. + John Asgar, the younger 1436 + Galfridus Langley 1437 + Thomas Childes 1452 +_St. Margaret_, _Norwich_. + Anne Rede 1577 +_St. Mary at Coslany_, _Norwich_. + Mis Anē Claxton 1605 +_St. Michael at Coslany_, _Norwich_. + Richard Ferrers 1501 + Henrici Scolows, and Alicia, his wife 1515 + Thome Coke +_St. Peter of Mancroft_, _Norwich_. + Sir Peter Rede 1568 + The Brass of Mary Bussie, date 1600, has been lost + since 1850 +_St. Peter at Southgate_, _Norwich_. + Roger Clarke 1487 +_St. Stephen_, _Norwich_. + Robert Brasyer, and Christiana, his wife 1435 + Thomas Bokenham and wife 1460 + Roberti Brasyer + Thome Capp, vicar 1545 + Bel Buttry 1546 +_St. Swithin_, _Norwich_. + John Horslee, and Agnes, his wife 1495 + Walter Goos, priest 1497 +_Bawburgh_. + Thome Tyard 1505 + William Richies—chalice 1531 + A small figure, in winding sheet +_Bixley_. + Edward Ward 1503 +_Colney_. + Henry Alikok +_Dunston_. + Clare Talbot, and his wives 1649 +_Frettenham_. + Alice Thorndon _c_1445 + Lady (unknown) _c_1460 +_Hellesdon_. + Richard de Heylesdone, and Beatrice, his wife 1380 + John de Heylesdone, and Johanna, his wife 1384 + Richardus Thaseburgh 1389 +_Ketteringham_. + Thome Heveningham, and Anne, his wife 1499 + Lady (unknown) +_Kirby Bedon_. + William Dussing, and Katherine, his wife 1505 + An individual unknown. A heart with three scrolls +_Plumstead Parva_. + Sir Edward Warner 1565 +_Poringland Magna_. + An individual unknown—chalice +_Shottisham St. Mary_. + Edwardus Whyte, and Elizabeth, his wife 1528 +_Surlingham_. + John Alnwick 1450 +_Sprowston_. + John Corbet, and Jane, his wife 1470 +_Witton_. + Juliana Anyell _c_1505 + +CHAPTER II. +The Aborigines. + + +NORWICH is very remarkable for its antiquities, its historical +associations, its manufactures, and its trade; and also for the eminent +men who have flourished at various periods in the city. It was the scene +of many important events in the times of the Iceni, the Romans, the +Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Danes, and Normans. It was the royal seat of +Anglo-Saxon princes. It was the Hierapolis Monachopolis of the middle +ages; famous for its churches and convents; and in later times, +celebrated for its Norman castle and cathedral. + +The first foundations of history are very often mere traditions, which +are transmitted from parents to their children, from one generation to +another. Probable only in their origin, they become less probable in +every succeeding age. In process of time fable gains and truth loses +ground. Hence it is almost impossible to ascertain the origin of any +place claiming a high antiquity. The early writers could not divest +their minds of the fascinating fables of Geoffrey of Monmouth. In former +times, when the power of imagination prevailed, the distinction between +legend and history was scarcely recognised. For centuries there are not +even legendary accounts of East Anglia or of its capital. But instead of +legends, there are permanent memorials of the past; great earthworks, +fortifications, camps, strongholds, buildings, churches, ruins of +monasteries and abbeys. The soil has yielded up relics of the +dead—weapons, utensils, coins, ornaments, and sepulchral urns, showing +the presence of the Iceni, the Romans, the Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Danes, +and Normans, at different periods. All these energetic nations were +concerned in events that took place in Norfolk and Norwich. + +The Iceni appear to have been politically independent up to the period of +the Roman invasion, B.C. 55. Their alarm in consequence of that invasion +led them to negociate an alliance, but we have no reason to suppose that +it was ever carried into effect. They took the lead in a rebellion which +the Roman General Ostorius was barely able to quell; and Roman historians +bear testimony to the valour with which they struggled to maintain their +liberty. The superior discipline of the Roman soldiers enabled them, +however, to triumph over a semi-barbarous people, unprotected by body +armour and unused to military tactics; but it was no easy victory. For +about 600 years after the defeat of the Iceni, no reliable information +respecting that people is to be found in any history. Indeed they +disappear from history altogether, and we can only infer what advances +they made in civilization from the scattered remains that have been found +in the eastern counties. These remains prove that the Iceni were not +semi-savages, but that they had made some progress in useful arts, that +they built houses, and wore woven garments. + +There are no remains in the eastern counties of cairns, cromlechs, +Druidical circles, or other memorials of ancient perseverance and +mechanical skill, nature having interposed an absolute veto. But there +are remains of earth works and tumuli, burrows or artificial mounds in +which were deposited the urns or ashes of the dead. There are thousands +of pits in many places, and these are supposed to have been the +foundations of Icenian houses. Remarkable excavations are thickly +clustered all over Weybourne Heath, varying from 8 to 20 feet in +diameter, and from 2 to 6 feet in depth. + +The Norwich Museum contains some remains of articles made by the Iceni, +amongst which may be mentioned sepulchral urns, varying from the most +primitive simplicity, up to forms and patterns worthy of any age. The +_chevron_ ornament, which is by far the most usual style of decoration, +has been traced not merely in India, Egypt, Etruria, and Nineveh, as well +as in Saxon and Norman work, but even among the works of ancient American +settlers in Yucatan! The Museum also contains specimens of Icenic Celts +or javelin heads, made of flints, which appear to have been originally +fitted on a wooden shaft or handle, with a provision for drawing it back +after the infliction of the wound, by means of a cord passing through the +ring, as in the metal specimens. It is probable that these flint +specimens were in use long anterior to the Roman invasion. + +About 1844 or 1845, some discoveries were made in Norfolk of gold torques +and coins of the Iceni. In March 1855, at Weston in Norfolk, 300 coins +of the Iceni were found. The most ordinary type is the rude +representation of a horse on each side; others have two crescents placed +back to back; and on some (in about the proportion of one in twenty,) is +a rude profile of a human head, while in a few instances there is a +figure of a wild boar. Beneath the horse in some cases are the letters E +C E or E C N, (supposed to be a contraction of Iceni,) also C E A, T, A T +D, A T E D, or A N T D, which antiquarians are as yet unable to explain. +Probably all the coins, like a single coin which has been found of +Boadicea, the unfortunate Queen of the Iceni, were subsequent to the +Roman invasion, for Cæsar expressly tells us that the Britons in his time +used metal rings instead of money, the value being determined by their +weight; and Camden, with great probability, supposes that most of the +British coins must have been struck as a sort of poll tax or tribute +money to the Romans. + +Generally speaking, the antiquities of the British period are articles of +the most urgent necessity, and of the rudest possible form; but a long +interval of tranquillity brought even luxuries in its train, and it is a +very remarkable fact that even the lapse of 1800 years has scarcely +effected any change in some articles of general utility. The discoveries +made at Herculaneum and Pompeii have led to a revival of the classical +forms, both in porcelain and in plate, the greatest practical compliment +that could be paid to the taste of the Roman artists. + +Among the objects which have been found at different places may be +mentioned sepulchral vases, varying, of course, in style and taste, but +in some instances most beautifully formed; funeral lamps, lacrymatories, +(or phials supposed to have contained the tears of the sorrowing +relations,) _fibulæ_ (or brooches), gold rings, gold seals, steelyards, +weights, tweezers, a curiously formed brass lamp for three lights, a +patera of Samian ware, and coins of the Roman emperors. All these may be +seen in the Norwich Museum. + +There is no evidence of the existence of Norwich as a city for 400 years +after the Christian era. The whole island was a howling wilderness, and +Norfolk was a vast common, like Roudham Heath. The natives lived by +hunting or fishing, and sheltered themselves in the woods, or in caves, +or huts. Water covered nearly all the area in which the city is now +built, and filled all the valley of the Yare. The aborigines, called the +Iceni, probably lived in huts near the banks of the river, as it afforded +a good supply of fish; but there is no proof that they lived in any place +that could be called a town or even a village. There is in fact, no +reliable account whatever of the natives, how they lived, or where they +lived in this district; for they have not even left any names of places, +and very few traces of any progress in the useful arts, and certainly +none of any buildings. On Mousehold Heath, near the city, and at various +places in the county, there are hollows supposed to have been made by the +Iceni as the foundation of huts, or of houses of wicker work, or some +other perishable material, with a conical thatching at the top. +Externally they must have looked like very low bastions, having doorways, +but apparently neither chimneys nor windows. + + + +CHAPTER III. +Norwich in the Roman Period. + + +WHEN Julius Cæsar invaded the island, B.C. 55, he found seventeen tribes +of the ancient Britons or Celts, and the Iceni, inhabiting this eastern +district. They belonged to a very old family of mankind, of whose +beginning there is no record, and their end is still more remote in the +future. They first planted this island and gave to the seas, rivers, +lakes, and mountains names which are poems, imitating the pure voices of +nature. Julius Cæsar only made an inroad into the country through a part +of Kent, and gained no permanent hold of the island. The Rev. Scott F. +Surtees, in a recent work, maintains (and some persons think +successfully) that Julius Cæsar effected his first landing on the coast +of Norfolk. + +The Romans, under Claudius, landed on the eastern coast; and established +his power in this part of the country. He built strongholds at Gorleston +and camps at Caister, near the present site of Yarmouth, and on the +opposite shore at Burgh Castle, where extensive ruins yet remain. +Advancing up the arm of the sea, the Romans built a camp at Reedham; and +sailing yet higher up they built camps on the southern side of Norwich, +at Caistor and Tasburgh. Historians for a long time believed that +Caistor was the _Venta Icenorum_ of the Romans, and preserved a very +ancient tradition, that Norwich was built of Caistor stone out of the +ruins of the Roman camp. + + +THE VENTA ICENORUM. + + +The late Hudson Gurney, Esq., collected ample materials for a full +history of Norwich, but the only result of his researches seems to have +been a letter to the late Dawson Turner, Esq., on the question of the +_Venta Icenorum_ mentioned by the Roman writers, whether it was Elmham, +as Blomefield supposed, or Caistor, as later historians believed, or +Norwich, as most antiquarians now think. The question is of some +importance as regards the antiquity of the city; for supposing it to have +been the _Venta Icenorum_ of the Romans, with all the Roman roads +radiating from it, the _Venta_ must have been a large place. Main roads +were of course made for traffic and for means of communication, which +imply the existence of many people living in settled habitations. + +Main roads prove a certain advance in civilization; but the question is, +whether the Romans really made all the roads attributed to them, in +Norfolk and Suffolk, during the four hundred years of their occupation. +Main roads might have radiated from Caistor originally, and afterwards +might have been diverted to Norwich. + +Mr. Hudson Gurney adduced some proofs that Norwich and not Caistor was +the Venta Icenorum. He says— + + “The first question to examine, on the view of Norwich, Norwich + Castle, and the Roman Camp at Caistor, may be, whether Norwich or + Caistor be the ‘Venta Icenorum’ of the Romans; Norwich standing on + the Wensum, and Caistor on the Taes, on the opposite side of what was + the great estuary.” + + “To begin, then, with Camden. In his accounts of Norwich and of + Caistor he falls into the most extraordinary errors, confounding the + courses of the three rivers, the Wensum, the Taes, and the Yare. He + places Norwich upon the Yare instead of the Wensum, and gives the + Wensum the course of the Taes as ‘flowing from the south;’ and still + more strangely, as a king-at-arms, he attributes the erection of the + present Castle of Norwich to Hugh Bygod, ‘from the lions salient + carved in stone on it, which were the old arms of the Bygods on their + seals, though one of them bore a cross for his seal.’” + +Mr. Hudson Gurney remarks on this error— + + “Now the lions were two lions passant regardant, very rudely carved, + one on each side of the arch of the great entrance, and the Bygods, + whose original arms were or, a cross gules, never bore the lion till + assumed by Roger Bygod in the reign of Henry III., who took the arms + of his mother, the heiress of William Marshall, Earl of Pembroke, in + whose light he became Earl Marshal of England.” + +Thus Camden is disposed of, and other authorities are quoted in the +letter in favour of Norwich being the Venta Icenorum. + + “Horsley, in his _Britannia Romani_, states that Venta was the + capital of the _Iceni_, situated on the Wentfar, and thence deriving + its name; and misled by and quoting Camden, he places Venta at + Caistor.” + + “King, who, born in Norwich, might have been supposed to have been + better informed, in his _Munimenta Antiqua_ follows Camden, and turns + the Taes into the Wensum; and in his paper in the fourth volume of + the _Archæologia_, he pronounces the existing Castle of Norwich to be + ‘the very tower which was erected about the time of King Canute.’” + +Mr. Hudson Gurney, after setting aside Wilkins as an authority, proceeds— + + “In 1834, I went over the Camp at Caistor and the country adjacent, + with Colonel Leake, who may be considered the greatest living + authority for the sites of ancient cities and fortified camps, and he + at once said that he was convinced that Norwich was the _Venta + Icenorum_, and capital of the Iceni, and Caistor the fortified camp + planted by the Romans over against it, on the other side of the + estuary, to bridle, as was their custom, a hostile population.” + +After quoting a letter to the same effect, Mr. Hudson Gurney continues— + + “In the Roman Itineraries you have three Ventas; Venta Bulgarum, + Winchester; Venta Silurum, Caer Went, in Monmouthshire; and Venta + Icenorum; and of these Ventas, the confusion between Winchester and + the Venta Icenorum seems to have been begun very early, both with the + chroniclers and romancers, probably from the one having retained the + rudiments of the name, and the other becoming known as Northwic.” + + “Sir Francis Palgrave, in the researches which he has made for his + forthcoming history of ‘England under the Normans,’ being led to the + examination of all contemporary authors, in order to clear up points + which he found otherwise inexplicable, has referred me to the two + following passages, which would seem to prove that Norwich was the + Venta Icenorum almost beyond dispute.” + +Here follow Latin quotations from the life of William the Conqueror by +William of Poictiers and from Ordericus Vitalis under the year 1067. + +William of Poictiers says:— + + “Gwenta urbs est nobilis atque valens, cives ac finitimos habet + divites, infidos, et audaces: Danos in auxilium ceteris recipere + potest: a mari quod Anglos a Danis separat millia passuum + quatuor-decim distat. Hujus quoque urbis intra mœnia, munitionem + construxit, ibidem Gulielmum reliquit Osberni filium præcipuum in + exercito suo, et in vice sua interim toti regno Aquilonem versus + præesset.” + +And Ordericus Vitalis states:— + + “Intra mænia Gwentæ, opibus et munimine nobilis urbis, et mari + contiguæ, validem arcem construxit, ibique Gulielmum Osberni filium + in exercitu suo præcipuum reliquit, eumque vice sua toti Regno versus + Aquilonem præesse constituit.” + +And Mr. Gurney proceeds:— + + “Taking, then, Norwich for the Venta Icenorum of the Romans—called + Caer Guntum by the British, and Northwic by the Saxons and Danes—you + find the Capital of the Iceni, founded on the shoulder of the + promontory overlooking the Wensum, towards the great estuary, which + formed a natural stronghold for successive races of inhabitants. + Whilst the Romans, fixing their permanent camp at Caistor, on the + Taes, where that river joined the estuary, into which the Wensum, the + Taes, and the Yare, all discharged themselves, would command the + passage into the interior of the country; and taking Caistor for the + ‘Ad Taum,’ you will find the distances sufficiently to agree with the + Roman Itineraries.” + + “The Camp at Caistor contains an area of about thirty-five acres, and + the Roman station at Taesborough, on another promontory higher up + upon the stream, has an area of about twenty-four acres.” + +Another strong point in favour of Norwich having been the Venta Icenorum +is, that all the roads radiated from the city to all parts of East +Anglia. + +In tracing the rise and progress of the city we must remember that it was +in the centre of a vast common, and that it was the nucleus of an +agricultural community, at first without any trade or any kind of +manufactures. It was merely a collection of huts or a fishing station, +near the banks of a river or arm of the sea. The social state of the +place should be considered with reference to the progress of agriculture +at different periods in the surrounding district. Norwich was for ages +only a small market town, with a very small number of inhabitants. + + + +CHAPTER IV. +Norwich in the Anglo-Saxon Period. + + +THE destruction of all documents relating to East Anglia, during the +irruptions of the Danes, has rendered this period the most obscure of any +period of our history. The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes having subjugated +the fair territory of England, they divided it into seven kingdoms, +called the Heptarchy, in which Norfolk formed a part of East Anglia. The +Anglo-Saxon leader, Uffa, established himself in this part of the island, +in 575; and assumed dominion over that portion of the eastern district +now divided into Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire, giving it the name +of East Anglia, of which Norwich was made the metropolis. Norwich was, +therefore, a royal city, and the residence of the kings. Uffa, the first +king, is supposed to have formed here a strong entrenchment of earth on +the site of the present castle, encircled by broad ramparts and a ditch, +as under the present Saxon arch. Uffa, who died A.D. 578, was succeeded +by his son Titul; on whose demise, in 599, his son Redwald assumed the +reins of government and embraced Christianity, but by the influence of +his wife renounced it again. He was succeeded, A.D. 624, by his son +Erpenwald, who was killed by a relation named Richbert, A.D. 633. His +half brother Sigebert, who succeeded to the crown, established the +bishopric of Dunwich, in Suffolk, and formed the first seminary for +religious instruction, which led to the establishment of the university +in Cambridge. Fatigued with the crown and its cares, he resigned it, +A.D. 644, to his kinsman Egric, and retired into the famous monastery at +Bury St. Edmund’s. + +Norwich then became one of the chief seats of Anna, king of the East +Angles, who gave the castle, with the lands belonging to it, to his +daughter Ethelfrida on her marriage with Tombert, a prince of the +_Gyrvii_ or Fenmen, who inhabited the fens of Lincolnshire and the +adjacent parts of Norfolk. At the same time Tombert granted to +Ethelfrida, as a marriage settlement, the isle of Ely, which for greater +security was to be held by castle guard service to the castle of Norwich. + +From the time of Anna till the reign of Alfred the Great there are few +events on record except the frequent incursions of the piratical Danes, +who at last over-ran East Anglia, and had their head quarters at Thetford +in 870. But the reign of the Great Alfred was distinguished by his +decisive victories over those Northern marauders. One of his chief +objects was to fortify the principal parts of his kingdom against hostile +attacks. Finding the walls or ramparts of Norwich Castle too weak for +repelling the attacks of the Danes, he caused others to be erected with +the most durable materials. That it was a noted military station, and a +royal castle in his time, is evident from a coin struck here in the year +872, having round the head _AElfred Rex_, and on the reverse _Northwic_. +After making peace with the Danes in 878, he assigned to them, for their +residence, the whole of East Anglia, and their leader Guthrum fixed his +seat at Norwich; but, breaking his faith, the city and county were +wrested from him, and reverted again to the Angles under six successive +sovereigns. + +Edward the Elder succeeded his father, the illustrious Alfred, in the +year 901, and kept the Danes at bay. Ericke, one of their chiefs, held +East Anglia under the king, till he rebelled in 913, when he was +overthrown and slain. Athelstan, who succeeded Edward, totally expelled +the Danes, and reduced the whole kingdom under his government. In his +reign Norwich flourished, and it is probable that he was here in 925, for +a coin still extant has on the obverse _Ethalstan_, and on the reverse +“_Barbe Mon Northwic_,” that is “Barbe, mint master of Norwich.” Among +the other East Anglian coins struck here, the following may be mentioned; +one of Edmund, the successor of Athelstan, inscribed round the head +_Edmund Rex_, and on the reverse _Edgar Mon Northwic_; several of Edred, +coined about 946, and inscribed round the head _Eadred Rex_, and on the +reverse _Hanne Mo Northwic_; two of Edward the Martyr, having on the +obverse _Edward Rex. Angl._ and on the reverse _Leofwine Mon Nor._; and +three of Ethelred the Unready, having on the obverse _Edelred Rex_. + +There is no account of the castle after the time of Anna till the Danish +wars; and then it was often won and lost by the contending powers. + +Blomefield, in his History of Norfolk, vol. II. p. 4, notices the coins +of several Anglo-Saxon princes, Alfred, Athelstan, Edmund I., Edred, +Edward the Martyr, and Ethelred II. The circumstance of Alfred coining +money here is remarkable, as at the date of this coinage, (872) the +government of East Anglia could only have just come into his hands, upon +the extinction of the East Anglian dynasty in the person of St. Edmund, +and the country either was or had just been in the military possession of +the Danes. + +During the reign of Athelstan the city appears to have been in a +flourishing state. In the reign of Edward, 941, and his successor Edred, +945, it greatly increased in wealth and extent. The greater part of the +city was then built on the north side of the river Wensum, with a small +population. The city is certainly of Anglo-Saxon origin, but as an +Anglo-Saxon city it was destroyed by the Danes, and no vestiges remain of +its Anglo-Saxon buildings, excepting, perhaps, one or two round towers of +churches. + + + +CHAPTER V. +Norwich under the Danes. + + +THE Danes became settled in the city, and fortified themselves against +all enemies, about 1011; and the next year, Turkil or Turketel, a Danish +earl, took possession of all Norfolk, having expelled the English Earl +Ulfketel, and held it under Sweyn till his death, which happened in 1014. +Then the Danish army chose Canute his son for their king: but upon +Sweyn’s death the English took courage and sent for Ethelred out of +Normandy, who returned and drove Canute out of the country. Turkel, +however, continued governor of the East Angles, and he persuaded Canute +to return; and he became king of England in 1017. That monarch assigned +all Norfolk to Earl Turkel; and according to the old author of an Essay +on the Antiquity of the Castle:— + + “Committed to him the custody of Norwich, which his father Sweyn + burnt and destroyed; and to keep the East Angles secure to him, he + (Canute) was most like to be the builder of the present stone Castle + of Norwich. For when by compact with the English nobles, the law + called _Engleshire_ was made by universal consent, for the safety of + the Danes that were by agreement to remain in England, Canute sent + home to Denmark his mercenary army of Danes, but in great caution + built several strong forts and castles, garrisoning them with such + Danes as had been settled in England before his time, intermixed with + such English as he had confidence in.” + +The author of this ingenious Essay produces sufficient arguments to show +that there was a building in the fortifications in the reign of Canute, +and that there had been one since the time of King Alfred, and that +Canute might have repaired or even rebuilt it. Indeed, there must have +been a castle before the Conquest, as in Domesday Book a number of +tenements are stated to have belonged to the castle. The present +building was probably reared after the Conquest, it being so like Rising +Castle and others. Roger Bigot very likely built it, and Thomas +Brotherton repaired it in the reign of Edward I., as proved by his arms +still in the stone work. Certain it is, from the time of Sweyn’s +settling in the city in 1010, and the Danes swarming hither in large +numbers, it rose almost at once to great importance, as appears from the +Survey in the reign of Edward the Confessor. This is highly probable if +we believe the best authority on the subject, namely the _Saxon +Chronicle_, which states that the city rose from desolation, in 50 years, +to be a place of great magnitude, far exceeding its former size. The +Danes came hither in such numbers that they became the parent stock of +the people of Norwich and Norfolk; and this is proved by the names of +many places in Norfolk. + +Edward the Confessor began his reign in 1041, and the Earldom of Norfolk +was given to Harold, son of Earl Godwin, who was afterwards king of +England, and on his rebellion was seized by the king and given to Algar, +son of Leofric, Earl of Chester, who resigned it again to Harold at his +return; and in 1052, on the death of Earl Godwin, Harold, in recompense +for his generosity, gave Algar his earldom again; but he being banished +in 1055, it came to the king, who pardoned him at Harold’s request, so +that he enjoyed it till his death, when it came again to the king. + + + +CHAPTER VI. +Norwich in the Norman Period. + + +THE Norman Conquest of England caused many changes in Norfolk and +Norwich. One of the immediate results of the invasion, in 1066, was a +vast influx of foreigners into the county and city; and the pressure of +the Norman yoke was felt as much in Norwich as in any part of the +kingdom. It was about the same period that Jews began to settle here for +the first time, enriched by the extortions incident to a conquest, and, +as Fuller says, “buying such oppressed Englishmen’s goods as Christians +did not care to meddle with.” + +William the Conqueror caused a survey to be made of all the lands in the +country, the register of which is called the DOMESDAY BOOK, and was +finished in 1081. It is written in Roman with a mixture of Saxon, and is +still preserved in the chapter-house at Westminster, amongst the national +archives. It was printed in the 40th of George III. for the use of the +members of both houses of parliament, and the public libraries of the +kingdom. It specifies the extent of the land in each district; the state +it was in, whether meadow, pasture, wood, or arable; the name of the +proprietor; the value, &c. Domesday Book, p. 13, states:— + + “In Norwic, in the time of King Edward, were 1320 burgesses, of whom + one was so much the king’s vassal, that he might not depart or do + homage (to any other) without his licence. His name was Edstan; he + possessed 18 acres of land and 12 of meadow, and two churches in the + burgh and a sixth part of a third, and to one of these churches there + belonged one mansion in the burgh and six acres of meadow: these six + acres Roger Bigod holds by the king’s gift. And of 1238 (of the said + burgesses) the king and the earl had soc, sac, and custom; and of 50 + Stigand had the soc, sac, and patronage; and of 32 Harold had the + soc, sac, and patronage,” &c., &c. + +Soc, sac, and custom was the entire jurisdiction, for _soc_ is the power +that any man had to hold courts, wherein all that dwell on his land, or +in his jurisdiction are answerable to do suit and service; _sac_ is the +right of having all the amerciaments and forfeitures of such suitors; and +_custom_ includes all other profits. At this time, also, there were no +fewer than 136 burgesses who were Frenchmen, and only six who were +English in the new burgh, which comprised the parishes of St. Giles’ and +St. Peter’s Mancroft. The Dutch and the Flemings, about this time, came +over the sea and located themselves in the city and county, and +introduced the worsted and other manufactures. + +William I. gave the Earldom of the city of Norwich to Ralph de Guader, +who designed to wed the daughter of one William Fitz-Osbern, sister of +Roger Earl of Hereford, and a relative of the king. This matrimonial +scheme not pleasing the king, it was prohibited, but barons in those days +would sometimes have a will of their own, and the fair affianced was made +a bride within the castle walls, whose doorway in an angle marks the site +of the act of disobedience to the sovereign. After the sumptuous feast, +with its attendant libations, a rebellion was planned by Waltheof, Earl +of Northumberland, Huntingdon, and Northampton, and Roger, Earl of +Hereford. Having carried the forbidden marriage into effect, they became +bold in their language and designs, until a chorus of excited voices +joined them in oaths as conspirators against their lord the king. +Treachery revealed the plot, and the church lent its aid to the crown to +crush the rebels. Lanfranc, then the primate and archbishop, sent out +troops, headed by bishops and justiciaries, the highest dignitaries of +church and law, to oppose and besiege them. The bridegroom fled for +succour to his native Brittany, leaving his bride for three months to +defend the garrison with her retainers, at the end of which time the +brave Emma was forced to capitulate, but upon mild terms, obtaining leave +for herself and her followers to flee to Brittany. Her husband became an +outlaw, her brother was slain, and scarcely one guest present at that +ill-fated marriage feast escaped an untimely end. + +Nor did the city go unscathed. The devastation carried into its midst +was heavy; many houses were burnt, many were deserted by those who had +joined the earl, and it is curious to read in the valuation of land and +property, taken soon after this event, how many houses are recorded as +void, both in the burgh or that part of the city under the jurisdiction +of the king and earl, and in other portions, subject to other lords; for +it would seem that the landlords of the soil on which the city stood were +the king or earl of the castle, the bishop, and the Harold family. +Clusters of huts were then built round the base of the hill, and +constituted the feudal village; its inhabitants consisting of villains, +of which there were two classes, the husbandmen or peasants annexed to +the manor or land, and a lower rank described as villains in gross, or +absolute slaves, transferable by deed from one owner to another, the +lives of these slaves being a continual state of toil, degradation and +suffering. + +After the banishment of Earl Ralph, the king, having obtained possession +of the castle, appointed Roger Bigod constable, with a limited power as +bailiff, he having to collect the rents and revenues belonging to the +crown. He retained these honours during the reign of the succeeding +monarch, William Rufus, though he joined in the fruitless attempt to +place that king’s elder brother, Robert Curthose, on the throne. These +troubles were not ended till 1091, when the king made peace with his +brother Robert, agreeing that the lands of those who had assisted him +should be restored to them. + + + +CHAPTER VII. +Norwich in the Twelfth Century. + + +ABOUT the commencement of this century, a considerable addition was made +to the population of the city by a vast influx of Jews, who originally +came from Normandy, and were allowed to settle in England as chapmen for +the sale of confiscated goods. They afterwards became numerous, and were +so much in favour with William Rufus that he is said to have sworn, by +St. Luke’s face, his usual oath, that “If the Jews should overcome the +Christians, he himself would become of their sect.” In his reign the +present castle is supposed to have been built. + +Henry I., on his accession to the crown, met with great opposition from +many of the nobles who were in the interest of his elder brother, Robert, +Duke of Normandy; but Roger Bigod strongly espousing his cause, became a +great favourite. In the first part of his reign, the king gave him +Framlingham in Suffolk, and continued him Constable of the Castle till +his death. He was succeeded by his son William Bigod, on whose decease +Hugh Bigod, his brother, who inherited his estate, was appointed Governor +of the Castle. In 1122, the king kept his Christmas in Norwich, when, +being pleased with the reception he met with, he severed the government +of the city from that of the castle, the constable of which had been +heretofore the sole governor. Henry I. granted the city a charter +containing the same franchises as the city of London then enjoyed, and +the government of the city was then separated from that of the castle, +the chief officer being styled Propositus or Provost. The liberties of +the city from the time of Henry I. to Edward III., were often suspended +and gradually enlarged. In 1403 the city was separated entirely from the +county of Norfolk, under the name of the county and city of Norwich; and +the first Mayor was then elected by the citizens. The old corporation +generally comprised a dignified body of men, who maintained the +hospitalities of the city. Under the ancient charter the corporation of +Norwich consisted of a mayor, recorder, steward, two sheriffs, +twenty-four aldermen, including the mayor, and sixty common councilmen. +The Municipal Reform Act transferred its government into the hands of a +mayor, a sheriff, and a town council consisting of forty-eight +councillors, and sixteen aldermen elected by the council, who unitedly +elect the mayor and sheriff. To these, and to a recorder, with an +indefinite number of magistrates appointed by the crown, the government +of the city is entrusted. + +King Stephen, on his accession, granted the custody of the castle to his +favourite, Hugh Bigod, who was a principal instrument in advancing him to +the crown, by coming directly from Normandy where Henry I. died, and +averring that he on his deathbed had disinherited his daughter Maud, the +empress, and appointed Stephen, Earl of Bolyne, his heir. The citizens, +therefore, taking this opportunity, used what interest they could with +the king to obtain a new charter, vesting the government of the city in +coroners and bailiffs instead of provosts; but the affair took a +different turn to what they expected, for the king, upon a distrust of +Bigod favouring the cause of the Empress Maud, seized the castle and all +the liberties of the city into his own hands, and soon afterwards granted +to his natural son William, for an appanage or increase of inheritance, +the town and burgh of the city of Norwich, in which were 1238 burgesses +who held of the king in burgage tenure; and also the castle and burgh +thereof, in which were 123 burgesses that held of the king in burgage, +and also the royal revenue of the whole county of Norfolk, excepting what +belonged to the bishopric, &c. The whole rent of the city, including the +fee farm, was then about £700 per annum. The king restored the city +liberties for a fine in 1139. + +During the reign of King Stephen more Flemings came over; and these +successive immigrations were a real blessing to the land. England had +not been a manufacturing country at all till the arrival of the Flemings, +who introduced the preparation and weaving of wool, so that, in process +of time, not only the home market was abundantly supplied with woollen +cloth, but a large surplus was made for exportation. The Flemings were +kinsmen of the Anglo-Saxon race, and were distinguished for that probity +in their commercial dealings which afterwards became the characteristic +of the English merchants at large. + +Henry II., in the first year of his reign, 1155, took the city, castle, +and liberties from William, the natural son of Stephen; but, as a +recompense, restored to him all those lands which his father held in the +reign of Henry I. He also prevailed upon Hugh Bigod to yield up all his +castles, whereby the whole right became vested in the crown; the king +governing the city by the sheriff, who paid the profits arising therefrom +into the exchequer. About the year 1163 Hugh Bigod was restored to the +title of the Earl of Norfolk, and at the same time appointed Constable of +Norwich Castle, by which means he became sole governor of the city. In +1182, the citizens recovered the liberties of the city on paying a fine +of 80 marks to the king. + +Richard I. was crowned September 4th, 1189, and a riot happened on +account of a Jew attempting to enter Westminster Hall contrary to the +king’s express command. Many of the Jews were killed, and their houses +plundered and burnt. A rumour was thereupon spread throughout the nation +that the king did not favour them, on which the people of Bury, Lynn, and +Norwich, took occasion to rise and rob great numbers of them. On +November 27th following, Roger, son of Hugh Bigod, was created Earl of +Norfolk, and steward of the king’s household. By his means the city +regained as ample a charter as London then possessed, for in 1193, the +king granted the city in fee farm to the citizens and their heirs, for a +fee farm rent of £180 yearly. + + + +CHAPTER VIII. +Norwich in the Thirteenth Century. + + +KING JOHN ascended the throne in 1193, and in a few years afterwards the +barons rebelled against him. In 1215, Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, +joined the insurgent barons. The king seized the castle, expelled the +earl, and appointed the Earl of Pembroke and John Fitz-Herbert Constables +of the Castle. Lewis, the Dauphin of France, having obtained a grant of +the kingdom from the pope, brought over a large force, ravaged the +counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, took the castle, and reduced the city. +He made William de Bellomonte his marshal and constable, and placed him +with a garrison within the castle walls. + +King John granted two charters to the citizens, bestowing certain +privileges; and he came to the city in 1256, as is evident from the +Charter of Liberties granted to the port of Yarmouth, it being dated +March 25, 1256, by the king at Norwich. On the same day he likewise +granted his third Charter to the city, bestowing certain commercial +privileges. In 1265 Simon Montfort and his adherents seized all the +king’s castles and committed the custody of them to their own friends, +and having also gotten the king’s person into their power, they obliged +him to send letters to the sheriffs of counties, including Norfolk, +commanding them to oppose all attempts in favour of the king. But the +king having routed the barons at Eversham, removed all the constables +which the confederates had appointed, and amongst the rest Roger Bigod; +in whose stead, John de Vallibus, or Vaux, was made Constable of this +Castle, and Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk, and soon afterwards, in +consequence of great disturbances in the city, he was ordered to enter +it, and did so, notwithstanding its liberties. In December, 1266, the +displaced barons, headed by Sir John de Evile, entered the city and +killed many persons, imprisoned more, plundered the town, and carried +away the wealthiest of the inhabitants. + +According to Blomefield, about this time, on a Good Friday, the Jews were +accused of having crucified a boy, twelve years of age, named William; +and the date of his alleged death, March 24th, was marked as a holiday. +No evidence is adduced that the crime was committed, and no motive is +assigned for it. The date of the year is not given, and the boy’s name +besides William is not stated. The Jews denied the charge, but it was +generally believed, and they were terribly persecuted. The people then +seized upon every pretence for robbing and plundering the poor Jews. It +is said that the crime was discovered by Erlward, a burgess, as they were +going to bury the body in Thorpe Wood. On this the Jews applied to the +sheriff, and promised him 100 marks if he would free them from this +charge. The sheriff sending for Erlward obliged him to swear that so +long as he lived he would never accuse the Jews nor discover the fact. +About five years afterwards, Erlward, on his deathbed, made known the +whole affair, and the body, it is said, having been found in the wood, +was taken and buried in the churchyard of the monks. They alleged that +many miracles were there wrought by it which occasioned its being removed +into the church and enshrined in the year 1150. + +Edward I. succeeded to the throne in 1272, and in the next year the king +appointed Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, to be Constable of the Castle. +The interdict, which was removed on Christmas eve, was renewed on the day +after Epiphany, but was taken off till Easter, when it was renewed the +third time. In 1274, the affair between the monks and citizens +continuing unsettled, it was referred to the pope, who left it to the +decision of the king, who adjudged the citizens to pay 500 marks yearly +for six years, and to give the church a cup of the value of £100, and +weighing 10 lbs. in gold. The monks were to repair their gates and to +have access to all parts of the city, and some of the chief citizens were +to go to Rome to beg the pope’s pardon. These conditions being agreed +to, the king restored to the city all its ancient privileges on payment +of a fine of 40s. yearly, besides the old fee farm. The interdict was +also removed on November 1st, 1275. The king kept his Easter in the city +in 1277, and he granted a new charter in 1285. In 1289 the liberties +were seized, but were restored again at the end of the year. Soon +afterwards the king, while on a pilgrimage to Walsingham, granted a new +charter. In 1296, the city first sent representatives to parliament, +originally four in number, who were paid for their services, but on +account of the expense the number was reduced to two members. + + + +CHAPTER IX. +Norwich in the Fourteenth Century. + + +IN this century this city and other towns began to obtain political +privileges. The kings of the middle ages found themselves obliged to +summon burgesses to parliament in order to obtain supplies. The early +parliaments appear to have been convened chiefly for this purpose, and +were constantly dissolved as soon as the business for which they met was +transacted. Formerly the burgesses returned were always citizens, who +really were representatives of the city and its interests, and not merely +supporters of the ministry of the day. There is no record of the early +local elections, but lists will be given of the burgesses returned. + +Edward II. began his reign on July 7th, 1307, and he reigned nineteen +years. Walter de Norwich, son of Jeffry de Norwich, was so much in +favour with the king as to be one of the Barons of the Exchequer in 1311, +and in 1314 was summoned as a parliamentary baron, and afterwards made +the Treasurer of the Exchequer, which office he held several years. He +obtained liberty for free warren in all his demean lands, and a fair to +the manor of Ling in Norfolk, on July 20th, and two days following. He +continued in favour till his death. + +In the reign of Edward III., A.D. 1328, the king, by a statute, made +Norwich a staple town for the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, by which +the trade of the city was much increased. In the “Paston Letters” we +find the following reference to articles of Norfolk manufacture: + + “I pray that you will send me hither two ells of worsted for + doublets, to happen me this cold winter, and that ye enquire where + William Paston bought his tippet of fine worsted which is almost like + silk, and if that be much finer that ye sh’d buy me, after seven or + eight shillings, then buy me a quarter and the nail thereof for + collars, though it be dearer than the other, for I would make my + doublet all worsted for the honour of Norfolk.” + +In 1340, Norwich Castle was made the public prison for the county of +Norfolk, and the custody thereof was committed to the sheriff. A great +tournament was held in Norwich, at which the king, with his queen +Phillippa, was present; and they kept their court at the bishop’s palace. +In 1342 the king and queen honoured the city with another visit. + +In 1344 a new charter was granted, by which the liberty of the castle was +reduced to the outward limits of the present ditch, and so continues. By +this charter, the citizens became proprietor’s of the ancient fee of the +castle, that is, the castle ditches, and the great croft, now the market +place. + +In the reign of Richard II., A.D. 1381, Wat Tyler’s rebellion broke out +in London. Insurrection became prevalent in many parts of the kingdom, +manufactures declined, and discontent became general. Norwich and +Norfolk shared in the general plunder at the hands of armed bands. Under +John Lyster, Litister, or Linster, a dyer, 50,000 men attacked the city +and committed great depredations. They were, however, pursued to North +Walsham by the king’s troops under the command of Henry Le Spencer, +Bishop of Norwich, and defeated. Their leader and many of his adherents +were taken and executed for high treason. They were hung, drawn, and +quartered, according to the barbarous usage of the times. In 1399, the +bailiffs having put the city into a proper posture of defence, openly +declared for Henry Duke of Lancaster, son and heir of John of Gaunt, the +late deceased duke, their especial friend. On this declaration, Henry +gave them strong assurances that, whenever it was in his power, the +charter which they so earnestly desired for electing a mayor, &c., should +be granted them, and he was afterwards as good as his word. The great +connection there was between John of Gaunt and this city, arose through +William Norwich, a knight, who was a friend of the Duke’s, and who +frequently visited the town, for which he always expressed great regard. +In 1389, the great John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, visited this city, +and was honourably received. + +In the first year of Henry IV., Sir Thomas Erpingham, knight, a Norfolk +man, Warden of the Cinque Ports, and Lord Chamberlain, obtained the +King’s Charter, dated at Westminster, February 6th, 1399, confirming all +the former charters ever granted to the city. In 1409, through the +interest of Sir Thomas, a grant was made to the city for a certain term +of years of the alnage and survey of all manner of worsteds made in +Norwich and Norfolk. + + * * * * * + +ST. GEORGE’S COMPANY took its rise in the second half of the fourteenth +century, and consisted of a society of brethren and sisters associated in +honour of the Martyr St. George, who by voluntary contributions supported +a chaplain to celebrate service every day in the cathedral before the +altar, for the welfare of the brethren and sisters of the Guild, whilst +living, and of their souls when dead. In this state they continued till +the fourth year of Henry V., when that prince granted them a charter +dated at Reading, incorporating them by the name of the Aldermen, +Masters, Brethren, and Sisters of the Fraternity and Guild of St. George +in Norwich; and empowering them to choose yearly, one Alderman and two +Masters, and to make all reasonable orders and constitutions for their +own government; to have a common seal; to sue and be sued; and to +maintain a chaplain to pray daily for the health of the king, the +alderman, masters, and sisters whilst alive, and their souls when dead; +and lastly to purchase £10 per annum in mortmain. The prior, mayor, +sheriffs, and aldermen of the Guild, had power to expel or remove any +member for bad behaviour. In consequence of this charter, ordinances +were made for the well-governing of the society, and for yearly choosing +one alderman, four masters, and twenty-four brethren, for the Assembly or +Common Council. In 1451, by the mediation of Judge Yelverton, the +disputes between the Guild and the city were settled; when it was agreed +that the mayor for the time being should yearly, on the day after the +Guild, be chosen Alderman of the Guild for the year following his +mayoralty, that the Assembly of the Guild should consist of twenty +persons, and that the common council of the city should be eligible for +admission into the company, but be liable to the charge of the feast. +Indeed, the chief object of the Guild was feasting. Every brother took +an oath on admission. The Aldermen and Common Council of the Guild had +power to choose such men and women, inhabitants of the city, to be +brethren and sisters of the Guild, as they might think fit. But no man +living out of the city could be chosen unless he was a knight, esquire, +or gentleman of note. Many other orders were made in regard to their +procession, which was always very grand. This Guild, with the other +ancient crafts or companies of the city, made a very splendid appearance +on all public occasions. The companies were then on the same footing as +those of the city of London now are, and some of the trades long +continued as a fraternity, and chose wardens among themselves. From the +Friday after May day, to the Friday before the Guild day, the members of +St. George’s Company used to meet every evening at the Guildhall in the +Market Place, where they refreshed themselves with as much sack and sugar +rolls as they pleased, besides two penny cakes from the baker’s. Being +thus assembled they sent for the last chosen feast-makers, and asked them +whether they intended to bear the charges of the feast, “which” (said +they) “will cost you more than you think.” By this they so terrified +timorous, wary people, that they were persuaded to buy it off, though, +had they agreed to make the feast, it would not have cost them much more +than £6 or £7, which sum they were glad to save. The Company continued +till February 24th, 1731, when the committee appointed for the purpose +reported to an assembly held that day, that they had treated with St. +George’s Company, who had agreed to deliver up their charters, books, and +records, into the hands of the corporation, provided the latter would pay +their debts, amounting to £236 15s. 1d., which, being agreed to, they +were accordingly delivered up and deposited with the city records in the +Guildhall. Thus terminated this ancient feasting company by the +surrender of all their goods to the corporation. + + + +CHAPTER X. +Norwich in the Fifteenth Century. + + +AT the commencement of this century (in 1402) the grand affair of +obtaining a new charter occupied the greater part of the time of the +citizens, but as nothing could be done without the concurrence of Bishop +Spencer, they at last found means to soften him, and to obtain his +promise that he would not oppose them in this their favourite object. +All obstacles being now removed, they offered to lend Henry 1000 marks, +which so far obliged the king that he was willing to give them as full a +charter as they could desire. This was accordingly done, and the new +charter was granted on January 28th, 1403. By this charter the city +obtained a full power of local self-government. + +Henry V. began his reign on March 20th, 1412, in which year the city was +in great disorder, occasioned by the disputes between the Mayor and the +Commons, respecting the election of mayors, sheriffs, and other officers +of the corporation, and the powers granted by the charter, concerning +which they could not agree. These contentions exhausted the city +treasury, and at length they were settled by the mediation of Sir Robert +Berney, John Lancaster, William Paston, and others. The burgesses who +served in Parliament in this reign were R. Brasier, R. Dunston, W. +Sedman, J. Biskelee, H. Rufman, W. Eton, J. Alderfold, W. Appleyard, R. +Baxter, and Henry Peking. + +In 1422 the doctrines of the Reformation were introduced into the city, +and several persons were executed as Wickliffites or Lollards. A large +chalk pit, in Thorpe Hamlet, on the outskirts of the city, is to this day +called “Lollards’ Pit.” + +Henry VI., when only nine months old, was proclaimed king on August 31st, +1422, and in his reign a general persecution of the Lollards broke out in +this diocese. The Lollards were men who earnestly desired the +reformation of the church, and they were followers of that great and good +man John Wickliffe, but they were called Lollards as a name of infamy. +They were so zealous for the truth that they chose rather to suffer +grievous torments and death than forsake their faith. On this account +about 120 persons were persecuted for their profession of the pure gospel +of Christ. + +On June 6th, 1448, the king paid a royal visit to the city, and among +other preparations the gates were decorated, and the King’s arms, and the +arms of St. George, were painted and raised on six of the gates. In +1449, his Majesty paid another visit, after a sojourn with the Earl of +Suffolk at Costessey. The king entered Norwich by St. Benedict’s Gate, +which was especially ornamented for the occasion. These peaceable +entries, with the picturesque pomp of a royal procession, always pleased +the loyal citizens. + +In 1452, it being rumoured that Edward earl of March, son to the duke of +York, was advancing towards London, the queen, much terrified thereat, +tried to make as many friends as she could, and for that purpose came to +this city, when, in full assembly, the Commons resolved to advance 100 +marks as a loan to the king; and the aldermen at the same time presented +the queen with 60 marks, to which the Commons added 40 more, so that the +king had now 200 marks of the city. The citizens then obtained a new +charter, dated March 17th, and consented to in full parliament. It +contained a restitution of all liberties, a general pardon of all past +offences, and a confirmation of all former charters. + +In 1460, during the contest between the houses of York and Lancaster, the +mayor and aldermen raised forty armed men and the Commons eighty, and +appointed Wm. Rookwood, Esq., their captain, with whom they agreed for +six weeks’ pay, at six-pence a day for each soldier, and sent them to the +assistance of the king, who wrote them a letter of thanks, with a request +that they would maintain the soldiers for one month longer, which was +readily complied with. In 1474, the king visited the city, and was +presented with a sum of money by way of benevolence; but in the following +year the city had to pay £80 6s. 11d. for the forces employed in France. + +In July 1469, Elizabeth Woodville, the queen of Edward IV., visited +Norwich and remained here several days. Her majesty, with a great +retinue, entered the city through “Westwyk Gate,” which was decorated for +the occasion. John Parnell was brought from Ipswich to exercise his +skill in ornamentation; and under his superintendence, a stage covered +with red-and-green worsted was erected, adorned with figures of angels, +escutcheons, and banners of the royal lady and the king, with a profusion +of crowns, roses, fleur-de-lys, &c. Gilbert Spurling exhibited a +fragment of the salutation of Mary and Elizabeth, which required from him +a speech in explanation. + +In 1486, being the 1st Henry VII., on the rebellion of Lambert Simnel, +who assumed the name of Edward Plantagenet, the king, expecting an +invasion of the eastern parts of his kingdom, made a progress through +Norfolk and Suffolk to confirm the inhabitants in their loyalty, and +spent his Christmas at Norwich, when the city made him a handsome +present. Hence he went a pilgrimage to Walsingham, so famous for its +pretended miracles, where he made his vows; and after he returned +victorious, he sent his banner to be offered there as an acknowledgment +of his prayers having been heard. + +The monastic institutions of this city might claim the honour of having +some learned men connected with them in the 15th century. Thomas +Brinton, or Brampton, a monk of Norwich, attained to such an eminence in +the schools of England that his fame was spread abroad, and he was sent +for by the pope to Rome. He often preached before the pope in Latin, and +being first made his penitentiary was afterwards raised to the see of +Rochester. His sermons preached before the pope were published, with +some others. John Stow, who flourished in 1440, was a Benedictine monk +of the monastery of St. Saviour, in Norwich, and doctor of divinity of +Oxford. It appears, by his works, that he was at the council of Basil. +His works were _The Acts of the Council_ at Basil; various _Collections_; +and _Solemn Disputations_, &c. John Mear, a monk of Norwich, and D.D. of +Oxford, was a person of subtle art for explaining difficulties. He was +divinity reader at several monasteries, and the author of several works, +which have all been lost. + + + +CHAPTER XI. +Norwich in the Sixteenth Century. + + +AT the commencement of this century most of the houses in the city were +built of wood with thatched roofs. This accounts for the number of fires +which broke out at different times, and which, in 1507 and 1509, reduced +a large portion of the city to ashes, no fewer than 718 houses being +consumed in the latter year. These conflagrations induced the +corporation, in 1509, to issue an order that no newly-erected buildings +in the city should be covered with thatch, but this injunction not +extending to those previously erected, some few still retain this +dangerous covering. + +In 1501, John Rightwise, then mayor, began building the cross in the +Market Place, and finished it in 1503. It was a commodious and handsome +pile, but falling into decay, it was sold by the Tonnage Committee in +1732 for £125, and soon afterwards it was taken down. About 1506, St. +Andrew’s Church was built, near the site of the old church of St. +Christopher. + +Henry VIII. began his reign on April 22nd, 1509, when the city was in a +state of great distraction, on account of the terrible fires which caused +much destruction of property. In that year a great part of the +cathedral, with its vestry, and all the ornaments and books were +destroyed by a fire, which broke out on St. Thomas’ night. In 1515, the +Lady Mary, sister to the king, and her consort the Duke of Suffolk, +visited the city on their return from France, and were nobly entertained. +Henry VIII., while he continued a papist, burned the reformers; and when +in a fit of anger he disowned the pope and assumed the English tiara, he +was no less zealous against both Papist and Puritan, who would not bind +their consciences to his royal decrees. During the prelacy of Richard +Nykke or Nix, the bigotted bishop of Norwich, several church reformers +were burnt here and at other places. + +In 1517, Cardinal Wolsey visited the city to mediate between the citizens +and the monks, but their disputes were not finally settled till 1524, +when the jurisdiction of the convent was ascertained and separated from +that of the corporation until 1538, when they were converted into a dean +and chapter. + +On March 2nd, 1520, Queen Catherine and Cardinal Wolsey visited the city, +and all the city companies went to meet the queen “in Puke and Dirke +Tawney Liveries,” and the city presented her with 100 marks. + +In 1522, in consequence of the many vexatious suits in the Sheriff’s +Court for words and trifling debts, it was agreed that four aldermen be +named, one out of each of the great wards, to sit in person, or by +deputies, every Wednesday, from eight till nine in the morning, to adjust +all debts under two shillings, and all actions on words, for the ease and +peace of the city. This institution was of great benefit, and in some +measure answered the purpose of the old Court of Conscience. + +In 1524, on September 2nd, through the mediation of Cardinal Wolsey, a +composition and final agreement was sealed between the prior and the city +at the Guildhall, by which the city resigned all jurisdiction within the +walls of the priory, the whole site thereof being hereby acknowledged to +be part of the County of Norfolk and in the Hundred of Blofield; and the +church gave up all right of jurisdiction in every place without their +walls and within the walls of the city; so that now, Tombland, with the +fairs kept thereon, and all things belonging to those fairs—and +Holmstrete, Spytelond, and Ratten Row, with their letes—were adjudged to +belong to the city, and to be part of the county thereof. The prior and +convent and their successors were also exempted from all tolls, customs, +and exactions whatever, by land or water in the whole city, or county of +the city and its liberties, for goods or chattels bought or sold for the +use of the prior and convent, their households, or families. + +In 1525 the king granted the city another charter, confirmed likewise by +parliament, in which the late composition and agreement between the city +and prior was fully recited and established, and new privileges were +granted. + +In 1530 the king was declared supreme head of the church of England; and +was acknowledged so by act of parliament in 1535. In the latter year an +act was passed for recontinuing liberties in the crown, by which all +cities, boroughs, and towns corporate, had their liberties and privileges +fully confirmed. + + +BILNEY’S MARTYRDOM. + + +A short account of the martyrdom of Thomas Bilney, in 1531, may serve to +illustrate the persecuting spirit of the age. He had renounced the +tenets of the Church of Rome, and was condemned on the following passages +extracted from two sermons which he had preached in 1527, at Ipswich. + + “Our Saviour Christ is our Mediator between us and the Father; what + need have we therefore for any remedy from saints? It is a great + injury to the blood of Christ to make such petitions, and blasphemeth + our Saviour.” + + “Man is so imperfect by himself, that he can in no wise merit by his + own deeds.” + + “The coming of Christ was long prophesied before, and desired by the + prophets; but John Baptist, being more than a prophet, did not only + prophesy, but with his finger shewed Him, saying, ‘_Behold the Lamb + of God_, _which taketh away the sins of the world_.’ Then, if this + was the very Lamb which John did demonstrate, that taketh away the + sins of the world, what injury is it to our Saviour Christ, that to + be buried in St. Francis’ cowl should remit four parts of penance? + What is then left to our Saviour Christ, which taketh away the sins + of the world? This I will justify to be a great blasphemy to the + blood of Christ.” + + “It is great folly to go on pilgrimages; and preachers in times past + have been antichrists; and now it hath pleased God somewhat to shew + forth their falsehoods and errors.” + + “The miracles done at Walsingham, Canterbury, and Ipswich, were done + by the devil through the sufferance of God, to blind the poor people; + and the Pope hath not the keys that St. Peter had, except he + followeth Peter in his living.” + + “Christian people should set up no lights before images of saints, + for saints in heaven need no lights, and images have no eyes to see; + and, therefore, as Ezechias destroyed the brazen serpent that Moses + made by the commandment of God, even so should the kings and princes + of these times destroy and burn the images of saints set up in + churches.” + +It was further deposed against Bilney, that he was notoriously suspected +to be a heretic, and that in his sermons he had exhorted the people to +put away their gods of silver and gold, and to desist from offering to +them either candle, wax, money, or any other thing; and that in +rehearsing the litany he said, “pray you only to God and no saints;” and +when he came to that part, Sancta Maria, &c., or, O Saint Mary pray for +us, he called out, “stop there.” + +These and many other articles of the like nature being proved, he was +exhorted to recant and abjure them; and upon his refusing to do so, the +Bishop of London, having pulled off his cap, and made the sign of the +cross on his forehead and breast, pronounced the following sentence:— + + “I, by the counsel and consent of my brethren here present, do + pronounce thee, Thomas Bilney, who has been accused of divers + articles, to be convicted of heresy; and for the rest of the sentence + we will deliberate till to-morrow.” + +The next day Bilney was again asked whether he would recant and return to +the unity of the church; when he desired a day or two for consideration +and to consult his friends. In fear of a dreadful death at the +expiration of the time, he subscribed his abjuration; and being absolved, +he had the following penance enjoined him; to bear a faggot at the +procession at St. Paul’s, bareheaded, and to stand before the preacher +during the sermon there, and to remain in prison till he should be +released by Cardinal Wolsey. When in prison, the reflection on what he +had done drove Bilney almost to despair, and he suffered all the agonies +of remorse for more than twelve months. + +At length he resolved to seal that truth which he had so shamefully +abjured, with his blood. For this purpose he travelled to Norwich, and +on his way to the city he openly preached those doctrines for which he +had been condemned; and being apprehended, was confined in one of the +cells under the Guildhall. On August 19th, he was taken to Lollards’ +pit, outside of Bishopsgate, and burnt there in the presence of a crowd +of horrified spectators. + +This and many other instances may serve to show the persecuting spirit of +a church which had arrogated to itself a dominion over the consciences of +men, and dared to propagate a religion of fear as the religion of Christ. +After the Reformation, which had now begun, the same persecuting spirit +was manifested by the Church of England; and many suffered here for their +nonconformity to the Establishment. Several other martyrs were burnt in +Norwich during the same reign, and in 1539, one William Leyton, a monk of +Eye, in Suffolk, was burnt here, for speaking against a certain idol +which used to be carried about in procession at Eye; and for asserting +that the sacrament ought to be administered in both kinds. + +In the same year peace and amity were settled between the church and the +city on a much more stable foundation than had been previously effected, +by an arrangement as to jurisdictions of the authorities. + + * * * * * + +In 1534 an act was passed for rebuilding those parts of the city which +were laid waste by the late fires; by which it was enacted that if the +owners of such void grounds should, by the space of two years after +proclamation made by the mayor for all persons to rebuild or enclose +their grounds, neglect to rebuild on such ground, or sufficiently enclose +the same with mortar and stone, then it should be lawful for the mayor, +etc., to enter on such vacant grounds, and hold and retain them to their +own use and their successors’ use for ever, discharged of all rents and +outgoings whatsoever, provided that, within two years after such entry +made, they either rebuild or enclose them as aforesaid. + + +DISSOLUTION OF THE MONASTERIES. + + +If, in giving an account of the state of society in the middle ages, we +were to omit from our enumeration of causes the vast influence of the +clergy of the church of Rome, we should present a very imperfect view of +the subject. The priests dominated over the minds of men for many +centuries, and their influence either for good or evil pervaded all +classes of society. This influence caused the erection of monasteries, +nunneries, priories, and friaries, nineteen in number, in Norwich before +the 16th century. Monastic institutions were originally beneficial to +society. In the dark ages, they preserved learning to some extent, and +were houses of refuge for the destitute. No doubt there were many good +self-denying men and women amongst the monks and nuns, who did some +service to the poor who then abounded in the land. But in time the +monasteries sunk for the most part into dissolute confraternities; stupid +and sleepy, where not vicious; and banded together against the liberties +of the nation; and there were constant broils between the monks and the +citizens in Norwich. + +The king having entirely renounced the authority of the church of Rome, +and assumed the title of Head of the Church of England, caused a very +strict inquiry to be instituted into the state of all monastic +institutions. This inquiry resulted in their suppression, more for the +gratification of the monarch’s avarice than from his desire to benefit +his subjects; and most of the monks in Norwich and Norfolk, as well as in +other parts of England, were sent adrift with small pensions. The king, +indeed—in revenge for being excommunicated by the pope—suppressed 1148 +monasteries in England, whose revenues amounted to £183,707 yearly. He +either seized the property for himself or divided it amongst his +favourites, and the Duke of Norfolk obtained a great part of it in +Norwich. The dissolution of those ancient institutions caused a great +deal of poverty; the priests were driven out homeless over the land, and +the poor had no houses of refuge and no means of relief. + +In 1538, Thomas Cromwell, lord privy seal, the king’s vicegerent, sent +injunctions to all bishops and curates, charging them to take care that +an English bible of the largest size be placed open in each parish +church, for every one to have recourse to. The open bible was generally +read in this city and elsewhere, and this, no doubt, promoted the +reformation of religion. In spite of the tyranny of kings, the +domination of priests, and the superstition of the people, the +Reformation still advanced, and the national mind was emancipated by +degrees from ancient thraldom. + + * * * * * + +In 1545, one Rogers, of Norfolk, was condemned and suffered martyrdom, +for opposing the six articles of an act passed for abolishing diversity +of opinions in religion. This act inflicted the penalty of death upon +those—1st, who by word or writing denied transubstantiation; 2nd, who +maintained that communion in both kinds was necessary; 3rd, or asserted +that it was lawful for priests to marry; 4th, or that vows of chastity +might be broken; 5th, or that private masses are profitable; 6th, or that +auricular confession is not necessary to salvation. + +The king died on the 28th January, 1546; and his exequies were celebrated +here with great pomp, as appears from the chamberlain’s account; though +what good he ever did for the city it would be hard to say. He was a +king who spared no man in his anger and no woman in his lust. In his +reign, 72,000 persons were hung for political offences or for the crime +of poverty as a warning to others. The “Merry England” of those days was +in fact a terrible country to live in. Men were beaten, scourged, +branded with hot irons, and killed without mercy or limit. + +Edward VI. was proclaimed king on January 28th, 1546; and on February +25th, his coronation was celebrated with much pomp in Norwich, where +great rejoicings took place. Six large guns were fired on Tombland; the +populace were treated with plenty of beer; and bonfires were lighted in +several of the streets. There was a grand procession with a pageant, in +which the king was represented by an effigy of king Solomon. + +On March 8th, 1546, Edward VI., and the executors of his deceased father, +granted to the mayor, sheriffs, citizens, and commonalty, the hospital of +St. Giles’ in this city, now called the Old Men’s hospital, with all the +revenues belonging thereto for the maintenance of poor people dwelling +therein, all which the late king had promised to give them at the request +of the citizens, a short time before his death. + +Norwich has always been noted for its civic feasts and good cheer; and +Bale, writing at this time (1549), in his “Continuation of Leland’s +Antiquities,” says:— + + “Oh, cytie of England, whose glory standeth more in belly chere than + in the searche of wisdome godlye, how cometh it that neither you nor + yet your ydell masmongers have regarded this most worthy commodytie + of your countrye? I mean the conservacyon of your antiquyties, and + of the worthy labours of your learned men. I thynke the renowne of + such a notable act would have much longer endured than of all your + belly banquettes and table triumphes, either yet of your newly + purchased hawles, to keep St. George’s feast in.” + +And again he says:— + + “I have been also at Norwyche, our second cytie of name, and there + all the library monuments are turned to the use of their grossers, + candelmakers, sope sellers, &c.” + +Small credit is here given to the city for the patronage and promotion of +intellectual pursuits. + + +KETT’S REBELLION. + + +In 1549 the city was the scene of an insurrection resembling that of the +Jacquerie in France, and the War of the Peasants in Germany. The facts +of this local rebellion were simple enough. The poor people objected to +the enclosure of waste lands, in the neighbourhood of Attleborough and +Wymondham, by the nobility and gentry, who had been put in possession of +the abbey lands, which had been previously appropriated for the use of +the poor, who still considered that they had a right of commonage on the +waste lands and open pastures. The rebellion commenced at Eccles, Wilby, +Attleborough, and the neighbouring villages, the inhabitants of which +were enraged at Mr. John Green, lord of the manor of Wilby, who had +enclosed that part of the common belonging to his manor, which had from +time immemorial been open to the adjoining commons of Hargham and +Attleborough, and in which the people had enjoyed all rights of +intercommoning with each other. The people continued quiet till +Wymondham fair, on July 7th, when they collected in large numbers. The +leaders of the movement, accompanied by a large number of others, went to +Morley, about a mile from Wymondham, and laid open the new enclosures; +and on returning to Wymondham, they destroyed all the fences by which the +commons and wastes were enclosed. John Flowerdew, of Hethersett, +incensed at the destruction of his fences, gave forty pence to a number +of the country people to throw down the fences of Robert Kett, alias +Knight, whose pasture lay near Wymondham Fairstead. They carried out his +wishes to the full, and on the following morning returned to Hethersett, +where, at Kett’s instigation, they laid open other enclosures of +Flowerdew’s. After this, the rioters appointed Robert Kett and his +brother William, a butcher, to be their captains, and the movement soon +assumed the form of an organized rebellion. The numbers of the rebels +quickly increased, and marching on Mousehold Heath, they took possession +of the mansion of the Earl of Surrey; and thence proceeded to lay siege +to the city. They held courts of justice under a large tree, called the +“Oak of Reformation:” and having augmented their numbers to 16,000 from +the citizens, and strongly fortified their camp, they summoned the city +to surrender. For months they maintained hostilities, and the country +round was pillaged and laid waste, until at length they gained an +entrance to the city, and took the mayor and several councillors +prisoners to their camp. A strong force was thereupon sent down for the +defence of the city, under the Marquis of Northampton, and a regular +battle was fought at the base of the hill on St. Martin’s Palace Plain. +In this engagement Lord Sheffield was slain; and the rebels, having +forced the Marquis to retreat, plundered the city, and set fire to it in +many parts. In short, all attempts to quell this violent insurrection +were ineffectual, till a large army, which had been raised to proceed +against the Scots, was ordered to march to the relief of Norwich, under +the command of the Earl of Warwick, who arrived under the city walls on +the 23rd of August. On the following day, after making an ineffectual +offer of pardon to the insurgents, on the condition that they should lay +down their arms, the king’s troops commenced their attack; and having +made several breaches in the walls, and forced open some of the gates, +they soon entered the city, and took possession of the Market Place. In +the midst of this scene of blood, the king’s ammunition carriages, having +entered apart from the main body of the army, were captured by the enemy, +but were soon retaken by a detachment from the Market Place. A large +body of the rebels still remaining in the city now made a lodgement on +Tombland, and through their superior local knowledge, greatly annoyed the +soldiers by posting small parties at the angles of the different streets +leading to the Market. The Earl of Warwick, however, brought out his +whole force to scour the city, and the rebels, after setting fire to +their camp, were obliged to quit their post on the hill and retreat to +Dussyn’s Dale, on Mousehold, resolving to finish the business by a +general engagement in the valley. + +On August 27th, being re-enforced by a newly-arrived detachment of +troops, the Earl marched out of the city to attack the rebels, to whom he +again offered pardon, provided they would quietly lay down their arms; +but, confident in their numbers, they refused to capitulate. A bloody +conflict ensued, but the rebels, being unaccustomed to the discharge of +artillery, were soon in confusion. Of this the Light Horse took +advantage, and advancing to the charge, drove the rebels from the field +and pursued them with great slaughter. Over 3000 were killed, and about +300 of the ringleaders were afterwards executed. The gates of the city +suffered much damage during this insurrection. The rebels set Bishop’s +gate on fire, with some of the houses in the street, and those belonging +to the Great Hospital. Pockthorpe, Magdalen, St. Augustine, Coslany, and +Ber Street gates, shared the same fate. When the disturbances ceased, +the repair of the city generally was commenced, and especially of the +gates. Outside Magdalen Gates a gallows was erected, at which place and +at the cross in the Market Place 300 rebels were executed. Two, styled +prophets, were hanged, drawn, and quartered, their heads being placed on +the towers, and their quarters on the gates. + +Robert and William Kett were tried in London for high treason and +rebellion, and convicted. On November 29th, they were delivered to Sir +Edmund Windham, High Sheriff of the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, to +receive punishment. Robert was conveyed to Norwich, and being brought to +the foot of the castle, was drawn up to a gibbet erected at the top, and +there left hanging alive till he died by famine; and his body, being +entirely wasted, at length fell down. A similar sentence was executed +upon William, who was suspended alive upon the top of Wymondham steeple. +This fearful rebellion having been thus brought to an end, the citizens, +after the departure of the kings troops, began to repair the damages to +the walls and gates. Unhappily, however, their trials were not yet over, +for the late disastrous occurrences were followed by such a scarcity and +dearness of provisions, that the corporation issued an edict, requiring +all the wealthier inhabitants to find corn for their own households +elsewhere, so that their poorer neighbours might have the exclusive +benefit of the city markets. + + +QUEEN MARY. + + +The Princess Mary was proclaimed here on July 18th, 1553, and was the +first English Queen in her own right, and the people of Norwich and +Norfolk rushed to her standard, impelled by the memory of Kett’s +rebellion. The queen was a bigoted Roman Catholic, and in her reign +popery was revived in its worst form, associated with all the atrocities +of the most sanguinary persecution. Protestants were gathered like fuel +for burning; and as for the Puritans, no fate could be too severe for +them. + +In March, 1556, William Carman, of Hingham, was burnt in Lollards’ pit, +outside of Bishop’s Gate. He was charged with being an obstinate +heretic, and actually having in his possession a bible, a testament, and +three psalters in the English tongue. + +On July 13th, of the same year, Simon Miller, merchant of Lynn, and +Elizabeth Cooper, a pewterer’s wife, of the parish of St. Andrew, were +burnt together in Lollards’ pit. On August 5th, Richard Crashfield, of +Wymondham, Thomas Carman, William Seaman, and Thomas Hudson, were burnt +for heresy in the same place. + +On July 10th, 1557, Richard Yolman, a devout old minister, seventy years +of age, was burnt for heresy. He had been curate to that learned and +pious martyr, Mr. Taylor, of Hadleigh. + +As if a judgment had come on the country for such atrocities, the quartan +ague and a new sickness soon afterwards raged so violently, that it was +said that “fire, sword, and pestilence,” had swept away a third part of +the men of England; and it is recorded that ten of the Norwich aldermen +fell victims to the latter scourge. + +During this short reign, the city was afflicted by the presence of those +merciless persecutors, Bishop Hopton and Chancellor Dunnings, at whose +instigation several martyrs to the reformed religion were burnt here in +1557 and 1558. Happily the career of this bigoted, blood-thirsty, +priest-ridden queen, was cut short, and a new and brighter era dawned +upon the nation. + + +THE REIGN OF QUEEN ELIZABETH. + + +This queen ascended the throne on Nov. 7th, 1558, and was proclaimed here +on the 17th of the same month. She was a zealous promoter of the +Reformation. The form of worship used in the churches was similar to +that in the time of Edward VI.; but the protestants were almost as +intolerant in this reign as the Romanists had been before, though they +claimed the right of private judgment; and the principle of toleration +was not recognised for centuries by any church, or sect, or party. + +In 1561, on the Guild day, the Duke of Norfolk, and the Earls of +Northumberland and Huntingdon, with many other nobility and gentry, dined +with the Mayor, William Mingay, Esq., in St. Andrew’s Hall, which could +scarcely contain the company and their retinue. The entertainment is +said to have been very magnificent, and the expense of the feast amounted +to 32s. 9d. + +In 1565, the prosperity of the city, which had begun to decline, was +again revived by the settling here of 330 Flemings and Walloons, who had +fled from the Netherlands, from the rigid persecution under the +sanguinary Duke of Alva. In 1570, by the fostering encouragement of +Queen Elizabeth, the number of these foreign settlers had increased to +3925, and by the introduction of bombazine, and other manufactures, they +contributed much to the wealth and prosperity of Norwich. + +During the long reign of Elizabeth, numerous conspiracies were formed for +the re-establishment of Popery, and in 1570, John Throgmorton, Thomas +Brooke, and G. Redman, were hanged and quartered here for having joined +in these traitorous enterprises. In 1572, the Duke of Norfolk and +several other noblemen were attainted and beheaded for similar offences, +at London, York, and other places. The Duke not only espoused the cause +of Mary, Queen of Scots, but even offered to marry that Roman Catholic +Princess. + +In 1574, a rumour was spread of invasion by the so-called invincible +Armada. Norwich, towards the general defence, exhibited on its muster +roll 2120 able men, of whom 400 were armed; the total number enrolled in +the whole county of Norfolk, being at the same time, 6120 able men, of +whom 3630 were armed. Happily there was no occasion for their services, +the Armada being destroyed by a storm at sea. + +Queen Elizabeth made a progress through Suffolk and Norfolk, from the +16th to the 22nd August, 1578. She came on horseback from Ipswich to +Norwich, though she had several coaches in her train; and she lodged in +the Bishop’s Palace. For several days she was entertained by splendid +pageantries, principally allusive to the trade and manufactures of the +city. Whilst here she dined publicly in the North Alley of the Cathedral +Cloister, and often went a hunting on horseback, and to witness wrestling +and shooting on Mousehold heath. The city records contain full details +of the pageantries on the occasion of the royal visit. In no other city +was the Queen received with greater cordiality and pageantry than in +Norwich. The corporation, the inhabitants, the clergy, with the nobility +and gentry of the county, contributed largely to afford the royal lady as +pleasant and costly a reception as should be pleasing to her as a +spectacle, and demonstrative of exuberant loyalty. This joy was soon +turned into mourning; for, says a record known as the _Norwich Roll_, +“The trains of Her Majesty’s carriage being many of them infected, left +the plague behind them, which afterwards increased and contynued, as it +raged about a year and three quarters.” Nearly 5000 fell victims to this +dreadful malady. + +In 1578, Matthew Hamond, of Hethersett, wheelwright, a heretic and +blasphemer, being convicted of reviling the queen and of denying the +authority of the Scriptures, the Godhead, the atonement of our Lord Jesus +Christ, and the existence of the Holy Ghost, was set in the pillory on +May 13th, and both his ears were nailed. Afterwards, on May 20th, he was +burnt in the castle ditch. In 1587 and 1588 Francis Knight and Peter +Cole, of Ipswich, were burnt in the same place for their deistical +sentiments. + +The Reformation was not only stayed, but thrown backward by this +arbitrary, despotic queen. Though she was well disposed to reformation +in the abstract, yet the fear of popish influence and a jealousy for her +ecclesiastical authority over the church, made her act in the spirit of +the worst excesses of popery. She persecuted all who disputed her +authority in religious matters. In vain did the exiles return, hoping +for peace and “freedom to worship God.” The expulsion of a multitude of +clergy, who refused to conform to many impositions, and the many +hardships suffered by the puritans, especially in Norfolk and Suffolk, +evinced that no concession was to be expected from her. Her great idol +was perfect uniformity. To enforce it, she passed many laws, which made +nonconformity worse than felony, and she treated the Puritan as a rebel +against all authority, both human and divine. A beautiful “Memorial” of +the ministers of Norfolk is still preserved in vindication of their +loyalty, and in advocacy of greater liberty of conscience. The result of +it, however, was that seven or eight of them were suspended in Norwich. +But instead of this being the means of stopping the progress of +Puritanism, the sincere inquirers after truth were incited by such harsh +measures to fresh investigations, and more emboldened to declare their +views. + +In 1582, on a second return made of the strangers settled here, they were +found to be 1128 men; 1358 women; 815 children, strangers born; 1378 +children, English born; in all 4679. The whole population was about +15,000, and the citizens continued to return burgesses to parliament from +time to time, but not so frequently as in former reigns. During this +reign William Kemp, a comic actor of high reputation, and greatly +applauded for his buffoonery, danced a morris dance all the way from +London to Norwich in nine days, and was accompanied by crowds of people +as he passed on from town to town. When he arrived in Norwich he was +very kindly treated by the citizens, who turned out to meet him in large +numbers. + + * * * * * + +NORWICH PAGEANTS were celebrated during the middle ages, and occupy a +large space in the records of the corporation. Books of the several +companies relating to the pageants have been lost except that of St. +George, but some additional information has come to light on the subject. +A series of extracts were made early in the last century from the +Grocers’ book, showing the proceedings and expenditure of that company in +regard to their pageants from 1534 to 1570, and also the versions of the +plays in 1533 and in 1563. All the plays of that period were called +mysteries or miracle plays, and were founded on bible history. The play +was performed in a carriage called a “House of Waynscott, painted and +builded on a cart with fowre whelys.” Painted cloths were hung about it, +and it was drawn by four horses, “having head stalls of brode inkle with +knoppes and tassels.” The vehicle had a square top with a large vane in +the midst, and one for the end, and a large number of smaller ones. The +company was evidently unable to afford the cost of four horses in 1534; +only one was hired, and four men attended on the pageant with “Lewers.” +One of the plays was called “Paradyse,” and was performed by the Grocers +and Raffmen. It begins much in the same manner as the Coventry play, +with God the Father relating the planting of the garden of Eden, the +creation of man and placing him there, and God’s intention to create +woman. The other characters are Lucifer, Adam, and Eve, who exhibit the +incidents related in Genesis. Of the good taste or propriety of these +entertainments any observation is needless. They formed a remarkable +feature in the life of the middle ages, and show the childishness of the +people. The dialogues in all these plays are puerile doggerel. + + +EMINENT CITIZENS OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. + +_Dr. Legge_. + + +Few of the citizens of Norwich could make any pretensions as to birth, +whatever they might say about their birth-place. Among the natives of +this city of obscure parentage may be mentioned Thomas Legge, LL.D., who +was educated in Trinity College, where he was fellow, as also at Jesus +College, till he was chosen by Dr. Kaye as second master of Kaye’s +College. He was Dean of the Arches, one of the Masters of Chancery, +twice Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, and thirty-four +years Master of Kaye’s College. Justus Lipsius eulogised him as a very +excellent antiquary, and as an oracle of learning. He was a great +benefactor to this college, bequeathing £600 for the building of the east +part thereof, besides several lesser liberalities. Thomas Bacon, the +fifteenth Master of Gonville Hall, had done great damage to it, and left +it in debt; but Dr. Legge and his two successors repaired all losses, +acting not so much like the masters as the stewards of the house. Dr. +Legge was the author of two tragedies, namely, “The Destruction of +Jerusalem,” and “The Life of King Richard III.,” which last was performed +before Queen Elizabeth, with great applause, in St. John’s College Hall. +The doctor died July 12th, 1607, leaving the college his heir, and he was +buried in it, so that he left his native city only the barren honour of +his name. + + +_John Kaye_. + + +John Kaye, or as he is sometimes called, Caius, was born at Norwich in +1510, and studied in Gonville Hall, Cambridge, from which he removed to +travel abroad. He took his degree of M.D. in the University of Padua. +In the reign of Edward VI. he was appointed principal physician at court, +a place which he enjoyed under both the Queens Mary and Elizabeth. The +College of Physicians of London elected him one of their Fellows, and he +presided over that body several years. Being very rich and desirous to +promote learning, he procured a charter from Queen Elizabeth dated 1565, +to turn Gonville Hall into a College; and he endowed it with the greater +part of his estate. He lived as an ornament to his profession till July, +1573, when he died, aged 63, at Cambridge. He wrote the “Antiquities of +Cambridge,” an excellent book; and he presented it to James I. as he +passed through his college. The King said, “Give me rather _Caius de +Canibus_,” a work of his as much admired, but hard to be got. He was +master of his college for some time, but in his old age he resigned that +office to Dr. Legge, a fellow commoner in his college, and a native of +Norwich. + + +_Archbishop Parker_. + + +Archbishop Parker, a native of Norwich, flourished in this reign, and was +a great benefactor to the city. He was born August 6th, 1504, being the +son of William Parker, a wealthy citizen. He was educated at the Grammar +School here, and in 1520 he was sent to Corpus Christi College, where he +took his degrees of B.A., M.A., and D.D., before 1538. The Queen +afterwards appointed him Archbishop of Canterbury, and he was very active +in persecuting the Puritans here. He was the author of many works which +showed much learning. He died on May 17th, 1575, and was buried in +Lambeth Chapel. + + + +CHAPTER XII. +Norwich in the Seventeenth Century. + + +THIS was a very eventful period in the annals of the city. The century +opened with storms and inundations in the physical world, heralding +commotions in the political world. On April 9th, 1601, a sudden storm of +hail and rain passed over the city, whereby the upper part of the +Cathedral spire, which had been lately repaired, was beaten down. It +fell on the roof of the church, which it broke through, doing great +damage to it as well as to the walls of the choir. The spire was split +on the south-east side from top to bottom. + +James I. was proclaimed king on March 24th, 1602; and soon after he was +seated on the throne he granted a general pardon to the mayor, sheriffs, +and commons of this city, for all past offences. The local occurrences +were not very important during this reign of 23 years. There were, +however, great disturbances between the citizens and Dutch strangers +respecting trade rights and privileges. + +In 1602, the plague raged with unusual fury in this country. As many as +30,578 persons died in London, and 3076 in Norwich. This visitation was +attended with so great a scarcity of food, that wheat sold for ten, rye +for six, and barley for five shillings per bushel. In the summer of +1609, the city was again visited by the plague, though but few died of +it. + +At the assizes held August, 1617, a dispute arose between Sir Henry +Montague, Lord Chief Justice of the Court of Queen’s Bench, and John +Mingay, Esq., then Mayor, concerning precedence. This was occasioned by +the indiscretion of Sir Augustine Palgrave, Sheriff of Norfolk, who had +imprudently informed the Chief Justice that it was his right to sit in +the chair at the preaching place in the Green yard, with the Mayor on his +left hand. This the Mayor opposed, resolutely asserting his right to the +chair; and the Chief Justice as resolutely insisted, being misled by the +information of the sheriff. But this matter was afterwards set right, +and the sheriff was obliged to acknowledge his error, after having been +severely reprimanded by the Judge for misleading him. On the next day, a +contest of the same kind happened between the High Sheriff and the +Sheriffs of Norwich; when, to prevent any disputes of the like nature in +future, it was determined that only the High Sheriff should attend the +Judges when they are upon the county business, and only the Sheriffs of +Norwich when they are on the city business. + +Charles I. was proclaimed king, on March 1st, 1625. The mayor of +Norwich, stewards, justices, sheriffs, and aldermen, were present at the +ceremony. + +On March 31st, 1625, Charles I. was proclaimed in Norwich, and on May +13th following, Thomas, Earl of Arundel and Surrey, Earl-Marshal of +England, was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of the county of Norfolk, and of +the city of Norwich, and county of the same. + +On October 19th, 1625, the citizens petitioned the king to be released of +taxes, on account of their poverty and the ravages of the plague; and in +1641, the citizens petitioned Parliament, to be discharged from paying +£2500 assessed upon them, on account of their great poverty and the +impossibility of raising the money. + +In 1626, writs of quo warranto were brought against the mayor, &c., for +refusing to furnish two ships of war demanded of them; and the +corporation, on the trial, which took place in 1629, obtained a verdict +in their favor, having proved that they neither used nor usurped any +privileges but what their charters warranted. During this contest the +city raised a sum of money, and presented to the king by way of loan, as +settled by the lord keeper, lord treasurer, comptroller, and chancellor +of the duchy of Lancaster, who came hither for that purpose. + +In 1627, an order arrived for levying 250 foot soldiers in the city of +Norwich and county of Norfolk, of which number the citizens were ordered +to furnish 25; but they would raise no more than 17, that being their +full proportion. + +During this reign the plague raged with great violence in the city and +county. On July 12th, 1625, the king issued a commission to the mayor, +&c., to scour the city ditches, to remove all nuisances in and about the +city, to repair the walls and turrets, and to tax all residing in the +several wards, according to their ability, toward the work; it being +thought very necessary, in order to stop the plague which had been +brought from Yarmouth, and begun to spread here. The mayor had +previously requested the bailiffs at Yarmouth to order all the wherrymen +to carry no infected persons dwelling in their town to the city. +Constables of every ward gave notice that no person coming from London +should be entertained without notice given to the aldermen of their ward; +and watch was set at every gate, day and night, to hinder all persons +coming from infected places entering the city, and the carriers were +commanded to bring no such persons, nor any wool whatever. +Notwithstanding all this caution, the plague began to spread, so that on +July 23rd, the aldermen of every ward appointed “Searchers” in each ward, +to be keepers of such persons as were suspected of being infected. The +bellman warned all the citizens to take their dogs and swine outside of +the walls, on pain of being killed. On July 30th, the watch of the gates +ceased, it being known that the plague raged within the city. Twenty-six +persons died of it in that week; and before August 11th, it had so much +increased, that it was resolved that every alderman should have power to +send his warrants to the city treasurers to relieve the infected persons; +and the plague abated that very week. Orders were issued that the doors +of all persons who died of the disease should be nailed up and watched. +Every one who begged about the streets was whipped, because all the poor +were then relieved, so that no one had any excuse for begging for food. + +In 1634, under date of March 23rd, a letter signed by the king, was +directed to the mayor, sheriff, and aldermen, requiring their constant +attendance at the sermon preached every Sunday morning, either in the +Cathedral or Green yard, and that they would be there at the beginning of +the service, after the manner observed in the city of London; and that +none be absent without the consent of the bishop. On this point a court +was held, and it was ordered that the mayor and court should constantly +meet at the Free School, and thence proceed to church agreeably to his +majesty’s instructions; the king having great regard for their spiritual +welfare. + + +THE CIVIL WARS. + + +The first parliament of the reign of Charles I., in 1625, has been +severely censured on account of the penurious supply which it doled out +for the exigencies of a war in which its predecessors had involved the +king. Nor is the reproach wholly unfounded. A more liberal proceeding, +if it did not obtain a reciprocal concession from the king, would have +put him more in the wrong. But the Puritans in parliament formed a +majority, and were determined not to vote money without a redress of what +they deemed to be grievances. The king finding he could not obtain the +supplies he required from the House of Commons, determined to rule +without a parliament, and to raise money by some other means. Hence the +contests between the king and the parliaments, which were often called +and soon dissolved. This served only to aggravate the embarrassments of +the crown. Every successive House of Commons inherited the feelings of +its predecessor, otherwise it would not have represented the people. The +same men, for the most part, came again to parliament more irritated and +difficult of reconciliation with the sovereign than before. Even the +politic measure, as it was fancied to be, of excluding some of the most +active members from seats, by nominating them sheriffs for the year, +failed of the expected success because all ranks partook of a common +enthusiasm. + +In 1642, July 12th, the parliament voted and declared the necessity of +recourse to arms, and on the 29th of the same month, Moses Treswell was +apprehended for attempting to enlist men into the king’s service, after +having been forbidden to do so by the corporation. The citizens +supposing that this act would be deemed a declaration against their +sovereign, ordered a double watch to be set in every ward, and a +provision of all military stores to be made. They received a letter from +the parliament thanking them for their great services in sending up +Captain Treswell, and exhorting them to raise the militia, and to prevent +anyone from levying troops within their jurisdiction without consent of +parliament. Soon afterwards, the king issued proclamations requiring the +assistance of his subjects against the rebels, but no regard was paid to +them in Norwich. On the other hand, the magistrates ordered a general +muster of the trained bands and volunteers, and put the city into the +best state of defence, fearing an attack from the gentlemen of Norfolk +and Suffolk who had declared for the king. As a further proof of their +zeal they sent fifty Dragoons for Colonel Cromwell’s regiment, which +composed part of the troops under Lord Grey of Wark, raised for the +preservation of the peace in the associated counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, +Essex, Cambridgeshire, Hertfordshire, and Huntingdonshire. As soon as +these had marched, the magistrates raised a hundred more dragoons, and to +mount them, gave orders for seizing the horses of those citizens who +favoured the cause of the king, and who were called malignants. On March +13th, the city raised fifty more Dragoons, and on March 26th, 1643, a +hundred men were ordered to be raised and sent to Cambridge to re-enforce +the associated army. The weekly contribution levied by parliament on the +county was £1250 in the following proportions: Norfolk £1129, Norwich +£53, Lynn £27, Yarmouth £34 16s. 5d., Thetford £5 11s. 9d. On April 2nd, +being Easter day, Captain Sherwood marched to Lynn with a hundred +volunteers to secure that town from any sudden surprise by the king’s +forces. On August 12th, a meeting of the associated counties was +appointed on account of the danger with which the city was threatened by +the approach of the enemy, and the castle was ordered to be fortified. +Lincolnshire was also admitted amongst the associated counties. Lynn was +garrisoned by the forces of the parliament, and fortified at the expense +of the Association. On November 18th, four of the Court, representing +the Association, were fined £10 each for want of expedition in collecting +the proposition money, and the Earl of Manchester ordered the immediate +assessing and levying of such sums of money as should have been raised by +any edict of parliament. This stringent commission was carried out by +force of arms. + +In 1643, it having been agreed between the English and Scotch +commissioners that £100,000 should be immediately advanced to the Scots, +to enable them to put their army in march for England, an order was sent +down to Norwich for levying £6000, part of the said sum in the following +proportions; in Norwich, £265; in Yarmouth, £174; in Lynn, £132; in +Thetford, £27 18s. 9d., and the remainder in the county of Norfolk. + +By order of the Court, on March 9th, 1644, seven pictures, taken from St. +Swithin’s Church, the Angel and Four Evangelists from St. Peter’s, Moses +and Aaron and the Four Evangelists from the Cathedral, and other +paintings, were publicly burnt in the Market Place. A committee was +appointed to “view the churches for pictures and crucifixes,” in +consequence of which, these over-zealous Reformers committed all kinds of +outrages and excesses by destroying monuments in the churches, and +burning valuable paintings, as stated by Bishop Hall in his “Hard +Measure,” a pamphlet on the proceedings of the Puritans. On Christmas +eve, 1645, the mayor issued orders to all the city clergy commanding them +neither to preach, nor to administer the sacrament, in their respective +churches on the day following, and to the inhabitants, charging them to +open their shops as on other days; so little did the Puritans in that age +understand the principles of toleration. + +In 1648, a petition was presented to the mayor, &c., signed by 150 +persons, praying for a more speedy and effectual reformation, and +complaining that their faithful ministers were discouraged and slighted; +the ejected ministers countenanced and preferred; old ceremonies, and the +service book constantly used, and the directory for worship almost +totally neglected; and further praying, that the ordinances against +superstition and idolatry might be put in strict execution; “so, shall +the crucifix on the cathedral gate be defaced, and another on the roof of +the cathedral neere the west door in the inside, and one upon the free +school, and the image of Christ on the parish house of St. George at +Tombland be taken down, and many parish churches more decently made for +the congregations to meet in.” The mayor, John Utting, paying little +regard to this petition, was sent for to London, and Mr. Alderman Baret +put in his place. After he was gone, the common people, having a great +affection for the mayor, went to the committee house, then on the site of +the present Bethel, where the gunpowder was kept, and set fire to +ninety-five barrels, which killed and wounded about one hundred persons +and greatly damaged the adjacent buildings. For this outrage six of the +perpetrators were hanged in the Market Place. + +On January 30th, 1649, King Charles was beheaded at Whitehall. Soon +after the death of the king the House of Commons published a decree to +forbid the proclaiming of Charles Stuart, eldest son of the late king, or +of any person whatsoever, on pain of high treason; and afterwards enacted +that the kingly office should be abolished as unnecessary, burdensome, +and dangerous; and that the state should be governed by the +representatives of the people without king or lords, and under the form +of a Commonwealth. + +In 1650, on discovery of an intended insurrection in Norfolk in favour of +King Charles, which was to have broken out on October 7th, several of the +conspirators were apprehended and tried at the new hall, in Norwich, +before three judges, commissioned by the parliament for that purpose. +Their sitting continued from December 20th to December 30th, and they +condemned twenty-five persons, who were all executed, some of them at +Norwich and others in different parts of Norfolk. + +On June 24th, 1654, an ordinance was published for the six months’ +assessment for the maintenance of the armies and fleets of the +Commonwealth, at the rate of £120,000 per month for the first three +months, and £90,000 per month for the rest. Towards each monthly payment +of the last sum, Norwich raised £240 and Norfolk £4660. On August 29th, +an ordinance was issued for ejecting scandalous and insufficient +ministers and schoolmasters; whose qualifications were to be tried by +commissioners appointed for that purpose in every county. In consequence +of this ordinance many able divines in the kingdom were ejected from +their livings, and their places filled by such as best suited the views +of the ruling party. During the Commonwealth, the city was put in +defence against the royalists, the castle was fortified for the service +of Cromwell, the goods of the bishops and clergy were sequestrated, the +bishops palace was sacked, the cathedral and churches were plundered and +defaced, and Bishop Hall was turned out and driven into retirement at his +palace in Heigham, which is still in existence, being used as a tavern +called the Dolphin. He died there and was buried in the old church in +Heigham. We shall speak more at length of this distinguished prelate in +our notice of “The Eminent Citizens” of the 17th century. + +On the death of Oliver Cromwell, which happened on September 3rd, 1658, +the mayor of Norwich, like the mayors of other towns, received letters +from the privy council, notifying that event and the election of his son +Richard Cromwell to the dignity of Protector, and commanding him to +proclaim the said Richard protector of the three kingdoms, which was done +accordingly on the seventh of that month. The new protector’s honours +were, however, but of short continuance; for in the month of April, 1659, +the army obliged him to dissolve the parliament which he had convoked, +and soon afterwards deposed him from his high office. During the fatal +contentions respecting the prerogatives of the crown and the privileges +of parliament, the city suffered less than might have been expected, and +Norfolk less than many other counties. + + * * * * * + +The citizens, tired of strife and commotion, were among the first to hail +the return of monarchy in the person of Charles II., who was proclaimed +here on May 10th, 1660, and the sum of £1000 was presented to His +Majesty, on behalf of the city, by the mayor, who received the honour of +knighthood. In 1663 the king granted to the city the charter by which, +with little interruption, it was governed till 1835, when the municipal +act came into force. In 1670, Lord Howard presented the corporation with +a noble mace of silver gilt, and a gown of crimson velvet for the mayor. +In 1671, the king and queen and many nobles visited the city, and were +entertained in grand style at the palaces of the bishop and the Duke of +Norfolk. + +In 1682, a majority of the corporation surrendered to the king the +charter which he had granted them nine years before, and in lieu of it a +new one was substituted not so favourable to the city; the king having +reserved the right of removing magistrates of whom he did not approve. + +In 1687, by the mandate of James II., ten aldermen and nineteen +councillors were displaced; but the arbitrary conduct of that monarch +soon brought about his ruin, and when Henry, Duke of Norfolk, rode into +the Market Place at the head of 300 knights and gentlemen and declared +for a _free_ parliament, the corporation and citizens responded with loud +acclamations. After the glorious revolution of 1688, the first charter +of Charles II. was restored to the city, and the aldermen who had been +removed were reinstated in their offices. + +William and Mary, king and queen of England, began their reign on +February 13th, 1688, and during their reign the city flourished +exceedingly, and the country in general was prosperous. + +In 1697 the coin was regulated afresh, the old money being called in and +recoined, for which purpose, mints were established in various places, +among others one in this city, which coined £259,371. The quantity of +coin and plate brought in here to be coined was 17,709 ounces. + +We may here give the statements of two eminent writers respecting Norwich +and Norfolk in this century. Sir Thomas Browne, jun., in 1662, wrote as +follows about the city and county:— + + “Let any stranger find me out so pleasant a county, such good ways, + large heaths, three such places as Norwich, Yarmouth, and Lynn, in + any county of England, and I’ll be once again a vagabond and visit to + them.” + +And he wrote so with good reason. Few, if any, of the cities of England +then contained more handsome buildings, or presented so good an +appearance as did the old city of Norwich, while only London and Bristol +surpassed her in the extent and importance of their commerce. Lord +Macaulay, in his graphic History of England thus describes the state of +the city in the 17th century:— + + “Norwich was the capital of a large and fruitful province. It was + the residence of a bishop and of a chapter. It was the seat of the + manufacture of the realm. Some even distinguished by learning and + science had recently dwelt there, and no place in the kingdom, except + the capital and the universities, had more attractions to the + curious. The library, the museum, the aviary, and the botanical + gardens of Sir Thomas Browne were thought by the Fellows of the Royal + Society well worthy of a long pilgrimage. Norwich had also a court + in miniature. In the heart of the city stood an old palace of the + Duke of Norfolk, said to be the largest town house in the kingdom out + of London. In this mansion, to which were annexed a tennis court, a + bowling green, and a wilderness extending along the banks of the + Wensum, the noble family of Howard frequently resided. Drink was + served to the guests in goblets of pure gold; the very tongs and + shovels were of silver; pictures of Italian masters adorned the + walls; the cabinets were filled with a fine collection of gems + purchased by the Earl of Arundel, whose marbles are now among the + ornaments of Oxford. Here, in the year 1671, Charles and his court + were sumptuously entertained; here, too, all comers were annually + welcomed from Christmas to Twelfthnight; ale flowed in oceans for the + populace. Three coaches, one of which had been built at a cost of + £500 to contain fourteen persons, were sent every afternoon round the + city to bring ladies to the festivities, and the dances were always + followed by a luxurious banquet. When the Duke of Norfolk came to + Norwich he was greeted like a king returning to his capital; the + bells of St. Peter’s Mancroft were rung, the guns of the castle were + fired, and the mayor and aldermen waited on their illustrious citizen + with complimentary addresses.” + + + +Eminent Citizens of the Seventeenth Century. + +_Bishop Hall_. + + +Dr. Hall, Bishop of Norwich, the first English Satirist, was a noted +character in this century. He was born July 1st, 1574, in Bristow Park, +within the parish of Ashby de la Zouch, in Leicestershire. He was +educated by a private tutor till he was fifteen years of age, when he +removed to Cambridge, and was admitted to Emmanuel College, of which he +was a chosen scholar, and took the degree of Bachelor of Arts. His +satires were published in 1597, 1598, and 1599, and added greatly to his +reputation by their pungency and classical style. They equal the satires +of Juvenal and Persius on similar themes, and in lashing the vices of the +age. + +Dr. Hall, in 1624, refused the bishopric of Gloucester, but in 1627 he +accepted that of Exeter, holding with it _in commendam_ the rectory of +St. Breock in Cornwall. At this time he seems to have been suspected of +a leaning to the Puritans, and it must be allowed that his religious +views were more consonant with theirs than with the lax Arminianism of +Laud. But at the same time, Dr. Hall was a zealous supporter of the +church. + +On November 15th, 1641, he was translated, by the little power left to +the king, to be Bishop of Norwich, but having joined with the Archbishop +of York and eleven other prelates, in a protest against the validity of +such laws as should be made during their compulsory absence from +parliament, he was ordered to be sent to the tower, with his brethren, on +the 30th of January following. Shortly afterwards they were impeached by +the Commons for high treason, and on their appearance in parliament were +treated with the utmost rudeness and contempt. The Commons, however, did +not think fit to prosecute the charge of high treason, having gained +their purpose by driving them from the House of Lords, and Hall and his +brethren were ordered to be dismissed; but upon another pretext they were +again sent to the tower. In June following, Hall was finally released on +giving bail for £5000! He returned to Norwich, and being received with +rather more respect than he hoped for, in the then state of public +opinion, he resumed his duties, frequently preaching to large +congregations, and enjoying the forbearance of the predominant Puritan +party till April, 1643, when the destruction of the church was +contemplated. About this time, the ordinance for sequestrating notorious +delinquents having passed, and our prelate being included by name, all +his rents were stopped, his palace was entered, and all his property was +seized. A friend, however, gave bond for the whole amount of the +valuation, and the bishop was allowed to remain a short time in his +palace. While he remained there, he was continually exposed to the +insolence of the soldiery and mob, who demolished the windows and +monuments of the cathedral. At length he was ordered to leave his +palace, and would have been exposed to the utmost extremity, if a +neighbour had not offered him the shelter of his humble roof. Some time +afterwards, but by what interest we are not told, the sequestration was +taken off a small estate which he rented at Heigham, to which he retired. +The house in which he lived, now called the Dolphin Inn, is still +standing, and should be carefully preserved as a memorial of a great and +good man. + +Bishop Hall, in his tract _Hard Measure_, has given a most touching +account of the treatment he experienced. He says in his tract “The +Shaking of the Olive Tree:”— + + “It is no other than tragical to relate the carnage of that furious + sacrilege whereof our eyes and ears were the sad witnesses, under the + authority and presence of Linsey, Tofts the sheriff, and Greenwood. + Lord, what work was here; what clattering of glasses, what beating + down of walls, what tearing up of monuments, what pulling down of + seates, what wresting out of irons and brass from the windows and + graves, what defacing of armes, what demolishing of curious stone + work which had not any representation in the world, but only of the + cast of the founder, and skill of the mason; what toting and piping + upon the destroyed organ pipes, and what a hideous triumph on the + market day, before all the country, when, in a sacrilegious and + profane procession, all the organ pipes, vestments, both copes and + surplices, together with the leaden crosse which had been newly sawn + down from over the green yard pulpit, and the service book and + singing books that could be had, were carried to a fire in the public + Market-place; a lewd wretch walking before the train in his cope + trailing in the dirt, with a service book in his hand, imitating in + an impious scorne the tune and usurping the words of the litany + formerly used in the church. Neer the publick crosse all these + monuments of idolatry must be sacrificed to the fire, not without + much ostentation of a zealous joy in discharging ordinance to the + cost of some who professed how much they longed to see that day.” + +The good bishop’s sufferings did not damp his courage, for in 1644, we +find him preaching in Norwich whenever he could obtain the use of a +pulpit; and with yet more boldness, in the same year he sent _A modest +offer of some meet considerations in favour of Episcopacy_ addressed to +the Assembly of Divines. During the rest of his life he appears to have +remained at Heigham, unmolested, performing the duties of a faithful +pastor, and exercising such hospitality and charity as his scanty means +permitted. He died, September 8th, 1656, in the 82nd year of his age, +and was buried in the church of St. Bartholomew, in Heigham. In his +will, he says:— + + “I leave my body to be buried without any funeral pomp, at the + discretion of my executors, with the only monition that I do not hold + God’s house a meet repository for the dead bodies of the greatest + saints.” + +He left a family behind, according to Lloyd, of whom Robert, the eldest +son, was afterwards a clergyman, and D.D. His wife died in 1647. His +prose works were published at various periods in folio, quarto, and +duodecimo. They were collected in a handsome edition of 10 vols., +octavo, by the Rev. Josiah Pratt, and are his best memorials. The +“Meditations” have been often reprinted. As a moralist, he has been +called the British Seneca. + + +_Sir Thomas Browne_. + + +Sir Thomas Browne flourished in this century in Norwich, as a Physician. +Dr. Johnson wrote a memoir of him, from which we learn the following +particulars. He was born in London, in the parish of St. Michael, in +Cheapside, on October 19th, 1605. Of his childhood or youth there is +little known, except that he lost his father very early; that he was, +according to the common fate of orphans, defrauded by one of his +guardians; and that he was placed for his education at the School of +Winchester. He was removed in 1623 from Winchester to Oxford, and +entered a gentleman commoner of Broadgate Hall, which was soon afterwards +endowed and took the name of Pembroke College, from the Earl of Pembroke, +the Chancellor of the University. He was admitted to the degree of B.A., +January 31st, 1626–7, being the first man of eminence who graduated from +the new college, to which the zeal or gratitude of those that love it +most can wish little better than that it may long proceed as it began. +Having afterwards taken his degree of M.A., he turned his attention to +physic. He practised it for some time in Oxfordshire, but soon +afterwards, either induced by curiosity or invited by promises, he +quitted his settlement and accompanied his father-in-law, who had some +employment in Ireland in the visitation of the forts and castles, which +the state of Ireland then made necessary. He left Ireland and travelled +on the Continent, and was created an M.D. at Leyden. About the year 1634 +he is supposed to have returned to London; and the next year to have +written his celebrated treatise, called _Religio Medici_, or, “The +Religion of a Physician,” which excited the attention of the public by +the novelty of paradoxes, the dignity of sentiment, the quick succession +of images, the multitude of abstruse allusions, the subtlety of +disquisition, and the strength of language. At the time when this book +was published the author resided at Norwich, where he had settled in +1636, by the persuasion of Dr. Lushington, his tutor, who was then rector +of Burnham Westgate, in West Norfolk. His practice became very +extensive, and in 1637 he was incorporated Doctor of Physic, in Oxford. +He married in 1641, Mrs. Mileham, of a good family in Norfolk. He had +ten children by her, of whom one son and three daughters survived their +parents. In 1646, Sir Thomas Browne published his “Enquiries into Vulgar +and Common Errors,” which passed through many editions. In 1658, the +discovery of some ancient urns in Norfolk, gave him occasion to write +“Hydriotaphia, Urn-burial, or, a Discourse of Sepulchral Urns;” in which +he treats with his usual learning on the funeral rites of ancient +nations, exhibits their various treatment of the dead, and examines the +substances found in the Norfolcian urns. To this treatise on Urn-burial +was added the “Garden of Cyrus; or, the Quincuxial Lozenge, or Network +Plantation of the Ancients, Artificially, Naturally, Mystically +Considered.” He doubted the Copernican hypothesis, on the same ground as +some divines distrust the Cuvierian system of Geology, as opposed to +Genesis. These were all the tracts which he published, but many papers +were found in his closet. Of these, two collections were published in +1722, and all his works were issued in a cheap form by G. H. Bohn, and +are in the Norwich Free Library. To the life of this learned man there +remains little to be added, but that in 1665 he was chosen Honorary +Fellow of the College of Physicians, as a man “_Virtute et literis +ornatissimus_,” eminently embellished with literature and virtue. In +1671, he received at Norwich, the honour of Knighthood from Charles II., +a prince, who, with many frailties and vices, had yet skill to discover +excellence and virtue, to reward it with such honorary distinctions, at +least, as cost him nothing. + +Sir Thomas Browne, in 1680, wrote a _Repertorium_, or Account of the +Tombs and Monuments in the Cathedral Church of Norwich. The basis of the +work was a sketch hastily drawn up twenty years previously on the +information of “an understanding singing man,” ninety-one years old, in +order to preserve the remembrance of some of the monumental antiquities +which barbarous zeal had destroyed. The reckless character of these +ravages has thus been exhibited in a description made on the spot and at +the moment, by one who suffered in his person, property, and health. + +Thus the knight lived in high reputation, till he was seized with a +colic, which, after having tortured him for about a week, put an end to +his life at Norwich, on his birthday, October 19th, 1682, having +completed his 77th year. Some of his last words were expressions of +submission to the will of God, and fearlessness of death. He lies buried +in the Church of St. Peter Mancroft, within the rails at the east end of +the chancel, with this inscription on a mural monument, placed in the +south pillar of the altar:— + + M. S. + HIC SITUS EST + THOMAS BROWNE, M.D. + ET MILES. + Ao 1605. LONDONI NATUS + GENEROSA FAMILIA APUD UPTON IN AGRO CESTRIENSI ORIUNDUS. + SCHOLA PRIMUM WINTONIENSI, POSTEA + IN COLL. PEMBR. + APUN OXONIENSES BONIS LITERIS + HAUD LEVITER IMBUTUS. + IN URBE HAC NORDOVICENSI MEDICINAM + ARTE EGREGIA, ET FŒLICI SUCCESSU PROFESSUS, + SCRIPTIS, QUIBUS TITULI, RELIGIO MEDICI + ET PSEUDODOXIA EPIDEMICA ALIISQUE + PER ORBEM NOTISSIMUS + VIR PIENTISSIMUS, INTEGERRIMUS, DOCTISSIMUS; + OBIIT OCTOBR. 19, 1682. + PIE POSUIT MŒSTISSIMA CONJUX + Da DOROTH. BR. + +Mr. Simon Wilkin, F.L.S., in a supplementary memoir, states that Dr. +Browne steadily adhered to the royal cause in perilous times. He was one +of the 432 principal citizens, who, in 1643, refused to subscribe towards +a fund for regaining the town of Newcastle. Charles II. was not likely +to have been ignorant of this, and he had, no doubt, the good feeling to +express his sense of it by a distinction which was, no doubt, gratifying +to Sir Thomas Browne. Sir Thomas is supposed to have lived in the last +house at the south end of the Gentleman’s Walk, where the Savings’ Bank +now stands. Blomefield asserts that he lived where Dr. Howman then +lived, (1760) and that he succeeded Alderman Anguish in that house; and +Mr. Simon Wilkin says that he ascertained by reference to title deeds, +that the last house at the southern extremity of the Gentleman’s Walk, +Haymarket, belonged, in Blomefield’s time, to Dr. Howman. This house was +for many years a china and glass warehouse, and tradition has always +asserted it to be Dr. Browne’s residence. The last occupier was Mr. +Swan, and the house was pulled down to make room for the Savings’ Bank. +It contained some spacious rooms. In the drawing room there was, over +the mantel-piece and occupying the entire space of the ceiling, a most +elaborate and richly ornamented carving of the royal arms of Charles II., +no doubt placed there by Sir Thomas to express his loyalty, and to +commemorate his knighthood. In Matthew Stevenson’s poems, 12mo, 1673, +there is a long poem on the progress of Charles II. into Norfolk, in +which the honour conferred on Browne is thus noticed:— + + “There the king knighted the so famous Browne, + Whose worth and learning to the world are known.” + +Early in October, 1673, Evelyn went down to the Earl of Arlington’s, at +Euston, in company with Sir Thomas Clifford, to join the royal party. +Lord Henry Howard arrived soon afterward, and prevailed on Mr. Evelyn to +accompany him to Norwich, promising to convey him back after a day or +two. “This,” he says, “as I could not refuse I was not hard to be +persuaded to, having a desire to see that famous scholar and physician, +Dr. T. Browne, author of the _Religio Medici_, and _Vulgar Errors_, &c., +now lately knighted.” After arriving in Norwich, Evelyn says:— + + “Next morning I went to see Sir Thomas Browne, with whom I had some + time corresponded by letter, though I had never seen him before. His + whole house and garden being a paradise and cabinet of rarities, and + that of the best collections, especially medails, books, plants, and + natural things. Amongst other curiosities, Sir Thomas had a + collection of the eggs of all the foule and birds he could procure, + that country (especially the promontory of Norfolk) being frequented, + as he said, by severall kinds, which seldome or never go further into + the land, as cranes, storkes, eagles, and a variety of water foule. + He led me to see all the remarkable places in this ancient city, + being one of the largest, and certainly, after London, one of the + noblest in England for its venerable Cathedralle, number of stately + churches, cleanesse of the streets, and buildings of flints so + exquistely headed and squared, as I was much astonished at; but he + told me they had lost the art of squaring the flints in which they + once so much excelled, and of which the churches, best houses, and + walls are built. The Castle is an antique extent of ground which now + they call Marsfield, and would have been a fitting area to have + placed the ducal palace in. The suburbs are large, the prospects are + sweete, with other amenities, not omitting the flower gardens, in + which all the inhabitants excel.” + +At that time the hamlets of Thorpe, Lakenham, and Heigham, were all +fields or cultivated grounds and gardens, and the city was interspersed +with gardens. + + +_Dr. Samuel Clarke_. + + +Samuel Clarke, D.D., was the son of Edward Clarke, one of the Aldermen of +Norwich, where he was born in 1675, and where he was educated at the +Grammar School, his father being at that time one of the representatives +of the city in parliament. In 1691, he was entered as a student in Caius +College, Cambridge, where his great capacity for learning was soon +developed, and where he became distinguished as a metaphysician, +mathematician, and divine. He was the author of many works, the chief of +which was a “Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God.” Upon his +entering into holy orders, he became Chaplain to the learned Dr. Moore, +Bishop of Norwich, with whom he lived in great esteem, having the +advantage of the fine library of that prelate. In 1704, he was called to +an office worthy of all his learning, namely, that of lecturer on Mr. +Boyle’s foundation. He preached sermons concerning the Evidences of +Natural and Revealed Religion, which will always be highly esteemed. +Soon afterwards, he was presented to the living of St. Bennet’s, near +Paul’s Wharf, London, and where he constantly preached without notes. In +the same year he translated the _Optics of Sir Isaac Newton_ into elegant +Latin, which was so acceptable to that great philosopher, that he +presented £500 to the divine, being £100 for each of his children. He +was soon after made one of the Chaplains in Ordinary, and in 1709, Queen +Anne presented him to the Rectory of St. James’, Westminster, when he +went to Cambridge and took his degree of Doctor of Divinity. He died on +May 17th, 1729, aged 54 years. + + +_Robert_, _Viscount of Yarmouth_. + + +In 1683 died the Rt. Hon. Robert, Viscount of Yarmouth, Baron of Paston, +Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk and Norwich. He was buried at Oxnead. His +funeral sermon was preached by the Rev. John Hildeyard, LL.D., then +rector of Cawston, and it was afterwards published. At page 27 there is +the following passage, referring to the deceased viscount: + + “Great was his love to the ancient, loyal, and honourable corporation + of Norwich, because the members of that body, generally speaking, + loved the king; they found him their friend and, _maugre_ the blast + of calumny, the _new charter_ shall remain a token of it. He spared + no cost nor pains, as themselves can witness, to make the world + believe that he loved them. Most of the tables of his house were + spread together for their entertainment, and all his friends employed + to bid them welcome; nay, his very sleep was ofttimes broken to find + out ways how best to serve them, and he commended the care of the + city with his last breath, to all his best friends, and the blessing + of God.” + +Happy corporation, that had such a friend; but Blomefield says, + + “Whatever the Dr. (Hildeyard) might think of it, the effects of the + new charter now began to be too visible, for Mr. Nic Helwys was + chosen mayor, and eleven common council in room of those eleven of + the sixty common council appointed by the charter, which were not + qualified; but such choice was of no force till confirmed by the + king, who sent a letter under the privy seal, dated at Windsor, May + 17th, signifying by the Earl of Arundel that he approved of them, and + the names of the two elected sheriffs were signified to the Lord + Lieutenant, and that they were persons of loyalty, and therefore they + desired his lordship to give his gracious Majesty information thereof + in order to his approbation.” + + + +_Dr. John Cosin_. + + +John Cosin, D.D., was born in this city in 1594, and finished his studies +in Caius College, Cambridge, where he took his last degrees. When he +entered into holy orders he was presented to a Prebendary in the +Cathedral Church of Durham, and appointed Archdeacon of the East Riding +of Yorkshire. But the civil wars breaking out, and he being an active +Papist, he was obliged to seek refuge abroad till the Restoration in +1660, when he returned, and was promoted first to the Deanery of +Peterborough, and then to the Bishopric of Durham. He died at Durham, +aged 78, in 1672. + + +_Dr. John Pearson_. + + +John Pearson, D.D., was the son of a Clergyman in Norwich, where he was +born in 1613. He received the first rudiments of learning at Eton, +whence he was removed to King’s College, Cambridge, where he finished his +studies, and took his degrees. His first ecclesiastical preferment was a +Prebendary of Salisbury; and soon afterwards he was chosen Rector of St. +Clements, East Cheap, where he remained till 1660, and where he wrote his +learned explanation of the Creed. At the Restoration, he was appointed +Archdeacon of Surrey, and afterwards he was promoted to the See of +Chester, where he continued till his death, in 1686. + + +_John Goslin_. + + +John Goslin, a native of Norwich, flourished in the 17th century. He was +first Fellow and then Master of Caius College, in Cambridge, Proctor of +that University, and thrice Vice Chancellor thereof, a general scholar, +eloquent Latinist, and a rare physician, in which faculty he was Regius +Professor. He was a great benefactor to Catherine’s Hall, but left his +native city only the honour of his name. He died in 1625. + + +_The Rev. John Carter_. + + +The Rev. John Carter was an eccentric character in the city during this +century. He was born at Bramford, in Suffolk, in 1594, and became upper +minister of St. Peter Mancroft, Norwich, which position he held from 1638 +to 1653. He preached three extraordinary sermons before the corporation, +preparatory to the guild day festival in 1644, 1647, and 1650. The title +of the first is “The Nail Hit on the Head, and Driven into the City and +Cathedral Wall of Norwich;” of the second, “The Wheel Turned by a Voice +from the Throne of Glory;” and the third, “A Rare Sight; or, the Lyon +Sent from a Far Country, and Presented to the City of Norwich in a Sermon +upon the Solemne Guild Day, June 18th, 1650.” The third sermon fills 150 +pages, is the length of several modern sermons, and must have occupied +two hours and a half in the delivery; a terrible long grace to a guild +day dinner. It is ornamented with many wood cuts, among which is the +lion in various attitudes, couchant, guardant, rampant, passant, &c., +giving the preacher opportunities of displaying his knowledge of, at +least, the terms of heraldry, and sarcastically to apply them to the +magistracy. He says:— + + “In one respect, your city arms do very well befit you. It is a lion + with a castle over it. Many of you can be like lions, very + courageous, so long as you have a castle over you for protection and + countenance; but take away the castle, and who will expose himself to + danger? What a sordid thing is this! There is a lion couchant, but + never did I hear of a lion crouchant, or current, a fearful and + dastardly lion. Who among you will strike down a disorderly + ale-house, if the brewer that serves it be an alderman, a rich man, + or a friend?” + +The rest of the discourse is replete with coarse expressions, biting +sarcasms, and party prejudices, not likely to have edified, and much less +to have pleased the congregation. + + + +CHAPTER XIII. +Nonconformity in Norwich. + + +THE Church of Rome reigned supreme over all Europe for a thousand years, +but in the 15th century, reason revolted against her authority. +Lutheranism and Calvinism were the first forms of the revolt on the +Continent, and they assumed the names of Presbyterianism and Puritanism +in England and Scotland. Norwich, in common with Norfolk and Suffolk, +eventually took up the cause of the Reformation with a zeal and vehemence +which make them stand alone in the annals of history. + +Norwich Nonconformists, in times of the fiercest persecution, held many +prohibited meetings, which were sometimes discovered in different parts +of the city. Norfolk, situated as it is in the eastern coast, was the +refuge of many protestants, who fled from the Netherlands to escape from +the severe persecutions of the infamous Duke of Alva. Even before this +time, there were many in the county and city who objected to the new +service book, or English liturgy, published by the authority of Edward +VI. + +The Reformation made much progress here in the reign of this young and +pious king; but even then a disposition lingered to retain and enforce +some of the Romanist rites and ceremonies. The excellent Bishop Hooper, +who after all became a martyr, would probably have lost his life simply +for refusing to wear the priestly vestments, through the rigour of Bishop +Ridley (who himself afterwards suffered martyrdom) had he not at length +consented to wear them at his consecration. The Baptists, the +Unitarians, and all who went beyond the new state model were consigned to +the flames. + +Bishop Hooper was born in the year 1495, and was burnt in the reign of +Queen Mary. The sixty years of his life formed the most important period +of English history. When he was born, the Reformation had just begun; +when he died it had struck such deep roots amongst the people, especially +of Norwich and Norfolk, that neither force, nor persecution, nor argument +could stop its progress. In Bishop Hooper’s time, and in his diocese of +Gloucester, the ignorance of the clergy was amazing. Out of 311 of his +clergy he found 168 unable to repeat the ten commandments; 31 out of the +168 could not tell in what part of the Bible the ten commandments were to +be found; 40 could not tell where the Lord’s prayer was given, and 31 did +not know who was the author of it. In Norfolk and Norwich the clergy +were quite as ignorant of Scripture. They practised all kinds of +impositions on the people who were debased by superstition, immorality, +and vice. There was over all the land a darkness which might be felt. +The people had no bibles nor testaments, and the prayers of the church +were all in Latin, and of course the people could not understand them. +There was scarcely any preaching at all, but instead thereof profane +miracle plays were performed in the cathedral, and were paid for like any +other dramatic performance. + +In 1574, so notorious was the city for the nonconformity of many of the +ministers, that when orders were given to Archbishop Parker “to punish +the Puritan ministers, and put down the prophecyings, and readings, and +commenting on the Scriptures, which had been introduced into the church,” +the queen gave him private orders to begin with Norwich. Accordingly, in +1576, many of the Norwich ministers were suspended and treated so +severely, that even the Norfolk justices presented a petition to Her +Majesty, praying for lenity towards them. + +Robert Brown, a clergyman of Norwich, originated the sect of the +Brownists, afterwards called the Independents. He was at one time a +zealous promoter of that system, but English societies existed before +him, holding similar views. According to Sir Walter Raleigh, 20,000 +persons at least held independent principles of ecclesiastical polity. +Amongst these were many men of great learning and distinction, all of +whom were commanded to quit the realm. Wherever found, they were +imprisoned, with or without law, for life. Elias Thacker and John +Copping suffered death at Bury St. Edmund’s. John Lewis was burnt at +Norwich. Francis Kett, M.A., for holding “detestable opinions,” was also +burnt alive in Norwich. William Dennys was a martyr in the same cause, +at Thetford. Greenwood, Barrow, and Penry fell as martyrs of conscience. +Johnson, Smith, Answorth, Canne, Robinson, and Jacob, only escaped by +flight to Holland, and found liberty there to form several churches, and +to compose an elaborate account of their doctrines and principles, a fact +which testifies to their enlightened piety and superior learning. + +In the reign of James I. no favour was shown to the Puritans, but on the +contrary, severities were continued. The king amply fulfilled his threat +to the Puritans at the Hampton Court conference;—“_If this be all your +party has to say_, _I will make them conform or harrie them out of the +land_, _or else do worse_.” By these proceedings the country was +rendered almost destitute of preachers, and scandalous men undertook the +care of souls in place of the zealous refugees. This King James +published the “Book of Sports,” in vindication of the encouragement of +various games on the sabbath day. Bishop Kennett styles it “A trap to +catch tender consciences,” and a means of promoting the ease, wealth, and +grandeur of the bishops. This book was, in the next reign, (Charles I.) +republished by the bigotted Archbishop Laud; and it was ordered to be +read in every church throughout the kingdom. The bishop of Norwich, then +Bishop Wren, was very peremptory on this and other points. He is said to +have driven upwards of 3000 persons to seek bread in a foreign land. The +woollen trade of Norwich, which had been created by the Flemish refugees, +was mostly in the hands of the Puritans, and the rigorous measures of +this prelate nearly destroyed it by banishing them. + +Mr. W. Bridge, M.A., was the lecturer of St. George Tombland, Norwich, up +to the year 1637. He was a pious and learned man, who held other livings +and performed his duties well. To him, on a certain day, came Bishop +Wren’s order to read the “Book of Sports” on the next Sunday in church. +He sat in dejection, with the odious volume before him, abhorring the +profaneness of its contents and its daring contradiction of Scripture. +He resolved not to read it. He took counsel of his brethren, and several +of them together refused compliance, fled to Yarmouth, and thence with +sad hearts embarked for Holland, where they spent many anxious years, +hoping to be allowed to return. Laud informed King Charles I. that +Bridge had left two livings and a lectureship and had fled to Holland; +and the king wrote against his name this bitter sentence: “_We are well +rid of him_.” It was an expression worthy of a bigoted and worldly mind. +Thus it appears that the reformation was not the work of kings or +bishops, or the great and learned. The history of those times is the +history of persecuting power in opposition to the progress of the +Gospel—an opposition the more dreadful inasmuch as it was carried on +under the pretence of doing service to religion. + +The Reformed Church of England acknowledged the right of private judgment +in theory, but ignored it in practice. The Puritans, on the other hand, +carried it out to its legitimate consequences; and Milton, their great +champion, advocated absolute freedom of thought and speech as the +birthright of every man. No doubt Puritanism ran into some excesses of +bigotry and intolerance, but it was an intolerant age. Puritanism, +however, preserved civil and religious liberty and the right of private +judgment, and perpetuated that right to all sects and classes of the +nation. Puritanism has been charged with the sin of schism, but the +early reformers were forced into it by persecution for conscientious +scruples respecting points of doctrine and discipline. William Bridge, +Asty, Allen, Cromwell, and Fynch, all were thrown out of their livings by +the Act of Uniformity, and became Nonconformist ministers in Norwich. +Without any conference the question put to them was, “_Will you upon oath +conform_?” The answer was, “We cannot.” Immediate expulsion followed. +Where, then, was the sin of schism? Their sin would have been in +conformity. They would have proved to the world that they were mere +hirelings, like the “Vicar of Bray,” who changed his religion to please +the reigning sovereign of the day. Bridge, returning with some others to +his native county, founded the first Independent church at Yarmouth about +1642. A year later the church at Norwich was formed into a distinct +body. They met at first in a brew-house in St. Edmund’s, afterwards in +the refectory over the cloisters in the convent formerly belonging to the +Black Friars. + + +THE INDEPENDENTS. + + +We shall now briefly advert to the rise of the Nonconformist religious +denominations in this city, and quote a passage from a discourse by the +Rev. A. Reed, delivered at the Old Meeting House, Norwich, on February +27th, 1842, on the occasion of the second centenary. He said,— + + “There is no doubt that in or about 1641 many refugees returned to + their homes in Norwich, Yarmouth, and other places. Those who + returned to the two former localities had been united together in + fellowship with the church at Rotterdam. They earnestly desired + that, as they had been companions in suffering, they might not cease + to form one church. The difficulty was where to fix the joint + society. Norwich offered liberty and opportunity. But the proximity + of Yarmouth to the sea was desirable for safety. Early in 1642 they + met, probably in Norwich, to discuss the point; and agreed to send to + Rotterdam for leave to gather in fellowship here. The assent reached + them in the autumn, authorizing them to form a church at Norwich or + other place. On November 23rd, 1642, they met to form a church. + Most of the members’ names, twelve in all, we find afterwards + attached to the Norwich covenant. They did not settle the question + of place at this meeting. The Yarmouth church book records a + resolution to fix the church at Norwich for the present. They met + again for this purpose, and the brethren at Norwich, out of an + earnest desire to finish the work of incorporating a church, yielded + that the church meetings (i.e. ordinances and meetings for admission + of members) should be for the present at Yarmouth. The church was to + settle with all convenient speed where most liberty and opportunity + appeared, and wherever the increase of the church was greatest; but + none of them were required to remove their habitations at present. + Soon after this agreement, however, the Norwich brethren find these + concessions too inconvenient; they beg that the church may be settled + at Norwich, and that the Yarmouth people would remove to the city. + At length they consent reluctantly to part company, and a separate + church is formed at Norwich. But the materials for the society + already existed, and owing to these facts, the early date of 1642 + appears to me to belong as much to us as to our sister society at + Yarmouth.” + +The records of the congregational church at Beccles contain information +of much historic value to all the congregational churches in Norwich, +Norfolk, and Suffolk, and from those records the following particulars +are derived. On June 10th, 1644, the Church at Norwich in the Old +Meeting House was regularly formed. Mr. Oxenbridge, assistant pastor at +Yarmouth, and several of the Yarmouth brethren were present, when the +covenant was adopted and signed afresh. On July 26th, 1647, Mr. Timothy +Armitage was unanimously chosen pastor. The members were 32 in number. + +After the death of Mr. Armitage, in 1655, Mr. Thomas Allen, M.A., gave up +the station he held of “Preacher to the City” in January, 1656, to become +pastor of the Old Meeting. During his long ministry of 17 years, the +cause continued to flourish, the congregation being large. He died +September 21, 1673. + +On October 9th, 1675, Mr. John Cromwell was ordained pastor, and Mr. +Robert Asty an assistant pastor. Mr. Asty was an ejected minister of +Suffolk, an author, and a useful, devout preacher. Still the church +grew, and was the centre of much good to the city and county, for many +congregations were established in Norfolk and Suffolk, at Wymondham, +North Walsham, Guestwick, Tunstead, Stalham, Edgefield, and other places. + +Then followed, about 1685, Mr. Martin Fynch, who was an ejected clergyman +of Totney, in Lincolnshire. An elaborate inscription yet remains on his +tombstone, to record his worth and usefulness. He was carried to his +grave on the shoulders of his deacons, amidst great lamentations of the +whole church and congregation. About two or three years before his +death, a handsome and spacious brick edifice was erected, which is the +present Old Meeting House. In 1688, the Revolution promoted the cause of +religious liberty. Many distinguished residents in the city now joined +the nonconformists, and the resources of the society were increased by +endowments left for the benefit of the poor, and other purposes. + +Mr. John Stackhouse succeeded Mr. Fynch in 1690, and continued pastor for +17 years. Towards the close of his pastorate, the church began to suffer +from its altered circumstances. It had become far too worldly for its +spiritual welfare. The bonds of unity, so long preserved by Christian +charity, grew weak. The members divided in reference to the choice of a +co-pastor, and the dispute ran so high, that the minister and most of the +congregation were actually driven out of their place of worship, and were +obliged to fit up a meeting house in the ruins of the Black Friars’ +convent. Mr. Stackhouse died without witnessing a reconciliation between +the mutually offended parties. + +Mr. Thomas Scott left the pastorate of the church of Hitchin, in Herts, +and settled in Norwich in 1709. The two parties were reconciled under +his ministry, and he returned to the Old Meeting House about 1717, under +very favorable auspices. His son, Mr. Nichol Scott, became his +assistant, and a most unhappy difference on a point of doctrine once more +kindled the flame of discord. The son was dismissed in 1737, and numbers +of his hearers left with him. For a time he lectured in the French +Church, but finding little encouragement, he became a doctor of physic, +and practised in the city. The father’s mind was so shattered by the +dispute, that he became almost unfit for ministerial work. He died in +1746. + +Mr. Scott was, in his latter years, assisted by Mr. Abraham Tozer, who +now succeeded to the charge at Norwich. Dr. Doddridge assisted at his +ordination, and Mr. Samuel Wood was chosen co-pastor with Mr. Tozer. On +the removal of the latter to Exeter, Mr. Wood, afterwards Dr. Wood, held +the pastoral office for twenty years. The church enjoyed, under his +care, a season of prosperity and peace, and the meeting house was densely +crowded. He died, November 2nd, 1767, much lamented. + +Mr. Samuel Newton, who had been assistant preacher, was ordained pastor +February 16th, 1768, and continued in the office fifty-six years. He +gave the second list of the whole number of members, which had increased +to 108. He had five assistants in succession. Mr. Hull was the last +assistant, and on the death of Mr. Newton, June 29th, 1809, succeeded him +in the pastoral office. The number of members increased to 112 in 1811, +and to 156 in 1820. Mr. Hull officiated fourteen years, and then +resigned in consequence of a disagreement with the deacons. He became a +church clergyman and perpetual curate of St. Gregory’s in this city. + +The Rev. Stephen Morell removed from Exeter and was chosen pastor in June +17th, 1824, and he died in October of the same year. The church next +invited the services of the Rev. J. B. Innes, of Weymouth, in 1825, and +being chosen pastor, he continued in the office twelve years. He died in +April, 1837. He was greatly beloved by his personal friends, and his +character and talents were held in general esteem. + +The vacant office was next filled by the Rev. J. H. Godwin, who was +ordained to it on December 6th, 1837. After fulfilling the pastoral +duties for two years, he became resident tutor of Highbury College. The +Rev. A. Reed was then invited to fill the office, and became pastor over +a church of 190 members. He continued till 1855, and then removed to a +wider sphere of labour. The Rev. John Hallett was invited in the +following year, and is now the esteemed minister of the church. Mr. +Hallett, in a recent contribution to the pages of the _Evangelical +Magazine_ on the history of the Old Meeting House, says:— + + “The Rev. A. Reed, B.A., now of St. Leonard’s, was Mr. Godwin’s + successor till 1855. Under his superintendence, bicentenary + services, commemorating the foundation of the church, were held, + which, judging from published and oral reports, must have been of a + stirring and deeply interesting character. Spacious school-rooms + were erected, and large day-schools established. Many still live in + our midst who gratefully attest the faithfulness and success of Mr. + Reed’s pastorate. + + “In April, 1856, the writer was, he believes, divinely led to occupy + the vacant post. For obvious reasons, the history of the last twelve + years must remain untold. It may, however, be stated that the + present pastor, like his predecessor, has had the privilege of + celebrating a bicentenary. For reasons before assigned, it will + probably be conceded that nowhere was it more proper that a + bicentenary commemoration of the ejectment of 1662 should be held + than in this Old Meeting House, and that a more fitting way of + commemorating it could not be devised than that of enfranchising the + building in which some of them laboured, and the ‘yard’ in which they + sleep. This was accordingly done. The premises, which were + leasehold, and the lease of which was nearly expired, were purchased + and repaired at a large outlay, and then put in trust for the + denomination. ‘Thus, for nearly two centuries, has the Lord + preserved to Himself a worshipping people in this place. Thousands + have found this ancient sanctuary the very ‘House of God,’ and, + literally, ‘the gate of Heaven,’ and are now enjoying the full glory + they anticipated here. And,’ adds my predecessor, with a + thankfulness and faith in which I fully share, ‘still the waters flow + strong and deep, and the banks are green with promise, and through + future ages the brook shall not be dried up, but with purer, wider, + stronger, and more fertilizing current, shall form one of those + millennial streams wherewith the whole earth shall be watered as a + fruitful garden of the Lord.’” + + + +THE BAPTISTS. + + +Mr. Martin Hood Wilkin, in his life of Joseph Kinghorn, gives the +following account of the origin of the Baptist denomination. A General +(Arminian) Baptist Church was formed in Norwich in 1686 by the learned +and zealous Thomas Grantham. They purchased a part of the White Friars’ +Priory in St. James’s, on the site of which they built the Meeting House +now known as the Priory Yard Chapel. From this Church several members +separated at a very early period and formed the Particular (Calvinistic) +Baptist Church, over which Mr. Kinghorn afterwards presided. Of its +history he has left a somewhat elaborate sketch in the notes of the last +sermon he preached in the Meeting House, in St. Mary’s, before it was +taken down in 1811. He says, + + “Of the origin of this Church I find no record. The first date in + our old Church book is 1691. In 1693, we find an account of + admonition given to a brother who had, ‘for several years past,’ + withdrawn himself from the Communion of the Church. * * * I find a + statement of the sentiments of the Church in that time, entitled, + ‘The several articles of our faith, in which with one accord we + agree.’ Of the state of the Church I can say but little. A list of + 55 members follows, which appears to have been the number at that + time. Of their minister I can say still less, except that the second + and third articles in the book are drawn up with that precision which + marks the junction of talent and education, especially at a time when + few had any claim to the advantages of a classical education. One of + these is signed ‘Edward Williams, pastor.’ * * * * At this time our + ancestors met for the worship of God in the ‘Granary,’ in St. + Michael’s Coslany. Their baptisms were performed in the river. At + one period, a friend had premises convenient, and in the memory of + some now alive, they were used for that purpose; but such is the + effect of habit, that the prejudice in favour of a mode so primitive + continued some time after better conveniences were obtained. From + this period nothing of importance is to be discovered till 1745. + Then the premises which stood on this spot were purchased and the + Meeting (house) was erected, which was nearly two-thirds the size of + the present building. When it was finished I do not find, but from a + private record I am informed, that Mr. Lindoe, who for many years was + an honourable and valued deacon, was the first person baptised in + this house, and this was on March 15th, 1746. From this period, for + some time, the Church seems to have worn a flourishing appearance on + the whole. They had a minister, Mr. John Stearne, who was evidently + a superior man. He died in July, 1755. Rev. George Simson, M.A., + from Cambridge, accepted a call from Mr. Stearne’s Church, went to + Norwich, in 1758, continued there two or three years, and then + removed to Warwick, where he had formerly been pastor, and where, + weighed down by age and infirmities, he died suddenly in 1763. After + this period there was an evident decline for some years, though to + what extent I am not able to say. Afterwards there was an appearance + of prosperity. In 1766 I find a list of members again, amounting to + 59, the largest number hitherto met with, but alas! after that + period, there was much to be lamented. There was the evil conduct of + some, and a spirit of division in others, which all tended to + mischief. * * * * But we are now approaching a period within the + remembrance of many of you, in which it will be useless to attempt to + trace the history of events which you know. Suffice it then, to say + that causes already mentioned brought the Church and congregation + down to a very low ebb, when Mr. David, whose name I have heard so + many of you repeat with esteem and affection, first came here. On + his ordination, the list of members that appeared in the Church book, + and which included all the members as they stood at that time, was + only 31; and now events took a turn. The short period of his life + was distinguished by its utility. The Meeting House became too small + for the congregation, and in 1783, it was enlarged to its present + size.” + +Such is Mr. Kinghorn’s account (condensed) of the early Baptist Churches. +After a visit to the North, he returned to Norwich in July, 1789, and +then commenced the long career of his ministry at St. Mary’s Chapel, +though the invitation to the pastoral office was not received till some +months afterwards. He rigidly adhered to what is called “strict +communion” in his Church, admitting only those who had been immersed to +the Lord’s supper; and on this point he maintained a long controversy +with Mr. Robert Hall, of Bristol, who advocated “free communion” with all +believers in a Work published in 1815. The Rev. J. Kinghorn was much +esteemed by his numerous friends, including Mrs. Opie, J. J. Gurney, +Esq., Rev. J. Alexander, Bishop Bathurst, Mr. W. Wilkin, Mr. W. Taylor, +and others, of Norwich, and many more men of learning all over the +country. He took rank among the Nonconformists with Mr. R. Hall of +Bristol, Mr. Foster, the author of _Essays on Decision of Character_, Mr. +Innes, and Mr. James A. Haldane, of Edinburgh. + +The following TRIBUTARY LINES are by MRS. OPIE, on hearing it said that +J. Kinghorn “was fit to die.” + + “Hail! words of truth, that Christian comfort give! + But then the ‘fit to die,’ how fit to live! + To live a bright example to mankind, + ‘Feet to the lame and eyesight to the blind!’ + To lift the lamp, the word of God, on high; + To point to Calvary’s mount the sinner’s eye; + To tread the path the first Apostles trod, + And earn that precious name, ‘a man of God.’ + He lived whom Christian hearts deplore, + And hence the grief—he lives for us no more. + But faith exulting joins the general cry, + He, fit to live, was greatly fit to die!” + +Mr. Kinghorn was succeeded by the Rev. W. Brock, who was the esteemed +pastor for many years, and is now the minister of Bloomsbury Chapel, +London. He was followed by the present minister, the Rev. G. Gould. + + * * * * * + +The Calvinistic Methodists in Norwich seem to have been originated by Mr. +James Wheatley, who came to the city about 1750, and preached at first in +the open-air, on Tombland and the Castle Hill. Great excitement was +produced, and a temporary building was soon erected, and called the +Tabernacle. The site has been changed, but the name is still retained. +The present Tabernacle was built in 1784. + +The Wesleyan Methodists first appeared in Norwich in 1754, when the Revs. +John and Charles Wesley visited the city, and the Rev. J. Wesley preached +here for some time, and on leaving, appointed Mr. T. Oliver in his room. +One of his successors was the Rev. R. Robinson, afterwards at Cambridge, +who also preached for some time at the Tabernacle; and another was Dr. +Adam Clarke, the learned Commentator, who was appointed in 1783, but left +in 1785. Their first chapel was built in 1769, in Cherry Lane. + + + +CHAPTER XIV. +Social State of the City from the Fourteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries. + + +BEFORE we proceed to chronicle the leading local events of the 18th +century, it may not be altogether unprofitable to review briefly the +social state of the city during some 300 or 400 years preceding. In +doing this we may now and then have to advert to matters to which we have +alluded already; but at the risk even of an occasional repetition, it +will be worth while—in order to help our readers to appreciate subsequent +improvements at their proper worth—to consider a little more minutely +than we have yet done, the physical circumstances under which the +citizens have lived in former centuries, and the various influences to +which they have been subject. + +A “Chapter of Horrors” might be written, descriptive of the plagues, +pestilences, famines, floods, and fires, which devastated the city and +county for 300 years. It would seem as if the darkness and gloom of the +physical world corresponded at times with the superstitions and vices of +the people. The dark ages were ages of terrible calamities, and England +was then a terrible country to live in. Plagues and pestilences now and +again desolated the whole land, and Norfolk and Norwich did not escape +the ravages of diseases emphatically named the “Black Death.” +Exaggerated accounts must have been given of the desolations caused by +these various scourges, or else both city and county must have more than +once lost the great part of their inhabitants. + +Blomefield is responsible for very dark pictures indeed; but his +statements, right or wrong, have been endorsed by later compilers of +local history. We are told, by one writer, for instance, that:— + + “In 1348, the plague, which had lately ravaged the greatest part of + the known world, broke out in this city; wherein there died, + according to the most credible accounts, within the space of twelve + months, upwards of 57,000 persons, besides religious and beggars; and + this will not appear very surprising, when we consider that in some + places not one-fifth part of the people were left alive, and that + Norwich was more populous at that time than it has ever been since. + It then contained sixty churches, besides conventual ones, within the + walls; and the large parishes of Heigham and Pockthorpe, and the + large chapel of St. Mary Magdalene without them.” + +Such is the astounding statement in a local history printed by John +Crouse, in 1768. Where he got his “credible accounts” he does not say, +and he moreover gives the statement of the Domesday Book, that in 1086, +the city contained only 1565 burgesses; so that the population must have +increased in 250 years to a most fabulous extent, for 57,000 persons to +have died of the plague in 1348. In 1377, a census was taken of some +large towns, and Norwich was then found to contain 5300 people. But in +truth the number, 57,000, very probably applied to the whole diocese, for +the same local history states:— + + “This severe visitation was not confined to the city alone, but + cruelly extended itself all over the diocese; so that in many + monasteries and religious houses, there were scarce two out of twenty + left alive. From the register book it appears that in the course of + the year there were 863 institutions. The clergy dying so fast, that + they were obliged to induct into livings numbers of youths who had + but just received the tonsure.” + +The register in question was, no doubt, one of the whole diocese. + +In 1361 there happened a great dearth, attended by the plague; this was +called the second pestilence. And on January 15th, in the same year, +there arose so furious a storm of wind from the south west, as to throw +down the tower of the cathedral, which falling on the choir demolished a +great part of it. The storm raged violently for six or seven days, and +was succeeded by a prodigious fall of rain, which occasioned incredible +damage by inundations. Where the inundations occurred is not stated in +the local history, but if in the city the damage must have been great +indeed. + +In 1369, the plague broke out afresh and carried off great numbers of +people very suddenly. Yet in 1371, the citizens were commanded to +furnish the king with a good barge, sufficiently equipped for war to +serve against his enemies, the French and Spaniards. This does not +indicate that the city had been almost depopulated only a few years +before. Indeed, during all this time the citizens had been doing their +best by legal contests to hinder Yarmouth being made a staple town, +though they did not succeed. + +About 1390 a great mortality broke out in the city, occasioned by the +people eating unwholesome food; and this not so much from a scarcity of +corn as of money to purchase it. The plague raged greatly in Norfolk and +in many other counties, and was nearly equal in severity to the first +great pestilence. So states the local narrative which we have just +quoted; and yet, according to the census of 1377, as already stated, the +population was only 5300! What reliance then can be placed on such +accounts? The calamities recorded were, no doubt, sufficiently awful +without the aid of exaggeration. + +In 1578, the plague again broke out, and continued to rage nearly two +years; destroying 2335 natives and 2482 strangers. During the infection, +it was ordered that every person coming from an infected house, should +carry in his hand a small wand two feet in length; and that no such +person should appear at any court or public place, or be present at any +sermon; and that the inscription, “Lord have mercy on us,” should be +placed over the door of every infected house, and there remain until the +house had been clear of the infection for one month at least. + +In 1583, the plague broke out once more, and 800 or 900 persons died of +it, chiefly “strangers;” and in 1588, the same disease again raged in the +city, but not very violently. Notwithstanding all these awful +visitations, no proper sanitary measures appear to have been adopted. + +In 1593, there happened so great a drought, that many cattle perished for +want of water; but it is stated that in the year following it scarcely +ceased raining, day or night, from June 21st to the end of July. + +In 1602, the plague again raged with almost unprecedented fury, there +dying thereof 30,578 in London, and 3076 in Norwich. This visitation, +moreover, was attended with so great a scarcity, that wheat sold for ten, +rye for six, and barley for five shillings a bushel—a very high price in +those days; and the poor in the city must then have been in a dreadful +state of destitution. Again, in the summer of 1609, the city was visited +by its former scourge, though but few died of it. The mayor received a +letter from the privy council to keep up the ancient strictness and +severity of lent, as if the poor had not fasted long enough! + +In 1625, we find that something like sanitary measures were begun. On +July 12th of that year, the mayor received a commission authorising the +body corporate to levy a tax on all the inhabitants, to be applied +towards scouring the ditches, and the removal of all nuisances in and +about the city, the better to prevent the spreading of the plague which +had lately broken out in Yarmouth, having been occasioned by the arrival +there of some infected persons. These precautions not having the desired +effect, the Black Tower, then on Butter Hills, was fitted up for the +reception of the afflicted poor. In September, about 40 died in a week, +and the plague raged till May, 1626, when it began to abate. As many as +1431 persons died while the disease continued. + +In 1646, the plague again made its appearance in Norwich, but its effects +were not very fatal. In 1665, however, it broke out once more, and made +dreadful ravages; carrying off 2251 persons. During its continuance, at +the instance of the County Magistrates, the Market was held in the Town +Close, and the City was not quite cleared of the disease till the end of +1667. The Bishop then ordered September 19th to be observed as a day of +general thanksgiving to God for His great mercy in putting a stop to the +pestilence. All quite right and proper, but had there been more +cleansing as well as praying, the city might not have suffered so +severely. The Corporation had utterly and entirely ignored its chief +duty in regard to all sanitary rules and regulations. There was scarcely +an apology for a system of drainage, and never a sufficient supply of +water. The poor people were cooped up in narrow yards, courts, and +streets, and, on account of high prices, could seldom obtain wholesome +food. They had a terrible revenge in these direful plagues, which +destroyed the rich in their fine houses, as well as the poor in their +hovels. + +Some idea of the social state of the city during this period may be +formed from a few gleanings from the City Records, from which it will +appear, that from the 14th till the 18th century, though the authorities +neglected to improve the sanitary condition of the city, they took great +care to protect the people from frauds of brewers, traders, and +manufacturers, who were at least strongly suspected of being addicted to +dishonest practices. Mr. R. Fitch, of this city, has published some +interesting notices of “Brewers’ Marks and Trade Regulations.” These are +of great historical interest, and we therefore make no apology to our +readers for reproducing the following extracts:— + + “Scarcely a trade was exempt from these regulations, some of which + were attended with espionage so peculiar and strict as to lead us to + wonder why public opinion, although in those days admittedly weak, + was not so far aroused as, by its own voice, to free the community + from some of the petty, if not the heavier restrictions. + + “Brewers, we discover, had especial symbols of their own, which they + registered when licensed to follow their occupations, and it was also + found that these marks were borne by successive followers of the same + trade, until the business of succeeding firms became extinguished by + the death or retirement of the last of a long line of brewers, and + then only did the particular symbol fall into disuse. + + “From the year 1606 to 1725, no less than fifty separate marks have + been found in the City of Norwich, some of them being borne as + symbolical of a particular brew-house, by eight or nine persons, who + followed each other in one and the same occupation. These marks were + noted in a variety of documents, belonging to the Corporation, one + preserved in their muniment room. They appeared, for instance, in a + ‘Brewer’s book,’ or the book of the ‘Clarke of the Market,’ and in + books recording the proceeding of city courts and assemblies. The + following extracts taken from the ‘Brewers’ Book’ relate to the + government of all brewers’ houses and tippling houses, fully bearing + out the opinion previously expressed as regards the strictness of the + laws by which such places were regulated. + + “‘The enquirie for Brewers to ye Booke of ye Clarke of ye Market, and + is taken out of his booke:— + + “‘Items, to be enquired of Ale brewers; whether they brewe their ale + of anie maner of fustie, dustie, or wealved maulte, mixed or mingled + with any hoppes, roson, chalke, or any other noisome or unwholesome + corn or liquor. + + “‘And yt they make noe rawe ale or long roping ale, keeping their Ale + fixed, yt is to say, twelve pence highning and twelve pence lowning + in a quarter of maulte. For when ye mace buy a quart of maulte for + two shillings, then ye may sell a gallon of ye best ale for an halfe + penny; three shillings, three farthings; foure shillings, foure + farthings; five shillings, five farthings; six shillings, six + farthings; seven shillings, seven farthings; eight shillings, eight + farthings; nine shillings, nine farthings; and so forth and no + further. + + “‘And to sell a quarte of the best ale for a halfe penny, with + measures true sized, and sealed according to the King’s standard, and + doing the contrarie to be punished. + + “Thus it appears that brewing was a very ancient business in this + city in the 16th century, and the best ale was sold for a half penny + per quart before the iniquitous malt-tax was imposed. + + “The following are extracts from the statutes, &c. + + “‘Statute 23, Henry 8. That no Brewer shall hence forth occupie ye + misterie or craft of coupers, no make any barrells, &c., wherein they + shall put their beer or ale. Penalty 3d. 4d. for every vessell. + + “‘Every vessell to be made of seasonable wood, and marked with ye + coupers’ mark, ye contents of every vessell for Beer, as above said + or more. + + “‘Coupers not to inhance ye prices of vessells, but keepe this rate, + on forfeit of 3d. 4d. for every vessell, defective or enhanced, viz. + Barrell for beer, ixd.; Kynderkyn, vd.; Ferkyn, iijd.; Ale Barrell, + xvjd.; Kynderkyn, ixd.; Ferkyn, vd. Brewers not to put Beer or Ale + to sale but in Barrells, &c., conteyning as above said. And to sell + at such prices as affixed by ye Justices of ye Peace of ye County, or + Maior, Sheriff, or other head officers of City, Borough, and Town + Corporate, under forfeiture as above, under Beere brewers out of + Clarke of Markets book, half to ye king, and half to him who will + sue.’” + + “No doubt other traders, as well as brewers and keepers of tippling + houses, were regulated by corresponding laws. Indeed this appears + from the records and orders in the books of the corporate assembly. + In the 8th year of Edward IV., the mayor issued an order in the name + of the king, that brewers were not to sell yeast, but to give it away + to whoever wanted it, as it had been freely given away time out of + mind. By the 4th and 5th of Philip and Mary, it was enacted that:—” + + “No bere bruer to brewe nor sell to any typpler, or other person, any + bere called doble doble bere, but only two sorts of bere, viz., best + bere and small bere, upon forfeit of ye beer and cask.” + + “According to the Brewers’ Assembly book, 30th July, 1657, the + brewers agreed, by reason of 2/6 excise per barrel, that they would + not sell any strong beer to any ale-house keeper, under 12/- per + barrel of beer, and excise. It was also agreed in August, 1657, that + ale-house keepers might sell one wine quart of strong beer for a + penny. There were three sorts of beer of different prices, viz., + 4/-, 6/-, and 10/- per barrel, beside excise. The brewers of beer + petitioned strongly against the tax of 2/6 per barrel, as a great + hardship and injustice. The names of 40 brewers are recorded in this + city, from 1600 to 1725.” + + “Brewers’ marks are entered as early as 1606, and as late as 1725. + The mark, No. 1, John Boyce, was first borne by Henry Woodes, in + 1606, and after him by five successive brewers, ending with this John + Boyce, in 1725. As yet, the regulations relating to trade marks + generally are very imperfectly known, leaving a wide field of + research to those who desire further information. The same marks + passed from one brewer to his successors, and they were held in all + their integrity, till within a century and a half of our own time. + It would be an important contribution to local history, if all the + rules relating to trade could be collected and elucidated.” + + + +CHAPTER XV. +Norwich in the Eighteenth Century. + + +THE Reformation had now become an established fact in the Churches of +England and Scotland; the glorious Revolution of 1688 had been +accomplished; the civil wars were over, and the country enjoyed a long +period of repose. Local events had, it is true, become of less +importance, because less connected with general history; but the +narrative will not be the less interesting to local readers. Walls and +gates still surrounded the old city, and confined it within narrow +limits. All the principal streets within the walls were now built. The +population had increased to 28,000, the working classes being chiefly +employed in textile manufactures, which were in great demand all over +Europe. The operatives were well employed and well paid during the +greater part of this century. It was, in short, a flourishing period in +the history of Norwich, as regards its manufactures and its trade. + +Queen Anne was proclaimed here on March 12th, 1701, and was crowned on +April 3rd, 1702, with extraordinary exhibitions of joy. In this year, +too, the art of printing, which had been for some time discontinued here, +was revived, and Francis Burgess soon afterwards opened a printing office +near the Red Well. In 1701, the first newspaper, called the Norwich +Gazette, was published by Henry Cosgrove, he being assisted in the +undertaking by the celebrated Edward Cave, the original planner and +founder of the _Gentleman’s Magazine_, which was first published in 1731. +The Gazette was subsequently enlarged, and called the _Norfolk Chronicle +and Norwich Gazette_, published by Messrs. Stevenson and Matchett. The +former gentleman was a learned antiquarian, and published “The +Antiquities of Ely.” + +In 1705, the Weavers’ Hall was broken open, and the books were destroyed, +since which time the custom of sealing stuffs has been disused. What was +the cause of the tumult does not appear. + +In 1706, a great part of the city was laid under water by two violent +floods, both of which happened in the month of November. + +In 1711, the first act was passed for erecting workhouses, &c., in this +city; by which it was provided— + + “That from and after the first day of May, 1712, there shall be a + corporation to continue for ever, within the said city of Norwich and + county of the same, and liberties thereof, consisting of mayor, + recorder, and steward, justices of the peace, sheriffs, and aldermen + of the said city for the time being, and of thirty-two other persons + of the most honest, discreet, and charitable inhabitants of the said + city and county, in the four great wards of the said city, and the + towns, and out parishes in the county of the said city, in such + manner as is hereinafter expressed, and the said thirty-two persons + shall be elected on the third day of May next ensuing, or within + three days after, at an assembly of the said city, for that purpose + to be held, by the votes of the mayor, sheriffs, citizens, and + commonalty, in common council assembled, or of the major part of them + present.” + +Then follow the provisions of the act by which all the parishes in the +city were incorporated for the relief of the poor. The Court of +Guardians was constituted, and empowered to assess to the poor rates all +lands, houses, tenements, tithes, stock, and personal estates. The +assessment of stock and personal estate, as may be easily imagined, +caused great dissatisfaction amongst the rate-payers possessed of +property, and was abolished in 1827, when a new act was obtained which +considerably altered the constitution of the court. This act was further +amended by another passed in 1831, and that was superseded in 1863, by +the act at this time in force. + +In 1712, the steeple of the new Hall, now St. Andrew’s Hall, fell down +and was never rebuilt. + +In 1713, the Duke of Ormond was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Norfolk and +Norwich, in the room of Lord Townshend. + +George I. was proclaimed here on the 3rd of August, 1714, two days after +Queen Anne died. + +In 1714 a Bethel was built for the reception of poor lunatics by Mrs. +Mary Chapman—one of the first charitable foundations in this country for +those unhappy persons. In 1717 she endowed the same by her will, in +which is the following pious clause:— + + “Whereas it has pleased Almighty God to visit and afflict some of my + nearest relations with lunacy, but has blessed me with the use of my + reason and understanding; as a monument of my thankfulnesss for this + invaluable mercy, I settle Bethel, &c., for this purpose.” + +She was the widow of the Rev. Mr. Chapman, minister of St. Lawrence. + +In 1715, in consequence of the rebellion in the north, an artillery +company of 100 men was first raised in Norwich. William Hall, Esq., was +their captain. + +On January 8th of the same year, Sir Peter Seaman, an Alderman, died and +left provision for binding out two poor city boys yearly. On December +17th of the same year, Thomas Hall, Esq., merchant, died. He founded a +monthly sacramental lecture; bequeathed several legacies to charities, +and left £100 for a gold chain to be worn by the Mayor of Norwich, and +which is the same as is now worn by the deputy mayor. It weighs 23 ozs. +6 dwts. Mr. Hall was interred with great funeral pomp at St. George’s +Colegate. His portrait was presented by John and Edward Taylor, Esqs., +to the corporation, and was placed in the common council chamber, May, +1821. + +An act was passed in 1722 for the better qualifying of the manufacturers +of stuffs and yarns to act as magistrates, and for regulating the +elections of such officers. + +About this time another act was passed for clearing, deepening, +extending, maintaining, and improving the haven and piers of Great +Yarmouth, and for deepening the rivers flowing into the harbour; and also +for preserving ships wintering in the haven from accidents by fire. For +these purposes certain duties were to be paid for 21 years after Lady +day, 1723, on all goods unladen in the haven of Yarmouth, or in the sea +called Yarmouth roads. This act was very important to the navigation +between Yarmouth and Norwich. + +In 1724 the Sheriff’s Office was rebuilt, and the statue of Justice +placed on the Guildhall. Alderman Norman died the same year, and left an +estate in Norwich for charitable purposes. + +About this time the society of “Free and Accepted Masons” appeared +publicly in this city. Mr. Prideaux, son of the Rev. Dr. Prideaux, Dean +of Norwich, author of “The Connection between the Old and New +Testaments,” was the first Master here. Their lodge was at the Maid’s +Head Inn. B. Bond Cabbell, Esq., has within the last few years bought +the old Assembly Rooms in Theatre Street for the Order. + +On September 28th, 1725, a petition was presented to the mayor and +corporation, signed by the principal traders in Norwich, requesting the +use of the New Hall in St. Andrew’s for an Exchange, which was +immediately granted. On October 4th of the same year, the court, +attended by nearly 200 gentlemen and principal tradesmen, came to the New +Hall in St. Andrew’s, which was then opened and solemnly proclaimed to be +an exchange, on which occasion the Recorder (Stephen Gardiner, Esq.) +delivered the following address:— + + “Gentlemen,—This place is now opened with an intent to promote + traffic and commerce. Here, formerly, God was worshipped, though in + a corrupt manner; and may the consideration of the sacred use this + building has been put to so far influence all that shall resort + hither, that nothing in the course of business may be here transacted + but with great justice and honesty. I wish success to this + undertaking, and the prosperity of the city in every respect.” + +The hall continued open as an exchange only one year, and it was open +every day in the week except Saturdays and Sundays, which proves that a +considerable mercantile trade must have been carried on in the city at +that time. Soon afterwards was begun the impolitic system of local +taxation in trade, which has almost ruined Lynn and Yarmouth, and which +greatly retarded the prosperity of Norwich. In 1725 the corporation +obtained an act, which came into operation on May 1st, 1726, for levying +tolls upon all goods or merchandise brought up the river higher than +Thorpe Hall. The dues were to be applied towards rebuilding the walls +and bridges, &c., but this was done to a very small extent. + +On February 24th, 1726, in consequence of the proceedings of the +Pretender, Charles Stuart, who endeavoured to secure the crown of +England, a loyal address of the corporation was presented to King George +I. by the city members. That monarch died at the palace of the Bishop of +Osnaburgh, on his way to Hanover, on June 11th, 1727. + +George II. and his Queen Caroline were crowned on October 11th, 1727, and +there was a grand illumination and bonfire here in honour of the event. + +In 1729 an act was passed for the better regulating the city elections, +and for preserving the peace, good order, and government of the city; and +at an assembly on the Guild eve, the mayor and aldermen of Norwich first +sat in the council chamber, and the common council in their own room; for +by that act a majority of each body was required to a corporate order, +whilst, before it passed, the two bodies sat, debated, and voted +together. In 1730, under this act, three nominees for each of the four +great wards were first elected, who returned the remaining number of +common councilmen, sixty in the whole. + +In 1730, the _Norwich Mercury_ was first issued by William Chase. It was +afterwards published for many years by the late Mr. Richard Mackenzie +Bacon and Mr. Kinnebrook. Mr. R. M. Bacon was the editor, and one of the +most talented men who ever appeared in this city as a political writer +and critic. He was the author of “The Elements of Vocal Science,” and +other works. + +At the quarterly assembly held in 1730, on St. Matthias’ day, 161 freemen +were admitted and sworn, and afterwards it was reported by the committee, +appointed for that purpose, that they had treated with St. George’s +Company, who had agreed to resign their books, charters, and records, +into the hands of the corporation, which was done accordingly, and the +power of the company ceased. In consequence of this, the form of a +procession was arranged for the Guild day instead of that formerly +exhibited, by the St. George’s Company. It was further ordered that, for +the future, every mayor shall be excused making a Guild breakfast, or +holding any mayor’s feasts in May or August, as heretofore, and that, in +lieu thereof, the new mayor shall make a feast, on the day on which he is +sworn, at the New Hall, and there entertain the recorder, steward, +sheriffs, justices, aldermen, and their ladles, and the common +councilmen; and every mayor who makes such a feast shall be entitled to +the sum of £100, to be paid by the chamberlain immediately after the said +feast. + +In 1732, Sherers’ Cross, commonly called Charing Cross, a neat ancient +stone pillar, was taken down. The cross was so called from the sheermen +or cloth cutters, who principally dwelt in this part of the city. The +corner house, in the reign of Edward II., belonged to Christopher +Shere-hill, or at Sherers’ hill. In the same year the old Market Cross +was demolished, being sadly out of repair. + +In 1733, July 11th, the Rt. Hon. Sir Robert Walpole, of Houghton in +Norfolk, was, in person, sworn a freeman of the corporation, and +presented by the mayor with a copy of his freedom in a gold box. + +In 1734, Sir Robert Walpole presented the city with a gilt mace, +beautifully enchased, weighing 168 ounces. On the cup part are the arms +of Sir Robert and of the city. A new damask gown was also bought by the +corporation, to be worn by the Speaker on all public occasions. + +On October 30th, 1739, being the king’s birthday, war was proclaimed here +against Spain. The mayor and aldermen attended on horseback in their +scarlet gowns, with the two sheriffs, who appeared for the first time in +the gold chains given by Thomas Emerson, Esq., of London, a native of +this city, to be worn by the sheriffs of Norwich for the time being. A +portrait of him was placed in St. Andrew’s Hall at the expense of the +corporation, and the honorary freedom of the city was afterwards +presented to him. + +In 1740, the cathedral was cleaned and repaired. It was again repaired +and beautified in 1763, in Bishop Younge’s time; and in 1777 and 1780, +two painted windows, representing the Transfiguration and the twelve +Apostles (finely executed by the Lady of the late Dean Lloyd), were +placed in the east end of the choir. Subsequently, these windows were +removed to another part of the cathedral. + +In 1741, April 4th, it was ordered by the corporation of Norwich, that no +stranger should exercise any trade in the city more than six months +without taking up his freedom. + +In 1744, May 3rd, war was proclaimed here against France, by the mayor +and corporation, on horseback. + +In September, 1745, the magistrates and principal inhabitants associated +in support of the government and in defence of the liberties of the land, +in consequence of the rebellion in Scotland. An artillery company, of +about 100 men, was raised in Norwich, and Lord Hobart appointed +commander. + +In 1746, October 9th, there was a general thanksgiving on the suppression +of the Rebellion in Scotland. A magnificent arch was erected in Norwich +Market Place, which, with the whole city, was illuminated. + +In 1747, an act was passed for holding the county summer assizes and +sessions in the city, till a new Shirehall could be built. + +On February 7th, 1748, peace with France and Spain was proclaimed here, +the mayor and corporation attending on horseback, preceded by a party of +dragoons and the artillery company. + +On October 22nd, 1751, a fire broke out, which destroyed the bridewell +and several adjoining houses. That extraordinary man, “Peter, the Wild +Youth,” was confined there at the time. When a child, he was lost in a +wood in Germany, and was found, at the age of 12, naked and wild. This +bridewell house was built about the year 1370, by Bartholomew Appleyard, +whose son William was, in 1403, the first Mayor of Norwich. There are +some fine arched vaults under the premises, and the wall next St. +Andrew’s church, built with flint, is well worthy the observation of the +curious. + +An act was passed this year (1751) to open the Port of Yarmouth for the +importation of wool and woollen yarn from Ireland, which was very +beneficial to the city. + +The number of houses and inhabitants, in the city precincts and hamlets, +in 1752, was as follows:—7139 houses, 36,169 souls, being an increase of +7288 inhabitants since 1693, when the population was only 28,881. + +In 1755, a table was drawn up settling the habits to be worn by the mayor +and corporation at public meetings. + +A slight shock of an earthquake was felt here on January 10th, 1756. On +May 3rd of the same year, the freedom of the city was voted to the Right +Hon. Wm. Pitt, and Henry B. Legge (the former being late secretary of +state, and the latter, chancellor of the exchequer), for their conduct +during their honourable but short administration. The freedom of the +city, and thanks of the corporation, were also voted to Matthew Goss, +Esq., for his present of the gold chain which has ever since been worn by +the mayors. A public subscription was made for the poor, in consequence +of the high price of wheat, and scarcity of work, and 12,000 persons in +Norwich were supplied with household bread at half-price for some time. + +On July 12th, 1756, the Earl of Orford put the act for the better +regulating the Militia in execution. This act fixed the number of men to +be raised for Norfolk and Norwich at 960, of which the city furnished +151. + +On June 21st, 1759, there was a most violent storm here, some of the +hailstones being two inches long, and weighing three-quarters of an +ounce. On July 4th and 5th, the Norfolk Militia, commanded by Lord +Orford, marched from Norwich to Portsmouth, and passed in review before +His Majesty George II., at Kensington. + +In digging under the rampart of the Castle Hill in 1760, two very curious +bones were discovered, supposed by some to be amulets, which the Druids +wore at their sacrifices. + +In 1760, King George II. died at Kensington, on October 25th, and his +grandson, George III. was proclaimed king, in Norwich, on the 29th, by +the mayor and corporation, preceded by the four Norwich companies of +militia, with flags, banners, and music. On September 22nd, 1761, the +coronation of their Majesties was celebrated with great splendour in +Norfolk, and in Norwich there was a general illumination, and a grand +display of fireworks from a triumphal arch erected in the Market Place. + +On October 27th, 1762, there was a sudden flood in the city, which laid +near 300 houses and 8 parish churches under water. It rose 12 feet +perpendicular in 24 hours, being 15 inches higher than St. Faith’s flood +in 1696. + +In 1763, January 3rd, John Spurrell, Esq., died, leaving £1355 to the +corporation, the interest to be applied for the benefit of the poor in +the Great Hospital, and for other charitable purposes. The Earl of +Buckinghamshire, alderman Thomas Harvey, and Mr. Robert Page, gave £100 +each to Doughty’s Hospital. + +In the same year _Sir Armine Wodehouse_, _Bart._, gave a valuable volume +to the corporation containing some old statutes, in which the +prescriptive right of the corporation to its present legal name is +supported. It had been the property of the Wodehouse family for 200 +years. A vote of thanks was passed to Sir Armine Wodehouse for his +present. He was a member of parliament for Norfolk from 1736 to 1768 (32 +years), and died in 1777. His death was occasioned by a herring-bone +sticking in his throat. + +On January 7th, 1769, the church belonging to the Dutch congregation was +opened for the poor of the workhouses. The poor continued to attend till +the New Workhouse was built in Heigham, after which they attended divine +service in the chapel there. + +On November 19th, 1770, there was a great flood in Norwich, four inches +higher than that of 1762. The sufferers were relieved, by a +subscription, with money, coals, and bread. On December 19th, of the +same year, there was a violent storm of wind and rain, such as had not +been remembered since 1741. Happisburgh, Postwick, and Strumpshaw +windmills were blown down, and much damage was done in the city and +county; many ships with their crews were lost on the Norfolk coast. In +the same year the following turnpike roads were made and opened, from St. +Stephen’s Gates to Trowse, from St. Stephen’s Gates to Watton, from St. +Benedict’s Gates to Swaffham, from Bishop Bridge to Caister near +Yarmouth, and from Norwich to Dereham, Swaffham, and Mattishall. + +On March 1st, 1771, the names of the streets and highways in the city +were ordered to be fixed up for the first time; but this order appears to +have been very imperfectly carried out. In the same year the foundation +stone of the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital was laid by Wm. Fellowes, Esq., +who was a great promoter of that benevolent institution. It was erected +by a public subscription in the city and county; and it was opened on +July 11th, 1772, for out-patients; and on November 7th, in that year, for +in-patients. It has been of great benefit to the poor, who have always +been attended by the principal physicians and surgeons in the city. + +In 1774, St. Andrew’s Hall underwent a complete alteration. The old +gateway and wall next Bridge Street were taken down, part of the green +yard was taken in, and the old city library room was rebuilt over the +gateway, thus defacing all that part of the hall. At the last +restoration the old city library room was pulled down, and a new porch +was erected, with many other improvements. + +In 1779, the new year was ushered in with a most terrible storm of wind +and rain, accompanied with thunder and lightning. The lead on St. +Andrew’s Church was rolled up, and great damage was done in several parts +of the city. In October of this year, the navigation from Coltishall to +Aylsham was completed for boats of thirteen tons burthen, at a cost of +£6000. About this time smuggling was carried to a great height, even in +broad day. + +On January 20th, 1780, at a numerous meeting of citizens and county +gentlemen, a petition was agreed to and signed, praying the house of +commons to guard against all unnecessary expenditure, to abolish sinecure +places and pensions, and to resist the increasing influence of the crown. +A strong protest was afterwards signed against the proceedings of this +meeting. Mr. Coke presented the petition. Armed associations were +formed against the government at Yarmouth, Lynn, Holt, and other places. + +On March 24th, 1783, manufactures of textile fabrics in the city being +very prosperous, the pageant of the Golden Fleece, or what is called +Bishop Blaize, was exhibited by the wool combers, in a style far +surpassing all former processions of the kind in Norwich. The procession +began to move at 10 a.m. from St. Martin’s at Oak, and thence passed +through the principal streets of the city. On December 3rd, of the same +year, the Black Friars’ Bridge was opened. + +In January, 1784, the Amicable Society of Attorneys, in Norwich, was +instituted. On May 1st, at an assembly of the corporation, the freedom +of the city was voted to be presented to Mr. S. Harvey, Mr. Windham, and +Mr. Pitt. On December 13th, the Norwich Public Library was first opened +and located in the old library room, formerly over the entrance to St. +Andrew’s Hall. + +On March 25th, 1785, mail coaches, between Norwich and London, were +established, performing a journey of 108 miles in fifteen hours, by which +alteration in the post, letters arrived from London a day sooner. This +was considered a great improvement. Subsequently, half a dozen stage +coaches ran between Norwich and London daily. In July, after various +ascents by several persons, Major (afterwards General) Money, at 4.25 +p.m., ascended with a balloon from Quantrell’s gardens, and at 6 p.m. the +car touched the surface of the sea. During five hours the major remained +in this perilous situation, and at 11.30 p.m. was taken up by the Argus +revenue cutter, eighteen miles off Southwold, bearing west by north, and +he landed at Lowestoft on the following morning. On October 18th, of the +same year, the “Friars’ Society for the Participation of Useful +Knowledge” was instituted. This society first suggested the scheme of +the association for the relief of decayed tradesmen, their widows, and +orphans. With them also originated the Soup Charity in this city, and it +was long supported and conducted by them, but of late years it has been a +separate charity. + +On April 26th, 1786, the Norwich and Norfolk Benevolent Medical Society +was instituted. In May, an exact account of the inhabitants of Norwich +was taken from house to house, and the population was ascertained to be +40,051 souls, exclusive of those living in the precincts of the +Cathedral, being an increase of nearly 4000 since 1752. This entirely +contradicts the statement of Mr. Arthur Young, in his Tour of England, +published in 1770, to the effect that 72,000 persons were then employed +in manufactures in this city. + +On November 5th, 1788, the centenary of the glorious Revolution of 1688 +was celebrated in this city and county by illuminations, bonfires, public +dinners, &c., but more particularly at Holkham, where Mr. Coke, the late +Earl of Leicester, gave a grand fête, ball, and supper, and a display of +fireworks, &c. The citizens appear to have been more sensible then than +they are now of the immense benefits they derived from that great change +in the British constitution and government. + +Next year (1789) a revolution broke out in France and astounded all +Europe. It caused a mighty commotion and a general war, which lasted +many years, and destroyed millions of men. Norwich, like every other +city in England, was affected by it, and lost nearly all its foreign +trade during the terrible conflict. On July 14th, the Revolution was +commemorated by republicans at the Maid’s Head Inn, in this city. Among +the toasts of the day after a dinner were “The Revolutionary Societies in +England,” “The Rights of Man,” and “The Philosophers of France.” The +Revolution, however, had not advanced very far in its atrocities when +most people regarded it in a very different light, and associations were +formed here against “Levellers” and “Revolutionists.” + +On December 5th, 1792, the mayor, sheriffs, and seventeen aldermen of +Norwich, pledged themselves to support the constitution of Kings, Lords, +and Commons, as established in 1688. Meetings of the inhabitants were +also held in this city, and in Yarmouth, Lynn, &c., and declarations of +loyalty and attachment to the constitution were unanimously agreed to and +signed; for men had begun to be alarmed by the “Reign of Terror” in +France. + +In 1793 a petition for parliamentary reform, signed by 3741 inhabitants +of Norwich, was presented to the House of Commons by the Hon. H. Hobart, +but was not received, it having been printed previous to presentation. +This indicated a great advance in liberal opinions towards the end of the +last century, chiefly amongst the Nonconformists, who had greatly +increased in numbers, whilst the church was asleep. The vast expenditure +in the long war against France caused a great increase in taxation. + +On April 12th, 1794, a great county meeting was held at the Shirehall, to +consider the exertions which should be made at that crisis for the +internal defence and security of the kingdom. The High Sheriff, T. R. +Dashwood, Esq., presided. The Honble. C. Townshend moved resolutions, +supported by the Marquis Townshend, Lord Walsingham, Mr. Buxton, Mr. +Windham, and Mr. Joddrell, for forming volunteer corps of cavalry, and +for entering into subscriptions to maintain the same. Mr. Coke condemned +the war _in toto_, and insisted that it might have been avoided, or at +the least brought to a conclusion, by a negociation for peace, and he +moved as an amendment: + + “That it is our duty to refuse any private subscriptions for public + purposes and unconstitutional benevolences.” + +So much altercation and confusion ensued, that when the High Sheriff put +the question, it was impossible to tell which party had the majority; and +a division being deemed impracticable, the chairman proposed that such +gentlemen as chose to subscribe would retire with him to the Grand Jury +Room, which was agreed to. Nearly £6,000 was subscribed, and the amount +was afterwards increased to £11,000! + +On October 21st, 1795, a memorial was transmitted from the court of +mayoralty of Norwich to the representatives of the city on the high +prices of every necessary of life, requesting them to support such +measures as might have a tendency to reduce them, and to facilitate the +restoration of peace. Prices of corn and provisions had risen to an +alarming height; wheat to 100s., barley to 30s., and oats to 30s. per +quarter, and symptoms of rioting had in consequence appeared in Norwich +market. + +At a county meeting held on July 20th, 1796, in the Angel Inn (now the +Royal Hotel) it was resolved to petition parliament for the removal of +the Lent assizes from Thetford to Norwich, and a petition was presented +accordingly. The bill brought for this object into the House of Commons +was strongly opposed, and finally rejected; but afterwards the assizes +were removed to the city, and have been held there ever since. This year +the sum of £24,000 was collected for the maintenance of the poor in +Norwich, while the population was under 40,000, or half the present +number. + +In 1797, February 14th, the Norwich Light Horse Volunteers were +organized, of which John Harvey, Esq., was afterwards appointed captain +and major. On February 22nd, the Norwich Loyal Military Association was +formed, of which John Patteson, Esq., was appointed captain, and +afterwards major; and R. J. Browne, C. Harvey, and A. Sieley, Esqs., were +appointed captains. Military matters then occupied a great deal of the +attention of the citizens. + +On March 4th, intelligence was received here of the defeat of the Spanish +fleet by Admiral Jervis, and served in some measure to dissipate the +general gloom which at this time pervaded the public mind. + +On April 25th, a great county meeting was held in the open air on the +Castle Hill, and a petition was almost unanimously adopted, praying His +Majesty to dismiss his ministers, as the most effectual means of reviving +the national credit and restoring peace. This was moved by Mr. Fellowes, +seconded by Mr. Rolfe, supported by Lord Albemarle, Mr. Coke, Mr. Mingay, +Mr. Plumptre, Mr. Trafford, and others. On April 28th a counter county +meeting was held, and an address to the king was adopted, expressing +confidence in the ministry of the day. + +On May 16th the citizens followed suit. At a numerously attended common +hall a petition to His Majesty, praying him to dismiss his +administration, was carried unanimously, with the exception of one +spirited Tory, who had nearly fallen a victim to popular vengeance on the +spot. A counter address of the citizens was afterwards signed and +presented to the King, who must have been a good deal bothered at the +time by such evidences of the violent agitation of his subjects. + +On May 26th, attempts were made here to seduce the military from their +allegiance; and on the following day the republican orator, Thelwall, +arrived in this city, which caused a great commotion. On the 29th, a +party of the Inniskilling Dragoons proceeded to his lecture room, +opposite Gurney’s bank, drove out the persons assembled, destroyed the +tribune and benches, and then attacked the Shakespear Tavern adjoining, +in which a disturbance had taken place. After destroying the furniture +and partly demolishing the house, and also breaking the windows and +destroying the furniture of the Rose Tavern, in which they supposed the +lecturer had concealed himself, the dragoons, on the appearance of their +officers and the magistrates, retired to their barracks. Thelwall, in +this affray, fortunately for him, escaped and fled to London. Davey, the +landlord of the Shakespear Tavern, on being pursued by the soldiers, +threw himself from the garret into the street, and was much injured. At +the subsequent assizes, Luke Rice, a tailor of this city, was indicted +capitally for aiding and abetting the soldiers in this outrage; but as +the offence charged in the indictment did not come within the meaning of +the statute, he was acquitted. He had, however, a very narrow escape. +On June 1st of the same year, (1797) a mutiny broke out on board the +fleet at Yarmouth, and several sail of the line hoisted the red flag of +defiance. + +In January, 1798, the sword of the Spanish Admiral Don Francisco +Winthuysen, presented by Admiral Nelson to the corporation of Norwich, +was placed in the Council Chamber of the Guildhall, with an appropriate +device and inscription. + +On February 28th, at a general meeting of the inhabitants of this city, +more than £2,200 were immediately subscribed as voluntary contributions +towards the defence of the kingdom. In a few weeks afterwards, the whole +subscription amounted to more than £8000, a proof of the loyalty as well +as liberality of the well-to-do citizens. In May, the following Loyal +Volunteer Corps were formed for the purpose of preserving internal +tranquillity, and supporting the police of this city, viz., the Mancroft +Volunteers, Capt. John Browne; St. Stephen’s Volunteers, Capt. Hardy; St. +Peter per Mountergate, &c., Capt. Herring; St. Saviour’s and St. +Clement’s, Capt. Fiske; St. Andrew’s, Capt. T. A. Murray. + +On June 19th, the Norwich Light Horse Volunteers and Loyal Military +Association attended J. Browne, Esq., to the cathedral, previous to his +being sworn into the office of mayor; afterwards the Association fired a +_feu de joie_ in the Market Place. + +On October 11th, at a meeting of the wealthy inhabitants of the city, a +subscription was entered into for the relief of the orphans of those +brave seamen who fell on August 1st in the ever memorable battle of the +Nile; and on the 24th of the same month, at a special assembly of the +corporation, an address of congratulation was adopted to his Majesty on +the late victory; and it was agreed that a request should be made to Lord +Nelson to sit for his portrait, to be placed in St. Andrew’s Hall. His +Lordship assented and the portrait was painted by Beechey and placed in +the hall, where it may still be seen. + +November 29th was appointed as a day of a public thanksgiving for the +late naval victories, and was celebrated as such in Norwich with the +greatest festivity. In the morning the mayor and corporation, +accompanied by the Light Horse Volunteers and the Parochial Associations, +attended divine service at the cathedral, where an excellent sermon was +preached by the Rev. T. F. Middleton, afterwards Bishop of Calcutta. The +sword, taken by Lord Nelson was borne in the procession. On their return +to the Market Place there was a feast, and in the evening an +illumination. + +In 1799, October 28th, the Guards and several other regiments, to the +number of 25,000 cavalry and infantry, landed at Yarmouth from Holland. +Next night the Grenadier Brigade of Guards, commanded by Col. Wynward, +marched into Norwich by torchlight, and were soon afterwards followed by +upwards of 20,000 more troops. Through the exertions of John Herring, +Esq., mayor, and the attention of the citizens in general, these brave +men received every accommodation that their situation demanded. The +mayor soon afterwards received a letter from the Duke of Portland +expressive of the high appreciation by the government of the mayor’s +loyalty and activity on this occasion, and of the humanity of the +citizens who supplied the wants of the soldiers. The mayor was +afterwards presented to his Majesty at St. James’, and offered the honour +of knighthood, which he declined. The Duke of York, Prince William of +Gloucester, and several other officers employed in this unsuccessful +expedition, also passed through the city on their way to London. The sum +of £18,000 was raised this year for the maintenance of the poor of the +city. + +On January 23rd, 1800, John Herring, Esq., then mayor, summoned a general +meeting of the inhabitants at the Guildhall, to consider the propriety of +applying to parliament for an act for the better paving, lighting, and +watching of the city, for removing and preventing annoyances and +obstructions, and for regulating hackney coaches. At this meeting a +committee was appointed to consider the plan proposed, and to report to a +future general meeting. This committee held several meetings, and at +length made a report, which was laid before a general meeting of the +citizens on March 3rd. The estimated cost of lighting, watching, paving, +&c., was only £2770. The produce of the tolls was estimated at £1715, +and of a rate of 6d. in the pound at £3000; making the total receipts +£4715, and leaving a balance of £1945 for the commencement of the work, +which sum would have been increased by some annual payments. The general +meeting adopted the report, and a petition was signed by most of the +inhabitants of the city in favour of a bill to carry out the +improvements. Unfortunately, however, the petition could not, from some +unforeseen circumstances, be presented that session. The project was, +for a time, postponed; but an act was obtained in 1806 to carry out the +object, and commissioners were appointed for the purpose. This body +consisted of the dean and prebend, the recorder, 28 members of the +corporation, and 24 parochial commissioners, annually elected, in all +136. This heterogeneous body continued for about forty years, and after +spending over £300,000, left Norwich the worst paved town in England, and +also left a debt of £17,000, which still remains as a legacy to the city! + + +Social State of the City in the Eighteenth Century. + + +Before the end of the 18th century, various improvements were made, among +which may be mentioned, the demolition of the old gates, the widening and +opening of several streets, and the erection of a new flour mill, worked +by steam power, near Black Friars Bridge, for better supplying the people +with flour. Still, large numbers of the poor appear to have been for a +long time in a very destitute condition. Famines were of frequent +occurrence, and riots often took place on account of the high prices of +every kind of food. In 1720, on September 20th, a dangerous riot broke +out, and rose to such a height, as to oblige the sheriffs to call in the +aid of the Artillery Company, at whose approach the rioters instantly +dispersed. Again, in 1740, riots occurred in several parts of the +country, and in most of the towns in Norfolk. The magistrates of this +city called the military to their aid, and six or seven lives were lost +before the rioters could be quelled. Again, in 1766, in consequence of +the great scarcity and advanced price of provisions of every sort, some +dangerous riots broke out in several places. In this city the poor +people collected on September 27th, about noon, and in the course of that +day and the next, committed many outrages by attacking the houses of +bakers, pulling down part of the New Mills, destroying large quantities +of flour, and burning to the ground a large malthouse outside of +Conisford gate. Every lenient measure was tried by the city magistrates +to pacify the poor starving people, but to no effect. The magistrates +therefore were compelled to repel force by force. On Sunday afternoon +they, with the principal inhabitants, attacked the rioters with such +vigour, while they were demolishing a house on Tombland, that they were +dispersed. About thirty of the ringleaders were taken and tried, and +eight of them were sentenced to death, but only two were executed. They +suffered the extreme penalty on January 10th, 1767. + +Strange as it may seem, Norwich was, at this time, in a more flourishing +state as regards trade than it has ever since been known. Wages were not +high, but employment was universal. On April 25th, 1796, fine flour +having risen to 70s. a sack, a mob attacked several bakers’ shops in the +city. The magistrates and inhabitants assembled and proceeded to the +places against which the attacks of the populace were directed, but the +mob did not disperse till after the riot act had been read and three +persons apprehended. On May 17th, a dreadful affray took place near +Bishop Bridge, between the soldiers of the Northumberland and +Warwickshire regiments of Militia. Several were terribly bruised and +others wounded with bayonets before their officers could part them. +Education was, at this time, at a very low ebb, and the clergy neglected +the poor. Few schools were yet opened for their children, who grew up in +ignorance and vice. Working-men spent their hard-earned money in +drunkenness, or indulged in the most brutal sports, such as +prize-fighting or cock-fighting. They were also demoralised by bribery +and treating at contested elections. In fact, ward elections were so +frequent that the city was kept in a perpetual state of agitation and +turmoil. We can now form no notion of the misery, poverty, and vice, +which these local elections inflicted on the city. It was often said +that a single ward election did more harm than all the sermons in all the +churches and chapels did good. These local contests at length prevented +capital being employed in manufacturers, and made politics the first +object of all the influential citizens, who, if they were not, strove to +become, members of the old corporation, not from any consideration of +public duty, not to promote the welfare of the citizens, but to serve +their own political or personal interests. There is abundant evidence +that the prosperity of the city, and private friendships, were alike +poisoned by the party spirit, engendered by frequent ward elections; at +the same time the moral character of the whole working population was +greatly deteriorated, and the working classes themselves greatly +depraved. + + +Nonconformity in the 18th Century. + + +During this 18th century the Nonconformists became very numerous and +powerful in the city and county. Methodism imparted a healthful stimulus +to the revival of religion. It aroused the church and all denominations. +Besides the very flourishing bodies of Wesleyans and Baptists, the +Independents made great progress. Within two centuries, in place of one, +several chapels arose; and throughout all England, few towns exhibited a +greater increase of Nonconformists than Norwich. We have already given +an account of their rise and progress in the 17th century, but we have +not yet noticed the Unitarians. A history of the Octagon chapel in +Norwich, by Mr. John Taylor, formerly of this city, and continued by his +son, Mr. Edward Taylor, contains a full account of the rise and progress +of the Unitarians here. They were at first called Presbyterians, but +that name was inappropriate, as they never had the Presbyterian polity +nor doctrine. Mr. John Taylor says, the first Presbyterian chapel was +built in 1687, on a piece of ground, formerly part of the great garden or +orchard, “sometime belonging to the prior and convent of the late friars’ +preachers,” of whose deserted walls the Dissenters took possession. The +building was so constructed that it might be converted into dwelling +houses in case their preachers were compelled to abandon it. + +Blomefield, in his History of the City, says:— + + “In 1687, the Presbyterians built a meeting house from the ground, + over against the Black Boys; and at the same time the Independents + repaired a house in St. Edmund’s formerly a brew house.” + +After the passing of the Toleration Act, in 1689, this meeting house, +which, had not been long finished, was duly licensed. Dr. Collinges, a +learned Presbyterian minister, was the first pastor appointed to preach +by the congregation. He had a considerable hand in the “Annotations to +the Bible,” which were begun and carried on by Mr. Matthew Poole, and +which go under his name. + +Dr. Collinges died in January, 1690, and was probably succeeded soon +after by Mr. Josiah Chorley, who was not a native of Norwich, but came +from Lancashire. He officiated about thirty years, and was succeeded by +the Rev. Peter Finch, a highly esteemed preacher for many years. After +he died his funeral sermon was preached by Mr. Taylor, who said:— + + “Surely the character of Mr. Finch, drawn out so even and clear + without any remarkable spot or flaw, through the long course of + sixty-three years in this city, must be deserving of remembrance and + imitation, since it must be the result of a steady integrity and + solid wisdom.” + +The Rev. Mr. Finch was one of the first pupils who entered into the first +dissenting academy, erected after the Reformation, by the Rev. Mr. +Frankland; and he survived almost all the 300 gentlemen who, in the space +of thirty years, were educated in that academy. He died October 6th, +1754, on his 93rd birthday, and was buried in St. Peter’s Church, in this +city. His descendents were residents here till 1847. His son was many +years clerk of the peace for the county of Norfolk. + +Mr. John Brooke was invited to take his place towards the end of the year +1718. This minister was born in or near Yarmouth, where some of his +descendants have generally resided. He resigned in 1733, and removed to +York, where he died. Dr. John Taylor was elected to the vacant office in +1733, and continued till 1757, when he resigned. He was the author of +many works of a religious character. In 1753 the old chapel was pulled +down, and a subscription was raised of nearly £4000 for a new one. The +first stone of the new building was laid on February 25th, 1754, by Dr. +Taylor; and within three years the present elegant chapel was completed +at a cost of £5174. + +Mr. Samuel Bourn, son of Mr. Bourn of Birmingham, was ordained co-pastor +with Dr. John Taylor, and he published volumes of sermons which +established his reputation in that kind of composition. He resigned in +1775, and retired to a village near Norwich. Several gentlemen, who +afterwards attained considerable eminence in science, were brought up +under Mr. Bourn’s ministry, viz., Sir James Edward Smith, so long +president of the Linnean Society; Mr. Robert Woodhouse, the eminent +mathematician and professor of astronomy at Cambridge; and Dr. Edward +Maltby, afterwards bishop of Durham. Mr. Bourn removed to Norwich not +many months before his death, and died in the 83rd year of his age; he +was interred in the burying ground of the Octagon Chapel. Mr. Bourn was +succeeded by the Rev. John Hoyle, who was minister for seventeen years. +He died in the 51st year of his age, on November 29th, 1775, and was +interred in the Octagon burying ground. + +On December 15th, 1776, Mr. Alderson was chosen minister, and soon +afterwards Mr. George Cadogan Morgan became co-pastor. He had been +educated under the inspection of his uncle, the celebrated Dr. Richard +Price, so that great expectations were formed of his abilities, and the +congregation were not disappointed. He soon, however, resigned and went +to Yarmouth; and in 1755, Dr. William Enfield was invited to become +co-pastor with Mr. Alderson, and he accepted the office. In 1786, Mr. +Alderson resigned; and in 1787 was succeeded by Mr. P. Houghton. + +In 1784, Mr. P. M. Martineau projected the establishment of the Public +Library at Norwich, in which he was cordially seconded by Dr. Enfield, +who was one of the earliest presidents of an institution, which for the +extent and variety of its catalogue surpasses most provincial libraries. +In the early periods of the first French Revolution, a periodical work +was established by the liberal party in Norwich, entitled “The Cabinet;” +to which the principal contributors were Mr. John Pitchford, Mr. Wm. +Youngman, Mr. Norgate, Mr. C. Marsh (afterwards M.P. for Retford), Mrs. +Opie (then Miss Alderson), Mr. John Taylor, and Dr. Enfield. After +publishing many learned works, Dr. Enfield died in the 57th year of his +age, on November 3rd, 1797. After his death, three volumes of his +sermons were published by subscription; and among the subscribers were +persons of almost every sect in Norwich, from the cathedral prebendary to +the independent minister. More than twenty beneficed clergymen’s names +appear in the list, and it is very well known that Dr. Enfield’s sermons +have been heard from many pulpits of the established church. Professor +Taylor, late of Gresham college, thus wrote in a supplementary memoir:— + + “With his dissenting brethren Dr. Enfield was always on the best + terms, especially with Mr. Newton and Mr. Kinghorn, the ministers of + the Independent and Baptist congregations. The Presbyterian + congregation, comprising many individuals of station and influence in + the city, took the lead in every movement of the dissenting body, who + never appeared in a more united and honourable position than when Dr. + Enfield was their acknowledged head. The state of society during his + residence in Norwich, was eminently suited to his habits and tastes. + Parr, Peel, Walker, Howes, and Smyth were his contemporaries. Parr + was the head master of the grammar school, Potter was a prebendary of + the Cathedral, and Porson was occasional resident at the house of his + brother-in-law, Mr. Hawes of Coltishall, a village a few miles from + Norwich. Dr. Enfield was a welcome visitor at the bishop’s palace; + for though Dr. Bagot had no political or religious sympathy with the + minister of the Presbyterian congregation, he knew how to estimate + his talents, his manners, and his admirable conversational powers. + Among the residents in Norwich at this time, with whom Dr. Enfield + associated, were Dr. Sayers, Mr. William Taylor, Mr. Hudson Gurney + (afterwards M.P. for Newport and a vice-president of the Society of + Antiquaries), Dr. Rigby, Dr. Lubbock, Sir James Edward Smith, the + Rev. John Walker (an accomplished scholar and one of the minor canons + of the Cathedral), Mrs. Opie (then Miss Alderson), Mr. Bruckner, the + minister of the Dutch and French protestant congregations at Norwich, + and others, who though unknown to the world as authors, were yet + worthy associates in such a society.” + +Dr. Enfield’s estimate of the character of society at Norwich, is thus +expressed in a letter from Liverpool to Professor Taylor’s father:— + + “You will easily imagine the pleasure I feel in enjoying the society + of my old friends here, especially that of Mr. Roscoe and Dr. Currie; + but with these and a few other exceptions, I find more congenial + associates at Norwich. For a man of literary tastes and pursuits, I + can truly say that I know of no town which offers so eligible a + residence.” + +Mr. Roscoe and Dr. Currie, referred to above, were then in high +reputation in Liverpool. + +The altered state of society in Norwich, about the end of the 18th +century is thus depicted in a paper in the Monthly Magazine for March, +1808, under the title of “Fanaticism—a Vision,” which was generally +attributed to the pen of Sir James Edward Smith:— + + “You know the flourishing and happy state of this ancient city in the + early part of your life, and particularly how peaceably and even + harmoniously its inhabitants lived together on the score of religion. + Christians of various denominations had each their churches, their + chapels, or their meeting houses, and in the common intercourse of + life all conducted themselves as brethren. The interests of humanity + would even frequently bring them together on particular occasions to + pay their devotions in the same temple. The bishop (Bathurst) + treated as his children all who, though they disowned his spiritual + authority, obeyed his Divine Master; while the Presbyterian, the + Independent, the Catholic, and the Quaker, partook of his hospitality + and repaid his benevolence with gratitude and respect. This state of + society, worthy of real Christians, was broken up by those who wore + that character only as a mask. A set of men, interested in promoting + dissensions, by which villany and rapacity might profit, and in + decrying those genuine fruits of religion, that salutary faith and + pure morals, which by comparison shamed their own characters, after + long in vain attempting to exalt blind belief in general, and their + particular dogmas, in preference to a useful and virtuous life, but + too successfully obtained their end. On all the great truths of + revealed religion, honest men could never be long at variance. On + disputable points they had learned a salutary forbearance, which + enabled them, while they thought for themselves, to let others do the + same. The only resources of those who wish to stir up religious + animosity, is to bring forward something that no one can determine. + The less mankind understand a subject, the more warmly do they debate + and strive to enforce the belief of it.” + + + +EMINENT CITIZENS OF THE 18TH CENTURY. + +_Merchants and Manufacturers_. + + +Among the eminent citizens of this century may be first mentioned the +chief merchants and manufacturers, who were very intelligent, wealthy, +and enterprising. They were also benevolent, and the founders of various +charitable institutions. Many of them were Nonconformists, and active +supporters of their chapels, while they carried on a great foreign trade. +The correspondence which they had begun on the continent they extended in +every direction. By sending their sons to be educated in Germany, Italy, +and Spain, they cultivated a more familiar connection with those +countries. Their travellers also were acquainted with various languages, +and went all over Europe, exhibiting their pattern cards in every town on +the continent. Norwich could then boast of rich, energetic, +enterprising, and intelligent men, who made the city what it was in their +day. Lest their very names should be forgotten, we shall place them in +this record. Amongst the manufacturers were + + Messrs. Robert and John Harvey, + + Messrs. Starling Day and Son, + + Messrs. Watson, Firth, and Co., + + Messrs. John Barnard and Angier, + + Messrs. Thomas Paul and Flindt, + + Messrs. J. Tuthill and Sons, + + Messrs. William Barnard and Sons, + + Messrs. Edward Marsh and Son, + + Messrs. Bream and King, + + Messrs. Martin and Williment, + + Messrs. Peter Colombine and Son, + + Messrs. James Buttivant and William White, + + Messrs. W. and W. Taylor, + + Messrs. J. Scott and Sons, + + Messrs. E. Gurney and Ellington, + + Messrs. Patteson and Iselin, + + Messrs. Booth and Theobald, + + Messrs. George Maltby and Son, + + Messrs. William and Robert Herring, + + Messrs. Worth and Carter, + + Messrs. Bacon and Marshall, + + Messrs. Ives and Robberds, + + Messrs. J. and J. Ives, Son, and Baseley, + + Mr. Robert Partridge, + + Mr. Bartholomew Sewell, + + Mr. John Robinson, + + Mr. Robert Wright, + + Mr. John Wright, + + Mr. Robert Tillyard, + + Mr. Daniel Fromantiel, + + Mr. J. C. Hampp, + + Mr. John Herring, + + Mr. Joseph Cliver, Jun., + + Mr. Oxley, + +and others, all of whom have passed away. + + +_Mr. John Kirkpatrick_. + + +Mr. John Kirkpatrick, a linen merchant, who lived in St. Andrew’s, was a +learned antiquarian of this period, to whom the city is greatly indebted +for his researches and documents respecting the antiquities of Norwich, +but only fragments have been published. The late Mr. Hudson Gurney +obtained possession of most of his manuscripts, and published his account +of the “Religious Orders in Norwich,” in 1845. This work was compiled +from a manuscript quarto volume of 258 pages, in the handwriting of the +author. Mr. Dawson Turner, the editor, says, in the preface:— + + “Mr. Kirkpatrick’s father was a native of the village of Closeburn, + in Dumfriesshire, a fact recorded by his son in his will, and further + proved by the arms on his tomb (in St. Helen’s church) which are + those of the baronet’s family of Kirkpatrick, of Closeburn. From + Scotland he removed to Norwich, where he resided in the parish of St. + Stephen. His son John was apprenticed in that of St. Clement, and + subsequently established himself in business as a linen merchant, in + St. Andrew’s, in premises opposite Bridewell Alley. He was there in + partnership with Mr. John Custance, who was mayor in 1726, and was + the founder of the family of that name at Weston. In the year of his + partner’s mayoralty, Mr. Kirkpatrick was appointed treasurer to the + Great Hospital, in St. Helen’s, an office which his premature decease + allowed him to occupy only for two years. He married the youngest + daughter of Mr. John Harvey, great-grandfather of the late + Lieut.-Colonel Harvey, of Thorpe Lodge, where his portrait was + preserved during the lifetime of that gentleman. It has since been + engraved in the very interesting series of portraits of the more + eminent inhabitants of Norfolk, of whom no likenesses have yet + appeared, a work now in course of publication, under the + superintendence of Mr. Ewing. With such, Kirkpatrick is deservedly + associated. He died childless. Of his family, nothing more is known + than that he had a brother of the name of Thomas, who is mentioned by + Blomefield as being chamberlain of Norwich at the time he wrote. The + account books of the corporation contain several entries in reference + to both the one and the other, but not of sufficient interest to + warrant the quoting of them at length. Of the latter, they shew that + he was elected chamberlain with a salary of thirty pounds per annum, + in the room of Matthew King, in 1732; that in the same year, the + freedom of the city was conferred upon him; and that twelve years + subsequently he was removed from his office, by reason of + irregularity of his accounts. To the antiquary, their testimony is + invariably honourable; the most frequent notices being, votes of + money for the service he had rendered in adjusting the different + accounts of the city.” + +Mr. Dawson Turner further states:— + + “Mr. Kirkpatrick was one of the most able, laborious, learned, and + useful antiquaries whom the county has produced. He was especially + an indefatigable searcher into local antiquities, and had his life + been spared to the term allotted by the holy Psalmist to man, it were + impossible to say how much of what is now irretrievably lost to us + might have been rescued from oblivion. He had accumulated copious + materials, but his early death prevented him from digesting and + publishing them. Better far had he contented himself with amassing + less, and turning what he had got to account; a lesson hard to learn, + but most important to be borne in mind and acted upon. As it was, he + was obliged to leave the fulfilment of his task to others; taking all + possible care for the safety of his collections, and not doubting + that those who came after him, seeing what was prepared for their + hands, would cheerfully undertake the office, perhaps with a + praiseworthy zeal for communicating information, perhaps with the not + less natural desire of building their own fame upon the labours of + their predecessors. But in his expectations he was sadly mistaken, + and has but furnished an additional proof how difficult it is for any + one to enter completely into the objects and ideas of another, and + consequently how imperative it is upon all, ourselves to finish the + web we have begun, if we wish to see it come perfect and uniform from + the loom.” + +Blomefield, who was a contemporary, acknowledges his great obligations to +the learned Norwich antiquary, and recorded the death of his friend and +his being buried in St. Helen’s Church, Norwich. The tomb, a black +marble monument, by the steps of the altar, bears the following arms and +inscription:— + + “_Argent_, a saltier and on a chief, + _Azure_, three woolpacks of the field, + _Crest_, a hand holding a dagger proper, + _Motto_—I make sure. + + “Here resteth in hope of a joyful resurrection, the body of John + Kirkpatrick of this city, Merchant, and Treasurer to this Hospital. + He was a man of sound judgment, good understanding and extensive + knowledge; industrious in his business, and indefatigable in that of + the Corporation in which he was constantly employed. He died, very + much lamented by all that knew him, on the 20th day of August, in the + year of our Lord, 1728, aged 42.” + + + +_The Rev. F. Blomefield_. + + +The Rev. Francis Blomefield, rector of Fersfield, lived some time in this +city, compiling his history of Norwich, which he brought down to the year +1742. He was born at Fersfield, July 23rd, 1705. He was installed +rector of that parish in 1729, when he almost immediately commenced +collecting materials for a history of his native county, but his work is +more a topographical survey than a history. He did not live to complete +it, having caught the small-pox when in London, of which he died, in the +46th year of his age, on January 15th, 1751. He began printing his great +work in 1736. In 1769 it was continued (but not completed) in five folio +volumes by the Rev. Charles Parker, M.A., rector of Oxburgh. + + * * * * * + +_William Anderson_, _F.R.S._, came to Norwich as an excise officer, and +his great talents introduced him to the most scientific characters of +this city. He obtained the situation of clerk to the New Mills, in +Heigham, and was a considerable contributor to Mr. Baker’s works on the +Microscope. Many of his papers on Natural History are published in the +transactions of the Royal Society. He died in 1767, and was buried in +Heigham churchyard. + +_Anna Letitia Barbauld_, sister of Dr. Aikin, of Yarmouth, resided at +Norwich. She was the authoress of “Evenings at Home,” and other valuable +works for children, and died in 1825. + +_Peter Barlow_, the celebrated mathematician, and author of many of the +articles in Rees’ Encyclopædia, and the Encyclopædia Metropolitana, was +the son of a warper of this city. He was born October, 1766, in the +parish of St. Simon and Jude. + +_Sir William Beechey_, the eminent painter, resided in this city in the +early part of his life, and executed several of the paintings in St. +Andrew’s Hall, particularly the celebrated portrait of Lord Nelson. He +was knighted by George III., and appointed portrait painter to his +majesty. + +_Hancock Blythe_, schoolmaster, mathematician, and teacher of languages, +resided in Timberhill, and was the author of several small works on +astronomy. He died in 1795, aged 73 years. + +_John Brand_, _B.A._, was a native of this city. His father was a +saddler in London Lane. Young Brand, having a turn for study, went for +some years to the continent, where he acquired the languages and customs +of the people so strongly, that on his return to England he received the +soubriquêt of Abbè Brand. In 1744 he was reader at St. Peter’s Mancroft. +He was the author of several articles in the _British Critic_. He was +rector of St. George’s, Southwark, and of Wickham Skeith, in Suffolk. He +died in February, 1809. + +_Henry Cooper_, barrister at law, was born in the parish of St. Peter’s +Mancroft. He was sent to sea in the early part of his life, but was +afterwards called to the bar, and was made attorney general of the +Bermudas. After a brilliant career, in which he rapidly became one of +the leaders of the Norfolk circuit, he died, after being twelve years at +the bar, in 1825. + +_Mr. Reuben Deave_ was a large manufacturer in this city, who, in +December, 1769, became the fortunate possessor of a prize in a lottery +worth £20,000. The number was 42,903. It came into his possession in +the following singular manner. His foreman, who was in a confidential +position, had bought two tickets in a lottery, and after some time +thought he had speculated too far, and told his employer that he feared +he had done a very foolish thing. Mr. Deave, being informed of the +circumstance, thought so too, but offered to buy one of the tickets. His +foreman took them out of his pocket and gave Mr. Deave his choice. Mr. +Deave, however, said he would make no choice, and bought the one offered +to him. Shortly afterwards the lottery was drawn, and this ticket proved +to be a fortunate number for £20,000, while the other was a blank. Mr. +Deave, who had paid for the ticket, gave his foreman a cheque for £500, +but the poor man was so vexed at losing the prize that he hung himself on +the next day. Mr. Deave was much grieved at this, and often said +afterwards that the prize never did him any good, for he gave a power of +attorney to a man to draw the money in London, and that man bolted with +it, and was never heard of afterwards. + +_William Enfield_, _LL.D._ an eminent literary character, was for many +years the minister at the Octagon Chapel here. He was much beloved by +his congregation, and died November 2nd, 1797, aged 57, and was buried in +the chapel, where there is a monument to his memory. + +_Sir John Fenn_, the editor of the “Paston Letters,” was born here in +1739; on presenting the first two volumes of these letters to George III. +in 1787, he was knighted. He died October 14th, 1796. + +_John Fransham_, the Norwich Polytheist, a very eccentric character, was +born in St. George’s Colegate. He was an excellent mathematician, and +was a great admirer of the ancient writers on this science. He +frequently took rapid solitary walks, with a broad brimmed hat slouched +over his eyes, and a plaid on his shoulders, and was supposed to sleep +often on Mousehold Heath. He died on February 1st, 1810. His biography +was written by his pupil, Mr. Saint. + +_Thomas Hall_, _Esq._, a merchant, lived in the early part of this +period. He founded a monthly sacramental lecture, left several legacies +to the charities, and £100 for a gold chain to be worn by the Mayor of +Norwich, and which is now worn by the Deputy Mayor. He died on December +17th, 1715, and was buried with great funeral pomp at St. George’s +Colegate. A portrait of this pious and liberal benefactor was presented +by John and Edward Taylor, Esqs., to the corporation, and placed in the +council chamber, May, 1821. + +_John Hobart_, Earl of Buckinghamshire, sat as member of parliament for +this city from 1747 to 1756, when he succeeded to the peerage. He was a +liberal benefactor to the city. He was born August 17th, 1723, and died +September 3rd, 1793. + +_James Hooke_, a celebrated musician, author of more than 2400 songs, 140 +complete works or operas, one oratorio, and many odes, anthems, &c., was +born in this city. At the early age of four years he was capable of +playing many pieces, and at six he performed in public. He died in 1813, +leaving two sons by his first wife. One of them was Dr. James Hooke, +Dean of Worcester, who died in 1828. The other was the celebrated author +of “Sayings and Doings.” + +_David Kinnebrook_, an eminent mathematician, was born here. He was +master of one of the charity schools for forty years, and never absented +himself a single day until his last illness. He died March 23rd, 1810, +aged 72. + +_John Lens_, _Esq._, _M.A._, ancient sergeant at law, is believed to have +been born in the parish of St. Andrew’s, and was educated here. In 1781, +he was called to the bar. He first practised in the Courts of King’s +Bench, but being made a sergeant, confined himself chiefly to the common +pleas. He was afterwards made King’s and next King’s Ancient Sergeant. +On more than one occasion he declined the offer of the bench. He died +August 6th, 1825, in his 69th year. + +_Richard Lubbock_, _M.D._, was born here in 1759, and was educated at the +Free Grammar School. He obtained his degree at Edinburgh in 1784. On +his return to Norwich he practised with great success. He died September +1st, 1808, and was buried at Earlham church. + +The _Right Rev. Jacob Mountain_, _D.D._, was the first protestant bishop +in the Canadas. He was born in the parish of St. Andrew. He presided +over the church in the two Canadas for thirty-two years, and died June +16th, 1825, in the seventy-fifth year of his age. + +_Samuel Parr_, _LL.D._, was master of the Free Grammar School from 1778 +to 1792, when he resigned on being presented to the rectory of Buckden, +in Lincolnshire. + +_Edward Rigby_, _M.D._, was born at Chawbent, in Lancashire, December +9th, 1749. He was under the tuition of Dr. Priestley until he was +fourteen, when he was apprenticed to Mr. David Martineau of this city. +In 1805 he was elected mayor, and died Oct. 27th, 1822. In August, 1818, +the corporation voted him and his lady a piece of plate of the value of +twenty-five guineas, as a memento of the memorable birth of their four +children at one time, and the event was recorded in the city books. Two +of the children lived to be nearly twelve weeks old, and the other two +not quite seven weeks. + +_William Saint_, one of the mathematical masters of the Royal Military +Academy, at Woolwich, was a native of St. Mary’s Coslany. He wrote the +“Life of Fransham,” and was a contributor to the “Lady’s Diary.” He died +July 9th, 1819. + +_George Sandby_, _D.D._, chancellor of the diocese of Norwich, personally +presided in the consistorial court of the Lord Bishop of Norwich for +nearly thirty years, during the whole of which time no decree of his was +reversed by a superior court. He died March 17th, 1807, aged ninety-one. + +_William Say_, an eminent mezzotinto engraver, was born at Lakenham in +1768. + +_Frank Sayers_, _M.D._, an eminent physician and literary character, who +for many years resided in this city, was born in London, March 3rd, 1763. +He was the author of “Dramatic Sketches of the Ancient Northern +Mythology,” “Poems,” “Disquisitious, Metaphysical and Literary,” “Nugæ +Poeticæ,” and “Miscellanies, Antiquarian and Historical.” He died August +16th, 1817, and a mural monument is erected to his memory in the +Cathedral, with a Latin inscription by the Rev. F. Howes. His works were +collected and edited by the late William Taylor of this city. + +_Sir James Edward Smith_, _M.D._, _F.R.S._, president of the Linnæan +Society, London, and of the Norwich Museum, and member of several foreign +academies, was born in St. Peter’s Mancroft, December 2nd, 1759. He +received his education here, and graduated as a physician at Leyden, in +1786. He assisted materially in the establishment of the Linnæan +Society, in 1788, of which he was the first president, and he continued +to preside over the society until his death, March 15th, 1828. He was +the author of several admirable botanical works. + +_William Stevenson_, _F.S.A._, who was for many years proprietor of the +“Norfolk Chronicle,” and who edited a new edition of “Bentham’s History +of Ely Cathedral,” was born at East Retford, in 1750, and died at his +house in Surrey Street in this city, May 13th, 1821, aged seventy-one. +He was, in the early part of his life, an artist of no mean pretension; +and was esteemed an antiquarian and numismatist of considerable knowledge +and research. + +_John Taylor_, _D.D._, was a native of Lancaster. He came to Norwich in +1733, and was a minister to the Presbyterian dissenters in 1757. He was +the author of several theological works, and died at Warrington, March +5th, 1761, aged sixty-six. + +_William Taylor_, a celebrated German scholar, and a very eccentric +character, author of an “Historical Survey of German Poetry,” and a +translator of several German works, was born in this city, and resided +for many years in Upper King Street. He died in 1836, aged sixty-nine. + +_Edward Baron Thurlow_ was born at Bracon Ash, in this county. He +received the rudiments of his education at the Free Grammar School here. +He rose successively to be appointed solicitor general, attorney general, +master of the rolls, and lord high chancellor of Great Britain, and was +created Lord Thurlow in 1778. In 1793 he resigned the seals. He died at +Brighton, September 12th, 1806. + +_William Wilkins_, _sen._, architect, was born in the parish of St. +Benedict, about the year 1744 or 1747. He received but a limited +education, but possessed an admirable taste for design, and his plans and +drawings were very beautiful. He was the author of a clever essay in +Vol. xii. of the “Archæologia,” on the Venta Icenorum. + +_William Wilkins_, _M.A._, son of the above, was born in St. Giles’ +parish. He was educated at the Free Grammar School here. He was +employed in the erection of several public buildings in London, and +numerous private mansions. His literary labours were confined to the +subject of architecture, and his “Magna Græcia” is considered to be an +excellent work. + +_William Windham_. This eminent statesman represented the city in +several parliaments. He was born in London in 1750, and first sat for +Norwich in 1780. In 1783 he was appointed secretary to the lord +lieutenant of Ireland, and made his first speech in parliament in 1785. +He died in 1806. + +_Sir Benjamin Wrench_, an eminent physician, who practised here for sixty +years, lived in St. Andrew’s. His house occupied the site of the present +Corn Exchange. He was lord of the manor of Little Melton in Blomefield’s +time. + + +NORWICH IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. + + +We have now arrived at the present age of political progress, and +material prosperity; the age of inventions, railways, newspapers, and +telegraphs; the age of expansion and general intelligence. George III., +George IV., and William IV., have reigned in this century, and have been +succeeded by our beloved Queen Victoria. Under her benign sway the old +semi-barbarous state of society has passed away like a dream, and we live +in a new social era, the result of the progress of education, of the +march of improvement, and of the spread of true religion. + +As it has been often stated by local historians that Norwich formerly +contained a very large population, and as this statement is very +generally believed, we may here correct the mistake by giving the +returns, which show a very gradual, and very slow increase from the +earliest period to the present time. The parochial returns show that in +1693 the population was only 28,881; in 1752 it had increased to 36,169; +and in 1786 to 40,051. This was the greatest number up to the end of the +last century. In 1801 it was 36,832, not including 6,000 recruits for +the army, navy, and militia; making the total number 42,832. This +indicates a very slow increase of population. The following are the +returns for the present century: 1801, 36,832; 1811, 37,256; 1821, +50,288; 1831, 61,116; 1841, 62,294; 1851, 68,713; 1861, 74,414, being an +increase of about 500 yearly. Norwich in 1752 contained only 7131 +houses, and in 1801 8763, of which 1747 were returned as empty. In 1831 +the number was 14,201, of which 13,132 were inhabited. Now the number is +over 21,000, and the rateable value is £178,882. + +We must now leave the stately march of history for a more broken and +interrupted step. There is some difficulty in detailing the events of +this period, for every reader is more or less acquainted with it, and has +viewed it in relation to his own interests and prejudices. The records +of facts are so voluminous, that every reader may think that there is +something omitted, or misrepresented, or exaggerated. It is impossible, +however, to mention every local occurrence which some one may think +important, every accident, or fire, or crime, or every grand concert or +entertainment. We have to deal with events more connected with general +history; and we shall first state the more remarkable occurrences of a +civil or municipal character, reserving political matters for a +subsequent chapter. But in order to render our narrative of local +events, and especially local elections, more intelligible, it will be +necessary to give a brief account of the old corporation, whose +proceedings occupy so large a part of our records. + + +NORWICH CORPORATION. + + +This body claims a prescriptive origin. Certain privileges were granted +to the city by the charters of different sovereigns, the first being that +of Henry I., which was annulled and again renewed by Stephen. The +particular privileges conceded by it cannot now be ascertained. The next +charter is that of the 5th Henry II., but this is only confirmatory of +former grants, and the original is still preserved in the Guildhall. One +granted by Richard I. contains some estimable clauses. The most +prominent are, that no citizen shall be forced to answer any plea or +action in any but the city courts, except for those concerning +possessions out of the city; that the citizens should have _acquittance_ +of _murder_, which is equivalent to granting them a coroner; that they +should not be forced to _duel_, that is, should be exempt from the +general law which was then in force, of deciding causes by single combat; +that they should be free from toll throughout all England; and that they +should have other liberties, all highly important, and no doubt justly +appreciated by the citizens of that period. King John’s charter is +similar to the preceding, and that of Henry II., with the addition that +all persons living in the city, and participating in the liberties of the +citizens, shall be talliated or taxed, and pay as the aforesaid citizens +of Norwich do, when tollages and aid shall be laid upon them. It is +probable that the principal authority was invested in bailiffs, instead +of a provost, in 1223, as there is no evidence of the existence of such +officers before that time. + +Two deeds of Henry III., and several of succeeding kings, all either +confirmed or enlarged the privileges granted to the city; but our +attention is most attracted by the concessions of Henry IV., which +established the constitution of a mayor, sheriffs, &c. The original +charter is lost, but those of his son and more modern princes have +sufficiently preserved the spirit of it. The charter of Henry V. made +the extensive territory within the corporation limits a county of itself, +excepting only the castle, which belonged to Norfolk. This territory +was, by the boundary act, included for the purposes of representation. +Twenty-five charters, the latest by James II., are known to have been +granted, and probably others existed and have been lost. When the +innovations, made in old establishments during the Commonwealth, were +gradually reformed, the citizens petitioned for a renewal of their +rights. The charter of 15th Charles II. was obtained, and under it the +city was governed till the passing of the Municipal Reform Act. Most of +the old charters were granted in consideration for sums of money given or +lent to kings to enable them to carry on wars. Many of the charters were +more injurious than beneficial to the city, as they created monopolies of +one kind or other, or gave powers to the old corporation which were +frequently abused. Those who wish to study those old documents more +minutely may find them in Blomefield’s history. + +The old corporation was more ornamental than useful to the city for 400 +years. Under it the sanitary state of the city was so bad, the drainage +of the city so defective, and the supply of water so insufficient, that +plagues and pestilences, which carried off thousands of the citizens, +were of frequent occurrence. Ward elections were so often contested, +that bribery, treating, and intimidation, were quite common, and the +corruption of the freemen and lower classes was universal. Physically +and morally the city was for centuries in the worst possible condition. +The ward elections were carried on with a spirit which was surpassed in +no other place. They were considered as trials of strength between +different parties; and if they happened at a period when a general +election was anticipated, an enormous sum of money was spent in treating +and bribery. Indeed, it has been asserted on good authority that no less +a sum than £16,000 was wasted in the contest for a single ward in 1818! +The city was divided into four great wards, each of which was subdivided +into three small wards. The mayor was elected by the freemen on May 1st, +and sworn into his office on the Guild day, which was always the Tuesday +before Midsummer day. He was chosen from the aldermen, and afterwards he +was a magistrate for life. One of the sheriffs was chosen by the court +of aldermen, the other by the freemen on the last Tuesday in August. The +twenty-four aldermen were chosen for the twelve smaller wards, two for +each ward, whose office was to keep the peace in their several divisions. +When anyone of them died, the freemen of that great ward in which the +lesser ward was included, for which he was to serve, elected another in +his place within five days. The common councilmen were elected by the +freemen dwelling in each of the four great wards separately; for +Conisford great ward on the Monday; Mancroft on the Tuesday; Wymer on the +Wednesday; and the Northern ward on the Thursday in Passion week, thence +called “cleansing” week. They chose a speaker yearly, who was called +speaker of the commons. The old freemen therefore formed the whole of +the local constituency for municipal purposes. + +Memoirs are often the best sources of information respecting public +matters, as they let us behind the scenes and show us what the actors +really thought and did. A good memoir of the late Professor Taylor, +which appeared in the _Norfolk News_, of March 28th and April 4th, 1863, +contained the following, “So far back as 1808 we find Mr. Taylor +recording that he was ‘elected a common councilman for the fourth time.’” +He also states that the contest for nominees in the Long ward was “the +severest ever remembered.” Few people now-a-days could realize the +import of those few words. Few understand how much was implied by the +once common phrase “a battle for the Long ward.” The combatants would +have scorned such mealy-mouthed appellations, as “conservative” and +“liberal,” or indeed any name but that of the colors under which they +fought. They were “blue-and-whites,” or “orange-and-purples;” the former +being what would now be called the “liberal,” and the latter the +“conservative,” party. To be a blue-and-white or an orange-and-purple, +was to be an angel or a devil, as the case might be; the angels being of +course those of your own side, to whichever you belonged. Great was the +potency of colors: though not supposed to be worn at municipal elections, +they were a rallying cry, and they were always at hand to be flouted, +like a red rag at a turkey, in the face of the enemy. Even housemaids +and children concealed them about their persons, in readiness to show +them slyly from some window, both to encourage their friends and +exasperate their enemies, whenever a procession passed. Great were the +preparations for the contest. A sort of civic press-gang prowled the +streets by night for the purpose of “cooping chickens,” which, being done +into English, means carrying men off by force, and keeping them drunk and +in confinement, so that if they could not be got to vote “for” it would +be impossible for them to vote “against.” If they could not be safely +secured in the city, they were “cribbed, cabined, and confined” in +wherries on the river, or the broads, or even taken to Yarmouth and +carried out to sea. When the day of battle came, great was the shouting, +the drinking, the betting, the bribing, and the fighting, till the +longest purse contrived to win the day. Of course, the dirty work was +done by dirty men. But leading men on both sides were so used to see +this sort of thing, that they considered it only as a necessary part and +parcel of an election. It was regarded rather as a limb which could not +be safely severed from the body, than as a shabby coat which disgraced +the wearer. Besides, palliating rhetoric was not absent. Better do a +little evil than surrender a cause essential to the welfare of the state! +“What we did,” we honest orange-and-purples, or we pure blue-and-whites, +“was done in mere self-defence.” + + +LEADING EVENTS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. + + +1801. January 1st, 1801, being the first day of the nineteenth century, +and the day on which the Union of Great Britain and Ireland took place, +the 13th Regiment of Light Dragoons dismounted, and the Militia fired a +_feu de joie_ in the Market Place. + +January 3rd. The old Theatre (built in 1757) was re-opened after +extensive improvements. The alterations were executed after the designs +of William Wilkins, Esq., the patentee. This theatre was formerly a good +school for young actors, and many promising performers have first +appeared on these boards. Of late, operatic performances appear to be +most in favour with the gentry. + +February 24th. Charles Harvey, Esq., the steward, was unanimously +elected Recorder of Norwich, vice Henry Partridge, Esq., resigned. + +April 4th. Mrs. Lloyd, widow of the Rev. Dean Lloyd, died at Cambridge, +aged 79. This lady painted the Transfiguration, and other figures in the +eastern windows of the Cathedral. + +In April, the ward elections were the causes of great contention. In +consequence of objections being made to the elections of two nominees of +the Wymer ward, and three of the Northern ward, on the ground of their +being ineligible under the corporation act, having omitted to receive the +sacrament within a year previous to the election of the common council, +the mayor did not make the returns till several days after the usual +time. At a court held April 4th, after the objections had been fully +heard by counsel, the recorder (Mr. Harvey) declared that the persons +objected to who had the majority of votes, having omitted to come into +court according to summons, were not duly elected, but as no regular +notice had been given previous to the election, the candidates in the +minority could not be returned. A new election for the above wards +accordingly took place on May 25th and 26th. + +June 16th. Jeremiah Ives, Esq., of Catton, was elected mayor a second +time. There was no guild feast this year at St. Andrew’s Hall. + +June 25th. An awful fire, which lasted two hours, broke out on the roof +of the Cathedral, and in less than an hour, 45 feet of the leaded roof, +towards the western end of the nave, were consumed. Some plumbers had +been at work repairing the roof, and set fire to it either accidentally +or intentionally. The damage was about £500. The Lord Bishop (Dr. +Sutton) was present, and distributed refreshment to the soldiers and +people who assisted in arresting the progress of the conflagration. + + * * * * * + +1802. Peace was proclaimed throughout the city on May the 4th, in due +form; and the mayor and corporation went in procession from the hall +through the principal streets. There was a general illumination at +night. At a quarterly assembly of the council, a congratulatory address +to his majesty on the restoration of peace, was voted unanimously. + +On May 21st, the city address was presented to the king, at the levee at +St. James’ Palace, by Jeremiah Ives, Esq., Junr., the mayor, and Sir +Roger Kerrison. + +On May 29th, a county meeting was held, when a similar address was +adopted. + +October 4th to 7th. A grand musical festival was held in Norwich, under +the direction of Messrs. Beckwith and Sharp of this city, and Mr. Ashley +of London. Mrs. Billington, Mr. Bartleman, and Mr. Braham, were the +principal performers. + +October 21st. There was a severe contest for the election of an alderman +in the great northern ward, in the room of Francis Colombine, Esq., +resigned. The numbers were—for E. Rigby, Esq., 261; Jonathan Davey, +Esq., 259. + + * * * * * + +1803. February 8th. At a full meeting held at the Guildhall, a +committee was appointed to prepare a bill to be laid before a future +meeting, for better paving, lighting, watching, and cleansing the city. +A petition to the house of commons for leave to bring in a bill, was +afterwards presented, but it was strongly opposed as not being then +expedient. An act was, however, ultimately carried. + +March 7th. At a special assembly of the corporation, an address of +congratulation was adopted, to be presented to his majesty, on the +providential discovery of the late traitorous conspiracy against his +royal person and government, entered into by Colonel Despard and six +other persons, who were executed on the top of the New Surrey prison, in +Horsemonger Lane. The high sheriff and grand jury of Norfolk, at +Thetford, also voted an address of congratulation to the king, and a +similar address was adopted at a county meeting held at the Shirehall. + +March 21st. The portrait of Captain John Harvey, of the Norwich Light +Horse volunteers, painted by Mr. Opie, at the request of the troop, was +placed in St. Andrew’s Hall. + +April 27th. A public dispensary was established in Norwich, and has been +a great benefit to the poor people of the city. + +August 16th. France having again threatened to invade this kingdom, a +meeting of the inhabitants of the city was held at the Guildhall, for the +purpose of forming a regiment of volunteer infantry under the regulations +of the Acts for the defence of the realm, when resolutions to that effect +were adopted, and upwards of £6400 subscribed, and 1400 citizens enrolled +themselves under the command of Lieut.-Colonel Harvey. A rifle corps was +also formed, of which R. M. Bacon, Esq., then editor of the Mercury, was +appointed Captain. Both parties manifested the greatest enthusiasm, but +fortunately the services of the local warriors were not required. On +September 29th, a new telegraph was erected on the top of Norwich Castle, +to communicate with Strumpshaw Mill, Filby Church, and Yarmouth, so as to +give notice of any danger. In October, the Norfolk and Norwich volunteer +regiments agreed to perform permanent duty at Yarmouth in case of +invasion, and many of them were stationed in the port during the +succeeding two months. The victory of the Norfolk hero, Lord Nelson, at +Trafalgar in 1805, discouraged Napoleon I., and he relinquished his +intention to invade this land of freedom. In July 1806, the local +militia act was passed, and many of the volunteers transferred their +services to that body. The volunteer corps of Norwich and Norfolk were +disbanded on March 24th, 1813. The West Norfolk militia returned to +Norwich from Ireland, on May 11th, 1816, and were disembodied on June +17th in that year. A long peace of 40 years ensued, but the old trade of +Norwich destroyed by the war, never revived. In January, 1817, upwards +of £3000 were contributed to relieve the poor, many of whom were employed +in making a new road to Carrow, and in other public works, the trade of +the city being in a state of stagnation. + + * * * * * + +1804. January 18th. The city of Norwich Regiment of Volunteer Infantry, +600 strong, commanded by Lieut. Col. Harvey, received their colours. The +banners, given by the mayor and corporation, were first consecrated in +the Market Place, by the Rev. E. S. Thurlow, prebendary of Norwich, with +a suitable address and prayer, and were afterwards presented by the +mayor, John Morse, Esq., to the colonel in due form. The king’s and +regimental standards were then delivered to the ensigns. The Artillery, +under Capt. Fyers, stationed on the Castle Hill, fired salutes; the +Regiment fired three vollies; and St. Peter’s bells rang merry peals. + +June 1st. The city of Norwich (or 7th) Regiment of Norfolk Volunteer +Infantry, commanded by Lieut. Colonel Harvey, entered on one month’s +permanent duty in Norwich. The Regiment mustered 500 strong, exclusive +of officers. + +June 4th. The anniversary of His Majesty’s birthday was celebrated in +Norwich by the grandest military spectacle ever witnessed here. Upwards +of 1700 men of the Royal Artillery, 24th Regiment of Foot, and the +Norwich Volunteer Corps, assembled on the Castle Hill and fired a _feu de +joie_ with fine effect. During this year the citizens were often +entertained with military displays. June 18th, Major General Money was +appointed to the staff of the eastern district; in which a force of +32,000 men was now fully completed for the reception of any invading +enemy. + +June 18th. The corporation granted the site of the Blackfriars, in St. +Andrew’s, to the court of guardians, for 200 years at their old rent for +the purpose of improving the same, and repairing the Old Workhouse for +the poor, the plan of erecting a New Workhouse having been abandoned. +Subsequently, large sums of money were wasted in repairing the old house, +sufficient to build a new one, and ultimately it was found to be +absolutely necessary to build a new house, which was done at a cost of +£30,000. + + * * * * * + +1805. January 17th. At a public meeting held at the Guildhall, it was +resolved to establish an hospital and school for the indigent blind, in +Norwich and Norfolk. Towards the foundation of this admirable +institution, Thomas Tawell, Esq., contributed a house and three +and-a-half acres of land in Magdalen Street, valued at £1050. Mr. +Tawell, who was unfortunately blind, introduced his humane proposal in an +able speech, appealing for subscriptions. A large sum was at once +subscribed. The hospital was opened on the 14th October following. + +February 2nd. Dr. Charles Manners Sutton, bishop of Norwich, was +nominated by the king, and chosen, February 12th, archbishop of +Canterbury. On the 13th, His Grace arrived at the palace, Norwich, from +London. On the 15th, the mayor and court of aldermen proceeded in state +from the Guildhall to the Bishop’s Palace, where the recorder, Mr. +Harvey, delivered an address of congratulation to the archbishop on his +translation, to which His Grace returned a dignified answer. Next day, +the clergy of Norwich waited on His Grace, when the Rev. Dr. Pretyman, +prebendary, addressed the archbishop in an appropriate speech, to which +His Grace made an impressive reply. On the 17th His Grace preached his +farewell sermon in the Cathedral. + +February 24th. The clergy of Norwich having intimated an intention of +applying to Parliament for an increase of their incomes, then very small, +by assessment, the council, at a quarterly assembly, resolved to oppose +the application; the citizens, in vestry meetings, being unanimous +against the measure, which was never carried out. + +March 18th. Dr. Henry Bathurst (one of the prebendaries of Durham) was +elected bishop of Norwich by the dean and chapter. He soon made himself +universally beloved by the clergy and the citizens. Professor Taylor +gave the following account of the late and also of the newly appointed +bishop:— + + “In 1805, Dr. Bathurst succeeded Dr. Sutton as bishop of Norwich. + The latter, who had been translated to the See of Canterbury, was a + man of polished manners, extravagant habits, and courtier-like + address. He was too polite to quarrel with anybody and too prudent + to provoke controversy. He neither felt nor affected to feel any + horror of Unitarians. He invited them to his table, and at the + request of the mayor, he preached a charity sermon at St. George’s + Colegate, knowing that my father had been asked and had consented to + write the hymns.” + + “Dr. Bathurst removed from Durham to Norwich, and as he was a + stranger in his new residence, never having taken any prominent part + as a public man, little expectation was excited as to his future + conduct. He was known to owe his elevation to his relation, Lord + Bathurst; and it was generally taken for granted that his views on + public affairs were similar to those of the administration of which + that noble lord was a member. Curiosity led me to the Cathedral to + hear the new bishop’s primary charge, and I soon found the spirit it + breathed to resemble the benevolence that beamed from his + countenance.” + + “What the bishop preached he also practised. He never shrunk from + appearing to be what he really was, nor while he received a dissenter + in his study with politeness would he pass him unnoticed in the + street. He was to be seen walking arm-in-arm with persons, of all + persuasions, whom he respected, in the streets of Norwich. He was + not afraid of shaking ‘brother Madge,’ as he called him, by the hand, + nor of welcoming Unitarians to his table. What he was as a member of + the house of peers, on all occasions in which the great principles of + religious liberty were concerned, is well known. I have only here to + speak of his conduct as a resident in Norwich.” + +Sept 3rd. The committee of the court of guardians appointed to examine +the poor rates of the city and hamlets, for the purpose of obtaining a +more equal assessment, made their report, in which they stated that an +increase of £16,000 stock and £1800 rent, calculating on the half rental +only, might be made, and recommended a general survey and new valuation +to be taken, in consequence of the great alteration which had taken place +in property since 1786, when the previous survey was taken. + +December 17th. There was a grand entertainment at the Assembly Rooms, in +honour of Lord Nelson’s glorious victory off Cape Trafalgar; more than +450 ladies and gentlemen of the city and county were present. The rooms +were decorated with transparencies and brilliantly illuminated for a +grand ball and supper. The victory so celebrated, and which had been won +on October 21st, was dearly purchased by the death of Viscount Nelson. +The last order given before the action began, was by the newly-invented +telegraph:—“England expects every man to do his duty.” + + * * * * * + +1806. January 9th. This day the great bells of the several churches in +the city were tolled from twelve till two o’clock, it being the day on +which the remains of the immortal Lord Nelson were interred under the +dome of St. Paul’s Cathedral. The body, after lying in state in the hall +of Greenwich Hospital, was brought thence on January 8th by water to +Whitehall stairs, and carried on a bier to the Admiralty Office, and +deposited in the Captain’s room for the night. Next day the corpse was +removed on a funeral car, drawn by six horses, to St. Paul’s. The Duke +of York headed the procession, the grandest ever witnessed; 500 persons +of distinction attended at the funeral. + +February 24th. At a quarterly assembly of the corporation, a loyal +address was unanimously adopted, to be presented to His Majesty, +“expressive of their gratitude for the paternal affection which he has +shown to his subjects, by waiving every consideration, but the public +good, in the appointment of men of the first abilities in the country to +the high offices of state!” + + * * * * * + +1807. March 4th. A committee of the House of Commons declared Mr. +Windham and Mr. Coke not duly elected, and another election took place +for two members for the county. Sir J. H. Astley, Bart., and Edward +Coke, Esq., (of Derby) were returned without opposition. Mr. Windham +afterwards took his seat for New Romney, and Mr. Coke was returned for +Derby _vice_ his brother, who had previously accepted the Chiltern +Hundreds. + +May 14th. The anniversary of the birthday of that illustrious statesman, +the Right Hon. Wm. Windham, was celebrated at the Angel Inn (now Royal +Hotel) by a large party of his numerous friends. William Smith, Esq., +M.P., presided. + +June 16th. Robert Herring, Esq., was sworn into the office of mayor of +Norwich; and he afterwards gave a dinner to 150 gentlemen at Chapel-field +house. + +October 6th. The first meeting was held of the revived Norfolk Club at +the Angel Inn, Norwich. Sir John Lombe, Bart., was in the chair. The +Hon. Colonel Fitzroy, Mr. W. Smith, and Mr. Windham were also present. + + * * * * * + +1808. January. By the telegraph, orders from the Admiralty Office were +received at Yarmouth, in 17 minutes. The chain of communication was by +Strumpshaw, Thorpe Hills, Honingham, Carlton, and Harling, and from +thence proceeded between Thetford and Bury, over Newmarket Heath to +London. + +Captain Manby’s invention for rescuing persons stranded on a lee shore, +was approved by the Lords of the Admiralty. Parliament rewarded Captain +Manby at different times with grants amounting to £6000, and adopted his +apparatus at many parts of the coast. + +July 29th. At a special assembly of the corporation of Norwich, an +address to his majesty was agreed to unanimously, on the subject of the +noble struggle of the patriots of Spain and Portugal against the Ruler of +France, and of the generous aid given to their endeavours by the +government. + + * * * * * + +1809. January. In consequence of Colonel Robert Harvey not being joined +by a sufficient number of the Volunteers under his command to become a +local Militia Battalion, he resigned the command of the Norwich Volunteer +Regiment, and was succeeded by Colonel De Hague. + +May 9th. The six Regiments of Norfolk Local Militia first assembled to +perform 28 days’ exercise. They were stationed at Norwich, Yarmouth, +Swaffham, and Lynn. + +October 15th. The Norwich corn merchants demanded of the farmers a +month’s credit, instead of paying ready money for their corn as +heretofore, but it was resisted by the growers, and ultimately abandoned +by the merchants. + +November 2nd. After an interval of seven years, there was a grand +musical festival here, combining oratorios at St. Peter’s Church, and +concerts at the Theatre, under the direction of Mr. Beckwith, eldest son +of the late Dr. Beckwith. Professor Hague, of Cambridge, led the band. + + * * * * * + +1810. January 20th. The disputes between the corn growers and buyers in +the city and county, having been amicably adjusted, a reconciliation +dinner took place at the Maid’s Head Inn. Amongst the toasts was, “Fair +Play—ready money on both sides, or ready money on neither.” + +February 4th. Died at Gunton, in his 77th year, the Rt. Hon. Harbord +Lord Suffield. He represented Norwich from 1756 to 1786. He was much +respected by his constituents. + +April 26th. The first stone of the new bridge at Carrow was laid by the +mayor, T. Back, Esq., in due form. + +August 6th. The first stone of the Norwich Foundry Bridge was laid by +Alderman Jonathan Davey, the projector of the undertaking. + +September 27th. A contest took place for the office of alderman of the +great Northern ward, in the room of John Herring, Esq., who died on the +23rd, aged 61. The poll closed as follows—for William Hankes, Esq., 258; +N. Bolingbroke, Esq., 229. The former was declared duly elected. + +December 8th. The Rev. Edward Valpy, B.D., was elected by the aldermen, +master of the Free Grammar School, Norwich, in the room of the Rev. Dr. +S. Forster, resigned. Under Mr. Valpy, the school attained great +celebrity, and here Rajah Brooke and other eminent men were educated. + + * * * * * + +1811. January 15th. Mr. Thomas Roope was convicted at the sessions of +having sent a challenge to Mr. Robert Alderson, Steward of the +Corporation, to provoke him to fight a duel; and was sentenced to pay a +fine of 40/- to the king, and to be imprisoned for one month. + +June 29th. Mr. Thomas Roope was sentenced in the Court of King’s Bench, +to be committed to the custody of the marshal for three months, and to +find sureties afterwards, for a libel on Thomas Back, Esq., late mayor of +Norwich. + +August 6th. A portrait of Thomas Back, Esq., was placed in St. Andrew’s +Hall. It was painted by Mr. Clover, a native of the city. + +September 11th. A numerous meeting was held in St. Andrew’s Hall, with +the mayor, J. H. Cole, Esq., in the chair, when the Norfolk and Norwich +Auxiliary Bible Society was instituted. The Bishop of Norwich (who was +present) was appointed president, and the three secretaries of the +British and Foreign Bible Society also attended. Annual meetings have +been held ever since. + + * * * * * + +1812. June 16th. Starling Day, Esq., was sworn in Mayor of Norwich for +the second time; but in consequence of his advanced age and infirmities, +there was no dinner in St. Andrew’s Hall, on the guild-day. Mr. Alderman +Davey (who was one of the unsuccessful candidates for the office of mayor +on May 1st and 2nd) gave a dinner under the trees adjoining his house at +Eaton, to about 500 freemen of the liberal interest. Strange as it may +seem now, contests often took place for the office of mayor, during the +old corporation. + +July 17th. At a meeting of noblemen, gentry, and clergy, held at the +Shirehall, (Lord Viscount Primrose in the chair,) the Norfolk and Norwich +Society for the education of the poor in the principles of the Church of +England, was established. Upwards of £3000 was subscribed for the +object. The Lord Bishop of Norwich was elected patron, and Lord +Suffield, president. + + * * * * * + +1813. May 1st. A contested election for the office of Mayor of Norwich +came on, and was not finished till next morning, when Alderman Davey and +J. Harvey were returned as the two highest; but on May 3rd, an objection +was made to Alderman J. Harvey, as being ineligible, from his not being a +resident inhabitant of the city, as required by charter. Counsel’s +opinion was obtained in favour of that objection, and another election +took place on June 7th, when another contest ensued, and after a spirited +poll the numbers were—for Alderman Leman, 797; Alderman Davey, 801. The +Court of Aldermen elected the former gentleman. + +July 4th. Great rejoicings took place here on the arrival of the news of +the great victory obtained by the British army commanded by the Marquis +of Wellington, over the French army, under Joseph Buonaparte, at Vittoria +in Spain, on June 21st, when the enemy lost 151 pieces of cannon, 415 +waggons, all his baggage, and many prisoners. The Marquis of Wellington +was promoted to be a Field-Marshal. A form of prayer and thanksgiving +for this victory was used in all the churches on August 1st. + + * * * * * + +1814. May 1st. An election took place for the office of Mayor of +Norwich, and the contest lasted two days. Aldermen Back and Robberds +being the highest on the poll, a scrutiny was demanded on behalf of +Alderman Davey. The scrutiny commenced on the 12th, and continued till +the 19th, when Alderman Davey declined proceeding further. Aldermen +Robberds and Back were then returned to the Court of Aldermen, who +elected J. W. Robberds, Esq., to serve the office of Mayor. + +June 3rd. The Expedition coach being the first to arrive in Norwich with +the news of the definitive treaty of peace, (signed at Paris on the 30th +ult.,) was drawn by the people four times round the Market Place, and +through the principal streets. + +June 8th. The Newmarket mail arrived in Norwich with news of the Corn +Importation Bill having been thrown out of the House of Commons by a +majority of 10, and was dragged by the excited people for hours through +the streets. At night a great bonfire was made. + +June 27th. Peace with France was proclaimed. The mayor and corporation +went in a procession of carriages from the Guildhall through the +principal streets, preceded by trumpets, and accompanied by thousands of +people. + +July 7th. The thanksgiving day for the happy restoration of peace. The +mayor and corporation attended divine service at the Cathedral. About +700 children from the church schools went in procession to St. Andrew’s +Hall, where a plentiful dinner of roast beef and plum pudding was +provided for them by the treasurers of the charity schools. The poor in +their several parishes participated in the general joy, and were regaled +with plentiful dinners, paid for by subscriptions. + + * * * * * + +1815. March 4th. The late Professor Taylor stood a contest, for the +third time, for nominee of St. Peter’s Mancroft ward. Of course he was +beaten, this being an orange-and-purple ward, but he polled 107 votes. +However, he was soon afterwards elected a common councilman, without +difficulty, in the Northern ward, where the blue-and-whites had always a +large majority. This was on March 16th, and on May 3rd he was elected a +member of the court of guardians. He took a very active part in local +politics, and was the first man who ever reported and published the +proceedings of the common council. + +June 23rd. The glorious news was received in Norwich, with triumphant +rejoicings, of the ever memorable victory obtained by the Duke of +Wellington over the French army, commanded by Buonaparte in person, at +Waterloo, near Brussels, on the 18th. Buonaparte fled to Paris, leaving +upwards of 200 pieces of cannon in the hands of the allied armies. + +June 27th. Rejoicings were renewed here on the news being received of +the second abdication of Buonaparte, the immediate consequence of the +grand victory of La Belle Alliance. + + * * * * * + +1816. January 18th. This day was appointed a thanksgiving day for the +restoration of peace, and it was solemnly observed. The mayor and +corporation of Norwich attended divine service at the Cathedral. Sermons +were preached at the different places of worship, and collections were +made for the poor. + +January 25th. At the 51st anniversary of the Castle corporation, Thomas +Back, Esq., alderman, presented two medals to be worn by the recorder and +steward of the society. Each medal bore a good likeness of Mr. Pitt, on +a beautiful cameo; the motto round which was _Non Sibi sed Patriæ Vixit_. +On the reverse were the words, “Presented by Thomas Back, Junior, Esq., +to the Castle Corporation, Norwich, in commemoration of the great victory +of Waterloo, obtained on the 18th June, 1815, by the Allied Armies under +the command of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington;” and around this was +the motto, “In memory of the Right Hon. William Pitt; died the 23rd +January, 1806, aged 47.” + +January 29th. Died, aged 86, Robert Harvey, Esq., called the Father of +the City of Norwich, for his great benevolence and liberality and +promotion of trade. + +February 20th. A numerous meeting was held at the Guildhall, Norwich, +with the mayor, J. H. Yallop, Esq., in the chair, when resolutions +against the property tax, and a petition founded thereon, were passed +unanimously. Similar petitions were sent from Lynn, Yarmouth, and other +towns. County meetings were also held to petition against the tax. + +March 29th. At a public meeting held at the Guildhall, Norwich, with the +mayor in the chair, it was resolved to establish a bank for savings, +where servants and others might deposit a portion of their earnings. It +was opened on April 29th, and has continued to be very prosperous. + +April 3rd. A meeting of merchants, manufacturers, and others, was held +at the Guildhall, Norwich, John Harvey, Esq., presiding, when resolutions +were passed to instruct the city members to watch and oppose the intended +measure for allowing the exportation of wool free of all restrictions. +This measure was for the time relinquished. + +April 4th. At a public meeting held under the presidency of the mayor, a +petition to parliament was adopted for the repeal of the Insolvent +Debtors’ act as being injurious to trade and commerce. It was not +repealed for a long time. + +May 11th. The West Norfolk militia returned to Norwich from Ireland, and +were disembodied on the 17th of June. + +May 16th. A number of riotous persons, chiefly youths, broke into the +New Mills, in Norwich, threw some of the flour into the mill pool, and +committed several outrages on persons and dwellings before they +dispersed. The pretext for the disturbance was the want of employment. +They assembled again on the next evening, but were dispersed by the +magistrates and military, and several of the rioters were taken into +custody. Similar proceedings took place at Downham and other places in +Norfolk. + +June 17th. At a quarterly assembly of the corporation, an address of +congratulation to the Prince Regent was voted, to be presented to his +Royal Highness, on the occasion of the marriage of the Princess Charlotte +of Wales, and Prince Leopold of Saxe Coburg. The address was presented +by the city members. The marriage took place on May 2nd. + +June 18th. This day being the anniversary of the glorious victory of +Waterloo, the non-commissioned officers and privates of the First Royal +Dragoons, and other soldiers quartered in Norwich, were treated with a +handsome dinner in the cavalry riding school, several gentlemen having +entered into a subscription for that purpose, the corporation adding the +sum of £10. Robert Hawkes, Esq., first suggested the entertainment. + +July 10th. An address of congratulation was voted by the court of +mayoralty of Norwich, to be presented to the Princess Charlotte and +Prince Leopold on their marriage. + +October 14th. A public meeting was held in St. Andrew’s Hall (Mr. +Sheriff Bolingbroke in the chair), when certain resolutions, and a +petition to parliament founded thereon, were agreed to. The petition was +for the greatest possible retrenchment of the public expenditure, and for +a Reform of the House of Commons. Thus early began the Reform movement, +and it continued to extend all over the country. It became stronger and +stronger, till at last it overcame all opposition. + + * * * * * + +1817. January 1st. At a public meeting in the Guildhall, with the +mayor, William Hankes, Esq., presiding, a subscription was commenced to +relieve the labouring poor, which amounted to £3050. The poor people +were employed on works of public improvement, and were supplied with +soup, &c. Upwards of £1000 was also raised at Yarmouth for the same +laudable purpose, and 460 men were employed in forming roads to the Bath +House, Jetty, &c. The committee in Norwich granted £270 to be expended +for labour on cutting a road through Butter Hills to Carrow Bridge, which +was effected in the course of the summer. + +March 26th. The severest contest took place ever known for nominees of +Wymer, or the Long ward, very few votes remaining unpolled. Some of the +freemen came in post-chaises from Thetford to poll. The numbers were, +Messrs. S. Mitchell, 306; J. Reynolds, 305; A. Thwaites, 292; Messrs. W. +Foster, 297; R. Purland, 288; C. Higgen, 283. Mr. Foster was successful, +having five votes above Mr. Thwaites, one of the old nominees. + +April 4th. On Good Friday morning, Wright’s Norwich and Yarmouth steam +packet had just started from the Foundry Bridge, when the boiler of the +engine burst with a tremendous explosion, by which the vessel was blown +to atoms, and of 22 persons on board, five men three women, and one child +were instantly killed. Six women with fractured arms and legs were +conveyed to the hospital, where one died. The remaining seven escaped +without much injury. A subscription amounting to £350 was raised for the +sufferers. Soon afterwards, a packet was introduced on the river, worked +by four horses, as in a thrashing machine; the animals walking in a path +18 feet in diameter. The vessel was propelled from six to seven miles an +hour, as wind and tide favoured. This packet did not long run, and steam +packets were again introduced, which went from Norwich to Yarmouth daily. + +September 26th. A meeting was held in St. Andrew’s Hall, when an +auxiliary association to the London Society for Promoting Christianity +amongst the Jews was established. The Lord Bishop of Norwich was +appointed president. Annual meetings have been held ever since to +promote the objects of the society. + +December 3rd. At a special meeting of the corporation, two addresses of +condolence, one to the Prince Regent, and the other to Prince Leopold, of +Saxe Coburg, were voted, expressive of the grief of the citizens on the +death of the Princess Charlotte. + + * * * * * + +1818. January 5th. The court of guardians having determined to proceed +in the valuation of the property in the city and hamlets, Messrs. Rook, +Athow, and Stannard were appointed to make such valuation. They were to +be paid £850 for their trouble. + +A repository was established in Norwich for the sale of articles of +ingenuity, to increase the funds of the society for relieving the sick +poor in Norwich. The first exhibition took place on Tombland fair day, +at Mr. Noverre’s room. + +March 11th. This year, the several wards in Norwich (except the Northern +ward) were strongly contested, particularly the Wymer ward. After a +spirited poll for nominees of the common council, the numbers were for +Mr. Foster, 361; Mr. Higgen, 357; Mr. Purland, 355; Mr. Mitchell, 345; +Mr. Culley, 340; Mr. Beckwith, 322. The liberal party at last obtained +the ascendancy, but had to pay for it. The expenditure at this local +contest was estimated at some thousands. From £15 to £40 were given for +votes, and the freemen were brought in carriages from the country. + +May 16th. This being Guild-day, Barnabas Leman, Esq., was sworn in mayor +of Norwich for the second time. The corporation went in procession to +the Cathedral, preceded by the Blue and White Clubs, the freemen wearing +those colours in their hats, which was considered improper and ill-timed. +Mr. William Smith, before the procession started, after recommending his +friends to abstain from this display of party feeling on such a day, +pulled his colours from his hat and put them in his pocket. It being +quite a matter of taste, his example was not followed. + + * * * * * + +1819. This year some important meetings were held, and a good deal of +political excitement prevailed in the city. Mr. E. Taylor was elected +sheriff after a contest with Mr. T. S. Day. The former was evidently the +popular candidate, the numbers being for Taylor 807, for Day 530. In +acknowledging the honour which had been conferred upon him he said,— + + “There are times, gentlemen, when the post of honour is the post of + duty—times when it is the duty of every man to stand forward to + maintain and uphold the laws of his country, and prevent them from + being outraged. Such, gentlemen, are the present. Scenes have + recently been exhibited in a distant part of this country which I + blush to mention. The laws have there been outraged and trodden + under foot, not by the people, but by the magistrates, whose duty it + was to protect them. At Manchester we have seen a merciless + soldiery, or rather, I should say, persons wearing red coats, and + pretending to be soldiers, let loose to butcher men, women, and + children in cold blood who were peaceably and legally met to + discharge a duty which they owed to their country. The right of + petitioning is a right which, till lately, we have enjoyed + uninterruptedly, none daring to make us afraid; and where is the man + who will tell me that these people did not legally and + constitutionally meet? But, gentlemen, they have been treated in a + manner so brutal and inhuman, that our history furnishes no + parallel.” + +He alluded to the “Peterloo Massacre” as it was then called, and which +excited universal indignation throughout the country. + +January 25th. The birthday of Mr. Fox was commemorated, by nearly 250 +gentlemen, at the Assembly rooms. The earl of Albemarle presided, +supported by Mr. Coke and Viscount Bury. The high sheriff was at the +head of the right hand table, and Mr. Wm. Smith of the left. After +dinner, speeches were delivered, setting forth the views of the Liberal +party. + +April 15th. A public meeting was held in St. Andrew’s Hall, when a +petition to the House of Commons against the duty on coals (6s. 6d. per +chaldron) was adopted by acclamation. R. H. Gurney, Esq., M.P., assured +the meeting that he should support the prayer of the petition, and do +everything in his power towards alleviating the burdens of his +fellow-citizens. The tax was ultimately abolished. + +April 22nd. The duke of Sussex arrived in Norwich and lodged at the +house of William Foster, Esq., in Queen Street, where his royal highness +was waited upon by the mayor and corporation. Mr. Steward Alderson, in +an address of congratulation on his arrival, informed his royal highness +that the whole body corporate had voted to him the freedom of the city, +which the royal duke was pleased to accept, at the same time returning a +dignified answer. On the next day a grand meeting of the Masonic +brethren, 320 in number, was held in Chapel-field house. The large +Assembly room was decorated in the most splendid style. At 10.30 a.m., +the duke of Sussex (as grand master of England) installed Thomas Wm. +Coke, Esq., M.P., as provincial grand master, with the accustomed Masonic +ceremonies. His royal highness delivered an impressive charge, on +investing Mr. Coke with the jewel, apron, and gloves. After this +ceremony a procession was formed, every officer and member of the +assembled lodges wearing his full masonic costume and jewels, and the +banners were carried in the procession to the Cathedral. In the evening, +there was a sumptuous banquet in St. Andrew’s Hall, at which the royal +duke presided, supported by Mr. Coke and I. Ives, Esq., the deputy +provincial grand master. About 254 persons dined, and many ladies were +present to witness the festive scene. Toasts were proposed in right +royal style, and duly responded to. Next day His Royal Highness was +admitted to the honorary freedom of the city at the Guildhall, where he +took the customary oaths. After visiting the exhibition of the Artists’ +Society, the royal duke left Norwich about noon and proceeded to Holkham, +paying a visit to Sir George Jerningham, at Cossey Hall, on his way +thither. + +May 28th. The anniversary of the birthday of the Rt. Hon. Wm. Pitt was +commemorated at the Assembly rooms, Norwich, by a very numerous company +of noblemen, gentlemen, and citizens. + +June 4th. The anniversary of the birthday of the long afflicted +sovereign, George III., who had entered on the eighty-second year of his +age, was celebrated for the last time in Norwich, Yarmouth, Lynn, and +other towns, with the accustomed demonstration of loyalty and attachment. + +July 15th. Meetings were held in Norwich, and resolutions were passed, +and petitions to parliament adopted, against the proposed additional +duties on malt and on foreign wool. Petitions were also presented to +parliament praying for an alteration in the corn laws, in consequence of +the depressed state of agriculture. + +September 16th. A public meeting was held in St. Andrew’s Hall, in order +to take into consideration the late disastrous transactions at +Manchester, on August 16th. The mayor, R. Bolingbroke, Esq., presided, +when resolutions were adopted asserting the right of the subject to +petition the king, and the legality of the late meeting at Manchester, +censuring the conduct of the magistrates and yeomanry, and recommending a +subscription for the relief of the sufferers. An address to the prince +regent was agreed to for the removal of ministers from his presence and +councils for ever. The address was afterwards presented by the city +members. + +October 18th. A public meeting was held by adjournment at the Guildhall +to take into consideration the propriety of erecting a bridge over the +river, near the Duke’s Palace, to connect Pitt Street with the Market +Place. A proposition to that effect was negatived, but a bill for +erecting the bridge was introduced into parliament and ultimately passed. +Nearly £9,000 were proposed to be raised, by shares of £25 each, to +complete the same. The bridge was built in course of time, and toll had +to be paid for many years. By the exertions and influence of the late T. +O. Springfield, Esq., the bridge was made a free thoroughfare, greatly to +the convenience of the citizens. + + * * * * * + +1820. January 5th. At a special meeting of the Diocesan Committee of +the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, held in Norwich, (the Lord +Bishop presiding) resolutions were adopted to counteract the evil effects +of infidel and blasphemous publications, by issuing tracts of the Parent +Society at very reduced prices, and a subscription was entered into for +that purpose. + +January 24th. The anniversary of the birthday of the Right Hon. C. J. +Fox was commemorated by a grand public dinner in St. Andrew’s Hall by 460 +noblemen and gentlemen, amongst whom were the Duke of Sussex, the Duke of +Norfolk, the Earl of Albemarle (who presided), Viscount Bury, Lord +Molyneux, and many other leading gentlemen of the liberal party. The +hall was handsomely decorated, and the names of FOX and ALBEMARLE +appeared in variegated lamps, and in a semi-circular transparency was +that of SUSSEX, in letters of gold upon a ground of purple silk. + +January 30th. A messenger from London brought to Lord and Lady +Castlereagh (who were at Gunton Hall) the melancholy tidings of the death +of King George III., which became known in Norwich on the following +morning, when nearly all the shops were closed, and the bells of the +churches were tolled for three hours. The king died on January 29th, in +the 82nd year of his age, and the 60th of his troubled reign, during +which long wars desolated Europe, doubled our national debt, and +impoverished the country. His Royal Highness, the Prince of Wales, (who +was appointed regent on February 6th, 1811,) immediately ascended the +throne. King George IV. was soon afterwards seriously indisposed with +inflammation in the lungs, but happily recovered from the attack in the +course of a week. + +February 1st. King George IV. was proclaimed on the Castle Hill by the +High Sheriff, Sir William Windham Dalling, Bart., amid the cheers of +those assembled. On the same day His Majesty was proclaimed in the city +in full form and with great rejoicings. + +March 6th. A spirited contest took place for the gown, vacant by the +death of Starling Day, Esq., alderman of Wymer ward. At the close of the +poll the numbers were for Henry Francis, Esq., 413; John Lovick, Esq., +372; majority for Mr. Francis 41, who was declared duly elected. In this +month Messrs. Mitchell, Beckwith, and Culley were elected nominees for +the long ward without opposition. The other three wards were contested. +After the elections for Wymer and the Northern wards, processions took +place at night to celebrate the triumph of the two contending parties. + +August 2nd. A common hall was held for the purpose of getting up an +address to be presented to Queen Caroline. Mr. Alderman Leman presided, +and Mr. Sheriff Taylor introduced the subject, declaring that their duty +was not merely to vote an address to Her Majesty on her accession, but to +protest against the proceedings adopted by His Majesty’s ministers, +against her “whom we ought to honour as our Queen, and esteem as a +woman.” He denied the imputation that this meeting was held for factious +and seditious purposes. He reviewed the various charges which had been +brought against Her Majesty, and mentioned several instances of noble +conduct on her part. He regarded the erasure of her name from the +liturgy as a gross insult, and spoke of the firmness, and sagacity, and +judgment which characterised her determination to return to England. He +reminded his hearers of the enthusiasm which attended her entry into +London. But no sooner was she arrived than a large green bag was laid on +the table. Now he had an instinctive horror of a green bag, as he had +once the honour of occupying a small corner of one. He then challenged +the ministers, through Mr. Coke, to prove any one of the charges brought +against him in the green bag; and he received an answer that it was all a +mistake, and that Norwich should not have been inserted. The resolutions +were carried by acclamation, and he afterwards presented an address to +the Queen at Brandenburgh house. + +There was but one opinion here as to the character of George IV., and +with respect to the Queen, all the world agreed that she was much to be +pitied. Men’s passions were so strongly excited, that whichever side +they took, whether for her or against her, her conduct was viewed through +a false medium. Nothing showed this more strongly than the behaviour of +the two parties upon her death. The blue-and-whites, many of whom had +never put on black for a royal personage before, were to be seen dressed +in black and white, while on the other hand the orange-and-purples, not +content with appearing in their ordinary attire, flaunted about in the +gayest colours. + +December 12th. In consequence of the numerous robberies committed in the +city and county, public meetings were held, and resolutions passed to +grant high rewards to watchmen who might apprehend offenders. More +burglaries had been committed in that year than in the preceding twenty +years. Increased poverty had produced crime, and the “Old Charlies” were +of little use. + + * * * * * + +1821. March 7th. E. T. Booth, Esq., (sheriff) was elected an alderman +of Great Wymer ward in the room of the late William Foster, Esq., who had +died on March 3rd. There was an opposition; at the close of the poll the +numbers were, for Mr. Booth 444, Mr. R. Shaw 433. + +March 31st. The freedom of the city having been voted at the quarterly +assembly of the corporation on the 24th ult., to be presented to Captain +William Edward Parry of the Royal Navy; that gallant officer attended in +full uniform, and was sworn in at a full court of mayoralty. The +parchment containing the freedom of the city was presented to him in a +box formed of a piece of oak, part of the ship Hecla, with an appropriate +inscription. + +April 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th. Cleansing Week ward elections took place. +Conisford ward no opposition, Messrs. J. Kitton, J. Angel, and J. P. +Cocksedge (nominees); Mancroft ward no opposition, Messrs. P. Chamberlin, +J. Bennett, and J. Goodwin, (nominees); Wymer ward, Mr. A. A. H. Beckwith +432, Mr. J. Culley, 432, Mr. J. Reynolds 423 (nominees), Mr. J. Parkinson +254, Mr. Newin 249, Mr. R. Purland 236, Mr. S. Mitchell 45; Northern +ward, Mr. T. Barnard 418, Mr. T. O. Springfield 416, Mr. S. S. Beare 416, +(nominees), Mr. G. Morse 231, Mr. Troughton 230, Mr. T. Grimmer 231. + +May 1st. The election for mayor came on. At the close of the poll the +numbers were for Alderman Rackham 986, Alderman Hawkes 950, Alderman +Marsh 630, Alderman Yallop 631. The former two were returned to the +court of aldermen, who elected William Rackham, Esq., to serve the office +of chief magistrate. + +June 18th. This being Guild day, William Rackham, Esq., was sworn in +mayor, on which occasion he gave a sumptuous dinner to about 650 ladies +and gentlemen in St. Andrews Hall, the hall having previously undergone +various alterations and improvements. + +July 27th. The coronation of George IV. was celebrated here in a very +splendid manner, and gave occasion for a display of the exuberant loyalty +of the citizens. This king, called “the finest gentleman in Europe,” had +governed the realm for nearly ten years, and visited the city in 1812. +His reign was peaceful and prosperous, and he was a great promoter of the +arts and sciences. The most important event of his reign was the passing +of the act for Roman Catholic emancipation, by which Roman Catholics +became entitled to all the rights and privileges enjoyed by the rest of +the community, a measure strongly supported here by the liberal party. +During this reign the citizens of Norwich took a very active part in all +the great movements of the age—the Roman Catholic Emancipation movement, +the Anti-Slavery movement, and the Reform agitation. Strong contests at +elections took place on all these questions. Bribery, corruption, +treating, cooping, and intimidation, were resorted to by both parties on +every occasion, as will appear in a subsequent chapter, on our political +history. Party spirit never ran higher in any town than in Norwich. + + * * * * * + +1822. January 24th. The anniversary of the birthday of the Rt. Hon. C. +J. Fox was commemorated by a public dinner of the liberal party at the +Assembly Rooms. + +February 24th. At a quarterly meeting of the corporation it was +unanimously resolved, that a piece of plate, of the value of 150 guineas, +be presented to Charles Harvey, Esq., the recorder of Norwich, as a +testimony of the high appreciation entertained by that assembly of his +upright and impartial conduct in the performance of the duties of his +office, and of his zeal on all occasions for the interests of the city. + +March. When the elections came on in Cleansing Week, there was no +opposition for the Conisford and Mancroft wards, and the +orange-and-purple party maintained their ascendancy. Wymer ward, Mr. J. +Reynolds 401, Mr. A. A. H. Beckwith 401, Mr. J. Culley 401, (nominees); +P. Greenwood 56, W. Simmons 56, R. Widdows 54. Northern ward, Mr. A. +Shaw 379, Mr. S. S. Beare 368, Mr. E. Taylor 200, (nominees); W. G. +Edwards 189, A. Beloe 193, T. Grimmer 190, St. Quintin 190. + +May 1st. The election of mayor came on. At the close of the poll the +numbers were for Alderman Hawkes 957, Alderman J. S. Patteson 908, +Alderman Thurtell 364, Alderman Yallop 318; the former two were returned +to the court of aldermen, who elected Robert Hawkes, Esq., to serve the +office of chief magistrate. + +June 18th. This being Guild day, Robert Hawkes, Esq., was sworn in as +mayor, and he gave a grand dinner to the citizens in St. Andrew’s Hall. + +September 27th. The weavers, 2,361 in number, subscribed for, and +presented a piece of plate to John Harvey, Esq., as a testimony of the +high esteem in which they held him; and he deserved it, for he was a +great promoter of the manufactures of the city, and a friend of the +operatives. They were then in a prosperous state, and well employed by +many large firms who executed orders for the East India Company to the +extent of 20,000 pieces of camlets yearly. This trade continued till +1832. + + * * * * * + +1823. January 23rd. At a meeting held in the Old Library Room, St. +Andrew’s Hall, a society was formed for supplying the poor with blankets +at a reduced price; and upwards of 1100 were distributed during the +winter. + +February 24th. At a quarterly assembly of the corporation a lease was +granted to the magistrates of the city, for 500 years, of the piece of +land outside of St. Giles’ Gates, on which it had been decided to build +the new jail, at the annual rent of £50. + +March 4th. At a meeting held at the Guildhall, petitions to parliament +were adopted against the Insolvent Debtors Act. + +March. Cleansing Week for the ward elections passed off without any +opposition; the orange-and-purple party kept the Conisford, Mancroft, and +Wymer wards, and the blue-and-white the Northern ward. + +April 14th. At a special assembly of the corporation, a petition to His +Majesty was adopted, praying for two jail deliveries in the course of the +year. + +April 25th. At a meeting held at the Guildhall, to take into +consideration the state of the West India Colonies, with a view to +promote the abolition of slavery, resolutions in favour of the object +were carried. + +May 1st. The election of mayor took place, and at the close of the poll +the numbers were, Alderman J. S. Patteson 835, Alderman Francis 774, +Alderman Leman 101, Alderman Yallop 94. The two former were returned to +the court of aldermen, who elected J. S. Patteson, Esq., to serve the +office of chief magistrate. + +May 3rd. At a quarterly assembly of the corporation, the freedom of the +city was voted to the Hon. John Wodehouse, lieutenant of the city and +county. + +June 17th. This being Guild day, J. S. Patteson, Esq., was sworn in +mayor; and he gave a splendid dinner to a large party in St. Andrew’s +Hall. + + * * * * * + +1824. In September of this year the first Norfolk and Norwich Musical +Festival was held in St. Andrew’s Hall, and the concerts given were well +attended by the nobility and gentry of the county. This Festival was +very much promoted by Mr. Edward Taylor, Mr. R. M. Bacon, then editor of +the _Mercury_, and other amateurs in the city, and proved eminently +successful, the hospital receiving the sum of £2,399 out of the profits. +In 1825, King George IV. presented the hospital with a copy of Arnold’s +edition of Handel’s Works. It was determined that a triennial festival +should be held in aid of the funds of the institution, and that the +Norwich Choral Society should be maintained in an efficient state for +that purpose. + + + +CHAPTER XVI. +Norwich Navigation. + + +ABOUT this time a very important movement took place in the city, with +the view to make “Norwich a port,” and many meetings were held to promote +that object. Here, therefore, will be a proper place to review the +proceedings in reference to our navigation to Yarmouth and Lowestoft. +The history will show the grasping selfishness of the old corporation at +Yarmouth, which always tried to tax the trade of the city, and opposed +every improvement, even when it was for the benefit of both towns. + +Norwich, no doubt, derived its mercantile and carrying trade from its +original situation as a sea-port. In ancient times the _Gariensis +Ostium_, or mouth of the Yare, extended in breadth from Burgh Castle to +Caister, the two Roman camps being opposite each other. The spot on +which Yarmouth now stands was then covered by water, and a broad arm of +the sea extended all over the present marshes to the city, which was then +a sea-port, before Yarmouth had any existence. This appears from the +legal contests that took place in later times between the burgesses of +Yarmouth and the citizens of Norwich. + +Norwich had long been a mercantile and trading town, and one of the royal +cities of England, and ships came up by an arm of the sea to an open +market, which was held every day in the week. Public marts or fairs were +held twice a year, with all manner of merchandise for sale to citizens, +strangers, or foreigners. The traders for centuries used this right of +buying and selling, loading and unloading all their goods and +merchandise, free of all tolls and dues. Foreign merchants paid at +Norwich 4d. on every ship of bulk, 2d. for every boat, and all other +customs for their merchandise. + +At the commencement of the 14th century Yarmouth began to be a rival port +to Norwich, and some legal contests took place between the two towns +respecting their rights and privileges. In 1327, a suit was commenced, +and in 1331 it was renewed, between the citizens of Norwich and the +burgesses of Yarmouth, relating to certain tolls which the latter imposed +on goods, claiming the right to do so under the charter of Edward I., +which made Yarmouth a port. Indeed, they appear to have been so incensed +at the city becoming a staple that they proceeded so far as to stop all +vessels coming through from their port to Norwich. A very remarkable +contest consequently arose, and terminated in favour of the city. The +result of the suit was, that the bailiffs of Yarmouth were commanded to +make proclamation in their town, “That if any hindered or in any way +molested the merchant vessels of what kind soever from passing and +re-passing through the port of Yarmouth, to and from the city of Norwich, +they should forfeit all their goods and chattels, forfeitable, for so +doing.” Yarmouth was, therefore, prevented for a time from levying +duties, but subsequently regained the power of doing so to a great +extent. + +If Norwich in former ages was an important seaport, the question +naturally arises how it ceased to be so. There is sufficient evidence +that after the year 500, the arm of the sea became narrower, though at +that period the water came up close to the Castle Hill. After 1050, the +river was much reduced in breadth, and a new town arose round the +fortress. Centuries elapsed and the river became still narrower, and +streets were extended on each side. At length the stream became so +shallow that it was no longer navigable for sea-borne vessels, and the +ancient trade of the city began to decline. The citizens, occupied by +political contests, did not keep up the navigation for sea-borne vessels, +as they might easily have done. Attempts were made in this (19th) +century to retrieve the long neglect of former ages by some schemes of +improvement, but these attempts almost entirely failed. Still the city +owed many trading advantages to its river, which is navigable for +wherries and packets to the sea. + +The navigation between Norwich and Yarmouth has not been, for centuries, +suited for sea-borne vessels, owing, chiefly, to the shallowness of the +channel over Breydon. The embouchure of the river into the sea has been +frequently blocked up by shifting sands, and vessels have been detained +fourteen days before they could get into the river. Indeed, at the +present time there is great danger of the mouth of the harbour being +blocked up at Yarmouth altogether. + +Prior to the year 1762, the quantity of coals brought from Yarmouth to +Norwich, annually, was 26,000 chaldrons. Of these, nearly 5000 chaldrons +were carried out of Norwich into the surrounding district, so that 21,000 +chaldrons were consumed in the city. At that time, the king’s dues and +the Yarmouth dues amounted to 8s. 1d. per chaldron, which was felt by the +consumers to be a grievous tax. A cheap and plentiful supply of coal has +always been of the utmost importance to the citizens, not only for +domestic purposes, but also as fuel for manufacturers, dyers, hot +pressers, lime burners, brewers, and maltsters. Yet, at the period +referred to, this necessary commodity was heavily taxed, to the extent of +£1200 yearly, more than was paid on an equal consumption in London. This +tax was rendered more grievous by the illegal measurement at Yarmouth. +The legal chaldron consisted of thirty-six bushels; but, at Yarmouth the +chaldron was estimated not by bushels, but by a measure called a mett, +sixteen of which were computed to contain a chaldron, but did not. As +may be supposed, the injustice naturally caused considerable +dissatisfaction among the Norwich coal merchants and other citizens, and +frequent complaints were made of the grievance which was ultimately +abolished. This was important, for formerly, from the north of England, +immense quantities of coal and heavy goods were brought by sea, _viâ_ +Yarmouth to Norwich, for distribution over the eastern side of Norfolk +and Suffolk. The importation of coal, by this route, has, however, been +greatly diminished; not only by the opening of railways in every +direction, but also by the working of the central coal fields of England. + +By the act of the 12th George I., c. 15, commonly called the Tonnage Act, +the corporation obtained the power to levy tolls on all goods brought +into the city by any boat, keel wherry, lighter, buoy, or other vessel as +follows:—4d. for every chaldron of coals, for every last of wheat, rye, +barley, malt, or other grain, for every weight of salt, for every +hogshead of sugar, tobacco, molasses, or hogshead packed with other +goods, for every three puncheons of liquor, for every two pipes of wine, +spirits, &c., for every eight barrels of soap, raisins, oil, pitch, tar, +&c. For five years prior to May, 1836, the average amount of revenue +derived from the tonnage dues was £970, showing that a very large +quantity of goods was brought by river to the city. After June 24th, +1836, the tolls were let by auction for £1375; in 1838, for £1210; in +1840, for £1220; in 1847, for £1000; in 1850, for £1050 yearly. This +shows that after the opening of railways the dues were reduced, but not +so much as might have been expected; the wherries continued to bring in a +large proportion of the heavy goods. + +The project of opening a communication between Norwich and the sea, for +sea-borne vessels, originated with Alderman Crisp Brown, who in 1814, +submitted to the corporation a plan for making Norwich a port by way of +Yarmouth. After this, surveys were made, and a report was published in +1818, by Mr. Cubitt, who recommended avoiding Breydon by a new cut on the +south side. In the same year he made another survey, to ascertain the +practicability of opening a communication with the sea at Lowestoft, and +in 1821 this report was laid before the public. As the Yarmouth +corporation had signified their determination to oppose either of these +plans, it was at length determined to carry out the communication to +Lowestoft, although the expense was double that of the Yarmouth plan. +This turned out to be a very unfortunate undertaking. Subscriptions were +raised and fresh surveys were made; and in 1826, a company having been +formed, an application was made to Parliament for an Act; but being +opposed by the Yarmouth corporation and timid owners of the marsh lands, +who were fearful of an inundation, it was lost by a majority of five. +This act, however, was finally passed in 1827, after £8000 had been spent +by the corporation of Yarmouth in opposing it. Of course, the object of +that body was to retain the monopoly of the Norwich trade, which was then +very great. + +On May 23rd, 1827, the bill for making Norwich a port having been passed +through both houses of Parliament, the navigation committee, with the +mayor (their chairman), were met at Hartford Hill, on their return from +London, by thousands of their fellow-citizens who were assembled to +welcome them; and a grand procession having been formed, they marched +through the city, while guns were fired in all directions. The +celebration concluded with a bonfire at night. + +In effecting the great undertaking of a communication with Lowestoft, the +river Yare was deepened near Norwich and the navigation was continued by +that river as far as Reedham, whence it was carried across the marshes by +a new cut, two miles and a-half long, to the river Waveney, along which +it passed to Oulton Dyke, which was widened and deepened to Oulton Broad, +whence by a short cut the canal entered Lake Lothing, through which it +passed to the shore at Lowestoft, where, by cutting through the bank, the +tides were freely admitted into the lake. Here a large harbour was +formed, covering 160 acres, nearly three miles in length, and averaging +from fifteen to seventeen feet in depth at high water. In this work the +company spent their whole capital of £150,000. + +On September 30th, 1833, the Norwich and Lowestoft navigation was opened, +when two vessels came from the latter place and arrived at the wharfs +without once touching ground. This caused great rejoicing, and the +advantages of the undertaking were soon apparent. But the company wanted +money, and were obliged to borrow it from the Exchequer Loan +Commissioners, into whose hands the port fell in 1842. Norwich traders +might afterwards have recovered possession of the port for a small sum by +a combined effort, but they lost the opportunity. The commissioners +disposed of the port and navigation to a new company at Lowestoft, and +that company, after expending large sums in repairs, sold the harbour and +navigation to Mr. Peto for almost a nominal price. He, with other +gentlemen, organised another company, raised a capital of £200,000 +(afterwards doubled), and obtained an act of parliament for the formation +of a new harbour, and a railway to Reedham in connection with the line to +Norwich. The new harbour was made, and the railway was opened in 1847, +from which year the carrying trade of the port gradually increased. +Before 1850 the importation of coal and the harbour dues increased +five-fold, and the importations of corn increased 10,000 quarters yearly. +The number of vessels was doubled, and of course employment increased in +proportion. The harbour and railway contributed a large traffic to the +Eastern Counties lines. Norwich traders made great use of the port, and +through it brought quantities of coal and heavy goods to the city. There +is every mechanical facility afforded for the loading and unloading of +vessels; and port dues are lower than at Yarmouth. In 1851, the number +of vessels that entered the harbour was 1,636, or 131,767 tons, showing +an increase of 23,000 tons. In the same year there was an increase of +6,997 tons in the coal imported. Of course, as the shipping trade of the +port increased, the railway traffic increased also. One of the chief +sources from which the additional revenue was derived was from the fish +traffic; for in 1851 the packages were 78,000 in number, and produced a +freight of £3,739. The traffic also in coal and goods has greatly +improved. + +Between 1840 and 1850 the corporation of Norwich, aided by the city +merchants, made a most determined effort to improve the navigation to +Yarmouth. A large subscription was raised for this purpose, and Mr. +Cockburn Curtiss, the engineer, was engaged to make a survey of the river +Yare, and to prepare plans. He did so, and his plans were approved by +the citizens generally; but the corporation of Yarmouth gave notice of a +strong opposition. Application was made to parliament for a bill giving +the corporation here jurisdiction over the river down to the mouth of the +Haven. The bill was opposed and lost, and the Norwich corporation were +defeated after an expenditure of some thousands of pounds. + + + +CHAPTER XVII. +Leading Events (_continued_). + + +WE resume our chronological list of the leading events of the century:— + + * * * * * + +1825. January 5th. At a public meeting held at the Guildhall, a +Mechanics’ Institution was established, and it was continued for some +years in the rooms above the Bazaar, St. Andrew’s. + +March. Cleansing week passed off without opposition for the second time. + +April 7th. The clergy of the archdeaconry of Norwich agreed to petition +in favour of the claims of the Catholics to have the same political +rights and privileges as other people. + +April 18th. At a public meeting, held in St. Andrew’s Hall, a petition +for a revision of the Corn Laws was adopted unanimously. The petition +afterwards received 14,385 signatures, and was forwarded on the 26th to +be presented to parliament. As yet it was not proposed to _repeal_ the +Corn Laws, which were then a monstrous injustice. + +May 1st. The election for mayor took place, and the numbers were for +Alderman Day, 679; Alderman Booth, 597; Alderman Leman, 152; Alderman +Burt, 150. Thomas Starling Day, Esq., was elected. + +May 3rd. The corporation adopted a petition against the Catholic claims, +the members going quite out of their way to perpetuate a great wrong. + +May 31st. The anniversary of the birthday of the Rt. Hon. William Pitt +was celebrated by the members of the castle corporation. + +June 11th. The first stone of the new theatre was laid, and it was +erected on the present site. The building is only a piece of patch-work, +and has no pretensions to architectural design. It is no credit to the +city in any respect. It was opened on March 27th, in the following year. + +June 21st. The mayor (T. S. Day, Esq.,) was sworn into office; he +afterwards gave a dinner to upwards of 460 gentlemen in St. Andrew’s +Hall. + +August 30th. A contest took place for freemen’s sheriff; at the close of +the poll the numbers were for Mr. Brookes, 865; Alderman Springfield, +501. The former was returned. + +September 1st. The corporation presented a piece of plate, of the value +of 100 guineas, to William Simpson, Esq., chamberlain, in testimony of +their high esteem for the ability and integrity displayed in the +discharge of his official duties; and of their unanimous approbation of +his long and faithful services. + +November 2nd. Sir Thomas P. Hankin, Lieut. Colonel of His Majesty +regiment of Royal North British Dragoons, was interred in the Cathedral +with military honours. + +November 21st. At a public meeting, held in St. Andrews Hall, a Society +was formed for promoting the Abolition of Colonial Slavery. The late J. +J. Gurney and all his family were great advocates of negro emancipation, +but the diabolical injustice of slavery continued for many years to be +the disgrace of England. At many meetings held in this city, the late J. +J. Gurney denounced the atrocities of the slave trade, and advocated its +abolition. This object was at last accomplished after a violent +agitation throughout the country, at a cost of twenty millions sterling! + + * * * * * + +1826. January. This year, in consequence of the iniquitous corn laws, +bread was dear, work was scarce, and the poor were destitute. Nearly +£5000 was subscribed for their relief. + +March. Cleansing Week ward elections passed off without opposition, +except in the Wymer ward, where it was merely nominal. + +May 1st. The election of mayor took place. Messrs. Booth and Patteson +were returned to the court of aldermen without opposition, and Mr. E. T. +Booth was elected. + +May 30th. The anniversary of Mr. William Pitt’s birthday was again +celebrated by the members of the castle corporation. The dinners of this +and other clubs served to keep alive party spirit. + +June 20th. This being Guild day, E. T. Booth, Esq., was sworn into the +office of chief magistrate; after which, the Rt. Hon. Robert Peel, +secretary of state for the Home department, and Jonathan Peel, Esq., the +new member of parliament for the city, were admitted to the freedom of +the city. + +August 29th. A contest took place for the office of freemen’s sheriff. +At the close of the poll the numbers were for Mr. James Bennett, 1164; +Mr. Alderman Springfield, 1079. The former was returned. + +November. Parish meetings were held in many parts of the city, and votes +of thanks were passed to Crisp Brown, Esq., for his strenuous exertions +in preventing impositions in paying public money for the new jail, then +considered a job. + +November 21st. William Simpson, Esq., was elected town clerk and clerk +of the peace for this city, in the room of the late Elisha De Hague, +Esq., who died on the 11th inst., at the age of 72. + +December 6th. Robert Alderson, Esq., was unanimously elected recorder of +the city, on the resignation of Charles Savill Onley, Esq., and on the +12th, Isaac Preston, Esq., was elected steward of the corporation, vacant +by the resignation of Mr. Alderson. + + * * * * * + +1827. January 7th. On the intelligence being received here of the death +of his late Royal Highness, Duke of York and Albany, the bells of the +different churches were tolled for some time, and the shops were +partially closed on the following days. + +January 20th. This being the day appointed for the funeral of his late +Royal Highness the Duke of York, the melancholy occasion was observed by +a general suspension of business; the corporation attended divine service +at the Cathedral, and the bells of the parish churches were tolled. + +January 26th. At a meeting of the clergy, a petition was adopted in +favour of the Catholic claims. + +April. Cleansing Week ward elections came on with several severe +contests. Conisford ward, J. Marshall, 213; T. Edwards, 212; J. Kitton, +205 (nominees); J. Angell, 204; A. B. Beevor, 203; J. P. Cocksedge, 202. +Mancroft ward, no opposition, J. Goodwin, T. Eaton, C. Hardy (nominees). +Wymer ward, W. Foster, 435; J. S. Parkinson, 434; G. Kitton, 429 +(nominees). Northern ward, S. S. Beare, 424; R. Shaw, 415; H. Martineau, +420 (nominees); G. Coleby, 237; T. Grimmer, 244. + +May 1st. The election of mayor took place; at the close of the poll the +numbers were, Alderman Finch, 918; Alderman Yallop, 867; Alderman +Patteson, 566; Alderman Browne, 565. Peter Finch, Esq., was elected. He +lived for many years in a large house built of flint in St. Mary’s. + +June 19th. This being Guild day, Peter Finch, Esq., was sworn into the +office of chief magistrate. + +August 28th. The election for freemen’s sheriff came on; at the close of +the poll the numbers were for Mr. Alderman Springfield, 1210; Mr. F. +White, 474. The former was returned. + +September 12th. There was a severe contest for the office of alderman of +Conisford ward in the room of the late William Herring, Esq., who died on +the 8th, aged 74. At the close of the poll the numbers were for J. +Angell, 218; J. Marshall, 196; and the former was returned. A scrutiny +was demanded by Mr. Marshall’s friends, but was afterwards abandoned. + +This month Mr. Myher Levi, a Jew, and his wife Hannah Levi, a Jewess, +having been converted, were baptised in the parish church of St. +Stephen’s, and received the name of Herbert. + + * * * * * + +1828. January 10th. The members of the castle corporation celebrated +their sixty-third anniversary. + +March. Cleansing Week elections. Conisford ward, J. Marshall, 240; T. +Edwards, 240; A. B. Beevor, 239, (nominees); J. Skipper, 225; S. W. +Mealing, 226; R. Merry, 225. No opposition in the other wards, but for +Mancroft ward, J. Bennett, A. Beloe, and C. Hardy (nominees); and for the +Northern ward, S. S. Beare, R. Shaw, and H. Martineau (nominees). + +May 1st. A contest for mayor, which lasted two days; at the close of the +poll the numbers were for Alderman Yallop, 1212; Alderman Thurtell, 1210; +Alderman Angell, 1097; Alderman Patteson, 1020. The two former were +returned to the court of aldermen, who elected T. Thurtell, Esq. + +May 5th. At a public meeting held at the Guildhall, resolutions were +passed and a petition to parliament was adopted for the immediate +alleviation and ultimate extinction of slavery in the West India +colonies. The petition afterwards received the signatures of 10,125 +persons, and was 150 feet in length. + +June 12th. The anniversary of the birthday of the late Rt. Hon. William +Pitt was commemorated by a dinner of the Tories at the Assembly Rooms. +About 160 gentlemen were present. + +In August, the new Exchange Street was opened, and on October 11th, a new +Corn Hall was opened to the public. + + * * * * * + +1829. January and February. Petitions were adopted against the claims +of the Roman Catholics by the Brunswick Constitutional Club, and other +inhabitants of this city; but counter declarations from the clergy of the +diocese of Norwich, and from a “Society of the friends of civil and +religious liberty,” were agreed to. The agitation on this vexed question +had now reached its height in the country. + +February 17th. Even the common council now agreed to present an address +to the king for the removal of Roman Catholic disabilities. + +March. Cleansing Week ward elections came on. Conisford ward, J. +Marshall, 258; T. Edwards, 259; J. Youngs, 253, (nominees); J. Skipper, +83; S. W. Mealing, 84; R. Merry, 82. Mancroft ward, no opposition, J. +Bennett, A. Beloe, and C. Hardy (nominees). Wymer ward, W. Foster, 466; +G. Kitton, 464; A. Barnard, 464 (nominees); J. Culley, 397; J. Brookes, +396; E. Newton, 394. Northern ward, S. S. Beare, 342; R. Shaw, 343; H. +Martineau, 341 (nominees); T. Grimmer, 63; E. Hinde, 64; W. Fromow, 64. + +May 1st. T. O. Springfield, Esq., and John Angell, Esq., were returned +to the court of aldermen for the office of mayor without opposition, and +the former was chosen mayor. + +June 16th. This being Guild day, T. O. Springfield, Esq., was sworn into +the office of chief magistrate; after which he gave a grand dinner to +upwards of 800 ladies and gentlemen in St. Andrew’s Hall. + +July 15th. A public dinner was given to Thomas Thurtell, Esq., at the +Norfolk Hotel, attended by 80 gentlemen, in testimony of their approval +of his honourable, impartial, and upright conduct in the performance of +his duties as mayor during the previous year. + + * * * * * + +1830. January. Great disturbances took place in the city in consequence +of differences between the manufacturers and weavers concerning wages. +On the 12th, between 3000 and 4000 weavers collected in the avenues to +the workhouse, where they greatly interrupted the business of the court +of guardians, but they were dispersed by the magistrates and patroles. +Munificent donations of £200 from Hudson Gurney, Esq., and £400 from +London were distributed amongst the distressed weavers in bread and coal, +under the direction of a committee. A general subscription was +afterwards raised in the city, amounting to £2300, for the relief of the +poor. + +March. Cleansing Week ward elections. Conisford ward, T. Edwards, 251; +J. Youngs, 251; W. G. Edwards, 249 (nominees); J. Skipper, 233; S. W. +Mealing, 232; R. Merry, 228. Mancroft ward, J. Bennett, 195; H. Newton, +196; B. Boardman, 196 (nominees); W. Burt, jun., 50; W. J. Robberds, 50; +P. Nicholls, 50. Wymer ward, J. Culley, 521; J. Winter, 520; J. +Bexfield, 516 (nominees); W. Foster, 376; G. Kitton, 374; A. Barnard, +374. Northern ward, T. Grimmer, 292; E. Browne, 290; W. Fromow, 289 +(nominees); H. Martineau, 278; R. Shaw, 276; W. Newson, 276. + +March 29th. On the evening of the Conisford ward election, the gates +leading to the workhouse were pulled down and destroyed, and considerable +injury was done to the offices adjoining, by a great concourse of persons +riotously assembled, and who were returning from a procession formed by +the defeated party. + +May 1st. John Angell, Esq., was elected to serve the office of mayor. + +May 3rd. The common council adopted a petition to the lord chancellor +for two general jail deliveries in the year. This was subsequently +granted. + +December 23rd. At a special meeting of the council, Isaac Preston, Esq., +(afterwards Jermy) was elected recorder of the city in place of R. +Alderson, Esq., who had resigned. + + * * * * * + +1831. January 12th. At a meeting held in the Old Library Room, St. +Andrews Hall, a petition to parliament was adopted, praying for the +entire abolition of slavery in the British colonies. + +February 1st. At a special assembly of the corporation, Fitzroy Kelly, +Esq., was unanimously elected steward of that body, and he held that +office till the passing of the Municipal Reform Act. + +March 22nd. A petition was sent from the city against the +disfranchisement of the freemen by the proposed Reform Bill. The +signatures were limited to freemen, denizens, and apprentices. + +March. Cleansing Week ward elections. Conisford ward, J. Skipper, 270; +R. Merry, 265; B. Bunting, 237, (nominees); T. Edwards, 169; J. Youngs, +167; W. G. Edwards, 167. Mancroft ward, no opposition, J. Bennett, H. +Newton, and B. Boardman (nominees). Wymer ward, no opposition, J. +Culley, J. Winter, W. J. U. Browne (nominees). Northern ward, S. S. +Beare, 344; R. Shaw, 337; W. Enfield, 347 (nominees); T. Grimmer, 222; E. +Browne, 220; W. Fromow, 220. + +This year the Lent assizes were held in Norwich by adjournment from +Thetford. + +May 1st. J. H. Yallop, Esq., was elected mayor for the second time, and +he gave a grand dinner in St. Andrew’s Hall. + +In this month a census of the population was taken, showing 27,910 males, +33,437 females; total 61,347. Inhabited houses, 13,283; uninhabited +houses, 1,082; total 14,365. + +June 20th. Samuel Bignold, Esq., was elected an alderman without +opposition in the room of John Patteson, Esq., who had resigned. + +August 22nd. The new act of the court of guardians received the royal +assent, and came into operation. This act has since been superseded by +another. + +September 12th. The election of guardians took place under the new act. + + * * * * * + +1832. January 11th. At a court of mayoralty it was resolved to present +a memorial to the Home Secretary and the Lord Chancellor, praying that +Norwich might be included in the ensuing circuit of the judges. A +committee was appointed to prepare the memorial. A special court was +convened on the 14th to receive the report, and a memorial was adopted +which was presented by the members for the city. The petition was +granted, and the council passed a vote of thanks to the Lord Chancellor. + +April. Cleansing Week for ward elections. Conisford ward, J. Skipper, +266; R. Merry, 264; B. Bunting, 266 (nominees); T. Edwards, 157; J. +Youngs, 159; R. Mills, 157. Mancroft ward, no opposition, J. Bennett, B. +Boardman, and H. Newton (nominees). Wymer ward, J. Culley, 489; J. +Winter, 484; W. J. U. Browne, 485 (nominees); W. Foster, 388; A. Barnard, +383; T. Edwards, 382. Northern ward, S. S. Beare, 380; R. Shaw, 371; W. +Enfield, 381 (nominees); T. Grimmer, 101; E. Browne, 109; H. Steel, 107. + +May 1st. The election of mayor took place without opposition. Mr. +Alderman Stevenson, and Mr. Alderman Bignold were nominated, and they +were duly returned; the aldermen chose S. W. Stevenson, Esq., then +proprietor and editor of the _Norfolk Chronicle_. After being sworn in +on the Guild day he gave a grand dinner to about 900 ladies and gentlemen +in St. Andrew’s Hall. + +August 28th. The election for freemen’s sheriff was severely contested. +At the close of the poll the numbers were for William Foster, Esq., 1282; +Mr. Alderman Steward, 1275; and after a scrutiny the former was declared +duly elected. This was a triumph for the blue-and-white party. + +September 3rd. An election took place for an alderman of Mancroft ward +in the place of J. S. Patteson, Esq., deceased. Charles Turner, Esq., +was elected; F. Morse, Esq., being the other candidate. + +November 11th. This day, at all the churches in the city, thanksgiving +services were performed for the cessation of the cholera, and for the +mild manner in which the inhabitants had been afflicted as compared with +other places. The Norwich Lying-in Charity for delivering poor married +women at their own homes was established, and it has been of great +benefit to the poor. + + * * * * * + +1833. January. The town clerk of this city received a circular from the +secretary of state, requesting to be informed of the mode of electing +members of the corporation. The town clerk forwarded his answer on the +21st. + +March. Cleansing Week for ward elections. Conisford ward, no contest, +J. Skipper, R. Merry, and B. Bunting (nominees). Mancroft ward, no +opposition, J. Bennett, B. Boardman, H. Newton (nominees). Wymer ward, +J. Culley, 486; J. Winter, 484; W. J. U. Browne, 486 (nominees); G. +Kitton, 122; R. Miller, 122; C. W. Unthank, 121. Northern ward, S. S. +Beare, 300; R. Shaw, 298; W. Enfield, 300 (nominees); T. Grimmer, 206; H. +Steel, 204; J. Sinclair, 203. + +May 1st. At the election for mayor, Aldermen Bignold and Turner were +returned to the court without opposition, and S. Bignold, Esq., was +chosen to serve the office. On the Guild day he was sworn in, and on +this occasion he gave a magnificent banquet to about 1100 ladies and +gentlemen in St. Andrew’s Hall. The same place was the scene of great +festivity on June 20th and 21st, when dinners were given to the electors +in the orange-and-purple interest, those in the Conisford and Northern +wards to the number of 750 on the first day, and those of the Wymer and +Mancroft wards 912 on the following day. Great was the rejoicing, but it +was of short duration. The days of the old corporation were numbered. + + + +CHAPTER XVIII. +The Reform Era. + + +WILLIAM IV. ascended the throne in 1830, in a period of great political +excitement. During his short reign of seven years, there was the +greatest political agitation ever known in this country about a Reform of +Parliament, a measure which the people had long and earnestly desired. +Many meetings were held in this city, and petitions were adopted in +favour of reform, long called for and long deferred. In fact, the king, +during the early part of his reign, had other and more pressing causes of +anxiety. His accession to the throne brought him an inheritance of the +jealousy, to which the country had been gradually roused, on the subject +of the extravagance and corruption of the old systems of government. In +the effort to reduce a vast expenditure, the House of Commons was in no +mood to be so liberal to the new sovereign as he thought he had a right +to expect. The ministry were withheld, by the very forcible opposition +of one of its members, from asking the house to grant the expenses of the +queen’s outfit, and the king himself had to submit to the mortification +of finding the pensions charged on the public by former monarchs sharply +criticised, and even his own household expenses commented on with +severity. + +On September 8th, 1831, the grand ceremony of the coronation of the king +took place in Westminster Abbey. The auspicious event was celebrated in +Norwich in a most loyal and joyous manner. The festivities of the day +commenced with the merry chime of St. Peter’s bells, and the waving of +banners from all the public buildings. The mayor and members of the +corporation went in procession from the Guildhall to the Cathedral. +After their return to the hall, the regiment of the First Royals marched +into the Market Place and fired three vollies. The electors who had +supported Gurney and Grant received £1 each, and a dinner was given to +600 of the freemen, who voted for Wetherell and Sadler, at Laccohee’s +gardens. The citizens, in fact, have never lost an opportunity of +displaying their loyalty, but they always expected something in return. +Several petitions were sent from Norwich in favour of the Reform Bill; +and the passing of the bill was celebrated here with great rejoicings, +festivities, and a public procession on July 5th, 1832. This brief reign +was remarkable, moreover, for the abolition of the slave trade after a +violent agitation which convulsed the whole country, and ended in the +passing of an act of emancipation of the slaves in the West Indies, at a +cost of twenty millions; and it is also noted for the suppression of the +rebellion in Canada, and the restoration of tranquillity to that colony. + +An Act of Parliament received the royal assent on June 23rd, 1832, +removing the assizes from Thetford to Norwich; and the corporation passed +a vote of thanks to John Stracey, Esq., for his exertions in obtaining +that measure, and also a vote of thanks to the lord chancellor for having +granted two jail deliveries in the year. Since then the city assizes +have been held at the Guildhall, and the Norfolk assizes at the +Shirehall. The city sessions are held every quarter at the Guildhall, +and the petty sessions daily at the same place. + +The reformed House of Commons having presented an address to His Majesty, +praying for the appointment of a commission to inquire as to the existing +state of municipal corporations in England and Wales; the king, on July +18th, 1833, complied with the address, by issuing a commission; and +notice was subsequently given to the mayor of this city, S. Bignold, Esq. +(now Sir Samuel Bignold), of the intention of the commissioners appointed +to investigate the affairs of the Norwich corporation, in compliance with +a request from a meeting of 300 citizens, held on the 13th of May +preceding. A special meeting of the corporation was at once convened to +consider the course to be pursued, and the assembly determined on a +reluctant submission to the inquiry, so far as regarded the production, +by the corporate officers, of all “charters, books, deeds, accounts, +papers, and muniments of title,” but at the same time protested against +the commission as illegal and unconstitutional, and against the right of +the commissioners to make any inquiry whatsoever. As may be supposed, +the dominant party in the city did not like it, and the sheriffs +especially protested against it. They declined to attend at the proposed +enquiry, or to recognize the authority of the commissioners by any act, +and addressed a letter to that effect to the commissioners, signing their +names, W. J. UTTEN BROWNE, and EDWARD STEWARD, sheriffs of Norwich. Of +course the commissioners were not very pleased at this ostentatious +opposition to their authority, and in the course of their enquiry showed +an evident hostility to the predominant party. Witnesses were allowed to +make statements reflecting on the characters of the living and the dead, +and every facility was afforded for the gratification of political, +perhaps of _private_, revenge. This will appear in the following summary +of the evidence, taken from the Digest, published soon afterwards. + + +THE INQUIRY RESPECTING THE OLD CORPORATION. + + +This inquiry was conducted by George Long and John Buckle, Esqs., and +commenced on November 25th, 1833, at the Guildhall. Nearly all the +officials of the corporation were examined, and many influential +gentlemen. Some strange statements were made as to the effects of party +spirit, and the enemies of the old corporation alleged, amongst their +favourite charges, that the magistrates were biassed by party spirit, and +that the funds of the corporation had been devoted to electioneering +purposes. Evidence, however, was given to the contrary. + +J. J. GURNEY, ESQ., said, “I believe that there are many most laborious +and useful magistrates in the city, and no persons would be so fit as +many of those who have already been accustomed to the business. I do not +find the slightest fault with the application of the magisterial power. +It is my most decided opinion that the magisterial authority has been +impartially exercised.” + +W. SIMPSON, ESQ., said, “Whatever money may have been spent, it certainly +has not been the money of the corporation.” + +ALDERMAN BOLINGBROKE said, “I have been an alderman near twenty years; I +do not know of any corrupt application of the corporate funds to +elections or any other purposes. I do not think any misapplication of +the corporate funds could have taken place without my knowing it.” + +As the inquiry proceeded, however, evidence was given of the influence of +party spirit in the distribution of patronage, appointments, and +employments, and also in admissions to freedom. It was proved that the +police were very inefficient, and often refused to act in cases of riot, +and when the mob were pulling down polling booths. As to the expenditure +of money at local elections, + +The Mayor, S. BIGNOLD, Esq., said, “I am quite sure that if respectable +persons were to offer themselves at local elections, it would repress the +excesses which sometimes take place. The local elections are attended +with considerable expense. I am not aware that the aldermen interfere in +these elections. I am not aware of anything which would prevent the +aldermen interfering in the promotion of sheriffs. They consider the +oath as debarring in the one case and not in the other. Committees are +formed on the occasion of elections in the different wards. I cannot say +whether the aldermen are frequently members of those committees. I have +not had any opportunity of witnessing unfair exertions. I cannot say +whether any subscriptions are made on those occasions. I have never +subscribed a shilling. I cannot say whether notes are given by the +aldermen or others. I never saw such a note as the one produced before. +I have heard of notes purporting to get certain persons into the +hospitals, being given by aldermen on the occasions of municipal +elections. I have never seen any such notes. My knowledge of them has +arisen in this way. I have been asked myself and told that A and B have +given them, but never fulfilled their promise.” + +“Question. Do you think that the mode in which the local elections are +carried on tends to keep out respectable and intelligent persons from +filling the various offices? + +Answer. I am sorry to say that those respectable and intelligent persons +have contributed to the system. + +Q. Has that been the case generally? + +A. I should say, generally, with the leading persons in this city on +both sides, connected and unconnected with the corporation. + +Q. Have the members of the court of aldermen contributed to your +knowledge? + +A. Not to my knowledge. + +Q. Is it your belief that they have or have not? + +A. I think they would not in the election of an alderman, but they might +for sheriff or common councilmen. + +Q. On what ground is that distinction made? + +A. The aldermen consider that they are not to interfere in the election +of their brethren, in consequence of the oath they have taken. + +Q. The oath makes no distinction? + +A. There is an impression to the contrary. + +Q. If there had been an extraordinary excitement at elections, can you +say that in no case that excitement was enlarged by the aldermen? + +A. I should say in no case. + +Q. What do you consider the intention of the aldermen in subscribing to +the funds? + +A. I can only answer that question in general terms, that the excitement +has never been increased by any act of the aldermen. + +Q. Are you acquainted with the case of Hornigolds with reference to the +elections? + +A. In no other way than by your drawing my attention to it. I know of +no other note to that effect. No improper persons have been admitted +into the hospitals on account of their votes. + +Q. Have they in all cases been fit and proper persons? + +A. Certainly they have. + +Q. Do you think the same persons would have been introduced if they had +not been political supporters? + +A. Not identically the same persons. + +Q. Are there instances where persons have been put in by the aldermen, +who have not been political supporters? + +A. Yes. I have put an individual in myself who was not a political +supporter in any way. + +Q. Are such instances rare or frequent? + +A. I am only able to answer from information I have derived from my +seniors; I should say they are frequent. + +Q. Are the great majority of persons admitted freemen? + +A. Yes. I think they are. + +Q. Are the exceptions few? + +A. I do not know. + +Q. You said all the freemen introduced to the hospitals were fit and +proper persons: have they been introduced as the political friends of the +aldermen? + +A. Yes. I should certainly introduce my political friends in +preference. + +Q. Do you consider the power of the aldermen to have been exercised +_bonâ fide_, or for influence at the elections? + +A. Certainly, _bonâ fide_. + +Q. Do you think this privilege is frequently exercised in favor of +political opponents? + +A. No. There are twenty-four aldermen, and the patronage is about +15–24ths on the Tory side to 9–24ths on the Whig side. + +Q. Is it your opinion that more urgent cases have been passed by, and +others taken on account of political services? + +A. I think not; I think very pressing cases have had the preference over +political supporters. + +Q. Is it, in your opinion, a justification if a person is put into the +hospital under such a promise, or a more pressing case; and would the +alderman exercising the power, do it under an impression that he was not +guilty of any breach of duty, or of violating his moral feelings? + +A. I think where an alderman had made such a promise, he would be +perfectly justified in performing it, provided the person was a fit and +proper object. + +Q. The alderman, so promising, in the event of a more pressing case, +would he change his turn? + +A. It is done frequently for the express purpose in pressing cases; and +those changes are made with political opponents.” + +ALDERMAN NEWTON examined, said, “I have no doubt there have been large +sums of money expended at local elections. It has been a common thing to +make subscriptions for local elections. Sometimes the subscriptions have +far exceeded the necessary expenses. In some cases, but not generally, +the subscriptions have been under the management of a committee. An +individual mostly takes the management. He has the whole of the funds +under his care, and is not accountable to anyone. The committee never +interfere. It is left to one individual to manage the funds. The mode +of distributing the money is known to members of the committees, who are +generally members of the corporation. I do not know of aldermen being +members of the committees. Aldermen have subscribed, but very rarely, at +contested elections. A good deal of money has been expended on those +occasions. The general supporters of the parties have been subscribers, +including the common council, but not the aldermen. The scenes at +elections have been very disgraceful sometimes. I recollect the election +of Alderman Marshall. I have heard that the scene on that occasion was +very disgraceful. I have heard that much money was spent, but I think +£1000 would be the outside. I recollect the election of Alderman +Steward. Money was spent on that occasion, but nothing like £1000. I +remember the election of Mr. Steward for sheriff. I have heard that +money was then spent. I heard that the Whig party gave a large sum for +the last six votes that they polled, and I believe it to a certain +extent. No doubt there was money spent by the Tory party to a large +extent. I have heard that from £10 to £15 were given for a vote. There +was a large subscription by members of the council, but not by the +aldermen. I think Mr. Steward subscribed, but I do not know to what +amount. On other occasions subscriptions have been made for the same +office. Money was given to the freemen, but the far greater amount was +spent in giving them beer and tobacco on either side. It has been +carried to a greater extent by the Gurneys than by any other persons. I +have no doubt that the money was given for bribery.” + +J. J. GURNEY, Esq.; stated that the assertion as to bribery by the +Gurneys was utterly false as to him; that he had never given a farthing +for the purpose of bribery; nor had the firm done so; nor had they any +loans; nor had their clerks been employed for such a purpose; had the +deepest impression of the sin, guilt, and misery, involved in our local +elections; and he would rather have his arm cut off than promote them +directly, or in any way whatsoever. Not only had there been bribery, but +a system of demoralization to a fearful extent; but treating was the root +of the mischief here. He believed the root of the evil was the election +of the magistrates and corporate officers by popular means. + +The commissioners asked, What mode of election do you consider would be +preferable? and Mr. J. J. Gurney replied:— + + “I think that the magistrates, being the representatives of the king, + ought to be appointed by the executive government; I mean those + officers connected with the government of the town. The parties here + are evenly balanced, and it therefore becomes a close contest. + Nothing gives us rest but the predominance of one party. We are at + rest now solely owing to the predominance of the Tory party.” + +A good deal of evidence was given of the great extent to which the system +of cooping was carried on at elections. Voters had been frequently taken +away by force a dozen miles, locked up in public houses and half-starved +in them, and otherwise ill-treated. This system was carried on by both +parties. The worst proceedings of this sort seem to have occurred at the +elections of Alderman Angell and Alderman Springfield, when there was a +vast amount of bribery, treating, and cooping. + +Mr. WILLIAM WILDE, afterwards coroner, gave evidence as to the election +of Alderman Springfield, in November, 1821. He was one of the committee +for conducting that election. Mr. Ives, a retired clergyman of the +Church of England, was the other candidate. The Northern ward was then +two to one in favour of Springfield. About 440 to 240 would have been a +fair poll if no money had been given. When the vacancy occurred, Mr. +Springfield was not in Norwich. Mr. Wilde continued, “I sent for him +express, and when he returned we heard from good authority that great +sums had been offered by Ives’s party first. We generally sent out +freemen to see how markets were going. Springfield was returned, though +it was generally reported that Ives’s party meant to buy the ward. But +Springfield said he would not be bought out. We went then into a regular +system of buying, they buying all the men of ours they could, and we +buying all of theirs we could. About £10 was a regular price. We spent +£600 or £700 in buying votes. On the morning of the election, Mr. Ives’s +party commenced by giving two sovereigns each at the polling place. Mr. +Springfield paid his men the same. In consequence more than 300 out of +430 who voted for Springfield took two sovereigns at the booths. Persons +draw a distinction between money paid at the booths, and a bribe at any +other place. Many who take money at the booths will not accept bribes in +any other shape. Springfield’s election cost £1530. The money at the +booths is openly given, and it is not considered a crime to take it. I +think about 60 or 70 persons sold their votes at £10 apiece. Small +shopkeepers are not a bit better than freemen. I have stood openly in +the market to buy votes with money in my hand. This system is generally +acted upon at all contested elections where the money can be found. +Nothing but poverty of purse makes purity of election in Norwich. At +Alderman Angell’s election the same system was followed. It is the same +at ward elections. I have given £30 for a vote at an election for common +council only for a year, but there are few instances of such a high +price. I once gave the father of a nominee £20 for his vote. That sum +is frequently given. I have known promissory notes given for votes. I +do not recollect an instance of notes given by aldermen, but 1 have no +doubt of the fact. The usual plan is for a person to say ‘My family wall +not vote unless you give a turn at the hospital,’ and application is then +made to an alderman. I think the effects of what I have been stating are +most debasing and demoralising. I have known poor men who have for years +withstood the temptations offered them at elections; and when once they +have fallen into the snare, I have observed their conduct to alter, and +they have been much changed. I am perfectly satisfied of the evil +tendency of the course pursued hitherto, and in very few instances has +the money given been any benefit to the freemen, but quite the contrary. +The effect has been the same with both the giver and receiver of bribes. +I should be sorry to bring up any of my children in the course which I +have pursued.” + +Commissioner Buckle then thanked Mr. Wilde for the very open and candid +manner in which he had given his evidence. + +Mr. JOHN RISING STAFF said that on Alderman Angell’s election, for two +days and two nights previous the town was in a state of great disorder, +occasioned by large parties of men employed by each party going about the +streets molesting any persons whom they met of the opposite party, +attacking freemen personally, and by improper intrusions into their +dwelling houses or other places where they were supposed to be concealed. +In some instances where they were in search for a voter, and could not +find him at his own residence, they went into the residence of other +persons, not in the ward where the election was to take place, to search +for individuals. Witness gave several instances of cooping. + +ALDERMAN BOLINGBROKE also stated instances of cooping that came under his +notice as a magistrate. + +MR. JOHN FRANCIS said, “I have been a manufacturer in Norwich many years, +and I consider the acts of the corporation to have engendered every +species of bribery and strife. Its patronage is invariably exercised in +favour of political adherents. During the last ten years our commercial +interests have materially suffered from it. It creates disunion between +those gentlemen where friendship would otherwise exist. The local +elections are pregnant with evil; they take men from their work, those +who are not free as well as those who are free; and in case of a contest +it is impossible to get any work done for six weeks after; and this in +the spring time of the year when work is brisk and calls for close +attendance. The consequence is that the masters suffer materially. I +never engaged in bribery at elections, except at the late election for +sheriff, when I bought a bunch of four in the market for £8; I also +offered another man £5, but he wanted £10, which I thought too much. The +numbers, however, were running close, and I went to buy him at that +price, but I found that he had been settled for and voted. Therefore I +saved £10.” + +Mr. A. BARNARD said, “At the election of Mr. Foster as sheriff, I bought +about forty votes at from 30s. to £4 apiece. I know personally of no +instances of bribery by an alderman. I have known instances of an +alderman saying, ‘You may make use of my turn in the hospital to get a +vote.’ I have known this five or six times. These promises were given +by three aldermen. I decline to give their names. I have no objection +to say they were Whigs. I have acted frequently as paymaster at +elections. Aldermen have often subscribed for ward elections. Both +parties are pretty much alike.” + +GEORGE PALMER was examined very closely, and he stated that he had always +voted in the Whig interest, and that he had received a note from Alderman +Springfield for four shillings weekly till his brother’s child could be +got into the hospital. The note was written and signed by a Mr. Batson +in Mr. Springfield’s presence, and by his order. It was given to witness +for his vote in favour of Mr. Foster at the election of sheriff in 1832. +Witness had never been offered the hospital by any alderman on the other +side. + +A great deal more evidence was adduced as to notes of admission to the +hospital given by both parties. The last part of the inquiry was the +most important, relating as it did to the effect of local elections on +the trade of the city. + +J. J. GURNEY, ESQ., said, “I can assure the commissioners that they have +no notion of the sin, guilt, wickedness, and poverty, which our local +elections inflict upon this city. I wish to add an expression of my +conviction, that if the election of magistrates and other officers was +altered, the whole city would be benefitted, and no persons more so than +the poor freemen. I was lately informed by a principal manufacturer, who +has large dealings with the poor, that it was his firm conviction that +one single ward election does more harm than all the preaching in all the +churches and all the meeting houses in all the year does good; and I +believe it to be true. I would observe that I make no distinction of +parties; both, to my knowledge, are equally guilty; and whenever the +managers find a purse, they fly to it as an eagle does to a carcase.” + +MR. H. WILLETT was of opinion that the local elections were an injury to +the lower orders, notwithstanding the money they received. There was +less work done on account of these elections. Party had a very injurious +effect on the trade of the city. He thought Norwich suffered from +carrying on trade in a different manner to that pursued in other towns. +The trade had not paid in previous years, and capital was not employed +because it did not pay. The trade was carried on upon such a system that +there was no inducement to employ capital. An open rate of wages would +cause capital to be more beneficially employed. A great deal of capital +had been lost to the city. At that time there was less capital employed +in this city than in any manufacturing town of its size in the kingdom. +He thought the city had been brought into this state by a fixed rate of +wages, and the trade had been gradually leaving the city for years. The +fixed rate operated against the workmen, because it prevented their being +employed regularly. In consequence of this small capitals were employed. +The men thought they would be injured by a fluctuating scale, but he +believed the contrary. While the country generally was never more +flourishing, the city was never in a worse state. Manufacturers feared +so much annoyance, that they would not risk altering the present system. +Many influential men were of his opinion as to the fixed rate of wages, +but dared not avow it, lest they should lose their political influence. +He dared not adopt the varied rate. He did not choose to subject himself +to the consequences. The weavers were the only operatives who had a +fixed rate. He believed that a fixed rate was kept up by municipal +elections, because the leading men were afraid of losing their influence. +Most of the influential men were unconnected with manufactures. He +believed politics to be the first consideration with all of them. He +believed that the apprehension of violence deterred all the manufacturers +from attempting to alter the fixed rate of wages; but wages were reduced, +or else the whole trade would have left the city. This caused such a +disturbance that he dared not go home. The civil power was not +sufficiently strong at the time, and the Dragoons were called out to +enable him to go home. His warehouse was attacked, and his windows were +broken. The magistrates rendered all the assistance in their power, and +measures were adopted to prevent any further injury. His premises were +guarded by special constables for two or three weeks. + +MR. WRIGHT, one of the largest manufacturers of the city, said he was +attacked in consequence of his reducing wages. Vitriol was thrown on his +face, by which he lost the sight of one of his eyes. A majority of the +manufacturers considered a reduction of wages to be necessary, but some +of them became alarmed and did not acknowledge it. The reduction +prevented a further decrease of a declining trade. But for the reduction +there would have been a greater decline of the trade. Formerly the trade +was very flourishing when there was a fixed rate of wages, but that was +when there was a great demand for Norwich crapes, then very much worn for +mourning. + +MR. JOHN FRANCIS, a manufacturer, said he did not quite agree with Mr. +Willett. He did not think a fixed scale of wages advisable; but they +were not in a condition to alter it. He thought the alteration would +create more strife between masters and men. He considered a fixed scale +to be a disadvantage to the men, but it was not too high. He believed +that the local elections prevented capital being employed, and disunited +the people. But for these local elections there would have been more +trade. Both parties had united in promoting one establishment, but six +such mills would not supply all the yarns wanted for Norwich +manufactures. + +MR. JOHN ATHOW regarded the local elections as the cause of the ruin of +the city, as far as such ruin had taken place; as ruinous both to +property and morals. The mode in which the elections were then conducted +had contributed to the poverty and depravity of the city. He believed +that the streets were in a more disgraceful state than in any other town, +from what he had seen, and from what he had heard from commercial men +visiting Norwich. + +MR. R. M. BACON, then editor of the _Norwich Mercury_, believed that the +prosperity of the city and private intercourse were all poisoned by the +party spirit engendered by frequent municipal elections. + +MR. J. W. ROBBERDS, a manufacturer, connected with the corporation from +1807 till 1827, said that during that period he had seen the working of +the municipal system, and witnessed the strife of parties. He believed +that by the contests in the different wards the character of the whole +population of the city had been greatly deteriorated; that a great +depravity among the lower classes had been produced; and that the +character of the whole corporation had been affected. He knew that +individuals had entered the corporation, not from any consideration of +public duty, but to serve their own private interests. + + +THE ELECTION OF STORMONT AND SCARLETT. + + +During the inquiry of the commissioners, evidence was taken as to the +general election of the previous year. + +THOMAS RUST stated, “Mr. Grimmer, in order to induce me to vote for +Stormont and Scarlett, offered to pay me £50 down, and to procure me £50 +of the city money after Christmas. He promised distinctly to procure the +city money. I have taken an active part at general elections. I believe +there was great bribery at the last election for members of parliament. +I do not think there was any bribery previous to the last election. I do +not know any instance of it. I saw some bribery at the last general +election. I was up two nights working for the party. I never had money +offered to me at local elections, but I was offered £100 at the last +general election to go out and buy votes. The proposition was made by +two leading partizans of Stormont and Scarlett. One of the parties +produced a large quantity of promissory notes. I told him that he was +playing a dangerous game. The partizan said ‘Can’t I lend money to whom +I like?’ I replied, ‘I think not; it depends on the conditions.’ The +gentleman who made the proposition said, “This is the way we do +business.” The proposers were not members of the corporation. They went +away and called again. One of them pulled out a large bag of sovereigns, +and said he would not only lend me £100, but give it to me to join the +party, and to do what I could in the Northern ward. They declared more +than once that they were determined to buy it. They were guardians of +the poor. There was no distinction as to the voters to be bought; +freemen as well as others.” + +HENRY BUSH said, “Alderman Turner authorized me to give £6 to a voter, to +vote for Lord Stormont and Sir James Scarlett, and said that was the most +money they were then giving. I would not take the money as I said it was +not enough.” + +MR. ALDERMAN TURNER declared on oath that the statement was false. + +MR. JOHN HAYES said, “On the second day of the last general election, Mr. +George Liddell gave me three sovereigns for my vote, but never told me in +which interest I was to vote. Mr. Wortley, one of the common council, +also gave me three sovereigns to vote in the interest of Stormont and +Scarlett. I took the sovereigns but voted in the Whig interest, and +carried the money to the committee and gave it to Mr. Beare and Mr. +Springfield. It was returned to me in four months afterwards.” + +MR. WORTLEY denied the statement, but several persons were named who were +present when Mr. Wortley paid the money. + +MR. COZENS was examined as to the evidence which had been given before +the House of Commons’ committee by Mr. W. J. U. Browne, then sheriff, who +when asked whether there was any committee for conducting the election of +Lord Stormont and Sir James Scarlett, replied, “Certainly not;” and the +manuscript was produced of a letter which appeared in the _Mercury_, in +answer to one sent out by Mr. Robberds, in which Mr. Browne spoke of “the +committee for conducting the election,” and signed himself as chairman. + +MR. J. FRANCIS mentioned circumstances to prove that there was a +committee, and produced a note. + +MR. WILLIAM COOPER, deposed, “There was no formal committee. If anybody +had asked him for a committee man, he could not have stated one. He +should say the whole party formed the committee. He was active during +the election, but he was not aware that he belonged to any committee.” + +COMMISSIONER BUCKLE:—“We have a letter in Mr. Browne’s own handwriting, +in which he states that the committee was not dissolved, and he signs +himself chairman.” + +MR. COOPER observed, “Mr. Browne has given his own explanation of that. +I am not prepared to give any other interpretation to the circumstance. +I have given my opinion and my belief as to the existence of the +committee.” + +COMMISSIONER LONG said, “I have no doubt, Mr. Cooper, you have spoken +perfectly correct. At some elections there are committees, and at others +it is thought better to avoid them.” + + * * * * * + +After the prolonged inquiry, a special meeting of the corporate body was +held on January 9th, 1834, to determine what should be done in +consequence of the course pursued by the commissioners. A great deal of +virtuous indignation was expressed, and it was resolved— + + “That it is the confirmed opinion of this assembly, that this + corporation would have been perfectly justified in refusing their + sanction to the attendance of their members and officers, and in + declining to allow the production of their charters and muniments + before the commissioners, considering themselves well advised in + regarding the commission as an assumption of power contrary to law, + and as an exercise of prerogative, totally at variance with those + constitutional principles which, in defining the limits of regal + authority, guarantee alike the public rights and the private of the + subject.” + + “That on these grounds, and influenced solely by a strong sense of + duty, the assembly of the 15th November last, recorded their protest + against a commission so dangerous in precedent, so menacing to the + privileges of chartered institutions, and so hostile to the cause of + civil liberty. Yet, at the same time, animated with reverential + attachment to the king, unwilling to be deficient in proper respect + towards functionaries acting in the sovereign’s name, and above all + being unconscious of having, either in a corporate or magisterial + capacity, done any act calculated to prejudice the interests of the + city, or to bring discredit on themselves as a body, the assembly of + the 15th November last, ordered that the town clerk and other + officers should give the fullest documentary information for which + the commissioners might think fit to call.” + + “That this corporation not only by such order, but also by + subsequently permitting oral evidence to be given by their members + and officers, now feel themselves the more imperatively called upon + to express their mingled sentiments of regret and disapproval at the + course of examination pursued, an examination governed by no rules of + evidence recognised in any English courts of law, but carried on in a + manner irregular, vague, and arbitrary, precluding the slightest hope + of arrival at such a conclusion as can possibly conduce to the ends + of truth and justice, still less such as can prove congenial to the + good feelings of any well-regulated, candid, and impartial mind.” + + “That this assembly, considering that the great mass of information + received by the commissioners, emanated from the most decided and + unscrupulous partizans; that many of them were intimately connected + with, and implicated in the transactions to which allusions were + made; that those allusions involved charges against highly respected + and honourable individuals, since deceased, whose representatives had + no means of refuting the aspersions cast upon their memories; that + many also of those who came forward as the most material witnesses to + impugn the conduct and character of the corporate body, stand + self-convicted as the active unblushing agents of gross corruption, + and by their own admissions have proved themselves unworthy of + credit—considering all these things, and looking moreover to the + incontrovertible fact, that not one farthing of the corporate funds + has been either appropriated to electioneering purposes or diverted + from its originally destined and legitimate, object”— + + “Do PROTEST against any report being made by the municipal + commissioners respecting the corporation of Norwich, based on + statements so utterly unfit to justify parliament in legislating on + so important a subject, and do most respectfully towards the crown, + but with firmness and fidelity to the obligation of their oaths as + corporators, deem it their duty to resist every attempt to exact from + them a surrender of the charters of the city and, therewith, of the + rights and privileges of the freemen of Norwich.” + + “That this assembly invite the various corporations throughout the + kingdom to make common cause with them in endeavouring by every + lawful and constitutional means of resistance to defeat any design + that may be in contemplation for wresting from them their ancient + charters, franchises, and liberties.” + +A committee was appointed for this purpose, and to devise means for +protecting the charters, rights, and privileges of the corporation. But +all this opposition proved to be of no avail, and the Municipal Reform +Act came into operation in 1835. + + * * * * * + +1835. In January, 1835, the number of registered voters was 4018. At +the election in this month, the bribery oath was administered to every +voter. Sir James Scarlett, who had represented the city in parliament +from 1832 to 1834, on being made Chief Baron of the Court of Exchequer, +was raised to the peerage by the title of Baron Abinger of Abinger, in +the county of Surrey, and of the city of Norwich. He took for his motto, +“_Stat viribis suis_,” and on application to the corporation, was +permitted to use the two angels, supporters to the city arms, as +supporters to his own. + +On January 28th, the first _conversazione_ of the Norfolk and Norwich +Museum was held, and was well attended. On the 27th and 28th, a dinner +was given to the electors who voted for the defeated candidates, Messrs. +Harbord and Martin, at the late election. About 1000 dined on the first +day. + +March 23rd. A meeting of the hand-loom weavers was held in the Cellar +House, at St. Martin’s at Oak, to petition the legislature to establish +local boards of trade. + +In April an alteration was made in the conveyance of letters to and from +London, being transmitted by the Ipswich instead of the Newmarket Mail, +by which means the citizens got their letters earlier. On the third of +this month the mayor and corporation waited on Lord Abinger, at the +lodgings of the judges, with an address of congratulation on his first +visit to the city in his judicial capacity. + +June 16th. William Moore, Esq., was sworn into office as mayor of the +city. This was the last Guild day under the old corporation. It was +celebrated with all the customary civic splendour. The Latin speech was +delivered at the porch of the Free School by Master Chambers, son of John +Chambers, Esq., of the Close, and he was presented with books to the +value of £5 5s., as was also Master Norgate, the orator of the preceding +year. At the dinner in St. Andrew’s Hall about 800 ladies and gentlemen +sat down to a sumptuous repast. + +July 14th. A meeting of the freemen was held in St. Andrew’s Hall to +petition parliament to preserve to them and their children the privileges +they had so long enjoyed, but they soon lost their exclusive privilege of +voting for members of the corporation. The Municipal Reform Bill passed +on September 8th, and received the royal assent on the following day. On +Sunday, September 27th, the mayor and corporation attended divine service +in the Cathedral for the last time under the old charters. The Hon. and +Very Rev. the Dean (Dr. Pellew) preached the funeral sermon of the old +corporation. + +Michaelmas day this year passed over without the customary ceremony, +owing to the new Municipal Act coming into force. From 1403 it had been +customary to swear the sheriffs into office on that day, and for many +years they had given inauguration dinners. Mr. Winter, the last speaker +of the old corporation, was presented with a handsome piece of plate by +that body on October 21st; and at a special assembly held on December +17th, a vote of thanks was passed to the mayor, William Moore, Esq. This +was the very last meeting of the old corporation under the ancient +charters of the city. + +On December 26th, the day fixed by the Municipal Act, the first election +of councillors took place under the new law. + + * * * * * + +1836. January 1st. T. O. Springfield, Esq., was chosen the first mayor +of the new corporation. He had been a very active partizan in the +Liberal interest. He was a member of the council nearly all his long +life; his influence was very great in promoting the return of candidates +of his own party. On the occasion of his going out of office, a dinner +was given to him in St. Andrew’s Hall. About 600 sat down to a sumptuous +banquet. + +March 1st. The new police, eighteen in number, made their first +appearance under Chief Constable Yarington. + +On September 20th, 21st, and 22nd, the Norfolk and Norwich Musical +Festival was held in St. Andrew’s Hall, when the concerts were well +attended, and realised a large sum for the charities. + +December 1st. S. Bignold, Esq., was the chief promoter of the Norwich +Yarn Company, which had a large capital, the whole of which was lost to +the shareholders. On the occasion of laying the first stone of the yarn +factory, the pageant in honour of “Bishop Blaize” was revived, on +December 1st, 1836. The whole affair was cleverly got up, and admirably +conducted. The procession having completed a tour of the city, returned +to St. Edmund’s, whence they proceeded to the site of the new building, +where S. Bignold, Esq., laid the first stone. This being done, the +procession set out to St. Andrew’s Hall, where 900 persons, men, women, +and children, sat down to an excellent dinner. + + + +CHAPTER XIX. +Reign of Queen Victoria. + + +QUEEN VICTORIA was proclaimed here in the usual manner, on June 23rd, +1837, amid great rejoicing. On Thursday, August 17th, Dr. Stanley was +enthroned in the Cathedral; he was the sixty-sixth bishop of the diocese, +and the thirty-third since the reformation. After the installation about +a hundred of the gentry, clergy, and laity dined at the Norfolk Hotel. +This bishop was a great promoter of the education of the poor. An +episcopal chapel was opened in Heigham on August 10th, and afterwards +consecrated by the bishop under the name of “Trinity Chapel.” His +lordship also consecrated the new church at Catton. + + * * * * * + +1838. January 3rd. A meeting was held in St. Andrew’s Hall to petition +parliament to abolish the apprenticeship of negroes in the colonies. On +the 5th the new district schools were opened in St. Augustine’s. + +On July 11th, a very numerous meeting of the camlet weavers was held, for +the purpose of resisting the proposed reduction of wages. About this +time some differences existed between the men and their employers +respecting wages. Col. Harvey was requested to mediate between them, and +he did so, but without any good result. The city was much disturbed in +consequence of these disagreements. + + * * * * * + +1839. On May 18th, a meeting was held at the Norfolk Hotel to consider a +bill about to be presented to parliament for the improvement of the city, +and to give the citizens an opportunity of objecting to any of its +clauses. On June 19th this bill passed, but very little was done under +it in the way of improvement. A great part of the city remained +undrained, and the pavements continued in a bad state. + +On August 16th, the Norfolk and Norwich Art Union opened their exhibition +of pictures at the Bazaar in St. Andrew’s. About 400 pictures were +exhibited, some of them of great merit. + +About this time much excitement prevailed in the city respecting the +designs of the Chartists, who, although they were not numerous, were +considered dangerous, as they were known to possess arms, many guns and +pikes having been taken from them by the police. On Sunday, August 18th, +the Chartists attended divine service at the Cathedral, when the bishop +made a spirited appeal to them. Many meetings of the Chartists were +held, and exciting harangues were delivered, advocating the five points +of the charter, including universal suffrage, and vote by ballot, which, +some of their opponents said, meant “Universal suffering, and vote by +bullet.” + + * * * * * + +1840. On February 10th, Queen Victoria’s wedding day was kept as a +holiday, and addresses were adopted, to be presented to Her Majesty and +Prince Albert. The poor of the various parishes were substantially +regaled, and the citizens were admitted free to the pit and gallery of +the theatre. On many subsequent occasions, on the birth of a prince or +princess, the citizens have shown their loyalty by presenting addresses +of congratulation. + +On February 25th, a meeting was held in St. Andrew’s Hall to consider the +necessity of a bill then before parliament, for “repealing and altering +the existing paving acts,” and to oppose the same, if necessary: when a +petition was adopted to be presented to the House of Commons, praying +that the bill might not pass. The Marquis of Douro presented the +petition. + +On June 15th, at a meeting in the Guildhall, addresses of congratulation +were agreed on, to be presented to the Queen and Prince Albert, on their +happy escape from an attempt at assassination. + +The first annual meeting of the Norfolk and Norwich Protestant +Association was held on October 15th in St. Andrew’s Hall, when 2000 +persons were present. Addresses were delivered advocating the Protestant +cause. Subsequently many similar meetings were held in this city. The +speakers always raised the cry of “no popery,” explaining that they +meant, “No withholding of the bible from the people; no worshipping of +God in a dead language; no bowing down before images as helps to +devotion; no divine homage offered to a human being, though the mother of +our Lord; no prayers to saints; no priests pretending to offer the +sacrifice of Christ continually in the mass; no polluting confessional; +no persecuting inquisition; no Jesuits with their hidden works of +darkness; no licenses for doing evil that good may come; no absolution +for the worst of crimes; no power of a priesthood over courts of law; no +canon law to overrule the statutes of the realm; no cursing with bell, +book, and candle; no enforced celibacy; no nunneries where women are +buried alive; no convents for lazy, vicious monks; no masses for the +dead; no fictitious purgatory; no power of priests to forgive sins,” &c., +&c + + * * * * * + +1841. In June this year the census of the united kingdom was taken, and +the result, as regarded this city, showed but a small increase of the +population, the total number being 62,294, while in 1831 the number was +61,304. The number of hand-loom weavers had been greatly diminished by +the competition of steam power. Many of them left the city, and others +went into the boot and shoe trade, which had now become of some +importance. + +This year many political meetings were held in the city, of Tories, +Whigs, Radicals, and Chartists. The prospect of a general election kept +the city in a state of great excitement. The leaders of the two former +parties tried to prevent a repetition of such scenes as had taken place, +by a compromise, which was a most hateful thing to the freemen, and +working men generally. When the election came on in June, Mr. Dover, a +Chartist, nominated Mr. Eagle, a Chartist, of Suffolk, and afterwards, it +was said, received a bribe of £50 to withdraw the nomination. In +consequence of this, a riotous mob assembled in the Market Place, and +Dover had to be protected by the police from their violence, for if they +had got hold of him, they seemed as though they would have torn him in +pieces. On the following day the mob having learned that Dover was at a +public house in St. George’s Colegate, went there and dragged him thence, +threatening to throw him into the river. He was much injured, and would +probably have lost his life but for the timely arrival of the police. + + * * * * * + +1843. On August 9th, a dreadful storm of hail, rain, wind, and thunder, +passed over the city and county, and did immense damage to property, +especially to the growing crops. Parochial subscriptions were raised to +the amount of £5,622, and private subscriptions £4,391, towards +compensating the sufferers for their losses. An immense number of +windows were broken by the hail in the city, and many places were +flooded. + + * * * * * + +1844. This year the railway was opened between Yarmouth and Norwich, and +in the next year the line was opened from Norwich to Brandon, +simultaneously with the Eastern Counties line from London to Ely. This +caused an entire change in the mode of travelling, and in the carrying +trade of the district. All the old stage coaches were of course +discontinued. + + +POOR LAW REFORM. + + +1846. About the year 1846, the high rates in Norwich became the subject +of complaint and discussion. A good deal of alarm was excited in the +city in consequence of a proposal of Sir Robert Peel, then prime +minister, to alter the law of settlement, so that all persons who had +resided five years in any place should have a permanent settlement there. +As many families belonging to the county parishes were then resident in +Norwich, it was feared that they would become chargeable to the city and +be a permanent burden on the rate-payers. This apprehension proved to be +well founded, for after the passing of the Poor Removal Act, hundreds of +county families did become chargeable to the city, and have been so ever +since. + +Mr. G. Gedge, of Catton, instituted inquiries on the subject; and being a +member of the court of guardians, often called attention to it. He was, +in fact, the first in this city to advocate a general or national rate as +the most effectual remedy for the evils of the then existing system of +rating. He spared neither time, trouble, nor expense in promoting his +views, which were generally approved by the more influential citizens. +He employed Mr. Hutchinson, an eminent statist in London, on the +recommendation of Mr. Wakley, to collect information respecting the gross +inequalities of the system of rating all over England, and this +information was published and circulated in a valuable work, from which +nearly all the statistics on the subject have been derived and quoted by +members of Parliament. + +Mr. Gedge introduced the question of a national rate at many meetings of +the court of guardians in 1846. He showed that the poor rates then +collected annually amounted to about five millions. Nearly the same sum +was raised by the property and income tax; and it followed that if only +those were rated who paid the latter tax, the charge throughout England +and Wales for the support of the poor would not amount to more than +sevenpence in the pound. But including all the parties not then +chargeable to the property and income tax, and who would be fairly liable +to the poor rates, the annual rate would not amount to more than half +that sum. This would be a most important difference to the great mass of +the rate-payers, whose payments to the relief of the poor would be +greatly diminished, whilst they would have the pleasure of knowing that +the poor would be better cared for, and that those comforts which they +had a right to expect, as producers of wealth, would be placed more +immediately within their reach. + +Mr. Gedge explained that, as all the parishes in the city were +incorporated in regard to the relief of the poor, a general rate being +raised from all those parishes for that purpose, his proposition was that +this general mode of rating should be extended over the whole country, +and that a general rate should be raised to be applied for the relief of +the poor wherever they were located. He showed that if each parish in +this city supported its own poor, the rating would be very unequal, and +some of the richest parishes would pay least, while the poorest and more +populous would pay most. To prevent this inequality, all the parishes +had been incorporated. This had been found to be a great improvement, +and it should be further extended. Many persons, fund-holders and +others, living in lodgings, were exempted from poor rates. Many large +establishments in Cheapside and the middle of London paid no poor rates, +because the poor did not live in those localities. Many persons living +in fashionable towns also escaped poor rates, for the same reason, while +the industrious and the middle classes had to bear the burden. He +therefore maintained that there should be a national rate. + +Most of the members of the court of guardians concurred with these views, +and ultimately a petition to Parliament was adopted in favour of a +national rate. The petition was duly presented in the House of Commons. + +On Wednesday, June 10th, 1846, an important meeting of the rate-payers of +the city was held in the sessions court, at the Guildhall, to petition +Parliament against the Poor Law Removal Act, which had been lately +introduced into the House of Commons. The mayor, J. Betts, Esq., +presided and opened the proceedings. Mr. S. Bignold, Mr. T. Brightwell, +Mr. J. G. Johnson, Mr. E. Willett, Mr. A. A. H. Beckwith, Mr. Banks, Mr. +Newbegin, Mr. Hardy, & Mr. G. Gedge, addressed the meeting in support of +resolutions, and a petition was adopted against the proposed alteration +in the Law of Settlement and the Poor Law Removal Bill. Mr. G. Gedge +moved a resolution,— + + “That this meeting is decidedly of opinion that the only effectual + alteration of the law of settlement, by which free scope would be + given to the labour of the people, would be to abolish the present + law of settlement and rating, and to substitute a general national + tax on real and personal property, and that a petition founded on + this resolution be presented to the House of Commons.” + +He showed the very injurious operation of the law then existing, and +expressed his belief that a national rate, if obtained, would prove a +great benefit to the city. Mr. Sheriff Colman seconded the resolution, +which was carried unanimously. + +After this meeting, two petitions were presented to Parliament, from this +city, in favour of a national rate; one from the court of guardians, and +one from the citizens at large. These petitions, however, had no effect, +and the Poor Law Removal Bill was passed into a law. The consequence +was, that about 1500 families belonging to county parishes, who had lived +five years in the city, obtained a settlement in it, and most of them +soon applied for relief. This greatly increased the expenditure for the +relief of the poor. + +At the monthly meeting of the court of guardians, held on December 1st, +1846, Mr. G. Gedge moved a resolution of which he had given notice at the +previous court, in respect to a national rate, and he urged the usual +arguments in favour of that measure. He wished the support of the court +to a petition to be presented to Parliament during the following session, +for the total repeal of the mode of rating to the relief of the poor, +then in operation, and the substitution of a national rate. He believed +that public opinion was now fixed on this question, and that a national +rate must come. A petition was adopted, _nem con._ + + * * * * * + +1847. A meeting of the city operatives was held on Wednesday, March +23rd, in St. Andrew’s Hall, for the purpose of petitioning Parliament to +abolish the law of settlement then in operation, and to establish a +national poor rate. The meeting was numerously attended by working men, +who manifested a great interest in the question. Several of them +delivered speeches against the law of settlement and in favour of a +national rate, and a petition to Parliament was adopted. Mr. Gedge spoke +at some length in favour of the measure, which he believed would be +carried. + +A public meeting of the citizens was held on December the 2nd, 1847, to +consider the evils arising from the alteration of the law of settlement. +The mayor (G. L. Coleman, Esq.) presided, and many influential gentlemen +addressed the meeting in support of resolutions deprecating the +alteration in the law, and in favour of a more equitable system than that +in operation. Sir S. M. Peto, M.P. for the city expressed his +concurrence, and the resolution was carried unanimously. Subsequently, +several meetings were held in Norwich in favour of a national rate. +During the same year, also, an association was formed in London, having +the same object in view; and, eventually, the movement resulted in the +passing of an Act of Parliament, by which a union poor rate was +established in every county in England. This has proved to be a vast +improvement of the old system, and a great advance in the direction of a +national rate, but still the poor rate is levied on real property only. +The most equitable system would be for every man to pay according to his +ability, whether he be a landowner, a shipowner, a houseowner, a +fund-holder, or an artisan. + +Before the Removal Act passed, the Norwich guardians were quite aware of +the effect it would have on the city. In order to prove that their +apprehensions were well founded, they caused a census to be taken in the +city and county of those paying a yearly rental of £6 and under, and an +inquiry to be instituted as to the settlement of the tenants of those +houses. They found, after a full investigation, that more than a third +of the houses were occupied by persons not having a settlement in +Norwich, but in other districts. The operation of the act was to throw +the expense of the maintenance of such persons on the city, at an +estimated cost of £5000 yearly. This was represented to the government, +who paid no attention to it, and the Act passed nevertheless. + + + +CHAPTER XX. +Leading Events (_continued_). + + +IN the autumn of 1848, the Royal Agricultural Society of England held a +meeting in this city. The exhibition of stock and implements took place +in a large field near the Newmarket Road, and attracted thousands of +visitors. The trials of implements took place on land near the city. +Lectures were delivered by the Rev. E. Sidney and others at the +Shirehall. The members of the Society and their friends dined together +on two occasions, in St. Andrew’s Hall. Addresses were delivered by +Professor Sedgwick and other eminent men on various subjects. S. +Bignold, Esq., was mayor during this year. + + +MURDER OF THE NORWICH RECORDER. + + +Late on the night of November 28th, 1848, the city was startled by the +intelligence of the murder of Isaac Jermy, Esq., the Recorder of Norwich, +and his son. His son’s wife (Mrs. Jermy Jermy), and her servant, Eliza +Chastney, were also fired at and wounded by the same murderous hand. The +first news of these murders and attempted murders excited universal +horror. They appeared to be so inhuman and atrocious, that public +feeling was wrought up to the highest pitch; and all the reports +published in the local and metropolitan journals were read with the +greatest avidity. James Blomfield Rush, a farmer, well known in Norfolk, +and a tenant under Mr. Jermy, was at once suspected and apprehended. He +was examined before the magistrates, committed, tried, found guilty, and +executed. We give a short account of this terrible tragedy. + +Mr. Jermy, with his wife and family, lived at a mansion called Stanfield +Hall, about two miles distant from Wymondham, and Rush lived at a +neighbouring farm house, known as Potash Farm. The Preston family, of +which the recorder was a descendant, originally came from the village of +Preston, in the hundred of Babergh, Suffolk, and settled at Beeston St. +Lawrence, in the hundred of Tunstead, in Norfolk. In 1837, the Rev. G. +Preston died, leaving his son, the recorder, heir to Stanfield and his +other entailed property. The recorder, previous to his father’s death, +was called Mr. Preston; but soon after that event, he took the necessary +steps for complying with the stipulation in the will of Mr. Wm. Jermy, +from whom the property had descended, that the possessor of the estate +should assume his name and arms, and accordingly he took the name and +arms of Jermy by license from the crown. He was a county magistrate and +one of the chairmen at quarter sessions, recorder for Norwich, and a +director of the Norwich Union Insurance Office. Indeed, he had been all +his life closely connected with the city. + +There had been some disputes relative to the Stanfield property. It was +said that one of the male relatives of William Jermy had disposed of his +reversionary interest in these estates for the trifling consideration of +£20. This occurred in the year 1754. In June 1838, when the Rev. George +Pearson’s furniture and library at Stanfield Hall were advertised for +sale, a person named Thomas Jermy, a grandson of John Jermy, with a +cousin of his, named John Larner, put in a claim to the estate, and +served notices both upon Mr. Jermy and the auctioneer to stop the sale. +Larner then attempted to obtain possession of the hall, but was shortly +afterwards ejected by Rush, (who was then acting as bailiff for Mr. +Jermy,) with a party of labourers. Larner then cut down some timber and +carted it away; and he and his party were apprehended for the offence, +but he himself was acquitted, though his accomplices were convicted in +penalties. Shortly afterwards placards were posted in the neighbourhood, +stating their intention to obtain forcible possession. This they +attempted to do, but they were apprehended and committed to the assizes. +They pleaded _guilty_, and were sentenced to various periods of +imprisonment. + +Rush, being aware of all these circumstances, may have thought that he +could perpetrate the murder in disguise, and that suspicion would rest on +those who claimed the estate. It was stated and believed that he was a +near relation to the recorder, who, when he came into possession of his +estates, employed Rush as his steward, but rescinded his leases, having +found that they were illegal. This created the first ill feeling between +the parties. The recorder granted new leases to Rush, but, as the latter +alleged, at higher rent. Rush soon afterwards took the Potash Farm in +Hethel, under Mr. Calver; this farm adjoining the Stanfield estate, and +being very convenient for his occupation. It being for sale, Mr. Jermy +wished to become the purchaser, and he authorised Rush, who fixed the +value at £3,500, to buy it for him. Rush attended the sale, and having +bid £3,500 for Mr. Jermy, bade £3,750 for himself. The recorder, though +much annoyed by this transaction at first, was induced to lend Rush the +money, on mortgage, to complete the purchase. The equity of redemption, +or the ownership, therefore belonged to him. A number of mortgage deeds +were executed, the last of which was dated September 28th, 1844, and it +recited several prior mortgages. + +The effect of it was, that a sum of £5000 in all was charged upon the +estate, by way of mortgage, in favour of the recorder, and it contained a +provision that the money was to remain on the security of that estate +_until the_ 30_th_ _November_, 1848. The interest on the £5000 was 4 per +cent. or £200 per annum, and Rush became tenant so as to enable the +recorder to distrain for rent. Rush now held three farms, and in +October, 1847, he was in arrear of rent for the Stanfield farm, and the +recorder put in some distresses. Rush being ejected went to live at +Potash farm house. Mr. Jermy also brought an action against Rush for +breach of covenants. This action was tried at the March assizes, 1848, +and it, as well as the previous distresses, seemed to have occasioned +rancourous feelings in Rush’s mind towards Mr. Jermy. He published a +pamphlet which professed to be a report of the trial, calling Mr. Jermy a +villain, and stating that he had no right to Stanfield Hall. This showed +that Rush cherished malignant feelings towards his victim. + +Rush appears to have for some time premeditated the murder of Mr. Jermy +and his whole family; and he ultimately resolved to carry out a deep-laid +scheme, both of murder and robbery. He got a young woman named Emily +Sandford into his service as governess, and seduced her. He then +employed her to draw up some quasi legal documents, as she could write +like a lawyer’s clerk. According to one of these documents, signed +“Isaac Jermy,” that gentleman gave up all claim on Rush, if the latter +gave up all papers and documents relating to the Stanfield estate. The +signature was of course forged. After the murder these documents were +found concealed under the floor of a bed-room in Rush’s house, ready to +be produced had he escaped suspicion. + +Rush’s conduct before the murders had been observed. He had taken every +precaution to throw off suspicion. During the latter part of November, +he had been in the habit of going out at night, pretending to be on the +look-out for poachers. He ordered a quantity of straw to be littered +down from his homestead to the fields towards Stanfield Hall. A portion +of the path which had never before been littered with straw, was then +littered by his direction, and the straw ceased where the green sward +began, so that he could walk from his house towards the recorder’s +mansion, without any danger of his footsteps being traced. Before +November 28th, he had caused everybody to leave his house except Emily +Sandford and a lad named Savory. On that day he returned home about 5 +p.m., and asked when the dinner would be ready. Emily Sandford said it +would be ready soon, upon which he remarked, “There is just time for me +to go into the garden and fire off my gun;” and he went into the garden +and discharged his gun accordingly. This was intended to account for his +gun having been recently used. He had bought a double-barrelled gun in +London the last time he was there. After tea he appeared to be extremely +agitated. He went up-stairs to his bedroom and put on a disguise; one +part of which was for the whole person, being in fact a widow’s dress, +which was quite new. Another part was a black crape bonnet with a double +frill hanging by it; and the frill rendered it difficult for any one to +discern the wearer’s features. He enveloped himself with a large cloak, +armed himself with his double-barrelled gun, and went out to do his work +of murder between seven and eight o’clock. Nobody saw him leave the +house. The night was dark and windy and well suited for the deeds of an +assassin. + +Soon after eight o’clock, the recorder’s dinner being over, he was +sitting alone in the dining-room, little dreaming of the doom that +awaited him and his son. His son and his son’s wife, who had retired to +the drawing-room, were about to partake of tea and to amuse themselves +with a game of picquet, the cards being on the table. Mr. Jermy was in +the habit of going outside the hall after dinner, and on this evening he +left the dining-room and walked to a porch in front of the mansion. +Rush, who knew the recorder’s habits and expected him to come out, was +standing near the porch in disguise holding his loaded gun in his hand. +As soon as Mr. Jermy reached the porch, Rush presented his gun, fired, +and shot him through the heart. He fell backwards, groaned, and +instantly expired. Rush immediately ran to the side door, entered, and +proceeded along the passages leading to the staircase hall. He passed +close to the butler, who, affrighted at the appearance of an armed man in +disguise, retired to his pantry. Rush passed on to the door opening into +the staircase hall. Mr. Jermy, jun., who had heard the report of a gun, +opened the door at that very moment. They met; Rush drew back, presented +the gun, and fired; and young Mr. Jermy fell dead in the hall. The +assassin then passed on into the dining-room, no doubt with the intention +of exterminating the whole family. Mrs. Jermy, still in the +drawing-room, on hearing the second report, immediately went into the +hall, and passed over the dead body of her husband. Eliza Chastney, one +of the female servants, on hearing her mistress screaming for help, ran +up to her, and holding her by the waist cried out, “My dear mistress, +what is the matter?” At this moment, Rush came out of the dining-room, +and seeing the two women opposite to him, levelled his weapon and fired +twice, wounding Mrs. Jermy in the arm and her servant in the leg. The +murderer then made his escape by the side door, leaving death, misery, +and woe behind him. He did not escape, however, before some of the +servants had made their observations of him. Eliza Chastney had marked +the man, and she afterwards identified him at the trial. Strange to say, +several persons were standing at the gate close to the bridge, heard the +reports of a gun, and heard the alarm bell ringing, but did not imagine +that anything serious had happened. Some people are so stolid that an +earthquake would scarcely arouse them. A man who had been employed in +the stables, hearing the reports, thought that the hall was attacked by a +band of ruffians, went to the back, swam over the moat which surrounds +the hall, and ran to the house of a neighbouring farmer (Mr. Colman), and +having obtained a horse rode to Wymondham, spreading the alarm as he +went. + +In the meantime, the scene at Stanfield Hall was one of utter dismay. +The cook had fled to the coach house with little Miss Jermy, the daughter +of Mr. Jermy, jun. The cowardly butler, who might have seized the +assassin in the passage, rushed to Mr. Gower’s, another farmer, for +assistance. The maid servants conveyed their wounded mistress upstairs +to bed. Eliza Chastney was lying wounded on the ground; Mr. Jermy, sen., +was lying dead in the porch, everybody being then uncertain as to his +fate; and Mr. Jermy, jun., was lying dead in the hall. Mr. Colman, Mr. +Gower, and Mr. Gower’s two sons, having received some vague information, +had hurried to the hall, and were the first who discovered what had +happened. The servants were all panic-stricken. + +What was the conduct of the assassin after the murders? Emily Sandford, +whom he had seduced, though at first she told a false story, revealed it +all in the course of the inquest and the examinations before the +magistrates. Between nine and ten o’clock on that same night, Rush’s +knock was heard at his own door. Emily Sandford went to the door to open +it, but without a light, and she did not see him come in. He went +upstairs to his own room, put off his disguise which was found there by +the police, and in a short time came down again without his boots and +coat. He told Emily Sandford to make haste and put out her fire and go +to bed; and before he left her he said, “If any inquiry is made about me, +say I was not out more than ten minutes.” She followed, after she had +put out the fire, and asked him where she should sleep. He told her that +she was to sleep in her own room; that being the first night she had done +so for a long time. She went to bed, and between two and three o’clock +in the morning Rush, who had heard voices outside, rapped at the door of +her room and desired her to let him in; and she did so. He came +trembling to her bedside and said, “Now you be firm, and remember that I +was out only ten minutes.” She was extremely agitated and inquired what +was the matter; but he would only tell her that she might hear of +something in the morning. Taking hold of his hand she observed that he +trembled violently. Next morning the police, who had watched the house +all night, apprehended him, and on the same day he was examined before +the magistrates. Emily Sandford also underwent a lengthened examination, +and persisted in stating that Rush was out only a quarter of an hour on +the previous night; but at the inquest subsequently held by Mr. Press at +Wymondham, she confessed that her first statement was false, admitting +that Rush did not return home till after nine o’clock, and that he told +her to say he had been out only ten minutes. She also gave evidence as +to all that passed between her and Rush that night, as already related. + +On the morning after the murder the police searched Potash farm house, +and found two double-barrelled guns in the closet in Rush’s bed-room, but +these were not the weapons he used. The gun he had used was afterwards +found under a manure heap. In the house the police found a black dress, +a grey and black frontlet, female wig, and a long black veil, as for a +female head-dress. These were hidden in a closet in Rush’s bed-room. +Concealed under the floor of a closet a number of documents were also +found, which turned out to be the forged deeds before alluded to. These +formed an extraordinary link in the case, and after repeated examinations +the prisoner was committed to the assizes for trial. The bodies of his +victims were consigned to their last resting place at Wymondham on +December 5th, in the presence of a vast concourse of spectators. + +The trial of Rush excited universal interest all over England, Scotland, +and Ireland. It commenced at the Shirehall, Norwich, on Thursday, March +29th, 1849, before Baron Rolfe. It continued six days, and each day the +court was crowded to excess. He was not defended by counsel. Mr. +Sergeant Byles stated the case for the prosecution, and then called a +number of witnesses who clearly proved the facts. Having in the +preceding part of this narrative stated all the particulars, it is +unnecessary to give the evidence. The documents which were found in a +secret place under the floor of the bed-room closet in the prisoner’s +house were produced, and several of them were proved to be forgeries, +which, if carried into effect after the recorder’s death, would have +placed the prisoner in a very good position with respect to the farms +which he occupied, and would have rid him of all his liabilities. A +powerful motive for the commission of the murders was therefore apparent. +The servants at the hall, who had seen the disguised armed man there, all +deposed that they believed the prisoner to be the man, as they had known +him before, and as they had recognised him by his height, form, walk, and +gait. Eliza Chastney, who had been severely wounded by the assassin, was +brought into court on a couch, attended by medical men. When asked if +she saw the assassin in court, she pointed to Rush and said, “That is the +man.” She had seen him several times at the hall. When he fired at her, +she saw the whole form of his head and shoulders, and she knew no one +else having a similar appearance. Emily Sandford entered the box +apparently in a weak state. She was examined at great length, and she +stated with much clearness all that had passed between her and Rush and +other parties in reference to the documents produced. She also gave a +full account of the prisoner’s conduct on the night of the 28th, as +already narrated. + +When the prisoner commenced his cross-examination of this witness there +was a profound silence in the court, all present being anxious to know +how he would treat the unfortunate female whom he had seduced, and who +had given evidence against him. He appeared to be under the influence of +strong emotion, so much so as at times, as to stifle his utterance; and +he was frequently on the verge of bursting into tears, yet he mastered +his feelings, and put his questions mildly in an assumed endearing +manner, trying to rouse any affection that she might have left for him. +She gave her answers in a low tone, and sometimes weeping, which excited +the pity of the spectators. Nearly all the questions put by the prisoner +were irrelevant to her evidence in chief, but not all the blandishments +and frequent adjurations of the questioner could elicit answers to suit +his purpose. At length he put questions which roused her indignation, +and she reproached him for his perfidy in not marrying her as he +promised. If he had done so, she could not have given evidence against +him. Four days were occupied with the case for the prosecution. On the +fifth day the prisoner commenced his defence, and he spoke on that and +the following day fourteen hours without making any impression whatever +in his favour. He began by admitting a guilty knowledge that something +was about to take place in the hall on that night. He said parties had +consulted him as to the expediency of taking forcible possession of the +hall, as had been done some years before. He advised them not to do so, +but still he apprehended that something serious would happen. He left +his house at eight or half-past eight o’clock on the night of the +murders, and he went to the boundary of his own land. When he got to the +fence leading to the hall, he waited a few minutes and thought he would +go back as he felt ill, but at that moment he heard the report of a gun +or pistol in a direct line from the hall. He then heard two more, and +was struck with amazement, as the parties to whom he alluded had always +said, if they took firearms it would only be to intimidate, not to use +them. He then heard the bell rung violently, and he hastened back to his +house as quickly as he could, and he went through the garden into the +house. Having given this account of himself on that night, he proceeded +to comment on the evidence with a view to show contradictions. + +Mr. Sergeant Byles replied, showing that the prisoner had only +strengthened the case against him. + +The learned judge summed up in a lucid manner, the jury soon returned a +verdict of guilty of wilful murder, the prisoner was sentenced to be +hung, and the dread sentence was executed on the bridge in front of +Norwich Castle on the morning of Saturday, April 21st, in the presence of +many thousands of spectators. The unhappy man remained impenitent to the +last. + + + +CHAPTER XXI. +Leading Events (_continued_). + + +ABOUT this time the two parties in the council became nearly equal in +numbers, and the Liberals found a difficulty in selecting a mayor and +sheriff every year from their own party. They accordingly proposed that +each party should nominate a mayor and sheriff alternately. In 1848 S. +Bignold, Esq., was nominated a second time, and elected unanimously to +serve the office of mayor. From that time to the present the chief +magistrate and the sheriff have been selected from each party +alternately. This has also led to the members of the various committees +being selected so as to represent all parties fairly, and the former +exclusive system has been discontinued. + + * * * * * + +1850. In 1850, in consequence of a memorial to the General Board of +Health, established under the (1848) Public Health Act, Mr. Lee, a civil +engineer and government inspector, came to Norwich and commenced an +inquiry respecting the sanitary state of the city. The inquiry lasted a +fortnight, and Mr. Lee heard evidence given by all the officials and +other parties. He afterwards prepared a very elaborate report, showing +that the supply of water was insufficient, that the drainage was +defective, and that many causes of preventible disease existed. He +advised the application of the Public Health Act, which was ultimately +done. A company had been previously formed with a large capital, and had +constructed works for the supply of water from the river Wensum to all +parts of the city. The abundant supply of pure water proved very +beneficial to the health of the inhabitants, and entirely relieved the +Local Board of Health from all trouble on that point, and they had only +to contract for the supply of water to water the roads and streets during +the summer months. + +In January of this year Jenny Lind gave two concerts in St. Andrew’s +Hall, which was quite filled, at high prices, by fashionable audiences, +more than 2000 being present at each concert. The proceeds, amounting to +£1253, were generously given by the celebrated songstress for the +foundation of the Jenny Lind Infirmary for Children in Pottergate Street. +It was established in 1853, and visited by the Queen of Song in 1856, +when she was so much pleased with the management that she added £50 to +her former gifts. + + * * * * * + +1851. The Great Exhibition of 1851, which was opened in May, attracted +thousands of the citizens to London, where many of them spent weeks in +viewing the wonders at the Crystal Palace. Norwich manufacturers sent +many specimens of their shawls and textile fabrics. Amongst the +exhibitors were Messrs C. and F. Bolingbroke and Jones; Messrs. Middleton +and Answorth; Messrs. Towler, Rowling, and Allen; Messrs. Willett and +Nephew; Messrs. Clabburn, Sons, and Crisp; and Messrs. Grout and Co.; all +of whose productions were much admired and commended. A very large +number of our operatives were conveyed by special train free to London to +see the Exhibition, where they had an opportunity of inspecting the best +productions of art of the whole world. This wonderful exhibition was +supposed to be the harbinger of universal peace, but it was soon followed +by the Russian war, which greatly depressed the trade of the city and of +the whole country. It cost about a hundred millions of money, destroyed +thousands of brave soldiers, and spread a general gloom over the minds of +men. It ended in the fall of Sebastopol, and the triumph of the allied +armies. Russian aggression was stopped for a time; but was the rotten +Turkish empire worth the waste of men and money? + +The census, which was taken in this year, showed that the population of +Norwich had increased to 68,713 persons who were in a comparatively +prosperous condition, for trade was good and provisions were cheap. + + * * * * * + +1853. On November 1st, S. Bignold, Esq., was elected mayor of Norwich +for the third time, and he filled the office with great approbation +throughout the year. He lent the money required in the first instance +for the new building erected for the Free Library and the School of Art, +and which afforded additional accommodation for the Museum and Literary +Institution. + + * * * * * + +1854. At a meeting of the corporation held on May 4th, the mayor, S. +Bignold, Esq., in the chair, he announced that Her Majesty had been +graciously pleased on the previous day to confer the honour of knighthood +upon him, on the occasion of his presenting the addresses, voted by the +council on the 20th of April last, pledging their loyalty to the Queen +when Her Majesty declared war against Russia. It was thereupon resolved +unanimously, on the motion of A. A. H. Beckwith, Esq. + + “That this council beg to offer their hearty congratulations to Sir + S. Bignold, the mayor of Norwich, on his accession to the dignity + which Her Majesty has graciously bestowed upon him, and wish him many + years to enjoy the honour so worthily conferred.” + + * * * * * + +1856. The New Cemetery was opened by the Board of Health, and the east +side of it was consecrated by the bishop. The other side was assigned to +the Nonconformists. Since then about 20,000 bodies have been interred in +the spacious area of thirty-five acres next the Earlham Road. The +grounds have been well laid out and planted with trees and shrubs. + + * * * * * + +1857. The Yare Preservation and Anglers’ Society was founded, for the +improvement of the angling in the rivers Wensum and Yare. This society +has done good service for the lovers of angling on the two rivers, which +formerly abounded with fish near Norwich. But on account of the +pollution of the stream, anglers are obliged to go down as far as Coldham +Hall or Cantley to fish with any prospect of success. + +The Russian war having been brought to a close, peace was celebrated here +with great rejoicings and illuminations. Major General Windham, “the +hero of the Redan,” visited the city, and a grand banquet was given to +him in St. Andrew’s Hall, where he delivered an eloquent address on the +events of the war and its successful termination. + +In August the annual congress of the British Archæological Association +met in Norwich. Meetings were held in the Guildhall, St. Andrew’s Hall, +the Public Library, and other buildings. Addresses were delivered by +Professor Willis, Mr. Britton, and many other gentlemen. The members and +friends visited the Cathedral, where Professor Willis gave a description +of the edifice. They also made excursions to Ely, Dereham, Binham, +Walsingham, and other places of interest. On their return to Norwich +they dined together at the Swan Inn. + + * * * * * + +1858. The Local Government Act came into operation, and gave the +corporation full power to carry out all necessary improvements. + + * * * * * + +1859. On November 19th, the Norwich Battalion of Volunteers was formally +enrolled, 300 strong, in three companies, under the command of Colonel +Brett, a highly-esteemed officer. The other officers were, Capt. +Middleton of the first company, Capt. H. S. Patteson of the second +company, and Captain Hay Gurney of the third company. The force +gradually increased in number till the battalion became 530 strong, in +six companies. Colonel Brett resigned on account of ill health, and +Colonel Black was appointed to the chief command; next to him Major +Patteson; Capt. Henry Morgan first company, Capt. John Steward second, +Capt. Peter Hansell third, Capt. Charles Foster fourth, Capt. J. B. +Morgan fifth, Capt. E. Field sixth; Lieut. H. Pulley, Quarter Master; +John Friar Clarke, Quarter Master Sergeant; T. W. Crosse, Surgeon; Rev. +F. Meyrick, Chaplain. The corporation subsequently granted a piece of +land at the north-west corner of Chapel Field, and a company of +shareholders built the Drill Hall for the use of the members of the +corps, which has the reputation of being very efficient. + + * * * * * + +1861. A meeting was held on January 10th to consider the best means of +relieving the distress which had for some time prevailed, owing to the +depression of trade; and within a month, more than £4,000 were raised for +the relief of the poor. Since then the weavers have gradually found +employment in some other branches of industry, especially the boot and +shoe manufacture, which has greatly increased. Hundreds of operatives +are also employed in iron manufactures, and in making machines for +agricultural and horticultural purposes. + +This year a census of the population was taken, showing a great increase, +the total number being 74,891 persons, viz., males, 33,863; females, +41,028. Inhabited houses, 17,112; uninhabited houses, 739; building, +103. + +The parishes within the city, together with their respective population +in 1861 and their real property in 1860, were as follows:— + +All Saints 667 £2,280 +St. Andrew 978 7,828 +St. Augustine 1,890 4,281 +St. Benedict 1,381 1,869 +St. Clement 3,961 7,554 +Earlham 195 1,845 +Eaton St. Andrew 930 8,759 +St. Edmund 753 1,706 +St. Etheldred 614 1,559 +St. George Colegate 1,607 4,983 +St. George Tombland 687 4,865 +St. Giles 1,586 6,391 +St. Gregory 934 4,936 +Heigham 13,894 36,799 +St. Helen 507 901 +St. James 3,408 5,384 +St. John’s Maddermarket 537 4,959 +St. John Sepulchre 2,219 4,452 +St. John Timberhill 1,302 2,496 +St. Julian 1,361 3,142 +Lakenham 4,866 15,745 +St. Lawrence 877 2,421 +St. Margaret 664 1,608 +St. Martin at Oak 2,546 3,789 +St. Martin at Palace 1,085 3,267 +St. Mary Coslany 1,498 3,081 +St. Mary in the Marsh 451 4,289 +St. Michael Coslany 1,365 3,052 +St. Michael at Plea 379 3,504 +St. Michael at Thorn 2,121 4,617 +St. Paul 2,907 4,391 +St. Peter Hungate 399 1,105 +St. Peter Mancroft 2,575 22,615 +St. Peter Mountergate 2,868 7,567 +St. Peter Southgate 457 3,337 +St. Saviour 1,532 3,805 +St. Simon and St. Jude 283 1,221 +St. Stephen 4,191 15,321 +St. Swithin 699 2,174 + +There are also within the city jurisdiction the hamlet of Hellesdon, +population 393, belonging to Hellesdon parish; Thorpe hamlet, population +2,388, belonging to the parish of Thorpe St. Andrew; Trowse Millgate, +Carrow, and Bracondale, population 687, belonging to Trowse parish; +population 249, extra parochial. The population in 1861 and the real +property in 1860 of all Hellesdon were 496, £3,376; of all Thorpe St. +Andrew 3,841, £9,003; of all Trowse, 1,404, £3,534. + + * * * * * + +1862. In 1862 the Great Exhibition in London afforded some of our city +manufacturers another opportunity of exhibiting their productions, and +making known the skill of our artisans. Messrs. Clabburn, Son, and Crisp +won the gold medal for their superfine fillover shawls, which are made by +a patented process, so as to display a perfect design on each side. +Messrs. C. and F. Bolingbroke and Jones gained a medal for their poplins +and poplinettes. The shawls of Messrs. Towler, Rowling, and Allen +obtained honourable mention. So much for what are usually regarded as +the staple products of Norwich. But Norwich won for itself the +admiration of the world in some other matters. Messrs. Barnard and +Bishop, for instance, were spoken of far and wide for their splendid park +gates in ornamental wrought iron, which were subsequently purchased and +presented to the Prince of Wales, and now adorn one of the entrances to +His Royal Highness’s park at Sandringham. Of course also Messrs. Colman +took high prizes for their world-renowned mustard and starch—the medal +given them for mustard being the only medal granted in the United Kingdom +for this article of commerce. As publishers, Messrs. Jarrold and Sons +received honourable mention for their educational works, and publications +of high moral excellence. + + * * * * * + +1863. H. S. Patteson, Esq., was mayor in 1863, when on March 10th the +citizens again displayed their enthusiastic loyalty by processions, +illuminations, balls, &c., on the occasion of the marriage of the Prince +and Princess of Wales. Their Royal Highnesses have made themselves very +popular in this county, by living part of the year at Sandringham, and +participating in all the festivities and amusements of the gentry and +inhabitants. On the occasion of the marriage of their Royal Highnesses, +seven of the principal manufacturing firms presented, through the +corporation to the Princess Alexandra, specimens of the elegant fabrics +for which Norwich has so long been famous. + + +NORWICH UNION. + + +In this year the Court of Guardians of this city obtained a new act of +parliament for an improved management of the poor, and repealing all +former acts. Under the new act the present Board of Guardians is +constituted with a reduced number of guardians, and the whole management +is more in accordance with the New Poor Law system. Norwich is now a +union of parishes, divided into districts, each having medical +attendants. By this new act all former acts, including the Norwich Small +Tenements Act of 1847, were repealed, and the city was brought under the +operation of the General Poor Law, and all other statute and laws from +time to time in force with respect to the poor in England. The union is +now divided into sixteen districts, viz.:— + +1. St. Peter Mountergate, St. George of Tombland. + +2. St. Mary in the Marsh, St. Martin at Palace, St. Helen, St. Michael +at Plea. + +3. St. Peter Hungate, St. Simon and Jude, St. Andrew. + +4. St. John Maddermarket, St. Gregory, St. Lawrence. + +5. St. Margaret, St. Swithin, St. Benedict, St. Giles. + +6. South Heigham. 7. North Heigham. + +8. St. Peter Mancroft. + +9. St. Stephen and the Town Close. + +10. Eaton, Earlham, and Hellesdon. + +11. St. John Sepulchre, St. Michael at Thorn, St. John Timberhill, and +All Saints. + +12. Trowse, Carrow, Bracondale, St. Peter Southgate, St. Julian, and St. +Etheldred. + +13. Lakenham. + +14. Thorpe, Pockthorpe, St. Paul, and St. James. + +15. St. Saviour, St. Clement, St. Edmund, St. George. + +16. St. Michael at Coslany, St. Mary at Coslany, St. Martin at Oak, St. +Augustine. + +The board consists of forty-two guardians, elected for the sixteen +districts as follows:— + +For each of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, eleventh, and +twelfth districts, two guardians; for each of the sixth, seventh, ninth, +thirteenth, fourteenth, and sixteenth districts, three guardians; for the +eighth district five guardians. For the purpose of this act with respect +to the limits of the palace of the bishop of Norwich, the same are deemed +to be locally situated within the parish of St. Mary in the Marsh. + +The following are the qualifications for voting in the election of +guardians:— + +A. Occupiers of rateable property who respectively are rated in respect +thereof on a gross assessment of ten pounds and upwards. + +B. Owners of rateable property, who respectively are rated in respect +thereof on a net assessment of ten pounds or upwards. Provided, that +where two or more persons are jointly rated, one only of them shall be +entitled to vote, and in every case the rating shall have been in the +last two rates, each made at least two months before the day of election, +and in respect of property in the district in which the person votes, and +the rates shall have been paid at least fourteen days before the day of +election. + +At every election of guardians the rate-payers voting have votes in +accordance with the following scale:— + +A. If rated at £10 and under £25, one vote. + +B. If rated at £25 and under £50, two votes. + +C. If rated at £50 and under £75, three votes. + +D. If rated at £75 and under £100, four votes. + +E. If rated at £100 and under £150, five votes. + +F. If rated at £150 or upwards, six votes. + +And no rate-payer at any election of guardians for any one and the same +district have more than six votes. + +All the compounding provisions of the act were abolished by the Reform +Act of 1867. + +The old court of guardians had the management of lunatic paupers, who +were maintained in an asylum in St. Augustine’s. Great care appears to +have been taken of them, and many of them were cured, more in proportion +than in any other town. Nevertheless, the lunacy commissioners who +visited the asylum reported that the place was unhealthy and unfit for +lunatics, and recommended, or rather demanded that a new asylum should be +built in a more healthy situation. This the old court of guardians +considered to be quite unnecessary, and the whole matter was transferred +to the council under the Lunatic Asylums Act of 1853, that body having +the option of taking the matter in hand. The council, already +over-loaded with municipal business, Board of Health business, drainage, +paving, lighting, watering the roads, &c., actually undertook the +management of the lunatic paupers, in 1863. After many discussions a +majority of the members decided that a new asylum was unnecessary, and +refused to build one. The Lunacy Commissioners, however, made a strong +report to the Secretary of State on the subject, who sent down an order +to the council to build an asylum. Since then land has been purchased +for its site, which is likely to cost from £30,000 to £40,000! + + * * * * * + +1864. In 1864 the operatives made a very laudable effort to improve +their depressed condition by establishing an “Industrial Weavers’ +Co-operative Society,” and held many meetings to promote that object. +The Rev. C. Caldwell, and other gentlemen, advocated their cause. The +society was supported by donations, and J. H. Gurney, Esq., advanced a +sum which had been left by his father for the benefit of the weavers, the +principal with interest amounting to £1100. + + * * * * * + +1865. The Norfolk Chamber of Agriculture was instituted, and frequent +meetings of the members have been held at the Norfolk Hotel, Norwich. +The objects of the chamber are to watch over all measures affecting +agriculture both in and out of parliament, to co-operate with the General +Chamber thereon, and to take such action as may be for the benefit of +agriculturists. At the meetings of the members interesting questions +have been discussed, and C. S. Read, Esq., M.P. for East Norfolk, has +generally presided, and given much valuable information. + +The most important event in this diocese of late years was the holding of +a Church Congress in Norwich. A preliminary meeting to consider the +proposal was held in the Clerical Rooms on Saturday, December 10th, 1864. +When this was announced there was no little apprehension in Low Church +circles, but the proposal was approved by most of the clergy, and they +requested the Lord Bishop to preside over the Congress, which was held in +October, 1865. After some delay his lordship reluctantly consented, and +never before was there such a gathering of clergy in the city. St. +Andrew’s Hall was filled every day for a week in October, 1865. High +churchmen throughout the country made it a point of duty to attend the +congress; and the proceedings at the daily meetings were of a very +interesting character to churchmen generally. Addresses were delivered +every day on very important subjects; and the bible history was ably +vindicated against the objections of geologists and freethinkers. The +church as an establishment was well defended by her champions. Three +local newspapers were published daily, containing full reports of the +proceedings. Dr. Pusey read a discourse of great interest in defence of +the Old Testament narratives. + + * * * * * + + +1866. +THE ROYAL VISIT TO NORWICH. + + +In November the Prince and Princess of Wales travelled from their seat at +Sandringham to Cossey on a visit to Lord and Lady Stafford, who +entertained their Royal Highnesses in a princely style. Their Royal +Highnesses, during their sojourn at Cossey, visited this city, entering +by way of the Dereham Road and St. Giles’ Road, and passing under +triumphal arches amid the acclamations of thousands of the citizens, it +being a general holiday. They stopped at the Guildhall and received an +address from the corporation. Then they proceeded to St. Andrew’s Hall +and attended a morning concert of the musical festival. Their Royal +Highnesses, on leaving the hall, rode along the principal streets, +through the Market Place, and up St. Stephen’s to the Chapel Field, where +they were joyously received by the Manchester Unity of Odd Fellows, and +where they planted two trees in memory of their visit. Their Royal +Highnesses thence proceeded to the new Drill Hall, which the Prince of +Wales formally opened. After this ceremony their Royal Highnesses +returned to Cossey Hall. They were accompanied by the Queen of Denmark +(mother of the Princess of Wales), and by Prince Alfred (the Duke of +Edinburgh). In the evening the city was brilliantly illuminated. + + * * * * * + +1867. The Norwich Industrial Exhibition was held for six weeks, from +August 15th till October 20th, 1867, in St. Andrew’s Hall. About 1000 +exhibitors sent specimens of works of art and useful articles, which +quite filled the hall. Hundreds of splendid paintings were lent for the +occasion, and the show attracted many thousands of visitors. The +industrial part of the exhibition was most creditable to the working men +of Norwich, many of whom gained medals and money prizes for the best +specimens of useful and ornamental articles. The mayor, F. E. Watson, +Esq., distributed the prizes on November 5th. + + * * * * * + +1868. The great event of the year 1868 was the meeting of the British +Association for the Advancement of Science in the city. It commenced on +August 19th and continued till the 26th. The old city was filled with +distinguished visitors from all parts of Europe; and the hotels, inns, +and lodging houses were crowded with strangers. Norwich gave a +hospitable welcome to the Society. Dr. Hooker, who by association and +descent is a Norfolk man, delivered the inaugural address. The various +scientific sections held daily meetings at different public places. The +proceedings were reported in daily issues of the _Norfolk News_ and the +_Norfolk Chronicle_, and also in the regular issues of the _Norwich +Mercury_. + +On November the 9th, J. J. Colman, Esq., retired from the office of +mayor, and E. K. Harvey, Esq., was elected as his successor; John +Robison, Esq., was at the same time chosen as sheriff, as successor to +Robert Fitch, Esq. As this is the last act of the council which we shall +have to chronicle, we take the opportunity of adding a few words on the +present state of the corporation. By the Municipal Reform Act all +previous charters remain in force, except so far as they are rendered +inconsistent with the provisions of that act, and the city is now divided +into eight wards, and incorporated under the style or title of the +“Mayor, Aldermen, and Burgesses of the city and borough of Norwich.” The +corporate body consists of sixteen aldermen and forty-eight councillors. +The mayor is chosen annually on the 9th of November from the members of +the council, who also on the same day choose the sheriff from the same +body, or from persons qualified to vote for councillors, and who are +eligible to the office of councillor. The members of the council are +chosen annually on November 1st by the inhabitant householders of three +years’ successive occupation, the freemen having been disfranchised for +municipal purposes. The aldermen are elected by the council, and go out +of office every three years. Committees of the council are appointed for +conducting the business of the corporate body. The corporation is +possessed of various estates, tolls, and dues, the profits and proceeds +of which are placed to the Borough Fund, under the act, and are applied +towards the reduction of the rates levied on the citizens. Several large +estates which were in the hands of the corporation for charitable +purposes are now vested in charity trustees. The corporation still pay +fee farm rents to the crown, over £100 yearly. There is in trust of the +corporation an estate of 112 acres, situated outside of St. Stephen’s +Gate, called the “Town Close,” on which the burgesses had the right of +commonage formerly, but in lieu of which right the freemen receive a few +shillings yearly. The meetings of the corporation are held in the +Council Chamber in the Guildhall almost every fortnight for the despatch +of business, and meetings of the committees are held almost daily. The +body corporate, as a Council and Board of Health, levies rates as we have +already said to the amount of £45,000 yearly. The Board of Guardians +sits in the same room, and raises by poor rates about £30,000 yearly, +making the local taxation amount to £75,000 per annum. The City Police +and Fire Brigade, under direction of Mr. R. Hitchman, the chief +constable, occupy the basement of the Guildhall. The force, comprising +nearly a hundred men, is considered to be very efficient. + +This year an extensive scheme was begun for an effective drainage of the +city. We subjoin a brief history of the proceedings which led to this +movement, and take the opportunity at the same time of giving some +details as to the general operations of the Local Board of Health. + + +THE NEW DRAINAGE SCHEME. + + +So long ago as 1862, complaints were made of the impurity of the river in +consequence of all the sewage of the city and of all the water closets +being poured into the stream. In 1863, many inhabitants of Thorpe became +urgent in their demands that some immediate steps should be taken to +divert the sewage from the river, but this was more easily asked than +done. The Board of Health, however, requested their then surveyor (Mr. +Barry) to report on the subject; and subsequently Mr. Bazalgette visited +Norwich and surveyed the stream. + +In the autumn of 1865 Mr. Bazalgette’s report was received. It +recommended a plan of conveying the sewage through main drains to Crown +Point to irrigate the land there. The board discussed the report and +appointed a sewerage committee, who entered into negotiations with R. J. +H. Harvey, Esq., M.P., for irrigating part of his estate at Crown Point. +Mr. Harvey was to pay the cost of preparing the land for irrigation, and +the annual cost of pumping; but after a preliminary notice had been given +of the intention of the board to apply for an act of parliament, the +board determined not to proceed at that time with the application for the +act. + +The board subsequently entered into contract with Mr. Hope, of London, to +sell him the sewage for thirty years; and the necessary works were +ordered to be commenced on March 20th, 1866. The board, however, being +pressed by a strong opposition to the scheme, in a few days afterwards +rescinded the contract. In consequence of this, proceedings in chancery +were commenced, and an injunction was ultimately obtained. + +On May 31st, 1866, the board resolved, “That it is absolutely needful at +once to take measures to divert the sewage from the river.” Negotiations +were entered into for the hire of part of the Crown Point estate, the +agreement for which was confirmed by the board on July 10th, 1866. By +this agreement the board took on lease 1290 acres of land at Crown Point, +at £3 5s. per acre, for thirty years—the whole sewage of the city to be +conveyed to Trowse and pumped over the land. Many objections were made +to this measure, that the rent was too high, and that the experiment +would prove a failure. Pursuant, however, to a resolution of the board, +passed on October 9th, in the same year, the committee took the necessary +steps to obtain an act of parliament, and did obtain it in June, 1867. + +After the act was obtained, Mr. Morant, the city engineer, by direction +of the committee, proceeded with the preparation of the necessary +drawings and specifications for the drainage works, and by order of the +board the following contracts were entered into, namely:— + + £ +1. For the steam engines (with Mr. John Clayton of 6435 + Preston) +2. For iron pipes (the Staveley Coal and Iron 3500 + Company) +3. For laying such pipes (Mr. John Downing of 549 + Norwich) +4. For the erection of engine houses (Mr. Daniel 6988 + Balls of Norwich) +5. For the construction of the main intercepting 28,830 + sewers (Mr. Thomas Wainwright of London) +6. The ground for the pumping works was purchased for 2000 + £48,302 + +Other sums are required for constructing drains, sewers, penstock +chamber, and other subsidiary works, and the entire scheme is proposed to +be carried out under the sanction of the act of Parliament, at the +estimated cost of £60,000. + +A very powerful opposition was raised against the scheme. A memorial, +very numerously signed, was presented to the board of health against it. +Public meetings were held at which the whole thing was condemned as +unnecessary, expensive, and likely to be a failure. Eventually, after +much discussion, with a large minority against it, and in opposition to +the opinions of the citizens expressed in common hall, the board resolved +to carry out the scheme, and the works are now in progress. The general +plan is to construct two main drains, one on each side of the river +Wensum, to intercept the sewage and to carry it to Trowse, where a +pumping station has been erected, and engines will be set to work to pump +all the sewage over the land hired at Crown Point estate. + +The drainage expenditure, though so enormous, has been only a part of the +expenditure of the board, upon which the duty falls of repairing all the +streets and roads, lighting, watering, &c. In the first half year of +1867, the estimated expenditure was as follows:— + + £ _s._ _d._ +Repairs to streets and roads 2008 7 0 +Lighting the same 1776 11 9 +Salaries 442 1 5 +Sundries 475 5 6 +Interest on loans 1336 16 0 +Interest on bonds 372 0 0 + £6411 1 8 + +Twice that sum would be £12,822 3s. 4d. for the year, quite irrespective +of the drainage works. + +The annual abstract of the accounts of the board issued in 1867, shows +the receipts and payments from September 1st, 1866, to September 1st, +1867. The receipts amounted to £15,873 3s. 6d., the payments to £15,323 +18s. 2d., which sum included £1204 16s. 7d. sewage expenses, (chiefly law +charges). Of course the receipts were derived almost entirely from the +half-yearly rates. The expenditure included £3314 9s. 8d. for interest, +the rest being for repairs to streets and roads, paving, lighting, +sewerage works, salaries, &c. + +Mr. Morant, the present able engineer to the Board of Health, made his +first annual report in May, 1867, and showed the expenditure in his +department for the year preceding April 5th, 1867, to be as follows:— + + £ _s._ _d._ +Repairs to roads 2192 4 11 +Paving 870 0 0 +Sewers 576 2 2 +Urinals 86 13 0 + £3725 0 1 + +The engineer’s next report was for the year ending April 5th, 1868, and +was divided into three heads. Repairs to roads; repairs to paving; and +repairs to sewers. First with respect to roads. The cost of the +macadamised roads had been £2329 12s. 7d., being an increase of £137 7s. +8d. Some new roads had been taken by the board, and were repaired and +cleansed, and all the roads were stated to be in good order. Second, +with respect to paving. The expenditure had been £1088 8s. 10d., being +an increase of £218 13s., but a part of the Market Place had been newly +paved with granite at a cost of £216. Third, with respect to the sewers. +The cost of repairs, &c., had been £546 5s. 5d., being a decrease of £29 +16s. 9d. + +Since 1850 the annals of the city consist chiefly of proceedings of the +corporation as a council or Board of Health. Meetings have been held +almost every fortnight for the transaction of public business, which has +been largely increased. The proceedings of one single year, even if +summarised, would fill a volume. The corporation has levied rates to the +amount of £45,000 yearly! and the expenditure has been of equal amount. +This has been caused by many public improvements, by widening old streets +and opening new ones, and by the extension of the area of the Cattle +Market. + +Mr. Morant gives the following account of the drainage works: + + “The drainage of the city of Norwich flows into the river at numerous + places, as is commonly the case; it is the object of the new works + now in progress to intercept all the old sewers, to prevent the + sewage flowing into the river, and to convey it to one point. For + this purpose several deep sewers are being constructed, varying in + size from 18 inches in diameter to 6 feet high by 4 feet wide, of + oval shape. + + “The point selected for the pumping station is between the railway at + Trowse Station and the river Yare; and a large piece of garden ground + has been purchased, and engine and boilerhouses, workshops, &c., have + been erected. Adjoining the engine-well are the grating tank and + penstock chamber, and with these the principal main sewer + communicates. This sewer, which is 6 ft by 4 ft., is intended to be + carried under the bottom of Bracondale, Carrow Hill, and along King + Street to near Messrs. Morgan’s brewery, where it will receive the + high-level sewer. This sewer will be from 30 ft. to 80 ft. below the + surface of the ground. From this point it will be 5 ft. 3 in. by 3 + ft. 6 in., and will be continued along King Street to the top of Rose + Lane; here one branch will turn off to the right under Rose Lane, + beneath the bottom of the river near Foundry Bridge, under the towing + path, to beyond Bishopgate Bridge, where it will unite with the + present outfall sewer, and receive the whole of the drainage of the + northern portion of the city. From Rose Lane the main will continue + to Tombland, where a branch will extend to Bishopgate Bridge, with + subsidiary branches to Quay Side, &c.; it will then turn to the left + under Prince’s Street, St. Andrews Broad Street, Charing Cross, and + Lower Westwick Street, and will unite with the present sewer emptying + itself at the New Mills. + + “From the end of the principal main near Messrs. Morgan’s in King + Street the high-level sewer will commence with a flight of granite + steps, about 30 feet in height, and continue 4 ft. 6 in. by 3 ft., + gradually reducing, and carried under King Street to Rose Lane, + across the Bull Ring, where it will be about 44 feet below the + surface, under Opie Street, Bedford Street, Pottergate Street, West + Pottergate Street, Mill Hill, Rose Valley, Mount Pleasant, Town Close + Road to Ipswich Road, and will provide for the sewage of a very large + district hitherto entirely undrained. + + “Self-acting Storm Overflows are provided at several convenient + points, and also numerous shafts for access to, and ventilation of, + the sewers. At the pumping station at Trowse the sewage, after + passing through gratings to prevent sticks and other substances from + choking the pump valves, will pass into the engine-well, from whence + it will be pumped through cast-iron pipes 20 inches in diameter, laid + under the Kirby Road to near the cross road leading to the Bungay + Road, and then be led in a main conduit across the centre of the land + hired by the Board, and by means of small feeders to every part of + the farm. + + “The steam engines will be three in number, and of the kind known as + condensing rotative beam engines, with steam cylinders of 35 in. + diameter and 6 ft. stroke. Each engine will be provided with a high + lift pump connected with the pumping main, and also with a low lift + pump; the object of the low lift pumps is to enable the rain water to + be pumped into the overflow sewer in time of heavy storms, when the + sewage is so greatly diluted as to be little more than soiled water; + the first scouring of the sewers will be pumped by the high lift + pumps on to the land. + + “Four boilers, each 27 ft. 6 in. long and 7 ft. diameter, with two + flues, are provided to produce the steam necessary for working the + engines, and the chimney shaft to remove the smoke is 140 feet in + height. + + “The foundation of the engine had to be carried down 29 feet below + the surface, and much difficulty was found in getting in the walls on + account of the force of the springs, the bottom being 22 feet below + the water level in the adjoining river, and from the same cause + considerable difficulty is met with in driving the tunnels for the + sewers. In Trowse for example, the soil proved to be running sand + and mud, which was very troublesome to overcome; the same soil exists + under Rose Lane, Foundry Bridge, and Bishopgate Street, but nearly + everywhere else the tunnels will be in the chalk. + + “Irrigation by sewage is no doubt quite in its infancy, but from the + very satisfactory results arrived at at Barking, Croydon, Norwood, + Edinburgh, Banbury, Rugby, and other places, there is good reason to + hope that eventually the Board’s Sewage Farm at Crown Point will + prove a success.” + + + +CHAPTER XXII. +Norwich Musical Festivals. + + +SINCE the year 1824, musical festivals have been held in this city +triennially, for the benefit, originally, of the hospitals, and lately of +various other charities also, and for the promotion of musical science. +These celebrations have been so successful on the whole that the total +surplus receipts over the expenditure have amounted to more than £10,000. +Works of the greatest composers have been well performed by the most +eminent instrumentalists and vocalists of the day, and thereby a taste +for music has been diffused throughout the city and county. + +The patrons of the festivals have included the Queen, the late Prince +Consort, the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Duchess of Kent, the +Duchess of Cambridge, the Duke of Cambridge, the Princess Mary of +Cambridge, the Duke of Wellington, the Marquis of Lothian, the Earl of +Roseberry, the Earl of Gosford, the Earl of Orford, Lord W. Powlett, Lord +Stanley, Lord Walsingham, Lord Wodehouse, and many others of the +nobility. The committee of management have included the Lord Lieutenant +of the county, the Earl of Albemarle, Lord Ranelagh, Lord Sondes, Lord +Hastings, Lord Stafford, Lord Suffield, Lord Bayning, Hon. W. C. W. Coke, +Hon. H. Walpole, Hon. W. Jerningham, Sir J. P. Boileau, Bart., Sir W. +Foster, Bart., Sir S. Bignold, and others. + +The first musical performance for charitable purposes is said to have +been on the anniversary of the Sons of the Clergy, in 1709; some fifteen +years after which period, the meeting of the three choirs of Gloucester, +Hereford, and Worcester, was instituted, those cathedral cities sending +their choristers to each place in alternate years. These early music +meetings, however, were held in the evening, and seem to have been +limited to the performance of Anthems and the Te Deum. The first +occasion of an Oratorio having been performed in the morning appears to +have been at Hereford in 1759, when the Messiah was given. + +The Birmingham Triennial Festival was instituted about the year 1778, and +that of Norwich, as now held in St. Andrew’s Hall, in 1824, previously to +which the Norwich festival consisted of the yearly performance of an +Oratorio in the cathedral for the benefit of the Norfolk and Norwich +Hospital. The performances of later years have been on a much grander +scale. The festivals at Birmingham and Norwich now stand pre-eminent +among provincial musical meetings, both for the excellence of the +performances, and for the special interest given to the programmes by the +first production of new or little-known works. Among other claims to +honourable distinction in this respect, it is the chief and will be the +lasting honour to Norwich that Dr. Spohr’s sacred Oratorios were first +performed here, his earliest production being conducted by himself in +person before a large audience. + +The selection of works and music to be performed has always occupied a +great deal of the time and attention of the committees, who have made it +an object to bring out some new work at every festival. Most of Handel’s +best Oratorios have also been performed, including, of course, the +“Messiah,” which is never omitted from the programme. Haydn’s “Creation” +and “Seasons” have also been frequently given, while Dr. Spohr’s +“Calvary,” “Fall of Babylon,” and “The Last Judgment.” Dr. Bexfield’s +“Israel Restored,” Pierson’s “Jerusalem,” and Molique’s “Abraham” were +first performed in this city. The programmes have also included +Sterndale Bennett’s “May Queen,” which won all hearts; Benedict’s +brilliant “Undine,” and many other approved compositions. + +The committees, acting on the principle of securing the highest talent, +have generally engaged the best vocal performers whose services were +available. In proof of this we need only mention the names of the +following female vocalists:—Madame Viardot Garcia, Madame Caradori Allan, +Madame Clara Novello, Madame Sainton-Dolby, Madame Alboni, Madame +Malibran, Madlle. Tietjens, Madame Patti, Madame Lemmens-Sherrington, +Madame Rudersdorf, Miss Louisa Pyne, Madame Grisi; and among the male +vocal performers may be mentioned Signor Lablache, Herr Formes, Mr. +Weiss, Signor Rubini, Signor Belletti, Signor Morini, Mr. Santley, Mr. +Sims Reeves, Mr. Cummings, Signor Gassier, Signor Giuglini, Signor Mario, +Mr. Phillips, Mr. Lockey, &c. &c. + +The Norwich Choral Society, comprising 300 members having good voices, +altos, tenors, and basses, has contributed greatly to the success of the +festivals by the excellence of the choral performances, especially in +grand Oratorios. The Choral Society was established in 1824, and had its +origin in the establishment of the musical festivals, Professor Taylor +being its chief promoter. In 1825 the Professor removed to London, and +the direction of the society was confided to the Rev. R. F. Elwin. The +management of affairs was entrusted to a committee of twelve, who were +annually elected by ballot at a general meeting. The practice was held +in the Old Library Room or in St. Andrew’s Hall. The society has +undergone many changes, but has always maintained its high reputation for +choral performances. A memoir of the late Professor Taylor, which +appeared in the _Norfolk News_, contained some information as to the part +he took in promoting the festivals. We give the following extracts:— + + “We learn from the _Quarterly Musical Review_, which was edited by + the late Mr. R. M. Bacon, that at the Festival of 1824, ‘Mr. Bacon, + Mr. Taylor (late Professor Taylor), and Mr. Athow, were nominated as + a committee for the entire conduct of the musical department.’ Vol. + VI. p. 434. The same authority says a little further on, ‘Mr. Taylor + undertook the formation of a Choral Society, which he accomplished + with a degree of knowledge, skill, and perseverance, that cannot be + too highly praised.’ Again ‘The musical committee then decided on + the following vocalists and instrumentalists, &c.’ From all which it + seems that the triumvirate managed the musical department. + + “Mr. Fitch once wrote to Mr. E. Taylor requesting him to state what + share he had in the management of the first festival. The following + was Mr. Taylor’s reply, dated March 25th, 1847. ‘When the Norwich + Festival was resolved on in 1823, I made the entire selection + (morning and evening). I engaged every performer; I selected the + entire band, and I formed and trained the Choral Society. I have + done the same for every subsequent festival (until the last, 1845,) + with the exception of having nothing to do with the Choral Society, + or any of the country performers. Every Oratorio brought out (and a + new one was always brought out) was translated and prepared for + performance by me.’ These were the following performed for the first + time here. ‘The Last Judgment,’ Spohr; ‘The Crucifixion,’ Spohr; + ‘The Fall of Babylon,’ Spohr; ‘The Deluge,’ Schneider; ‘Redemption,’ + Mozart; ‘The Death of Christ,’ Graun; ‘The Christian’s Prayer,’ + Spohr. + + “It will be seen by the above how little Mr. E. Taylor left for + anybody else to do. Mr. Taylor’s two associates, like the wings on a + stage sylph, were more for ornament than use. His statement is + confirmed by the _Musical Review_, which says, ‘The Hospital Board + presented to Mr. Taylor a piece of plate, of fifty guineas value, for + his services in raising and instructing the Choral Society, and for + his general assistance.’” + +The memoir before mentioned further states:— + + “At the Norwich Festival of 1830, Mr. Taylor introduced Spohr’s + Oratorio of ‘The Last Judgment’ for the first time into this country, + the words being translated and adapted to the music by Mr. Taylor + himself. This was followed at subsequent festivals by other + oratorios of the same composer, which for originality, richness, and + beauty, are unrivalled in their way. After the performance of ‘The + Last Judgment,’ Mr. Taylor became personally acquainted with Spohr, + and one day, getting an invitation from Mendelssohn to visit him and + his family at Dusseldorf on the Rhine, where Spohr then was, the + invitation was accepted, and thus Mr. Taylor first became known to + the illustrious composer, with whom he formed a friendship which + lasted as long as they both lived. + + “At the Norwich Festival of 1836, the expenses exceeded the receipts + by £231 5s. 10d. We give an extract from a letter, written in the + following year by Mr. Taylor to Mr. Henry Browne, which will be read + with pain, because it shows that Mr. Taylor received far other + treatment than he deserved at the hands of the committee of + management. Mr. Taylor said, ‘I hear of the discord engendered by + the winding up of the Festival with much concern, and which seems to + threaten the existence of future ones. How it happened that the last + terminated so unprofitably has always been a mystery to me. I think + it ought not.’” + +And Mr. Taylor goes on to state the amount of work which he himself did +for nothing. + +All the festivals had been hitherto successful. The first, in 1824, +produced a surplus of £2399 to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital. The +second, in 1827, afforded that institution £1672; the third, in 1830, +yielded £535 to the hospital; the fourth, in 1833, was also successful; +but in 1836 the expenses of the Festival, as has been shown, exceeded the +receipts by £231, and a general board of the hospital resolved that no +part of the funds belonging to the institution should be used for any +purpose connected with the Festival. + +At the Sixth Musical Festival, held on the 17th, 18th, 19th, and 20th +September, 1839, Dr. Spohr conducted his own new Oratorio of “Calvary,” +before a very large audience, in St. Andrew’s Hall. The performance was +very grand, and produced a thrilling effect on the audience. The +selection of such a subject as the Crucifixion for an Oratorio drew forth +a good deal of criticism, but there could be no doubt of the musical +merits of the composition. + +After the performance of “The Crucifixion,” Spohr and Mr. Taylor were +travelling outside the coach to London, when the former expressed a wish +to write another oratorio for Norwich, but said that he was at a loss for +a subject. Mr. Taylor then suggested The Fall of Babylon. This led to a +chat about the effects which might be introduced in the way of contrast, +&c., and ultimately Spohr promised to write the oratorio if Taylor on his +part would write the words. The bargain was struck, and the result was a +work which will live to the end of time. + +The Festival of 1842 was by far the most brilliant that had been held. +Of course Dr. Spohr’s “Fall of Babylon” was the chief attraction. It was +performed in the presence of the largest and most fashionable audience +ever seen in St. Andrew’s Hall. Numbers of the gentry could not obtain +admission. People stood under the long galleries, and along the +passages, and in every corner of the building. The performance was a +splendid success, and greatly added to the fame of the composer. +Professor Taylor translated the Libretto, and was the conductor of the +Oratorio. On the following day he conducted the performance of Handel’s +Oratorio of “Samson,” to which he added selections from Handel’s works. +This caused a good deal of adverse criticism, but it was not without +precedent. On Friday morning the Professor conducted a performance of +Handel’s “Messiah.” + +The Festival of 1845 commenced on Tuesday evening, September 16th, and +continued on the 17th, 18th, and 19th. The programme included +miscellaneous concerts on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday evenings; a +selection of sacred music, and Haydn’s Oratorio “The Seasons,” on +Wednesday morning; another selection of sacred music, and Spohr’s +Oratorio “Calvary,” on Thursday morning; and Handel’s sacred Oratorio +“Messiah,” with additional accompaniments by Mozart, on Friday morning. +All the concerts were well attended. The principal vocalists were Madame +Grisi, Miss Dolby, Madame Caradori Allan, Miss Poole, Signor Mario, +Signor F. Lablache, Mr. Hobbs, Mr. Machin, Mr. Hawkins, Mr. Bradbury, and +Herr Staudigl. Mr. Benedict was conductor; Mr. J. Hill, chorus master; +Mr. F. Cooke, leader of the band; Mr. Turle, organist. The chorus +comprised the usual number of voices. The band included the best +instrumentalists in England, and the festival was very successful. + +The Festival of 1848 commenced on Tuesday, September 12th, with a +miscellaneous concert, followed by similar concerts on Wednesday and +Thursday evenings. On Wednesday morning the programme comprised a sacred +Cantata, by L. Spohr, “The Christian’s Prayer,” and Haydn’s Oratorio +“Creation.” On Thursday morning Mendelssohn’s Oratorio of “Elijah” was +performed. On Friday morning “David Penitent,” a sacred Cantata by +Mozart, was given, followed by Handel’s “Israel in Egypt,” one of the +best of his numerous productions. The principal vocalists were Madame +Castellan, Madame Alboni, Madame Viardot Garcia, Miss A. Williams, Miss +M. Williams; Signor Lablache, basso; Mr. Sims Reeves, tenor; Mr. H. +Phillips, basso; Mr. Whitworth, tenor; Mr. Lockey, tenor. Mr. Benedict +was conductor; Mr. H. Blagrove, leader of the band; Mr. Harcourt, +organist. Professor Taylor translated “The Christian’s Prayer” for this +occasion. Mr. J. F. Hill was chorus master. + +In September, 1852, the Festival again comprised grand miscellaneous +concerts on the Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday evenings, which concerts +were well attended. On the first evening, Mrs. Fanny Kemble read the +“Midsummer’s Night’s Dream,” but the reading was a failure, as she could +only be heard a short distance from the orchestra. On the Wednesday +morning a new Oratorio, “Israel Restored,” by Dr. Bexfield, was performed +for the first time at a festival. On Thursday morning Mr. H. H. +Pierson’s Oratorio, “Jerusalem,” was performed for the first time, and +occupied nearly four hours. On Friday morning the “Messiah” was +performed as usual. The principal vocalists were Miss Louisa Pyne, Miss +Alleyne, Miss Dolby, Madame Viardot Garcia, Madame Fiorentini, Signor +Gardoni, Signor Belletti, Mr. Weiss, Mr. Lockey, Herr Formes, Mr. Sims +Reeves. Mr. Benedict was conductor; Mr. H. Blagrove, leader of the band +in the morning performances, and Mons. Sainton in the evening +performances; Mr. J. F. Hill, chorus master. At the close of the +performance on the Wednesday morning (September 22nd), a short selection +from Handel’s Oratorio of “Samson” was given as a tribute of respect to +the memory of the late Duke of Wellington. Madame V. Garcia sung the +solo— + + “Ye sons of Israel, now lament, + Your spear is broke, your bow unbent, + Your glory’s fled. + Among the dead, + Our hero lies, + For ever closed his eyes.” + +The “Dead March” was played and the chorus sung— + + “Glorious hero, may thy grave + Peace and honour ever have; + After all thy pains and woes, + Rest eternal, sweet repose.” + +The Festival in September, 1854, again comprised miscellaneous concerts +in the evenings, and Oratorios in the mornings. On Tuesday morning, +September 12th, the programme included Rossini’s “Stabat Mater,” +Meyerbeer’s “91st Psalm,” and a selection of sacred music. On Wednesday +morning Beethoven’s Service in C, and Haydn’s “Creation” were brilliantly +performed. On Thursday morning Mendelssohn’s “Elijah” attracted a very +large audience. On Friday morning the “Messiah” was given, with the +additional accompaniments by Mozart. The principal vocalists were Madame +Clara Novello, Madame Angelina Bosio, Madame Castellan, Madame Weiss, +Miss Dolby, Mr. Sims Reeves, Signor Gardoni, Herr Reichardt, Signor +Lablache, Signor Belletti, and Mr. Weiss. Mr. Benedict was conductor; +Mons. Sainton and Mr. H. Blagrove, instrumental solo performers; Herr +Hausman, violoncello; Mr. J. F. Hill, chorus master. On Tuesday evening +the concert included a descriptive and characteristic Cantata, called +“Tam o’ Shanter,” the words by Burns and the music by Macfarren. It +consisted of a solo and chorus, which were sung with great applause. +Indeed, nothing so comic and lively had ever been heard before at any +festival. + +Notwithstanding all the attractions of this festival it proved a failure +in a financial point of view, and it was feared that these triennial +musical meetings would no longer answer, but their promoters determined +not to give them up. A committee was appointed; efforts were made to +secure by all proper means success in future; and several of the county +nobility joined as members of the committee. That this determination was +made on good grounds, was fully proved by the success of the three +subsequent festivals of 1857, 1860, and 1863, the surplus from which was, +in round numbers, severally, £425, £916, and £1221. From these sums no +less than £2000 were distributed amongst the charities. + +The Festival of 1857 commenced on Tuesday evening, September 15th, with a +miscellaneous concert, and similar concerts were given on Wednesday and +Thursday evenings. On Wednesday morning the programme comprised a sacred +Cantata by Louis Spohr, “God Thou art Great,” a Hymn of Praise +(Lobgesang) by Mendelssohn, and the “Requiem” of Mozart, his latest work. +On Thursday morning Beethoven’s Sacred Cantata, “The Mount of Olives,” +and Haydn’s Oratorio, “The Seasons” were performed. The “Messiah” was +given on Friday morning, and concluded the festival. The principal +vocalists were Madame Clara Novello, Madlle. Leonhardi, Madame Weiss, +Mrs. Lockey, Madlle. Piccolomini, Signor Gardoni, Signor Giuglini, Signor +Belletti, Mr. Lockey, Mr. Miranda, and Mr. Weiss. Mr. Benedict was +conductor; Mons. Sainton, H. Blagrove, and Herr Hausman, were +instrumental solo performers; Mr. J. F. Hill was chorus master. + +The Festival of 1860 was under very distinguished patronage and eminently +successful. The programme included Haydn’s “Creation,” Handel’s +“Messiah,” Dr. Spohr’s “Last Judgment,” Herr Molique’s “Abraham,” and +Handel’s “Dettingen Te Deum,” all sacred music of the highest class, +assigned to the morning performances. The evening concerts comprised +Glück’s “Armida,” Professor Sterndale Bennett’s Pastoral, “The May +Queen,” Benedict’s Cantata, “Undine,” besides selections from the most +popular operas, part songs, madrigals, symphonies, and overtures, all of +which were admirably rendered and highly applauded. + +The choice of so large a work as Hadyn’s “Creation,” one of the finest of +his productions, on the first evening, was considered desirable, as it +gave full employment at once for the principal vocalists, the chorus, and +the band. As many persons could not attend in the morning, an oratorio +in the evening gave them an opportunity of hearing a great work well +performed, and the lovers of sacred music readily seized the opportunity +presented to them of attending the performance, which was never more +perfect. No band could have possibly played it more exquisitely, no +chorus could have sung it more honestly or earnestly, and the solos were +beyond all praise. + +Wednesday morning was assigned to performances of a sacred and very +solemn character; Handel’s “Dettingen Te Deum,” and Spohr’s “Last +Judgment.” Handel composed five Te Deums, but the finest is that written +in 1743, in celebration of the victory at Dettingen, then thought a great +event. The victory was rather unexpected, and as George II. commanded in +person, the rejoicings in England were very general. Horace Walpole +wrote, “We are all mad; drums, trumpets, bumpers, bonfires! The mob are +wild, and cry ‘Long live King George and the Duke of Cumberland!’” After +the “Te Deum,” there was a short interval preceding the performance of +Dr. Spohr’s great work “Die Letzten Dinge” (The Last Things), the +earliest of the composer’s three oratorios. In 1825 it was brought over +from Germany by Professor Taylor, and it was first performed before an +English audience at the Norwich Festival on September 24th, 1830, under +the title of “The Last Judgment,” which does not convey a very correct +idea of the work. It was received with the greatest possible favour, +like all other works of the same master, in this city. The grand theme +is set forth in a series of paraphrases of scripture texts referring to +the final consummation of all things. + +The novelties at this festival were Professor Sterndale Bennett’s +Pastoral “The May Queen,” and Benedict’s brilliant Cantata, “Undine,” +both of which were performed with great success. The Pastoral was +produced with complete success at the Leeds Musical Festival, in +September, 1858. Mr. Chorley composed the poem, and he deserves some +credit for the verses, as well as for the dramatic character of the +piece. The overture is a beautiful composition, and the whole work +displays a marvellous combination of simplicity and ingenuity. Herr +Molique’s new Oratorio, “Abraham,” was performed here for the first time, +and conducted by the composer, who at the close was greatly applauded. +The words are taken from the Old Testament, and the characters personated +are Abraham, Sarah, Hagar, Isaac, Angel, and Messenger, who in turn +depict the different scenes in the life of the patriarch. He is +exhibited as a saint, as a warrior, and as a great sufferer. Full scope +is given for the display of human passion in almost every phase, from +triumphant joy to a sorrow that borders on despair. The incidents are +picturesque, striking, and varied, calling all the powers of the +orchestra into play. The principal vocalists were Madame Clara Novello, +(her last appearance in Norwich,) Madame Weiss, Miss Palmer, Madame +Borghi Mamo, Madlle. Tietjens, Signor Giuglini, Signor Belletti, Mr. Sims +Reeves, Mr. Wilbye Cooper, Mr. Santley, Mr. Weiss. Instrumental solo +performers, Miss Arabella Goddard, piano; Mr. Sainton, Mr. H. Blagrove, +Signor Piatti, violoncello; Mr. Benedict, conductor; Mr. J. F. Hill, +chorus master. + +The Festival of 1863 commenced on Monday evening, September 14th, with a +performance of Handel’s grand Oratorio, “Judas Maccabæus,” which was +eminently successful. The large audience seemed to be carried away by +the martial music. On the Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday evenings, +miscellaneous concerts were given. On Wednesday morning Mr. Silas +conducted a performance of his own sacred drama, “Joash,” with success. +This was followed by a “Scene at the Gates of Nain,” from the Oratorio +“Immanuel,” by Henry Leslie; also selections from the Stabat Maters of +Haydn, Pergolesi, and Rossini, and a selection of sacred music. “Elijah” +was performed on Thursday morning, and the “Messiah” on Friday morning. +Another novelty at this festival was a Cantata, entitled “Richard Cœur De +Leon,” composed expressly for the occasion, and performed on Thursday +evening with immense applause. This Cantata embodied the romantic story +of the warrior king in captivity, being discovered by the minstrel +Blondel, who at last caused the liberation of the monarch. The principal +vocalists were Madlle. Tietjens, Madame Lemmens Sherrington, Madame +Weiss, Miss Wilkinson, Miss Palmer, Madlle. Trebelli, (her first +appearance in Norwich,) Mr. Sims Reeves, Mr. Montem Smith, Mr. Santley, +Mr. Weiss, Signor Bettini, (his first appearance here,) Signor Bossi, +(his first appearance here). Mr. Benedict was conductor. Instrumental +soloists, M. Paque, violoncello; Mr. H. Blagrove and Mr. Sainton, +violins. Mr. J. F. Hill, chorus master. + +The Festival of 1866 was deferred till November, very unwisely, in +anticipation of a visit of the Prince and Princess of Wales on the +occasion. This caused a larger attendance on the day their Royal +Highnesses were expected, and a smaller on all the other days. The +arrangements for the visit were also injudicious, to say the least. +Their Royal Highnesses should at once have proceeded to the Wednesday +morning’s performance, but they were detained at the Guildhall to hear an +address from the corporation, and then they were allowed to go to St. +Andrew’s Hall in the middle of a performance, which was greatly +interrupted. Their Royal Highnesses, therefore, could not possibly have +appreciated Costa’s Oratorio from hearing only half of it. The festivals +have been always patronized by royalty, and by the nobility, gentry, and +clergy, and have never failed to attract the county families; but this +year (1866) was the first in which members of the royal family were +actually present. + +The general programme for 1866 when issued, presented some points of +peculiar attraction, including “Israel in Egypt,” by Handel, on Monday +evening; an Anthem by Dr. Spohr, and the Oratorio of “Naaman,” by Costa, +on Wednesday morning; “St. Cecilia,” a new Cantata by Benedict, +selections from the Passion Music of Handel, and first and second parts +of the “Creation,” by Haydn, on Thursday morning; and the “Messiah” on +Friday morning. Most lovers of sacred music would have preferred Haydn’s +entire Oratorio to the sombre Passion Music. The committee, acting on +the principle of securing the highest talent, made engagements with +Madlle. Tietjens, Madame Rudersdorff, Miss Edith Wynne, Madame De Meric +Lablache, Madlle. Anna Drasdil, three of them appearing for the first +time in this city; also with Mr. Sims Reeves, Mr. Cummings, Signor +Morini, Mr. Santley, Mr. Weiss, and Signor Gassier, all well-known +vocalists. The instrumentalists were all first-class performers. The +choral body was much improved and strengthened, and included 62 of the +best trebles ever selected, 24 contraltos, 35 altos, 59 tenors, and 67 +basses. + +Handel’s Oratorio, “Israel in Egypt,” was splendidly performed on the +Monday evening; the solos were in the hands of first-class vocalists, but +the absence of Mr. Sims Reeves was a disappointment. Mr. George +Macfarren had improved the instrumentation by the addition of parts to +the original score. He had no occasion to apologize for doing for +“Israel,” what many musicians have done for other productions. It is not +presumptuous to have recourse to the resources of more modern +instrumentation, so long as the character of the work is not altered. + +On Wednesday morning, as we have said, the Prince and Princess of Wales +were present. The performances commenced with Dr. Spohr’s Anthem “O +blessed, for ever blessed, are they,” the first time of performance, and +it was admirably rendered. Mr. Costa then conducted a splendid +performance of his own Oratorio of “Naaman,” founded on a part of Old +Testament history, relating to the restoration from death of the son of +the Shunamite by the prophet Elisha; a subject not very well adapted for +musical purposes. All Oratorios are cast more or less in the Handelian +mould, but Mr. Costa has introduced more of the secular clement than +usual. + +On Thursday morning the hall was well filled by a large audience desirous +of hearing a performance of Handel’s Passion Music, and Mr. Benedict’s +new work, “St. Cecilia.” As to the former, we may state that there are +two works of Handel entitled “Passion Music,” one produced, it is +believed, in 1704, the other in 1716. Dr. Chrysander caused the +publication of both these works by the Leipzig Handel Society in 1860 and +1863. It is strange that these two productions should have slumbered so +long unheard and unknown till the selection was performed in Norwich. +Interesting as the Passion Music might be, the all-important event of +this morning’s concert was, the production of Mr. Benedict’s new Cantata. +“St. Cecilia” has long been a favourite subject with both poets and +composers. Among the former, Fletcher, Dryden, Pope, Addison, Congreve, +and a host of versifiers, have contributed Odes in honour of the +patroness of music. Many of these Odes are still in existence, with +their accompanying music, of various degrees of merit; the principal +being those by Purcell and Handel. These are great names, but the +construction of the older works is entirely different from the Cantata +now performed for the first time with great applause. After a short +interval the concert was continued with the “Creation,” which could not +have been better performed or with a stronger cast. + +Friday morning has been always assigned to the performance of the +“Messiah,” and to hear it every seat in the hall was this time occupied, +and numbers could not obtain admission. We have heard this sublime +Oratorio scores of times, in London and in many large towns, and here at +every festival since 1840, but we never heard it rendered with greater +effect than the last time (in 1866). + +Norwich has in many ways obtained credit and advantage from the Musical +Festivals. Their high character has placed the city in a very eminent +position in the musical world, and many of the citizens cherish a just +pride in endeavouring to qualify themselves for the maintenance of that +degree of excellence which the festivals enable them to exhibit in the +choral performances, which the best judges have pronounced second to none +in the kingdom. On the whole the festivals have contributed largely to +the funds of important charities, and will no doubt continue to do so if +conducted with judgment and economy. They have always attracted large +numbers of visitors to the old city, for the same facilities which make +it easy for _us_ to go elsewhere to hear good music, enable others to +come hither for the same purpose. Many persons will always come from +distant places to hear a well-trained Norwich chorus. And besides all +this, not the least of the benefits derived from these triennial +meetings, is that they encourage an interchange of good feeling and +hospitality between the city and county, and afford to those who enjoy +music such an amount of pleasure as must contribute, at least for a time, +to cheerfulness and happiness in their social intercourse with their +fellow creatures. + + + +CHAPTER XXIII. +Eminent Citizens of the Nineteenth Century. + + +_Professor Taylor_. + + +PROFESSOR TAYLOR claims the first place in our notices of the eminent +citizens of this period, as a politician, a musician, and a public man. +After his death a memoir of him appeared in the _Norfolk News_ of March +28th, and April 4th, 1863, and from it we derive the following details:— + + “Mr. Edward Taylor was the great grandson of the celebrated Dr. John + Taylor, a man not less beloved for the kindliness of his disposition, + than he was venerated for his vast learning. Dr. Taylor was born at + Lancaster in the year 1694, and came to Norwich (according to Mr. + Edward Taylor’s account) in 1733. Here he remained till 1757, and + here it was that he produced many of his works, amongst others his + famous Hebrew Concordance, which was published in two large volumes, + folio, and was the labour of fourteen years. Many copies of the + frontispiece (a fine portrait engraved by Houbraken) are still extant + in this city. Dr. Taylor must have been fond of music, and must also + have made it a personal study. This we infer, less from his having + published ‘A Collection of Tunes in Various Airs’ for the use of his + Norwich congregation, than from his having been able to Prefix + thereto ‘Instructions in the Art of Psalmody.’ The airs themselves + have no other accompaniment added than an unfigured bass, but the + collection contains many of the finest melodies which are now in use. + The instructions were intended to enable a student to sing at sight. + + “When Dr. Taylor quitted Norwich, his only surviving son, Richard, + remained, and carried on the business of a manufacturer in St. George + Colegate. Mr. John Taylor, father of the subject of this memoir, was + born the 30th July, 1750. In 1773, he entered into the business of a + yarn maker, in partnership with his brother, in the parish where + their father had lived. If not a musical composer, John had the + reputation of being at least a tolerable poet, and he was peculiarly + happy in writing words for music. + + “In April, 1777, Mr. John Taylor married Susannah, the youngest + daughter of Mr. John Cook of Norwich. Mr. Edward Taylor was born on + the 22nd of January, 1784, in the parish of St. George Colegate. + + “In his boyish days, Edward Taylor was made to imbibe the usual + quantity of Greek and Latin, and the cask ever after retained the + flavour of the wine. But music even then was his chief delight. + When arrived at manhood he was tall and well formed; he had a fair, + though by no means a pallid complexion, a penetrating eye, and a + majestic voice, which sounded in conversation like the roll of a bass + drum. In whatever part of the world he had been met, it would have + been said at a glance, ‘That’s an Englishman.’ He had that + unmistakeable stamp of bluntness and sturdy independence which seems + to be an Englishman’s birthright. He was proud, not altogether + without reason, of his ancestors, whose religious and political + opinions he inherited. Hence, he was a Dissenter of the Unitarian + School, and what was then called a Radical Reformer. Deeming himself + to be in the right, he of course considered all those who differed + from him to be in the wrong. But being himself consistent, he knew + how to respect consistency in others. His hostility was confined to + men’s doctrines and measures; it was never extended to their persons. + In a word, he was generous, manly, and sincere, and he therefore + enjoyed the friendship of good and true men, whatever might be their + party or creed. Mr. Taylor married, in 1808, Deborah, daughter of + Mr. William Newson, of Stump Cross, in this city, a man of upright + and honourable character, and a successful tradesman.” + +The memoir contains a sketch of Mr. Taylor’s political doings, which we +shall give in another part of this work, and it then proceeds:— + + “On the 19th January, 1824, he had the honour of dining with the Duke + of Sussex, at Kensington Palace. The next year, 1825, terminated Mr. + Taylor’s residence in his native city, though to the end of his life + he continued to take a warm interest in whatever concerned its + welfare. On the 21st of May, having already made arrangements for + giving up his business in Norwich, he went up to London to prepare + for making it his future abode. On the 5th of August, he served on + the Norwich grand jury for the last time, and the next day took his + final departure. On the 15th, he joined his brother Philip and his + cousin John Martineau in their business, as civil engineers, having + hired a house for that purpose in York Place, City Road. + + “On the 3rd of January, 1826, the year after Mr. Taylor finally left + the city for London, he came down to a dinner which was given at the + Rampant Horse Hotel in his honour. The original intention had been + to place his portrait in St. Andrew’s Hall, and Sir James Smith had + actually written some lines to be placed under it, beginning— + + ‘Avaunt, ye base, approach ye wise and good, + Thus in this hall once Edward Taylor stood.’ + + But that idea was abandoned, and a presentation of a service of plate + was determined upon by his fellow-citizens. The proposition + originated with the strongest of his political antagonists in the + Corporation. The plate was given at this dinner at the Rampant + Horse, the chairman being Henry Francis, Esq., against whom Mr. + Taylor had entered the lists in the severest contest ever known in + the Mancroft Ward. This rendered the compliment greater. + + “Mr. Edward Taylor’s first music master was the Rev. Charles Smyth, a + man who was equally remarkable for his eccentricity and musical + learning. Mr. Taylor always spoke with great respect of Mr. Smyth’s + musical knowledge. How long the lessons continued we have no means + of ascertaining, but we afterwards find Taylor gaining instruction + with the Cathedral boys under Dr. Beckwith at the music room in the + Cathedral. He also had lessons in the vestry room of the Octagon + Chapel; and he acquired some skill upon the flute and oboe from Mr. + Fish. But we believe that his musical education was throughout + gratuitously bestowed, out of respect to himself and his family. + Doubtless he was greatly indebted for his extensive knowledge of the + art, as well as of the German and Italian languages, to his own + perseverance in solitary study.” + +The author of the memoir, after giving a sketch of the “Hall Concert”, +notices Mr. Taylor’s labours on behalf of the Musical Festivals in this +city, as already related in our brief account of those celebrations. Mr. +Taylor was one of their chief promoters, and he worked hard to make them +successful. In reference to Mr. Taylor’s career in London, the author of +the memoir says,— + + “It has been before stated that on the 15th August, 1825, Mr. Taylor + entered upon a new course of life, in London, in connection with his + brother Philip and Mr. John Martineau, who were civil engineers. Had + the business proved lucrative, there is no reason to suppose that Mr. + Taylor would have left it. It is certain that when he went to live + in London, nothing was further from his thoughts than that he would + ever embrace music as a profession. + + “Mr. Taylor began anew the battle of life by taking private pupils. + From the first moment of his entering the musical profession, his + classical attainments, his skill as a translator, his superior mental + powers, and his extensive musical research, were honestly and fully + recognized. On the 29th March, 1827, Mr. Taylor made his first + appearance before a London audience as a public singer. His debût + was at Covent Garden, at the Oratorios under the management of Sir H. + R. Bishop. The song he chose was ‘The Battle of Hohenlinden,’ + composed by C. Smith, and the reception he received from a very + crowded audience was exceedingly favourable.” + +After quoting some very eulogistic notices of Mr. Taylor’s subsequent +performances, the writer of the memoir continues:— + + “In this year (1828) was published ‘Airs of the Rhine,’ + accompaniments by William Horsley, Mus. Bac., Oxon, the poetry + translated by Edward Taylor. Of Mr. Taylor’s brief sketch of German + music prefixed to this collection, the _Quarterly Musical Review_ + (conducted by Mr. R. M. Bacon) says, ‘It is so agreeably written, and + contains so many authentic and interesting particulars, that we must + do him the justice to give it a place at length. It will speak more + for the publication than anything we can say to interest the reader.’ + + “In 1837, Mr. Taylor was elected Gresham Professor of Music. The + place had been for 200 years a mere sinecure, generally held by + persons totally ignorant of music, but he did much to render it + useful to the art. In 1838 he published his ‘Three Inaugural + Lectures,’ which he dedicated to the Trustees of Gresham College. He + was not content with reading his lectures, however good. He + illustrated them by having some compositions of the master who might + be under discussion, well sung in parts by a competent choir. + Amateurs of distinction and professional men lent their aid, and this + attracted large audiences to the theatre. + + “In 1843, Professor Taylor, who had been musical critic for the + _Spectator_ for fourteen years, retired from that department, and he + received a very complimentary letter from Mr. Rintoul the editor, who + said, ‘I can bear my willing testimony to the high aims, the great + ability, the persevering zeal, and undeviating punctuality with which + you have upheld the cause of good music in my journal for the long + period of fourteen years. I believe that a selection from your + writings in the _Spectator_ would comprise a body of the soundest and + best musical criticism in the language; and when you retire, I know + not that any second man in England is qualified to sustain the + elevated standard that you have raised, &c.’ High praise indeed, but + well deserved. + + “In the year 1845, Professor Taylor published, in the _British and + Foreign Review_, an article headed ‘The English Cathedral Service; + its Glory, its Decline, and its Designed Extinction.’ This was + subsequently published by permission of the proprietor in the form of + a thin octavo volume. It was a masterly defence of the musical + services of our Cathedrals, and of the choirs, against the spoliation + of the deans and chapters, which had been silently and surely going + on ever since the time of Queen Elizabeth. It made a strong + sensation at the time, and even now, whoever would strike a blow for + the cause of Cathedral music, (which in Professor Taylor’s opinion is + the salt which can alone save the musical taste of the people from + corruption) will find the best weapons ready to his hand contained in + this little volume. + + “Professor Taylor, who had been long a widower, died (March 12th, + 1863,) with the utmost tranquillity, at his house at Brentwood. He + had three children, all of whom survive him; a son, Mr. John Edward + Taylor, who was with him in his last moments, and two daughters, one + of whom is married and lives in Germany, her sister living with her. + + “We believe that Mr. Taylor left injunctions that his manuscripts + should not be published, which is surely to be regretted. If his + rare and valuable musical library, the acquisition of which was the + labour of a life, should be sold, we trust that it will not go + piecemeal to the hoards of individual collectors, but be bought for + the use of Gresham College and its future musical professors.” + +The compiler of this history had some long interviews with Professor +Taylor when he last visited Norwich in 1857, and he then stated that he +had large collections of music, and a large number of lectures on the +music of every period. He delivered a very splendid lecture on the music +of the Elizabethan age, in aid of the funds of the Free Library, before a +large audience, in the Lecture Hall, St. Andrew’s. + + +_The Rev. Mark Wilks_. + + +The Rev. Mark Wilks, who lived in the last, and in the early part of the +present century, was a very remarkable character as a politician and a +preacher. From his biography, written by his daughter and published in +1821, we derive the following particulars. He was the son of a +subordinate officer in the army, and was born at Gibraltar on February +5th, 1748. When his father and family returned to England they lived at +Birmingham, where young Mark was brought up to a trade, and where he +became an itinerant Baptist preacher, without any chapel. The Countess +of Huntingdon heard of his exertions, and invited him to her college at +Trevecca, to which he removed in 1775, and studied there for a year. In +1776 the Countess appointed him to be minister of the Tabernacle in +Norwich, which became the scene of his most continued and concentrated +exertions. The first sermon he preached here was on a Sunday evening to +a crowded congregation, and he made a great impression. He preached in +the same pulpit that Whitfield once occupied, and the simplicity of the +new minister’s appearance, and the negligence of his exterior, surpassed +that of the apostle of Calvinism. His long hair fell carelessly over his +shoulders; his meagre person and ruddy countenance gave him at mature age +the aspect of youth. The whole of his demeanour was illuminated by the +fire of affectionate zeal, and by an earnestness of manner, evincing that +he was honest in the sacred cause of truth. From this time he continued +his ministry till 1778, when in the spring of that year he married +Susannah Jackson of Norwich. This was an event which he ever justly +estimated as the happiest of his life, but it severed his connexion with +the patroness of the Tabernacle. Her rule was to dismiss the students of +her college on their marriage. The Countess of Huntingdon regretted the +separation and recommended him to several destitute congregations, none +of which, however, were then suited to his views. + +After travelling about for some time in Wiltshire, where he preached in +several chapels, he returned to Norwich, and on January 1st, 1780, his +new meeting place was opened, and he became a pastor under the +denomination of Calvinistic Methodist, without the customary form of +ordination. During the interval which elapsed between his return to +Norwich and his establishment as a Baptist minister, his congregation +rapidly increased, and continued to increase from 1780 till 1788. He +lived in retirement, and performed with satisfaction and marked +punctuality the duties of his ministry. His congregation was formed into +a regular Baptist church in May, 1788, and it remained so all his life. +On this change many of his former supporters left him, so that his income +was reduced. He therefore took a farm in the neighbourhood of Norwich, +and commenced farming on an extensive scale. Employment or poverty was +his only alternative, and he followed the example of the apostle Paul by +supporting himself. + +We now approach a period in his life in which he distinguished himself +not only as a pastor, but also as a citizen and patriot; for in the year +1790 commenced those great events in France which laid the foundation of +the long war between this country and that unfortunate empire, a war +disastrous to both. On July 14th, 1791, Mr. Wilks preached two eloquent +discourses to commemorate the leading features of the first French +Revolution, before crowded congregations, composed of the most +influential persons in the city and its neighbourhood. The propriety of +such discourses from the pulpit may be doubted, but they caused great +excitement, as the preacher defended the revolution, which was then +viewed with terror by many people. We shall notice this, however, more +at length in the political part of our narrative, in which we shall have +to speak of the very active part which Mr. Wilks took in political +affairs both in the city and county. That Mr. Wilks was a rather violent +partisan, and more of a Radical than a Whig, will appear by an extract +from his biography, respecting a county election. + + “When the Honourable William Wyndham first offered himself as a + candidate for the county of Norfolk, he came in the character of a + Whig, and a professed friend of civil and religious liberty. Mr. + Wilks then warmly supported him, and to his exertions Mr. Wyndham + attributed his success. But the revolution in France effected a + strange change in the principles of Mr. Wyndham; and on his second + appearance as candidate for Norfolk, he presented himself in the + character of a ‘war minister,’ and the enthusiastic abettor of the + most disgraceful and perilous measures ever pursued by weak and + wicked men. Instead, therefore, of receiving support, he met with + the most determined opposition from those who had been before his + active friends. As Mr. Wilks on his former election had supported + him by the most vigorous exertions, he now appeared foremost in the + ranks of his opponents; and Mr. Wyndham regarded him with fear and + jealousy. The following anecdote will show with what gratitude he + returned the former services of him whom he had called his friend. + One morning, as a very intimate friend of Mr. Wilks was passing by + the house of a poor man, he was unexpectedly invited in, and was + informed by the man that his wife had just found an open letter, the + contents of which were of the greatest importance to Mr. Wilks. It + indeed proved so. It was a letter from Mr. Wyndham to one of his + friends at Norwich, desiring him to be most vigilant in watching the + movements and expressions of Mr. Wilks; and if at any time he uttered + anything which might be made to appear treasonable, to make him + acquainted with it, assuring him that he would take the most prompt + and severe means for his conviction. No sooner had Mr. Wilks read + this letter than he hastened with it to the printer’s, and in a few + hours the perfidy of Mr. Wyndham was publicly known in every part of + the city, and the original letter returned to its proprietor, to his + inexpressible dismay and confusion. The family and friends of Mr. + Wilks regarded this circumstance as an interposition of a watchful + Providence. But for this circumstance a few days might have seen him + the inmate of a dungeon, and his life devoted, through the + incautiousness of a sentence, to the treachery of an enemy. This + supposition may appear less improbable when it is known, that at that + time some who had been less active and less violent than himself, had + been snatched from their families during the stillness of the + midnight hour, and had been conveyed to prison without any form or + reason assigned to them. This attempt upon the liberty, and perhaps + the life, of Mr. Wilks had the beneficial effect of making him more + vigilant over his words, and more cautious, although not less bold + and decisive in all his proceedings. Yet his wife and friends + entertained so great an anxiety for his safety, that they strongly + importuned him to seek an asylum under the calmer skies of America, + but he resisted their importunities. + + “It must be mentioned, as an instance of the generosity of Mr. Wilks’ + disposition, as well as a proof that his political conduct originated + in genuine principles of patriotism, that when Mr. Wyndham again + returned as a candidate for Norfolk as conjoint supporter of the Whig + interest in union with Mr. Coke, Mr. Wilks never suffered the + recollection of his private wrongs to interfere with the principles + that Mr. Wyndham had come forward to maintain, but supported him with + the same firmness and ardour as he had ever done. + + “But it is necessary to return to those incidents of his life, the + order of which has been neglected in pursuing the chain of his + political character, and which he considered of far greater + importance than any other. In the year 1792, the Baptist Missionary + Society was established by Carey, Fuller, Pearce, and Ryland. Those + incomparable men, in a small room at Kettering, planted the germ of + that tree which has since spread its branches into the remotest + corners of the earth. The Indian Banyan is famed for its fertility; + it is planted, it grows, and its branches descending, strike root, + and reproduce another tree; its branches again descend, and produce + another tree; trees succeed in endless multiplication, till a far and + wide-spreading beauteous forest is formed from the vast trunk of what + was once a single plant. In India flourishes a moral Banyan; it has + been planted by the hand of a Carey, a Fuller, a Pearce, a Ryland, + and a Wilks; watered and cultivated by their labours and their + prayers, its roots have taken a deeper and deeper root, and the day + is approaching when the sultry clime of India shall be covered by its + shadows, cheered by its verdant foliage, and refreshed by its + heavenly fruits. + + “It is well known that Mr. Wilks’ devotion to the missionary cause + was early and invincible. Whether he was present at its + establishment is rather doubtful; but from its commencement he + regarded it as the dawn of happiness to the world, and put into + action all his powers and his influence in promoting so benevolent an + end. But it was not in the mission alone that he evinced his + benevolence and his disinterestedness. Nine years had elapsed since + he first commenced farming, and during that time and the succeeding + year he preached regularly, and fulfilled all the duties incumbent on + his station, without receiving for his services the smallest + remuneration. Whether in this instance he acted in all respects with + prudence has frequently been doubted by himself as well as his + friends. His conduct originated in feelings of the purest + benevolence, although perhaps it lost its excellence in losing its + justice.” + +In the year 1797 Mr. Wilks was obliged to quit his farm, the lease of +which had expired. He immediately engaged another at Aldborough, a +village near Harleston in Suffolk, and went there to reside with his +family in March, 1797. The distance of that place was seventeen miles +from Norwich; yet although he was necessarily obliged to omit the +week-day preaching, he never once neglected the regular performance of +his pastoral duties on Sunday. In every kind of weather he constantly +travelled thirty-four miles every Sunday to preach to a congregation from +whom he received no remuneration. This course of exertion, however, +could not be long continued. With the engagements of his farm, which +were at this time very considerable, and the care attendant on a large +family of twelve children, he found it was necessary either to give up +his church or to leave his farm. Though his farm was a very profitable +one, he did not hesitate which course to pursue; and he took another farm +at Cossey, near Norwich, where he continued for some time, and where he +often preached to the people in the village. + +In March, 1802, he purchased a farm at the village of Sprowston, only two +miles from Norwich. Here he enjoyed the society of his friends in the +city, and in every respect his own comfort and that of his family were +improved by this removal. His congregation increased, and the chapel in +which he preached became too small for all who wished to attend his +ministry. His friends were therefore desirous of erecting a more +commodious one, and purchased a piece of ground for its erection. In +September, 1812, he laid the first stone, and Mr. Andrew Fuller preached +on the occasion. + +In 1814, he went on a begging tour for his meeting house, and travelled +through the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, and Cambridgeshire, and +thence to London. In six weeks he collected about £400, but his +exertions brought on a serious illness. After his return his family +scarcely hoped for his recovery. On May 4th, 1814, the new meeting +house, in St. Clement’s, Norwich, was opened by Mr. M. Wilks of London, +and Mr. A. Fuller. The pastor was present, but in a very feeble state of +health. He recovered slowly in a few weeks, and when his health was +sufficiently restored, he made another effort to diminish the debt on the +new chapel. Though he frequently considered himself to be in a dying +state, yet at every interval of ease he pursued his work with unremitting +ardour. It is unnecessary to relate all the details of the few latter +years of his life; the long journeys he took in the years 1815 and 1816, +were a proof of the generosity of his heart. His last two years he spent +in retirement, yet in the performance of his ministerial duties; and ever +ready to advance the interests of his church, of his family, and of +mankind. + +He was ill only four days previous to his death, which took place on +February 5th, 1819. When it was publicly known in the city that he was +no more, hundreds of people went to his house to take a last look of him +whom living they had so much loved and respected. And the bitter tears +of his surviving relatives, the deep affliction of his friends, and the +sorrow of mourning multitudes, bore a sad testimony to his worth as a +husband, a father, a friend, a minister, a neighbour, and a christian. + +He died on his birthday, when he had attained the age of seventy-one. +His much valued friend, the Rev. W. Hull of Norwich, spoke at his +interment to a large assembly of sincere mourners, and to a great +concourse of spectators. The Rev. Mark Wilks of London, his nephew, +preached a funeral sermon on Sunday, February 14th, before a large +congregation. The deceased was buried under the pulpit where he had +preached the gospel for forty years. Of his family of twelve children, +including his four sons, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, none of them and +none of their descendants now live in Norwich. + + +_The Rev. John Alexander_. + + +The Rev. John Alexander was the pastor of the Independent Congregation in +Prince’s Street for a period of fifty years. He was much beloved by all +who knew him for his kindly disposition and genuine piety. Bishop +Stanley often spoke of him in terms of the highest commendation as a +christian minister. He took an active interest in all the philanthropic +and educational movements of the district, and was for some time the +Chairman of the Board of Management of the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital. +After his death, on July 31st, 1868, a short memoir of him appeared in +the _Norfolk News_; and this memoir contained nearly the whole history of +Prince’s Street Chapel in this city. We give the following extracts:— + + “Mr. Alexander was born at Lancaster in 1792. Of his father, the + Rev. William Alexander, our deceased friend published an interesting + _Memoir_; and, as showing his own appreciation of the excellencies of + his parents, he placed on the title page these lines of Cowper’s:— + + ‘My boast is, not that I deduce my birth + From loins enthroned, and rulers of the earth; + But higher far my proud pretensions rise, + The son of parents passed into the skies.’ + + In the same volume we find him thus writing in reference to his early + days:—‘The reader will, I trust, perceive that our domestic + discipline, union, and affection, together with the sweet influences + of religion, rendered us a happy family. The recollections and the + love of home, too, and our reverence for holy parents, became a + shield of protection to us, and “a way of escape” in the day of + evil.’ With an atmosphere like this surrounding his childhood, we + wonder not that he became in early life the subject of deep religious + convictions. In 1807 he entered a large commercial establishment + connected with a household in which ‘the most beautiful domestic + order was combined with everything that was pure and lovely in + religion.’ This privilege was greatly prized by him, and he ever + cherished a grateful sense of the goodness of God in placing him + there. During this period he attended the ministry of the Rev. P. S. + Charrier of Liverpool, and joined the church under his care. For + some time he had cherished a desire, and entertained a hope, in + reference to the christian ministry, which was now soon to be + realised. + + “The celebrated Dr. Edward Williams, one of the tutors at Rotherham + College, happened just then to visit Liverpool, and unexpectedly + spoke to him on the subject, offering him the advantages of the + institution over which he presided. This incident naturally made a + deep impression on his mind, and led him very seriously and + prayerfully to consider the matter. Of course, he lost no time in + communicating his thoughts to his father, who urged on him the + greatest caution, saying, ‘God forbid you should take it up, except + in compliance with the will of God.’ Nothing daunted, however, by + the somewhat discouraging aspect of the ministry set before him in + his father’s letters, he intimated to him, in reply to his inquiries, + that he retained an unalterable ‘determination to give himself to the + work, believing he had been called of God to it;’ and in 1814 he was + admitted as a student into Hoxton College. Here the amiable + qualities which distinguished him all through life soon endeared him + to every fellow-student, and one still surviving speaks of hours + spent with him as ‘the happiest, holiest, and most profitable spent + under the college roof.’ + + “In his _Thirty Years’ History of the Church and Congregation in + Prince’s Street Chapel_, he gives us an account of his first visit to + and subsequent residence in this city. From that source we learn + that early in the year 1817 he received an invitation to preach for a + few Sabbaths in the Tabernacle, and that on Friday, April 4th, 1817, + (the day on which a fatal steam-packet catastrophe occurred by which + many lives were lost), he entered Norwich. On the following Sunday + evening he preached from the text, ‘Therefore be ye also ready; for + in such an hour as ye think not, the Son of Man cometh.’ The place + was crowded; and, says he, ‘The Lord stood by me and strengthened + me.’ At the expiration of three Sabbaths he returned to London, + promising to visit Norwich again and preach during the whole of the + Midsummer vacation. He resumed his labours with very great + encouragement at the Tabernacle on July 6th; and some legal + difficulty occurring as to the power of appointing the minister, he + consented, with the approbation of his tutors, to continue them till + the disputed point was settled, which was not till the following + December. The legal decision was such as necessitated him to give + notice the very day it arrived, that in the evening he should preach + his last sermon in the Tabernacle. On that occasion he chose as his + text, words which the people believed to have been divinely suggested + to his mind, ‘Weeping may endure for a night, but joy cometh in the + morning.’ That text, it was often afterwards remarked, built the new + chapel. The prospect, however, of the toil connected with the + establishment of a new church and congregation, and the building of a + chapel, was such that he shrank from it, and took his place in the + coach to return to London on his way to Kidderminster, where he had + been requested to supply, with a view to settlement. + + “But so deep was the impression his services had produced, and so + warm the interest and affection created, that the people would not + part from him. On the day of his departure, a deputation waited on + him and pressed on him an invitation to become their minister with + such affectionate earnestness, that, says he ‘I felt the appeal to be + irresistible, and I promised to lay the whole matter before my tutor + and friends, and to make it the subject of serious and prayerful + re-consideration.’ The result was that he returned, and for some + time preached in the Lancasterian School-room. At length the site on + which Prince’s Street Chapel now stands was purchased, and the + foundation stone laid on the 16th of March, 1819. It was opened on + December 1st in the same year, and thenceforward, for the space of + about five and forty years, it continued to be the scene of the + living and life-quickening ministry of one whose ‘praise is in all + the churches.’ Of the characteristics of Mr. Alexander’s preaching + this is not the place to speak beyond saying it was truly evangelical + and eminently successful. But he was not the preacher only. He was + the faithful pastor, the unswerving friend, and the cheerful + companion as well. Hence in times of sorrow or of joy he was a + welcome guest, either in the family meeting or at more social + gatherings. He carried summer and sunshine with him into every + circle, and never left any without leaving a longing in every heart, + young and old, for the next visit. When he crossed the threshold, + the young loved to caress and to be caressed by him, whilst to the + others the cares of life seemed lessened, and the burden lightened, + as he spoke to them a few words of loving sympathy or wise counsel, + and left them with his soft tones of benediction treasured in their + hearts and vibrating on their ears. + + “Time rolled on, ever finding him at his work, till thirty years had + gone, when his friends gathered round him in St. Andrew’s Hall to + testify their high appreciation of his excellencies, and their deep + and strong affection for him as their pastor and their friend. On + that occasion it was the desire of the people to present a purse to + him as a substantial token of their esteem, but there being at that + time a debt of £400 remaining on the chapel, he, with that + characteristic unselfishness which ever marked him, urgently + requested that they would abandon the purse, but remove the debt. + But it must not be supposed that Mr. Alexander’s energies were + confined to the cause of Christ at Prince’s Street Chapel, or that + the members of his church and congregation were allowed to claim him + as exclusively belonging to them. This was seen when ten years more + of active service had passed, and troops of admirers, from far and + near, flocked again to St. Andrew’s Hall to do him honour. On that + occasion the Mayor (J. G. Johnson, Esq.,) represented the city, and + the Rev. S. Titlow the Church of England, in most eulogistic + speeches. The Baptist Churches of the county presented him with an + address, whilst brethren of his own denomination, and others, lay and + ministerial, seemed to vie with one another in magnifying ‘the grace + of God’ in him. The desire entertained ten years before was now + carried into effect, and a purse, with an elegant skeleton timepiece, + and a memorial engrossed on vellum and framed, were presented to him, + and a gold watch and chain to Mrs. Alexander. The timepiece bore the + following inscription:— + + Presented to the Rev. John Alexander, together with a purse of 500 + sovereigns, on his commencing the fortieth year of his ministry in + Norwich, by the members of his congregation and numerous other + friends, as a memorial of Christian esteem and love.—Norwich, June + 3rd, 1856. + + From that time the infirmities of age, and the claims of a large + congregation, led him to desire help, which was secured for him in + the person of an assistant minister. With that help he happily and + zealously worked on in his Master’s service through another decade of + years, when once more the old Gothic hall resounded with his praises + and witnessed another outburst of affectionate congratulation. + Having lived to see the jubilee of his ministry, he now resigned the + pastoral office, and was presented with an annuity of £200 and a + magnificent epergne, on which a suitable inscription was engraved. + With trembling emotion the venerable man read his reply and + acknowledgment, in which, after recording the goodness of God and the + kindness of his friends through the long period of fifty years, he + stated that during his pastorate more than a thousand members had + been added to the church, two chapels had been added to the one in + Prince’s Street, four Sunday Schools had been raised and supplied + with a hundred teachers and with nearly a thousand children, and + eight members of the church had become ministers of the Gospel. + + “Seldom is it the lot of the most favoured ministers thus to be + blessed and made a blessing. We shall not attempt to describe what + Mr. Alexander was in the pulpit, on the platform, in the committee + room, or from the press, nor how he discharged his duties as chairman + of ‘The Congregational Union of England and Wales,’ and secretary of + ‘The Association for the Spread of the Gospel in the County.’ Much + less shall we venture a word on his private or domestic life. We + hope another and abler pen will pourtray his character more fully, + and hence we content ourselves by adding words written by a friend, + ‘His life is his eulogy.’ It was a holy life, a useful life, an + honourable life, a happy life. + + “The last sermon Mr. Alexander preached was delivered in Prince’s + Street Chapel on April 22nd, 1866, from 2 _Cor._ ii. 14–17. The last + time that he spoke in St. Andrew’s Hall was a few months before his + death, on the occasion of the mayor’s invitation to the Sunday school + teachers, and the last public religious service he attended was in + the Old Meeting House on Sunday evening, July 19th, 1868, where his + presence was ever as welcome as in his own chapel. + + “Of his history since his retirement into private life, little only + can be said. At first the ease and seeming uselessness imposed on + him by the infirmities of age had a depressing influence on his mind, + but latterly this gave place to his wonted calm confidence in God, + and his usual joyousness of heart. Occasionally, to the grief of his + friends, the decline of his mental powers was painfully visible, but + this was often relieved by his still sparkling and felicitous + utterances, and his fervent devotional exercises. + + “Some lines written in our album so recently as last November will, + perhaps, best indicate the state of his mind, and the theme on which + it delighted to dwell:— + + Amidst the fragrance richly shed, + And beauty blooming in the bowers, + The willow bends its mournful head, + And seems to weep among the flowers. + + And so in human life we find, + How bright soever it appears, + That grief is rooted in the mind, + And smiles are mingled with its tears. + + But there’s a garden in the sky + Where mourning willows cannot grow, + Where tears are wiped from every eye, + And streams of joy unmingled flow. + + “And now the time drew nigh that he must die. For only a few days he + was withdrawn from the outer world. During that time it was very + evident that constant intercourse was being carried on with heaven. + On asking him, two days prior to his death, if the Saviour he had so + long and faithfully preached to others was now near and precious to + himself, he replied, ‘Oh, what should I do without Him!’ The day + before his departure he was much in prayer. His family were all + remembered before God, as were also the servants of the household. + And very touching were the words in which he sought a blessing on the + ministers of the city, and on their work, with whom he had lived in + closest and loving fellowship. And so he passed away, spending his + last hours, as he had spent his life, in blessing others. + + “On Tuesday, the 4th of August, he was carried to his grave amid the + lamentations of a vast concourse of his fellow-citizens, and friends + from the country, who had known him and esteemed him very highly in + love for his works’ sake. The funeral service at the grave was + conducted by the Revs. G. Gould, J. Hallett, P. Colborne, and G. S. + Barrett, B.A.; but gathered there were clergymen and ministers of + every denomination, as well as laymen of all classes, from the mayor + to the humblest artisan. + + “And so has passed away from our midst, full of days and honours, + one, whom it was a privilege to have known, and an impossibility not + to have loved. His Christian catholicity, his large-hearted charity, + his generous liberality, his untarnished reputation, and his fidelity + to Christian truth, together with other virtues that adorned his long + life, constrain us to thank God for having given him to Norwich, and, + now that He has taken him to Himself, constrain us to say ‘Let me die + the death of the righteous, and let my last end be like his!’” + +The funeral sermon was preached by the Rev. John Stoughton, of London, +before a large congregation in St. Andrew’s Hall. + + +_The Gurney Family_. + + +The members of the Gurney family, from an early period, have been +distinguished by their station, wealth, and intelligence, both in Norfolk +and Norwich. Memoirs of Joseph John Gurney, with selections from his +journal and correspondence, were edited by Joseph Bevan Braithwaite, and +published by Mr. Fletcher of this city. From these memoirs we derive the +following interesting details respecting the family, and the Society of +Friends in Norwich. + + “The family of Gurney or Gournay is said to have sprung from a house + of Norman barons, who followed William the Conqueror into England and + obtained a large estate in this country, chiefly in the county of + Norfolk. From them descended a long line of country gentlemen, who + maintained themselves at Harpley, and West Barsham, in this county, + for many generations, and from a very early period had one of their + residences in this city. The last of these dying without male issue, + about the commencement of the reign of Charles II., the old family + estates at that period became dispersed amongst females. The name of + Gurney was, however, honourably continued through a descendant of one + of the younger sons of an earlier generation, John Gurney, the + ancestor of the present family. He was born in the year 1655, and + notwithstanding his family connections, commenced life in Norwich in + somewhat straitened circumstances. Devoting himself in his youth to + the cause of religion, we find him in the year 1678, at the age of + twenty-three, already connected with the oppressed, persecuted + Quakers. + + “The family of John Gurney appear previously to have had some + connexion with the Puritans. Henry Gurney, indeed, of West Barsham, + the representative of the family in the early part of the 17th + century, had a distaste for Puritanism, if, at least, we are to judge + from the insertion in his will (proved in 1623) of a special charge + to his younger son, ‘That none hould any fantisticall or erroneous + opinions, so adjudged by our bishop or civill lawes.’ But Edmund + Gurney, rector of Harpley, one of these younger sons, who was a + person of influence, became known as a zealous Puritan; he declined + wearing the surplice, and was probably among those who took the + covenant in 1643. After him John Gurney successively named two of + his children. Others of his connexions were also inclined to + Puritanism, and some of them, like himself, joined the Society of + Friends. In the case of the early Friends generally, their ultimate + settlement in those gospel principles by which they became + distinguished from others, was preceded by a state of much religious + awakening and earnest seeking after God, in which they ‘searched the + scriptures daily, whether those things were so.’ + + “Through what course of experience John Gurney arrived at his + conviction, the scanty materials of his history do not inform us. + Let it suffice us to know that what he became convinced of, was + precious to him as the truth, and that for it he was prepared to + suffer. On the 29th of the ninth month (O. S.), 1682, (so the + records of the Friends in Norwich inform us,) ‘Friends being kept out + of their meeting house, met together in the street to wait upon the + Lord,’ and, being there, John Gurney and another Friend, were + violently pulled out from among the rest, as if they had been + malefactors, and carried before a justice of the peace, by whom, as + they declined giving, on such an account, the required bail, they + were committed until the next quarter sessions. In the following + year, 1683, he was again imprisoned, for refusing to take an oath, + and continued in prison, under successive recommitments, nearly three + years. He died in the year 1721, having greatly prospered in his + temporal concerns; and, what is far more important, having, according + to the testimony of those who knew him, taken particular care in the + religious education of all his children, and continued faithful to + the end. + + “His two elder sons, John and Joseph, were both men of marked + character. John was gifted with much natural eloquence, and obtained + considerable reputation by the spirit and ability with which he + successfully defended the Norwich trade, before a committee of the + House of Lords, against some apprehended encroachments. He + subsequently received from Sir Robert Walpole the offer of a seat in + parliament, which, however, he declined as inconsistent with his + religious principles in the then state of the law. Religion had + early taken possession of his heart, and about the 22nd year of his + age, in obedience to the call of apprehended duty, he had yielded + himself to the work of the public ministry of the gospel, in which + service he laboured diligently for many years; neither the temptation + of prosperity nor the kindness and esteem of great men of this world, + being, in the simple and forcible language of the memorial respecting + him, ‘permitted to separate him from that truth which the Lord had + eminently convinced him of.’ + + “Besides numerous other descendants, he was the grandfather of Martha + Birkbeck, whose daughter Jane became the first wife of Joseph John + Gurney. Joseph Gurney, his younger brother, who, towards the close + of his life, fixed his residence at Keswick, near Norwich, also + became a valued minister of the gospel among Friends. His christian + profession was eminently adorned by a life of humility, benevolence, + and moderation. He died in the year 1750, after a suffering illness + which he bore with exemplary resignation, giving a final evidence of + the truth of what he then expressed that it had been ‘the business of + his whole life to be prepared for such a time!’ + + “His eldest son, John Gurney, was a man of great activity and energy, + and notwithstanding his extensive engagements in business, devoted + much of his time to the interests of his own religious society, to + the principles of which he was warmly attached. In the midst of a + course of remarkable temporal prosperity, it is instructive to + observe the fears which he expresses in one of his private memoranda, + lest his increasing opulence should lead away his children from those + religious habits and associations in which they had been educated. + He left three sons, all of whom married and settled near Norwich. + Richard Gurney the eldest, on his father’s decease, in 1770, became + the occupant of the family residence at Keswick. John Gurney, the + father of J. J. Gurney, had previously to the birth of the latter + settled at Earlham. Joseph Gurney, the youngest, resided at Lakenham + Grove. The three families were naturally much associated, and + exercised an important influence upon each other. At a later period + especially, the consistency with which Joseph Gurney, of The Grove, + was enabled to maintain his position as a Friend, and as a christian + minister, rendered his influence peculiarly valuable.” + +John Gurney, of Earlham, is eulogised highly by the editor of these +memoirs as generous, ardent, and warm-hearted, abounding in kindness to +all, uniting very remarkable activity, both in public and private +business, with an acute intellect and extensive information. His wife +was Catherine Bell, a daughter of Daniel Bell of Stamford Hill, near +London, her mother being a granddaughter of Robert Barclay, the +well-known author of the “Apology.” She is described as a woman of very +superior mind as well as personal charms, and as a serious christian and +decided Friend. She died in the autumn of 1792, leaving her sorrowing +husband the widowed parent of eleven children. The following list of the +names may be found useful:— + +Catherine died unmarried, 1850. + +Rachel died unmarried, 1827. + +Elizabeth, married in 1800 to Joseph Fry, of London, became the +celebrated Mrs. Fry, who died in 1845. + +John died in 1814. + +Richenda married in 1816 to Francis Cunningham, who died in 1855. + +Hannah married in 1807 to Thomas Fowell Buxton. + +Louisa, married in 1806 to Samuel Hoare, died in 1836. + +Priscilla died unmarried, 1821. + +Samuel, who died in 1856. + +Joseph John, who died in 1847. + +Daniel, still living. + + +_Joseph John Gurney_, _Esq._ + + +Among the eminent citizens of this century, none will take a higher place +than the late J. J. Gurney, Esq., the well-known philanthropist. He was +born at Earlham Hall on August 8th, 1788. That hall was one of the +happiest homes in England. It was also the birth-place of Mrs. Elizabeth +Fry, sister of J. J. Gurney, and almost as celebrated as her brother. +Here they were both trained with religious care, and passed their days of +childhood and youth in happiness and peace. In after life they were +associated together in works of benevolence, and the brother often aided +his sister in many of her schemes for improving prison discipline. + +In 1803, soon after he had completed his 15th year, Joseph John was sent +to Oxford with his cousin Gurney Barclay to pursue his studies under the +care of John Rogers, a private tutor. Young J. J. Gurney continued at +Oxford two years, with the exception of the vacations, which he spent +mostly at home. His tutor, though resident at Oxford, was not in that +character connected with the university or with any of the colleges. The +student became an excellent classical and oriental scholar, and +ultimately the author of several valuable religious works, such as +“Essays on Christianity,” “Thoughts on Habit and Discipline.” He was +scarcely seventeen when, in August, 1805, he was removed from the care of +John Rogers. He had become attached to his tutor and to his studies, and +he quitted the place with regret, but there was brightness in the thought +of settling at home. The bank in which his father was a partner had been +established in Norwich in the year 1770. After that time the concern was +considerably extended with branch banks at Lynn, Fakenham, Yarmouth, and +other places. His elder brother, John, had been placed in the +establishment at Lynn, and his brother Samuel had been sent up to London, +where he had become the head of a district concern; so that circumstances +had prepared the way for that which J. J. Gurney himself had desired—a +place in the bank at Norwich. Here in the enjoyment of daily +communication with his father, and a home at Earlham with his sisters, +the ensuing three years of his life passed in peace and joy. In the year +1806, he accompanied his father and a large family party in a tour to the +English lakes and through Scotland. On their return, J. J. Gurney was +regular in his attendance at the bank, but he found time for study at +home, and he carefully read ancient historians in the original languages. +Gradually, however, his attention became unceasingly directed to biblical +literature, which continued for some years to absorb much of his leisure. +His habits of study were eminently methodical, exemplifying his favourite +maxim, which he was afterwards accustomed strongly to inculcate upon his +young friends, “Be a whole man to one thing at a time.” His position and +tastes introduced him to the highly-cultivated society, for which Norwich +was at the time remarkable, at the house of his cousin Hudson Gurney, +where he was accustomed to meet many persons who were eminent for their +parts and learning. He had early become a favourite with Dr. Bathurst, +then Bishop of Norwich, and their intercourse gradually ripened into a +warm friendship, which was maintained unbroken till that prelate’s +decease, in 1837, at the very advanced age of ninety-three. Young J. J. +Gurney was but just twenty-one when, as one of his father’s executors and +representative at Earlham, and as a partner in the bank, very grave +responsibilities devolved upon him. However, he continued to pursue his +studies with ardour, and he made his first essay as an author in an +article published in the _Classical Journal_ on September 9th, 1810, +under the title of “A Critical Notice of Sir William Drummond’s +Dissertations on the Herculanesia.” After this effort his mind became +increasingly drawn towards the principles of the Society of Friends, and +many of his allusions to his feelings, in his autobiography, are +peculiarly interesting and instructive, indicating the spiritual phase of +his mind. The example of his sister, Elizabeth Fry, as well as of his +sister Priscilla, who like her, had become a decided Friend and a +preacher of the gospel, strengthened his convictions; but the influence +of other members of the family who resided at Earlham, as well as of many +other estimable persons, tended in an opposite direction. The editor of +the Memoirs, already referred to, says:— + + “Whilst Joseph John Gurney’s religious convictions were thus + gradually drawing him into a narrower path in connection with the + Society of Friends, his heart was becoming increasingly enlarged in + Christian concern for the welfare of others. He had already warmly + interested himself in the formation of a Lancasterian School in + Norwich, an institution which long continued to have his effective + support. The establishment of an auxiliary Bible Society in this + city, was an object into which he now entered with youthful ardour. + The general meeting for its formation was held on the 11th of the 9th + month, 1811.” + +The philanthropist was married to Jane Birkbeck on October 10th, 1817, in +his 29th year, and it appears to have been a very happy marriage. The +event took place at Wells Meeting, and, after a short sojourn at +Hunstanton, the newly-married couple travelled to their home at Earlham, +where they received the visits of many friends, who were most hospitably +entertained. After his marriage, J. J. Gurney continued at Earlham; and +the hall, where his father had resided, and in which he himself lived +from his birth, was his settled residence. + + “To this place (with its lovely lawn nested among large trees) he was + strongly attached all his life. And they who knew him there can + still picture him in his study among his books, or in his + drawing-room among his friends, his countenance beaming with love and + intelligence, the life of the whole circle; or in his garden amongst + his flowers, with his Greek Testament in his hand, still drawing from + the books ‘of nature and of grace’ that lay open before him, new + motives to raise the heart to the Author of all his blessings. + + “Placed by circumstances, though not the elder brother, in the + position which his father had occupied in Norfolk as Master of + Earlham, and a partner in the bank, it was his delight, as far as + possible, to continue Earlham as the family house. Even after his + marriage, his sisters, Catherine, Rachel, and Priscilla, continued to + live with him, occupying their own apartments, and it was the custom + of the other members of the family frequently to meet there as under + a common roof. * * * Up to the period of his brother John’s decease, + and for some time afterwards, it was the habit of his brothers and + himself, with their brothers-in-law, Thomas Fowell Buxton and Samuel + Hoare, to improve these occasions by a mutual impartial examination + of their conduct, in which each with brotherly openness stated what + he conceived to be the brother’s faults. Happy indeed was such an + intercourse between such minds. * * * Besides this, to him, + delightful band of brothers and sisters, his house was, as must have + been already apparent to the reader, freely opened to a large circle. + + “Whilst every year strengthened his conviction of the soundness and + importance of the christian principles which he professed, he + rejoiced in that liberty wherewith Christ had made him free to + embrace as brethren all those in whom he thought he could discern + traces of his heavenly image. + + “Towards the close of the year (1817) in company with his wife, his + brother Samuel Gurney, his brother and sister Buxton, and Francis and + Richenda Cunningham, he took a short tour upon the continent of + Europe, their principal objects being to establish a branch Bible + Society in Paris, and to procure information as to the systems of + prison discipline adopted in the jails of Antwerp and Ghent. Having + accomplished their objects, they returned home after an absence of + about a month.” + +Soon afterwards J. J. Gurney began to preach at meetings of the Friends +in Norwich and elsewhere. + + “Early in the year 1818, private business called him to London. His + sister, Elizabeth Fry, had previously entered upon her important + labours for the benefit of the prisoners in Newgate, and for the + improvement of prison discipline generally. Joseph John Gurney + warmly entered into his sister’s views, and accompanied her to the + committee of the House of Commons on the occasion of giving her + evidence, and afterwards to Lord Sidmouth, then Secretary of State + for the Home Department. + + “His visit to London and the pamphlet on _Prison Discipline_, soon + afterward published by his brother-in-law, Thomas Fowell Buxton, + tended to deepen in his own mind a sense of the importance of that + subject, and an opportunity soon occurred for endeavouring to + influence the authorities at Norwich to some exertion respecting it. + The mayor and corporation, attended by the sheriffs and other + citizens, whilst perambulating the boundaries of the county of the + city, were by his desire invited to partake of refreshment in passing + by the hall at Earlham. Besides those immediately connected with the + magistracy many others assembled, the whole company consisting of + about 800 persons. On this occasion, Joseph John Gurney, in an + address to the mayor and corporation, urged the erection of a new + jail, and its establishment on better principles, with a view to the + employment of the prisoners, and the improvement of their morals; + enforcing his appeal by a reference to the extraordinary change that + had then recently taken place in Newgate, through the exertions of a + committee of ladies, and concluding by offering a donation of £100 + towards the object. The effort was not without fruit, though the + result was not immediately apparent.” + +The editor of his Memoirs proceeds:— + + “In the 8th and 9th month of this year (1818), in company with his + wife, his sister Elizabeth Fry, and one of her daughters, he took a + journey into Scotland, visiting many of the prisons both there and in + the north of England, besides attending many of the meetings of + Friends. On this occasion, in conformity with the christian order + established in the Society of Friends, he was furnished with a minute + or testimonial expressing the concurrence of his Friends of his own + ‘Monthly Meeting’ in his prospects of religious service.” + +We have now to view the philanthropist not only in the varied relations +of private life, but also in the very important character of a christian +minister. He gradually became the most distinguished member of the +Society of Friends in all England, and he often delivered exceedingly +impressive discourses in Norwich and other large towns, preaching the +gospel with a peculiar grace of manner which fascinated every audience. +We have often heard him preach before large congregations of educated +people in the Meeting House at Liverpool, and always with great effect. +His journal is full of details of his labours in all parts of England, +Scotland, and Ireland. He became a Home Missionary, working hard at his +own expense; but we must confine this brief sketch to his doings here in +Norwich. The death of his beloved wife at Earlham on October 6th, 1822, +put his religious principle to the severest test, and in his letters he +expresses deep sorrow, but he was of too active a disposition to be long +subdued by grief. During the few months succeeding his loss, he +continued mostly at home in the enjoyment of the society of his sisters, +Catherine and Rachel; his children becoming increasingly the objects of +his tender solicitude. In the mean time, besides attending to the +necessary claims of business, and to the various public objects that had +long shared his interest, he devoted his leisure to study, finding +relief, as he intimates, “Not in the indulgence of sorrow, but in a +diligent attention to the calls of duty.” + +After giving many extracts from his journal, Mr. Braithwaite continues in +reference to the anti-slavery agitation:— + + “Retiring for a few days to Cromer Hall, he found a large and + interesting circle. Amongst others, the late William Wilberforce and + Zachary Macaulay were there, deliberating with his brother-in-law + Thomas Fowell Buxton on the position and prospects of the + Anti-Slavery question. It was the occasion on which the latter + appears to have arrived at his final decision, to accept the + responsible post of advocate of the cause as successor to + Wilberforce. In this important undertaking, and throughout the + succeeding struggle, Joseph John Gurney gave him his warm and + efficient encouragement and support.” + +Mr. J. J. Gurney, Mr. Clarkson, Mr. T. F. Buxton, Mr. Wilberforce, and +others, were earnest advocates for the total abolition of the slave trade +and of slavery; and they attended many public meetings at which they +denounced and exposed the horrid traffic. Ultimately, as we all know, +their efforts were rewarded, by rousing public indignation to such a +pitch as to result in the passing of an act of parliament emancipating +the slaves in the West Indies, at a cost of twenty millions. + +The panic in the monetary and commercial world, and the sudden run upon +the banks in London and the country, have rendered the winter of +1825–1826 memorable. As a banker, J. J. Gurney did not escape his share +of anxiety, as appears from his journal, but his firm weathered the +storm. Another circumstance was at this time deeply interesting to his +feelings, namely, his attachment to Mary Fowler, daughter of Rachel +Fowler, a cousin of his late wife. After some correspondence he made +Mary Fowler an offer of marriage, which she accepted. On July 18th, +1827, they were married at Elm Grove. On this interesting occasion, he +remarks in his journal,— + + “Bright, hopeful, and happy was our wedding day. We dined on the + lawn, a large united company, and rejoiced together, I trust in the + Lord. Mary and I left the party at Elm Grove, in the afternoon, for + North Devon.” + +They arrived at Linton, and thence proceeded to Ilfracombe. There they +spent the honeymoon, and then the happy husband brought his second wife +home to Earlham, where they were received with joy. After this he was +visited by many eminent characters at Earlham, including Dr. Chalmers, +who stayed with him several days. + + “None can have attentively perused the foregoing pages” (says the + editor of the memoirs) “without perceiving that one leading feature + of Joseph John Gurneys character was an unweared active benevolence. + Like his sister, Elizabeth Fry, he seemed continually to live under a + deep sense of his responsibility towards others. A cheerful and + bountiful giver, it was not merely by large pecuniary assistance that + he proved his interest in objects connected with the welfare of his + fellow-men: to these objects he was exemplary in devoting no common + share of his time and personal attention. The steady devotion to the + Anti-slavery and Bible Societies is already before the reader. In + addition to these great and often absorbing interests, his exertions + for the distressed labouring population of Norwich were unremitting. + Year after year, during the winter, or on any occasion when their + distress was aggravated by want of employment, he was at his post, + stirring up his fellow-citizens to the necessary measures for the + alleviation of their wants. The District Visiting Society, which was + mainly instrumental in originating the Soup Society and the Coal + Society, found in him a steady and effective supporter. Often would + he say that the painful consciousness of the poverty and suffering of + many thousands around him, almost prevented his enjoyment of the + abundant blessings with which he was himself so richly favoured. On + one occasion he expended a considerable sum in providing the capital + for an attempt to supply the poor weavers and mechanics with + employment during a scarcity of work. But, though like many similar + attempts, it failed to answer the expectation of the promoter, and + was abandoned, it served at least to furnish another proof of the + sincerity and earnestness with which he laboured for their welfare. + + “The depressions in trade occasioned by the panic of 1825 will be + long remembered. Norwich did not escape its influence. As a banker, + Joseph John Gurney was more than usually absorbed in his own + immediate cares, but his heart at once turned towards his suffering + fellow-citizens. ‘The dreadful distress,’ he writes to a friend, + ‘which prevails in the great mass of our once labouring, now, alas! + idle population, has been such as to call forth my strenuous efforts + on their behalf. In this, success has been mercifully vouchsafed. + We have raised £3300 in five days.’ + + “One more illustration deserves notice. In the winter of 1829–30, + the manufactures of Norwich were again greatly depressed. The + weavers became unsettled, holding riotous meetings, and using + threatening language against their employers. The state of things + was alarming. J. J. Gurney felt it to be his duty to use his + influence in checking the spirit of discontent that was rapidly + spreading. He attended one of the very large and tumultuous meetings + of the operatives, and endeavoured to persuade them to desist from + their disorderly proceedings, and quietly to resume their work. With + a view of still further winning them by kindness, he invited a + deputation from those assembled to breakfast at Earlham on the + following morning. Between forty and fifty of them came, with Dover, + a notorious Chartist leader, at their head. After the usual family + reading of the Scriptures, they sat down to a plentiful repast which + had been provided for them in the large dining room, of which they + partook heartily; and their host afterwards addressed them in a kind, + conciliatory manner upon the subject of wages, and their duty to + their employers. The men conducted themselves in an orderly manner + and appeared grateful for the attention shown them. The scene was + not soon to be forgotten.” + +The editor gives some illustrations of the philanthropist’s benevolent +character, by narrating instances of his visits to prisoners in the Jail, +and to afflicted inmates of the Bethel and the Norfolk and Norwich +Hospital. A volume might be filled by an account of his acts of private +benevolence, but we must pass on to more public matters. He seldom took +an active part in contested elections, but at the election in 1833, after +the passing of the Reform Act, the Whig candidates, one of whom was his +near relative, were defeated, chiefly, as was generally believed, through +the influence of bribery. On this subject J. J. Gurney wrote,— + + “As usual, I took little or no interest in the election, but when a + petition was presented to Parliament against the returned members on + the score of bribery, I imagined it to be my place to subscribe to + the object, and wrote a letter in the Norwich newspapers stating the + grounds of my so doing. Those grounds were in no degree personal, + but simply moral and Christian. But the appearance of evil was not + avoided. The measure was construed into an act of political + partizanship; and I entirely lost ground by it in my own true + calling, that of promoting simple Christianity among all classes.” + +He had thought of becoming a candidate for the representation of this +city, or some other place, in Parliament. After some long conferences +with his friends he abandoned the idea and devoted himself to his higher +calling. Mr. J. J. Gurney was a well-known Liberal in politics, but he +did not often speak at political meetings in this city. His speeches +were always short and generally pertinent; and showed good sense +accompanied with the seriousness of conviction. On whatever side of any +question he spoke he was listened to very attentively, and all parties +believed that he delivered the unbiassed opinion of an honest man. His +conduct on every occasion gained him the esteem of all friends of civil +and religious liberty. + +In 1835, he was once more plunged into deep affliction by the long +illness and death of his wife. Her health had of late years been much +improved, and she had been unremitting in her attentions to his daughter +during her illness from typhus fever, without apparently suffering in +consequence. The disease was, however, lurking in her constitution, and +after some time made its appearance. The fever gradually gained ground, +and she sank under it on Nov. 9th of that year. She died happily, amid +her mourning friends; and her husband knelt down at her bedside and +returned thanks for her deliverance from every trouble! + +His journal contains many details of his visits to Manchester and +Liverpool, of his journeys in Derbyshire and North Wales, of his journeys +in Scotland and the north of England, of his voyage to America, of his +journey to Ohio, Indiana, and North Carolina, of his journey from +Richmond to Washington, of interviews with eminent statesmen, of labours +at New York, of a voyage to the West Indies and proceedings there, of a +tour on the continent, and of his return home. But we cannot follow him +in all his wanderings in many lands, where he went about doing good, +promoting benevolent objects and preaching the gospel, his heart being +too large to be confined to his native country, much less to his native +city. On his return from the continent in 1841, he attended a meeting of +the Bible Society, and delivered his last great speech, which occupied +two hours, on the state of religion in Europe. A shorthand writer took +notes of that address, which was so full of information that it was +afterwards published in the Journal of the Bible Society. + +Soon after his return home he married Eliza P. Kirkbridge. The event +took place at Darlington, on October 10th, 1841, as noted in his journal. +After the marriage he delivered an address on the “Victory which is of +faith.” The dinner party was cheerful, and concluded with a short +religious service. He and his bride parted from their friends, made a +short tour, and returned to Earlham, which they “reached in health and +great peace, the place comfortable and homeish, and the reception from +his dearest children glowing.” + +J. J. Gurney signed the total-abstinence pledge at the house of his +friend, Richard Dykes Alexander, at Ipswich, on April 8th, 1843. He and +his wife attended a great “Teetotal Meeting” held at Norwich, on the +arrival of Father Mathew, on September 9th, that year. The lord bishop, +Dr. Stanley, was present and requested J. J. Gurney to preside. He did +so, and declared himself to be a pledged teetotaller. He spoke fully and +carefully on the subject, and the lord bishop afterwards expressed his +admiration of the apostle of temperance as the instrument of effecting so +much moral good. + +As a man of business, Mr. J. J. Gurney was ready, punctual, and +attentive. He was very modest, but of a candid and social disposition. +Though in large or mixed companies he seldom appeared forward, yet in the +society of his friends he was exceedingly agreeable. In private life no +man was more estimable as a husband, a father, a neighbour, and a friend. +In Norwich and in the surrounding district he was universally honoured +and beloved. He was a great reader of the bible, and he was regular and +exact in family worship, but he was a stranger to bigotry, no stickler +for forms, and no friend to mysticism in matters of religion. + +The autumn of 1846 was spent by the philanthropist quietly at home, with +the exception of engagements connected with the attendance of meetings of +Friends, and with what proved to be a farewell visit to his beloved +daughter at Darlington, and to his friends in several places on his way +home. He attended a committee of the Norwich District Visiting Society +on December 28th in that year, and on his return to Earlham he complained +of great exhaustion, feverishness, &c. A few simple remedies were +administered, but the uncomfortable symptoms remaining his medical man +was summoned on the following morning. He pronounced it a slight bilious +attack, and seemed to have no anxiety about the recovery. The +philanthropist, however, gradually sank, apparently from exhaustion, and +he died on January 4th, 1847, in the 59th year of his age. The news of +his death spread a gloom over the city, and the universal lamentations of +the citizens proved that they regarded him as a father and a friend, as +indeed he had been to thousands of them. The sensation in Norwich and +its neighbourhood cannot easily be described, and is probably without +precedent in the case of a mere private individual. During the entire +interval of seven days between his decease and the funeral, the +half-closed shops and the darkened windows of the houses gave ample proof +of the feelings of the inhabitants. It furnished the principal topic of +conversation in every family, in every private circle, in every group by +the wayside. People of all ranks vied with each other in their eulogies +of their departed friend. Everyone had his own story to tell of some +public benefit, or of some private kindness which had been shown to +others or to himself. + +The funeral, as might have been expected from this unusual public +emotion, was an extraordinary scene. All the shops were closed and all +business was suspended in the city. A number of gentlemen, including the +mayor, the ex-mayor, and the sheriff, went out in carriages as far as +Earlham Hall. The citizens generally formed the funeral procession, and +followed the hearse and plain carriages from the hall to the burial place +at the Gildencroft. There was no pomp or parade, no mockery of woe. A +simplicity in harmony with the character of the departed marked all the +arrangements. As the procession moved on towards the city it was joined +by an increasing number of the inhabitants, who issued forth in a +continuous stream to pay their last tribute to the memory of departed +worth. Silently and sadly many stood while the hearse passed slowly by, +and many a tearful countenance among the crowd bore testimony to their +love for the dead. The procession gradually increased in numbers all the +way to the Gildencroft, and after the thousands of people had gathered +round the grave a profound silence ensued, which was at length broken by +a Friend repeating the verses, “O death, where is thy sting? O grave, +where is thy victory?” &c. Another pause then took place, followed by +another address, and then the body was lowered into its last resting +place. The circle of mourning relatives, including J. H. Gurney and his +wife, the surrounding crowd of spectators—persons of all ranks, of all +ages, of all communions—magistrates and artizans, clergymen and +Nonconformists—representatives, in short, of the whole people of Norwich, +now took their last farewell of Joseph John Gurney, and slowly turned +towards the meeting house, where a meeting for worship was to be held. +The service was deeply impressive, and formed an appropriate conclusion +to the solemn occasion. At the Cathedral, on the following Sunday, the +good Bishop Stanley preached a funeral sermon before a large +congregation. His text was “Watchman, what of the night?” and after +enlarging on it, he alluded in a most pathetic and impressive manner to +the virtues of the deceased, and we never before saw so many people so +deeply moved. The death of the beloved citizen was also publicly +adverted to in most of the places of worship in Norwich. + +Mr. J. J. Gurney was the author of various works, the most popular being +one on the _Evidences of Christianity_. It is a production more +calculated to confirm the faith of a believer than to convert a free +thinker who may not admit the possibility of anything supernatural. He +also published a work on “The Vows and Practices of Friends;” “Essays on +Christianity;” “Essays on the Moral Character of Christ,” and “Love to +God;” “The Papal and Hierarchical System compared with the Religion of +the New Testament, &c.” His last and best work is entitled, “Thoughts on +Habit and Discipline,” an excellent moral treatise. + + +_Bishop Bathurst_. + + +Henry Bathurst, LL.D., canon of Christchurch, rector of Cirencester, and +prebend of Durham, was installed bishop of Norwich in 1805. He was a +prelate much esteemed and respected. His christian deportment, +conciliatory manners, and general benevolence, endeared him to this city +and diocese. He was eminently distinguished for his liberal sentiments, +and for his attachment to the great principles of civil and religious +liberty. He was often seen walking arm in arm with Dissenters in our +streets. He voted in the House of Peers for the Repeal of the Catholic +Disabilities Bill, and also in favour of the Reform Bill. This +disinterested and noble advocacy of liberal principles is thought to have +stood in the way of his promotion to an archbishopric. He died April +7th, 1837, in the 93rd year of his age, and much lamented. A statue to +his memory was placed in the choir of the Cathedral. This beautiful work +of art was the last work of Sir Francis Chantrey, and is executed in his +masterly style from a block of the purest Carrara marble. It is placed +on a plain pedestal of white marble, and fixed in the recess at the foot +of the altar steps, on the north side of the choir, commonly called Queen +Elizabeth’s seat, because she sat there when she visited Norwich. The +bishop is represented in a sitting posture, clothed in full +ecclesiastical costume, and the artist has admirably succeeded in giving +to his face that expression of benevolence for which he was so well +known. + +The following is a translation of the Latin inscription on the pedestal:— + + To the Memory of + The Right Reverend Father in Christ, + HENRY BATHURST, Doctor in Civil Law, + Who, + While for more than 30 years he presided over + This Diocese, + By his frankness and purity of heart, + Gentleness of manners, and pleasantness of conversation, attached to + himself the good will of all: + His friends, + In testimony of their regret for one so much beloved, + Have caused this effigy to be erected. + He died 5 Ap. A.D. 1837, in the 93rd year + Of his age. + + + +_Bishop Stanley_. + + +Dr. Stanley was born January 1st, 1779, and became rector of Alderley, in +Cheshire. After twice declining the office, he was installed bishop of +Norwich, August 17th, 1837. He ruled the diocese for twelve years, and +was highly esteemed by all sects for his unceasing efforts to promote the +spiritual interests of every class of society, and his readiness on every +occasion to co-operate with Dissenters in every good work. He often +attended their meetings to promote religious and benevolent objects. In +one of his sermons he quoted the injunction “The servant of the Lord must +not strive, but be gentle unto all men; in meekness instructing those +that oppose themselves;” &c. His subsequent conduct furnished ample +evidence of the sincerity with which he obeyed this injunction; and +although some of his clergy were somewhat estranged from him by his +frequent expressions of unbounded charity, yet all were obliged to esteem +him for his noble zeal and consistency of character. He was +distinguished for his extensive liberality to the poor and his interest +in their education. He was often seen going about from school to school, +and the kindliness of his heart was so well known to the children that +they sometimes pulled his coat behind to obtain his benignant smile, +which to them was like sunshine after rain. On all occasions he was +earnest in his advocacy of civil and religious liberty, and active in his +exertions on behalf of all benevolent associations, both of the Church +and of Dissenters. He was also a promoter of all literary institutions +in the city and elsewhere, and often attended their anniversaries at +which he delivered animated addresses. He did not lay claim to the +character of a man of science; but astronomy, geology, botany, and +natural history were his favourite studies. He was the author of two +interesting volumes on “The History of Birds,” which were published by +the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge. He was elected +president of the Linnæan Society, and he accepted an appointment as one +of the commissioners chosen to inquire into the state of the British +Museum. + +Bishop Stanley was so little of a bigot that he appeared once on the same +platform with Father Mathew, a Roman Catholic, at a temperance meeting in +St. Andrew’s Hall. He then and there eulogised the apostle of +temperance, and advocated the cause with great eloquence. On another +occasion he invited Jenny Lind, now Madame Goldscmidt, to the palace, +when she visited this city. At the palace one evening, she sang before a +large company. When it became known that the lord bishop of the diocese +had actually entertained an operatic singer, great was the indignation of +some of the clergy. This however did not at all distress the good +bishop, who held on the even tenor of his way, doing good whenever he had +an opportunity. By his frequent earnest discourses in many churches in +this diocese, he caused quite a revival of religion among the clergy and +church-going people. He died, much lamented, on September 6th, 1849, in +the 70th year of his age, and he was buried in the middle of the nave of +the Cathedral, in the presence of thousands who had known and loved him. +A short time after his decease, a slab to his memory was laid over his +grave, bearing the following inscription:— + + In the love of Christ + Here rests from his labours + EDWARD STANLEY, + Thirty-two years Rector of Alderley, + Twelve years Bishop of Norwich, + Buried amidst the mourning + Of the Diocese which he had animated, + The City which he had served, + The Poor whom he had visited, + The Schools which he had fostered, + The Family which he had loved, + Of all Christian people + With whom, howsoever divided, he had joined + In whatsoever things were true and honest, + And just, and pure, and lovely, + And of good report. + Born January 1st, 1779. + Installed August 17th, 1837. + Died September 6th, 1849, Aged 70. + Buried September 21st, 1849. + + +_Bishop Hinds_. + + +Samuel Hinds, D.D., succeeded Bishop Stanley. He was the sixty-seventh +bishop of the diocese, and was installed on January 24th, 1850. He was +the son of Abel and Elizabeth Thornhill Hinds, born Dec. 23rd, 1793, in +Barbadoes; and at the age of twelve he was sent to England, to the school +of Mr. Phillips, at Frenchay, near Bristol. He entered at Baliol +College, Oxford, but for want of rooms removed to Queen’s, graduated in +honours 1815 (second in classics), and in the year following he obtained +the Latin essay. He returned to Barbadoes as a missionary and remained +there five years, the three latter as vice-principal of Codrington +College. After he returned to England he became vice-principal of Alban +Hall, Oxford; and he accompanied Archbishop Whately to Ireland, as his +private chaplain. He was subsequently presented with the living of +Yardley, in Herts., by Dr. Coplestone, bishop of Llandaff. Dr. Hinds +again returned to Ireland, having been preferred to the living of +Castlenock by Archbishop Whateley, and was chosen private chaplain to +Lord Clarendon, lord lieutenant of Ireland. Hence he removed to the +deanery of Carlisle, but was scarcely settled there when he was appointed +to the bishopric of Norwich. He had previously refused the bishoprics of +New Zealand and Cork. He laboured in this diocese for seven years, often +preaching in the churches, attending religious meetings, and delivering +addresses of a high character. He generally preached at the +anniversaries of the Church Associations in this city. He resigned the +see of Norwich in April, 1857, and retired into private life. His health +is said to have been impaired by his arduous labours in conducting the +Oxford commissions which the government had entrusted to him, and which, +added to his duties in the diocese and the office of chaplain to the +house of lords, proved too much for his constitution. Dr. Hinds is +perhaps the most learned of modern bishops. His literary talents are +considerable. He is the author of the “Rise and Progress of +Christianity,” first published in the “Enclyclopædia Metropolitana,” and +considered a standard work, highly esteemed for its comprehensive views +of religious truth. The “Three Temples of the One God;” “Catechists’ +Manual;” and “Inspirations of the Scriptures,” are works from his pen, +which testify to his deep learning and great research. He is the author +of many beautiful poems and hymns, some of which are familiar to the +congregation at Norwich Cathedral, from being repeated in the service as +arranged to music. The confirmation hymn is simple and appropriate. + + +_Mr. William Dalrymple_. + + +In a brief history of the _Norfolk and Norwich Hospital_, published by +Dr. Copeman, we find the following memoir of the subject of this notice:— + + “Mr. Dalrymple was a native of Norwich, his father having removed + thither from Scotland. He was born in 1772, and at an early age was + sent to the Grammar School at Aylsham, in Norfolk, from whence he was + removed to the Free School at Norwich, where he became a favourite + pupil of its then head master, the celebrated Dr. Parr. Here he had + for a schoolfellow Dr. Maltby, and with both, Dr. Parr kept up a + friendly intercourse of visits to the latest period of his life. It + affords a strong proof of Mr. Dalrymple’s early talents and his + industry in cultivating them, that, although in accordance with the + then custom of requiring medical apprenticeship to extend to seven + years, he was obliged to leave school at the age of fourteen, he had + yet attained such a proficiency in classical reading, and so correct + an appreciation of its beauties, that, amidst all the urgent and + various occupations and anxieties of his succeeding life, he found + the greatest relief to his toils in a recurrence to his favourite + authors. His taste was scholarlike as well as scientific; his + conversation embued with classical allusion, and his felicity in + quotation remarkable. {527} + + “Mr. Dalrymple was apprenticed in London, and studied at Guy’s and + St. Thomas’ Hospitals under Cline and Sir Astley Cooper. He returned + to Norwich in 1793, and opened a surgery in his father’s house; and + although for several years his progress in establishing a practice + was slow, he at last attained the highest reputation as a surgeon in + his native city, and for many years enjoyed the confidence, + friendship, and patronage of a very large number of patients of every + grade of society and in every district of the county. + + “In 1812 Mr. Dalrymple was elected assistant surgeon to the Norfolk + and Norwich Hospital, and two years afterwards succeeded to the full + surgeoncy, a post which he occupied with great credit to himself and + benefit to his profession until 1839, a period of twenty-five years. + He was then in the 67th year of his age, his powers were less + vigorous, and finding himself no longer equal to his hospital + practice, he resigned his position there, receiving a cordial + acknowledgment from the governors, of ‘the able, humane, and + successful exercise of his official duties,’ and being honoured by a + request to accept the appointment of honorary consulting surgeon. In + 1844 Mr. Dalrymple finally retired from professional life, and died + in London on the 5th of December, 1848, aged 75 years. + + “From the year 1831 to 1835, I had ample opportunities, as house + surgeon of the hospital, of observing, and profiting by, the mode in + which the late Mr. Dalrymple performed his public professional duties + in that institution; and remember with pleasure and satisfaction, + that I was sometimes able to render assistance, and save trouble, to + one so deserving of the gratitude and goodwill of those with whom he + had to do. At the period referred to, Mr. Dalrymple was beginning to + feel the burden of heavy surgical responsibilities more weighty than + his somewhat feeble frame would bear; his naturally acute sensibility + was increased by a measure of debility resulting from overmuch + professional occupation. The sudden call to perform a serious and + difficult operation was accompanied sometimes with a degree of shock + to his nerves, which told upon him injuriously; and the desire he had + to save the life of the sufferer submitted to his charge (always a + predominant feeling in his mind,) would well-nigh overpower him with + emotion. I have often heard him say that he was not able to sleep + the night before he had to perform the operation of lithotomy, + although in such cases his success was great; but he possessed so + much sympathy for his patient, and felt his own responsibility so + strongly, that he failed to secure to his mind that rest which alone + could have enabled him to meet the contingencies of his profession + with composure. This nervous sensibility was due in part to original + constitution, and increased by professional toil. Sometimes it + arises from defective knowledge, or from want of success; but so far + from either being the case with Mr. Dalrymple, his knowledge was + ample, the result of many years’ industrious application of a mind + capable of vast acquirements—sufficient to have given him confidence + in the treatment of any case submitted to his care; his success was + beyond that of many placed in similar circumstances; such, indeed, as + might fairly have been expected from one who had so much sympathy for + suffering humanity, and who devoted the whole energy of his mind to + devise means to relieve it. For a long period no one but himself, + perhaps, was aware of the stress upon his feelings which his + professional duties, so well performed, were wont to occasion; and + when it did become apparent to others, it was delightful to witness + how pleased, how grateful, how kind in expression he was for any + attention, encouragement, or assistance offered him; and how highly + he estimated the friendship of those who watched an opportunity to + perform those little offices of kindness and consideration, which, + although difficult to be defined, can always be appreciated by a + sensitive mind and a feeling heart. + + “The experience of a long and active professional life endued Mr. + Dalrymple with the valuable qualification of forming a right judgment + in cases of a complex and difficult nature, which was fully + appreciated and acknowledged. The firmness and decision of his + opinion upon a difficult case, when once formed, could not fail to + impress the practitioner by whom he was consulted with confidence, + and his patient with the assurance that dependence might be placed + upon the result of his deliberations. + + “No one who had the privilege of Mr. Dalrymple’s acquaintance can + think of him otherwise than as a kind friend, a highly intelligent + and well-informed man, an amusing and instructive companion, and a + profoundly gifted practitioner of the art and science it was the + business and happiness of his life to pursue.” + + + +_Mr. John Greene Crosse_. + + +We make the following extracts from a memoir of Mr. Crosse published in +Dr. Copeman’s _History of the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital_. + + “John Greene Crosse was the second son of Mr. William Crosse, of + Finborough, in Suffolk, and was born on the 6th of September, 1790. + In order to make known some particulars of his early life and + education, I cannot do better than quote his own journal, which + contains many remarks upon the subject evidently intended to have + formed part of a history of his life. In April, 1819, he penned the + following observations. + + “‘I never went to boarding school, which contributed, with many other + occurrences of my subsequent life, to fix me in the unsocial habits + that hitherto never did and never will forsake me. In my early + years, no classical learning, not a line of Latin, was taught at the + proximate market town to which I resorted as a daily pupil; and my + first lessons of reading, arithmetic, and writing were received from + a master of whom I entertained the greatest horror, for the ferocity + of his conduct, the severe discipline by which he drove into us the + simplest rudimental knowledge. His stern brow, raucous voice, and + long cane, are now livelily depicted to my mind: how much I owe to + him, I am even now, with a long life in retrospect, unable to tell; + but I was glad when circumstances arose that released me from his + tutorage.’ + + “‘Very small matters, and such as we have no control over, and call + accidental because unable to trace the chain of causes giving rise to + them, influence our mortal destinies. I had attained my 12th (?) + year, under such tremendous instruction as is related, when a Welsh + gentleman making some mistake at college (not implicating his good + character, an _informality_ I should call it) found it well to + rusticate; and taking with him his premature wife, sought a living by + opening a classical school in Stowmarket. I became one of his early + pupils; and but for this good, easy man’s settling in the town, + should never have launched into such studies as Latin and Greek; of + which, it is true, I did not learn much, nor very accurately. But he + was, nevertheless, a plodding, working man; an increasing family made + him exert his abilities to the utmost; and I got out of him all the + instruction I ever received as a school-boy in the learned languages. + When about fifteen years of age, returning from my daily school, in a + feat in jumping, I had the accident, I ought not perhaps to say the + misfortune, to break my leg. The respectable village surgeon + attended me: he was one of the old school; of fine, soft, soothing + manners, clean dressed, with powdered head; rode slowly a very + well-looking horse; in short, he was a gentleman, and commanded the + respect of every one when he entered the house; he was also a skilful + and kind surgeon. What wonder that the idea should be awakened in my + mind to be of the medical profession! to be as great a man as he—the + Village Doctor! to whom every one bowed, and who could relieve pain + and cure injuries so quickly and skilfully. I had conceived an + object of ambition, and the idea never deserted me. I was in a month + upon my crutches, and soon recovered; a surgical case fixed my future + destinies.’ + + “‘I persevered a few years longer at Latin, Greek, French, and + Euclid. My father was successful and able now to place me out well; + wished me to be a lawyer, and I was for a time under the instruction + of a gentleman of that profession—attending bankruptcy meetings, and + feasting at midnight at the expense of the already distracted + creditors. Those were good times for lawyers. A learned chancellor, + whom I met on one such occasion, I well remember complimenting me on + my quickness in counting money; but all would not do, my mind was + prepossessed—I quitted the law to follow my inclination; I made my + own choice; it was a pledge to success. The surgeon who cured my leg + agreed to take me as his first and only pupil, and I was accordingly + articled in due form for five years.’ + + “On the 27th of September, 1811, Mr. Crosse went to London for the + purpose of studying his profession in that Metropolis, and was the + following day introduced to Mr., afterwards Sir Charles Bell, whose + pupil he became, with whom he contracted a close intimacy, and of + whose merits as a teacher and man of science he always spoke in the + highest terms of respect and gratitude. In the following January, he + entered to Abernethy’s Lectures; and in April, 1812, became a student + at St. George’s Hospital, where his industrious habits and + intelligence attracted the particular attention and marked notice of + the medical officers of that noble institution. In the following + month, he entered as a pupil at the Lock Hospital; and in the course + of the year, officiated as House Surgeon during the temporary absence + of the gentleman who occupied that situation. In the following + winter session, commencing October, 1812, he studied under Brodie, + Bell, Brande, Clarke, Home, and others; and remarks in his journal, + ‘very industrious all this winter, sitting up constantly till past + two a.m.’ In March, 1813, he became a dresser to Sir Everard Home at + St. George’s Hospital; attended Midwifery under Dr. Clarke; and on + the 16th of April, passed the College of Surgeons in London. After a + short holiday, he returned to London on the 13th of May, and attended + the Eye Infirmary at Charter-house Square. In June, he resigned his + dressership under Sir E. Home; became acquainted with the late Mr. + Travers, Abernethy, Sir W. Blizard, and Dr. Macartney, whom he agreed + to accompany to Dublin; and much of his spare time during this summer + was devoted to the study of German, a language he ever after + cultivated that he might enjoy the profundity and research of the + professional literature of that country. + + “Mr. Crosse left England for Dublin on the 2nd of October, 1813, + arriving there the following day. In December he became Demonstrator + of Anatomy under Dr. Macartney, and remained there until October, + 1814, when he returned to London, having received a very handsome + testimonial from the numerous students of the school in which he + taught, as to his ability and energy in the capacity of their + instructor in anatomy. + + “On quitting Dublin, Mr. Crosse returned to Suffolk, and was + afterwards introduced to the late Dr. Rigby of Norwich. In December + he went to Paris, where he remained until the end of February, 1815, + during which period he took French Lessons, wrote his Diary in the + French language, and availed himself of every possible opportunity of + increasing his professional knowledge. + + “On the 29th of March, 1815, Mr. Crosse came to Norwich; and after + remaining one year in lodgings, took a house in St. Giles’, in which + he resided for many years. He soon after published his “Sketches of + the Medical Schools of Paris,” and showed, both by his writings and + the industrious pursuit of his professional avocation, that he was + destined to arrive at considerable eminence in the locality he had + chosen for the arena of his future life. On the 19th of July, 1823, + he was the successful candidate for the appointment of Assistant + Surgeon to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital. So great was his desire + to become connected with the Hospital, and so strong the competition + in which he was engaged to obtain this object, that his health gave + way under the exertions he made to succeed; and he was obliged to + absent himself for a time, on which occasion he took a trip to + Holland, visiting Brighton on his return. The result was favourable, + and he returned to Norwich in good health. On the death of Mr. Bond, + in 1826, he was elected full Surgeon to the Hospital, and thus + attained one of the greatest objects of his ambition. + + “The rapid rise and progress of Mr. Crosse’s reputation as a + professional man, and the large extent of his private practice, are + too well known to require further notice; but notwithstanding the + unremitting exertions required to fulfil his private engagements, he + never allowed them to interfere with his public duties; and the + devotedness of his service to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital was + remarkable. It may be truly said that no private patient received + more kindness, skill, and attention at his hands, than did those who + were placed under his care in the wards of the Hospital. + + “As an operating surgeon, Mr. Crosse had but few superiors, and not + many equals. He was possessed of considerable manual tact and + dexterity, which, coupled with a sound judgment as to the necessity + for the performance of an operation, stamped him as a surgeon of + first-rate attainments. In his early professional life he studied + anatomy with great assiduity, and his subsequent occupation as + Demonstrator of Anatomy at Dublin so impressed the subject upon his + memory, that the constitution and form of the human body were always + in his mind’s eye; and thus he was rendered equal, at all times and + upon all occasions, to the serious emergencies of surgery. In short, + he obtained and held for a long period the foremost rank in his + profession in this district; and such was the quality of his mind, + that he would probably have been pre-eminent in whatever locality it + might have fallen to his lot to be placed. + + “In 1819, Mr. Crosse published _A History of the Variolous Epidemic + of Norwich_, which has been, and is even now, quoted as an excellent + standard work. In 1822 he published _Memoirs of the Life of the late + Dr. Rigby_, prefixed to the valuable Essay which the Doctor had + published some years before _On Uterine Hæmorrhage_. + + “In 1835, the Jacksonian Prize was awarded him for his _Essay on the + Formation_, _Constituents_, _and Extraction of the Urinary Calculus_; + and in the same year he received, in consequence of this Essay, the + Diploma of M.D. from the University of Heidelberg. + + “From 1822 to the close of his life, Mr. Crosse contributed many + valuable Papers to different medical periodicals, which are of deep + interest to professional men. + + “In 1836, Mr. Crosse was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society—a + distinction which marked him for eminence throughout the whole + civilized world. In 1845, the College of St. Andrew conferred the + Degree of M.D. upon him, and there is scarcely a medical or surgical + society in Europe of which he was not a member, as well as being an + honorary member of the most eminent societies in Asia and America. + + “During the last year of Mr. Crosse’s life (1850), it became + painfully evident to his friends that he was gradually losing that + vigour of mind and body which had so long characterized him; and at + the urgent solicitation of his medical advisers, he was induced to + leave home for a few weeks, when he took the opportunity of + consulting Sir B. Brodie and Dr. Watson in London, and spent a short + time with the late Dr. Mackness at Hastings, of whose kindness he + afterwards spoke in the highest terms of gratitude. On his return + home, he endeavoured to resume his professional and even his literary + avocations; but although in a degree benefited by his holiday, he + gradually lost power, and it was clear that his race was almost run.” + +He died in his 60th year, having been a resident in Norwich 35 years. + + +_Dr. Hooker_. + + +Norwich and Norfolk have produced an array of distinguished botanists, +such as Smith, Turner, Lindley, and the elder Hooker. The president of +the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Dr. Joseph D. +Hooker, F.R.S., is the son of Sir William J. Hooker, formerly Director of +the Royal Gardens at Kew, and he succeeded his father in that very +important post on November 12th, 1865. The present director of Kew +sprung from a race of botanists. His paternal grandfather, a citizen of +Norwich, devoted his leisure to the cultivation of curious plants. This +circumstance, doubtless, helped to create that taste for botany which, in +the career of his illustrious father, has borne such ripe fruits. On the +maternal side, the grandfather of Dr. Hooker was Mr. Dawson Turner, of +Yarmouth. The eldest daughter of this gentleman became the wife of Sir +William J. Hooker in 1814. Mr. Turner’s is a well-known name in the +annals of British botany; he is the author of various botanical +publications, and it was at his suggestion that a narrative of a visit +made to Iceland in 1809 by his future son-in-law was given to the world, +a work which brought the name of Sir William J. Hooker prominently before +the scientific world. So descended Dr. Joseph D. Hooker was born at +Halesworth, in Suffolk, on June 30th, 1817. Although thus by birth a +native of Suffolk, he is by descent a Norwich man. He has been a great +botanical traveller in many parts of the world, and he has added greatly +to our knowledge of the plants of Asia and India. On August 19th, 1868, +as President of the British Association, when the meeting took place in +Norwich, he delivered the Inaugural Address in the Drill Hall before a +large audience. + + +_Mrs. Opie_. + + +Amelia Opie was the daughter of Dr. Alderson, a physician in Norwich, and +was born here in 1769. The varied circumstances of her early life gave +the bent to her after career. In her girlhood she beguiled the solitude +of her father’s summer house by composing songs and tragedies; on her +visits to London, the superior society into which the graces of her +person and the accomplishments of her mind introduced her, served to +stimulate her aspirations; and after her marriage, in 1798, to the +painter, Mr. John Opie, she was encouraged by her husband to become a +candidate for literary fame. Accordingly, in 1801, she published a +novel, entitled _Father and Daughter_. Although this tale showed no +artistic ability in dealing either with incidents or with characters, yet +it was the production of a lively fancy and a feeling heart, and speedily +brought its author into notice. She was encouraged to publish a volume +of sweet and graceful poems in 1802, and to persist in the kind of novel +writing which she had commenced so successfully. _Adelaide Mowbray_ +followed in 1804, and _Simple Tales_ in 1806. The death of her husband +in 1807, and her return to Norwich, did not slacken her industry. She +published _Temper_ in 1812, _Tales of Real Life_ in 1813, _Valentine’s +Eve_ in 1816, _Tales of the Heart_ in 1818, and _Madeline_ in 1822. At +length, in 1825, her assumption of the tenets and garb of the Society of +Friends checked her literary ardour, and changed her mode of life. +Nothing afterwards proceeded from her pen except a volume entitled +_Detraction Displayed_, and some contributions in prose and verse to +various periodicals. A good deal of her life was spent in travelling and +in the exercise of Christian benevolence. When in this city she was +often seen in the assize court, sitting near the judge. She seemed to +take a great deal of interest in criminal cases. She died here in 1853. +A life of Mrs. Opie, by Miss C. L. Brightwell, was published in 1854. + + +_Dr. William Crotch_. + + +The celebrated musician, William Crotch, was born in the parish of St. +George at Colegate in this city, July 5th, 1775. His genius for music +may be supposed to have commenced with his existence, as his parents did +not remember any period in which he did not shew a great predilection for +an organ, to which instrument he seemed to have a special attachment. +Indeed he had a _penchant_ for every musical instrument at an early age. +As soon as he could walk alone, which was at the beginning of his second +year, he would frequently quit his mother’s breast to hear a tune on the +organ, and when he wanted any particular tune, he would put his finger +upon that key on which the tune began; and as it sometimes happened that +more than one tune began on the same key, he would strike two or three of +the first or leading notes of the tune he chose to have played. Before +he was two years and a quarter old, he played “God save the King” with +both hands. At two years and a half he had played to several ladies and +gentlemen, and was soon afterwards noticed in the public journals. At +two and three quarters he could distinguish any note, and call it by its +proper name, though he did not see it struck. His memory was so +retentive, that a gentleman only playing to him the Minuet in _Rodelinda_ +two or three times in the evening, was astonished to hear him perform it +next morning, as soon as he went to the organ. Before he was three years +old, he played at Beccles, Ipswich, and other places. Afterwards he was +taken to Lynn, Bury, &c., and in October, 1778, to Cambridge. In +November, he was nominated to a degree of Bachelor of Arts, with a small +annuity annexed to it. In December he went to London, and after +performing before the foreign ambassadors, maids of honour, &c., in 1779, +he was introduced to the sovereign, to whom he gave the greatest +satisfaction, as he had done to the nobility and gentry in general, but +more particularly to the greatest musicians. At the early age of 22 he +was appointed professor of music in the University of Oxford, and there, +in 1799, took his degree of doctor in that art. In 1800 and the four +following years, he read lectures on music at Oxford. Next he was +appointed lecturer on music at the Royal Institution; and subsequently, +in 1823, principal of the Royal Academy of Music. He published a number +of vocal and instrumental compositions, of which the best is his oratorio +of “Palestine.” In 1831 appeared an octavo volume, containing the +substance of his lectures on music, delivered at Oxford and in London. +He also published “Elements of Musical Composition and Thorough Bass.” +He arranged for the piano-forte a number of Handel’s oratorios and +operas, besides symphonies and quartetts of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. +He performed all his public duties laboriously, zealously, and +honourably, and in private life he was much beloved. He died on December +29th, 1847, in the house of his son, at Taunton. + + + +CHAPTER XXIV. +Norwich Artists in the Nineteenth Century. + + +NORWICH artists must have flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries, as +proved by their portraits of city worthies in the Guildhall and St. +Andrew’s Hall, but we have few notices of early painters or engravers. +About the commencement of the present century, a gentleman named Thomas +Harvey lived at Catton, and was recognised as a very clever amateur +artist. He painted in oil, admirably, and he induced several of the +leading artists of the day to visit Norfolk, such as Opie, Gainsborough, +Sir William Beechey, Collins, and many others, who produced beautiful +works of art. + +About the year 1802, a few professional and amateur artists, drawn +together by a similarity of taste and inclination, for the advancement of +the arts of painting and design in their native city, began to associate +to form a regular academy. Each member in his turn furnished matter of +discussion according with his particular view; and by eliciting the +opinions of his brother artists, mutually communicated and received +information. The first exhibition of this society was in 1805, in +Wrench’s Court, and contained 223 pictures. The following is a list of +the members and exhibitors of the Norwich Society of Artists from the +first catalogue of 1805:—Arthur Browne, J. Blake, E. Bell, (engraver) +Mrs. Coppin, H. M. M. Crotch, M. B. Crotch, J. Crome, R. Dixon, J. +Freeman, W. Freeman, Rev. Wm. Gordon of Saxlingham, C. Hodgson, W. +Harwin, R. Ladbrooke, W. C Leeds, J. Percy, J. Thirtle, F. Stone, +architect. This Society of Artists, after their establishment, within +twenty years exhibited about 4000 pictures, the productions of 323 +painters, very few of which were sold here, but which were readily +purchased in London and other places. In fact, the local artists were +very little patronized in the city; and old Crome, one of the very best +landscape painters in England, was a very poor man all his life, though, +since his death, his pictures have been sold for thousands of pounds in +London. + + * * * * * + +JOHN CROME, sen., was born December 21st, 1769, in the parish of St. +Peter per Mountergate. He was apprenticed to Mr. Francis Whisler, coach, +house, and sign painter, who, in 1783, lived in Bethel Street; but he +felt the true impulse of genius, and his industry surmounted all +obstacles. By almost unaided exertions he cultivated drawing and +painting in oil with such ardour and success, that during the latter +years of his life he had attained an eminence highly creditable, and was +incessantly employed as a master in the one branch by families of +distinction, and by the principal schools of Norfolk and Norwich. He +possessed the rare faculty of communicating the ardour he himself felt to +his pupils, both professional and amateur. His mind was too acute to +exact from them a servile imitation of his own style; on the contrary he +contented himself with instilling the more useful principles of art, and +with giving freedom and spirit to their pencils. He then invited them to +let loose the reins of fancy and taste, and to follow unfettered the +promptings of imagination. The fruits of this wise discrimination were +seen in the reputation of his son, and his companions in excellence, +whose works for some time attracted much attention in the metropolis to +the growing talents and promise of the Norwich school of artists. In the +other department he was seldom without commissions. He principally +cultivated landscape painting, and he was exceedingly happy in seizing +small picturesque local scenes, which he elevated to a degree of interest +which they could hardly bear in their natural state. He was in painting +the counterpart of Burns in poetry, both delighting in homely scenes. +His pictures were beginning to be known and appreciated in London, the +great mart of talent, and those he last exhibited in the British Gallery +gained him a lasting fame. He was a man of heart, of impulse and +feeling, quick, lively, and enthusiastic, and in his conversation +animated to a high degree, especially when speaking on subjects connected +with his art, the fond, the incessant, the earliest and latest object of +his thoughts. A wide field of enterprise and exertion had just opened +upon his view, the last stage of his ardent ambition had unfolded itself, +when he was suddenly seized with an acute disease, which terminated his +life in the short space of seven days, on April 22nd, 1821, aged fifty +years. He was buried in a vault in St. George’s Colegate Church, where +the last sad offices of respect were paid to his memory by a numerous +attendance of artists and other friends. Of late years a subscription +was raised here for a monument to his memory, and after some delay a +suitable memorial was placed in the church. (_See page_ 89.) + +The following list of Mr. Crome’s principal pictures, with their former +possessors, was extracted from the published catalogue of his works:— + +“Lane Scene near Hingham,” 1812; “Lane Scene at Blofield,” 1813; and +“Grove Scene near Marlingford,” 1815—Samuel Paget, Esq., of Yarmouth. + +“View at the back of the New Mills,” 1817—William Hawkes, Esq., Norwich. + +“Wood and Water Scene near Bawburgh,” 1821—Miss Burrows, Burfield Hall. + +“View in Postwick Grove,” 1816—Lord Stafford. + +“Hautbois Common, Norfolk,” 1810—Mr. F. Stone, Norwich. + +“Lane Scene near Whitlingham,” 1820—Mr. Charles Turner. + +“Scene near Hardingham, Norfolk,” 1816—Mr. J. B. Crome. + +“Lane Scene,” 1817—John Bracy, Esq. + +“Carrow Abbey,” 1805—P. M. Martineau, Esq. + +“Cottage and Wood Scene,” 1820—Michael Bland, Esq., London. + +“Landscape—Evening”—Mr. Crome. + +“Grove Scene,” 1820—Mr. F. Geldart, jun. + +“View of the Italian Boulevards at Paris,” 1815; and “Fish Market at +Boulogne,” 1820—R. H. Gurney, Esq. + +A “Wood Scene” was the last picture painted by Old Crome, in April, 1821. +He painted many others, and etched a number of plates of Norfolk scenery, +some of which have been printed. His pictures have been lent for various +exhibitions and always much admired. + + * * * * * + +J. B. CROME, son of the father of the Norwich School of Landscape +Painting, was a landscape painter of moonlights, &c. The editor of the +_Examiner_ for March, 1828, speaking of this artist’s pictures, says:— + + “Mr. Crome’s moonlight is good, and has the grey and brown hues of + Vanderneer, whose moonlight scenes have been considered the best as + to natural effects; but except the parts under the immediate light of + the moon, no specific colour should be seen. The browns and yellows + here mingle well into the black shades of night, and have nothing of + that flat grey blue which justly made coloured moonlights to be + compared to a shilling on a slate.” + +Mr. J. B. Crome’s pictures were “Rouen,” in the possession of Mrs. +Southwell, Wroxham; “Yarmouth Quay”—T. Cobbold, Esq., Catton; “Yarmouth +Beach, Moonlight”—R. J. Turner, Esq., Catton; “View near Amsterdam, +Moonlight”—J. Geldart, Esq., Norwich; “Norwich by Moonlight”—Hon. General +Walpole; “Moonlight”—C. Turner, Esq., Norwich. Several others of this +artist’s pictures were exhibited at the Norwich Industrial Exhibition in +1867, and were much admired. + + * * * * * + +MISS CROME, daughter of Old Crome, was a painter of fruit and flowers +from nature, and painted successfully. + + * * * * * + +JOSEPH CLOVER was a native of this city, but he resided some time in +London. His first efforts in art were directed to engraving, and by the +advice of a gentleman named Stocks, he took an impression of one of his +plates to the late Alderman Boydell, in Cheapside, whose remarks on this +performance discouraged him from following the profession of an engraver, +and he remained for some time undetermined as to his further pursuit in +art, until the following autumn, when being introduced by his uncle to +the late Mr. Opie, whilst painting a portrait of that relation, he was so +astonished at the facility with which the artist painted, and so +delighted with his conversation, that he resolved from that moment to be +a painter. He took Mr. Opie’s advice and followed him to town, from +which period, namely, April, 1807, being nearly four years, he enjoyed +that artist’s friendship. In the year 1806, Mr. Clover was accidentally +introduced to the late Richard Cumberland, the dramatic poet, who +perceiving that the artist’s health was much impaired by a too close +application to study, invited him to his house at Ramsgate, and by his +introduction he painted several portraits, and to the hospitable +residence of this gentleman he repeated his visits during the summer +months for fourteen years. In Norwich, he painted three full-length +portraits for St. Andrew’s Hall, besides a number of others, and a +picture called “Divided Attention,” for his friend Mr. Turner, of +Norwich. This first-rate picture excited much interest in London. Some +of the early pictures of this artist were at Beau Port, the house of the +late Sir James Bland Burgess, and at Battle Abbey in Sussex. +Subsequently Mr. Clover had the honour of being patronised by the Marquis +of Stafford and other noblemen. + + * * * * * + +WILLIAM ROBERT DIXON was a native of this city. His etchings of views in +Norfolk were in the possession of many persons in Norwich. Mr. Charles +Turner had an interesting collection of his drawings. As a scene painter +he was much admired. He had many tempting offers from the London and +other managers of theatres; but being fondly and firmly attached to his +native city and a choice circle of friends, no allurements could induce +him to leave them. He was very popular as a teacher of drawing. He died +October 1st, 1815. + + * * * * * + +CHARLES HODGSON, a native of this city, was a painter of interior +architecture, particularly of the early English style, and of +considerable reputation for his excellent drawing and correct perspective +in water colours, which subjects he was afterwards induced to paint in +oil, in which he excelled. He was a constant exhibitor in the London +exhibitions. His pictures were in the possession of several gentlemen in +the city and county. + + * * * * * + +DAVID HODGSON, son of the above, a native also of this city, was a +painter of exterior architecture, landscape, &c. Some of his pictures of +interiors of churches were in the possession of William Herring, Esq., +Norwich; Pair of Landscapes, W. Roberts, Esq., of Birmingham; Large +Landscape, Rev. J. Hollingworth, Newcastle; Small Landscape, Wm. Gate, +Esq., Carlisle; Market Scenes, T. Bignold, Esq., Norwich; Landscape, Mr. +S. Coleman; Pair of Small Landscapes, Mr. Stone, Norwich; Tombland, Mr. +Stone; Landscape, Mr. G. Cooke, engraver; Pair of Street Scenes, Mr. +Yarington, Norwich; Market Scenes, sold at the Liverpool exhibition. + + * * * * * + +ROBERT LADBROOKE, landscape painter, for many years enjoyed considerable +celebrity as a drawing master, and in 1821 commenced the publication of +“A Series of Views of the Churches in Norfolk,” printed in lithography, +of which ninety numbers were completed. + + * * * * * + +JOSEPH STANNARD was a marine painter, in which walk of art he established +a high reputation. His subjects were generally finely chosen, and +painted with all the truth and transparency of nature. The grouping of +his vessels displayed an admirable taste, and they were embellished with +the most correctly-drawn figures, highly characteristic of the stations +they occupied. + + * * * * * + +MRS. STANNARD, wife of the above, was a painter of fruit, flowers, fish, +still life, &c. Her maiden name was Coppin, and her mother was rewarded +by the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, for several copies of +painting. The daughter’s productions were highly esteemed by the lovers +of art. + + * * * * * + +ALFRED STANNARD. The talents of this artist, at an early period of his +life, gained him the approbation of the critics of the London +Journals—which noticed works of fine arts as exhibited in the National +Gallery. The _Literary Gazette_ of March, 1828, contained this notice,— + + “No. 152, Trowse Hall, Norwich, painted on the spot by A. Stannard. + We think that this work partakes more of the Flemish style of art + than legitimately belongs to a picture painted on the spot; its + elaborate finish must necessarily have required considerable time in + the execution; and the character of our climate is much too variable, + day after day, to paint from the same hue of atmosphere, and the same + effect of Chiaroscuro. Be that as it may, the excellence of the + performance, however it may have been achieved, is an abundantly + sufficient passport to regard of this artist’s picture. No. 431, + Sluice Gate, on the river Wensum, shews the close resemblance of + character and execution between the works of some of our artists and + the best pictures of the Flemish school.” + +The critic might have added that most of the people of Norwich are of +Flemish or Danish extraction, and that the Norwich school of painting +seems to have been derived from the Flemish school. The subjects +painted, and the style of treatment are very similar. + + * * * * * + +JAMES STARK was articled to the senior Crome for three years, from 1810 +or 1811, at the expiration of which time he went to London and drew at +the Royal Academy, which place he was obliged to leave from ill health. +The first picture which he exhibited at the British Gallery, represented +“Boys Bathing,” purchased by the Bishop of Oxford. His other pictures +were “Flounder Fishing,” in the possession of Sir J. Grey Egleton, Bart.; +“Penning the Flock,” the Marquis of Stafford; “Lambeth,” the Countess de +Grey; “Grove Scene,” Thomas Phillips, Esq.; “Grove Scene,” Francis +Chantrey, Sculptor; besides many others in the possession of George +Watson Taylor, Esq., M.P.; Mr. Davenport, M.P.; Charles Savill Onley, +Esq., M.P.; Onley Savill Onley, Esq.; &c., &c. In 1827, this artist +circulated proposals for printing “Scenery of the Rivers Yare and +Waveney,” with engravings from his own paintings, and the work was +beautifully carried out. + + * * * * * + +J. S. COTMAN became one of the most celebrated artists in the Water +Colour Society, and attained a very high position in London, where he was +appointed Drawing Master at King’s College; he published Views in +Normandy, and also a work on the Sepulchral Brasses of this locality. +His pictures have always commanded high prices. His two sons also became +eminent artists. + + * * * * * + +About the year 1830, there was something like a School of Art commenced +in Norwich, where artists and amateurs could study art in a proper +manner, from the best casts of the finest statues. Before then, artists +had to study as they best could, and their education was very imperfect. +They are much indebted to John Barwell, Esq., for promoting their +interests in this respect, and rendering them great assistance by his +knowledge of art. Amongst the members of the new society were the +Barwells, father and son, the Cotmans, the Freemans, T. Geldart, A. +Sandys, S. Miers, and many others who studied art either from the cast or +the life. + +The Norfolk and Norwich Art Union opened their exhibition of pictures on +August 16th, 1839, at the Bazaar, in St. Andrew’s Broad Street. About +400 pictures were exhibited, many of them being of a high order of merit. +At subsequent exhibitions, many pictures of local artists were exhibited, +including some of the Cromes, the Ladbrookes, the Stannards, the Cotmans, +Hodgson, Stark, Vincent, Downes, Sandys, Capt. Roberts, and others much +admired. A Fine Art Association has also been recently established. It +held its first exhibition in August, 1868. A large number of the +pictures were disposed of on the principle of an Art Union. + + + + +PART III. + + +CHAPTER I. +The Commercial History of Norwich. + + +WHAT has been the trade of the city, from the earliest period up to the +present time, is an interesting subject of inquiry to the inhabitants. +The sources of information are very scanty, for local historians of +former days did not trouble themselves much about trade, but were content +with simply recording passing events and the proceedings of public +bodies. From old charters and acts of parliament, and details of local +taxation, we may, however, learn something about the industry and trade +of by gone ages. We may discover how people lived, how they were +employed, and what sort of clothes they wore; and we shall find a +remarkable sameness from age to age. The trade of any country, or +county, or town, arises from productive industry in agriculture or +manufactures, or in mercantile business, or in carrying goods from one +place to another, or in all three combined. All three have existed in +this city and county; and it is important to inquire into the past and +present state of our trade, and the causes which have promoted or +retarded its progress or decline. + + +TEXTILE FABRICS. + + +In tracing the rise and progress of manufactures in this city, it will be +necessary to refer to many sources of information respecting the garments +worn by the people of every period. The Roman writers supply some +information relating to the Iceni and other aborigines of this island; +the Anglo-Saxon illuminations represent the costumes of a later period; +monumental effigies exhibit the clothing of the middle ages; and many +acts of parliament allude to the manufactures of modern times. The arts +of spinning, weaving, dyeing, and dressing wool, linen, and silk, were +known to all ancient civilized nations. The Gauls taught those arts to +the ancient Britons in this island. Of the kinds of cloth made in Gaul, +according to Pliny, one was made of fine wool dyed in several colours. +This wool, being spun into yarn, was woven in stripes or checquers, of +which the Gauls made their summer garments. Here we have the origin of +the Scotch plaid or tartan, which is called the garb of old Gaul to this +day. + +The dress of the ancient British females may be ascertained from the +account by Dion Cassius of the appearance of Boadicea, Queen of the +Iceni, who inhabited this eastern district. Her light hair fell upon her +shoulders. She wore a torque of gold, a tunic of several colours all in +folds, and over it a robe of coarse stuff, fastened by a brooch. The +commonalty and the less civilized tribes, inhabiting the interior of the +island, went about simply clad in skins. The Druids wore white dresses, +and the Bards a robe of sky blue, emblematic of peace. The Ovates, +professing to know medicine, wore green, the symbol of learning. Julius +Agricola being appointed to the command in Britain, A.D. 78, soon +succeeded in establishing the Roman sway, and introducing the Roman +costume, manners, and language; and before the close of the first century +the British habit was regarded as a badge of barbarism. Tacitus says, +“The sons of the British chiefs began to affect our dress.” The southern +and eastern Britons disused the Broccoe, and wore the Roman tunic +reaching to the knee, with the cloak or mantle. The female garb was +similar to that of the Roman women, who wore two tunics. + +The Anglo Saxons, Jutes, and Danes, when located in different parts of +England, spun and wove most of the materials now used for dress. The +woollen, linen, and silk yarns were all home-spun, and the textile +fabrics were home-made. The civil costume consisted of a linen shirt, a +tunic of linen or woollen, worn according to the season, descending to +the knee, and having long loose sleeves. It was made like the shirt, and +open at the neck, and put on in the same manner. It was sometimes open +at the sides and confined by a belt or girdle at the waist. Over this a +short cloak was worn fastened with brooches, sometimes at the breast, +sometimes on both shoulders. + +Mr. Strutt remarks that the silence of the Anglo-Saxon writers on the +subject of Danish dress, while they are profuse in the description of the +dress of their countrymen, proves a similarity of costume. According to +Danish ballads, black was the colour of the ancient Danish dress. Saxon +chronicles allude to the Danes by the name of the “Black Army.” Black +amongst them had no funeral associations. This sombre hue may have been +their national colour, their standard being a raven. After becoming +settled in Norwich and Norfolk, they doffed the black colour, and became +effeminately gay in their dress, and often changed their attire. + +The Normans and Flemings who came over with the Conqueror into England, +and those who followed him in great numbers, were remarkable for their +love of finery, according to our early historians. The dresses of the +common people of course continued to be much the same from age to age, +but the habits of the nobility were more influenced by fashion; and the +reign of William Rufus is stigmatised by many writers of the period for +shameful abuses. The king himself set the example, and the clergy and +laity were alike infected with the love of costly clothing. After the +Norman Conquest, a sort of cloth was introduced which, though not a new +discovery, had not been formerly known in England. This was quite a +different article to what had been previously called cloth, the +preparation being by a combing instead of a carding process. By the +former the wool was drawn out to a very long staple, by the latter to a +very short staple, the fibres of the fleece being extended the whole +length in one instance, and broken and intersected in the other. For +1000 years after the christian era there were no textile manufactures as +we now understand the terms. All the yarns were homespun, and all the +garments were home-made. + +The female costume in Norwich and other towns, from 1087 to 1154, +presents us with but one striking novelty, and that by no means an +improvement. The rage for lengthening every portion of the dress was not +confined to the male sex. The sleeves of the ladies’ tunics, and their +veils or kerchiefs, appear to have been so long in the reigns of William +Rufus and Henry I. as to be tied up in knots, to avoid treading on them, +and the trains or skirts of the garments lay in immense rolls at the +feet. Over the long robe or tunic a shorter garment was occasionally +seen in the illuminations of the period. + +The twelfth century is a period in which Norwich began to be particularly +mentioned for its trade arising from manufactures. It is also a period +when a very valuable source of information is opened by the monumental +effigies of the dead, sculptured in their habits as they lived. The +effigies on brass are numerous in Norwich and Norfolk churches, and +indicate progress in useful arts. Mr. Stothard is a great authority on +the monumental effigies of Great Britain, and he presents the coronation +robes of the kings, and the costumes of the nobles with splendid +decorations. + +The Dutch and the Flemings soon came over the sea, located themselves in +the city and in different parts of the eastern counties, and introduced +various manufactures. William of Malmesbury states that in the reign of +the Conqueror’s youngest son, Henry I., a great inundation in the low +countries drove many more of the Flemings to seek refuge in England; and +Blomefield, in his History of Norfolk, says that several of them settled +at Worstead in Norfolk, and thus early introduced the art of stuff +weaving there; which, as is natural to suppose, soon began to be +extensively adopted in Norwich. Gervase, of Tilbury, writing of the +Flemings says,— + + “The art of weaving seemed to be a peculiar gift bestowed upon them + by nature; yet the new comers were not always well received by the + native population, and had to be protected by laws made in their + favour. Indeed, the natives of Norwich, in every period, have been + hostile to foreigners, or to any sort of interference with their + peculiar branch of industry.” + +In the next reign, that of Henry II., “Guilds” of weavers were +multiplied, and had their charters of privilege in London, York, +Winchester, and Norwich; and a system of protection, originating with +manufacturers, prevailed all over the country. During the next reign, +that of Stephen, more Flemish weavers came over; and these successive +emigrations were a real blessing to the land. England had hitherto not +been a manufacturing country till the arrival of the Flemings, who +introduced the preparation and weaving of wool, so that, in process of +time, not only the home market was abundantly supplied with woollen +cloth, but a large surplus was made for exportation. The Flemings were +kinsmen of the Danes, and all of them were of the Anglo-Saxon race, and +were distinguished for that probity in their dealings which afterwards +became the characteristic of British merchants. + +During the reign of Richard Cœur de Lion, it is supposed that though the +trade of the kingdom did not increase, yet some of the artisan soldiers +who returned from the crusades brought back a knowledge of the eastern +method of weaving. At that time the useful arts flourished in the east. +The improvements introduced here were, however, of little worth, owing to +the troubles of the reign of King John, and the equally disturbed reign +of his son Henry III. Even the wise and resolute king, Edward I., did +not fully succeed in restoring English trade to its former prosperity. +Yet it is clear that this city had been all along prospering, for in the +reign of Edward II., repeated mention is made of its thrift. That +monarch granted a patent to John Peacock for measuring every piece of +worsted made in the city or county; but this, being found to check the +trade, was soon recalled. In the reign of Edward I. the people of +Norwich, and of England generally, began to adopt the whimsical fashions +of their neighbours on the continent. Horned head-dresses of frightful +appearance were worn by the ladies, and tight-laced stays. Gauze, which +is thought to have derived its name from Gaza, where it was first made, +and brunetta or burnetta, with several other fine and delicate stuffs, +are mentioned in this period. Gauzes were afterwards produced in large +quantities in Norwich. Tartan was a fine woollen cloth, which was also +much used for ladies’ robes, and was generally of a scarlet dye. + +In the thirteenth century the materials for dress became more numerous, +and this period is more remarkable for the splendour of costume than for +change of form. Matthew Paris, monk of St. Albany, a contemporary +historian, describes the pageantry of the day, and expresses disgust +rather than pleasure at the excessive foppery of the times. He states +that the nobility who attended at the marriage of the daughter of Henry +III. to Alexander king of Scotland, were attired in vestments of silk, +commonly called comtises, on the day when the ceremony was performed, but +on the following day they were laid aside. + +In the reign of Edward III. other foreign clothiers came to England, and +many of them settled in the eastern parts of Essex. In 1353, this +monarch prohibited his subjects from wearing any cloth but such as was +made in this kingdom; and he also forbade the exportation of wool. Both +in this reign and in that of Richard II., repeated mention occurs in the +oath book and court rolls of wool-combers, card makers, clothiers, +weavers, fullers, &c. During the reign of Elizabeth a new impulse was +given to the trade by the emigration of Protestants and others from the +low countries, and from France, who introduced important branches of +industry. Mr. James, in his History of the Worsted Manufacture in +England, says, that king Edward III. so far extended and improved that +trade, that from his reign may be dated a new era in its history. This +monarch could not, with all his sagacity, and the earnest desire he ever +evinced for the welfare and prosperity of his subjects, remain long +unmindful of the great profit and advantage of working up the English +wool for domestic consumption or export, instead of exporting the +material in a raw state. When, therefore, he espoused Phillippa, the +daughter of the Earl of Hainault, whose subjects were excellent cloth +makers, the close connection which the marriage occasioned between the +two countries, and probably in part some suggestions of the queen, +induced the king, in 1331, to invite hither a large number of his +countrymen, skilful in the art of weaving woollen and worsted. These +Flemish weavers settled, by the directions of the king, and under his +special protection, in various parts of the country, where the wool grown +in the district was suitable for the particular kind of cloth made by +these artizans. The worsted weavers were located in Norfolk and Suffolk, +having Norwich for their chief seat or mart. Blomefield, in his history, +says,— + + “Under the reign of Edward III., Norwich became the most flourishing + city of all England by means of its great trade in worsted, fustian, + friezes, and other woollen manufactures, for now the English wool, + being manufactured by English hands, incredible profit accrued to the + people by its passing through and employing so many, every one having + a fleece, sorters, combers, card spinners, &c.” + +Alluding to the condition of this trade at the same period, old Fuller, +in his Church History, says,— + + “The intercourse being large betwixt the English and the Netherlands, + (which having increased since King Edward married the daughter) + unsuspected emissaries were employed by our king with those + countries, who brought them into familiarity with such Dutchmen as + were absolute masters of their trade, (but not masters themselves) as + either journeymen or apprentices. These bemoaned the slavishness of + their poor servants, whom their masters used rather like heathen than + christians; yea, rather, like horses than men; early up and late to + bed, and all day hard work, and harder fare, (a few herrings and + mouldy cheese,) and all to enrich the churls their masters, without + any profit unto themselves. But, oh, how happy should they be if + they would but come over to England! bringing their mystery with + them, which would provide their welcome in all places. Here they + should feed on fat beef and mutton till nothing but their fulness + should stint their stomach; yea, they should feed on the labour of + their own hands, enjoying a proportionable portion of their gains for + themselves. Persuaded with the promises, many Dutch servants leave + their masters and come over to England.” + +According to Blomefield, the trade continued to increase during the +succeeding reign, that of Richard II., when laws were passed for +regulating the sale of worsted. Our ancestors were then a plain homely +sort of people, and like their forefathers, were content with coarse +woollen cloths for their plain clothes. In this and succeeding reigns +important changes took place in the system of society, especially in the +formation of a middle class, which gradually increased in numbers and +influence, and became the great support of trade. Norman despotism was +relaxed, and political liberty was advanced, and the darkness of the +middle ages was dispelled. + +In A.D. 1403, Henry IV. separated the city of Norwich from the county of +Norfolk, and made it a county of itself, which it has been ever since. +This, of course, has been a great advantage to the city as regards its +self-government. In this reign it was deemed necessary to appoint +officers, whose business it should be to inspect the goods; and in the +reigns of Henry V., Henry VI., Edward IV., and Richard III., complaints +were renewed in acts of parliament and other documents of the great +“crafte and deceite” used in the making of worsteds, says, serges, +fustians, motleys, &c., at Norwich. + +During the short reign of Edward VI., the making of “felt and thrummed +hats, dornecks, and coverlets,” had sprung up in consequence of the +decline of the old stuff manufacture; and in the reign of Mary the +manufacture of “light stuffs” was introduced. These were of the same +fabric as “the fustians of Naples,” and seem to have been so similar to +the bombazines of succeeding years, that they may be considered as the +commencement of the great staple of Norwich. During the subsequent +reigns the city does not seem to have advanced in prosperity. Henry VII. +succeeded in reviving the trade a little, but in the reign of his son, +Henry VIII., it again declined. We find by an act passed in that reign +“that the making of worsteds, says, and stammins, which had greatly +increased in the city of Norwich and county of Norfolk, was now practised +more diligently than in times past at Yarmouth and Lynn.” If so, the +trade soon died out in those towns, as we have no record of any +manufactures there. + +Philip and Mary passed an act to encourage the making “of russels, +satins, satins-reverses, and fustians of Naples.” From this time it +appears that the stuffs made in the city were exported into foreign +countries, most probably into Holland and Flanders, and at length partial +restrictions were laid on the export trades, but still a great amount of +business was done. As yet no one had promulgated the modern doctrines of +free trade. + +From Cotman’s valuable work, “The Sepulchral Brasses of Norfolk,” we may +gather some information respecting the costumes of people in the middle +ages. With reference to the dresses of the ladies, we may be surprised +at the tardy progress of “fashion” in mediæval times, but a little +consideration will enable us to solve the difficulty. In the fifteenth +century money was very scarce, and all the articles of female apparel +were about twelve times more costly than they are at present. Husbands +and fathers were doubtless “intractable” in proportion. Hence our fair +but thrifty ancestresses continued to wear the very same dresses on all +festive occasions for many years. Now, however, the facilities of +foreign travel, the introduction of cheaper materials, the results of +modern ingenuity, and the spirit of the age in which we live, all tend to +rapid, frequent, and capricious changes of costume; but it was not so +then, and a lady was frequently attired as her grandmother had been +before her! Our ancestors were slow coaches. Centuries elapsed before +they achieved the _ruff_, before they discovered the _bonnet_, before +they perpetrated the _wig_! They never dreamt of _crinoline_. Thus, for +example, we observe the very same form of kirtle or gown—close fitting, +low waisted, but wide and pleated at the bottom, during a period of more +than 300 years, there being only a slight variation in the shape of its +sleeves. The fall, the flounce, and cuffs of fur or some other material, +must have been also a very long-lived fashion, being observable on many +brasses from the dates of 1466 to 1537. But the designers of brasses may +have adhered for a long time to merely conventional forms. The Rev. R. +Hart, in his Letters to a local magazine, says:— + + “The wife of Sir Miles Stapleton, in 1365, wears a close-fitting + tunic over the kirtle, (the sleeves of which, with a row of small + buttons extending from the wrist to the elbow, are seen underneath;) + the sleeves of the tunic itself are short, but there are oblong + narrow pendants almost reaching from them to the ground. It is + buttoned at the breast, there are two pockets in the front, and the + lower part is full and gathered into puckers or folds. (Cotman pl. + 4). During the reigns of Henry IV. and V. the ladies wore a sort of + bag sleeve, tight at the wrist (like that of a modern bishop). About + 1481, the sleeve became wide and open like that of a surplice. About + 1528, the sleeves of the kirtle, or under dress, were, in some + instances, cut or pinked, so as to exhibit a rich inner lining. In + 1559, there was a tight sleeve ruffled at the wrist, and with an + epaulet upon the shoulder, pinked; and at the same period we observe + the earliest specimen of the ruff, and the rudiments of the habit + shirt. By far the most remarkable varieties are observed in head + dresses, which frequently supply valuable indications as to the date. + On the cup presented by King John to the borough of Lynn, and in the + small figures upon Branch’s monument, some of the females wear a + close-fitting cap like a child’s nightcap, and others a sort of hood + with a long tail to it, which is sometimes stiff and sometimes loose + like drapery. The wives of Walsoken and Branch (1349 and 1364) + exhibit the wimple, covering the throat, chin, and sides of the face, + and the couverchef (kerchief) thrown over the head and falling upon + the shoulders. The next important variety was the forked or mitre + head dress, which first came into fashion about 1438, and held its + ground for about twenty-six years, though there is one specimen as + late as 1492. This was followed by the pedimental style of head + dress, which began about 1415, and continued till late into the + following century. The butterfly head dress, which was a cylindrical + cap with a light veil over it, stiffened and squared at the top, + prevailed from 1466 to 1483. In 1538 we observe a graceful form of + head dress, like what is termed the Mary Queen of Scots’ cap. The + mantle, which was something like a cope, the jaquette, which may be + compared to the “flanches of heraldry,” and excellent specimens of + ancient embroidery, may all be studied in the brass of Adam de + Walsoken. About the year 1460 we observe the aumoniere (like a + reticule) hanging from a lady’s girdle, and also the rosary, + terminating, not with a cross, but with a tassel.” + +In reference to the dresses of the male sex, the Rev. R. Hart gives the +following details as to municipal costumes. + + “On the Lynn cup, already referred to, we observe the jerkin, or + short coat; also a sort of cape, or short cloak; a larger cloak, and + three or four sorts of head coverings, viz., a low flat-topped cap; + another something like a helmet; a hat sloping upwards from the rim, + and flat at the top; a hood with a tail to it; and another exactly + resembling what is now termed a ‘wide-awake.’ On the monuments of + Walsoken and Branch we notice the jerkin, the mantle, cloaks, long + and short, (in one instance festooned over the right shoulder like + the plaid of a Highlander,) and another long cloak, curiously + buttoned all down the front; also several kinds of head-covering, + some exactly similar to those which have been recently described, + others with a broad rim turned up, the top being round-pointed or + flat; and in one instance we observe a hat and feather. In their + monumental effigies the laity are usually attired in a long gown, + which has sometimes bag sleeves, but resembles an albe in all other + respects. It is usually girdled with a leathern strap with a rosary + of much larger beads than we observe on female brasses, and without + any decads. Generally speaking, these rosaries have a tassel + underneath, but on the brass of Sir William Calthorp, 1495, a signet + ring is attached to the end of the rosary, while a beautiful shaped + aumoniere also hangs from the girdle. About the year 1532 we observe + gowns with hanging sleeves, like those which are still worn by + masters of arts at our universities; and in other instances, of about + the same date, we observe a pudding sleeve reaching a little below + the elbow of the under dress. The brass of Edmund Green, in + Hunstanton church, A.D. 1490, is chiefly remarkable from the + resemblance that his upper garment bears to a pelisse or furred + surtout. The short cloak—trunk hose (something like the + ‘nickerbockers’ of our own time), and also the ruff, are observable + upon Norfolk brasses between 1610 and 1630. During the first half of + the fifteenth century, we observe a frightfully ugly mode of shaving + of the hair all round, to some height above the ears. It looks like + a skull cap, and is an exact inversion of the tonsure. Burgesses of + Lynn appear to have worn, in the fourteenth century, long gowns, the + lower part of which is open in the front about as high as the knees, + and with wide sleeves reaching to the elbow. There is a richly + bordered and hooded cape over the upper part of this gown. It is not + unlike an amess. Aldermen of Norwich wore a mantle open at the right + shoulder, falling straight behind, but gathered into a slope at + front, so as to cover a great part of the left arm, while the other + was exposed. It had a standing collar, and there were buttons upon + the right shoulder. A Judge of the Common Pleas, in 1507, wore his + hair long and flowing, and was habited in a long wide-sleeved gown, + open in the front; apparently it was lined, caped, and bordered with + fur, and there is a purse hanging from the girdle. On his feet he + wore clogs of a very remarkable form. A Judge of the King’s Bench, + in 1545, wore a wide-sleeved long gown, a mantle open at the right + shoulder, as in the municipal examples, his head being covered with a + coif or closely-fitting skull-cap.” + +In the earlier years of the reign of Elizabeth, the Flemings, who fled +from the persecutions of the Duke of Alva, settled at Norwich to the +number of 4000, and much increased the prosperity of the city by +introducing the manufacture of bombazines, which were long in great +demand all over the country. Black bombazines were universally worn by +ladies when in mourning, up to a recent period. These bombazines were +mixed fabrics of silk and worsted, and were dyed in all colours. They +did not wear so long as the more modern paramattas. + +Elizabeth gave every encouragement to manufactures; and when more +Flemings sought refuge in England, the city of Norwich gained an +accession of knowledge in the art of weaving with a warp of silk or +linen, and a weft of worsted, as well as in dyeing and other processes. +And now the articles manufactured began to be classed as “bays, arras, +says, tapestries, mockadoes, stamens, russels, lace, fringes, camlets, +perpetuanas, caffas and kerseys.” Nothing contributed more to advance +the prosperity of the city than the arrival of the industrious Dutch +people, who brought with them arts before unknown in this land. + +For centuries the action of government in reference to trade was simply +in the way of protection, creating monopolies under charters, and +sometimes for subsidies. This was especially the case in Norwich, which +was made one of the royal cities of England, and had a market every day +in the week, as well as annual marts for all sorts of merchandise. The +manufacturers first sought and obtained protection for their trade under +charters. Hence arose a system which answered very well in the infancy +of society, but which became obsolete in the course of national +development, and the extension of commerce. + +Under the miserable rule of Charles I., the persecuting Laud succeeded in +driving back the industrious Dutch weavers to Holland, and causing others +to emigrate to America in order that they might enjoy religious liberty. +Thus the best workers were driven out of England, and a stimulus was +given to the Dutch worsted manufacture. The Commonwealth government +restored prosperity to trade, and established a corporation of fifty-four +persons in Norwich for the regulation of trade, which then flourished +exceedingly. + +In the reign of Charles II., we find that “Weavers’ Hall” is mentioned; +and though the king taxed the manufacturers, the Norwich workers +flourished: for Sir John Child, in 1681, declared that, “Such a trade +there is, and hath been, for the woollen manufactures, as England never +knew in any age.” Soon afterwards, Louis XIV. revoked the Edict of +Nantes, and tens of thousands of French Protestant weavers took refuge in +England, giving birth to the silk manufactures of Spitalfields, and +stimulating the trade of Norwich. These refugees introduced the +manufacture of crapes, which soon came into very general use for +mourning. + + +_The Eighteenth Century_. + + +Most of the manufacturers of this century were very intelligent men, who +had gone through the whole routine of their trade, and could do the work +in every process with their own hands. The worsted goods manufactured at +this time were calimancoes, plain, flowered, and brocaded; camlets and +camletees; satins and satinettes; brocaded satins, rosetts, brilliants, +batavias, Mecklenburghs, hairbines, damasks, duroys, poplins, prunells, +bombazines, serges, florentines, brilliantines, grandines, cameltines, +tabourtines, blondines, callimandres, and other fabrics, all in brilliant +colours. The greatest demand for these goods was from 1743 to 1763, a +period of twenty years. + +In or about 1776 Joseph and John Banfather made a few camlets, which were +woven grey, and after that, dyed of various colours, for a captain of an +East India vessel, who took them out at his own risk. About 1782, broad +bombazines were introduced by Ives, Son, and Baseley. About 1783, Irish +poplins or lustres were made by that firm. About 1785, spotted camletees +were introduced by William Martin. About 1788, single warp callimancoes +were made and continued for six years. + +Mr. James assures us that Norwich attained its highest prosperity during +the middle of the eighteenth century, so great was the energy and +fertility of resource displayed by its merchants. The worsted dyers of +the city were pre-eminent for skill, and their profits were great. The +city merchants sent travellers throughout Europe, and their pattern books +were shown in every principal town as far as Moscow. Norwich goods were +introduced into France, Spain, Portugal, Germany, and Poland, and there +was also a large trade with Russia. The great fairs of Frankfort, +Leipsic, and of Salerno, were thronged with purchasers of Norwich +fabrics. An _English Gazetter_ published before 1726, contains an +article on Norwich, in which the writer says:— + + “The worsted manufacture, for which this city has long been famous, + and in which even children earn their bread, was first brought over + by the Flemings in the reign of Edward III., and afterwards very much + improved by the Dutch who fled from the Duke of Alva’s persecution, + and being settled here by queen Elizabeth, taught the inhabitants to + make says, baize, serges, shalloons, &c., in which they carry on a + vast trade both at home and abroad, and weave camblets, druggets, + crapes, and other stuffs, of which it is said this city vends to the + value of £200,000 a year. + + “The weavers here employ spinsters all the country round, and also + use many thousand packs of yarn spun in other counties, even as far + as Yorkshire and Westmoreland. By a late calculation from the number + of looms at work in this city only, it appeared that there were no + less than one hundred and twenty thousand people employed in these + manufactures of wool, silk, &c., in and about the town, _including + those employed in spinning the yarn_, used for such goods as are made + in the city.” + +The writer of course means to include all the females who spun the yarns +in Yorkshire and Westmoreland, as well as in Norfolk and Norwich. Even +then, 120,000 people is an incredible number, for he states the value of +all the goods sold to be only £200,000 yearly, so that the people would +not earn £2 each per annum. + +So flourishing was the woollen trade in this city during the second half +of the eighteenth century, that on February 2nd, 1759, the wool-combers +testified their joy by exhibiting the pageant of bishop Blaise, who lived +under Dioclesian, A.D. 282, and was a great patron of woollen +manufactures. This prosperity was interrupted by a war; but on March +24th, 1783, the citizens were again entertained by the wool-combers’ +jubilee, on the return of peace, which had a beneficial effect on trade. +The most prosperous period appears to have been from 1750 to 1780. + +Mr. Arthur Young, in 1771, published his “Tour of England” in the form of +Letters, some of which relate to the eastern counties, and Letter XII. to +Norwich. It contains a curious statement, derived from some +manufacturers, respecting their trade. At that time, the population of +the city was about 40,000, mostly employed in manufactures, and the +merchants were rich and numerous. Mr. Arthur Young says:— + + “The staple manufactures are crapes and camlets, besides which they + make in great abundance damasks, satins, alopeens, &c., &c. They + work up the Leicestershire and Lincolnshire wool chiefly, which is + brought here for combing and spinning, whilst the Norfolk wool goes + to Yorkshire for carding and cloths. And what is a remarkable + circumstance, not discovered many years, is, that the Norfolk sheep + yield a wool about their necks equal to the best from Spain; and is + in price to the rest as twenty to seven.” + +Mr. Arthur Young further states that men, women, and boys earned about +five shillings per week, but that they could earn more if industrious, so +that wages were not higher a century ago than at present. In reference +to the exportation of goods, he observes:— + + “They now do not send anything to North America, but much to the West + Indies. Their foreign export is to Rotterdam, Ostend, Middleburgh, + all Flanders, Leghorn, Trieste, Naples, Genoa, Cadiz, Lisbon, + Barcelona, Hamburgh, all the Baltic except Sweden, and the East + Indies. + + “The general amount of Norwich manufactures may be calculated thus— + +A regular export to Rotterdam, by shipping every six £480,000 +weeks, of goods to the amount of yearly +Twenty-six tons of goods sent by broad-wheeled waggons 676,000 +weekly to London at £500 a ton, on an average, 13,000 +tons per annum, value +By occasional ships and waggons to various places 200,000 +calculated at + £1,356,000 + +Therefore the trade had increased in fifty years from £200,000, according +to the “English Gazetteer,” up to £1,356,000! + +Mr. Young further observes in reference to the estimates he had given:— + + “Upon a reconsideration of the table, it was thought that the + £676,000 by waggons was rather too high. Suppose, therefore, only + 10,000 tons, it is then £520,000, and the total £1,200,000! + + “Another method taken to calculate the amount was by adding up the + total sum supposed to be returned annually by every house in Norwich, + and this method made it £1,150,000. This sum coming so near the + other, is a strong confirmation of it. + + “A third method taken was to calculate the number of looms (in county + and city); these were made 12,000; and it is a common idea in Norwich + to suppose such, with all its attendants, works £100 per annum. This + also makes the total £1,200,000, which sum upon the whole appears to + be very near the real truth. + + “Respecting the proportion between the original material and the + labour employed upon it, they have a sure and very easy method of + discovering it. The average value of a piece of stuff is 5s.; so the + material is a tenth of the total manufacture. Deduct the £120,000 + from £1,200,000, leaves £1,080,000 for labour, in which is included + the profit of the manufacturer. + + “The material point remaining is to discover how many people are + employed to earn the public one million per annum, and for this + calculation I have one _datum_ which is to the purpose. They + generally imagine in Norwich that one loom employs six persons on the + whole; and as the number is 12,000 (in city and county), there are + consequently 72,000 people employed in the manufacture. And this is + a fresh confirmation of the preceding accounts; for I was in general + told that more hands worked out of Norwich, for many miles around, + than in it; and £1,200,000 divided by 72,000, gives £16 each for the + earnings of every person.” + +This, Mr. Young confesses, appears to be a large sum for men, women, and +boys to earn. The population of Norwich being then under 40,000, the +number of looms at the time Mr. A. Young wrote could not be 12,000, nor +the persons employed 72,000 in the city and county. Six persons to a +loom never were required at one time. The proportion was more likely +only half, or three persons to a loom. Consequently, the number employed +would be only 36,000 in both city and county. Divide £1,200,000 by +36,000, and it gives £33 for each adult yearly, including the profits of +the manufacturer. Deduct £200,000 for their profits, and it leaves +£1,000,000 for labour; divide that by 36,000 persons, and it leaves only +£28 each, yearly, which is nearer the mark. + +Mr. R. Beatniffe, a bookseller in Norwich, copied the statement of Mr. A. +Young, and published it in his “Tour of Norfolk.” He said some gentlemen +of intelligence had doubted it, as well they might, but he believed it +was true. However, in his last edition of the “Tour,” published in 1807, +he gave a very different account. He said that the merchant was shut out +of the home market by fashion and out of the foreign market by war, so +that the annual value of the goods was estimated at £800,000, and the +cost of labour at £685,000, leaving only £115,000 for the raw material + +Messrs. John Scott and Sons, were manufacturers of woollen and worsted +goods, in St. Saviour’s, from 1766 to 1800, and produced great quantities +of taborets, floretts, clouded camlets, for Italy; perukeens, +self-coloured camlets, for Germany; and other sorts for Spain. Some of +these camlets were eighteen inches wide, and the pieces twenty-seven or +thirty yards in length; some super camlets were twenty-four inches wide, +and thirty yards in length, according to the pattern books yet in +existence. These camlets were charged from 50s. to 100s. per piece, or +an average of 80s., as we have seen in old ledgers of the firm, still +preserved and in the possession of a manufacturer. + +Originally, all the yarns used in Norwich were spun by hand in Norfolk +and Suffolk, thus employing a large number of women, young and old. +About 1720, almost the whole female population of Norfolk and Suffolk was +fully employed at the spinning wheel, and this branch of industry +continued till the end of the century, and though 50,000 tons of wool +were produced, it was found necessary to draw supplies from other +districts. Before the end of the eighteenth century, mills were at work +spinning yarns, and in 1812, yarns from the mills in Lancashire were +brought here and spun in bombazines, which were dyed in various colours. + +The establishment of mills in Yorkshire, where coal, provisions, and +labour were cheaper than in Norfolk, gave a heavy blow to the trade of +the city, which would have been more severely felt, but for the +fluctuations of fashion having created a great demand for bombazines, for +which Norwich was famous. The Yorkshire workmen and the substitution of +machinery for female hands, reduced the manufacture of the old kinds of +goods to a low point, and the trade was chiefly maintained by the orders +of the East India Company for large quantities of camlets for the Chinese +market. + +Messrs. Willett and Nephew have old pattern books full of specimens of +shawl borders of very elegant designs; in fashion at the beginning of +this century. These patterns are an imitation of genuine Indian designs, +the pine-apple being prominent; but great improvements in the designs +were made by different manufacturers. Norwich shawls had formerly a high +reputation, and were in great demand in London and all large towns; but +ultimately French shawls were preferred, owing to the superiority of the +designs. + +At two general meetings of the manufacturers, held at the Guildhall on +December 14th and 21st, 1790, the prices for weaving were fixed and +printed in a list, comprising serges, prunelles, satins, satinettes, +camlets, camletines, florentines, brilliantines, grenadines, blondines, +tabourtines, callandres, &c. At a general meeting of the manufacturers, +held on June 13th, 1793, at the Guildhall, it was resolved unanimously +that they would supply the journeyman weavers they employed with havels +and slaies, free of charge, and without deduction from the prices +established in the table of rates fixed in the year 1790. The list +continued in force for some time, even into the next century. The +camlets made, excepting those for China, were thirty yards in length, and +about twenty-eight inches wide, with warp and wift dyed in the hank. +Millions of pieces of camlets were made for exportation, in which nearly +all the manufacturers were engaged. The orders of the East India Company +amounted to a very large sum yearly. Operatives earned 40s. for each +piece of camlet for the East India Company, or about £1000 weekly on that +single article. Those were the palmy days for the weavers; days that +will never more return. + +Towards the close of the century, the prosperity of Norwich really +declined. The towns of the West Riding of Yorkshire, as already stated, +became her successful rivals in worsted fabrics. The increase of cottons +and their general wear in England left Norwich dependent on the foreign +trade, which was partly ruined by the American war, and entirely so by +the war after the first French Revolution, which spread desolation over +all Europe. + + +_The Nineteenth Century_. + + +At the commencement of the present century, bombazines, camlets, and +mixed fabrics were the chief manufactures of Norwich. Soon afterwards +crapes were produced in large quantities. Paramattas were next +introduced, and in the course of time superseded bombazines for mourning. +“Poplins” then came into fashion, and the manufacture has so much +improved that the demand for this kind of goods has increased every year. +Poplins were followed by a long succession of mixed fabrics, barèges, +balzarines, gauzes, mousseline de laines, cotton de laines, llamas, +thibets, merinoes, lunettas, organdies, stuffs, cloths, velvets, lustres, +silks, satins, &c. The manufacture of shawls was also carried on +extensively, and for a long time Norwich shawls, for excellence of fabric +and elegance of design, were not surpassed by any made in England. A +great trade was done in shawls in Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, and other +large towns. The trade, however, gradually declined when French shawls +came into fashion. French goods of other kinds also grew in favour, and +affected the city trade in many textile fabrics. + +In 1829, on December 29th, a meeting of weavers was held on Mousehold +Heath to adopt means for keeping up the rate of payment, the operatives +asserting their right to combine to increase wages, as well as their +employers to combine to reduce them. The weavers were not paid by time, +but at a certain rate for piece-work of different kinds. The rate was +according to a certain printed scale, to which the operatives wished to +adhere, while it sometimes occurred that the manufacturers desired to +alter it. + +During the early part of the present century Messrs. Ives and Robberds, +of St. Saviour’s, carried on a large trade in worsted goods, chiefly for +exportation to India and China, and to different parts of Europe. The +goods made were all stout worsted fabrics, plain, checked, striped, or +figured, in vivid colours. They were camlets, camletees, satins, +satinettes, ladines, tabaretts, calimancoes, swan skins, broad bays, red +kerseys, diamantines, spotted tobines, batavias, hairbines, toys, +Rochdale bays, checked paolis, lustrins, dentellos, damasks, dorsettines, +poplins, serges, mazarines, and grenadines. The same firm received large +orders from the East India Company for camlets, in pieces 55 yards in +length, 30 inches in width, and weighing 20 lbs. each. Orders were +executed by various houses as follows:— + +_Year_ _Pieces_ +1812 22,000 +1813 22,000 +1814 12,000 +1815 10,400 +1816 16,600 +1817 15,200 +1818 15,200 +1819 15,640 +1820 16,000 +1821 11,000 +1822 14,300 +1824 10,000 +1825 11,012 +1826 13,000 +1827 none +1828 12,000 +1829 10,000 +1830 9,300 +1831 none +1832 5,000 + +In 1832 the East India Company suspended their orders, but Mr. Robberds +continued to export camlets from Norwich and Yorkshire to China in +exchange for tea, as follows:— + +_Year_ _Norwich_ _Yorkshire_ +1841 420 pieces 215 pieces +1842 2,760 ,, 200 ,, +1843 6,610 ,, 5,181 ,, +1844 13,170 ,, 7,928 ,, + +He also continued to make camlets for wholesale merchants in London till +1848, when he failed in consequence of losses, but afterwards joined a +partner in Halifax, and continued to produce large quantities of camlets; +but Norwich lost all the trade. + +Besides the camlets supplied to the East India Company, goods of the same +kind were made for private orders by all the manufacturers. During the +years 1830, 1831, and 1832, according to ledgers yet remaining, one firm +made about 7,000 pieces for private orders, and from 1833 to 1837 +inclusive, nearly 9,000 pieces. In 1833 and 1834, mohair camlets were +made by the same house to the extent of 6,000 pieces, being 22,000 pieces +in four years. Supposing a dozen other houses to have produced a like +quantity, the total would have been 66,000 pieces yearly. Messrs. Booth +and Theobald, in Muspole Street, were large manufacturers of worsted +goods, and at one time employed about 1,000 hands, men, women, and +children, in the production of worsted goods, including camlets, for the +East India Company. Mr. John Francis, of St. George’s, also made a +variety of worsted goods and other fabrics, employing a large number of +hands at one time. Messrs. Worth and Carter, in St. George’s Middle +Street, and Joseph Oxley and Sons, in St. Augustine’s, produced large +quantities of broad bombazines, which were gradually superseded by +paramattas, to which the ladies gave the preference. Both fabrics were +made of worsted and silk; the only difference was that they were +differently dressed, the paramattas being dressed flat by hot pressing, +which gave a greater flexibility to the cloth. Messrs. Wright and Son, +formerly on Elm Hill, at one time employed about 1500 hand-loom weavers +in the manufacture of plain and fancy fabrics, mostly mixed. + +Messrs. Grout and Co. began the manufacture of crapes in a small way in +Patteson’s Yard, in Magdalen Street. John Grout was then the principal +partner, but after the mills were built in Lower Westwick Street, having +realized a fortune, he retired from business. George Grout also retired +before 1840. Messrs. Martin and Company became the proprietors of the +mills, and after Mr. Martin died, the firm comprised Messrs. Brown, +Robison, and Hall, who now carry on a large trade in crapes, areophanes, +and gauzes. The machinery in use is of the most improved construction; +and in these very extensive works may be seen most of the processes +connected with the manufacture of silk goods. The silk is imported +chiefly from China and some from India, but a portion is also obtained +from Italy. The demand for crapes used in mourning has, however, a good +deal diminished. + +The Albion Mills, in King Street, were erected in 1836 and 1837, for the +spinning of worsted yarns, in consequence of the great demand in Norwich +and the difficulty found by manufacturers in obtaining the yarns which +they required for their trade. Mr. George Jay, owner of the mills, +erected new machinery. And after the trade in worsted yarns declined, he +imported mohair from Asia Minor, and commenced the spinning of mohair +yarns. He continued this business for some years, while mohair goods +were in demand. He added a new wing to the factory and put in another +steam engine, both the engines being of seventy-horse power. + +During the present century, large Mills have been built in this city for +the spinning of silk, woollen, and mohair yarns, and also for weaving +those yarns into all kinds of fabrics. In the year 1833, a company was +organised for those manufactures. A large capital of £40,000 was raised, +and ultimately two factories were built, one in St. Edmund’s and one in +St. James’. The former became a factory for spinning yarns, and the +latter for weaving goods. In St. James’ factory two coupled engines of +100-horse power were put up to drive the machinery. There the city +manufacturers hired the large rooms and power, and put in the machinery, +for the production of fabrics. + +The site of the factory comprises 1a. 2r. 18p., with a frontage of 460 +feet to the river. Above the basement are six long floors. There have +been sixty-five frames in the mills for spinning yarns, and 500 looms for +weaving fabrics; but the number of looms has been reduced to 300, and +they are not always at work. After the erection of the mills, weaving +sheds were built adjoining. The floors are now occupied as follows;—No. +1. Messrs. Skelton and Co; No. 2. Messrs. Towler, Rowling, and Allen, who +also hire two of the weaving sheds; No. 3. Messrs. Willett, Nephew, and +Co.; No. 4. Messrs. Skelton and Co.: Nos. 5 and 6. Mr. Park, for spinning +woollen yarns. Women and girls are chiefly employed in this factory. +About 1000 have been at work at a time, when trade has been good; but of +late, not half the number have been engaged. The average earnings have +been about 7s. weekly. + +In 1838, trade was in a very dull declining state, and some differences +arose between masters and men, in consequence of a proposed reduction in +the rate of payment. This was resisted by the men, who appealed to +Colonel Harvey to mediate between them, which he consented to do. A +meeting was held, and the delegates who had been sent on the part of the +weavers to the north to inquire into the state of the camlet trade, +reported that they had seen no camlets at all to compare with those in +Norwich. The north had, however, got the trade. The question remained +unsettled; but on August 27th, that year, several camlet weavers applied +to the magistrates for protection from the violence of those on strike. +Mr. Robberds was willing to give out work, but would not do so unless his +men were protected. The application was granted, and a strong body of +police was sent to the premises of Mr. Robberds, where the weavers +received their work, and they were protected in conveying it to their +homes. On the Tuesday following, the house of a man named Wells was +broken open and his work cut out of the loom. The city was much +disturbed by these differences, which ultimately produced great injury to +its trade. + +According to Mr. Mitchell’s report in 1839, there were in the city and +its vicinity 5,075 looms, of which 1,021 were unemployed; and of the +4,054 looms then at work, there were 3,398 in the houses of the weavers, +and 650 in shops and factories. Indeed, by far the greater part of the +looms belonged to families having only one or two. The operatives at +these looms comprised 2,211 men, and 1,648 women, with 195 children. In +that year two silk mills employed 731 hands; three worsted mills, 385 +hands; two woollen mills, 39 hands; and one cotton mill, 39 hands, making +eight mills, employing 1,285 persons. + +An abstract of a census of the Norwich weavers, furnished by a report of +the commissioners on handloom weavers, published in 1840, will best show +the nature and the relative amount of the fabrics then made by hand. +Bombazines employed 1,205 workers, of whom 803 were men; challis, +Yorkshire stuffs, fringes, &c., 1,247, of whom 510 were men; gauzes, 500, +chiefly women; princettas, 242, nearly all men; silk shawls, 166, of whom +74 were men; bandana, 158, of whom 86 were men; silk, 38, including 16 +men; jacquard, 30; worsted shawls, 26; woollen and couch lace, 22 each; +camletees, 20; horsehair cloth, 17; lustres, 3; sacking, 45. Total of +weavers 4,054, including 2,211 men, 1,648 women, 108 boys, 77 girls, and +10 apprentices. Their gross wages, when fully employed, have ranged from +8s. to 25s. weekly; those engaged on fillovers, challis, and fine +bombazines, earning from 15s. to 25s. weekly; but deducting “play time” +and expenses, the net wages did not amount to 8s. weekly. Mr. Mitchell +reported that the industry and morals of the operatives had suffered much +from party spirit, riots, and strikes. Of late years the workers at +their looms have been very industrious and quiet, while they have endured +great privations. Since 1840 a large number of the operatives have gone +into the boot and shoe trade, which offered better prospect of at least a +decent livelihood. + + +PRESENT STATE OF THE TRADE. + + +Most of the old worsted fabrics formerly made in such large quantities +have become obsolete, and lighter mixed fabrics are now produced in great +variety, in silk, wool, mohair or cotton, or composed of three or four +kinds of yarns. The goods are known under the names of cloths, kerseys, +linseys, winseys, coburgs, crapes, gauzes, nets, paramattas, camlets, +bareges, balzarines, grenadines, challis, llamas, poplins, poplinettes, +tamataves, optimes, crinolines, cloakings, and shawls in great variety. +Wool, mohair, and cotton yarns are chiefly used in most of the fabrics, +except crapes and gauzes. The larger proportion of the woollen yarns are +made here from English wool. Poplins are made of silk and worsted; +poplinettes, of silk and cotton; bareges, of silk and worsted; tamataves, +of worsted and cotton; grenadines, of twisted worsted and silk; coburgs, +of cotton and worsted; paramattas and bombazines, of worsted and silk; +llamas, of an inferior kind of wool with cotton warp; thibet cloths, of +worsted warp and weft; winseys and linseys, of worsted with cotton warp; +balzarines, with cotton warps and worsted shoot; malabars, of cotton warp +and woollen shoot, thirty-two inches wide. All the fabrics, however, may +be included under the three classes of tammies, tamataves, and nets. The +tammies are woven fabrics, in which the warp and the weft simply cross, +but in the nets there is a twist in the warp. The tamataves are partly +the tammy woven and partly the net. In former times the trade was +comparatively steady, because plain fabrics in single colours were more +in demand than any other; but of late years, this branch of business has +been very fluctuating, owing to the changes of fashion and the desire for +novelty, both in the fabric and in the pattern of every article. New +patterns are now, therefore, constantly being produced. All preparations +and processes are only for the coming season, and it is found necessary +to alter the pattern, the colouring, the finishing, and even the names of +the goods, to suit the markets. + +Mr. G. Jay is the largest manufacturer of mohair yarns in this city; and +in the years 1867 and 1868 he could not execute all the orders he +received. This arose from the great care bestowed on the preparation of +the material at the Albion Mills, in King Street, and from the softness +of the water which imparts a glossy, silky appearance to the yarns. +Mohair fabrics came suddenly into use, and for some years prior to 1860, +elegant tissues were produced here. These, however, soon went out of +fashion. All the yarns spun here are now sent to France and Germany, +where they are woven, with silk, into velvets, and then imported into +this country. The velvet jackets which are now in fashion have caused a +great demand for these yarns, and sixty-five frames at the Albion Mills +are constantly at work. We are only surprised that the yarns are not +used in the city in the manufacture of velvets, large quantities of which +are imported every year. + +Norwich was the first place in all England where the manufacture of +fillover shawls was carried on to any great extent. For a long time the +weaving of these shawls was a tedious, slow process. A great improvement +in the mode of weaving was, however, discovered by a straw-hat maker of +Lyons, named Jacquard, in the year 1802, by which means the drawboys were +entirely dispensed with and the tackle simplified. The new invention was +received as a boon in England, and at length was introduced into this +city, where it has been applied to the production of splendid fillover +shawls, by Clabburn, Sons, and Crisp. We regret, however, that these +elegant articles of ladies attire have recently gone almost entirely out +of fashion. + +The Late Mr. T. O. Springfield carried on the wholesale silk business to +a very large extent, having almost a monopoly of the market, and he +supplied with dressed silk almost all the manufacturers in this city. +This silk was very largely used by Grout and Co., in the manufacture of +crape, gauzes, aerophanes, &c., and by others in the working up of mixed +fabrics, especially bareges, grenadines, and various light tissues. The +same wholesale business is now continued by Mr. O. Springfield, in +Norwich and London. It is estimated that the annual value of dressed +silk used in this city is over £100,000. + +Messrs. Middleton, Answorth, and Co., have a large factory in Calvert +Street, another in Bradford, and a wholesale warehouse in London. They +formerly made all kinds of mixed fabrics in this city, and now they +produce large quantities of paramattas, grenadines, opera cloakings, and +fancy cloakings, hair cloth for crinolines, and curled hair for stuffing +sofas. Crinolines have been made in great quantities by this firm, the +warp being cotton and the weft horsehair. The demand for them has, +however, somewhat abated. This firm has largely increased their trade in +hair-cloth, which is used for general stiffening purposes. In the +southern states of America, the gentlemen wear large trousers, which +require to be expanded like ladies’ dresses; and, therefore, the larger +portion of these goods are sent to the southern states of America. The +same firm has also introduced haircloth in many patterns and colours for +covering furniture, in sofas, chairs, &c. There is an enormous +importation of horse-hair into England from Russia, and from the +continent of South America, where horses run wild in the great plains +called “Pampas.” The horses are caught and divested of their tails, +which are brought into this country in a very rough state; the hair is +dressed and woven into a variety of fabrics which are in great demand. +The trade in horse-hair cloth is almost a new trade in the city and might +be greatly extended. Some fabrics are made all horse-hair, and some +mixed with spun silk, in stripes, and colours, and very pleasing +patterns. + +Mr. J. Burrell has built a small mill near the Dereham Road, where he +carries on the manufacture of horse-hair cloth by means of peculiar looms +and machinery. He imports horse hair, and prepares it for stuffing seats +of chairs, sofas, &c. He also weaves horse hair into cloth for various +purposes. Mr. Gunton also carries on the same kind of manufacture in St. +Miles’; but the trade is yet on a small scale in this city. + +Messrs. Clabburn, Sons, and Crisp, in Pitt Street, manufacture shawls in +every variety, and also paramattas, bareges, tamataves, balzarines, +poplins, fancy robes, ophines, grenadines, and mixed fabrics generally. +The fillover long shawls produced by this firm, on a Jacquard loom, +gained the gold medal at the first Paris Exhibition, and also at the +London Exhibition in 1862. No description could convey an adequate idea +of these splendid fillover shawls, which are made by a patented process, +so as to display a self colour and a perfect design on each side. They +were on view at the Paris Exhibition, in 1867, but not for a prize, Mr. +W. Clabburn being selected as one of the judges, so that his firm could +not compete. + +Messrs. Willett and Nephew, of Pottergate Street, are manufacturers on a +large scale. The factory itself is not very extensive, for most of the +weavers work for the firm at their own houses; and there, in humble +dwellings, produce the beautiful fancy fabrics, which are destined to +adorn the daintiest ladies in the land. The extent of the operations of +this firm enables them to introduce a great variety of novelties in every +season, and thus to compete successfully with the manufacturers of +France. They were the first to introduce the manufacture of paramattas, +which superseded the bombazines, at one time in such great demand. They +produce superior poplins, (plain, figured, and watered) bareges, +balzarines, tamataves, coburgs, camlets, challis, crinoline, crêpe de +Lyons, grenadines, shawls, scarfs, robes, and also a great variety of +plain fabrics. They exhibited a large assortment of goods at the London +Exhibition of 1851, and received a certificate of “honourable mention” +for their paramattas, being the only award made for that article. +Messrs. Willett and Co. also received a silver medal at the last +Exhibition in Paris. In 1867, the same firm supplied some rich poplins, +which were selected for the queen and royal family, from the stock of Mr. +Caley, in London Street. Mr. Caley has always on hand a large stock of +Norwich goods, including shawls and fancy fabrics of the newest designs. +Visitors to Norwich should not fail to call at his establishment, if they +wish to carry away any idea of the productions of the old city. + +Messrs. C. and F. Bolingbroke and Jones, manufacturers of all kinds of +textile fabrics, carry on a large business in a building which was +formerly the city residence of the priors of Ixworth. On an old door, +which formerly opened into the prior’s hall, is the following inscription +in black letter on the transoms which divide the panels:— + + Maria plena, mater mic + Remembyr Wyllyá Lowth, Prior 18. + +William Louth was the 18th Prior of Walsingham, from 1505 to 1515. This +door has been noticed by Blomefield and others, but not correctly; Mr. H. +Harrod gave an engraving with description in his “Gleanings Among the +Castles and Convents of Norfolk,” (1857). John Aldrich, a grocer, +resided here prior to 1549. He was elected an alderman in 1544, sheriff +in 1551, mayor in 1558 and 1570, and member of parliament for Norwich in +1555, 1558, and 1572. He was buried inside of St. Clement’s church, on +the north side of the chancel, June 12th, 1582. His wife, Elizabeth +Aldrich, was buried there April 3rd, 1587. Messrs. C. and F. Bolingbroke +and Jones have almost rebuilt the house. They produce large quantities +of textile fabrics, including poplins (plain, figured, and watered) +paramattas, bareges, winseys, linseys, grenadines, and a variety of fancy +goods for dresses, which are in great demand. At the first Great +Exhibition of 1851 a medal was awarded to this firm for poplins, and at +the Great Exhibition of 1862 for poplins and poplinettes. In addition to +the old extensive premises, the firm, some time since, purchased the +steam-power mills in Calvert Street, and they also occupy a steam-power +shed at St. James’ factory. + +Messrs. Towler, Rowling, and Allen, of Elm Hill, occupy large rooms in +the new buildings adjoining St. James’ factory, where they produce large +quantities of plain and fancy goods, which have been in great demand. +They make also large quantities of plain fabrics, for wholesale houses +only. At the London Exhibition of 1862, honourable mention was made of +the shawls of this firm. + +Mr. J. L Barber has a large establishment in St. Martin’s Lane, where he +carries on business, making reels and winding cotton on them. He +supplies great quantities of cotton-thread to wholesale and retail +houses. + +Messrs. Sultzer and Co. carry on the manufacture of crapes to a +considerable extent in premises built for the purpose in St. Augustine’s. + +Messrs. F. Hindes and Sons, who have a warehouse in Botolph Street, +manufacture paramattas, bareges, tamataves, grenadines, poplins, shawls, +and cloakings. They hire a floor also in the steam-power factory. + +Messrs. French and Co. formed a Limited Liability Company, and built a +new factory in the Mill Yard Lane, where they manufacture crapes, which +are in great demand. + +Messrs. Grout and Co., manufacturers of gauzes, crapes, aerophanes, &c., +in addition to their mills in Norwich, have other mills at Yarmouth and +Ditchingham, and at Ponder’s End near London. Theirs is, in fact, the +greatest concern in the world in the production of crapes and other silk +goods. In their several mills they employ about 2000 hands. + +Mr. George Allen erected a large factory in 1857 in St. Stephen’s Back +Street, for the manufacture of elastic cloths for table covers, gloves, +shawls, and other clothing purposes, and for the production also of silk +and lisle webs. The elastic cloths, which are made upon warp frames, are +considered to be a great improvement on “Hooper’s Elastics,” made in the +west of England, and for wear they are believed to be unsurpassed. The +manufacture gives employment to a considerable number of hands. + +About 500 power looms are at work in the city, when trade is good, +weaving a great variety of mixed fabrics, and no doubt each loom does +double the work of the old hand-loom. Supposing each loom to produce one +piece of goods weekly, there would be 500 pieces weekly, or 26,000 pieces +yearly. The prices vary in value from £1 to £10 per piece, and may be +averaged at £5, so that the annual value would be about £130,000. But at +least 500 hand-looms are also at work, and supposing that they produce +half the quantity of goods, the total annual value would be £195,000, or +in round numbers £200,000. We are sorry to state, however, as already +intimated, that the manufacture of textile fabrics in Norwich has for +some time past been declining, and cannot compare with former years. The +depression has arisen from various causes, among which may be mentioned +war, which has deprived the city of its best markets. The introduction +of cotton and silk goods too has nearly superseded the old stuff fabrics +of the city. Machinery in Norwich is also behind that in the north. The +wool grown in Norfolk and Suffolk has, moreover, been sent to Yorkshire +to be spun, and has been repurchased as yarn for Norwich goods; and +lastly, Norwich weavers have not the energy of those in Bradford. +Fashion also has been one of the causes of the loss of trade, for the +fashions are continually changing, and Norwich firms have to compete with +all England, Scotland, and France; and it is not to be expected that a +few houses in this city will produce as many novelties as all the rest of +the world. A School of Art has been established, but it has not yet +produced many practical designers. + + + +CHAPTER II. + + +HAVING given an account of the textile manufactures in this city, we +proceed to furnish some particulars of the more important of other +classes of business, which go to make up the sum total of the trade and +commerce of the city. + + +THE BANKING BUSINESS. + + +Banking, as now understood, was not carried on till the eighteenth +century. Before the American war of Independence very few country banks +were established. Norwich manufactures were in their most prosperous +state in the middle of last century, and then it was that some banks were +established in this city. On January 31st, 1756, a bank was opened in +the Upper Market by Charles Weston, who carried on business till the end +of the century. In 1768, Mr. Thomas Allday’s bank was opened; afterwards +Sir R. Kerrison and Son were proprietors, and in 1808 the bank failed. +The debts amounted to £460,000, and the dividends paid amounted to 16s. +4d. in the pound. This was the first bank failure in Norwich of any +importance, and it shook public confidence in banks. + +Messrs. Gurney’s bank was established in Norwich in 1775 as a bank of +deposit and issue. This was at a period the most flourishing in the +commercial annals of Norwich. The annual value of textile fabrics +produced in the city was over a million sterling, a trade which was of +course a great source of business to the bank. Henry Gurney, and his son +Bartlett Gurney, were the first proprietors. On the death of the father, +the son associated himself with his three brothers, Richard, Joseph, and +John Gurney; so the firm continued till the deaths of the different +parties. About 1825, Mr. H. Birkbeck, of Lynn, and Mr. Simon Martin were +taken in as partners. The firm then comprised R. H. Gurney, J. J. +Gurney, D. Gurney, Simon Martin, and H. Birkbeck. After J. J. Gurney and +S. Martin died, the firm comprised D. Gurney, J. H. Gurney, H. Birkbeck, +F. H. Gurney, and C. H. Gurney; and W. Birkbeck came in after the death +of his father. The bank at Norwich has in its connection branches at +North Walsham, Aylsham, Holt, Dereham, Fakenham, and Attleborough. At +Yarmouth the firm, until lately, comprised D. Gurney, J. H. Gurney, H. +Birkbeck, T. Brightwen, and J. H. Orde. This branch has in its +connection other branches at Lowestoft, Beccles, Bungay, Halesworth, +Saxmundham, Eye, and Stowmarket. At Lynn the firm, until lately, +comprised D. Gurney, J. H. Gurney, H. Gurney, H. Birkbeck, S. Gurney, and +F. G. Cresswell, and this bank extends to Downham and Swaffham. + +The members of the several firms are now as follow: + + NORWICH AND NORFOLK BANK. +Henry Birkbeck. Francis Hay Gurney. +William Birkbeck. Henry Ford Barclay. +Samuel Gurney Buxton. John Gurney. + YARMOUTH AND SUFFOLK BANK. +Henry Birkbeck. Henry F. Barclay. +S. G. Buxton. John Gurney. +Thomas Brightwen. James Henry Orde. + LYNN AND LINCOLNSHIRE BANK. +Daniel Gurney. Henry Birkbeck. +Somerville Arthur Gurney. H. F. Barclay. +S. G. Buxton. Francis Joseph Cresswell. + +The Crown Bank, in King Street, Norwich, was opened on January 2nd, 1792, +as a bank of deposit, discount, and issue. The original proprietors were +Messrs. Hudson and Hatfield, and the first bank was in the Haymarket. +About forty years since the proprietors were Charles Saville Onley, Sir +Robert John Harvey, Anthony Hudson, and Thomas Hudson. They then +employed only seven clerks, and now thirty clerks are employed at the new +bank. On January 13th, 1820, a circular was issued by A. and T. Hudson, +stating that it was with great regret that they announced the death of +their friend and partner, Mr. Robert Harvey. Owing to his death, his +brother, Mr. Charles Harvey, and Sir Robert John Harvey, his nephew, were +added to the firm. Before 1820, Mr. Onley withdrew. Mr. T. Hudson and +Mr. A. Hudson died, and before the end of the Russian war, Sir Robert +John Harvey died. The present proprietors are Sir Robert John Harvey +Harvey, Bart., Crown Point, and Roger Allday Kerrison, Esq., who lives at +Ipswich. They have lately built a very handsome bank in the Corinthian +style of architecture, on the Castle Meadow, and it was opened in +January, 1866. At first the Crown Bank had only three agents in the +eastern counties, but the number has gradually increased to thirty. The +firm purchased the large business of Messrs. Taylor and Dyson at Diss. +This was an important addition, the Diss bank having extensive +connections in Norfolk and Suffolk. + +In 1806, Messrs. Starling Day and Sons were bankers, in Pottergate +Street, afterwards in the Market Place, in the court adjoining the +Chronicle Office; and on December 16th, 1825, the bank stopped. In 1806, +T. Bignold, Son, and Co. were bankers in Briggs’ Street, but did not long +continue in business. The Norfolk and Norwich Joint Stock Bank was +established in 1820, in Surrey Street. This bank consisted of a small +proprietary, and the business, after the loss of the whole share capital, +was disposed of to the East of England Joint Stock Company, in 1836. +That company carried on business in the Haymarket till 1864, when the +bank failed. The sad event was the cause of much misery in the city and +county; and many persons who had been in comfortable circumstances were +entirely ruined and left destitute. The proprietors lost all their +capital, and were called upon to liquidate heavy liabilities besides. +There has not been much over trading in the eastern counties, and the +failure of the East of England Bank should be a warning to other joint +stock banks, which ought to be the safest if well managed. The business +of the East of England Bank and the premises were purchased by the +Provincial Banking Corporation, limited, and that company now carries on +business in the Haymarket. + +About 1838, Mr. Balls opened a bank for deposits, in the Upper Market. +He carried on his business through the house of Sanderson in London. +Sanderson failed for £365,000, but afterwards paid 20s. in the pound, and +had £20,000 to spare. Mr. Balls gave up his bank in Norwich, in 1847. + +The Consolidated Bank arose from a union of the banks of Hankey and Co., +and Hayward, Kennard, and Co., London, and the bank of Manchester. They +were amalgamated in 1863, under the name of the Consolidated Bank, with a +branch in London Street, Norwich. The Company gave up this branch, and +the handsome new premises in London Street were taken by the National +Provincial Bank, which has been established since 1833. + +Country banks are all of them banks of deposit and discount; they act as +agents for the remittance of money to and from London, and for effecting +payments between different parts of the kingdom. Nearly all of them are +also banks of issue, and their notes are, in most cases, made payable to +some bank in London, as well as at the place where they are issued. A +moderate rate of interest, from 2 to 2½ per cent, is allowed by country +bankers on deposits which remain with them for any period beyond six +months. Some make this allowance for shorter periods. Where a depositor +has also a drawing account, the balance is struck every six months, and +the interest due on the average is placed to his credit. On drawing +accounts, a commission, usually an eighth per cent, is charged on all +payments. The country banker on his part pays his London agent for the +trouble which he occasions, either by keeping a certain sum of money in +his hands without interest, or by allowing a commission on the payments +made for his account, or by a fixed annual payment in lieu of the same. +The portion of funds in their hands arising from deposits and issues, +which is not required for discounting bills and making advances in the +country, is invested in government or mercantile securities in London, +which in the event of a contraction of deposits, can be made immediately +available. + +The agriculture of the eastern counties, the most productive in England, +is the foundation of their industrial prosperity, and the chief source of +business to the banks in the market towns. It is well known that since +the commencement of this century, by means of an improved system of +husbandry, the agricultural resources of the district have greatly +increased, as has also the annual value of the produce in cattle, sheep, +horses, pigs, and corn. The various branches of industry and +manufactures carried on in Norwich and the county are also, of course, to +be reckoned amongst the sources of the banking business. + + +WHOLESALE CLOTHIERS. + + +Mr. Dyer, in White Lion Street; Messrs. Riches and Skoyles, Davey Place; +Mr. Womack, Dove Street and Lobster Lane; and Messrs. Steward and Son, +Tombland; occupy extensive premises, where garments are made for men and +boys by the use of machines, and are disposed of wholesale to retail +clothiers all over the district. The introduction of sewing machines has +given a great impulse to this trade, and garments of all kinds and sizes +are produced here as good in quality and as low in price as they can be +obtained in any part of the kingdom. + +A minute’s walk from the Market Place, in Bethel Street, are the steam +clothing works and warehouses of Messrs. F. W. Harmer and Co. Between +200 and 300 persons are employed by this firm in the manufacture of boys’ +and men’s clothing; their goods are sold wholesale only, and are made for +what is technically called the “home trade.” In this establishment the +different processes of cutting, sewing, making button holes, &c., which a +few years since were performed by hand labour, are now principally done +by machinery worked by steam power, to the advantage both of the hands +employed and the consumers of the goods. + + +WHOLESALE BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. + + +This trade dates from the commencement of the present century; and for +some time it was confined to goods for the home market. In 1800, Mr. +James Smith began the trade, which was afterwards enlarged by the late +Mr. Charles Winter, who carried on a great business, both for the home +market and for exportation to the colonies. On the death of that +gentleman the concern passed into the hands of Messrs. Willis and +Southall, under whose able management the reputation of the old house is +fully sustained, and whose goods command a ready sale both at home and +abroad. The quality of the goods is now much improved, and large +quantities are exported to the colonies. + +Formerly, all boots and shoes were made by hand only, and consequently +there was a great difference in the quality of the work. The operatives +used to take their work to their homes. They received so many dozen +uppers from the warehouses and returned them finished, and were paid +according to quality and quantity. The late Mr. C. Winter first made use +of sewing machines, for the uppers of boots and shoes, about 1856. +Afterwards American machines were introduced, to sew the soles to the +uppers. + +About eighteen years since, the manufacturers began to make goods for +exportation to Canada, to the Cape of Good Hope, to India, and Australia. +This export trade was carried on to a large extent, from 1856 till 1866. +Mr. C. Winter sent large quantities of goods to Canada and India, and the +other manufacturers to Australia. A number of emigrants, however, went +into the trade in Australia, and the local parliament imposed a duty of +25 per cent. on English-made goods, which stopped the trade, so that of +late, very few Australian orders have been received in this city. +Notwithstanding this drawback, the boot and shoe trade has become a very +extensive and important branch of industry in Norwich, and about 3000 +hands are employed in the manufacture. Hitherto it has been confined +chiefly to women and children’s goods, but men’s boots have been made to +some extent, and there is no reason why the trade should not be greatly +increased. Machines, as we have said, have been introduced in the +various processes of manufacture, and steam power has been applied to the +machines in two large factories, where vast quantities of goods are +produced. The result has been not to diminish but to extend the number +of hands, and to increase the rate of payment. + +The hand machines now in use are chiefly those of Thomas, Singer, or +Howes. About 400 machines are at work daily in the warehouses, and 200 +in private houses. In two factories, large American machines are used +for attaching the soles to the uppers at the rate of a pair per minute. +By means of these machines, a pair of boots may be cut out, and the +uppers, after fitting, sewn together and finished in an hour; and the +work, moreover, is better done by the use of machines than it usually is +by hand. Three operatives are required for each machine, two fitters and +one machinist. + +When trade is good, about 3000 men, women, and children, are employed in +the manufacture, either in the warehouses or in their own homes. The +operatives may be divided into one-third men, one-third women, and +one-third children. They will produce, with the aid of machines, about +1000 dozen pairs of boots and shoes daily. The quantity will therefore +be 6000 dozen weekly, and taking the average price at 40s. per dozen, the +value would be £12,000 weekly. Supposing the trade to continue brisk for +fifty weeks in the year, the annual value would be £600,000. + +During the year, 1868, trade was very prosperous, and manufacturers +received more orders than they could execute. The quantities before +stated may be doubled for that year; and at least 6000 men, women, and +children, were employed. Their production, with the aid of machines, has +been about 2000 dozen pairs of boots and shoes daily, or 12,000 dozen +pairs weekly, so that the weekly value has been £24,000, or £1,200,000 +yearly. Norwich does not transact a hundredth part of this branch of +trade in England, and, therefore, it may be increased to an indefinite +extent. + +The principal firms in the trade in 1868, were Messrs. Tillyard and +Howlett, on St. George’s Plain; Mr. Kemp, in Pitt Street; Messrs. Willis +and Southall, who occupy very extensive premises in the Upper Market; Mr. +Hotblack, St. Faith’s Lane; Mr. Lulham, Fishgate Street; Mr. Ford, St. +George Colegate; Mr. Homan, Theatre Street; Mr. Bostock, Swan Lane; Mr. +Steadman, Bethel Street; Messrs. Barker and Gostling, Wensum Street; Mr. +Haldenstein, Queen Street; Messrs. Gamble and Davis, Calvert Street; Mr. +Smith, Calvert Street; Mr. D. Soman, Calvert Street; Mr. Base, in +Prince’s Street; Mr. Copeman, St. Stephen’s; Mr. Horne, Charing Cross; +Mr. Worledge, Magdalen Street. + + +MUSTARD, STARCH, AND BLUE WORKS. + + +The Carrow Works have been greatly extended since the brief notice in the +first part of this history was written, and we are now enabled to give a +fuller description. Messrs. J. and J. Colman employ about 1200 men and +boys in the production of mustard, starch, blue, paper, and flour. By +the use of machinery of the most improved construction, and by selecting +seed of the finest quality, the firm produces mustard which cannot be +surpassed in purity and flavour. This mustard obtained the only prize +medals awarded for the article at the Great Exhibition in London, 1862, +and Dublin, 1865, and the only silver medal at Paris, 1868. The firm +also obtained medals for starch at the Great Exhibitions in London, 1851 +and 1862; Dublin, 1865; York, 1866; and Paris, 1868. + +Carrow Works are situated just outside of the King Street Gates of the +city, on the banks of the river Wensum, which is navigable for vessels of +about 120 tons. Lines of railway are laid down in various directions +through the premises connecting all the principal warehouses with the +Great Eastern Railway at Trowse. Thus Messrs. Colman have every facility +for receiving the raw material, and for disposing of the manufactured +goods by land or water conveyance. The machinery used is very extensive, +and sixteen engines are now employed, amounting altogether to 1000-horse +power. + +On entering the works we pass the timekeeper’s office, and observe on the +right hand a large range of brick buildings. Here is the mustard mill, +and amid all the noise within we are shewn the process by which the +well-known condiment, mustard, is produced in such immense quantities, +and in the greatest perfection. The mustard seed, which is grown +extensively in some parts of this country, is crushed between iron +rollers, and is then pounded in large mortars, a long row of which stand +on one side of the mill. The pestles consist of long wooden rods with +heavy balls of iron. They are set in rapid motion by means of steam +power, and the mustard seed is speedily reduced to the condition of flour +and bran. These are readily separated, and the flour is brought to the +requisite quality by means of silk sieves, which vary in fineness +according to the quality of the mustard to be produced. These sieves are +loosely arranged in frames, and set in motion by means of revolving +shafts. Two kinds of seed, the brown and the white, are thus crushed, +pounded, and sifted. The brown is far more pungent than the white; but +in order to produce a flavour relished by consumers, it is necessary to +mix these two kinds, and it is the judicious mixture which gives the fine +aromatic flavour of the mustard for which the firm is celebrated. + +Adjoining the mustard mill is the packing floor, where a great number of +men and boys are employed in putting the mustard into tins of various +shapes and sizes, and adorning them with the handsome labels which are so +generally exhibited in grocers’ windows everywhere, for the demand for +this mustard is universal. + +Leaving the mustard mill we enter the starch works, which seem to be +still more extensive. The process of making starch is carefully +explained to us. After the grain has been moistened with a solution of +caustic soda, it is passed into the mill, where it is mixed with water +and ground in its wet state between mill stones; from each pair of which +continually runs a stream of pure white liquid, resembling thin paste. +This liquid is placed in large iron tanks called “separators,” a +considerable quantity of water is added, and the whole is well stirred +for some time. It is then allowed to settle, and the various particles +of husk, gluten, &c., sink slowly and form a thick deposit at the bottom. +The water with the starch in solution is then drawn off and pumped up +into immense shallow vats, several sets of which, placed over one +another, occupy the whole of the upper part of the building. In the +course of two or three days the liquid in the shallow vats gradually +deposits the starch held in solution, when the water is drawn off, and +the starch is taken out and placed in long narrow boxes filled with holes +and lined with cloth. It remains in these boxes for some time in order +that the moisture may gradually drain out and the starch consolidate. As +soon as it is sufficiently hardened, the starch is taken out and divided +into blocks, each about six inches square, and put into stoves and +exposed to a temperature of about 140 degrees; after which it is cleaned, +papered, and again placed in stoves, where it remains till it is +gradually crystallized, when the process of manufacture is complete, and +the starch is ready for sale. + +We now walk across to the other side of the premises and enter a long row +of workshops, where a great number of men and boys are employed in making +tin-packages for the mustard. Passing by long ranges of coopers and +carpenters’ shops, we soon come to a large square block of buildings +called the “blue factory.” Here the indigo is mixed with the finest +starch, water is added, and the whole is ground in a moist state by large +heavy mill stones, till it resembles a very thick, dark blue paste. It +is transferred by means of a steam hoist to the upper part of the +building, where it is received and quickly manipulated by a number of +girls, who divide it into small cakes and stamp it with wooden stamps of +various devices, from which it is called “Stamp Title,” “Lion,” &c.; or +they work it into balls, on which they leave the impressions of their +finger and thumb, when it is called “Thumb Blue.” We learn from the +workers that the great art of blue making consists in drying it +carefully, so that the lumps or cakes may harden without cracking. We +walk through many rooms, almost in the dark, for the window shutters, +which are closed, are so constructed as to regulate the temperature, and +we have just room to pass between large tiers of racks filled with wooden +trays, on which the lumps and cakes of blue are placed in order that they +may dry gradually. + +We next take a peep at the paper mill, and admire the beautiful machinery +which rapidly transforms any quantity of dirty rags into a thin milk-like +pulp, and then into solid quires and reams of paper, all cut and ready +for use. As we pass we look into the engineers’ shop and wonder at the +variety of the machinery there, capable of operating on the hardest +steel, and of planing, cutting, punching, or drilling it with the +greatest apparent ease; and we learn that most of the machinery is made +and repaired on the premises. + +We are at last taken to the luncheon kitchen, in which a good lunch or +dinner is provided, consisting of as much hot meat and potatoes as any +man can eat, for threepence. Many of the men and boys gladly avail +themselves of this kitchen, and obtain a good meal without leaving the +works. + +On leaving the yard we ascend the hill and observe a handsome +school-house, built in the Gothic style, and we learn that it was built +by Messrs. J. and J. Colman for the children of the working-people in +their service. The school comprises several class-rooms, and is fitted +up with every convenience. + + +THE IRON TRADE. + + +Coal and iron form the basis of our industrial system in this island, but +neither of them are produced in the eastern counties, which are, for the +most part, purely agricultural. Iron manufactures have, however, arisen +since the commencement of the present century, chiefly for agricultural +purposes. Norwich cannot boast of concerns so extensive as Messrs. +Ransome and Sims, of Ipswich; or Messrs. Garrett, of Leiston, in Suffolk; +but several firms here employ large numbers of mechanics in the +construction of engines, machines, and implements of every sort. + +Dr. William Fairbairn, in his “History of Iron,” mentions five distinct +epochs: the first dating from the employment of an artificial blast, to +accelerate combustion; the second marked by the use of coke in the +reduction, about the year 1750; the third dating from the introduction of +the steam engine, on account of the facilities which that invention has +given for raising the ores, pumping the mines, supplying the furnace with +a copious and regular blast, and moving the powerful forge, and rolling +machinery; while the fourth is indicated by the introduction of the +system of puddling and rolling; and the fifth and last—though not the +least important epoch in the history of iron, is marked by the +application of the hot blast, an invention which has increased the +production of iron four-fold, and has enabled the iron-master to smelt +otherwise useless and unreducible ores. It has abolished the processes +of coking and roasting, and has afforded facilities for a large and rapid +production, far beyond the most sanguine anticipations of its inventors. +Some manufacturers, taking advantage of so powerful an agent, have used +improper materials, such as cinder heaps and impure ores, and by unduly +hastening the process, have produced an inferior kind of iron. + +Nearly all the iron manufacturers in Norwich, Norfolk, and Suffolk, are +founders, and make their own castings for engines, girders, and machines +of every kind. The principal firms in this district are Messrs. Ransome +and Sims, before named; Messrs. Garrett, of Leiston; Mr. Turner, Ipswich; +Messrs. Woods, Cocksedge, and Warner, Stowmarket; Mr. C. Burrell, of +Thetford; and Messrs. Barnard, Bishop, & Barnard, Mr. W. S. Boulton, Mr. +Smithdale, and Messrs. Holmes and Sons, of Norwich. These great firms +send their productions all over the civilised world. + +The important works of Messrs. Barnard, Bishop, and Barnard, of Norwich, +are situate in St. Michael’s Coslany, and cover an area of one acre, next +the river Wensum. Entering from Coslany Street, the new counting house +is joined on the right by a suite of offices, and on the left by the +smith’s shop, which is backed by fire-proof workshops, seventy-five feet +in length, and five stories in height. The large foundry is at the east +end of the works. A tramway runs from Coslany Street into the interior, +permeating the premises. About 400 men and boys are employed in the +production of wire-netting, fencing, garden chairs, stands, machines, +lawn mowers, gates, and every kind of horticultural implements. A glance +at the operations of the firm will, doubtless, be interesting to our +readers. One of the most important is the production daily of many miles +of wire-netting, made by curious machinery. The strained wire fencing is +made on the best principle, the bases of both the straining pillars and +standards being entirely of iron; and after a test of more than thirty +years, it has been found very superior, both as regards durability and +appearance. Messrs. Barnard, Bishop, and Barnard are also makers, on a +large scale, of bedsteads, mangles, cooking ranges, kitcheners, &c., &c., +&c. + +This firm, the founder of which was Mr. Charles Barnard, a man of modest +demeanour, but possessed of considerable inventive genius, will live in +history as the manufacturers of the celebrated “Norwich Gates,” exhibited +in 1862. These were designed by Mr. Thomas Jekyll of this city, and by a +county subscription were, in November, 1864, placed at the entrance to +the park at Sandringham, the residence of the Prince of Wales. During +the Exhibition of 1862, these marvellous productions attracted great +attention. The _Times_, of April 7th, after alluding to works of a +similar character, said:— + + “In our judgment, however, the design of these latter is scarcely + equal to that of the beautiful wrought-iron park gates, which are + being erected, as a principal nave trophy, by Messrs. Barnard, + Bishop, and Barnard.” + +These were adjudged to be the best in the Exhibition. The same firm also +produced very elegant gates, which were exhibited at the Paris +Exhibition, in 1867, and greatly admired for the beauty of the design and +perfect workmanship. These gates were only thirteen feet wide, and seven +feet in height, but they occupied forty of the best workmen from morning +till night for three months, at a cost of £750 in wages. These gates +were quite unique in design and workmanship. There was not a touch of +the chisel. The hammer did all the work in the most perfect manner. + +In conclusion, we may state, that after a minute examination of the +productions at these works, we feel convinced that articles can now be +executed in metal, which surpass the doings of past ages; and that the +labour, combined with the intelligence of this 19th century, when +skilfully directed, is quite equal to that of the mediæval period. + +Mr. W. S. Boulton, who occupies extensive premises in Rose Lane, is a +manufacturer of agricultural and horticultural implements; also of +strained wire fencing, iron hurdles, park gates, garden chairs, iron +bedsteads, kitchen ranges, hot-water appuratus, &c. He produces every +kind of railing and palisading in great variety, and he put up the iron +palisading round Chapel Field, which is a great ornament as well as +protection to the ground. He also supplies a great variety of useful +machines, such as mincing and sausage machines, and almost all articles +made of iron. + +Messrs. Riches and Watts are engineers and machine makers, at Duke’s +Palace Iron Works. They are builders of condensing engines, vertical +cylinder engines, and steam thrashing machines; and are also makers of +American grist mills, corn mills, mills for grinding linseed, &c., +cultivators, pumping machinery, iron field rollers, and all kinds of +implements. + +Messrs. Holmes and Sons, engineers, on the Castle Hill, are makers of a +great variety of machines and implements which have gained many prizes at +different Agricultural Exhibitions. The firm have also been very +extensively engaged for thirty-five years in the manufacture of drills. +During this period, every practical improvement has been introduced, +adapting them to every description of soil, simplifying the different +parts, and decreasing the working expenses for the renewal of wearing +parts. These drills stand unequalled for simplicity, durability, and +efficiency, and are of lighter draft than others, owing to the position +of the coulters and levers. More than 4000 of these drills have been +sent out. The premises of this firm are well situated close to the +cattle market, and have been considerably enlarged. The new show rooms +in the Market are nearly opposite to the entrance to the Castle. +Entering the works from the high road, we may first inspect the foundry, +containing an enormous crane and three cupolas. Adjoining the foundry +are the stoves for small castings, and above it the pattern-makers’ shop. +Returning to the yard, we may enter the erecting and fitting shop. The +drill-fitting shop and the thrashing-machine shops are admirably adapted +for their intended purposes. About a hundred hands are employed in the +works. + +Mr. Thomas Smithdale has a very large establishment at St. Ann’s Staithe, +King Street, on the site of an ancient monastery, remains of which still +exist next the river. In the large foundry, castings of iron are made, +up to ten tons; and the workshops contain the heaviest machinery in +Norwich. Mr. Smithdale builds engines from three to a hundred horse +power; and he makes also hydraulic presses, cranes, crabs, mill works, +planing, shaping, and drilling machines, and boilers of all sizes. + +Mr. Reeve, in Pitt Street, is a manufacturer of improved kitchen ranges +of various sizes, which have been in great demand. + + +MANUFACTURING PUBLISHERS. + + +Messrs. Jarrold and Sons have, for the last twenty years, been engaged in +the production of first-class educational books, in science, history, and +penmanship, which are used in schools in Great Britain and her Colonies. +They also produced the well-known Household Tracts and other works, +bearing on social, moral, and sanitary subjects. All are printed and +bound in their recently-erected workshops in Little London Street. They +have also a publishing house at No. 12, Paternoster Row, London. + + +WINE, SPIRITS, AND BEER. + + +Norwich merchants carry on a great wholesale business in wines and +spirits. The principal firms are Messrs. Barwell and Sons, London Street +and St. Stephen’s; Messrs. Norgate and Son, St. Stephen’s; Messrs. +Geldart, in Wensum Street; the Wine Company, in St. Giles’ Street; Mr. P. +Back, Market Place; Mr. R. J. Morley, Post Office Street; and Mr. J. +Chamberlin, Post Office Street; all of whom keep large stocks of wines +and spirits. + +The brewing business is greatly extending in Norwich. Norwich brewers +produce pale ales, which claim to be equal to the Burton, and dispose of +100,000 barrels of London porter yearly. Messrs. Seaman and Grimmer, +though not producers, do an enormous trade, and bring in, through +Yarmouth, about 14,000 barrels of London porter yearly, and send them all +over the city and county. + +Messrs. Patteson and Co. produce 100,000 barrels of ale and beer yearly; +Messrs. Bullard, 60,000 barrels; Messrs. Morgan, 30,000; Messrs. Young +and Co., and other brewers, about 40,000. The annual value of their +productions is at least £500,000. + + +WHOLESALE DRAPERY. + + +This trade is largely carried on by Messrs. Chamberlin & Sons, Mr. G. L. +Coleman, Mr. Rackham, Mr. Henry Snowdon, and a branch house of Messrs. +Copestake and Moore, of London. Their trade is in cotton, linen, +woollen, and silk goods, plain and fancy fabrics, which are supplied to +shopkeepers all over the eastern counties. They bring goods from all the +manufacturing districts, and supply them on terms quite as advantageous +as the London houses. These goods are chiefly of Scotch, Yorkshire, or +Lancashire manufactures, and not produced in Norwich. + +Messrs. Chamberlin and Sons, a few years since, rebuilt their premises in +the Market Place, which are an ornament to the city. This is the largest +establishment for drapery in the eastern counties. On entering the +premises from the Market Place, the retail department presents, in all +its arrangements, a thoroughly complete place of business. The wholesale +and other departments above are very extensive. In the basement of the +premises is the wholesale Manchester room, 180 feet in length, for linen +goods, blankets, and flannels. There is a separate entrance, in Dove +Street, to the extensive woollen cloth department. The carpet room is 44 +feet long and 40 feet wide. + + +WHOLESALE GROCERY. + + +The wholesale grocery trade is carried on to a large extent by Messrs. +Bream and Bennett, Mr. W. Belding, Messrs. Butcher and Nephew, Messrs. +Copeman and Sons, Mr. H. Freeman, Mr. R. Fisher, Messrs. Newson and Co., +and Messrs. Pratt and Hancock. This trade disposes of the bulk of the +heavy goods brought to the city and sent away from it. The following is +the return of the goods, inwards and outwards, for the year ending June, +1867:— + +Goods inwards by river 60,000 tons +,, Thorpe Station 30,000 ,, +,, Victoria ,, 22,661 ,, +,, Trowse ,, 17,616 ,, + 130,277 tons +Goods outwards by river 100,000 tons +,, at Thorpe 53,000 ,, +,, at Trowse 20,434 ,, +,, at Victoria 7,534 ,, + +CIGARS AND TOBACCO. + + +The manufacture of tobacco was introduced into Norwich in 1815 by Mr. +Curr, formerly of St. Andrew’s. Since then the trade has gradually +increased, and the various kinds of shag, twist, and cavendish, are now +produced to the extent of between 100,000 and 200,000 lbs. yearly, by Mr. +Newbegin of Bridewell Alley, and Mr. Kitton on the Dereham Road. + +The only cigar manufacturers are Messrs. Adcock and Denham, of Post +Office Street, and Mr. Stevens, Back of the Inns. Messrs. Adcock and +Denham, are the largest makers in the Eastern Counties, and employ a +considerable number of hands. At their establishment may be seen tobacco +from various countries, and the curious enquirer will learn, no doubt +with surprise, how many distant spots of the earth are laid under +contribution to supply the demand which exists for the fragrant weed in +the form of cigars—the importations being, amongst other places, from +Columbia, Cuba, Havanna (in Cuba), Japan, Latakia, Manilla, Mexico, +Paraguay, Porto Rico, &c. The operations, too, are interesting, though +not easily described. From the case or bale in which the tobacco +arrives, it passes into the hands of the person whose duty it is to +soften it—a process which requires great skill and care; for the leaf is +generally dry and brittle, and has to be shaken and well separated before +the softening can be properly effected. The leaf, having been rendered +sufficiently pliable, is next passed over to the “strippers,” whose work +is to draw out the thick stem which traverses it from end to end. Then +it has to be sorted—the light from the dark, the coarse from the fine—and +laid in proper order for the “makers,” who with almost magical rapidity, +and by the exercise of great nicety of judgment and manipulation, convert +it into cigars of any required size, shape, and weight. + + +UPHOLSTERY. + + +There are several large workshops in this city, for the manufacture of +every kind of furniture and cabinet work; and in these, some hundreds of +skilled artisans are employed. Among the principal establishments may be +mentioned those of Messrs. Trevor & Page, Post Office Street; Mr. C. J. +Freeman, in London Street; Messrs. John Crowe and Sons, in St. Stephen’s +Street; Messrs. Robertson and Sons, Queen Street; and Messrs. Drew and +Corrick, in St. George’s Middle Street. All these establishments supply +the best articles for furnishing a house or mansion. The historian who +might wish to describe the familiar habits and usages of the present +times, could not do better than spend a few hours in our large upholstery +warehouses, where may be seen every kind of furniture, from articles +which contribute to our homeliest comforts, to others which please the +eye by their beauty and good taste. These may be found grouped together +in profusion, making the impression on the mind that this must be a +wealthy district to require the vast stores of goods kept in Norwich +warehouses; but so it is, as every one knows who has visited the +dwellings of many of our rich citizens. Luxuries are enjoyed by the +well-to-do classes of to-day, which could not be found in baronial halls +a few centuries ago. + + +CARRIAGE MANUFACTURES. + + +There are several large builders of carriages, gigs, carts, phaetons, +&c., in this city, including Messrs. Jolly and Son, St. Stephen’s Street; +Mr. Thorn, St. Giles’ Gates; Messrs. Howes, Chapel Field; Mr. Harcourt, +Chapel-Field Road; Messrs. J. and J. Howes, Red Lion Street; Mr. W. H. +Howes, Prince of Wales’ Road; Mr. Rudling, St. Martin’s at Palace. Mr. +Thorn’s “Norwich Car” and “Norfolk Shooting Cart” are well known all over +England. Messrs. Jolly build every sort of useful and fancy vehicle in +the best possible style. We cannot here pretend to tell how much the +construction of carriages has been improved in the present century, as +compared with the old lumbering vehicles formerly in use. Suffice it to +say, that by the application of science, English carriages have become +the best in all the world. + + +BRUSHES AND PAPER BAGS. + + +Messrs. S. D. Page and Sons have built a large warehouse in the +Haymarket, where they employ upwards of 100 hands in the manufacture of +brushes for wholesale trade. They are also extensively engaged in the +paper trade and in the manufacture of paper bags by very interesting and +curious machinery worked by steam power, and by which each bag is pasted, +folded, cut, and completed in the machine with astonishing rapidity. +Three such machines, and several hands, are employed. The bags are made +of various sizes and qualities of paper, adapted for the general use of +grocers, drapers, confectioners, &c. + + +FLOUR MILLS. + + +Besides the steam flour mills at Carrow works, which produce about 1500 +sacks of flour weekly, there are mills in St. Swithin’s and Hellesdon, +which also produce enormous quantities. Messrs. Barber and Sons are the +owners of the water mills at Hellesdon, and the steam flour mills in St. +Swithin’s. The old water mills in St. Swithin’s, the property of the +corporation, are in the occupation of Mr. Wells, and are in active +operation. There are also many wind mills in the neighbourhood, and +water mills abound. + + +PAPER MANUFACTURE. + + +This business is carried on, as before stated, at Carrow works, but the +largest mills are at Taverham, a few miles from Norwich. At these mills, +vast quantities of paper are produced yearly, of various kinds and +qualities, including broad sheets for several influential newspapers. +The trade has been greatly increased since the repeal of the duty on +paper; but the increase here is nothing to what it has been elsewhere, +since the daily newspapers have reached a circulation of hundreds of +thousands per day. + + +THE SOAP TRADE. + + +Another branch of business, arising from productive industry, is that in +soap, of which Mr. Andrews, of Fishgate Street, is a large manufacturer. +Within the Norwich Excise Collection, there are several soap makers, who +produce immense quantities of an article which is used in the silk, +woollen, linen, and cotton manufactures, as well as for domestic +purposes. About 300,000,000 lbs. are produced yearly in the Norwich +Excise district. The repeal of the duty upon this useful article must +have greatly increased the consumption. + + +THE COAL TRADE. + + +About a dozen Norwich merchants carry on a considerable trade in coal. +They receive coal inward by river 70,000 tons, by railway 62,000 tons; in +all, 132,000 tons annually. The conveyance, at 6s. 8d. per ton, will be +£44,000; and the total value, at 20s. per ton, will be £132,000. The +principal merchants are Messrs. J. and H. Girling, Mr. Dawbarn, Mr. +Pointer, Mr. Coller, Mr. Jewson, and others, who now bring coal by +railway from the central coal fields. + + +CATTLE FOOD AND MANURE. + + +A very extensive business in artificial food for cattle has sprung up of +late years, but as yet there are only two or three firms engaged in the +trade in Norwich. Mr. John Ketton has mills near Foundry Bridge, where +he produces about 200 tons of cake weekly, for fattening cattle. The +linseed or other seed is crushed by immense circular stones, turned by +ingenious machinery. The oil, thus squeezed out, is of great value, and +the refuse is made into cake for fattening cattle, and sold at £8 per +ton. The oil is of equal value. Messrs. Gayford, Kitton, and Co., have +mills at St. Ann’s Staithe, King Street, and produce 100 tons of cake +weekly. These two firms, therefore, produce about 300 tons of cake +weekly, or 15,600 tons yearly, the whole value being £124,800. The oil +being of equal value, the total trade amounts to £250,000 a year. Other +city merchants, not producers, send away about 100 tons a-week. + +The late Mr. William Stark, of this city, was an eminent chemist, and the +first who produced bone manures. His son, Mr. M. I. Stark, continues the +same manufacture of manures, made from steamed bones under a process by +which all their gelatinous and fertilizing properties are converted into +the most suitable form for application to the land. He also produces +large quantities of cake, made from linseed and beans. This new article +of artificial food has given great satisfaction. The mills are at Duke’s +Palace Bridge, Norwich, and Rockland St. Mary. Mr. Reynolds and Mr. +Parker also produce other kinds of artificial manure in large quantities. + + +CATTLE AND CORN. + + +These trades properly belong to the county, but the transactions in the +city are on a large scale. The cattle trade is the great trade in the +eastern counties, and more especially of Norfolk. A vast amount of it is +transacted on the Castle Hill, greatly to the benefit of the city, as it +gives employment to a large number of poor people, and brings custom to +many inns, taverns, and business establishments. Norwich Cattle Market +is now one of the largest in England, taking the whole year round, and it +is rapidly increasing. The following returns show the extent of the +trade in the city and county. The traffic at Trowse Station, from June +1866 to June 1867, was as follows:— + +Cattle inwards 57,058 +Sheep ,, 76,154 +Pigs ,, 9,855 Total 143,067 +Cattle outwards 35,083 +Sheep ,, 59,063 +Pigs ,, 12,493 Total 106,639 + +Most of these animals are brought to or sent away from Norwich Market. + +There are twenty acres of layers belonging to the railway company round +Trowse Station, and about one hundred acres of layers close by belonging +to private parties. These layers are generally covered with cattle and +sheep during the season, from August till November. The valleys of the +Yare, the Bure, and the Waveney, afford almost unlimited pastures for any +number of cattle and sheep, and the greater part of the lean stock sold +on Norwich Hill are brought to be fattened on those pastures. In short, +the cattle trade on the Great Eastern lines has been greatly increasing, +and is now the largest on any system of railways in England. + +Norfolk ranks the fourth in extent, as compared with other counties in +England, and eighth as regards population; and it is well known, that +since the commencement of this century, the resources of the county, in +regard to the production of corn, have been greatly increased by an +improved system of husbandry. Over a million acres are under +cultivation, including 200,000 acres of commons and sandy heaths, which +have been inclosed of late years. In 1831, the average yield of wheat +was three quarters per acre; but there has been an increase of thirty per +cent, since that period. + +According to the inspector’s returns of sales of corn in the Norwich +Exchange, the quantities and prices have varied greatly in different +years, since 1845. In the year ending October 11th, 1845, the quantity +of wheat sold was 150,226 qrs., but after the repeal of the corn laws, +the quantity was gradually reduced to the year ending October 3rd, 1868, +when it was 65,903 qrs. Since 1855, the quantity of barley sold yearly +has varied from 120,000 to 177,000 qrs.; and in the year ending October +3rd, 1868, it was 166,796 qrs. Average prices per qr. for 1868. Wheat, +66/9½. Barley, 42/8¼. + + +THE CARRYING TRADE. +(_By water_.) + + +The river Wensum flows for a distance of 30 miles from Rudham to Norwich, +and winding round the city, flows into the Yare at Trowse. The Yare +winds through the eastern division of the county for 36 miles to +Yarmouth. The Waveney flows into the Yare at Reedham, and the Bure at +Yarmouth. The three rivers, Yare, Bure, and Waveney, are 200 miles in +length, and afford means of water conveyance from the city and all parts +of East Norfolk to Yarmouth haven. The inhabitants of that town have +made no fewer than seven havens, one after the other, at a cost of +millions of money,—enough to have formed the piers and quays of solid +granite. + +We have already given an account of the proceedings of the corporation of +Norwich respecting the improvement of the navigation from this city to +Yarmouth and Lowestoft, between 1820 and 1840, and, therefore, will not +go over the same ground again. We need only add that the improvement has +been continued both by the authorities of Yarmouth and Lowestoft, that +the channel over Breydon has been deepened to seven feet at low water, +and that a handsome bridge has been built at Yarmouth, allowing of the +free ebb and flow of the tidal waters. The harbour at Lowestoft has also +been kept open, and the navigation from that port to the city is still +carried on by means of wherries and other vessels. These wherries are +peculiar to the rivers of Norfolk and Suffolk, and those used on the Yare +carry from fifteen to forty tons, drawing from three to four feet of +water. The mast is balanced by means of lead, so that one man can raise +and lower it, and on this the sail is hoisted, being extended by a gaff. +These vessels are well adapted for the windings of the stream, and are +generally navigated by two hands, one of them being often a boy, or the +wife of a waterman. The corporation has jurisdiction on the river from +Hellesdon Bridge to Hardley Cross, a distance of twenty-four miles. +This, however, does not interfere with the rights of landowners on the +banks, all of whom have their respective free fisheries, &c. Ten bridges +cross the river in its passage through the city and its suburbs. + +Norwich and Yarmouth must ever be united in the carrying trade by water, +as the river Yare flows into the sea. From the statements already made, +it will be seen that for centuries past Yarmouth has been the chief port +of the city and county; that from the city, and various towns in East +Norfolk, vast quantities of goods have been annually conveyed along the +Yare, Bure, and Waveney, to that port, to be thence shipped to all parts +of England; and that Norwich merchants have brought in the larger +proportion of their goods _viâ_ Yarmouth. + +In 1866, an act, the 29 and 30 Victoria, c 242, was passed for “the +conservanity and improvement of the port and haven of Great Yarmouth, and +the rivers connected therewith, also for the levying and abolishing of +tolls and duties, and for other purposes.” This was the last Yarmouth +Port and Haven Act, and under it, the tolls have been increased on all +vessels coming to Norwich. By clause 144, it was enacted that, “From and +after the 25th day of March, 1867, all monies received from time to time +by the Norwich corporation in respect of the Norwich tolls, shall be +applied by that corporation as follows:—First, in payment of interest on +the £4000 secured on the Norwich tolls, or so much thereof as from time +to time remains secured thereon; and after and subject to that payment. +Secondly, in payment of a compensation to the Norwich corporation for the +abandonment and cesser of the Norwich tolls, during the term of seven +years, commencing on the 25th day of March, 1867, in sums decreasing £100 +yearly, from £700 to £100. Thirdly, on payment of the principal of the +mortgage debts of £4000, or of so much thereof as from time to time +remains secured on the Norwich tolls.” + +Thus, the Norwich tolls will be extinguished in seven years from March, +1867; in 1874. + + +(_By Road and Rail_.) + + +Roads and railways are as necessary as rivers for the carrying trade, and +even more so. Formerly, roads were the chief means of transit, and the +great roads in the eastern counties were among the best in England. The +Romans made all the great roads from Norwich to Ipswich, Colchester, and +London; also from Norwich to Newmarket and London; and many others. + +After the commencement of the railway system, the merchants of Norwich +and other towns felt that they must be placed on an equality with other +parts of the kingdom. Various lines of railways were therefore +projected; acts of parliament were obtained; and the Eastern Counties +from London to Colchester, the Eastern Union from Colchester to Ipswich +and thence to Norwich; the Norfolk from Yarmouth; Norwich to Brandon and +thence to London; and the East Anglian lines, were made and opened. +Afterwards the East Suffolk line was opened from Yarmouth to Beccles, +Bungay, and Ipswich. The Norfolk line was opened in 1845, and caused an +entire change in the carrying trade of the district. The quantity of +goods sent along the line to London was soon 100,000 tons yearly, and +great quantities were sent by way of Ely and Peterborough to the large +towns in the north of England, from which also goods are brought to +Norwich. It is evident, therefore, that a vast amount of traffic, by sea +or land, was transferred to the railway. Goods which, prior to the +opening of the line were forwarded by road from Norwich into the interior +of the county, were sent by railway as far as Thetford, and thus escaped +the tonnage dues; and when the branch lines were opened from Lowestoft to +Beccles and Reedham, and from Wymondham to Dereham, Fakenham and Wells, +there was a still greater diversion of the traffic. Large quantities of +coal were sent by railway direct to Dereham, which soon became a depôt +for central Norfolk. From all the towns along its course, the new line +took the greater part of the carrying trade. It was soon a prosperous +line, and proved to be of great commercial advantage to the city. + +The opening of all the new lines immediately caused coaches to be +discontinued, and threw a deal of shipping out of employment at Yarmouth, +Lynn, and Wells. By railways large quantities of corn and malt were sent +to various towns that used to be sent by sea. Goods, too, from all parts +of the north of England were brought by railway into Norfolk and Norwich. +For a long time the chief part of the salt of England was produced in +Cheshire and sent down the river Weaver, which flows into the Mersey at +Liverpool, whence it was transhipped to Yarmouth, where the consumption +is immense, not less than 10,000 tons yearly being used for curing fish. +The greater part of the salt then used in the eastern district was sent +from Yarmouth through Norfolk and Suffolk by river conveyance; but since +the opening of the line from Ely to Peterborough, large quantities have +been sent by railway from Stoke Works, in Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, to +any station along the lines at the rate of a penny per ton per mile. +Thus large supplies of salt have been brought to the city and county. +What has taken place in regard to the trade in salt is only one example +of what has occurred in reference to the trade in any other kind of heavy +goods. The Norfolk main line was not laid out so much with a view to the +through traffic from any town to London, as to catch the traffic from the +city and county to the Midland and Northern Counties, by way of Ely and +Peterborough; and this object was completely attained, greatly to the +advantage of the city and county. + + * * * * * + +We subjoin a summary of the carrying trade for 1866–7. + +Goods carried by river inward 60,000 tons +Coal ,, ,, 70,000 ,, +Goods ,, Thorpe Station 30,000 ,, +Coal ,, ,, 17,000 ,, +Goods ,, Victoria Station 22,661 ,, +Coal ,, ,, 25,349 ,, +Goods ,, Trowse Station 17,616 ,, +Coal ,, ,, 16,706 ,, + 259,322 ,, + +Goods outward by river 100,000 tons +,, at Thorpe 53,000 ,, +,, at Trowse 20,434 ,, +,, at Victoria 7,534 ,, + 180,968 ,, + +Cattle inward at Trowse 57,058 +Sheep ,, ,, 76,154 +Pigs ,, ,, 9,855 + 143,067 + +Cattle outward at Trowse 35,083 +Sheep ,, ,, 59,063 +Pigs ,, ,, 12,493 + 106,639 + +Tonnage return of goods, coal, and fish, received at and forwarded from +Southtown Station, East Suffolk railway, from July 1866, to July 1867. + + Tons +Goods outwards 8,965 +,, inwards 10,306 +Fish outwards 15,207 +Coal ,, 122 + Total outwards 24,294 + Total inwards 10,306 + 34,600 + +The return for Vauxhall Station at Yarmouth, Norfolk railway, for the +corresponding period, gives the following results. + + Tons +Goods outwards 23,116 +,, inwards 14,817 +Fish outwards 8,014 +,, inwards 148 +Coal outwards 8,423 +,, inwards 910 + 32,328 + +Tonnage return for Lowestoft, for the year ending June 30th, 1867. + + Tons +Goods inwards 11,513 +,, outwards 9,069 + 20,582 +Fish inwards 42 +,, outwards 9,561 + 9,603 +Coal inwards 2,179 +,, outwards 13,979 + 16,158 + Total received 13,736 + Total forwarded 39,036 + Total traffic 52,772 + +Thus, it appears that a large proportion of the carrying trade of Norfolk +and Suffolk is through the ports of Yarmouth and Lowestoft. + +The goods sent away from Norwich by river, roads, and railways, consist +of yarns, which are produced here in large quantities, textile fabrics of +every description, boots and shoes to the extent of 12,000 dozen pairs +weekly, brushes, manufactured goods of every sort, corn, malt, beer, oil +cake, cotton cake, linseed oil, mustard, starch, flour, paper, general +drapery, grocery, and printed books. About 15,000 tons of cake for +fattening cattle are sent away yearly, and distributed over the eastern +counties. The goods brought into Norwich consist of raw materials of +every kind, stone, timber, iron, coal, corn, vast quantities of grocery +and drapery, wines, spirits, ales, porter, fruits, fish, game, &c., &c. + + + + +PART IV. +POLITICAL, ECCLESIASTICAL, RELIGIOUS, & EDUCATIONAL + + +CHAPTER I. +Political History. + + +WE have already recorded the chief political events of the last century, +and we shall now proceed to connect it with the present period by a brief +review of political meetings and elections. An account of all the +contested elections, in full detail, would be highly interesting if it +could be written, but unfortunately the local records are very imperfect +and unreliable. The public journals have been, of course, biassed by +party considerations, and from them it is impossible to derive an +impartial account. + +The English parliament has now attained the patriarchal age of 600 years. +The latest researches confirm the conclusions of the earlier historians, +that the year 1265 is the date of the first regal summons convoking the +great council of the nation, at least in its complete form, on a muster +of lords, spiritual and temporal, knights of the shire, and +representatives of cities and boroughs; and throughout the whole +sexcentenary period which has elapsed, the estates of the realm have been +convened at frequent intervals to advise the sovereign on national +affairs. Parliament gradually effected great advances in the cause of +liberty; for, at the time of granting taxes and aids, they generally +coupled such concessions with important provisions for the good of their +fellow-citizens and the community at large. + +Henry IV. directed a writ to the bailiffs by which four citizens of +Norwich were ordered to be returned to Parliament; but, the attendance of +members being then _paid for by their constituents_, the expense was an +object, and they therefore made interest to get the members reduced to +two only. Under the old charters of the city the freemen were entitled +to vote for members of parliament and members of the corporation; and +householders were not included in the list of voters till the Reform Act +of 1832. The old freemen, therefore, formed the greater part of the +constituency, and in the course of time became a very corrupt body here, +as well as in all other corporate towns. By the act of 1729, it was +provided “that at every election for burgesses in parliament, every one +that votes must swear that he hath been admitted to his freedom twelve +calendar months before that election, and that he hath not been polled at +that election before, or in case of an election of two members, but for +one person.” The Reform Act of 1832, however, extended the franchise to +£10 householders in towns, and gave them a preponderating power in +parliament. + +For many centuries the House of Commons represented only the landed +interest, and nearly all laws were in favour of the land-owners, who, +under pretence of protecting native industry, enacted laws to prevent or +to limit the importation of foreign corn. The great land-owners in the +House of Lords had their nominees, too, in the House of Commons, and +ruled the entire country. + +The first Revolution in France produced a wonderful effect on the +political and religious worlds. In the year 1790 commenced those great +and important events in France, which laid the foundation of the long war +that afterwards raged between that unfortunate empire and this country, +and which almost ruined Norwich. Party spirit here began to rage with +increased violence. The Tories were vehemently against the Revolution, +and the Whigs were equally earnest in its favour. It is well known, +indeed, that the unparalleled convulsions on the continent extended their +influence to England and Scotland, and raised a storm, although not so +disastrous, yet scarcely less permanent. The jealousies of government +had been excited to an unreasonable height, and the suspension of the +Habeas Corpus Act furnished the ministers with an opportunity of +gratifying all their revenge on political opponents. England, in short, +by the base, suspicious, and mean conduct of her rulers, became for a +short time the land of persecution and oppression. Many of the most +respectable men were imprisoned on frivolous charges, while others were +accused of high treason; and though acquitted by juries, yet imprisonment +injured their health, distressed their families, and exhausted their +property. These disgraceful transactions continued for some time, and +roused a strong feeling of indignation against the government of the day. + +Mr. Mark Wilks, a Baptist preacher in this city, of whose history we have +already given some extensive details (see p. 482), made himself very +prominent as an advocate of the Revolution, and of radical principles. +On July 14th, 1791, he preached two political discourses, before crowded +congregations, in defence of the Revolution in France, and these +discourses had a marked effect in the city; and he became a very active +political partizan, both in the city and county. He took a great +interest in Hardy and his associates, who had become involved in debt by +the great expenses of their trial. He instituted a subscription in all +parts of the kingdom to assist the sufferers; and on April 19th, 1795, he +preached two sermons in Norwich, in which he exposed with great severity +the injustice of the measures adopted against them, and vindicated their +characters and conduct. The collections, after the sermons, amounted to +a large sum. In one of his sermons, he said:— + + “In favour of Mr. Windham’s acquitted felons, (Thomas Hardy, John + Horne Tooke, Bonney, Kidd, Joyce, Holcroft, Richton, and Baxter, and + all their supposed associates in guilt), we may adduce their + peaceable and orderly demeanour in all their public and private + transactions. By whatever names men are called, whether loyalists or + republicans, whether Reevites or Jacobins, I will venture to say that + friends of anarchy are foes of society, and ought to be considered as + wolves scattering the shepherd’s flock, and dealt with accordingly. + But have we seen one atom of licentious wantonness, one spark of + civil discord in these friends of reform? No! the peaceable and + orderly deportment of these societies has been sufficient to convince + every unprejudiced mind how much they have acted under the influence + of that wisdom which cometh from above, which is in its nature + peaceable, and productive of good fruits. + + “The Jacobins in this city—and except at Paris there can have been + none greater—have given repeated demonstrations of their love of + peace. At a time when the starving poor felt an iniquitous + disposition to riot; when the friends of freedom were represented as + having formed a design of regulating markets, dividing farms, and + equalising property; and when the imbecile farmer credulously imbibed + the representation, the affiliated societies in this city published + this resolve, ‘_That if any member should break the peace by the + violation of existing laws_, _he should not only be excluded_, _but + delivered up into the hands of justice_.’ No exclusion, however, has + taken place in consequence of this resolution; and the reason has + been obvious—there has been no offence. The traitorous conspirators + (so called) in this city can call upon the Right Hon. W. Windham to + bear testimony to their love of peace. The opposition he experienced + last July, he very well knows arose from no personal disrespect, nor + from any view of incompetency on his part in point of talents, but + from a love of peace and an inveterate hatred of this accursed war. + Mr. Windham very well knows, that when he appeared in the character + of a true patriot, when it was his creed that ‘The influence of the + crown had _increased_, was _increasing_, and ought to be + _diminished_;’ when he avowedly acted as a spy on the executive + government; when he was found to be the vigilant guardian of the + life, liberty, and property of his constituents; when no horrid + imprecation from his all-erring lips had blasted our commercial + interests; when he had not learned to calumniate his constituents and + to impute the blackest crimes to the friends of his country; when he + had not apostatized from the sacred path marked out by a Hampden’s + and a Sydney’s blood; when he had not frowned on freedom and preached + the doctrine of extermination, he was respected—yes, loved; at least + by one, who has offended his best friends, sacrificed his interest, + and endangered his life to procure his present elevation. Mr. + Windham knows that he was never despised by the Whig interest in the + city, till he appeared in the character of a war minister, and the + enthusiastic abettor of the most disgraceful and perilous measures + ever pursued by weak and wicked men. Perhaps Mr. Windham may boast + that his friends in Norwich are not diminished, that he found as many + last July as he was wont to find. True, but where did he find them? + Where public money had paved his way! At the Back of the Inns, among + flannel-waistcoat manufacturers, in the precincts of the Cathedral, + and in many places and connexions where, on former occasions, he + would have been ashamed to have sought them. Here are those who by + the possession of places, contracts, promises, expectations, and + anticipations, are influenced to vote for all the measures of + government, right or wrong; and those who, connected with the above + description, are pleased with their prosperity and rejoice to see + them fatten, though on the public spoil. + + “Those, too, are to be met with here, who under the influence of + superstition and prejudice tremble for the safety of _Church and + King_. Nor are we without those brainless Gallios, by whom men and + measures are never weighed; who, devoid of sense and negligent of the + means which might make them wise, always see with the eyes of others, + and bow obsequious to their lordly wills. To the credit of the + nation, however, at the late election, a fifth class of citizens was + found, a class of freemen who, though called Jacobin levellers, could + not countenance a man of blood. These, averse to coercive measures, + averse to violence, averse to war, averse to the annihilation of + commerce, and alike averse to a nation’s ruin, turned their eyes to a + friend of peace; and in the person of Mr. Mingay found an unsullied + blank, on which 770 freemen wrote their protest against the measures + of the administration, the commencement and continuance of a dreadful + war. Let me ask Mr. Windham, let me ask the world, who are the best + men, the advocates of negociation, who wish to overcome evil with + good, or those who destroy the world by casting about firebrands, + arrows, and death? If the former, I will then assert that the + reputed conspirators are of that description, and deserve the + character of the best of men. + + “When the friends of freedom met to celebrate the deliverance of the + acquitted felons, had the duke of Portland known their character, our + present worthy mayor would have received no orders from his grace’s + office to parade the streets with constables to preserve the peace. + Had no curry-favour sycophant, no worthless candidate for the + receiver generalship, endeavoured to excite the jealousy of his + grace, the mayor would not have been necessitated to do what to him + was unpleasant, or of vindicating in his letter to the duke, which to + his honour he did, the injured character of his fellow-citizens. + + “Thank God! the traitorous conspirators need no militia, no barracks, + no standing army, no royal proclamations, no suspension of the Habeas + Corpus, to keep them quiet. Men of principle detest tumult; and in + their love of order and of peace, they find a restraint more powerful + than any government can impose. From their peaceful habitations the + savage whoop has not been heard; they have not assailed their quiet + neighbours, nor burnt the dwellings of God or man. But can this be + fairly said of their accusers? Have no anarchists, rioters, and + levellers been found among them? (alluding to events at Birmingham). + Ah! had that been happily the case, thy streets, O Birmingham, had + never been lighted by the rioter’s torch! nor Thy temples, blessed + God, reduced to ruins! Bigotry and persecution had not deprived us + of the most splendid talents, nor had philosophy been forced to seek + an asylum under calmer skies! Had the vain, the greedy, the + ambitious candidates for honour and emoluments in the army, the navy, + and the church been under the same influence that has governed the + hearts and directed the conduct of the friends of freedom, the + destroying sword had been lodged in its peaceful scabbard, there to + have slept an eternal sleep.” + +The preacher proceeded in the same eloquent manner to denounce the war +and its advocates, and to defend the friends of freedom and peace, who it +appears were numerous in this city, and who formed various associations +of, what was deemed, a radical character. The Tories also had their +political clubs under various names, and held weekly or monthly meetings +at different hotels or taverns. The Eldon Club, formed and named in +honour of Lord Eldon, is the only one that now remains, and the members +have long held their meeting at the Bell Inn, on the Castle Hill. For +some years the growing feeling here in favor of various pluses of reform, +manifested itself chiefly in contests for the representation of the city; +but gradually, public meetings and petitions to parliament became more +and more frequent, and during the few years which preceded the great +Reform Bill, were very numerous and often very excited. Amongst the +first subjects which called forth the indignant protests of the citizens +was that of the corn-laws. On Jan. 12th, 1815, a county meeting was held +at the Shirehall, when it was unanimously resolved to petition parliament +to take the corn-laws into consideration, on account of the depressed +prices of agricultural produce. The bill, fixing the protecting price of +wheat imported at 80s. per qr. and barley at 20s. per coomb, was this +session enacted. On February 8th, at a numerous meeting held at the +Guildhall, the mayor, (J. W. Robberds,) presiding, it was resolved to +petition the House of Lords against the bill, which had then passed the +House of Commons. The petition was signed by 13,000 citizens, but it +passed the House of Lords, and received the royal assent. Great +excitement prevailed, and on March 17th, Thomas William Coke, Esq. and +Lord Albemarle, both Liberals, were attacked by the populace, at the +cattle show, and pelted with stones, in consequence of the support which +they had given to the corn-laws. Fortunately, they escaped to the Angel +Inn (now the Royal Hotel), and afterwards from the city, but the tumult +raged so highly, that the riot act was read, and the Brunswick Hussars +were called out to quell the disturbance. + +In the following year (1816) the attention of the citizens was turned to +the question of Parliamentary Reform, and on the 14th October, a common +hall was held for the adoption of a petition in its favour. Mr. Edward +Taylor moved the adoption of the petition, and after congratulating the +meeting on having a representative, in the person of Mr. Smith, who was +an able and constant friend of the liberties of the people and of +Parliamentary Reform, he reminded the audience that it was in vain for +members of parliament to attempt to stem the torrent of corruption, +unless the people supported them. The people had been long inactive, but +he hoped to see the spirit of zeal and energy on behalf of this great +cause revived, and extend itself to the verge of the island; and that +petitions on the same principle as that about to be adopted by the +present meeting would be sent to the legislature from every part of the +kingdom. Mr. Firth had objected to the time as inappropriate. This he +(Mr. Taylor) regarded as the old Pitt cant, according to which it always +appeared that there were two seasons when any attempt to reform +parliament was improper; the former of these was a state of war, when it +was said that the ministers had something else to do besides redressing +public grievances; the other was a state of peace, when the objection was +that, all things being quiet, it was best not to disturb them. He (Mr. +Taylor), however, affirmed that it was no less the duty than the right of +the people of this country to call loudly for reform, especially at a +time when their burdens and distresses were so great. Surely they were +justified in asking for retrenchment in the public expenditure, when Lord +Bathurst alone took more of the nation’s money, than was sufficient to +maintain the poor of Norwich for a year. There was a long black list +exhibiting many more such; while, at the same time, our trade was +stagnant, and our poor rates increasing; and, therefore, he asked boldly +whether such persons as these, who were taking the public money, ought +not to be called on to disgorge some of the plunder. The petition was +adopted by acclamation, and then Mr. William Smith, M.P., for Norwich, +addressed the audience, approving of its prayer. + +Mr. E. Taylor attended many meetings elsewhere in favor of Reform in +Parliament. He took a very active part in local politics and was the +life and soul of his party at contested elections, whether for the city +or the council. He never connived at bribery or any improper practices. +On one occasion, during the excitement of a parliamentary election, a man +named Bradfield, a working brazier, was offered £30 to vote “orange and +purple.” Though sadly in want of money, he steadily refused the tempting +offer, which was repeatedly pressed upon him, and he voted +“blue-and-white!” The result was that he lost his employment, and fell +into great distress. Mr. Taylor having heard of the circumstance, +interested himself on behalf of the honest voter, and promoted a +subscription, by means of which he was furnished with tools, and enabled +to begin successfully on his own account. Many years afterwards, Mr. +Taylor, meeting him in the street, offered him the usual greeting of a +friend; but Bradfield, fresh from his work, excused himself on the ground +that his hands were “dirty.” His generous benefactor, however, would not +allow the force of the apology, declaring that the man’s hands could not +be very “dirty,” his conduct had shown that his heart and conscience were +so pure. Mr. Taylor, in short, was so much respected for his rectitude, +both political and religious, that it was no matter of surprise when he +was seen walking arm in arm with a political opponent. Mr. Taylor’s +electioneering labors were chiefly confined to serving on committees, +visiting clubs, canvassing voters, and haranguing the people. He was a +good speaker and always popular. On the platform, his strong good sense +and nervous eloquence rendered his speeches effective, and they derived +great weight from the known integrity of his character. If elections +could have been gained by arguments alone, his addresses would have been +more formidable to his opponents than they were. But there was often a +majority, which could be won to either side by “golden” arguments. + +So matters went on till 1822, when many political meetings were held, at +which Mr. Edward Taylor took an active part. On January 12th, he moved +and carried a resolution for Parliamentary Reform at a county meeting, +convened for the avowed object of considering “agricultural distress.” +On March 5th, he attended a Reform meeting at Bungay. On April 24th, he +attended another “agricultural distress” meeting, and carried a +resolution in favor of Parliamentary Reform. On May 11th, a county +meeting was held with the express object of petitioning for reform, and +resolutions were carried in favor of it. On Nov. 5th, Mr. Taylor +presided at the annual dinner of the Norwich Reform Club. + +The agitation for the repeal of the corn laws was continued in 1825, and +on April 18th a public meeting was held in St. Andrew’s Hall, where a +petition was adopted for a revision of the corn laws, which afterwards +received 14,385 signatures, and was forwarded on the 26th to be presented +to the House of Commons. Meetings were also held in the same year to +promote the abolition of slavery, a question which excited a good deal of +interest in this city; while the years from 1826 to 1829 were devoted +chiefly to agitations for the abolition of slavery and Roman Catholic +emancipation, counter petitions being sent to parliament in regard to the +latter by the Whig and Tory sections of the clergy. + +On June 29th, 1830, King William IV. was proclaimed, on the Castle Hill, +by the High Sheriff, the bells ringing in honour of the event. Next day +the king was proclaimed in the city, amid the cheers of the citizens; and +the mayor presided at a dinner, in celebration of His Majesty’s +accession, at the Norfolk Hotel. This king was believed to be in favour +of Reform and Retrenchment, and the liberal party always made him appear +to be so. But the correspondence of the late Earl Grey with his Majesty, +recently published, proves that the king entertained the question of +Reform with great reluctance, which was shared even by some of the Whig +ministers. Lord Grey himself wrote, January 16th, 1831,— + + “It has often been my wish to find the means of postponing it, but + the result of all my consideration has been that an attempt to do so + would be fatal to the character of the government, and would lead to + its dissolution under circumstances still more disastrous than those + which would follow such a result, if his Majesty were unfortunately + compelled, by a sense of duty, to withhold his assent from the + measure which may be submitted to him by his ministers. And other + members of the government itself interposed difficulties. Even Lord + Brougham objected, after the measure was drawn up, to the abolition + of the close boroughs, urging the argument that there would be no + means for getting seats for persons in the government,” &c. + +And Lord Grey seriously feared that on this point his lord chancellor +might “throw us over with the king!” The king would not hear of the +ballot, and he strongly objected to shortening the duration of parliament +to five years as proposed. At last all obstacles were removed, and on +March 4th, 1831, the bill was introduced by Lord John Russell into the +House of Commons. After a prolonged debate it was read a second time by +only a majority of one. It was defeated in committee on an amendment +against diminishing the number of English representatives. Then the +cabinet, by a minute, called on the king for a distinct answer to the +request for a dissolution. He yielded, avowing that the perils to follow +at home and abroad from a change of ministry were greater than could +arise from a dissolution. But he took occasion to recur to some of his +old objections, and to urge that the bill should be remodelled before +being re-introduced; and he pressed the condition, above all, of +resistance to extreme change. + +In consequence of the dissolution on the defeat of ministers on the +Reform Bill, an election took place in this city on April 29th, 1831. +The polling commenced next morning, Saturday, and was continued on the +following Monday and Tuesday. The numbers were for R. H. Gurney, Esq., +(L.) 2158; the Right Hon. Robert Grant, (L.) 2163; Sir Charles Wetherell, +(C.) 977; and Mr. M. T. Sadler, (C.) 964. The two former gentlemen were +declared duly elected. On the Monday evening the Tory polling booths +were pulled down and afterwards burned. + +On February 29th, 1832, Lord Viscount Sidmouth presented an address to +the king, signed by 2300 of the gentry, clergy, freemen, freeholders, and +other inhabitants of the city, praying his Majesty to “withhold his royal +sanction from any measure which might compromise the independence of +either branch of the legislature, and expressing their fullest confidence +in his paternal regard for his faithful people to preserve the +fundamental principles of the British constitution.” This petition was +in reference to a threatened creation of new peers in the House of Lords. +On May 14th, ministers having been again defeated on the Reform Bill, (by +a majority of thirty-five in the House of Lords,) a requisition was +presented to the mayor, Sir J. H. Yallop, to call a public meeting in +support of the bill. The mayor complied, and the meeting was called. A +procession was formed on the Castle Meadow, and being joined by a very +large body from Wymondham, carrying many banners and accompanied by bands +of music, proceeded to St. Andrew’s Hall, which was quite filled. The +mayor presided, and a petition was adopted praying the House of Commons +to stop all supplies till the bill was passed. The cry was for “the +bill—the whole bill, and nothing but the bill.” On June 5th, the +“Telegraph” coach arrived in the city with the news of the passing of the +Reform Bill, by a majority of eighty-four. A large number of people were +in waiting, and the moment the coach entered the top of St. Stephen’s +Street, the people on hearing the news loudly cheered, and the cheering +was continued along the whole line of the street into the Market Place. +A large party perambulated the city with a band playing lively airs, all +the evening, and on the following night a bonfire was kindled on the +Castle Ditches. During the month several public dinners were held to +celebrate the passing of the Reform Bill; and the 5th of the following +month was devoted to a special demonstration. The morning was ushered in +by the firing of cannon and the ringing of bells, and a procession having +been previously arranged, about 11 a.m. a large body of horsemen took up +their position on the Castle Ditches whence, headed by three mounted +trumpeters, and followed by the Norwich Political Union and electors of +the different wards, and accompanied by an immense concourse of +spectators, they passed through the principal streets of the city. The +electors afterwards proceeded to the Old Cricket Ground, where they were +regaled with roast beef, plum-pudding, and ale, and spent the rest of the +day in rural sports. + + +THE REFORMED PARLIAMENT. + + +The first election for the city, after the passing of the Reform Bill, +took place on December 10th, 11th, and 12th, 1832, with the following +result. + +Lord Viscount Stormont (C.) 2016 +Sir James Scarlett (C.) 1962 +R. H. Gurney, Esq. (L.) 1809 +H. B. Ker, Esq. (L.) 1765 + +The contest was a severe one, and the total number polled was 3807, +including 2283 freemen, 834 freeholders, and 690 occupiers. Gross +bribery prevailed, and a committee of investigation was at once +appointed, meetings were held, and subscriptions were collected from +house to house throughout the several parishes, in support of a petition +to parliament against the return of the sitting members. The petition +was presented by Mr. Grote on the 18th of Feb., 1833, and on the 4th of +April, intelligence reached the city by mail that a committee of the +House had declared the members duly elected, but that they had decided +that the petition was neither frivolous nor vexatious. At page 396 we +have already given some of the evidence afterwards taken in Norwich on +the subject, by the commissioners appointed to enquire into the state of +the municipal corporation. The decision of the parliamentary committee +was received with great surprise. On June 19th of the same year, the +Conservative ladies of Norwich, having previously subscribed for two +banners to be presented to Lord Stormont and Sir James Scarlett, the +presentation took place in the Council Chamber, in the presence of 150 +ladies, with several members of the corporation. Lord Viscount Stormont +attended, and Mr. Robert Scarlett was present on behalf of his father, +Sir James Scarlett. Mrs. Bignold, the mayoress, and Mrs. Preston +presented the banners amid great applause. + +The first Reformed Parliament assembled January 29th, 1833. It lasted +barely two years, for the dismissal of the Whig ministry by the king, and +the placing of Sir Robert Peel at the head of a Conservative government, +caused its dissolution on December 10th, 1834. + + _Election of January_ 6_th_ _and_ 7_th_, 1835. + +Lord Viscount Stormont (C.) 1892 +Hon. Robert C. Scarlett (C.) 1878 +Hon. Edward V. Harbord (L.) 1592 +Frank Offley Martin, Esq. (L.) 1585 + +The second Reformed Parliament assembled, Feb. 19th, 1835, and on the +26th an amendment on the address led to a division with the following +result:—for the amendment 309; against 302; majority against ministers, +7. This led to the resignation of the Peel administration; and Lord +Melbourne was recalled to the head of the government. The death of the +king led to a dissolution, on July 17th, 1837, and then followed the most +severe and costly contest that ever took place for the representation of +Norwich; bribery, intimidation, and treating, being carried on to a most +shameful extent; £40,000 is said to have been spent in the demoralization +of the electors. + + _The Election of July_ 25_th_, 1837. + +Marquis of Douro (C.) 1863 +Honorable R. C. Scarlett (C.) 1865 +Benjamin Smith (L.) 1843 +W. Mountford Nurse (L.) 1831 + +A petition was presented against the return of Lord Douro and Mr. +Scarlett, and the result was, that by arrangement the poll was +reduced—Douro, 1842; Smith, 1841; Scarlett, 1840; Nurse, 1829. +Consequently, Lord Douro and Mr. Smith were declared duly elected. + +The third Reformed Parliament assembled on Nov. 15th, 1837, and continued +till June 23rd, 1841. Another election took place on June 28th, 1841, +when the former members were again candidates. No polling took place at +this election, but it was rendered remarkable in consequence of the +Chartists and other electors being much opposed to the compromise, which +the exhausting contest of 1837 had induced the leaders of the Liberal and +Conservative parties to enter into, and an opposition of some kind was +resolved upon. Accordingly, after Lord Douro and Mr. Smith had been +nominated at the Guildhall, John Dover, a stalwart Chartist freeman, +proposed as a candidate, Mr. William Eagle, a barrister of Lakenheath, in +Suffolk. John Whiting, a £10-occupier, seconded the nomination, and a +show of hands was taken, which the sheriff declared to be in favor of +Lord Douro and Mr. Smith. Then Dover demanded a poll for Mr. Eagle, who +was not present. The under-sheriff thereupon required a guarantee for +the expenses, and some delay occurred. Many persons were applied to in +the emergency, but declined to give the guarantee required. Dover +ultimately withdrew the nomination on receiving £50 from certain parties, +as he alleged, for expenses which had been incurred. This soon became +known to the crowd of Chartists outside of the Guildhall, and a riot +ensued. When Dover came out they surrounded him, took his money from +him, and tore the clothes off his back. He escaped for the time, but on +the following day the mob found him again, and threatened to throw him +into the river, but he was rescued by the police. A petition was +subsequently presented, by Mr. Duncombe, to the House of Commons, signed +by 6000 inhabitants of Norwich, complaining of the return of Lord Douro +and Mr. Smith, but it led to no result, and they sat in the house till +the next election. + +The fourth Reformed Parliament assembled Aug. 19th, 1841, and was +dissolved July 23rd, 1847. Another election took place on July 29th, +1847. A very great effort was made at this election, by a large body of +voters, to break down the compromise which had been entered into in 1841; +and though not successful, it proved the difficulty of maintaining such +an arrangement in a large constituency. Mr. Parry, a Barrister of the +Home Circuit, was nominated by the extreme Liberal party. The result of +the poll was as follows:— + + _The Election of July_ 29_th_, 1847. + +Samuel Morton Peto (L.) 2448 +Marquis of Douro (C.) 1727 +John Humfreys Parry (L.) 1572 + +The fifth Reformed Parliament assembled on Sept. 21st, 1847, and its +dissolution took place in consequence of the accession to office of Lord +Derby’s ministry, on July 1st, 1852. A severe contest took place between +the Liberals and Conservatives, on July 8th, 1852, with the following +result. + + _The Election of July_ 8_th_, 1852. + +Samuel Morton Peto (L.) 2190 +Edward Warner (L.) 2145 +Marquis of Douro (C.) 1592 +Col. Lothian S. Dickson (C.) 1465 + +The sixth Reformed Parliament assembled on Nov. 4th, 1852, and an +election took place here in Dec., 1854. The vacancy in the +representation which caused this election, arose in consequence of Mr. +Peto having, in conjunction with his partners, undertaken to construct a +railway from Balaclava to Sebastopol, to assist the British army in +bringing the siege of that place to a successful conclusion. Though no +contract had been entered into by Mr. Peto with the government, he had to +resign his seat. Sir S. Bignold became a candidate in the Conservative +interest, and Anthony Hamond, Esq., for the Liberals. The contest ended +as follows:— + + _The Election of Dec._, 1854. + +Sir S. Bignold (C.) 1901 +Anthony Hamond (L.) 1635 + +The sixth Reformed Parliament was dissolved on March 21st, 1857, in +consequence of a resolution having been proposed by Mr. Cobden, in +condemnation of the proceedings of the ministry with regard to the +Chinese war. A division took place at an early hour, on March 4th—For +Mr. Cobden’s motion, 263; against, 247; majority against the government, +16. This caused an election here on March 28th, 1857. + + _The Election of March_, 1857. + +Lord Viscount Bury (L.) 2238 +Henry Wm. Schneider (L.) 2247 +Sir S. Bignold (C.) 1636 + +The seventh Reformed Parliament assembled April 30th, 1857. On Feb. +19th, 1858, Lord Palmerston, who commenced the session with a large +majority in his favour, was defeated on the Conspiracy to Murder Bill, by +234 to 215 votes. Lord Palmerston accordingly resigned, and was +succeeded by Lord Derby. An election took place on April 30th, 1859, and +another severe contest ensued between the Liberals and Conservatives, +with the following result:— + + _The Election of April_, 1859. + +Lord Viscount Bury (L.) 2154 +Henry Wm. Schneider (L.) 2138 +Sir S. Bignold (C.) 1966 +C. M. Lushington (C.) 1900 + +The eighth Reformed Parliament assembled May 31st, 1859; and Lord Derby, +being defeated on an amendment to the address, resigned. Lord Palmerston +again came into power, and Lord Bury was appointed Treasurer of the +Household. This occasioned a vacancy in the representation, and the +election took place on June 29th, 1859. + + _The Election of June_, 1859. + +Lord Viscount Bury (L.) 1922 +Sir S. Bignold (C.) 1561 +Colonel Boldero (C.) 39 + +The election of Lord Bury and Mr. Schneider, on April 30th, 1859, having +been declared void on the ground of bribery (which had been shamefully +resorted to on both sides) by a committee of the House of Commons, on +July 30th, 1859, and the subsequent election of Lord Bury, on June 29th, +having been also declared void, writs were ordered, on March 23rd, 1860, +to be issued for the election of two members. This led to a grand trial +of the strength of the two parties here on March 29th, 1860, with the +following result:— + + _The Election of March_, 1860. + +Edward Warner (L.) 2083 +Col. Sir Wm. Russell (L.) 2045 +Wm. David Lewis (C.) 1631 +Wm. Forlonge (C.) 1636 + +The eighth Reformed Parliament, during the existence of which Lord +Palmerston continued premier, was dissolved on Thursday, July 6th, 1865. +The nomination for this city was appointed to take place on Tuesday, July +11th. + + _The Election of July_, 1865. + +Mr. Warner and Sir William Russell offered themselves for re-election. +The Conservatives, however, undismayed by past defeats, determined again +to contest the representation. At a large meeting of the party, held at +the Norfolk Hotel on Saturday evening, July 1st, Sir S. Bignold, who +presided, after opening the proceedings, introduced Robert Edmond Chester +Waters, Esq., of Upton Park, Dorsetshire, to the electors present, who +resolved unanimously to support him as one of the Conservative +candidates. At a meeting subsequently held in the third ward, Augustus +Goldsmid, Esq., was introduced and accepted as the second candidate. The +electors knew very little about the antecedents of either gentlemen, and +never supposed that Mr. Waters had been a candidate in the Liberal +interest, and a member of the Reform Club. He was a young man and a good +speaker, and by his eloquence and address greatly pleased his numerous +supporters. On the Friday following, however, in the two local Liberal +newspapers, the _Norfolk News_ and the _Norwich Mercury_, and at a large +meeting of Liberal electors in St. Andrew’s Hall, certain serious charges +were made affecting the character of Mr. Waters, which charges, it was +alleged, had led to his “retirement” from the Reform Club, of which he +had once been a member; and the Conservatives were challenged to +investigate the truth of the charges. Mr. Waters himself indignantly +denied them, and issued a circular stating that he had ordered legal +proceedings to be instituted against the authors of the slanders. He +also addressed a great meeting in St. Andrew’s Hall in his own defence, +and vehemently denounced his calumniators. The challenge of the Liberals +was accordingly accepted, and Mr. H. S. Patteson and Mr. E. Field were +appointed on behalf of the Conservative committee to accompany Dr. +Dalrymple and Mr. J. H. Tillett to London, to examine the books of the +Reform Club, and make other investigations. In the meantime the +Conservative committee issued an appeal to the electors, expressing +themselves satisfied with the proofs Mr. Waters had submitted to them of +his position in society, and asking them to suspend their judgment until +the return of the deputation from London. On the Monday, the gentlemen +forming the deputation proceeded to London, and in the course of the day, +a telegram, unfavourable to Mr. Waters, was received by the committee in +the city, which resulted in the following notice being issued:— + + “FELLOW CITIZENS; in consequence of a telegram just received, we feel + it our duty to withdraw our support from Mr. Waters, as one of the + candidates for the city. The other gentlemen who signed the previous + paper are absent from Norwich. Signed, Fred. Brown, J. B. Morgan, F. + E. Watson, Henry Ling. Norwich, 10th July, 1865.” + +As may be supposed, this telegram caused great consternation among the +Conservatives, many of whom resolved to support Mr. Waters +notwithstanding. Indignation meetings of a large section of the party +were held at various taverns in the city, and Mr. Waters was received +with greater enthusiasm than ever. At a meeting held in the evening, Mr. +Waters addressed his friends, and the Hon. Major Augustus Jocelyn also +spoke, bearing testimony to the high personal character of Mr. Waters. +This only confirmed the gentlemen of his committee in their previous +decision, whereupon Mr. Waters declared his determination to stand +independently, and he continued his candidature. + +The nomination took place on Tuesday, July 11th, in the Guildhall, which +was crowded by partisans. The sheriff (C. Jecks, Esq.) presided as +returning officer. Sir William Foster, Bart., nominated Edward Warner, +Esq., of Higham Hall, Woodford, Essex, as a fit and proper person to +represent the city of Norwich in parliament. Mr. E. Willett seconded and +Mr. J. J. Colman supported the nomination, amid much applause. Dr. +Dalrymple nominated Sir William Russell, Bart., C.B., of Charlton Park, +Gloucestershire; Mr. J. H. Tillett seconded and Mr. Donald Steward +supported the nomination. Mr. J. G. Johnson nominated Augustus Goldsmid, +Esq., Barrister-at-law; Mr. Patteson seconded and Mr. J. B. Morgan +supported the nomination. Mr. R. P. Wiseman nominated Robert Edmond +Chester Waters, Esq., of Upton Park, Dorsetshire; Mr. J. Allen (surgeon) +seconded and Mr. John Hardy supported the nomination. The sheriff then +called for a show of hands, and declared it to be in favour of Mr. Warner +and Sir William Russell. Mr. J. G. Johnson demanded a poll on behalf of +Mr. Goldsmid, and Mr. Wiseman for Mr. Waters. The polling took place on +Wednesday and was kept up with great spirit; at the close the numbers +were:— + +Sir William Russell (L.) 1845 +Edward Warner (L.) 1838 +Augustus Goldsmid (C.) 1466 +R. E. Chester Waters (C.) 1363 + +The House of Commons, as organised in 1832, performed, during the +thirty-five years of its existence, a work of the first magnitude, the +repealing of the old and bad corn laws. It also swept away the +navigation laws, the paper and newspaper taxes, the window duties, and +every restriction which impeded the progress of industry. But a new +House of Commons was needed, a House that should represent not only the +middle but also the working classes, not only capital but labour. For +this purpose, a new Reform Bill became necessary, to lower and extend the +franchise to all householders, to give at least every rate-payer a vote, +to enable working-men to help in returning members to Parliament. After +Lord Palmerston’s death a new government was formed; and in 1866, Mr. +Gladstone brought in another Reform Bill, which was not accepted, and on +an adverse division, respecting a rating clause, the ministry resigned. +Lord Derby came into office, and Mr. Disraeli introduced a Bill for +Household Suffrage, on terms based on rate-paying by the occupiers. This +Bill, which swept away all “compounding” for rates, was passed in 1867, +and under it the number of voters in Norwich was increased from five to +twelve thousand. In 1868, ministers were defeated by a majority of more +than sixty, on a motion by Mr. Gladstone for the dis-establishment and +dis-endowment of the Irish church, and the government determined to +appeal to the new constituency. + + + +CHAPTER II. +Political History—(_Continued_.) + + +_The Election of Nov._, 1868. + + +IN consequence of the passing of the New Reform Bill in 1867, this +election had been long anticipated, and preparations for it had been for +some months in progress by the re-organisation of the three parties—the +Conservatives, the Whigs, and the Radicals, the last of which was now +numerically the strongest of the three. At the commencement of the year, +a general committee of forty delegates, five from each of the eight +wards, was formed in the Tory interest, in order to be prepared for the +coming struggle. This general committee, consisting of middle-class and +working-men, was intended to supersede a junta of the more influential +men of the party, who were accused of having mis-managed every election +for the last twenty years; and they set to work at once to form a general +Conservative Association, and to some extent, succeeded, while the old +leaders kept aloof from all the proceedings, Mr. G. Johnson, Mr. E. +Field, Mr. F. E. Watson, Mr. J. S. Skipper, Mr. F. Brown, Mr. J. B. +Morgan, Mr. H. Morgan, and others, who had been active partisans, seldom +putting in an appearance at any political meetings. After re-organising +their party, the new committee of forty cast about for a popular +candidate, and fixed upon Sir R. J. H. Harvey, Bart., the late member for +Thetford, which had just been disfranchised, but after a long +consideration of the matter he politely declined, and though again and +again solicited, he still refused to come forward. After various +fruitless negociations with other parties, the new committee however at +last requested Sir Henry Stracey, Bart., of Rackheath, to contest the +representation of the city; and though he hesitated for some time, at +last he consented to do so, and issued a short address. He attended many +ward meetings of his party at different places, and one great meeting in +St. Andrew’s Hall. Sir S. Bignold presided and spoke strongly in favour +of the hon. baronet, who declared himself to be a Protestant churchman; a +friend of church and state, and of all the time-honoured institutions of +the country; a supporter of Disraeli’s ministry; and an opponent of all +radical changes. Sir Henry also, by request, attended a meeting of the +Licensed Victuallers, at the Hop-Pole Gardens, and having promised to +oppose the Permissive Bill and to vote for a redress of their grievances, +the meeting passed a resolution to support him at the coming election. + +During the autumn, the Whigs held several meetings at the Royal Hotel, +and after much discussion resolved to support the old members, Sir +William Russell and Mr. Edward Warner. Those gentlemen accordingly came +to Norwich by the invitation of the Whigs and addressed the electors, but +were not favourably received by the meeting, most of those present being +advanced Liberals. In consequence of this, they retired till the +Liberals should be more united. The working-men, in fact, had also held +many previous meetings, and were resolved to have their own candidate, +and they nominated Jacob Henry Tillett, who had laboured for them for so +many years. To achieve their end, they formed a very extensive +Organization, embracing all the wards in the city; canvassed the +electors, and registered every one in every parish who promised to vote +for their candidate; and in a short time they registered 4000 voters for +Mr. Tillett, and were very confident of success. The consequence was +that when Sir Henry Stracey came forward, the Whigs, in view of a strong +contest, agreed to combine with the advanced section of the Liberals, and +a meeting was held of both sections, who resolved to support Sir William +Russell and Mr. Tillett—Sir William Foster, presiding. Those two +gentlemen accordingly issued a joint address, promising to support the +same Liberal principles and measures. The Conservatives too, in view of +the coming contest, forgot their past differences, and worked together +most energetically. + +The nomination took place on November 16th. As soon as the sheriff (J. +Robison, Esq.) had taken his seat, the Guildhall was filled with a +roaring, shouting, and groaning crowd, who exercised their lungs most +vigorously, to express their approval or disapprobation of the views of +the different prominent members of either party, as they made their +appearance by twos and threes at the magistrates’ entrance to the court. +For aught that could be said to the contrary by those a few feet distant, +the reading of the writ and the administering of the oath to the sheriff +seemed to be but dumb show. + +After the sheriff had opened the proceedings, Mr. H. Birkbeck nominated +Colonel Sir William Russell, Baronet. + +Mr. John Youngs seconded and Mr. S. Daynes supported the nomination. + +Sir S. Bignold said he begged to nominate Sir Henry Josias Stracey, +Baronet, of Rackheath, their opulent neighbour and brother elector. + +Mr. W. J. U. Browne seconded and Mr. J. G. Johnson supported the +nomination. + +Mr. J. J. Colman said he had great pleasure in nominating Jacob Henry +Tillett, Esq., of the city of Norwich. + +Mr. A. M. F. Morgan seconded and Mr. C. J. Bunting supported the +nomination. + +The sheriff, having read aloud the names of the candidates, put them in +the order of their nomination, and after taking the show of hands on +each, declared that it was in favor of Sir William Russell and Jacob +Henry Tillett, Esq. + +Sir S. Bignold then demanded a poll on behalf of Sir H. J. Stracey, and +the proceedings terminated with a vote of thanks to the sheriff for +presiding, moved by Mr. J. G. Johnson, and seconded by Mr. J. J. Colman. + +The departure of the candidates from the Hall was witnessed by some two +thousand persons, who warmly greeted their respective favorites. A very +large crowd followed Mr. J. J. Colman and Mr. Donald Steward to the +Liberal head-quarters—the Royal Hotel—cheering most enthusiastically for +the Liberal candidates. + +The polling took place on the next day, and the following shows the state +of the poll as issued at intervals by the Conservatives, from which it +will be seen that, though Mr. Tillett was at the bottom at four o’clock, +they themselves show him to have had a majority of forty-seven votes, +even so late as half-past three, and that the Tory poll was increased in +the last half-hour by no fewer than 561! + + 9 O’CLOCK. 9.30 O’CLOCK. +Stracey (C.) 804 Stracey 1249 +Russell (L.) 775 Russell 1233 +Tillett (L.) 797 Tillett 1225 + 10 O’CLOCK. 10.30 O’CLOCK. +Stracey 1624 Stracey 1981 +Russell 1686 Russell 2125 +Tillett 1656 Tillett 2071 + 11 O’CLOCK. 11.30 O’CLOCK. +Stracey 2364 Stracey 2601 +Russell 2628 Russell 2892 +Tillett 2569 Tillett 2816 + 12 O’CLOCK. 12.30 O’CLOCK. +Stracey 2787 Stracey 2965 +Russell 3057 Russell 3165 +Tillett 2974 Tillett 3084 + 1 O’CLOCK. 1.30 O’CLOCK. +Stracey 3116 Stracey 3239 +Russell 3326 Russell 3430 +Tillett 3217 Tillett 3327 + 2 O’CLOCK. 2.30 O’CLOCK. +Stracey 3383 Stracey 3578 +Russell 3550 Russell 3744 +Tillett 3443 Tillett 3637 + 3 O’CLOCK. 3.30 O’CLOCK. +Stracey 3760 Stracey 3960 +Russell 3930 Russell 4203 +Tillett 3812 Tillett 4007 + 4 O’CLOCK. +Stracey 4521 +Russell 4509 +Tillett 4364 + +The following are the numbers polled in each ward: + + Russell. Tillett. Stracey. +First Ward 273 260 507 +Second Ward 284 242 281 +Third Ward 1269 1249 1163 +Fourth Ward 140 118 207 +Fifth Ward 314 281 450 +Sixth Ward 855 883 665 +Seventh Ward 886 864 879 +Eighth Ward 488 467 369 + 4509 4364 4521 + +The result of the polling was of course a terrible disappointment to the +Liberal candidates, and especially to Mr. Tillett’s friends, who had +reckoned upon his return as certain. They had not, however, anticipated +the corrupt means which were adopted to secure the return of Sir Henry +Stracey. As soon, however, as the contest was at an end, Mr. Tillett +resolved to petition against the hon. baronet’s return, and the trial +took place in the Shirehall, before Mr. Baron Martin, on Friday, +Saturday, and Monday, the 15th, 16th, and 18th of January, and ended in +Sir Henry Stracey’s election being declared void on the ground of bribery +by his agents. + + * * * * * + +The appeal to the country was made, it will be remembered, on Mr. +Gladstone’s declared policy of dis-establishing the Irish church, and the +result of the general election showed so decided a majority in Mr. +Gladstone’s favor, that before the new House of Commons assembled, Mr. +Disraeli resigned, and Mr. Gladstone assumed the reins of government. +The House met for the swearing in of members on the 10th of December; and +adjourned to February 16th, 1869, for the despatch of business. + + +MEMBERS FOR NORWICH. + + +The following is a list of the burgesses who served in parliament for +this city, according to the earliest accounts. The figures set before +the names denote the year of each king or queen’s reign. + + _Edward I._ 1272. + 26. Adam de Toftes John le Graunt + 27. Robert de Holveston Roger de Tudenham + 28. Robert de Holveston Roger de Tudenham + 30. Roger de Tudenham Robert de Weston + 31. John le Graunt John de Morle + 32. John le Graunt John de Morle + 33. Jeff. de Norwich Ralph de Burewode + 34. William de Wichingham Henry Gare + _Edward II._ 1307. + 1. John de Morle John Sparrowe + 1. Tho. Butt Thomas de Hakeford + 2. John de Morle John Benediscite + 4. John de Morle John Sparowe + 5. John de Morle John Sparowe + 6. John de Corpesty Thomas Butt + 6. William de Wichingham John de Ellingham + 7. William de Wichingham John de Ellingham + 8. Roger de St. Austin John de la Salle + 8. John Sparrowe Roger Fitz Hugh + 12. John de Morle Peter de Scothow + 15. John Flynt Thomas de Byntree + 16. John de Morle, jun. Robert de Hakeford + 19. Wm. de Strumpsawe William de Wichingham + 20. William Bateman William Butt + +In the next reign the members for the city were paid £7 6s. 8d. for their +attendance in parliament. + + _Edward III._ 1327. + 1. John de Morle Thos. Butt + 2. Thos. Butt Reginald de Gurmuncestre + 2. Richard Arundel John de Morle + 4. Thos. Butt John Ymme + 4. Thos. Butt William de Horsford + 5. Thos. Butt John de Snyterton + 6. Thos. Butt Peter de Hakeford + 7. Thos. Butt Peter de Hakeford + 8. John de Morle Peter de Hakeford + 8. Thos. Butt Peter de Hakeford + 9. John de Berney Peter de Hakeford + 9. William Butt Thomas Butt + 11. Thomas de la Rokele John le Grey + 12. Robert Bendish William de Wichingham + 12. Thomas de la Rokele Edmund Cosyn + 14. Robert de Wyleby John Fitz John + 15. Richard de Bytering Robert de Bumpstede + 17. John Ymme Peter de Hakeford + 17. John Ymme John de Morle + 20. Robert de Poleye John de Plumstede + 21. Edmund Cosyn John de Hakeford + 22. Robert de Poleye Peter de Hakeford + 24. Richard de Bytering Robert de Bumpstede + 26. Roger Hardegray + 27. Richard de Bytering Robert de Bumpstede + 28. Robert de Bumpstede Edmund Sturmere + 29. Roger Hardegray Robert de Bumpstede + 31. Roger Hardegray William Sky + 33. John de Morle John le Grant + 34. Roger Hardegray Richard de Bytering + 36. Robert de Bumpstede Walter de Bixton + 42. John de Knateshall William de Blickling + 45. John Latymer + 46. Richard Fishe Jeffery Seawale + 47. John de Stoke William Gerrard + 49. Bartho. de Appelyard William de Blickling + 50. Robert Popingeay Thomas Spynk. + +Many of the foregoing list are evidently Norman names. The members, +returned almost every year and paid for their services, had little to do +except to vote supplies to the reigning sovereign. + + _Richard II._ 1377. + + 1. William de Bixton Peter de Alderford + 2. Walter de Bixton Henry Lomynour + 3. Walter de Bixton Thomas Spynk + 4. John Latymer Robert de Bernham + 5. John de Well Walter de Bixton + 5. John de Well William Gerrard + 6. William Blickling Walter de Bixton + 7. Walter de Bixton William Appleyard, jun. + 7. William Gerrard John Parlet + 8. William Appleyard Thomas Gerrard + 9. Clement Hereward William Appleyard + 10. Walter Niche Walter de Bixton + 10. Walter de Bixton Thomas Spynk + 11. William Appleyard Walter de Bixton + 12. Walter de Bixton John de Multon + 13. Henry Lomynour Walter de Bixton + 14. Walter de Bixton William Everard + 14. William Appleyard Thomas Gerrard + 15. Walter de Bixton Thomas Gerrard + 16. William Everard John de Multon + 17. Henry Lomynour William Everard + 18. William Appleyard Henry Lomynour + 19. William Appleyard Thomas Gerrard + 20. William Appleyard Henry Lomynour + 21. Walter de Bixton Richard White + 22. Henry Lomynour Roger de Blickling + + _Henry IV._ 1399. + + 1. Henry Lomynour William de Blickling + 2. Edmund Warner William de Crakeford + 2. Edmund Warner Walter de Eton + 3. William Appleyard William de Crakeford + 5. William Everard Walter de Eton + 7. Walter de Eton Robert Dunston + 10. Robert Dunston William Ampulford + 13. Thomas Gerrard Bartholomew Appleyard + 14. Bartholomew Appleyard John Alderford + 14. William Sedeman John Biskelee + + _Henry V._ 1413. + + 1. Robert Brasier Robert Dunston + 2. Robert Brasier John Alderford + 2. William Sedeman Richard Spurdance + 3. John Biskelee Robert Dunston + 3. Henry Rafman William Sedeman + 4. John Biskelee William Appleyard {672} + 5. John Brasier Robert Dunston + 7. Walter Eton John Alderford + 7. William Appleyard John Biskelee + 8. Robert Baxter John Dunston + 9. Robert Dunston Henry Pekyng + + _Henry VI._ 1422. + + 1. Robert Dunston Richard Moneslee + 2. John Gerrard Richard Moneslee + 3. Walter Eton John Gerrard + 4. Simon Cocke Richard Diverose + 6. Thomas Ingham John Alderford + 7. + 8. Thomas Wetherby Thomas Ingham + 9. Richard Moneslee Robert Chappeleyn + 10. John Gerrard Richard Moneslee + 11. Richard Moneslee William Ashwell + 12. Richard Moneslee William Ashwell + 13. + 14. John Gerrard William Ashwell + 15. Thomas Wetherby John Toppys + 20. John Gerrard Gregory Draper + 23. Thomas Ingham Robert Toppys + 25. John Gerrard Gregory Draper + 27. Robert Toppys Ralph Segryme + 28. William Ashwell William Hempstede + 29. William Ashwell John Damme + 31. William Barley John Jenny + 33. William Ashwell John Drolle + 38. Richard Browne John Chyttock + 38. Edward Cutler John Burton + + _Edward IV._ 1461. + + 1. Robert Toppys Edward Cutler + 2. Thomas Elys William Skippewith + 7. Henry Spelman Richard Hoste + 12. John Aubrey Thomas Bokenham + 17. John Jenny Henry Wilton + + _Richard III._ 1483. + + 1. Robert Thorp John Marleburgh + + _Henry VII._ 1485. + + 1. John Paston Philip Curzon + 4. Robert Thorp Thomas Caus + 4. Thomas Jenny Robert Thorp + 7. John Pyncheamore Philip Curzon + 11. Stephen Bryan Robert Thorp + 12. James Hobart Thomas Caus + 12. Robert Thorp Robert Burgh + 19. Robert Burgh John Rightwise + + _Henry VIII._ 1509. + + 2. John Clerk Robert Harrydance + 6. John Pyncheamore Philip Curzon + 33. William Rogers Augustine Steward + + _Edward VI._ 1547. + + 6. Thomas Marsham Alexander Mather + 6. Thomas Marsham Alexander Mather + + _Mary_. 1553. + + 1. Thomas Gawdy Richard Catlyn + 1. Henry Ward John Ball + 2. John Corbet Alexander Mather + 3. John Aldrich Thomas Grey + 4. Thomas Gawdy Thomas Sotherton + + _Elizabeth_. 1558. + + 1. Edward Flowerdew John Aldrich + 5. Robert Mitchels Thomas Parker + 13. John Blenerhasset Robert Suckling + 14. John Aldrich Thomas Beaumont + 27. Christopher Layer Simon Bowde + 28. Robert Suckling Thomas Layer + 31. Francis Rugge Thomas Gleane + 35. Robert Houghton Robert Yarrum + 39. Thomas Sotherton Christopher Layer + 43. Alexander Thurston John Pettus + + _James I._ 1603. + + 1. Sir Henry Hobart, Knt. John Pettus + 12. Sir Thomas Hyrne, Knt. Rice Gwynne + 18. Sir Richard Rosse, Knt. William Denny + 21. Sir Thomas Hyrne, Knt. William Denny + + _Charles I._ 1625. + + 1. Sir Thomas Hyrne, Knt. William Denny + 1. John Suckling, Knt. Thomas Hyrne, Knt. + 3. Peter Gleane, Knt. Robert Debney + 15. Richard Harman Richard Catlyn + + _The Commonwealth_. 1649. + + 1. Richard Harman Richard Catlyn + 8. Bernard Church John Hobart + 10. John Hobart William Barnham + + _Charles II._ 1660. + + 1. William Barnham Thomas Rant + 2. Christopher Jay Francis Corey + 18. William Paston Augustine Briggs + 19. William Paston Augustine Briggs + 20. William Paston Augustine Briggs + 22. William Paston Augustine Briggs + + _James II._ 1685. + + 1. Robert Paston Sir Nevil Catlyn, Knt. + 4. Sir Nevil Catlyn, Knt. Robert Davy + +The following is a list of the members of parliament from the Revolution +in 1688 to the passing of the Reform Bill, and the state of the poll at +each contested election in all cases where a record of the figures could +be found. + + _James II._ + + January 7th, 1688. +Sir Nevil Catlyn, Knt. Robert Davy, Esq., Recorder + December 11th, 1688. Convention Parliament +Sir Nevil Catlyn, Knt. Thomas Blofield, Esq., Alder. + + _William and Mary_. + + February, 1689. +Thomas Blofield, Esq. Hugh Bokenham, Esq. + December 3rd, 1694. +John Ward, Esq., in the room of Hugh Bokenham, +deceased. + + _William III._ + + 1695. +T. Blofield, Esq. Francis Gardiner, Esq. + July, 1698. +Robert Davy, Esq., Recorder Thomas Blofield, Esq. + 1700. +Robert Davy, Esq. Thos. Blofield, Esq. + Nov. 19th, 1701. +Edward Clarke, Esq. 1142 Peter Thacker, Esq. 1041 +Robert Davy, Esq. 1042 Thomas Blofield, Esq. 759 + +Mr. Sheriff Nall alone returned Mr. Clarke and Mr. Davy (the other +sheriff dissenting), and after a scrutiny the House of Commons declared +them duly elected, by deciding that the choice of the electors of any +candidate, not being a freeman, renders him a free citizen or burgess to +all intents and purposes. + + _Queen Anne_. + + 1702. +Robert Davy, Esq. 1318 Edward Clarke, Esq. 955 +Thos. Blofield, Esq. 1260 Charles Lord Paston 933 + 1703. +Captain Thomas Palgrave _vice_ Mr. Davy, deceased. + 1704. +Waller Bacon, Esq. 1281 Thomas Blofield, Esq. 1136 +John Chambers, Esq. 1267 Capt. Thos. Palgrave 1074 + May 19th, 1708. +Waller Bacon, Esq. 1521 Thos. Blofield, Esq. 1189 +John Chambers, Esq. 1412 James Brogden, Esq. 289 + Oct. 18th, 1710. +Robt. Bene, Esq., mayor 1315 Waller Bacon, Esq. 1107 +R. Berney, Esq., steward 1298 S. Gardner, Esq., recor. 1078 + + _George I._ + + Aug. or Sept. 1713. +Robert Bene, Esq. 1282 Waller Bacon, Esq. 1141 +Richard Berney, Esq. 1272 Robert Britiffe, Esq. 1170 + Feb. 2nd, 1715. +Walter Bacon, Esq. 1662 Robert Bene, Esq. 1326 +Robert Britiffe, Esq. 1652 Richard Berney, Esq. 1319 + April 3rd, 1722. +Waller Bacon, Esq. Robert Britiffe, Esq. + + _George II._ + + Aug. 30th, 1727. +Robert Britiffe, Esq. 1628 Miles 1265 + Branthwayt, + Esq. +Waller Bacon, Esq. 1542 Richard Berney, 1188 + Esq. + May 19th, 1734. +Horatio Walpole, Esq. 1785 Sir Ewd. Ward, 1621 + Bart. +Waller Bacon, Esq. 1749 Miles 1567 + Branthwayt, + Esq. + February 19th, 1735. +In the room of W. Bacon, 1820 Miles 1486 +deceased, Thomas Vere, Esq. Branthwayt, + Esq. + May 6th, 1741. +Horatio Walpole, Esq. 1771 William Clarke, 829 + Esq. +Thomas Vere, Esq. 1621 + 1747. +Rt. Hon. Horatio Walpole Rt. Hon. John Lord Hobart + April 15th, 1754. +Rt. Hon. Horatio Walpole Rt. Hon. John Lord Hobart + Dec. 29th, 1755. +Lord Hobart having accepted the office of Comptroller of His +Majesty’s Household, was re-elected. + June 25th, 1756. +Edward Bacon, Esq. _vice_ H. Walpole, created Lord Walpole. + Dec. 8th, 1756. +Harbord Harbord, Esq. _vice_ Lord Hobart, who succeeded his father as +Earl of Buckinghamshire, September 22nd. + July 2nd, 1760. +Edward Bacon, Esq., having accepted the office of one of the +Commissioners of Trade, was re-elected. + + _George III._ + + March 27th, 1761. +Harbord Harbord, Esq. 1729 Nockold 718 + Tompson, Esq. +Edward Bacon, Esq. 1507 Robert Harvey, 499 + Esq. + March 18th, 1768. +Harbord Harbord, Esq. 1812 Thomas Beevor, 1136 + Esq. +Edward Bacon, Esq. 1596 + October, 1774. +Sir Harbord Harbord, Edward Bacon, +Bart. Esq. + September 11th, 1780. +Sir Harbord Harbord 1382 William 1069 + Windham, Esq. +Edward Bacon, Esq. 1199 John Thurlow, 1103 + Esq. + April 5th, 1784. +Sir Harbord Harbord 2305 Hon. Henry 1233 + Hobart +William Windham, Esq. 1297 + September 15th and 16th, 1786. +Sir Harbord Harbord, Bart., called up to the House of Peers, being +created Lord Suffield. +Hon. Henry Hobart 1450 Robert John 10 + Buxton, Esq. +Sir Thos. Beevor, Bart. 1383 +A select committee of the House of Commons determined this to be a +void election, March 9th, 1787. + March 15th, 1787. +Hon. Henry Hobart 1393 Sir Thos. 1313 + Beevor Bart. + June 8th, 1790. +Hon. Henry Hobart 1492 Sir Thos. 656 + Beevor, Bart. +William Windham, Esq. 1361 + July 12th, 1794. +Mr. Windham having vacated his seat by accepting the office of +Secretary at War. +Rt. Hon. W. Windham 1236 James Mingay, 770 + Esq. + May 25th, 1796. +Hon. Henry Hobart 1622 Bartlett 1076 + Gurney, Esq. +Rt. Hon. W. Windham 1159 + May 27th, 1799. +In the room of Mr. 1345 Robert 1186 +Hobart deceased, John Fellowes, Esq. +Frere, Esq. + July 5th, 1802. +Robert Fellowes, Esq. 1532 Rt. Hon. W. 1356 + Windham +William Smith, Esq. 1439 John Frere, 1328 + Esq. + November 3rd and 4th, 1806. +John Patteson, Esq. 1733 William Smith, 1333 + Esq. +Robert Fellowes, Esq. 1370 + May 4th, 1807. +John Patteson, Esq. 1474 Robert 546 + Fellowes, Esq. +William Smith, Esq. 1156 + October 7th, 1812. +William Smith, Esq. 1544 John Patteson, 1221 + Esq. +Charles Harvey, Esq. 1349 + June 17th and 18th, 1818. +William Smith, Esq. 2089 Hon. Edward 1475 + Harbord +R. H. Gurney, Esq. 2032 + + _George IV._ + + March 7th, 1820. +William Smith, Esq. R. H. Gurney, Esq. + June 9th, 1826. +William Smith, Esq. Jonathan Peel, Esq. + + _William IV._ + + July 29th and 30th, 1830. +R. H. Gurney, Esq. 2363 Jonathan Peel, Esq. 1912 +Robert Grant, Esq. 2279 Sir Charles Ogle, Bart. 1762 + November 30th, 1830. +The Rt. Hon. Robert Grant having accepted the office of Judge +Advocate General, was re-elected. + April 29th and 30th, May 2nd and 3rd, 1831. +R. H. Gurney, Esq. 2158 Sir Charles Wetherell 977 +Rt. Hon. Robt. Grant 2163 M. T. Sadler, Esq. 964 + +This was the last election under the old law, before the passing of the +Reform Bill. + + +ELECTIONS UNDER THE REFORM ACT OF 1832 + + + Population 1831—61,110; 1861—74,891. + + Electors 1832—4,238; 1864—5,506. + + _Polls_. + + December, 1832. +Viscount Stormont (C.) 2016 R H. Gurney (L.) 1809 +Sir James Scarlett (C.) 1962 C. H. B. Ker (L.) 1765 + January, 1835. +Viscount Stormont (C.) 1892 Hon. E. V. Harbord (L.) 1592 +Hon. R. C. Scarlett (C.) 1878 F. O. Martin (L.) 1585 + August, 1837. +Hon. R. C. Scarlett (C.) 1865 Benjamin Smith (L.) 1843 +Marquis of Douro (C.) 1863 Montford Nurse (L.) 1831 + +Mr. Scarlett, having been petitioned against, retired, and there was +another election. + + 1838. Benjamin Smith (L.) + June, 1841. +Marquis of Douro (C.) Benjamin Smith (L.) + August, 1847. +Saml. Morton Peto (L.) 2448 John H. Parry (L.) 1572 +Marquis of Douro (L.C.) 1727 + July, 1852. +Samuel M. Peto (L.) 2190 Marquis of Douro (C.) 1592 +Edward Warner (L.) 2145 Lieut. Col. Dickson (C.) 1465 + +On Sir M. Peto accepting the Chiltern Hundreds, there was another +election. + + December, 1854. +Sir S. Bignold (C.) 1901 Anthony Hamond (L.) 1635 +Sir S. Bignold continued to sit as member till the next +election. + March, 1857. +H. W. Schneider (L.) 2247 Sir S. Bignold (C.) 1636 +Viscount Bury (L.) 2238 + April, 1859. +Viscount Bury (L.) 2154 Sir S. Bignold (C.) 1966 +H. W. Schneider (L.) 2138 C. M. Lushington (C.) 1900 + +On Lord Bury being appointed Treasurer of the Household, an election took +place. + + June, 1859. +Viscount Bury (L.) 1922 Sir S. Bignold (C.) 1561 + Col. H. G. Boldero (C.) 39 + +On petition, this election and the election of April, 1859, were declared +void, and another took place in + + March, 1860. +Edward Warner (L.) 2083 W. Forlonge (C.) 1636 +Sir Wm. Russell (L.) 2045 W. D. Lewis (C.) 1631 + +In 1865, Sir Wm. Russell and E. Warner were again returned. The poll +closed as follows:— + +Sir Wm. Russell (L.) 1845 Mr. Goldsmid (C.) 1466 +Edward Warner (L.) 1838 Mr. Waters (C.) 1393 + +First election under the New Reform Act Nov., 1868. + +Sir H. J. Stracey (C.) 4521 J. H. Tillett (L.) 4364 +Sir Wm. Russell (L.) 4509 + +On petition, Sir H. J. Stracey was, in January, 1869, unseated for +bribery. + + + +CHAPTER II. +The Mayors and Sheriffs of Norwich. + + +A LARGE parchment book in the Guildhall contains the names of all the +mayors and sheriffs since 1403 when the first mayor was elected. The +subjoined list has been verified by that official document, and is the +most complete record ever published. We give also a few particulars as +to the residences of some of the most distinguished of these civic +dignitaries. + +William Appleyard was the first mayor of Norwich, in 1403. He resided in +an old flint building in Bridewell Alley, St. Andrew’s, which came +afterwards into the hands of Thomas Cambridge, who, in 1454, conveyed it +to John Paston, from whom it passed to the Hobarts, the Cursons, the +Brownes, the Codds, and the Sothertons. It was afterwards used as a +prison, and is now occupied by Mr. James Newbegin. + +John Cambridge was elected to the office of mayor four times, in 1430, +1437, 1438, 1439. He resided in one of the old-fashioned houses on St. +Andrew’s hill. + +Roger Best, grocer, was elected mayor in 1467 and 1472. He occupied a +house in King Street, near St. Ethelred’s church. Afterwards, in the +same house, lived Sir Robert de Salle, who was killed by the rebels in +Kett’s rebellion. + +John Rightwise was elected mayor in 1501, and in 1504 was chosen to +represent the city in parliament. In 1513 he was again elected mayor. +He lived in the house in London Street now occupied by Mr. Boulton, the +ironmonger. During his mayoralty he rebuilt the Market Cross, which +formerly stood in the Market Place. The cross contained an oratory +inside. At the time of the Commonwealth it was assigned to dealers in +leather, but was entirely demolished in 1732. + +William Ramsey was sheriff in 1498, and mayor in 1502, and again in 1508. +He built a portion of St. Michael at Coslany Church, and his tomb is on +the north side with a merchant’s mark, and the initials “W. R.” on it. + +John Clarke, mayor in 1515 and 1520, resided in a house on St. Andrew’s +hill, occupied in 1561 by Mr. Suckling, merchant, and sheriff of Norwich. +The Suckling arms and many curious carvings are still to be seen on the +gateway. + +Robert Jannys, whose portrait is in the Guildhall, was mayor in 1517 and +1524. + +Robert Browne, mayor in 1522, had his coat of arms painted on the window +of the Guildhall. + +Augustine Steward was elected mayor in 1534, and represented the city in +parliament in 1541. He also served as mayor in 1546 and 1556. He lived +in a house on Tombland. His portrait was placed in the Guildhall. + +William Layer, mayor in 1537, occupied one of the large houses on the +north side of St. Andrew’s Street. + +Heny Bacon, grocer, was mayor in 1557 and 1566, and lived in a flint +house at the east end of the church of St. George’s Colegate; his mark +and initials are over the door. Fifty years ago, a large room on the +first floor was lined with fine oak panelling, and the chimney piece was +elaborately carved. These curiosities were removed to the mansion of G. +Kett Tompson, Esq., of Witchingham. The building is now a boot and shoe +warehouse. + +Mr. Codd was mayor of Norwich in the year of Kett’s rebellion. He took +an active part in suppressing the rebellion, and at his death bequeathed +a large sum of money to the hospital in St. Helen’s, where so many old +men have found an asylum. He was buried in the nave of the church of St. +Peter’s per Mountergate, and the heads of his will are read in the church +annually on the Sunday before St. Thomas’ Day. + +William Mingay, mayor in 1561, entertained the Duke and Duchess of +Norfolk, and the Earls of Huntingdon and Northumberland, with many of the +nobility and gentry, at a grand banquet in St. Andrew’s Hall, which, in +subsequent years, was the scene of many mayors’ feasts. + +Alexander Thurston was mayor in 1600, and M.P. for Norwich in 1601. He +lived in a large old-fashioned house in St. Clement’s churchyard, +formerly occupied by the priors of Ixworth. Some carved work in the +house exhibits the initials “A. T.” and the arms of Hester Aldrich, his +wife. In the adjoining house lived John Aldrich, grocer, who took an +active part in suppressing Kett’s rebellion. + +John Pettus, mayor in 1608, was afterwards knighted. The house at the +north-west corner of St. Simon’s churchyard was long the residence of the +Pettus family. The date 1608 is on the door with the arms of Pettus in +one spandrel and his wife’s on the other. His monument is in St. Simon’s +church. + +Thomas Anguish, mayor in 1611, lived in a house at the north end of +Tombland. In a court there, on an old door, is the date 1594 with the +initials of himself and his wife, T. E. A. He founded the Boys’ Hospital +School in St. Edmund’s. He bequeathed a house and estate in Fishgate +Street to the corporation for the use and endowment of a hospital, or a +convenient place for keeping, bringing up, and teaching very poor +children born in the city. + +Mr. John Harvey, manufacturer in 1709, was sheriff in 1720, alderman in +1722, and mayor in 1727. He died on September 28th, 1742, and was buried +in the family vault, which now contains about forty leaden coffins, in +the church of St. Clement’s. The family held an estate in that parish +for more than a century. Some of their portraits adorn the walls of St. +Andrew’s Hall. + +John Patteson, mayor in 1788 and M.P. in 1806–7, resided in a house on +the right-hand side of a court adjoining the Crown and Angel in St. +Stephen’s Street; afterwards he resided in Surrey Street. + + +A LIST OF THE MAYORS, SHERIFFS, ETC. +_From the Year_ 1403 _to_ 1869. + + MAYORS. SHERIFFS. +1403. Wm. Appleyard Robert Brasier, John + Daniel +1404. Wm. Appleyard Sampson Baxter, John + Skye +1405. Wm. Appleyard Jhn. Harleston, Rich. + Spurdaunce +1406. Walter Daniel Edmund Warner, + Richard Drue +1407. John Daniel Tho. Garrard, John + Warlich +1408. Edmund Warner Thomas Parlet, John + Bixley +1409. Walter Daniel Walter Monslee, John + Mannyng +1410. Robert Brasier John Shotesham, + Jeffrey Audley +1411. Wm. Appleyard Richard White, Jhn. + Crownthorpe +1412. Wm. Appleyard John Leverich, John + Wake +1413. Richard Drue Wm. Sedeman, Robert + Suffield +1414. John Bixley Thos. Cock, Henry + Raffman +1415. John Mannyng Richard Moneslee, + Thos. Ocle +1416. Henry Raffman John Asgar, John + Mitchel +1417. John Daniel Wm. Roose, Henry + Jakys +1418. Wm. Appleyard Robert Baxter, John + Cambridge +1419. Walter Daniel Henry Pykynge, John + Shotesham +1420. Rich. Spurdaunce Thos. Ingham, Robert + Asgar +1421. William Sedeman Wm. Nyche, Simon + Cooke +1422. John Mannyng John Gerrard, Tho. + Daniel +1423. Walter Daniel John Wright, John + Hodgekins +1424. Robert Baxter William Grey, Peter + Brasier +1425. Thomas Ingham Tho. Wetherby, Robert + Chapelyn +1426. John Asgar John Copping, John + Gleder +1427. Tho. Wetherby John Welby, Richard + Steynes +1428. Richard Mozeley John Alderford, + Gregory Draper +1429. Robert Baxter William Isleham, John + Sipater +1430. John Cambridge Robert Toppys, John + Penning +1431. Thomas Ingham William Ashwell, Tho. + Grafton +1432. Thos. Wetherby John Dunnyng, + Augustine Bang +1433. Rich. Spurdaunce R. Londesdale, Wm. + Hempstede +1434. John Gerard Roger Booton, Thomas + Ball +1435. Robert Toppys Edmund Bretton, Peter + Roper +1436. Robert Chapelyn Richard Braser, Chr. + Crumpe, to March 1st. + + Walter Eaton, John + Lynford, by the + king’s writ. +1437. John Cambridge Simon Walsoken, + Clement Rayshe + _The Liberties Seized_. +John Welles, Warden, acted single to March the 1st, and then +appointed the mayor to act under him. +1438. J. Welles, Warden J. Cambridge, + Mayor +1439. J. Welles, Warden J. Cambridge, Walter Eaton, John + Mayor Lynford, to July + 17th. + + Simon Walsoken, + Clement Rayshe the + rest of the year. + _The Liberties Restored_. +1440. Robert Toppys John Brosyerd, John + Spicer +1441. Wm. Ashwell John Gosleyn, Henry + Sturmyn +1442. Wm. Hempstede Thos. Alleyn, Ralph + Segryme, to March + 18th. + _The Liberties Seized_. + Sir J. Clifton, Gov. +1443. Sir J. Clifton, Gov. John Intwood, Robert + Alleyn +1444. Sir J. Clifton, Gov. John Intwood, Robert + Alleyn +1445. Sir J. Clifton, Gov. John Intwood, Robert + Alleyn +1446. Sir J. Clifton, Gov. to April 20th. John Intwood, Robert + Alleyn + T. Catworth, War. +1447. T. Catworth, Warden to Dec. 1st. John Intwood, Robert + Alleyn, to December + 1st. + _The Liberties Restored_. +1448. Wm. Hempstede Thos. Alleyn, Ralph + Segryme +1448. Wm. Ashwell Robert Furbusher, + John Wighton +1449. Gregory Draper Richard Brown, John + Drolle +1450. Thomas Alleyn John Chittock, Robert + Machone +1451. Ralph Segryme William Barley, John + Gilbert +1452. Robert Toppys Thomas Ellis, Robert + Syrede +1453. John Drolle Edward Cutler, John + Clarke +1454. Richard Brown Richard Bear, Jeffery + Quinch +1455. Gregory Draper William Norwich, John + Albone +1456. Richard Brasier Thomas Bokenham, John + Butt +1457. John Chittock Jeffery Joye, John + Hunworth +1458. Robert Toppys Thos. Owdolfe, + William Reyner +1459. John Gilbert Walter Godfrey, Edm. + Coleman +1460. Thomas Ellis Roger Best, John + Aubery +1461. William Norwich John Northal, John + Cook +1462. John Butte John Burton, Richard + Hoste +1463. Richard Brasier Henry Spencer, + William Willis +1464. John Gilbert William Swaine, + Robert Portland +1465. Thomas Ellis Walter Thornfield, + Rich. Daniel +1466. John Chittock John Rose, John + Beccles +1467. Roger Best John Laws, Robert + Hickling +1468. Walter Thornfield Richard Ferrour, + Thomas Veyle +1469. John Aubery Thos. Bokenham, Wm. + Pepper +1470. Edward Cutler John Harvey, Henry + Owdolfe +1471. John Butt John Wellys, Robert + Aylmer +1472. Roger Best Edmund Staley, Thomas + Storme +1473. Richard Ferrour John Cocke, William + London +1474. Thomas Ellis James Goldbeater, + John Burghe +1475. William Swaine Thos. Cambridge, + Robt. Lounde +1476. John Wellys Hammond Claxton, + Robt. Cooke +1477. Robert Portland Gregory Clarke, + Phillip Curson +1478. Rich. Ferrour Robert Osborne, Thos. + Bewfield +1479. Thos. Bokenham Robert Wellys, Thos. + Phillips +1480. John Aubery Robert Gardiner, + Thos. Woorts +1481. Robert Aylmer Robert Belton, John + Denton +1482. William London Richard Ballys, Ralph + Est +1483. Rich. Ferrour William Rose, William + Ferrour +1484. John Cook John Ebbs, William + Curtis +1485. Ham. Claxton John Tills, John + Swaine +1486. J. Aubery, died T. Bokenham Thomas Wilkins, John + Jowelle +1487. John Wellys John Pyncheamore, + John Caster +1488. Thomas Bewfield John Rede, Richard + Howard +1489. Richard Ballys Thomas Caus, Nicholas + Davie +1490. Robert Gardiner Nicholas Cowlitch, + Wm. Gogeoa +1491. William London Stephen Bryan, John + Cooke +1492. Robert Aylmer John Warnes, John + Rightwise +1493. Richard Ferrour Robert Long, + Bartholomew King +1494. Stephen Bryan John Horsley, Robert + Burghe +1495. J. Wellys, died T. Caus Richard Brasier, + Robert Best +1496. John Rede John Francis, John + Pethood +1497. Nicholas Cowlitch Gregory Clarke, + Thomas Aldrich +1498. Richard Ferrour William Ramsey, Thos. + Henning +1499. Robt. Gardiner J. Randolph, R. + Pyncheamore +1500. John Warnes Jefferey Steward, + John Crome +1501. John Rightwise Richard Aylmer, + William Drake +1502. William Ramsey Simon Rede, John + Smith +1503. Thomas Caus Thomas Warnes, Thomas + Gaunt +1504. Robert Burghe W. Hart, J. Hendry + d., J. Walters +1505. Gregory Clarke Thomas Large, William + Godfrey +1506. Robt. Gardiner Thomas Clarke, John + Swaine +1507. Thomas Aldrich John Clarke, William + Ferrour +1508. Wm. Ramsey Edward Rede, Robert + Brown +1509. Robert Long Henry Attemere, + Robert Jannys +1510. Richard Brasier John Marsham, Ralph + Wilkins +1511. Richard Aylmer Robert Pell, John + Stalone +1512. William Hart Stephen Stalone, + Rich. Corpesty +1513. John Rightwise John Busting, Thomas + Pickerel +1514. Gregory Clarke Henry Scholehouse, + John Terry +1515. John Clarke R. Barker, died, R. + Ferrour, died, Wm. + Boone, Thos. Wilkins +1516. Thos. Aldrich Thomas Bauberg, + Gregory Caus +1517. Robert Jannys Robert Green, Thomas + Cory +1518. John Marsham Robt. Hemming, Ham. + Linstead +1519. William Hart John Brown, Barth. + Springal +1520. John Clarke Nicholas Sywhat, John + Westgate +1521. Edward Rede Thomas Moore, Robert + Hall +1522. Robert Brown William Russel, John + Watts +1523. John Terry Reg. Littleprow, Wm. + Norfolk +1524. Robert Jannys S. Raynbow, W. Crane, + died., H. Salter +1525. Thomas Pickerel Robert Leech, John + Swaine +1526. Robert Ferrour Augustine Steward, W. + Layer +1527. Ralph Wilkins Thomas Grewe, John + Clarke +1528. William Boone Thomas Crank, Henry + Fuller +1529. Robert Green John Curat, John + Corbet +1530. Thomas Bauburgh Thos. Necton, + Nicholas Sotherton +1531. Edward Rede Richard Catlyn, Wm. + Rogers +1532. Reg. Littleprow John Groote, William + Haste +1533. Thos. Pickerel Adam Lawes, Roger + Cooper +1534. Augustine Steward William Lynn, Thos. + Greenwood +1535. Nicholas Sywhat Robert Brown, Henry + Crook +1536. Robt. Ferrour Edmund Wood, Thos. + Thetford +1537. William Layer Robert Rugge, Robert + Palmer +1538. Thos. Pickerel Nich. Osborn, John + Humberston +1539. Nich. Sotherton J. Marsham, T. + Walter, J. Trace +1540. Thomas Grewe Thomas Codd, John + Spencer +1541. Robert Leech John Quash, Felix + Puttock +1542. William Rogers Thomas Cocke, Richard + Davy +1543. Edward Rede R. Lee, W. Morant, T. + Marsham +1544. Henry Fuller Edmund Warren, Robt. + Marlyng +1545. Robert Rugge Richard Suckling, + Robert Lyng +1546. August Steward Robert Mitchell, + Bernard Utber +1547. Robert Leech Thomas Dowsing, + William Hede +1548. Edm. Wood, died William Rogers Henry Bacon, John + Atkins +1549. Thomas Codde Richard Fletcher, Wm. + Ferrour +1550. Robert Rugge Thomas Morley, John + Walters +1551. Richard Davy John Aldrich, Thomas + Grey +1552. Thomas Cocke Robert Norman, John + Bungay +1553. Henry Crooke Nicholas Norgate, + John Howes +1554. Thomas Marsham Thomas Malbye, Wm. + Mingay +1555. Felix Puttock, died Thomas Codd Thomas Greene, John + Bloome +1556. August. Steward Thos. Sotherton, + Leon. Sotherton +1557. Henry Bacon E. Woolsey, T. Lynn, + J. Benjamin +1558. John Aldrich Thomas Parker, Andrew + Quash +1559. Richard Fletcher Thos. Cully, Thos. + Tesmond +1560. Robert Mychell Thomas Whale, Richard + Hede +1561. William Mingay Robert Wood, Thomas + Pecke +1562. William Farrour Thos. Farrour, Thos. + Beamond +1563 Richard Davy Christopher Some, + Ellis Bate +1564. Nicholas Norgate Robert Suckling, John + Gibbs +1565. Thomas Sotherton John Sotherton, + Thomas Winter +1566. Henry Bacon Thomas Pettus, John + Suckling +1567. Thomas Whall John Worsley, Thomas + Layer +1568. Thomas Parker John Rede, Simon + Bowde +1569. Robert Wood Christopher Layer, + Richard Bate +1570. John Aldrich Thos. Gleane, Robert + Gostling +1571. Thomas Green Henry Greenwood, + Edward Pye +1572. Robert Suckling Nich. Sotherton, + Francis Rugge +1573. Thomas Pecke George Bowgeon, Thos. + Stokes +1574. Christopher Some Nicholas Baker, + Thomas Gooch +1575. William Farrour Richard Baker, + Clement Hyrne +1576. Thomas Layer Cut. Brereton, + Francis Morley +1577. Thomas Cully Rich. Howes, Rich. + Bange +1578. Sir R. Wood, Kt. John Elwin, Thomas + Secker +1579. Simon Bowde Robert Davy, John Pye +1580. Chris. Some Laur. Wood, Nich. + Bradford +1581. Christopher Layer Rich. Ferrour, Thomas + Pye +1582. Robert Suckling Robt. Yarham, John + Wilkinson +1583. Thomas Gleane Henry Pye, Ed. + Johnson +1584. John Suckling Laur. Watts, Titus + Norris +1585. Thomas Layer Roger Weld, John + Tesmond +1586. Thomas Pecke Henry Davy, Joshua + Cully +1587. Francis Rugge Alex. Thurston, Greg. + Houlton +1588. Simon Bowde Robt. Rooke, Wm. + Ramsey +1589. Chris. Layer Randolph Smith, John + Sylver +1590. Thomas Pettus Robert Hall, Wm. + Peters +1591. Robert Yarham Nich. Layer, Thos. + Lane +1592. Thomas Gleane Thos. Sotherton, + Roger Ramsey +1593. Clement Hyrne Robt. Blackburne, + Aug. Whall +1594. Chris. Some Rich. Tolye, Wm. + Johnson +1595. Thomas Layer E. Browne, died, R. + Sadler, R. Gaywood +1596. Richard Farrour Thos. Anguish, Robt. + Gybson +1597. Thomas Pye Thos. Hyrne, Peter + Barker +1598. Francis Rugge J. Pettus, George + Downing +1599. Roger Weld Robt. Garshead, Henry + Galliard +1600 Alex. Thurstone Thos. Pettus, Robt. + Debney +1601. John Tesmond J. Chapman, Spencer + Peterson +1602. T. Gleane, died Francis Rugge John Mingay, William + Drake +1603. Thomas Lane Edward Nutting, John + Symonds +1604. Thomas Hyrne George Birch, George + Cocke +1605. Thomas Sotherton Michael Aldrich, + Fras. Smallpiece +1605. Joshua Culley Thomas Blosse, John + Shovell +1607. George Downing Robert Craske, James + Allen +1608. Sir Jn. Pettus, Knt. Robert Hornsey, Henry + Fawcett +1609. Sir T. Hyrne, Knt. Bassingbourn + Throckmorton, Thomas + Doughty +1610. Roger Ramsey Peter Gleane, Richard + Goldman +1611. Thomas Anguish Richard Rosse, Simon + Davy +1612. Thomas Blosse William Bussey, John + Norris +1613. George Cocke Lionel Claxton, + Michael Parker +1614. Thomas Pettus Thos. Spendlove, + Matt. Peckover +1615. Peter Gleane Christopher Baret, + Francis Cocke +1616. Sir T. Hyrne, Knt. William Brown, Thomas + Cory +1617. John Mingay Alex. Anguish, Edmund + Cocke +1618. Richard Rosse John Anguish, John + Ward +1619. Roger Gaywood Nat. Remington, + Lucian Laws +1620. Richard Tooley Thomas Shipdam, + Thomas Baker +1621. George Birch John Ramsey, John + Lyng +1622. Francis Smallpiece Nicholas Emms, Robert + Sumpter +1623. Robert Craske William Green, Robert + Sedgewick +1624. Robert Debney John Loveland, Robert + Powle +1625. Michael Parker Niclas. Osborn, Step. + Leverington +1626. Bassingbourn Throckmorton Augustine Scottow, + Rich. Harman +1627. Francis Cocke Henry Lane, Thomas + Atkins +1628. Thomas Cory William Symonds, John + Daniel +1629. Alexander Anguish John Thacker, William + Gostlin +1630. William Browne John Tooley, Robert + Palgrave +1631. Thomas Shipdam Robert Tompson, Thos. + Carver +1632. Robert Hornsey Edm. Burman, Adrian + Parmenter +1633. William Bussey Richard Ward, Richard + Keepis +1634. Christopher Baret Samuel Puckle, Matt. + Peckover +1635. John Anguish Thomas Barber, John + Croshold +1636. Thomas Baker John Freeman, John + Utting +1637. Robert Sumpter John Lombe, Matthew + Sotherton +1638. John Tooley Livewell Sherwood, + John Gray +1639. Richard Harman Henry Watts, John + Salter +1640. Henry Lane John Osborne, John + Dethick +1641. Thomas Carver, d. Adrian Parmenter Matthew Lindsey, + Robert Baron +1642. W. Gostlin, _impris._ A. Parmenter, John Greenwood, John + _deputy_ Rayley +1643. John Thacker Thomas Toft, Richard + Bateman +1644. John Tooley Thomas Baret, Bernard + Church +1645. Matthew Peckover John Cory, William + Rye +1646. Henry Watts Richard Wenman, Robt. + Holmes +1647. J. Utting, _impris._ Christ. Baret, Thomas Ashwell, + _deputy_ William Davy +1648 Edmund Burman William Barnham, + Robert Allen +1649. Robert Baron died, John Rayley A. Peckover died, S. + Brewster, John Mann +1650. Matt. Lindsey died, Thomas Baret William Tuck, + Nehemiah Bond +1651. Bernard Church Thomas Johnson, John + Knights +1652. William Barnham Clement Parnell, + Roger Whistler +1653. John Mann Christopher Jay, + Roger Mingay +1654. Thomas Toft John Andrews, Joseph + Paine +1655. John Salter Henry Wood, Richard + Coldham +1656. Samuel Puckle Robert Powle, James + Long +1657. Christopher Jay Robert Gooch, William + Heyward +1658. Roger Mingay Roger Hawes, Matthew + Marcon +1659. William Davy Thomas Wisse, John + Lawrence +1660. Sir Jos. Paine, Knt. E. Browne died, Aug. + Briggs, George + Steward +1661. John Osborne Henry Sidnor, Henry + Herne +1662. Richard Wenman John Manser, George + Mirris +1663. John Croshold Robert Bendish, + Thomas Thacker +1664. William Heyward Hy. Watts, jun., + Thos. Chickering +1665. Matthew Marcon James Denew, F. + Norris died, John + Richer +1666. Henry Wood Henry Crowe, John + Wigget +1667. Thomas Wisse Rich. Wenman, + Jehosaphat Davy +1668. Roger Hawes Isaac Decele, Rowland + Cockey +1669. John Lawrence John Wrench, Mark + Cockey +1670. Augustine Briggs William Crowe, Adrian + Paine +1671. Thomas Thacker Daniel Palmer died, + John Lowe, John Toll + died, Peter Wigget +1672. Robert Bendish John Leverington, R. + Clayton died, R. + Freeman +1673. Henry Herne John Dersley, Hugh + Bokenham +1674. Henry Watts, jun. Robert Cooke, Thomas + Cooke +1675. John Manser William Drake, John + Todd +1676. Thomas Chickering William Helwys, Wm. + Permenter +1677. John Richer Jeremiah Vynne, Nich. + Helwys +1678. Jehosaphat Davy Henry Brady, Simon + Wissiter +1679. Henry Crowe James Brogden, Thomas + Seaman +1680. Robert Freeman Leonard Osborn, Fras. + Gardiner +1681. Hugh Bokenham John Westhorp, + William Salter +1682. John Lowe Philip Stebbing, + Laur. Goodwin +1683. William Helwys John Lowe, Samuel + Warkehouse +1684. Nicholas Helwys Nicholas Morley, Mic. + Beverley +1685. Francis Gardiner Thomas Blofeld, + Augustine Briggs +1686. William Salter William Guybon, Rich. + Brogden +1687. Philip Stebbing Nic. Bickerdyde, + disp., Tim. Wenn, + John Ward +1688. John Wrench Thomas Postle, John + Atkinson +1689. Thomas Cook John Yallop, John + Drake +1690. Jeremiah Vynne John Albrew, Thomas + Turner +1691. Thomas Blofeld John Freeman, Roger + Salter +1692. Michael Beverley Gamaliel Sugden, + Peter Thacker +1693. Robert Cook Edward Clark, John + Hall +1694. John Ward Christopher Stallon, + Robert Bene +1695. Augustine Briggs Samuel Moulton, + Richard Pitcher +1696. Nich. Bickerdyke William Blithe, + Christopher Gibbs +1697. Laurence Goodwin John Cook, Augustine + Metcalfe +1698. Saml. Warkehouse George Gynn, William + Cook +1699. Thomas Turner Peter Seaman, Thomas + Palgrave +1700. Edward Clarke John Covel, Thomas + Dunch +1701. John Hall Matthew Nall, Thomas + Havers +1702. John Atkinson Nicholas Helwys, John + Goose +1703. John Freeman Edward Bayspool, Wm. + Cockman +1704. William Blithe John Riseborough, + Ben. Austin +1705. Peter Thacker William Brereton, + John Norman +1706. William Cooke Peter Attlesey, + Anthy. Parmenter +1707. Peter Seaman Robert Chickering, + James Daniel +1708. Thomas Havers Thomas Monsey, + William Rogers +1709. Matthew Nall George Vertue, Thomas + Bubbin +1710. Robert Bene Henry Shardelow, + George Gobbet +1711. William Cockman Anthony Ransom, Rich. + Manby +1712. John Goose Joseph Wasey, + Jehosaphat Postle +1713. Nicholas Helwys Thomas Vere, Thomas + Harwood +1714. John Norman Joseph Burton, + Richard Lubbock +1715. Peter Attlesey Jacob Robins, Samuel + Freemoult +1716. Augustine Metcalfe Thomas Newton, + Richard Mott +1717. Rich. Lubbock d., Thos Bubbin died, Edmund Hunton, Edw. + Anthony Parmenter Colebourn +1718. Richard Mott Benjamin Nuthall, J. + Osborn died, D. + Meadows +1719. John Hall Daniel Fromanteel, + Robert Marsh +1720. Edward Coleburn John Croshold, John + Harvey +1721. Benjamin Nuthall Thos. Harmer, Tim. + Balderstone +1722. Thomas Newton John Pell, Nathaniel + Paul +1723. Edmund Hunton Francis Arnam, T. + Tawell died, J. + Custance +1724. John Croshold John Black, Philip + Meadows +1725. Daniel Fromanteel William Clarke, John + Langley +1726. John Custance Jeremiah Ives, + Abraham Yestis +1727. John Harvey S. Morgan died, W. + Pearce, Robert Harvey +1728. Thomas Harwood John Press, John + Spurrell +1729. John Black Thomas Maltby, Edward + King +1730. John Pell S. Eakins died, J. + Nuthall, Samuel + Lillington +1731. Robert Marsh Robert Blyford, + Joseph Brittan +1732. Francis Arnam Jn. Brown, Barthmw. + Balderstone +1733. Jeremiah Ives John Fromow, John + Simpson +1734. Philip Meadows Robert Stileman, + James Nasmith +1735. Thomas Vere Richard Humphry, Wm. + Wigget +1736. Tim. Balderstone Thomas Johnson, + Simeon Waller +1737. John Spurrell Charles Maltby, + Nathaniel Roe +1738. Robert Harvey James Barnham, John + Black +1739. William Clarke Abraham Larwood, H. + S. Patteson +1740. John Nuthall Charles Lay died, + Thos. Harvey John + Wood +1741. Edward King John Calver, William + Crowe +1742. William Wiggett William Greenaway, + Thos. Wigg +1743. James Nasmith Thomas Ward, Robert + Rogers +1744. John Black Benjamin Lewis, + Edmund Hooke +1745. Simeon Waller Joseph Hammont, James + Smith +1746. John Wood Jos. Hammont, jun., + John Gay +1747. William Crowe Charles Wace, Philip + Stannard +1748. Thomas Harvey John Dyball, Jeremiah + Ives +1749. Benjamin Nuthall Wm. Woolbright, Thos. + Hurnard +1750. John Custance John Smith, John + Cooper +1751. Tim. Balderstone John Goodman, Peter + Colombine +1752. Thomas Hurnard John Tompson, Samuel + Harvey +1753. John Press Nockold Tompson, J. + Fromow died, P. + Fromow +1754. John Gay Charles Weston, Isaac + Lillington +1755. Peter Colombine Isaac Houghton, John + Simpson +1756. Jeremiah Ives Ralph Smith, John + Scott +1757. John Goodman Wm. Lovick, Thos. + Churchman +1758. Robert Rogers Barth. Harwood, + Daniel Ganning +1759. Nockold Tompson Mark Addey, John + Dersley +1760. Barth. Harwood Chas. Fearman, Jermy + Harcourt +1761. Sir T. Churchman, Kt. John Patteson, Ben. + Hancock +1762. Jermy Harcourt William Cady, John + Day +1763. Ben. Hancock J. Adcock died, J. + Ives, jun., James + Poole +1764. John Dersley Robert Brettingham, + John Aldred +1765. James Poole Robert Barrett, + Thomas Starling +1766. John Patteson Robert Harvey, jun., + John Addey +1767. Thomas Starling Nathaniel Roe, John + Ives +1768. John Day Charles Codd, Knipe + Gobbett +1769. Jeremiah Ives, jun. Hewett Rand, Francis + Colombine +1770. Rob. Harvey, jun. Thomas Ives, James + Fisher +1771. Knipe Gobbett John L. Watts, James + Crowe +1772. Charles Weston Richard Peete, David + Colombine +1773. John Addey R. Matthews died, B. + Day, Timothy Matthews +1774. John L. Watts, d. James Crow John Thurlow, Roger + Kerrison +1775. Richard Peete Andrew Chamber, + Starling Day +1776. Francis Colombine Thos. Troughton, John + Bringloe +1777. Nathaniel Roe Richard Rust, Thomas + Nasmith +1778. Roger Kerrison Thos. Primrose, + Richard Clarke +1779. John Thurlow John Morse, J. Ives + Harvey +1780. Benjamin Day Andrew Sieley, Robert + Partridge +1781. John Morse Elias Norgate, Thomas + Colman +1782. Starling Day Thomas Day, Jeremiah + Ives, jun. +1783. J. Ives Harvey Gilbert Brownsmith, + John Day +1784. Robert Partridge Robt. Harvey, jun., + John Harvey +1785. Elias Norgate T. Emerson, d. C. + Weston, jun., John + Patteson +1786. Jeremiah Ives, jun. William Herring, John + Herring +1787. Robt Harvey, jun. John Buckle, Thomas + Watson +1788. John Patteson John Woodrow, James + Hudson +1789. Chas. Weston, jun. Star. Day, jun., John + G. Baseley +1790. Thomas Watson William Cutting, John + Tuthill +1791. John G. Baseley Robert Herring, W. + Wilcocks +1792. John Harvey John Robinson, James + Chase +1793. John Buckle John Wells, Charles + Reynolds +1794. James Hudson John Browne, John + Ives +1795. Jeremiah Ives Ed. Colman, Peter + Chamberlin +1796. William Herring John Reynolds, Edmund + Reeve +1797. James Crowe Hewett Rand, John + Stoddart +1798. John Browne Thos. Tawell, Thos. + A. Kerrison +1799. John Herring William Stevenson, + John H. Cole +1800. Robert Harvey James Hardy, Jonathan + Davey +1801. Jeremiah Ives, jun. Thos. Back, jun., + Robert Ward +1802. Sir R. Kerrison, Kt. William Black, James + Marsh +1803. John Morse Edward Rigby, Joseph + Clarke +1804. James Marsh John Wright, Barnabas + Leman +1805. Edward Rigby John Oxley, John H. + Yallop +1806. Thos. A. Kerrison William Matthews, + John Ansell +1807. Robert Herring John W. Robberds, + Joseph Scott +1808. Starling Day, jun. John Steward, Joseph + Fitch +1809. Thomas Back, jun. James Wade, Phillip + Jas. Knights +1810. John Steward Francis Morse, Thos. + Troughton +1811. John H. Cole John S. Patteson, + William Hankes +1812. Starling Day John Ownsworth, Mar. + Fountain +1813. Barnabas Leman John Aldis, + Christopher Higgin +1814. John W. Robberds Crisp Brown, William + Burt +1815. John H. Yallop Thomas Thurtell, + William Foster +1816. William Hankes Nath. Bolingbroke, W. + Willement +1817. Crisp Brown William Burrows, John + Lovick +1818. Barnabas Leman William Rackham, + Richard Shaw +1819. Nath. Bolingbroke Robert Hawkes, Edward + Taylor +1820. William Burt Henry Francis, Edward + T. Booth +1821. Wm. Rackham Jerem. Graves, Jos. + Gibson, jun. +1822. Robert Hawkes Thos. Star. Day, + Arthur Beloe +1823. John S. Patteson Hammond Fisk, William + Moore +1824. Henry Francis John Angell, Charles + Turner +1825. Thos. Star. Day Peter Finch, James + Brooks +1826. Edw. Tem. Booth John Herring, James + Bennett +1827. Peter Finch J. P. Cocksedge, T. + O. Springfield +1828. Thomas Thurtell Seth. Wm. Stevenson, + Geo. Grout +1829. T. O. Springfield Wm. Rye, Sam. + Shalders Beare +1830. John Angell Samuel Bignold, Isaac + Wiseman +1831. John H. Yallop William Herring, John + Cozens +1832. S. W. Stevenson John P. Oxley, + William Foster +1833. Samuel Bignold W. J. U. Browne, Edw. + Steward +1834. Charles Turner Wm. Chambers, John + Marshall +1835. William Moore Ditto to December + 31st, 1835 + +Alderman Moore was the last mayor, under the old corporation, by the +charter of which the chief magistrate was chosen out of the twenty-four +aldermen, by the freemen, on the first of May; and sworn into office, on +the Tuesday before the eve of New Midsummer-day. + +There were two sheriffs, one chosen by the court of aldermen—the other by +the freemen, on the last Tuesday in August, and both sworn into office on +New Michaelmas-day. + +Under the Municipal Corporation Reform Act, the mayor and sheriff are +chosen by the sixteen aldermen and forty-eight councillors, the former +from amongst themselves, on the ninth of November, and they enter upon +their office on that day. + +1836. T. O. Springfield (Jan.) Horatio Bolingbroke +1836. Thos. Brightwell (Nov.) John Bateman +1837. Samuel Shalders Beare John Francis +1838. John Marshall Henry Woodcock +1839. Philip J. Money John Barwell +1840. Edward Willett Richard Coaks +1841. John Marshall William Storey +1842. Samuel Mitchell William Freeman +1843. William Freeman George L. Coleman +1844. Sir Wm. Foster, Bart. John Betts +1845. John Betts Jeremiah Colman +1846. Jeremiah Colman Charles Winter +1847. George L. Coleman James Watson +1848. Samuel Bignold Robert Chamberlin +1849. Henry Woodcock James Colman +1850. Henry Woodcock Edward Blakely +1851. Charles Winter Robert Wiffen Blake +1852. Richard Coaks George Womack +1853. Sir Samuel Bignold, Kt. Henry Birkbeck +1854. Robert Chamberlin Robert John Harvey Harvey +1855. John G. Johnson Timothy Steward +1856. Robert Chamberlin Robert Seaman +1857. Edward Field Charles Crawshay +1858. George Middleton Henry Staniforth Patteson +1859. Jacob Henry Tillett J. Underwood +1860. W. J. Utten Browne Donald Dalrymple +1861. John Oddin Taylor Arthur J. Cresswell +1862. Henry Stan. Patteson Jeremiah James Colman +1863. Osborn Springfield Frederick Brown +1864. Charles Edw. Tuck Charles Jecks +1865. Wm. Peter Nichols William J. Cubitt +1866. Frederick E. Watson W. H. Clabburn +1867. Jeremiah Jas. Colman Robert Fitch +1868. Edward K. Harvey John Robison + + RECORDERS OF NORWICH + +1521. William Elys +1522. John Spelman +1563. Thomas Gawdy, sen. +1576. Francis Windham +1582. Edward Coke +1595. Robert Houghton +1603. John Silver (_Deputy_) +1612. Richard Gwynne +1648. Samuel Smith +1649. Erasmus Earl +1663. Francis Cory +1677. Francis Bacon +1680. John Norris +1683. William Earl of Yarmouth +1684. John Warkehouse, (_Deputy_) +1688. Robert Davy +1703. Stephen Gardiner +1727. Richard Berney +1737. Robert Britiffe +1743. William Brooke +1752. Edward Bacon +1783. John Chambers +1788. Henry Partridge +1801. Charles Harvey +1826. Robert Alderson +1831. Isaac Preston Jermy +1848. Michael Prendergast +1859. Peter F. O’Malley + +The Recorder, whose office is held for life, must be a Barrister; he +formerly assisted as Chief Judge in the Mayor’s Court, and was one of the +council for the city. + +By the Corporation Reform Act the Recorder is sole judge at the Quarter +Sessions for the borough and city, and is no longer a member of the +corporate body. + + STEWARDS OF NORWICH. + +1521. Francis Moundford 1691. Arthur Branthwayt +1536. Edmund Grey 1703. Richard Berney +1555. Richard Catlyn 1727. William Brooke +1563. John Bleverhasset 1743. Francis Larwood +1585. Robert Houghton 1750. Edward Bacon +1595. Henry Hobart 1752. Charles Buckle +1618. William Denny 1781. John Chambers +1648. Erasmus Earl 1783. Charles Harvey +1650. Charles Geo. Cocke 1803. William Firth +1663. William Watts 1807. Robert Alderson +1677. John Norris 1826. Isaac Preston +1680. John Mingay 1831. Fitzroy R. Kelly +1688. Robert Ward + +The Steward, who must have been a barrister, was appointed for life; he +assisted as Chief Judge in the Sheriffs’ Court, and was one of the +council for the city. By the Corporation Reform Act the office of +Steward was abolished in 1835. + + + +CHAPTER III. +Ecclesiastical. + + +THE origin of the See of Norwich is attached to Sigebert, king of the +East Angles, who, being in France about the year 630, brought over Felix, +a priest of Burgundy, and constituted him bishop, fixing his seat at +Dunwich, in Suffolk. About forty years afterwards the diocese was +divided, Dunwich and North Elmham having each a bishop, and this +continued till the year 870, when the two sees were again united under +Wybred at Elmham. Owing to the devastations of the piratical Danes the +see remained vacant nearly one hundred years, but was restored by +Theodored, in 995 according to the common account; but there is evidence +which tends to prove that he was bishop in 945, if not before. During +the reign of William I. the see was removed to Thetford, and in the year +1094 it was finally settled in Norwich. This added greatly to the +importance of the city, and made it the capital of East Anglia. + +The diocese, as to its seat, has continued unchanged since 1094, and as +to its extent and government has been but slightly modified. The most +prominent bishops have been Losinga, who established the see at Norwich +and founded the cathedral, and John Grey or Gray, who governed Ireland, +divided it into counties, placed it under English laws, fought in France, +and captured fortresses there,—for bishops were fighting men in those +days; Pandulph, who excommunicated King John Lackland; W. Middleton, who +acted as Guardian of the Kingdom; John Salmon and William de Ermine, who +were Lord Chancellors; and Bateman, who founded Trinity Hall, Cambridge. +Others less noted were Henry le Spencer, who fought as a soldier for the +pope on shore, and as an English admiral at sea; Richard Courtenay, who +died at the siege of Harfleur; John de Wakering, who was Lord Privy Seal; +Nykke, known as the blind bishop, who conducted a traitorous +correspondence with the pope; William Rugge, who deprived the see of its +barony; Parkhurst, who was famous for entertaining Oxford scholars; +Scambler, called “the scandalous;” John Jeggon, called “the wag;” +Montague, called “the excellent;” Corbet, called the “merry wit;” Hall, +“the saintly;” Overall and Sparrow, “the learned;” and Bathurst, “the +good,” who pleaded for Catholic emancipation. Three of the dignitaries, +J. Harpsfield, H. Prideaux, and T. Sherlock, became cardinals; one, John, +became archbishop of Smyrna; and one, Montgomery, became bishop of Meath. + +The cathedral establishment includes the bishop, the dean, three +archdeacons, four canons, twenty-four hon. canons, four minor canons, and +a chancellor. The income of the bishop is £4,500; that of each of the +archdeacons is £200; and that of the other archdeacon is £184. The +diocese comprises all Norfolk except the parishes of Emneth and Brandon, +and all Suffolk except the deaneries of Thedwaster and Thingoe, and parts +of the deaneries of Clare, Fordham, and Sudbury; and it is divided into +the archdeaconries of Norwich, Norfolk, and Suffolk. Population, +743,000; acres, 1,994,535; deaneries, 41; benefices, 908; curates, 253; +church sittings, 294,177. A few more particulars may be stated +respecting some of the earlier prelates. + +_Herbert de Losinga_ _A.D._ 1094. + Founder of the diocese and builder of the + greater part of the Cathedral. +_Eborard or Everard_ _A.D._ 1121. + Divided the archdeaconry of Suffolk into + two, founded the hospital and church of + St. Paul in Norwich. He either resigned + or was deposed. +_William Turbus_ _A.D._ 1146. + A friend and advocate of Thomas à Becket, + who induced him to excommunicate the Earl + of Norfolk and some other nobles, for + which he was forced to take sanctuary till + he had appeased the wrath of the King, + Henry II. +_John of Oxford_ _A.D._ 1175. + Took part with Henry II. against Becket, + and built the church of the Holy Trinity + at Ipswich. +_John de Grey_ _A.D._ 1200. + Built a palace at Gaywood, near Lynn, made + that town a free borough, and lent large + sums to King John, for which he received + in pledge the royal regalia. After him + the see was vacant seven years. +_Pandulphus_ _A.D._ 1222. + Obtained a grant of the whole of the + _first fruits_ of the clergy in his + diocese for himself and his successors, + which was not revoked till the time of + Henry VIII. +_Thomas de Blandevill_ _A.D._ 1226. +_Ralfo_ (died soon after) 1239. +_William de Raleigh_ 1244. + Translated to Winchester. +_Walter de Suthfield_ 1244. + Obtained for the bishopric a charter of + free warren to himself and successors, + erected and endowed the hospital of St. + Giles, and made a valuation of all the + ecclesiastical revenues for Pope Innocent. +_Simon de Walton_ _A.D._ 1258. +_Roger de Skernyng_ 1265. +_William de Middleton_ 1278. +_Ralph de Walpole_ 1288. + Translated to Ely. +_John Salmon_ 1299. + Enlarged the Palace and founded the + Charnel House School (now the Grammar + House School). +_Robert de Baldock_ _A.D._ 1325. + Resigned the same year. +_William de Ayrminne_ 1325. + Enclosed and fortified the Cathedral and + Palace with stone walls. +_Thomas Hemenhale_ _A.D._ 1337. + Translated to Worcester same year. +_Anthony de Beck_ 1337. + Being of a quarrelsome disposition, was + poisoned either by the monks or his own + servants. +_William Bateman_ _A.D._ 1343. + Was a native of Norwich, and founded + Trinity Hall, Cambridge. +_Thomas Percy_ _A.D._ 1355. + Youngest brother of the Earl of + Northumberland; was only twenty-two years + of age when he obtained the prelacy. +_Henry le Spencer_ _A.D._ 1370. + Was consecrated by the pope in person. He + took an active part in the warfare between + the Urbanites and Clementines. He was an + enthusiastic zealot, and a fierce + persecutor of the Lollards. +_Alexander de Tottington_ _A.D._ 1407. +_Richard de Courtenay_, 1413. +_LL.D._ +_John Wareryng_ 1416. +_William Alnwick_, _LL.D._ 1426. + Translated to Lincoln. +_Thomas Browne_, _LL.D._ 1436. + Translated from Rochester; he left money + to pay the city tax, and founded + exhibitions at the Universities for poor + scholars in the diocese. +_John Stanbery_, _D.D._ _A.D._ 1445. + Chosen but never consecrated. +_Walter Lyhart_ 1446 + He repaired the Cathedral, and made many + ornamental additions to the edifice. +_James Goldwell_ _A.D._ 1472. + Granted twelve years and forty days pardon + to all who assisted him in beautifying the + Cathedral. +_Thomas Jan_ _A.D._ 1499. +_Richard Nykke or Nix_ 1500. + Alienated the revenues of his diocese for + the Abbacy of Holme, by agreement with + Henry VIII., and was a cruel persecutor of + the reformers, who, at this period, begun + to be numerous. +_William Rugg D.D._ _A.D._ 1535. + Resigned the See for an annuity of £200 + per annum. +_Thomas Thirlby_ _A.D._ 1550. + Translated from Westminster, of which he + was the first and last bishop; and + afterwards removed to Ely. +_John Hopton_, _D.D._ _A.D._ 1554. + A sanguinary persecutor of the reformers, + and is supposed to have died through fear + of retaliating vengeance on the accession + of Queen Elizabeth. “Thus conscience + cloth make cowards of us all.” + +After the Reformation the following were the bishops of Norwich in the +16th century:— + +_Richard Cox_ _A.D._ 1558. + Translated to Ely. +_John Parkhurst_, 1560. +_D.D._ + A friend of Oxford scholars. +_Edmund Freke_, _D.D._ 1575. + Translated from Rochester and + afterwards removed to Worcester. +_Edmund Scambler_, _A.D._ 1584. +_D.D._ + Translated from Peterborough. +_William Redman_, 1594. +_D.D._ + +The following were bishops of Norwich in the 17th century:— + +_John Jeggon_, _D.D._ _A.D._ 1602. + In his time a fire broke out in the + palace at Ludham and consumed the + whole of the library, and many + valuable documents respecting the + diocese. +_John Overall_, _D.D._ _A.D._ 1618. + Translated from Lichfield and + Coventry. +_Samuel Harsnett_, 1619. +_D.D._ + Translated from Chichester, and + afterwards became archbishop of York. +_Francis White_, _D.D._ _A.D._ 1628. + Translated from Carlisle, afterwards + removed to Ely. +_Richard Corbet_, _D.D._ _A.D._ 1631. +_Matthew Wren_, _D.D._ 1635. + Translated from Hereford and + afterwards removed to Ely. He was + father of the celebrated architect, + Sir Christopher Wren. +_Richard Montague_, _A.D._ 1636. +_D.D._ + A distinguished scholar, translated + from Chichester. +_Joseph Hall_, _D.D._ _A.D._ 1641. + Translated from Exeter. During the + civil wars he was sent to the tower + for asserting his right to vote in + the house of peers; and parliament + deprived him of his temporalities, + and prohibited him from exercising + any spiritual jurisdiction. The See + was vacant four years. +_Edward Reynolds_, _A.D._ 1660. +_D.D._ + Was a liberal benefactor to the city + of Norwich, and paid much attention + to the comforts of the parochial + clergy. +_Anthony Sparrow_, _A.D._ 1676. +_D.D._ + Translated from Exeter. +_William Lloyd_, _D.D._ 1686. + Translated from Peterborough. On the + accession of William III., refusing + to take the oath of abjuration + against James II., he was deprived of + his bishopric. +_John Moore_, _D.D._ _A.D._ 1691. + Translated to Ely. He collected a + large library of rare books, which, + at his death, was purchased by George + I. and presented to the University of + Cambridge. + +The following were the bishops of Norwich in the 18th century:— + +_Charles Trimnell_, _D.D._ _A.D._ 1707. + Translated to Winchester. He was a native + of Norwich, and greatly assisted the + Protestant emigrants who fled to his diocese + from the Palatinate on the Rhine, through + the irruptions and exactions of the French. + Many of these emigrants were artisans, and + greatly increased the general welfare of the + city and county. +_Thomas Green_, _D.D._ _A.D._ 1721. + Translated to Ely. +_John Leng_, _D.D._ 1723. +_William Baker_, _D.D._ 1727. + Translated from Bangor. +_Robert Butts_, _D.D._ 1732. + Translated to Ely. +_Sir Thomas Gooch_, _Bart._, 1738. +_D.D._ + Translated from Bristol and afterwards + removed to Ely. +_Samuel Lisle_, _D.D._ _A.D._ 1748. + Translated from St. Asaph. +_Thomas Hayter_, _D.D._ 1749. + Translated to London. +_Philip Yonge_, _D.D._ 1761. +_Lewis Bagot_, _LL.D._ 1783. + Translated from Bristol and afterwards + removed to St. Asaph. +_George Horne_, _D.D._ _A.D._ 1790. + Author of a “Commentary on the Psalms,” and + other works of considerable merit, more + especially an “Introduction to the Study of + the Bible.” + +During the present century the following eminent divines have been +bishops of Norwich:— + +_Rt. Hon. C. M. Sutton_, _A.D._ 1792. +_D.D._ + Prelate of the Order of the Garter. + Translated to the archbishopric of + Canterbury. +_Henry Bathurst_, _LL.D._ _A.D._ 1805. + He died in the 94th year of his age. +_Edward Stanley_, _D.D._ 1837. + We have already given a sketch of the life + of this estimable bishop, and also of those + of his immediate predecessor and successor, + at pages 520 to 524, in our notices of the + eminent citizens of the 19th century. +_Samuel Hinds_, _D.D._ _A.D._ 1850. + Resigned in 1857, and lives in retirement +_Hon. John Thos. Pelham_, _A.D._ 1857 +_D.D._ + The second son of the late earl of + Chichester, and brother of the present + earl; was born in 1811, and graduated at + Oxford. In 1845, he married a daughter of + Thomas William Tatten, Esq., and was + appointed chaplain to the queen in 1847. + After this he was collated to the rectory + of Bergh Apton, in Norfolk, by the earl of + Abergavenny, which he held till 1852, when + he was appointed to Christ Church, + Hampstead, and in 1854 he was nominated by + the crown to the rectory of St. Marylebone, + Middlesex. He fulfilled the arduous duties + of minister of that populous parish for + three years. He was installed at the + Cathedral church, Norwich, on June 26th, + 1857, and since then he has ruled the + diocese with satisfaction to the great body + of the clergy. + +DEANS OF NORWICH. + + A.D. +William Castleton, the last Prior, was made the first dean 1538. +of the Cathedral +John Salisbury, suffragan bishop of Thetford, was made dean 1539. +on the resignation of William Castleton, and deprived about +1553 +John Christopherson; afterwards bishop of Chichester 1554. +John Boxall. Resigned 1557. +John Harpsfield (Archdeacon of London.) Deprived 1560 1558. +John Salisbury, restored. Buried in the Cathedral 1560. +George Gardiner. Buried in the Cathedral 1573. +Thomas Dove: afterwards bishop of Peterborough 1589. +John Jeggon: afterwards bishop 1601. +George Montgomery (bishop of Meath). Resigned 1603. +Edmund Suckling. Buried in the Cathedral 1614. +John Hassall. Died 1654: buried at North Creake 1628. + _Void till after the Restoration_. +John Crofts. Buried in the Cathedral 1660. +Herbert Astley. Buried in the Cathedral 1670. +John Sharp. Removed to Canterbury 1681. +Henry Fairfax. Buried in the Cathedral 1689. +Humphrey Prideaux. Author of a learned work entitled 1702. +“Connection of the Old and New Testament.” Buried in the +Cathedral +Thomas Cole. Buried in the chancel of East Raynham church 1724. +Robert Butts: afterwards bishop 1731. +John Baron (Archdeacon of Norfolk). Buried at Saxlingham 1733. +Thomas Bullock. Died May, 1760. Buried in the Cathedral, 1739. +at the extreme east end +Edward Townshend 1761. +Philip Lloyd. Buried in the choir of the Cathedral 1765. +Joseph Turner. Buried in the choir of the Cathedral 1790. +The Honourable George Pellew. Buried at Great Chart 1828. +EDWARD MEYRICK GOULBURN, D.D., Chaplain in Ordinary to the 1866. +Queen + +DIGNITARIES, ETC., OF THE DIOCESE. + + + Bishop. + + The Hon. and Rt. Rev. JOHN THOMAS PELHAM, D.D. 1857. + + _Chancellor of the Diocese_. + + Worshipful E. Howes, Esq., M.A., M.P., 1868. + + _Archdeacons_. + +_Norwich_, Ven. A. M. Hopper, M.A. 1868 +_Norfolk_, Ven. W. Arundell Bouverie, 1850 +B.D. +_Suffolk_, Right Rev. Bishop Ryan, D.D. 1868 + + _Examining Chaplains_. + + Rev. J. J. S. Perowne, B.D., and Rev. T. T. Perowne, B.D. + + _Registrars_: Rev. E. S. Bathurst and John Kitson, Esq. + + _Deputy Registrar_: W. T. Bensly, Esq. + + _Secretaries to the Bishop_. + + J. Kitson, Esq., _Norwich_; J. B. Lee, Esq., _Dean’s Yard_, + _Westminster_. + + _Assistant Secretary_; W. T. Bensly, Esq., _Norwich_. + + _Registrars of the Archdeaconries_. + + _Norwich_, Edward Steward, Esq., _Norwich_. + + _Norfolk_, Henry Hansell, Esq., _Norwich_. + + _Suffolk_, C. R Steward, Esq., _Ipswich_. + + _Proctor for the Chapter_, Rev. Canon Heaviside, M.A. + + _Proctor for the Archdeaconries of Norfolk & Norwich_, Rev. H. Howell, + M.A. + + _Proctor for the Archdeaconry of Suffolk_, Rev. W. Potter, M.A. + + The Dean and Chapter. + + DEAN. + + The Very Rev. EDWARD MEYRICK GOULBURN, D.D., 1866. + + _Canons_. + +A. Sedgwick, LL.D. 1834 C. K. Robinson, D.D. 1861 +J. W. L. Heaviside, M.A. 1860 J. M. Nisbet, M.A. 1867 + + _High Steward of the Cathedral_. + + The Right Hon. the Earl of Kimberley 1866. + + _Honorary Canons_. + +Hon. E. S. Keppel, M.A. 1844 Hon. K. H. Digby, M.A. 1858 +Archdn. Bouverie, B.D. 1847 R. H. Groome, M.A. 1858 +Bishop of Columbia, D.D. 1850 Thomas Mills, M.A. 1859 +Edw. J. Moor, B.A. 1850 W. F. Patteson, M.A. 1860 +W. H. Parker, M.A. 1852 H. R. Nevill, M.A. 1861 +Robert Eden, M.A. 1852 W. Howorth, M.A. 1863 +Wm. Potter, M.A. 1853 S. Everard, M.A. 1863 +Wm. Jackman, M.A. 1853 J. Lee-Warner, M.A. 1863 +Archdn. Hopper, M.A. 1854 E. F. E. Hankinson, M.A. 1863 +W. R. Colbeck, B.D. 1856 R. Blakelock, M.A. 1864 +R. Collyer, M.A. 1856 W. Blyth, M.A. 1868 +Hinds Howell, M.A. 1856 G. King, M.A. 1868 + + _Minor Canons_. + +J. C. Matchett, M.A., 1824 E. Bulmer, M.A. 1865 +_Sacrist_ +H. Symonds, M.A., _Precentor_ 1844 J. S. Müller, M.A. 1865 + + _Chapter Clerk_, John Kitson, Esq. + + _Organist_, Dr. Z. Buck. + + +THE CLERGY OF NORWICH. + + +The following is a list of the clergy of Norwich, revised to the time of +our going to press. + + _Rural Dean_—_Rev._ W. F. PATTESON, Vicar of St. Helen. + + Benefice. Pop. Incumbent. Wh. Inst. Curate. Ch. Acc. +All Saints St. 667 Kant W. 1868 150 +Julian, R. +St. Andrew, V. 978 Copeman A. 1857 700 + C. +St. Augustine, R. 1890 Rackham M. 1848 240 + J. +St. Benedict, V. 1381 Dombrain J. 1865 300 +St. Clement, R. 3961 Rigg R. 1842 350 +Christ Church, V. Wade R. 1852 629 +St. Edmund, R. 753 Taylor T. 1864 425 +St. Etheldred, V. 614 Bishop W. 1865 100 +St. George Colegate, 1607 Durdin A. W. 1852 380 +V. +St. George Tombland, 687 Trimmer K. 1842 400 +V. +St. Giles, V. 1586 Ripley W. N. 1859 Brownjohn J. 600 +St. Gregory, V. 934 Wortley J. 1864 500 +St. Helen, V. 507 Patteson W. 1824 289 + F. +St. James, V. 3408 Pringle A. 1865 340 +Pockthorpe and D. +Barracks +St. John Maddermkt, 537 Price G. F. 1863 461 +R. +St. John Sepulchre, 2219 Moore W. T. 1865 300 +V. +St. John Timberhill, 1302 Titlow S. 1831 400 +V. +St. Julian, R. 1361 See All 150 + Saints +St. Lawrence, R. 877 Hillyard E. 1861 600 + A. +St. Margaret, R. 664 Cobb J. W. 1848 500 +St. Martin at 1085 Barker R. W. 1866 360 +Palace, V. +St. Martin at Oak, 2546 Caldwell C. 1858 300 +V. +St. Mary Coslany, V. 1498 Morse C. 1851 250 +St. Mary in the 451 Matchett J. 1824 120 +Marsh, V. (Bishop’s C. +Chapel) +St. Michael Coslany, 1365 Kidd R. H. 1867 600 +R. +St. Michael at Plea, 379 Morse C. 1839 200 +R. +St. Michael at 2121 Davies A. 1865 379 +Thorn. +St. Paul, R. 2907 1826 430 +St. Peter Hungate, 399 Titlow S. 1839 200 +R. +St. Peter Mancroft, 2575 Turner C. 1848 Ram E. 1000 +V. +St. Peter per 2868 Durst J. 1862 Hull B. 400 +Mountergate, V. +St. Peter Southgate, 457 Bishop W. 1865 120 +R. +St. Saviour, V. 1532 Cooke W. H. 1856 400 +St. Simon & St. 283 Osborne J. 450 +Jude, R. F. +St. Stephen, V. 4191 Baldwin C. 1863 700 +St. Swithin, R. 699 Slipper W. 1865 350 + A. + +The following are the clergy of the Hamlets not included in the Deanery +of Norwich. + + Benefice. Pop. Incumbent. Wh. Inst. Curate. Ch. Acc. +Earlham, V. with 195 Payne J. H. 1849 120 +Bowthorpe (no +church) +Eaton, V. 930 Weston F. 1865 200 +Heigham, R. 13894 Dixon J. G. 1868 Rust J. C. 250 + + Sharley G. +,, Holy Trinity, R. Rust C. T. 1865 1100 +,, St. Philip, V. Nash T. A. 1868 +Hellesdon, R. 496 Howell H. 1855 Cornford J. 100 +Lakenham St. Mark, 3808 Garry N. T. 1861 Morse A. S. 840 +V. + Leach J. +Thorpe St. Matthew, 2388 Owen J. S. 1869 518 +V. +Trowse, V. 1404 Pownall A. 1860 300 + with Lakenham, V. 2079 200 + +NONCONFORMISTS. + + _Baptist_. Acc. +Rev. Geo. Gould St. Mary’s Chapel 900 +Rev. Thos. Foston St. Clement’s Chapel 900 +Rev. R. B. Clare Priory Yard Chapel 400 +Rev. C. H. Hosken Gildencroft Chapel 500 +Rev. W. Hawkins Cherry Lane Chapel 250 +Rev. J. Brunt Orford Hill Chapel 500 +Rev. R. Govett Surrey Road Chapel 1100 +Rev. H. Trevor Pottergate Street 100 + Chapel + _Independent_. +Rev. J. Hallett Old Meeting Chapel 700 +Rev. Philip Colborne Chapel in the Field 900 +Rev. G. S. Barrett Prince’s Street 1000 + Chapel + _Countess of Huntingdon’s Connexion_. +Rev. Burford Hooke The Tabernacle Chapel 1000 +Rev. J. J. J. Kempster Dereham Road Chapel 100 + _Wesleyan Methodist_. +Rev. Hugh Jones Lady’s Lane Chapel 1000 + +Rev. Wesley Butters + +Rev. George Boggis + _Methodist Free Church_. +Rev. J. Schofield Calvert Street and 1200 + New City Chapel +Rev. R. Abercrombie, M.A. 900 + _Primitive Methodist_. +Rev. J. Scott St. Catherine’s Plain 600 + Chapel +Rev. R. Betts Cowgate Street Chapel 300 +Rev. B. Bell Dereham Road Chapel 700 + _Free Church_. +Rev. J. Crompton Dutch Church 600 + _Unitarian_. +Rev. J. D. H. Smyth Octagon Chapel 750 + _Presbyterian_. +Rev. W. A. Mc Allan St. Peter’s Hall 800 + _Catholic Apostolic Church_. +Rev. A. Inglis, B.A. Clement Court, 200 + Redwell Street + _Roman Catholics_. +Rev. P. Costello / Rev. R. Sumner Willow Lane Chapel 400 +Rev. Canon Dalton St. John’s Chapel 600 + _Jews_. +Rev. S. Caro The Synagogue, St. 150 + Faith’s Lane + +CHAPTER IV. +Religious, Educational, & Benevolent. + + +NEARLY all of the Religious Institutions in Norwich have arisen during +the present century, and annual meetings are held on their behalf. But +the Bible Society, the most important of them all, has been supported by +both Churchmen and Dissenters. It was founded in 1811, since which year +it has distributed 323,000 bibles in the city and county, and remitted to +the Parent Society more than £120,000. The late J. J. Gurney was an +ardent supporter of this society, and delivered his last great speech on +its behalf at an annual meeting in St. Andrew’s Hall. + +Of the other societies the Church Missionary Society has taken the lead, +and the Lord Bishop of the diocese has generally presided. This society +was instituted here in 1813, and it has raised more than £70,000. The +Rev. Edward Bickersteth, one of its founders and its first secretary, was +partner with Thomas Bignold, Esq., solicitor of this city (brother to Sir +Samuel Bignold), whose sister he married. At the first meeting in St. +Andrew’s Hall, upwards of £700 was collected. Mr. Bickersteth was +ordained in 1815 by Bishop Bathurst, and after visiting Africa on behalf +of the mission, became secretary of the Parent Society. + +The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts is, +however, the oldest missionary society of the Church of England, and +annual meetings on its behalf have been held here all through the present +century. It has two objects in view—first, by carrying the gospel to our +colonists to prevent christians from becoming heathens in faith and +practice; second, to make heathens christians. The work of the society +has been chiefly in our colonies. In following the direction of its +original charter, the society has been vindicated by the practice of +other more recent missionary societies of the Church of England. + +The Church Pastoral Aid Society was instituted in the year 1835, for the +purpose of supplying assistance to the incumbents of large and populous +parishes, to enable them to obtain the help of additional curates and lay +agents. Aid is now afforded to 548 incumbents, and the grants of the +society, when all occupied, are for 502 curates and 181 lay assistants. +Meetings are held here every year in support of the parent institution. +The total receipts for the year ending March 31st, 1868, were £57,019 +16s. 7d., and the expenditure £64,065 16s. 3d. + +The Norwich Diocesan Church Association was established in 1862. Its +object was to combine, as far as possible, Churchmen of every shade of +political and religious opinion in the support of the established church, +particularly as regards all questions affecting its welfare, likely to +become the subject of legislation, and generally in the promotion of +measures calculated to increase its stability and usefulness; but points +of doctrine are never brought under discussion. Annual meetings are held +every year on the second Thursday after Easter, when reports are read, +and the officers and committee elected. This society comprises 800 +members, one half of whom are laymen. + +The Norwich Diocesan Church Building Association was established on +October 20th, 1836. It is in union with the Incorporated Society for +promoting the enlargement, building, and repairing of churches and +chapels in England and Wales. The patron is the Earl of Leicester, and +the president the Lord Bishop of the diocese. Grants have been made to +many parishes in this county. + +The Norfolk Book Hawking Association was established in December, 1855, +for the sale, throughout the county of Norfolk, by the agency of licensed +hawkers, of bibles, prayer books, tracts, and prints of a religious and +instructive character. In the year ending August 31st, 1868, the number +of bibles, testaments, prayer books, church services, tracts, and prints +sold, amounted to 11,449, the receipts being £523 1s. 11½d. The receipts +for the year (including a balance of £56 2s. 5d.,) were £759 18s. 4d., +and the expenditure amounted to £722 9s. 1½d., leaving a balance in hand +of £37 9s. 2½d. President, the Lord Bishop of the diocese. + +The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge was founded in the year +1698. The Norwich Auxiliary is of later date. During the year 1868 the +committee forwarded to the Parent Society contributions amounting to +£154, in addition to donations of £30 from the local fund; and the sale +of books at the depository realised £350, viz., for bibles and +testaments, 1,489; prayer books, 3,731; other books, 16,993; total, +22,213. By the rules of this society all its members must be of the +established church. Its principal object is the distribution of the Holy +Scriptures at home and abroad, and other religious books which are +calculated to diffuse christian knowledge. + +The Norwich Churchman’s Club was instituted in the early part of the year +1868, mainly through the exertions of the Rev. F. Meyrick, for the moral +and mental improvement of young men in the city. For these purposes a +reading room has been established, supplied with books, periodicals, and +newspapers. Lectures are delivered and classes have been formed for +secular and religious instruction. About 100 honorary, and 200 +reading-room members have been enrolled. + +Annual meetings have also been held here on behalf of the London +Missionary Society, which is chiefly supported by Independents; on behalf +of the Baptist Missions, the Wesleyan Missions, and other missions to the +heathen; the Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews; and +also on behalf of the Norwich City Mission, a society which has been of +great benefit in improving the spiritual condition of the poor. A full +account of the operations of this mission would exhibit the social state +of the city far better than any elaborate description. + +Turning our attention now to the question of Education, it will not be +too much to say that Norwich has always been the head quarters of +education in the eastern counties, on account both of the number and the +character of the schools, some of which have produced very eminent men. +The Grammar School is a far-famed ancient institution. It was originally +founded and endowed by the bishops of the See who collated the masters, +and the archdeacon of Norwich inducted them. The Singing and Grammar +Schools belonging to the Convent were kept in the Almonry, the masters of +which were frequently collated by the bishop on the Convent’s nomination, +and as soon as inducted they generally published the bishop’s inhibition, +prohibiting all other persons from teaching grammar or singing in the +city. At the Reformation they were dissolved; and the present Free +Grammar School was appointed, and took the name of Edward VI. It is +divided into the upper and lower schools, has considerable endowments, +and an interest in fifteen scholarships at Cambridge. It has afforded +instruction to many distinguished scholars, including Archbishop Parker, +Bishops Cousin, T. Green, Maltby, and Monk, Dr. Caius, the founder of +Caius College at Cambridge, Wild, the learned tailor, Admiral Lord +Nelson, Coke, Rajah Brooke, and many others. The Commercial School, in +Bridge Street, shares the same endowments, and affords instruction to +more than 200 boys. + +The report of the Schools Inquiry Commission, which was issued in March, +1868, and is the most comprehensive on the subject of the education of +the upper and middle classes that has yet appeared, is very favourable as +regards the Norwich Grammar and Commercial Schools, but quite the reverse +respecting the schools in the county. Norwich Grammar School is stated +to have been established in 1547. The gross income of the charity is +£1558. The endowment of the school is £662. The course of instruction +is classical, under a head master and competent teachers. This is no +doubt the best school for the classics, but the Commercial School is the +most useful to the citizens. + +Mr. Hammond, the assistant commissioner, in the report upon endowed +schools says, that no education, preparatory to the University, is +supplied in Norfolk, except at the Grammar Schools of Norwich, Holt, and +King’s Lynn, in none of which does it, except in Norwich, “engross very +much of the teacher’s time and attention, nor is it anywhere carried out +to the same perfection as at such schools as Marlborough College and the +City of London School. In Norfolk, Latin, so far as it went, was in the +endowed schools generally satisfactory. But hardly any boy could have +been set to write five consecutive lines of Latin, not taken from the +exercise book. It is fair to add that Norwich sacrifices nothing to it. +In mathematics, modern languages, and general literature, the school has +few equals; and certainly none superior in the county. French is in +Norfolk a recognised study in classical schools, as well as in most of +the semi-classical schools; is very good, and in all but one +satisfactory. In the non-classical schools, French, when attempted, is +worthless. Arithmetic is in the great majority of Norfolk schools +practically, and perhaps educationally, the most important subject +taught, and a large portion of time and attention is assigned to it.” + +Only at a few schools is any useful knowledge of Algebra given, and only +at Norwich Grammar School does it extend beyond the solution of quadratic +equations. Euclid is not learnt in a very satisfactory manner; it is +taught too exclusively by papers in Norfolk. Of natural science no real +or substantial knowledge is imparted. Of English subjects, history is +the least taught and the worst learnt. English literature is hardly +taught at all, yet it is the noblest literature in the world. + +Mr. Hammond says that in Norfolk it is simply impossible to establish a +classical day school without boarders. At Norwich, Yarmouth, and +possibly Kings Lynn, semi-classical day schools might, under very +favourable circumstances, remunerate an able certificated teacher, but no +private day school in these towns is any better than a national school; +_a fortiori_, this is true of smaller towns and villages. + +The Boys’ and Girls’ Hospital Schools were founded, in 1618, by Thomas +Anguish; admit on the foundation sixty-nine boys and fifty girls; allow +to each boy £10 yearly for board with parents or friends; the girls are +boarded and lodged at the new School Rooms in Lakenham. The schools have +an endowed income of £2,097 in the boys’ department, and £1,012 in the +girls’ department. Baron’s School has an endowed income of £536. +Scott’s School has £137; Balderstone’s School has also £137; Norman’s +School has £650, and maintains thirty boys; and several other schools +have endowments. The Lancasterian School, in College Court, has room for +300 children, and is supported by Nonconformists. The School for the +Blind, in Magdalen Street, was founded in 1805 at a cost of £1,000, and +has an income of £1,300 yearly, and is open to the blind from every part +of the kingdom. + +The Norwich Diocesan National School Society, established in 1812, has +contributed £250 per annum towards the support of schools in the city and +county, and has supported an institution for training mistresses for the +charge of schools. These trained teachers have been in great demand all +over the diocese. The Norwich charity schools are church schools, nine +in number, and they have afforded instruction to a large number of boys +and girls. But the education of the poor in this city has not been left +entirely to the church, as there are many British schools supported by +all classes of Nonconformists. + +In early times the monks or the clergy were the schoolmasters. Their +schools, when not carried on within the walls of a monastery, were, and +have been called, Grammar Schools, up to the present time. Other similar +schools have also been established from time to time in various parts of +the district, some for educating the sons of the poor, and others for the +middle classes. The population of the country, however, increased so +rapidly, and the people were so ignorant, that no comparison can be made +with the present state of society. Dr. Bell introduced the monitorial +system, in 1796, and warmly advocated its adoption as the most effectual +means of rapidly extending popular instruction. It was as warmly +received, and he was chiefly instrumental in establishing the National +Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor in the principles of the +Established Church. This society was started in 1811, and has been very +successful. The British and Foreign Society was established shortly +before upon the principles advocated by Lancaster, of allowing the bible +to be read in the schools without note or comment. + +A great change has taken place as regards the intelligence and morals of +the people, and this may be attributed to the vast increase in the number +of day and Sunday schools. Popular education is almost the creation of +the present century, although the day-school epoch may be dated from the +year 1796, when the youthful quaker, Joseph Lancaster, began to teach +children in his father’s house at Southwark. Lancaster was an enthusiast +in his calling, and acted as much in the character of a guardian to his +scholars as a master, and whilst often charging nothing for his +instruction, he fed his pupils as well. No wonder that he had at one +time 1000 scholars. + +According to the census of 1851, the city contained then 45 public day +schools, with 5,207 scholars; 10 private day schools, with 2,553 +scholars; and 55 Sunday schools, with 6,859 scholars, which number has +since been very greatly increased. About twenty-nine of the Sunday +schools, with 2,650 scholars, belonged to the Church of England; and +twenty-six Sunday schools with more scholars belonged to the Dissenters. +Five schools with 534 scholars were endowed schools; thirteen with 1,915 +scholars were church schools; ten with 712 scholars were national +schools; five with 546 scholars were dissenting British schools. All the +rest belonged to the Non-conformists. + +According to the census of 1861, the Norwich Parochial Charity Schools +afforded instruction, on the national system, to more than 700 boys and +400 girls. The Model School for boys numbered 400, and that for girls +300 scholars. New schoolrooms had been built in Heigham, Lakenham, +Thorpe, and various parts of the city; and the bishops, the clergy, and +ministers of all denominations zealously promoted the educational +movement. A great change has, as might consequently have been expected, +taken place for the better as regards the morals and intelligence of the +mass of the citizens, and this may be attributed in a great measure to +the number of day and Sunday schools. Crimes are not now of so frequent +occurrence as formerly. The magistrates and police have less to do; and +churches and chapels are more numerous, and better filled and supported. + +While the population has been increasing and schools becoming more +numerous in this city, some means of continuing the education of young +men seemed to be required, and this want has been in a measure supplied +by the establishment of popular literary institutions. Of these there +have been several at various periods, including the Mechanics’ +Institution, the Athenæum, the People’s College, and the Young Men’s +Institute, all of which are now defunct, and in their places we have a +Young Men’s Christian Association, and a Church of England Young Men’s +Association; the former having about 400 and the latter 200 members. Of +both of these the object is to promote the religious, moral, social, and +intellectual well-being of young men, and we are happy to be able to say +that their work is most energetically and efficiently accomplished. +There are also a School of Art and a Free Library, both of which we have +already noticed at pages 431 and 432. + +As might also be expected, the growth of education and the spread of +religion have led to that which always, sooner or later, comes out of the +improved intellectual and moral condition of society—the establishment of +a large number of benevolent institutions with various noble purposes. +Perhaps it would be quite within the bounds of the strictest truth to say +that there is hardly a city or town in the kingdom, of the same +population and extent as Norwich, in which a greater amount of genuine +charity exists, and where institutions for the relief and comfort of the +sick and the poor are more abundant. In fact these are so numerous in +Norwich that we cannot even mention them. We may say, however, that +amongst them are the Norwich District Visiting Society for relieving the +sick poor at their own houses, established at a public meeting held on +January 16th, 1815; the Norwich Public Dispensary, instituted in the year +1804, for the purpose of giving advice, medicine, and attendance free of +expense to indigent persons unable to pay for the same; the Jenny Lind +Infirmary for sick children, established on May 30th, 1853, by the +proceeds of a concert, when the Swedish Nightingale was the principal +vocalist; the Benevolent Association for the relief of decayed tradesmen, +their widows and orphans, established here on November 16th, 1790; the +Norwich Magdalen or Female Home, established in 1826, for the reclamation +of females who have deviated from the paths of virtue; the Orphans’ Home, +established in 1849, for training orphan girls for domestic service; the +Soup Charity, established in 1840, for supplying the poor with a +nutritious soup at a low price in winter; the Bethel Hospital, erected in +1713, for the support and treatment of poor lunatics at a very moderate +charge; the Blind Hospital, founded in 1805 by Thomas Tawell, a blind +gentleman, for teaching the blind to read and work; the Old Man’s or St. +Giles’ Hospital in Bishopgate Street, founded by Edward VI. as an +almshouse; Doughty’s Hospital in Calvert Street, founded by William +Doughty, gentleman, in 1687, for twenty-four poor men and eight poor +women; and, most valuable of all, the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital for +the relief of sick and lame poor. This last, in fact, is an institution +of such importance, and is accomplishing so important a use, that we deem +it deserving of a more extended notice. This noble institution is an +extensive brick building situated on St. Stephens Road. It was erected +in 1771 at a cost of more than £21,000, including about £8,000 expended +on subsequent additions and improvements. It has been considerably +enlarged at different times, and it is fitted up with all the latest +improvements. It was commenced by the voluntary contributions of the +benevolent, and has received many donations and legacies. It has been +well supported by a long list of annual subscribers. In 1867 the annual +subscriptions amounted to £2038 14s. 0d.; benefactions, £422 3s. 4d.; +collections, £313 1s. 7d.; legacies, £124 4s. 10d.; dividends and +interest, £745 15s. 1d.; sundries, £62 0s. 4d.; total, £3785 19s. 2d. +The expenditure in that year amounted to £4935 9s. 3d. The stock +purchased since 1770 amounts to £23,976 12s. 7d. The stock sold since +1770, £4890 4s. 4d. Present stock, £22,091 9s. 5d.—3 per cents. Bank +stock, £166 13s. 4d. From 1824 to 1864 the institution received £6018 +1s. 9d. from the profits of the Triennial Festivals in St. Andrew’s Hall. +From the opening of the hospital in 1772 to January 1st, 1868, in-door +patients 56,828, out-door 52,387. Daily average number of in-patients, +133; average number of days of each, 43. The physicians and surgeons +attend in turn to take in-patients every Saturday at 11 a.m., and every +Wednesday at the same hour to prescribe for the out-patients, +gratuitously. + +The affairs of the institution are superintended by a board of +management, selected annually from the governors, who consist of persons +who have contributed thirty guineas or upwards at one time; and that the +institution is managed well is sufficiently attested by the vast amount +of good which, through a long series of years, it has successfully +effected, and the cordial support which it has uniformly received from +the nobility, gentry, and trading community of both city and county. +Doubtless it is a noble exemplification of true Christian Charity, and it +is earnestly to be hoped that as years pass on its means of usefulness +will be more and more extended by the increasing sympathy and support of +an appreciative public. + + +CITY AUTHORITIES, OFFICIALS, _&c._ + + + JUSTICES. + +Nath. Palmer (Barrister-at-Law) Edward Copeman, M.D. +Horatio Bolingbroke, Esq. Sir Robert. J. H. Harvey +Edward Willett, Esq. C. E. Bignold, Esq. +Sir Samuel Bignold William J. Utten Browne, Esq. +John Godwin Johnson, Esq. Frederick Brown, Esq. +Osborn Springfield, Esq. W. H. Clabburn, Esq. +Abel Towler, Esq. Colonel Cockburn +John Betts Esq. E. K. Harvey, Esq. +Robert W. Blake, Esq. J. M. Venning, Esq. +John Sultzer, Esq. Robert Fitch, Esq. +Robert Chamberlin, Esq. Henry Willett, Esq. +Henry Woodcock, Esq. + +The following Gentlemen hold the Commission but do not act— + +H. Browne, Esq. J. H. Gurney, Esq. + +The following Gentlemen hold the Commission bat do not reside within the +city— + +William Freeman, Esq. Robert Seaman, Esq. G. Middleton, Esq. + +CORPORATION OF NORWICH, 1869. + + +Elected under the Municipal Act of 5th and 6th of William IV., cap. 76, +passed September 9th, 1835, and the Acts amending the same. + + _Mayor_—E. K. HARVEY, ESQ. + + _Deputy Mayor_—JEREMIAH JAMES COLMAN, ESQ. + + _Sheriff_—JOHN ROBISON, ESQ. + + _Recorder_—PETER FREDERICK O’MALLEY, ESQ., Q.C. + + +ALDERMEN. + +William Boswell John Ferra Watson John M. Croker +Robert Fitch J. G. J. Bateman John Pymar +Henry S. Patteson Philip Back Charles Edw. Tuck +John Oddin Taylor E. Copeman, M.D. Francis G. Foster +Jacob Henry Tillett James Dawbarn +John Underwood William Hall + +COUNCILLORS. + + +FIRST WARD—The parishes of Sts. Helen, Martin at Palace, Simon and Jude, +Michael at Plea, Peter at Hungate, George of Tombland, and Peter per +Mountergate, and the Precincts of the Cathedral, and the Liberty of the +Bishop’s Palace. + +John B. Morgan John Hotblack Joseph H. Allen +E. K. Harvey (May.) Robt. P. Wiseman James Steward + +SECOND WARD—The parishes of Sts. Andrew, John of Maddermarket, Gregory, +Lawrence, Margaret, and Swithin. + +Simms Reeve John Boyce John Copeman +Robert Thorns Harry Bullard A. M. F. Morgan + +THIRD WARD—The parishes of Sts. Benedict and Giles, and the hamlets of +Heigham and Earlham. + +George Gedge Samuel Grimmer Joseph Stanley +Charles S. Gilman Charles Thorn Robert Daws + +FOURTH WARD—The parish of Sts. Peter Mancroft. + +Isaac Bugg Coaks Sir Wm. Foster, Bt. John Youngs +Carlos Cooper J. J. Colman (Deputy Mayor) Edward Wild + +FIFTH WARD—The parishes of Sts. Stephen, John’s Timberhill, and All +Saints, the Town Close, and the hamlet of Eaton. + +G. C. Stevens Edward Field Sir S. Bignold, Kt. +Thomas Priest Fred. E. Watson Henry Thompson + +SIXTH WARD—The parishes of Sts. Julian, Etheldred, Michael at Thorn, +Peter Southgate, and John Sepulchre, and the hamlets of Lakenham, Trowse, +Carrow, and Bracondale, and the Precincts of the Castle and Storehouse. + +Henry Hindes Thomas W. Crosse John G. Johnson +Henry Lovett James S. Skipper John Ballard Pitt + +SEVENTH WARD—The parishes of Sts. Clement, Edmund, Saviour, Paul, and +James, and the hamlets of Pockthorpe, Thorpe, and that part of Sprowston +which is within the boundary of the City of Norwich and County of the +same. + +A. F. C. Bolingbroke Thomas Hancock Charlie Bullard +W. P. Nichols William Sadd, jun. Charles Havers + +EIGHTH WARD—The parishes of Sts. Michael at Coslany, Mary, Martin at Oak, +George of Colegate, and Augustine, and the hamlet of Hellesdon. + +George Chaplin George Claxton William Hunter +John Hewitt William Wilde Edward Bugden + +_Town Clerk_—Mr. W. L. Mendham; _Clerk to Board of Health_—Mr. H. B. +Miller; _Under Sheriff_—Mr. F. G. Foster; _Clerk of the Peace_—Mr. E. C. +Bailey; _City Surveyor_—Mr. Morant; _Coroner_—Mr. E. S. Bignold. + + +1ST NORFOLK RIFLE VOLUNTEERS. +(City of Norwich) + + + _Lieut. Colonel_—GEORGE WILSON BOILEAU. + (Late Bengal Staff Corps.) + + _Major_—HENRY STANIFORTH PATTESON. + + _Captains_. +CHARLES FOSTER. JOHN B. MORGAN. +EDWARD FIELD. DONALD STEWARD. +HENRY MORGAN. PETER EDWARD HANSELL. + _Lieutenants_. +JOHN BARWELL. CLEMENT P. HART. +HENRY PULLEY. FREDERICK S. BROWN. +SAMUEL ASKER. PHILIP BACK. +A. F. C. BOLINGBROKE. + _Ensigns_. +BEAUMONT W. JOLLY. EDWARD A. FIELD. +JOHN B. BRIDGMAN. ALFRED MOTTRAM. +ROBERT BLAKE. HAYNES S. ROBINSON. + + _Adjutant_—GEORGE N. MICKLETHWAIT, _Captain_. + + _Hon. Assistant Quarter Master_—WILLIAM NORGATE. + + _Surgeon_—THOMAS W. CROSSE. + + _Assist. Surgeon_—EDWARD R. GIBSON. + + _Hon. Chaplain_—REV. FREDERICK MEYRICK. + + * * * * * + + Finis. + + * * * * * + + + + +ADVERTISEMENTS. + + +NORWICH SHAWL WAREHOUSE. + + + [Picture: Picture of crown] + + I. W. CALEY, + + _By Special Appointment_ + + Silk Mercer and Shawlman + + TO HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, H.R.H. THE PRINCESS OF + WALES, AND H.R.H. THE PRINCESS CHRISTIAN, + + NORWICH, + +Desires most respectfully to invite attention to the beautiful +Manufactures of this ancient City, well-known as the earliest, and long +the most important, seat of Textile industries in this country. + +Especial excellence of Design, Colouring, and Quality have been attained +in the production of + + SHAWLS, POPLINS, CAMLETS, + + AND FANCY MATERIALS FOR WALKING AND EVENING DRESSES, + + In the Manufacture of which Fabrics, Norwich continues to sustain + its long-established pre-eminence. + + THE CHOICEST DESIGNS IN + + NORWICH SHAWLS + +Are always on view, including those Specially Designed and Manufactured +for this Establishment, and those supplied by command to Her Majesty the +Queen. + + NORWICH PARAMATTAS + +And other Materials for Deep Mourning are confidently recommended as +being better in quality and dye than are produced in any other place. + + PATTERNS FREE BY POST. + + _On receipt of an Order_, _with reference_, _a selection of Shawls or + other Goods_ + _will be forwarded for choice_, _carriage free_. + + * * * * * + + + +THE ORWELL WORKS, IPSWICH. + + + * * * * * + +THE Orwell Works, Ipswich, where from 1000 to 1100 men and boys are +constantly employed, are situated on the edge of the Wet Dock, to which +they have a frontage of 935 feet, the largest dock frontage in the +possession of any private trading company in the United Kingdom. The +Great Eastern Railway runs into the yards, and goods may be packed in the +Orwell Works yard and delivered at any place having railway communication +with London without unloading. + +The works occupy twelve acres of ground, of which about two-thirds is +roofed over, and the demand for covered space continually increases. +From 5,000 to 6,000 tons of complete machinery, chiefly for agricultural +uses, annually leave the works. These, if placed side by side and close +together, would cover at least ten acres. These machines go to all parts +of the world. Orders have been executed for almost every country in +Europe, for North and South America, for Persia, India, the Spice +Islands, Australia, Africa, and other countries. The catalogues and +price currents of the firm have been printed in many languages of the Old +and the New World. + +The factory is divided into two parts by a road leading direct into the +Quay. On the southern side are situated the Foundry, Smith Shops, Plough +Shops, and Stores. Whilst on the northern side are the Engine-Erecting +Shop, Thrashing Machine Shop, and other shops for the construction of +Mills and smaller agricultural machines, such as Screens, Grinding Mills, +Chaff-Cutters, Turnip-Cutters, &c. + +The foundry is large and well furnished with cranes and the other +appliances of the moulders’ art—especially with patent machinery for +moulding, by which an extraordinary rate of production and of accuracy is +secured. The smithy contains 73 forges, and nearly in the centre there +is fixed one of Nasmyth’s large steam hammers. + +Ploughs, for which this firm have so long been famous, are fitted up in a +large shop, after the forgings and castings have been prepared in the +smithy and foundry. Every plough turned out, and which are numbered by +thousands in the course of one year, come under the eye of the foreman or +inspector, and are thoroughly examined, to see that every part is +correct. Here also are made Horse Rakes, Haymakers, and other field +implements. + +In the northern block are fixed the valuable engineers’ tools, lathes, +stoking machines, &c., necessary for the turning, shaping, and fashioning +all the component parts of a steam-engine or other complex machine. Here +also the patterns are made, and here the produced machine receives its +final perfection. At the extreme northern end of the factory are the +shops where are made the steam thrashing and other agricultural machines, +of which wood is a principal component, the wood-work being conveniently +introduced into this shop from a detached timber yard, where is fixed all +the wood-working machinery by which the frameworks of the steam thrashers +and other machines are completely fashioned. + +In between the northern and southern parts of the Works the Offices are +situated, and it will give _some_ idea of the magnitude of the business +when we say that last year upwards of 34,000 letters were received and +answered. The Commercial Office is 100 feet long, and the manufacturing +office 40 feet long. + +Our remaining space must be devoted to the productions of the firm. + +Everyone knows that the name of Ransome has been associated with the +plough from the earliest period of its improvement until its present +highly perfected condition, and that in many a well-contested struggle in +England and abroad, before all kinds of tribunals, the Ransome plough has +been eminently successful, and is manufactured in annually increasing +numbers. + +The first great improvement in the plough, viz., the Patent Chilled +Plough Share was the invention of Robert Ransome, the founder of the +firm, and was patented in 1803. _Now_ these patent shares are in +universal use. Indeed to the improvement of the plough and the unwearied +energy of the founder and his two sons, James and Robert Ransome, the +firm may be said to owe its origin and subsequent success. + +Messrs. Ransomes were also one of the earliest makers of the portable +steam engine, and are at the present time amongst the largest producers +of this very important machine in the kingdom. Within the last ten +years, engines of this class, to the aggregate power of 10,000 horses +nominal, have left the Orwell Works. + +The steam thrashing machines made by the firm, which possess peculiar +advantages of construction, are also produced in very large numbers, and +have carried off a large number of prizes. + +To the merits of these and other inventions developed and manufactured by +the firm, the long line of prize diplomas in the commercial office, the +large box of medals, gold, silver, and bronze, the decorations bestowed +on partners of the firm by the Sultan of Turkey and the King of Portugal, +and, recently, the gold medal of the Paris Exhibition, bear abundant +testimony and need no confirmation of ours. + +We may just add that the manufacture of railway material, which has +formed part of the business hitherto conducted at the Orwell Works, will +shortly be transferred to a branch of the old firm, who are building a +new factory on the banks of the Orwell. This will give Messrs. Ransomes, +Sims, and Head, increased space, and facilities for the manufacture of +agricultural machinery, to which they will henceforth give their +exclusive attention. + + * * * * * + + + +_PRINTING OFFICES_, + + + LONDON STREET, NORWICH. + + * * * * * + + JARROLD & SONS + + _Have recently added to the Printing Department of their business_ + + Lithographic Steam Power Machinery + + _of the newest and most approved construction_, + _adapted to the rapid completion of the usual business_ + _requirements_, _as_ + + BILLS, INVOICE, NOTE & MEMORANDUM HEADINGS, + CARDS, CIRCULARS, ETC., ETC., + + _and also to the production of First-Class and_ + _Elaborate Designs in Prospectuses and Ornamental_ + _Show-Cards_. + + * * * * * + + + +HOUSEHOLD TRACTS FOR THE PEOPLE. + + +THREE MILLIONS of these Popular Tracts are now in circulation in Great +Britain and the Colonies, and the demand is increasing. They are adapted +for gifts or loan; are eagerly listened to at Public Readings at Lecture +Halls and School-Rooms; and are worthy the attention of all who seek to +promote the moral, sanitary, and religious improvement of the people. +_Price Twopence each_. + + _By Mrs. Sewell_. FOR GIRLS. +Mother’s Last Words. The Happy Life. +Our Father’s Care. Daughters from Home. +The Lost Child. The Dangerous Way. +Children at Home. FOR BOYS. +Children at School. The Starting in Life. +Happy Schoolfellows. How to “Get On” in Life. +Sister’s Love. A Mother’s Legacy. + FOR MOTHERS. Beware! or the Effects of + Gambling. +Cottage Homes. FOR CHILDREN. +The Mother’s Trials and Triumphs. Household Rhymes. +Sick Child’s Cry: Household Work and Play: Household Verses. +Verses. +The Good Mother. Dear Children. + FOR PARENTS. FOR SERVANTS. +How to Manage the Young Ones. My First Place. +How to Make the Most of Things. Kind Words for the Kitchen. +Peace in the Household. FOR EVERYBODY. +Household Management. Straightforwardness. +Whose Fault is it? Scandal, Gossip, Tittle-Tattle, + &c. +Never Despair: Household Verses. Temptation. +Something Homely. The Gain of a Well-trained Mind. +Household Troubles. A Tale of the Irish Famine. +Household Happiness. A Picture from the World’s + History. + FOR WORKING MEN. Perils in the Mine. +When to Say “No.” A Tale of a Dark Alley. +Working-Men’s Hindrances. Sunday Excursions. +The Day of Rest. What shall I do with my Money? +“Paddle your own Canoe!” Kind Turns. +A True Briton. Margery, the Martyr. + FOR SAILORS. Home! Sweet Home! +A Short Yarn. Lost Days. + FOR YOUNG MEN. Two Ways of Going to Market. +Sons from Home. What can be done with Ten + Shillings. +How to Take Care of Number One. “God Always Hears.” +How to Rise in the World. ON HEALTH. +Life’s Battles. The Worth of Fresh Air. +Men who have Fallen. The Use of Pure Water. +Company. The Value of Good Food. +The Odds Against Betting. The Influence of Wholesome Drink. + FOR YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN. The Advantage of Warm Clothing. +Are You Thinking of Getting How do People Hasten Death? +Married? +Going a-Courting, Sweethearting, The Secret of a Healthy Home. +Love, and Such Like. +Marriage Bells. How to Nurse the Sick. + The Black Ditch. + + LONDON: JARROLD & SONS, 12, PATERNOSTER ROW. + + * * * * * + + + +JARROLD & SONS’ SELECT LIST. + + + FAMILY STATIONERY. + +Note Papers. + + Five-Quire Packet Cream Laid Note, 6d. + + Five-Quire Packet Useful Thick ditto, 9d. + + Five-Quire Packet Extra Satin ditto, 1s. + + Extra Superfine Highly-finished Note Paper, 1s. 6d., 1s. 9d., 2s. the + 5-quire Packet. + +Envelopes. + + Common Cream Laid for Circulars, &c., 4d. per 100. + + Useful Thick Cream Laid, 6d. per 100. + + Extra Thick, 7d. and 9d. per 100. + + Extra Satin Double Thick, 1s. per 100. + +Jarrolds’ Celebrated Steel Pens, + + For every Class of Writers, Professional, Students, and Ladies, 1s. 6d. + per gross, or in neat Sixpenny Boxes. + +Jarrolds’ Jet Black Registration Ink, + + In Bottles, 6d., 1s., and 1s. 6d. Smaller Bottles, 1d., 2d. & 4d. + + MERCANTILE STATIONERY. + +Papers. + + Large Commercial Note Paper, Blue Wove or Laid, or Cream Laid, in + 5-quire Packets, 1s. + + Extra Quality ditto, 1s. 6d. per Packet; a Reduction made for + Quantities. + + Straw Foolscap, 4d. per quire, 5s. 6d. per ream. + + Ruled Foolscap Bill Paper, 3 widths, from 6d. per quire. + + Blotting Paper, Red, White, Blue, or Buff. + +Account Books. + + Jarrold and Sons’ Finest Make, Unmatched for Durability, reasonable in + price. + + A Good Variety always in Stock, and every size made to order with + despatch and punctuality. + + A Second Quality is kept where Cheapness is desired, which will be + found Useful for Ordinary Purposes. + +Ledgers. + + Jarrold and Sons’ Patent, in Foril, Grained Basil, Rough Calf, Vellum, + Vellum-Laced Russia Bands, Single or Double Ruled. A Good Variety of + Seasoned Books constantly kept in Stock, or Ruled and Bound to any + Pattern with accuracy and despatch. + + JARROLD & SONS, NORWICH. + + * * * * * + + + +ELEGANT AND USEFUL ARTICLES +_SUITABLE FOR_ +WEDDING PRESENTS. + + + The best variety of the newest and choicest patterns and at the lowest + possible prices at + + S. NEWMAN’S + + GENERAL JEWELLERY ESTABLISHMENT, + + _Near the Norfolk Hotel_, + + ST. GILES’ STREET, NORWICH. + + GOLD and SILVER WATCHES from the best makers. GOLD ALBERTS + and LONG CHAINS, LOCKETS, RINGS, BROOCHES, and + + JEWELLERY OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. + + VASES, TOILET BOTTLES, and CENTRE ORNAMENTS, in the richest + Bohemian and other glass. CLOCKS and DRAWING-ROOM TIMEPIECES. + SILVER, ELECTRO-PLATED FORKS, SPOONS, &c., from the best makers. + + FINEST GOLD WEDDING RINGS. JEWELLERY REPAIRED. + + * * * * * + + [Picture: Drawing of Eagle, Estab. 1769] + + ETHERIDGE & ELLIS, + GOLDSMITHS, JEWELLERS, AND WATCHMAKERS, + ELECTRO PLATERS & GILDERS, &c., + + Have the LARGEST STOCK of WATCHES, PLATE, JEWELLERY, &c., in + the Eastern Counties, and sell at Prices of the London Houses. + + _Repairs in every Branch by Skilful Workmen on the Premises_. + + A LIBERAL PRICE ALLOWED FOR OLD ARTICLES IN EXCHANGE. + + 10, MARKET PLACE, NORWICH. + + * * * * * + + + +THE +National Provident Institution +FOR MUTUAL LIFE ASSURANCE, &c. + + + _Head Office_—48, _Gracechurch Street_, _London_, _E.C._ + + * * * * * + +THE NATIONAL PROVIDENT INSTITUTION was established in 1835, on the +principle of Mutual Assurance, to enable its members to assure their +lives _at the lowest rate of charge consistent with the security of the +Society_. + + The Number of Members + +of the Institution on the 20th of November, 1867, was 15,338, and the +number of Policies then existing 18,965, assuring the sum of £9,223,907, +and producing a Gross Annual Income from Premiums of £301,238 0s. 10d. + + The Accumulated Fund + +of the Institution amounted then to £2,789,648, invested in mortgage of +real property, in Government and other first-class securities, the annual +interest on which is £114,807 7s. 9d. + +The Total Gross Annual Income £416,035 8s. 7d. + + The Entire Profits + +of the Institution are divided amongst the members, who are expressly +exempted from personal liability. + + The Profits are Divided every Five Years, + +and are appropriated, at the option of the members, either in the shape +of a reduction of the future premiums paid, or of a Bonus added to the +sum assured. + + The Success of the Society + +during the whole period of its existence may be best exhibited by +recapitulating the declared Surpluses at the Six Investigations made up +to this time: + +For the 7 years ending 1842 the surplus £32,074 11 5 +was +5 years ,, 1847 ,, 86,122 8 3 +5 years ,, 1852 ,, 232,081 18 4 +5 years ,, 1857 ,, 345,034 3 11 +5 years ,, 1862 ,, 531,965 3 4 +5 years ,, 1867 ,, 559,229 17 9 +Total profits realised, divided amongst £1,786,488 3 0 +members + + AGENT FOR NORWICH— + + MR. HENRY LUDLOW, + + _The National Provincial Bank of England_. + + * * * * * + + + +J. W. JEWSON, +COAL MERCHANT, +IMPORTER OF DEALS AND TIMBER, +_NORWICH AND YARMOUTH_. + + COALS. WOOD GOODS. + + NORWICH DEPOT: TIMBER YARDS; + + _Staveley Coal Wharf_, _Thorpe Station_. ST. CLEMENT’S, + NORWICH; + HEAD OFFICE: + _Colegate Street_, _St. Clement’s_. SOUTHTOWN, YARMOUTH. + + A well-assorted Stock + from St. Petersburgh, + Wyburgh, Riga, Memel + Gothenburg, & other + Swedish ports, + consisting of Timber + Culters—4 by 11, 4 by + 9, 3 by 11, 3 by 9, 3 + by 8, 3 by 7, 2½ by + 7, 2½ by 6¼, 1½ by 7, + 1¼ by 7, 1 by 7. + Prepared Floor + Boards, Scantling, + Lath, &c., &c. Also + a stock of + dry-seasoned cut + Deals, from ½ by 11 + to 1½ by 11. + + 5000 BUNDLES OF GOOD + LATH, AT ONE SHILLING + PER BUNDLE. + + * * * * * + + _Prices_, _which will + be found very low_, + _and every + information may be + obtained on + application at the + Yards_. +BEST WALLSEND—A choice description 22/- +of Coal from Durham coal fields; +quality cannot be surpassed. +WALLSEND—A very excellent 21/- +Housekeepers’ Coal, of the usual +seaborne quality, but larger and +freer from dust. +COALS FROM DERBYSHIRE AND SOUTH 20/- +YORKSHIRE—The finest quality of +inland Coals, remarkable for +cheerful burning; these Coals are +generally approved. +GOOD HOUSE COAL 17/- +NUTS 15/- + + _Coal delivered Free to any part of the City for Cash_. _One_ + _Shilling per Ton extra for Booking_. + + SPECIAL PRICES FOR CONTRACTS ON APPLICATION. + + Coals, suitable for Bakers, Smiths, Engineers, and Manufacturers, from + 12s. 6d. per Ton at wharves, or 11s. in truck loads. + + _Every description of Coal supplied to any Station by the truck at + wholesale prices_ + + * * * * * + + TIMBER TRADE. + +A large and increasing business is done in Timber and Deals, imported to +Norwich _via_ Yarmouth and Lowestoft. + + PRINCIPAL IMPORTERS. + +JNO. ORFEUR, ESQ., St. Edmund’s; MESSRS. JECKS AND RANSON, St. Faith’s +Lane; WM. BLYTH, St. Faith’s Lane; and J. W. JEWSON, St. Clement’s. + + * * * * * + + + +T. C. R. KING, +_PRINCE OF WALES’ ROAD_, _NORWICH_, + + +Plumber, Glazier, General and Decorative Painter. Wholesale and Retail +Glass, Lead (in sheets and pipe); Zinc, Oil, Color, and Varnish +Warehouse. English and Belgian Glass; Rough, Sheet, and Cast Glass +(Plain and Ornamental), in cases, boxes, and crates, or cut to size. +Pumps, Water-Closets, Brass-work, &c., kept in Stock. + + HOUSES COMPLETELY DECORATED. ESTIMATES GIVEN. + + Note the Address! PRINCE OF WALES’ ROAD. + + * * * * * + + + +MR. C. J. ROBINSON, +ACCOUNTANT, +ARBITRATOR, ASSURANCE AND FINANCIAL AGENT. + + + _Accounts Kept and Adjusted_. _Loans_, _Mortgages_, _and other General_ + _Financial Business Negotiated_. _Rents and Debts Collected_. + + AGENT TO THE GENERAL ACCIDENT & GUARANTEE COMPANY, LIMITED. + + OFFICES:—1, DOVE STREET, NORWICH. + + * * * * * + + + +TO AGRICULTURISTS. +WILLIAM PRATT, Fish Manure Manufacturer, +1, _FISH MARKET_, _NORWICH_, + + +In returning thanks to his Friends, the Agriculturists of Norfolk and +Suffolk, for their patronage since the introduction of his AMMONIACAL AND +PHOSPHATE MANURE, begs to inform them that he has a large quantity of +Manure of a superior quality, adapted for Mangold and Turnips. + +GENTLEMEN,—I take this opportunity of thanking you for the increased +patronage bestowed upon me for past years by the extended use of my +Ammoniacal and Phosphate Fish Manure. In soliciting your orders I do so +with confidence, being assured, from the success which has attended its +use, that it is a good Manure, as testified by numerous Testimonials, +which are a satisfactory proof of its usefulness. + + PRICE PER TON, £5—_Delivered Free to the Nearest Railway Station_. + + * * * * * + + + +ESTABLISHED 1818. +113 & 114, POTTERGATE STREET, +ST. JOHN’S MADDERMARKET, NORWICH. +THOMAS SELF, +Gas Fitter, Bell Hanger, Brass Founder & Worker, +_LOCK AND GENERAL SMITH_. + + + Has on hand a Large Stock of Chandeliers, Pendants, Pillars, + Brackets, Gas Globes, &c., &c. + + RE-BRONZING AND LACKERING. REPAIRS NEATLY EXECUTED. + + * * * * * + + + +Important Sale of First-Class Cabinet and Upholstery Furniture. +37, LONDON STREET, NORWICH. + + +In consequence of the early termination of the lease of the above +premises, + + C. J. FREEMAN, JUNR. + +has determined to discontinue the trade, and has commenced to sell off +the whole of his valuable and extensive stock of + + CABINET FURNITURE, + +Chimney Glasses, Brussels and other Carpets, Druggetts, Hearthrugs, +Mattings, Damasks, Table Covers, Velvets, Wool and other Mats, Bedding, +Chintzes, Floor Cloths, Paper Hangings, Pictures, Wood Stuff, Brass Work +Materials, Trimmings of every kind, etc., which are offered at a very +large Reduction in order to ensure an immediate Sale. + + _The Prices are marked in plain figures for Cash_. + + * * * * * + + + +NORWICH EQUITABLE +FIRE ASSURANCE COMPANY. + + + Established 1829. CAPITAL, £250,000, in 50,000 Shares of £5 each. + +_Incorporated under Deed of Settlement and by special Statute_, 17 _Vic._ + _c._ 7. + + CHIEF OFFICES:—15, LONDON STREET, NORWICH. + BRANCH OFFICES IN LONDON, LIVERPOOL, AND GLASGOW. + + Trustees. + +THE RIGHT HON. LORD SONDES. HENRY NEGUS BURROUGHES, ESQ. +Sir HANSON BERNEY, BART. JOHN GARNHAM, ESQ., R.N. + + Directors. + +PETER DAY, ESQ. JOHN BETTS, ESQ. +JOSEPH DAVEY, ESQ. R. CHAMBERLIN, ESQ. +CUBITT STANNARD, ESQ. A. M. F. MORGAN, ESQ. +ROBERT FITCH, ESQ., F.S.A, F.G.S. Rev. JOSEPH CROMPTON. + + Registrar and Secretary.—WILLIAM SKIPPER, ESQ. + + Manager.—JAMES S. SKIPPER, ESQ. + +This Society has been 39 years in active business—a fact in itself +affording some claim to public confidence, and some assurance that the +practice of the Company has been Liberal in Terms as regards the Insurer, +and Prompt in Settlement as regards the sufferer from Fire. + + _The Company is in alliance with the Tariff System_. _Damage from_ + _Gas or Lightning covered_. + + * * * * * + + + +PROVINCIAL INSURANCE COMPANY. + + + AGENT: + MR. BENJAMIN BATEMAN, + _HEIGHAM GROVE TERRACE_, + NORWICH. + + * * * * * + + + +COLMAN’S +PRIZE MEDAL + + + [Picture: Five medals] + + STARCH. + + * * * * * + + _Medals awarded at the following Exhibitions_:— + + LONDON, 1851. + ,, 1862. + DUBLIN, 1865. + PARIS, 1867. + + * * * * * + + JURORS’ REPORTS. + +1867. SILVER MEDAL FOR RICE STARCH. +1865. “Finest Starch was exhibited by J. & J. Colman.” +1862. “Superior quality, with large production.” +1851. “The samples exhibited by Messrs. Colman are excellent.” + + J. & J. COLMAN, LONDON. + + * * * * * + + + +BURGESS & GRIMWOOD, +PHOTOGRAPHERS, +Queen Street, Norwich. + + + * * * * * + + First-Class Photography in all branches. + + * * * * * + +Specialité—Burgess’ Eburneum Process, of which the _Photographic News_ +says, “The most charmingly delicate pictures we have ever seen produced;” +and the _Norfolk News_, “In point of artistic beauty, they are +incomparably superior to any hitherto produced.” + + * * * * * + + + +F. LLOYD, +ST. GEORGE’S COLEGATE, +NORWICH, + + +Begs respectfully to inform the Nobility and Gentry, that having made an +arrangement with a first-class London House, he is prepared to execute +all orders entrusted to his care in the best manner possible. + + Moire-Antique Re-dyed and Watered as New. + +Silk, Satin, Cashmere, China Crape, and Lace of every description Dyed, +Cleaned, and Dressed. + +Brocatelle, Tapestry, Merino, and Silk Damask Curtains Cleaned and +Dressed. + +French Patent Metallic Printing, by which process a Plain Silk or Moire +may have the appearance of a costly and richly embroidered Robe, removing +all the objections to Dyed Silks. + + _British and Foreign Shawls of every description Cleaned_. + + * * * * * + + + +W. HOWLETT AND SONS, + + + Patronized by their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales. + + EXTENSIVE ALTERATION IN PREMISES. + + An inspection is invited of more than 200 first-class + + PIANOFORTES AND HARMONIUMS + + _FOR SALE OR HIRE_, + +For the purchase of which special arrangements can be made by Quarterly +Instalments, on the Two or Three Years Purchase System, the most Economic +and Judicious mode of purchasing a Pianoforte. Terms and Prices on +application. + + Full Compass Pianofortes Let from One Guinea per Quarter. + + All the Newest Publications Half-price. Instruments of all kinds Tuned + and Repaired by skilful Mechanics. Music Copied. + + HOWLETTS’ ROYAL QUADRILLE BAND, FOR BALLS & ASSEMBLIES. + + SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR CONCERTS, ETC. + + _AGENTS FOR THE NEW MUSICAL GAME_. + +Drums, Harps, Triangles, Violins, Accordions, Bugles, Metronomes, +Saxhorns, Musical Boxes, Tambourines, Violoncellos, Flageolets, +Harmoniums by Alexandre, Banjoes, Guitars, Trumpets, Concertinas, +First-Class Finger and Barrel Organs, Church Organs, Harps, Trombones, +Violin Strings, Tuning Forks. + + MUSIC HALL, 2, MARKET PLACE, NORWICH. + + * * * * * + + + +WM. RALFS, + + + Gold and Silversmith, Watchmaker, Electroplater, and Optician, &c., + invites attention to his superior + + GOLD AND SILVER WARRANTED WATCHES, + + And offered at very moderate prices, + +W. R. also wishes to refer to a new and most tasteful variety of articles +adapted for presents in JEWELLERY of all kinds, SILVER and ELECTRO SILVER +articles perfect in design and quality. Clocks of all kinds, best +movements, warranted. Experienced workmen in all departments. + + CLOCKS REGULATED AND WOUND BY THE YEAR. + + 9, LONDON STREET, NORWICH. + + * * * * * + + + +E. SAMUEL, + + + DEALER IN PLATE, OLD CHINA, ANTIQUE FURNITURE, + + ARTICLES OF VERTU & BIJOUTERIE, + + _PICTURES_, _ETC._, + + 2, TIMBERHILL, NORWICH; + + AND + + 73, TOP OF EAST HILL, COLCHESTER. + + * * * * * + + + +THOMAS ULPH, +MERCER & LEATHER SELLER, +110, POTTERGATE STREET, + + + ST. JOHN’S MADDERMARKET, NORWICH. + + * * * * * + + Agent for Sewing Machines. + + * * * * * + + + +LONDON +FOREIGN WINE +AND +SPIRIT +_ESTABLISHMENT_, + + + WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, + + POST OFFICE STREET, NORWICH. + + JAMES CHAMBERLIN, + + PROPRIETOR. + + * * * * * + + + +ICES. + + +CREAM AND FRUIT ICES in every variety packed for the Country, with +Printed Directions for turning them out of the Moulds, and keeping them +in a frozen state. + +CRYSTALLINE BLOCK ICE of the utmost purity for cooling Wine and general +culinary purposes. + + WEDDING CAKES WITH ALMOND ICEING. + +A large supply of Wedding Cakes of all sizes always on hand, and +ornamented to order in the most elegant designs of the same superior +quality which has obtained for them such an extended and well deserved +celebrity. + + _Wedding Breakfasts_, _Pic-nic Supper_, _and ether Parties supplied with + every_ + _requisite in Ornamental Confectionery_. + + GEO. WILSON, QUEEN STREET, NORWICH. + + * * * * * + + + +NORWICH UNION FIRE INSURANCE SOCIETY. +INSTITUTED 1821. + + + * * * * * + + DIRECTORS. + + SIR R. J. H. HARVEY, BART., _President_. + EDWARD STEWARD, ESQ., _Vice-President_. + +GEORGE DURRANT, ESQ. D. DALRYMPLE, ESQ., M.P. +H. S. PATTESON, ESQ. W. R. CLARKE, ESQ. +HENRY BROWNE, ESQ. GEORGE E. SIMPSON, ESQ. +W. C. HOTSON, ESQ. COL. JAMES COCKBURN. +CHARLES E. TUCK, ESQ. THOMAS BEEVOR, ESQ. + + _Secretary_, SIR SAMUEL BIGNOLD. + + * * * * * + +The Rates of this Society are the same as other offices, whilst +Periodical Returns have been made to the parties insured amounting to +£392,430. + +This Office is distinguished by its liberality and promptness in the +settlement of claims, £2,379,334 having been paid to Insurers for losses +by Fire. + +In proof of the public confidence in the principles and conduct of this +Establishment, it will suffice to state that the total business now +exceeds £80,000,000. No charge is made for Policies. + +A Bonus of nearly 50 per cent. on Current Premiums will be paid to +Insurers (whether losses have been incurred on their Policies or not) at +Michaelmas and Christmas, 1868, and Lady-day and Midsummer, 1869. + + * * * * * + + + +NORWICH UNION +Life Insurance Society. + + + A MUTUAL INSTITUTION, INSTITUTED 1808. + + With which has been Amalgamated the AMICABLE SOCIETY, Established + by Royal Charter in the reign of Queen Anne. + + The Aggregate Capital amounts to upwards of £2,300,000. + + DIRECTORS. + + THOMAS BEEVOR, ESQ., _President_. + + C. M. GIBSON, Esq., F.R.C.S. Hon. F. WALPOLE, M.P., _Vice President_. + +W. R. CLARKE, ESQ. W. H. CLABBURN, ESQ. +ROBT. FITCH, ESQ., F.S.A., F.G.S. GEORGE FORRESTER, ESQ. +ARTHUR PRESTON, ESQ. I. B. COAKS, ESQ. + + _Secretary_—SIR SAMUEL BIGNOLD. + + * * * * * + + THE ENTIRE PROFITS ARE DIVISIBLE AMONG THE ASSURED. + Amount of Assurances Accepted, and Bonuses Declared Thereon, Exceed + £18,110,000. + + Amount Paid to the Representatives of 8,719 Deceased Members, + £7,313,000. + + AMOUNT ASSIGNED BY WAY OF BONUS, £1,620,000. + _NUMBER OF POLICIES ASSUED_, 37,400. + + * * * * * + + + +TEA. +LADYMAN & CO., +TEA DEALERS, +6, _The Walk_, _Norwich_, + + +Have a large and well-selected Stock of the Finest Teas imported, and +respectfully solicit the patronage of the Nobility, Gentry, and Clergy, +and all large consumers, feeling assured that in price and quality they +offer every advantage which can be obtained at the best London Houses. + +Teas packed in 4, 6, and 12-lb. Canisters, convenient for sending any +distance. Chests of about 80 lbs., and Half-chests of 50 lbs., at a +Reduction in Price. Carriage paid on all Teas sold to the amount of £2 +and upwards. + + An Allowance made to Clergymen purchasing for Charitable Purposes. + + LADYMAN & Co., + 6, THE WALK, NORWICH. + + * * * * * + + + +ROBERTSON & SONS, +UPHOLSTERERS, +Cabinet & Chair Manufacturers, + + + QUEEN STREET, NORWICH. + + * * * * * + +R. and S. call special attention to their Bedroom Furniture in light +woods, for which they are unequalled both as regards price and quality. + + + +G. SMITH, +ST. STEPHEN’S ROAD, NORWICH, + + + _Established_ 20 _years_, + +Respectfully informs his Friends and the Clergy and Gentry in general, +that he continues to manufacture Carriages of every description, and of +the lightest and best construction, on the lowest terms. + + * * * * * + + + +STOCK FEEDING IMPLEMENTS + + + _A NECESSITY THIS SEASON_. + +The GOLD MEDAL HORSE GEAR is the Strongest, Lightest, and Cheapest, with +smallest amount of Friction. Awarded Gold Medal this year at Toulouse, +and Silver Medal by the Royal Agricultural Society last season, and +upwards of Fifty First Prizes and Silver Medals. Sold, complete, with +intermediate motion, £11 11s. Made solely by + + WOODS, COCKSEDGE, & WARNER, + + _STOWMARKET_. + +New Improved STEAM ENGINES for small Factories and Farms, One-horse, £40; +Two-horse, &c., complete with Boiler. First Prize GRINDING MILLS and +CRUSHING MILLS, by Royal Agricultural Society, 1867. The “New Prix de +Perfection” ROOT PULPER. £3 5s., £4 10s. A lad will cut into fine mince +4 to 7 cwt. per hour. Awarded Six Silver Medals and First Prizes this +year on the Continent, and the New High Prize at Brussels. The “Prix de +Perfection.” + + Agent for Norwich—G. C. STEVENS, ORFORD HILL. + + * * * * * + + + +G. NOBLE, +CARRIAGE BUILDER, +DUKE’S PALACE, + + + (ADJOINING THE FREE LIBRARY), + _NORWICH_. + + * * * * * + + + +TIME AND MONEY SAVED! + + + * * * * * + + Great difficulty is often experienced by the Public in obtaining + + GENERAL & USEFUL ARTICLES, + + Which may be obviated by reading the undermentioned + Lists and purchasing + + AT Z. W. WARMAN’S, + + BEDFORD STREET, ST. ANDREW’S, + + NEAR THE NEW CORN HALL. + +Crinolines Machine Needles Braces +Ditto Steel Sack ditto Belts +Hair Nets Packing ditto Men’s Collars +Stay Clasps Glover’s ditto Ladies’ ditto +Combs, various London Straws Whalebone +Hair Brushes Ground downs Falls +Tooth ditto Betweens, &c. Goloshes & Cork Soles +Nail ditto Purse Twists Antimacassars +Dress Holders Tailors’ ditto D’Oyleys +Dress and Bonnet Shoemakers’ ditto, Side and Back Pads +Preservers every shade +Quilled Braid Ruches Russian Braids in Fancy Wool Work + Silks and Mohair +Plain and Stamped Dress Braids Coventry Frillings +Velvets +Stocking Laces Rifle ditto Head Dresses +Stay and Boot ditto Silk ditto Cloth Slippers for + Braiding +Elastics Ditto Cords Stamped and Traced + Embroidery +Berlin Wools Ditto Tassels of Buttons + every kind +Scotch Wools Toilet Fringes Wave Braids +Norwich Yarns Ditto Cloths Book Markers +Fleecys Brooches Pins +Wheel Spun Bracelets Tape +Carpet ditto Eardrops Cottons +Netting Threads Scented Lockets Angolas +Bleach ditto Belt Clasps Scissors +Carpet ditto Scent Bottles Worked Collars +Machine ditto Fans Steel Chains +Ditto Cottons Purses Hooks and Eyes +Ditto Silks Beads +Machine Twists + + And 1,000 other Useful Articles in Stock. + + * * * * * + + + +J. C. BEACH, +FELLMONGER, +Globe and Gaiter Manufacturer, +AND +LEATHER DRESSER, + + + _Near the Silk Mills_, + + HEIGHAM STREET, NORWICH, + +Respectfully informs the trade that he continues to supply goods in his +line of business to wholesale houses. + + * * * * * + + + +R. MARRISON, +BREECH-LOADING, +AIR, & RIFLE GUN MANUFACTURER, +_GREAT ORFORD STREET_, _NORWICH_. + + + * * * * * + +For fifty years and upwards the most experienced shots have patronized +Marrison’s Guns. The shooting powers, building up, and finish of these +guns, are well known to be first class. + +Forgers, barrel-borers, machinists, stockers, engravers, and finishers +being constantly employed on the premises. The best workmanship can be +guaranteed. + + Accessories of Breech-loader supplied. + + * * * * * + + + +LA MODE. +LADIES’ PIQUE DRESSES, JACKETS, +SEASIDE AND COUNTRY COSTUMES, + + + Braided in a Superior Style from Original Designs. + +A large assortment of Children’s Dresses, Jackets, Capes, Babies’ Robes, +Ladies’ Skirts, Drawlets, Garibaldi, Camisoles, Toilet Sets, Bed Bags, +Antimacassars, &c., for Braiding or Working, to select from; any Article +required to Special Design or Size can be Manufactured to Order at a few +hours’ notice. + + J. GANLY, + + Designer and Manufacturer of Embroidery and Braiding Patterns, + + WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN + + TOYS, BERLIN WOOLS, HABERDASHERY, FANCY GOODS, ETC., + 29, LONDON STREET, NORWICH. + +J. G. has just received a large stock of FANCY GOODS and other articles +connected with his trade, and respectfully informs his Friends, Visitors +to the City, and the Public, that, for variety, quality, and economical +charges, they will find no establishment competent to offer them the same +advantages. + + * * * * * + + + +THOMAS COTT, +_POTTERGATE STREET_, + + + ST. GREGORY’S, NORWICH, + + PAWNBROKER. + + * * * * * + + MONEY LENT ON PLATE. + + * * * * * + + _Advances made of_ £10 _and upwards upon_ PLATE + _and_ VALUABLE GOODS _on reasonable terms_. + + * * * * * + + + +JAS. BLAZEBY, +Animal Portrait Painter, + + + 16, BETHEL STREET, + + NORWICH, + +Respectfully informs the Nobility, Clergy, and Gentry of the Eastern +Counties, and Citizens of Norwich, that he continues to execute any +orders entrusted to his care with promptitude and accuracy, and he has +been patronized by the following Ladies and Gentlemen:— + +_Dowager Lady Suffield_ _G. E. Beauchamp_, + _Esq._ +_Lady Affleck_ _G. S. Kett_, _Esq._ +_Lady Banbury_ _Rev. J. Holmes_ +_Lady Henriette Harvey_ _J. T. Mott_, _Esq._ +_The Hon. Mr. Burroughes_ _E. Beare_, _Esq._ +_The Hon. Mr. A. Wodehouse_ _C. Crawshay_, _Esq._ +_H. N. Burroughes_, _Esq._ _J. Cann_, _Esq._ +_Hay Gurney_, _Esq._ _G. Durrant_, _Esq._ + AND + _THE MEMBERS OF THE SMITHFIELD CLUB_. + + * * * * * + + + +W. S. BOULTON, + + + PATENTEE OF + + LAWN MOWING MACHINES, + + And Manufacturer of all kinds of + WIRE NETTING FOR GAME, SHEEP, AVIARIES, &C. + STRAINED WIRE FENCING, + IRON HURDLES, ENTRANCE GATES, + AGRICULTURAL & HORTICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, + CONSERVATORIES AND GREENHOUSES + IN WOOD OR IRON, + GARDEN CHAIRS, WATER BARROWS, WATER AND + LIQUID MANURE CARTS, GARDEN ENGINES, + KITCHEN RANGES, HOT WATER APPARATUS, &c., &c. + + * * * * * + + ROSE LANE IRON & WIRE WORKS, + + NORWICH. + + * * * * * + + _To be Published in Four Quarterly Parts_. _Royal Folio_. + + PART I. NOW READY, PRICE 6/-. SEPARATE SHEETS 1/6 EACH. + POST FREE, TWO STAMPS EXTRA. + + * * * * * + + WINTER’S + FOLIO OF DROLLERY, + + _Containing Comical_, _Curious_, _and Quaint Subjects_. + _Drawn and Lithographed in a superior Style_, _from Designs by_ + _C. J. W. WINTER_, _and the early humorous artists_. + +To be had wholesale and retail of the Artist and Publisher, 22, Bethel +Street, Norwich. + +As there will be but a limited number of Copies printed, an early +application is respectfully solicited from the trade, &c. + + COLOURED COPIES TO ORDER ONLY. + +Portraits painted from Life; also faithfully copied and enlarged to any +size, and in any style, from _small_ or faded Photographs. + +Portraits of Animals correctly painted in a style not to be equalled by +any Artist in the County. + +Artistic and Antiquarian Subjects of every kind for book and other +Illustrations accurately drawn and lithographed, in the best way only. + +Old Paintings cleaned and altogether restored. + +_March_, 1669. + + OBSERVE: 22, BETHEL STREET, NORWICH. + + * * * * * + + [Picture: Chamberlin and Sons] + + * * * * * + + + +CHAMBERLIN, SONS, & CO., + + + SILK MERCERS, + LINEN AND WOOLLEN DRAPERS, + HABERDASHERS, CARPET FACTORS, + + AND + Wholesale Manchester Warehousemen, + + IMPORTERS OF + + FRENCH AND OTHER CONTINENTAL MANUFACTURES. + + FAMILY MOURNING. + + NORWICH. + + * * * * * + + + +J. DYER, + + + [Picture: J. Dyer’s establishment in Norwich] + + (LATE WOMACK) + + 10, 11, & 12, WHITE LION STREET, NORWICH, + + MERCHANT TAILOR, + Wholesale & Retail Clothier, Hatter, & General Outfitter + + TO ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD. + + * * * * * + + THE ORDER DEPARTMENT, + +The largest and most attractive out of London, is presided over by a +careful foreman of extensive experience and first-class talent, assisted +by four eminent practical cutters; a perfect and graceful fit can be +fully relied upon. + + THE READY-MADE DEPARTMENT. + +Spacious Show and Fitting Rooms are here provided, comprising stock of +upwards of 30,000 Garments to select from, suited for every class of +society. + + Ladies’ Riding Habits, Gipsy Cloaks, Jackets, &c. + + _Clerical and Professional Attire_. _Clergymen’s Surplices and Gowns to + order_. + SERVANTS’ LIVERIES. + + * * * * * + + + +BARNARD, BISHOP, & BARNARDS’ +PATENT NOISELESS LAWN MOWER + + +The advantages possessed by this Machine over all others are,—perfect +silence when in use, great ease in working, extreme durability, certainly +of action, simplicity of construction, cheapness. + + _Width of _Prices_. + Cutter_. +8-inch Machine £2 10 0 Easily worked by a Child +10 ,, ditto 3 5 0 Easily worked by a Lady +12 ,, ditto 4 10 0 +14 ,, ditto 5 0 0 Easily worked by a Man +16 ,, ditto 6 0 0 +18 ,, ditto 6 10 0 Easily worked by Man & Boy +20 ,, ditto 7 0 0 +22 ,, ditto 7 10 0 Easily worked by Two Men + + _FOR DONKEY OR PONY_. + +To cut 22 inches £8 0 0 To cut 27 £10 10 0 + inches +,, 24 ,, 9 0 0 ,, 30 ,, 12 0 0 + + Improved Extra Strong Lawn Mower, with Gear Wheels for a Horse. + + To cut 30 inches £16 | To cut 36 inches £19 | To cut 42 inches £22 + + _Packed and Delivered Carriage Free to the principal Railway Stations in + England_. + + Guaranteed to give satisfaction, and if not approved can be returned. + + * * * * * + + MANUFACTURERS OF + MACHINE-MADE GALVANIZED WIRE NETTING, + FOR GAME, AVIARIES, PHEASANTRIES, SHEEP, &c. + + _Of Every Description_, _from_ ½-_inch to_ 6-_inch Mesh_. + + ALL NETTINGS GALVANIZED AFTER MADE. + +Strained Wire Fencing, Iron Hurdles and Gates, Iron Chairs, for Garden or +Camp, Patent and Cottage Mangles, Garden Rollers, with Single and Double +Cylinders, Universal Kitchen Ranges, Stable Fittings, &c. + + ILLUSTRATED LISTS FORWARDED ON APPLICATION. + + * * * * * + + BARNARD, BISHOP, AND BARNARDS, + + Wire Drawers, Galvanisers, and Malleable Iron Founders, + + NORFOLK IRON WORKS, NORWICH. + + RETAIL ESTABLISHMENT—MARKET PLACE. + + * * * * * + + + +J. and J. King + + + [Picture: Graphic advert for J. and J. King, painters, glaziers, and + decorators and glass stainers, No. 1 Princess St. Norwich] + + * * * * * + + + +GLAZED SANITARY TUBE DEPÔT. + + +Glazed Drain Pipes of every description, Fire Bricks, Chimney Pots, +Metallic Tiles all colours, Adamatine Clinkers, Cement, and every article +connected with the building trade at + + GEORGE LING’S, + + ALL SAINTS’ GREEN, NORWICH. + + _N.B._—_The Largest Stock in the Eastern Counties_. + + * * * * * + + + +THE GOLDEN PLOUGHSHARE. + + + G. C. STEVENS, + + Wholesale and Retail Ironmonger, + + _ORFORD HILL_, _NORWICH_. + + Howard’s Prize Ploughs & Harrows. Long’s Sheep Dressing Compositions. + Agent for Ransomes and Sims’ Agricultural Implements. + + GOODS UPON SALE OR HIRE. + + * * * * * + + + +_The Cheapest House in the Eastern Counties for MARBLE CHIMNEY_ +_PIECES_, _&c._, _is_ +J. R. CHILDS’ +MARBLE, STONE, & CEMETERY WORKS. + + + Manufacturer of TABLETS, FONTS, MONUMENTAL TOMBS, + SLABS FOR CABINET WORK, &c., + + ST. GILES’ GATES, NORWICH. + + _Every description of Marble and Stone Work Executed at the_ + _Lowest possible Prices_. + + * * * * * + + + +ROBERT MORLEY, + + + (Late Wiseman & Co.) + + Importer & Dealer in Wines & Spirits, + + _POST OFFICE STREET_, + NORWICH. + + * * * * * + + + +E. CUNNINGHAM. +PHOTOGRAPHIC ARTIST, + + + ST. BENEDICT’S GATES, NORWICH. + + CARTE DE VISITE, 1s., + + _EXTRA COPIES SIXPENCE EACH_, _OR FIVE SHILLINGS PER DOZEN_. + + COPYING AND ENGRAVING. + + * * * * * + + + +THOMAS WORLEDGE, + + + WHOLESALE + + Boot, Shoe, Upper Manufacturer, + + MAGDALEN STREET, ST. SAVIOUR’S, + + NORWICH. + + * * * * * + + + +BAKER’S +REGISTER OFFICE FOR SERVANTS, +THE BATH HOUSE, BANK STREET, NORWICH. + + + _Servants of Good Character constantly in demand_. + + * * * * * + + THE BATHS IN BANK STREET + + Are Open Daily (Sundays excepted) from 7 a.m. till 10 p.m. + + First Class, 1s. 6d. Second Class, 1s. Third Class, 6d. Male or + Female. + + * * * * * + + + +HOWES & SONS, + + + Carriage & Harness Manufacturers, + + _CHAPEL FIELD_, _NORWICH_. + + [Picture: Howes & Sons’ Light Boat-Shaped Barouche] + + Howes & Sons’ Light Boat-Shaped Barouche. + + [Picture: Howes & Sons’ Circular Fronted Miniature Brougham] + + Howes & Sons’ Circular Fronted Miniature Brougham. + + * * * * * + + + +THE LARGEST STOCK OF CARRIAGES IN THE EASTERN COUNTIES. +CARRIAGE, HARNESS, AND SADDLERY WORKS, +NORWICH. + + + _Established_ 1750. + + * * * * * + + JOLLY AND SON + +Solicit inspection of their Varied Assortment of NEW and SECOND-HAND +CARRIAGES, particularly their Sefton Barouche Landaus and Barouches, +Waggonettes, Extra Light American Carriages, Park Phaetons, Alexandra +Cars, Gem Miniature Broughams—the lightest ever constructed, +Fulcrum-Shaft Dog Carts, Game Carts, Norwich Cars, &c., &c. + +MINIATURE LANDULET BROUGHAMS, with circular fronts, just invented and +perfected (_after much trouble and expence_) by JOLLY & SON. The most +unique Open and Close Carriages for a Cob—light, low, easy of access—the +metallic parts of steel, and hickory wheels; the weight reduced to the +minimum. The roof and glasses fall quite flat, as the Sefton Landaus. +From 6½ Cwt. + +Carriages and Harness Jobbed, with option of purchase, or furnished for +stated periods, on annual payments, afterwards becoming the property of +the Hirer. + + “_Improved Patent Conical Axles_” _and Hickory Wheels_, _fitted to any_ + _description of Vehicle_. + + IMPROVED BICYCLE VELOCIPEDES, OWN MAKE, £10. + + * * * * * + + + +_THE GREATEST NOVELTY OF THE DAY IS_ +THE PICTURE MUSIC BOOK. +BY T. H. BROWN, A.C.P. + + +This work consists of a Book containing the Rudiments of Music, together +with more than 20 Coloured Engravings, 47 Tinted Cards, Ivory Pegs, and a +handsome Music Board,—with which can be played several AMUSING GAMES +which will ensure a thorough knowledge of the Rudiments of Music. +Eminent Musicians have pronounced it to be a Great Boon to Children. +PRICE FIVE SHILLINGS. + + W. Howlett & Sons, 2, Market Place, Norwich. + + _Registered under the Copyright Act_. + + * * * * * + + + +T. W. STEVENS, +THE WELL-KNOWN CITY TAILOR. + + + _Near CASTLE HOTEL_, + CASTLE MEADOW, NORWICH. + + * * * * * + + + +ROYAL HOTEL, + + + MARKET PLACE, NORWICH. + + FAMILY AND COMMERCIAL HOTEL, + + _MISS DENNIS_, _MANAGER_. + + * * * * * + + + +WEBB’S PRACTICAL FARMER’S ACCOUNT BOOK. + + + Foolscap folio, half-bound, 6s.; Post folio, for Large Farms, 7s. 6d. + 29th Edition. + + “THE VERY BEST FARM BOOK WE HAVE EVER SEEN.”—_Mark Lane Express_. + + LONDON: JARROLD AND SONS, 12, PATERNOSTER ROW. + + * * * * * + + + +R. A. MARGETSON, +Cemetery, Ecclesiastical and General +STONE WORKS, +BANK STREET, AND BISHOP BRIDGE, +NORWICH. + + + * * * * * + + + +ESTABLISHED 1811. + + + * * * * * + + BIRD & CO., + + BREWERS, + + WINE & SPIRIT MERCHANTS, + _ST. MILES’ COSLANY_, _NORWICH_. + + * * * * * + + + +W. NORTH, +BRICKLAYER & PLASTERER, +ARTIFICIAL STONE WORKS, + + + RISING SUN ROAD, NORWICH. + + * * * * * + + + +WILLIAM WATTS’ + + + (_LATE J. LINCOLN’S_) + + Pipe, Match, Blacking and Ink Works, + + SYNAGOGUE STREET, KING STREET, NORWICH. + + * * * * * + + + +BOOKS FOR THE HOUSEHOLD +AND FOR PRESENTS. + + + _Attractive Volumes_, _handsomely bound in cloth_, _with_ + _Frontispiece_, _in Colours by Dickes_. + + AT ONE SHILLING & SIXPENCE EACH. + +MOTHER’S TRIALS AND TRIUMPHS, and other Tales. For Fathers and Mothers. + +HOME HAPPINESS, and other Tales. + +WHEN TO SAY “NO!” and other Tales. For Working Men. + +THE HAPPY LIFE, and other Tales. For Young Women. + +HOW TO RISE IN THE WORLD, and other Tales. For Young Men. + +POPULAR READINGS. + +STARTING IN LIFE, and other Tales. For Boys and Girls. + +THE POETRY OF HOME AND SCHOOL LIFE. + +THE PATHWAY OF HEALTH. + +MARRIAGE BELLS, and other Tales. For Young Men and Women. + +HOME! SWEET HOME! and other Tales. + +TALES IN RHYME. + +The whole in Box with Glass Front, including Lending Library Catalogue, +for One Guinea. Should be in every Family. An admirable present to a +Clergyman or District Visitor. Any volume may be had separately, post +free, for the amount in Stamps. + + * * * * * + + JARROLD & SONS, 12, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON; + AND LONDON STREET, NORWICH. + + * * * * * + + + +EDWARD S. BIGNOLD, ESQ., + + + SOLICITOR, SURREY STREET, + + _AGENT AT NORWICH FOR THE_ + + ROYAL-EXCHANGE ASSURANCE + + _Incorporated A.D._ 1720, _by Royal Charter_. + + CHIEF OFFICE, IN THE ROYAL EXCHANGE, + LONDON. + + Branch Office, 29, Pall Mall. + + * * * * * + + OCTAVIUS WIGRAM, ESQ., _Governor_. + + JAMES STEWART HODGSON, ESQ., _Sub-Governor_. + + CHARLES JOHN MANNING, ESQ., _Deputy-Governor_. + + DIRECTORS. + +Henry Bainbridge, Esq. William Tetlow Hibbert, Esq. +Robert Barclay, Esq. Wilmot Holland, Esq. +John Garratt Cattley, Esq. Nevile Lubbock, Esq. +Mark Currie Close, Esq. G. Forbes Malcolmson, Esq. +Edward Jas. Daniell, Esq. Henry Nelson, Esq. +William Davidson, Esq. Lord Josceline Wm. Percy. +Thomas Dent, Esq. Charles Robinson, Esq. +Alexander Druce, Esq. Samuel Leo Schuster, Esq. +Frederick J. Edlmann, Esq. Eric Carrington Smith, Esq. +C. Hermann Göschen, Esq. Joseph Somes, Esq. +Riversdale W. Grenfell, Esq. William Wallace, Esq. +Robt. Amadeus Heath, Esq. Charles Baring Young, Esq. + + _Secretary_, ROBERT P. STEELE, ESQ. + _Manager of Marine Insurances_, JOHN LEATHERDALE, ESQ. + + _Actuary_, THOS. B. WINSER, ESQ. + + _Superintendent of Fire Department_, CHARLES P. BALL, ESQ. + + _Cashier and Accountant_, JOHN HOOPER, ESQ. + + _Consulting Surgeon_, SAMUEL SOLLY, ESQ., F.R.S., 6, _Savile Row_, _W._ + + * * * * * + +This office was founded by the leading Merchants of London in the year +1717, and was incorporated by Charters of His Majesty George the First, +dated the 22nd June, 1720, and the 29th April, 1721, respectively, for +granting SEA, FIRE, AND LIFE ASSURANCES. The powers conferred by these +Charters have been confirmed by SPECIAL ACTS OF PARLIAMENT. + +Persons assured with this Corporation incur NO MUTUAL LIABILITY as +Partners, nor do they depend upon an uncertain Fund; the large invested +Capital-Stock of the Corporation affords unquestionable Security for the +fulfilment of its engagements. + + * * * * * + + + +PATENT FOUNTAIN PUMP WORKS, +NORWICH. + + + _The best Pumps that are_: _Dispute it who dare_!! + + Forty years’ PRACTICAL and UNPARALLELED experience has PROVED that + + SHALDERS’ PUMPS + +are the most effective, durable, and economical in the world, for all the +requirements of civilized life. They yield 98 per cent. of the power +applied; no other Pump or Machine returns 50, and seldom more than 30 per +cent. + + _UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF THE PRINCE OF WALES_. + + * * * * * + + + +A. AUSTRIN’S +Baby Linen and +LADIES’ OUTFITTING ESTABLISHMENT, +5, ORFORD HILL, +_NORWICH_. + + + ESTABLISHED 1830. + + * * * * * + + + +C. LAMB, +Tailor, Vestment Maker, Church Furnisher, &c. + + + 2, _WENSUM STREET_, _TOMBLAND_, + (FROM ELM HILL) + NORWICH. + +Chasubles, Dalmatics, Copes, Albs, Surplices, Stoles, Hoods, Cassocks, +Literate’s Tippets, Birettas, Stocks, Collars, Altar and Pulpit +Antependia, Altar Linen, Vases, Candlesticks, Crosses, Altars, Pulpits, +Prayer Desks, Altar Rails, and every description of Church Work executed +at the shortest notice and at the lowest possible prices. + + * * * * * + + + +IMPORTANT TO AGRICULTURISTS. + + + * * * * * + + THOMAS PARKER, + _Artificial Manure Manufacturer and Bone Crusher_, + SAINT STEPHEN’S STREET, NORWICH. + +Parker’s Mangold Manure £7 0 0 per Ton +Parker’s Turnip ditto 6 10 0 ,, +Mineral Superphosphate 5 0 0 ,, + + WORKS.—THORPE, NEAR NORWICH. + +Orders received at his Stands at the Corn Halls, Norwich, Bury, Ipswich, +Eye, Lynn, Diss, Fakenham, Dereham, Halesworth, Bungay, Beccles, +Harleston, or of his Agents. + + * * * * * + + + +ESTABLISHED UPWARDS OF TWO CENTURIES. + + + * * * * * + + JAMES HARDY, + + FAMILY GROCER, TEA DEALER, + + FRUITERER, ETC. + + * * * * * + + FRENCH & ITALIAN WAREHOUSE. + + * * * * * + + Oilman, Wax and Tallow Chandler, + + Nos. 2 & 3, RAMPANT HORSE STREET, + + _NORWICH_. + + * * * * * + + BRITISH AND FOREIGN WINES. + + _Families waited upon for Orders_, _or Samples sent if requested_. + + A DAILY DELIVERY OF GOODS IN THE SUBURBS. + + _Carriage Paid on general Orders_. + + * * * * * + + + +_Ladies and the Public are respectfully_ +_invited to inspect_ + + + R. E. GARLAND’S + + NEW, USEFUL, AND CHEAP + + SILKS, MANTLES, DRESSES, BONNETS, + + _ETC._, _ETC._ + + 17 & 18, LONDON STREET, + + NORWICH. + + * * * * * + + + +ROBERT S. MASON, + + + (_Successor to Mr. J. W. Crisp_,) + + WOOLLEN DRAPER, TAILOR, + + ETC., + + _Castle Meadow_, _Norwich_, + + NEAR THE CASTLE HOTEL. + + * * * * * + + + +Frederick Taf, + + + Lithography Artist + Ornamental and General + Engraver, Designer, Draughtsman, & Printer, + 3, Lower Goat Lane, Norwich. + + * * * * * + + + +PROSPECT PLACE WORKS, NORWICH, ENGLAND. + + + * * * * * + + HOLMES & SONS, + ENGINEERS, MILLWRIGHTS, + GENERAL MACHINE AND DRILL MANUFACTURERS, + + Have received at the + + ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY’S SHOW at Bury St. Edmund’s, + + The FIRST PRIZE of £20 + + For the Best Finishing Thrashing Machine; + + The PRIZE of £5 + + (All the amount offered) for Barley Hummeller; + + SILVER MEDAL for Traction Engine; and + + The FARMERS’ CUP, value £10 10s., at Fakenham; + + They have also been awarded by the ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, + + at Worcester; The PRIZE + + For their Eight-Horse Power Portable Engine; and + + SILVER MEDAL + + For Patent Combined Thrashing Machine, to Complete for Market, + and Cleanse and Bag the Chaff. + + At the GREAT INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1862, they had the honour + of receiving The PRIZE MEDAL + + For Thrashing Machines and Sowing Machines, the highest award that was + given; and at the GREAT EXHIBITION, 1851, + + The FIRST PRIZE MEDAL + + For Thrashing Machine; and by the ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, + at Leeds and Salisbury, the highest + + PRIZE of £10, + + For the best Seed and Manure Drill, Flat or Ridge; + + The FIRST PRIZE for Corn and Seed Drill; + + PRIZES for their Improved Manure Distributor, making + + NINE PRIZES PRIZE + + to this Machine; also To their Small Seed Drill. + + * * * * * + +H. & SONS have had thirty-seven years’ practical experience in the +Manufacture of Drills, and in Steam Engines and Thrashing Machinery they +have neither spared trouble nor expense in working out on correct +principles the best and most economical arrangement. The success +obtained over all others at the recent severe trials at Bury St. +Edmund’s, satisfactorily proves it to have been no idle boast that HOLMES +& SONS’ Steam Thrashing Machinery is the best before the public. Careful +selection of Materials, and strict attention to Mechanical principles, +have enabled them in so short a time to attain to that very eminent +position they now occupy, having now received upwards of + + ONE HUNDRED AWARDS + +For Superiority in their Portable Steam Engines, Combined Portable +Thrashing Machines, Seed Shellers, with Dressing Apparatus, Corn & Seed +Drills, Seed and Manure Drills, Manure Distributors and Saw Tables. + + * * * * * + + + +BOOKS FOR PRESENTS, +AND FOR LIBRARIES. + + +ONE SHILLING BOOKS. + + +HAPPY HALF-HOURS WITH THE BIBLE; or, Mary Jane and Bertie. By Aunt +Emily. Frontispiece, 18mo, cloth. + +MY TEACHER’S GIFT. For Girls. On Toned Paper, with Frontispiece, 18mo, +cloth. Also in Paper Covers, 6d. + +MY TEACHER’S GIFT. For Boys. On Toned Paper, with Frontispiece, 18mo, +cloth. Also in Paper Covers, 6d. + +CHILDREN OF SUMMERBROOK: Scenes of Village Life in Simple Verse. By Mrs. +Sewell, Author of “Mother’s Last Words.” Frontispiece, 12mo, cloth. + +HOMELY BALLADS FOR THE WORKING MAN’S FIRESIDE. By Mrs. Sewell. 16mo, +cloth. + +STORIES IN VERSE FOR THE STREET AND LANE. By Mrs. Sewell. 16mo, cloth. + +ROSE BRYANT: Passages in her Maiden and Married Life. By Emma Marshall. +Frontispiece, 12mo, cloth. + +THE NEW HOME: or, Wedded Life; its Duties, Cares, and Pleasures. +Frontispiece, 12mo, cloth. + +THE PEACE MAKER AND THE MISCHIEF MAKER. Frontispiece, Foolscap 8vo, +cloth. + +TALES OF THE WORKROOM:—THE SISTERS. By Mrs. Curtis. Frontispiece, 18mo, +cloth. + +CONSIDERATION; or, How we can Help one Another. By Emma Marshall. +Frontispiece, 18mo, cloth. + +LESSONS ABOUT GOD: for very Little Children. By Sophia Sinnett. 18mo, +cloth. + +KATIE’S WORK. By Emma Marshall. Frontispiece, 18mo, cloth. + +THINGS OF EVERY-DAY USE: What they Are, Where they Come From, and How +they are Made. 12mo, cloth. + +LYRICS FOR LITTLE ONES. 18mo, cloth. + +KIRTON’S TEMPERANCE TALES, including “Buy Your Own Cherries.” 12mo. + + +ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENNY BOOKS. + + +ROGER’S APPRENTICESHIP; or, Five Years of a Boy’s Life. By Emma +Marshall. Foolscap 8vo, embossed cloth. + +FRED WILLIAMS. A Tale for Boys. Frontispiece, embossed cloth. + +HINTS ON SELF-HELP FOR YOUNG WOMEN. By Jessie Boucherett. 12mo, +embossed cloth. + + * * * * * + + + +_JARROLD AND SONS’ PUBLICATIONS_. + + +ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENNY BOOKS. + + +DO IT WITH THY MIGHT; or, Our Work in the World. Addressed to those who +ask, “What shall we Do?” Cloth elegant. + +SAYINGS ABOUT FRIENDSHIP. By the Author of “Do it with thy Might.” +Cloth elegant. + +RURAL SCENES; a Peep into the Country. New Edition, profusely +illustrated, demy 18mo, embossed cloth. + +PICTURE STORY BOOK OF LONDON; or, City Scenes. New Edition, profusely +illustrated, royal 18mo, embossed cloth. + +THE EARTH AND ITS GARMENT OF WATER AND AIR. 12mo, cloth. + +THE ATOMS AND ELECTRIC FORCES OF THE EARTH. 12mo, cloth. + +HEALTH FOR THE HOUSEHOLD. Frontispiece, 12mo, cloth. + +HERE A LITTLE AND THERE A LITTLE; or Daily Manna for the Lambs of +Christ’s Fold. By a Mother. Frontispiece, 18mo, cloth. + +THE LIFE OF A PLANT; “Science for the Household.” 12mo, cloth. + +HOUSEHOLD TRUTHS FOR YOUNG MEN. Frontispiece. 12mo, cloth. + +HOUSEHOLD TRUTHS FOR WORKING MEN. Frontispiece. 12mo, cloth. + +HOUSEHOLD TRUTHS FOR MOTHERS AND DAUGHTERS. Frontispiece, 12mo, cloth. + + +TWO SHILLING BOOKS. + + +MRS. SEWELL’S BALLADS FOR CHILDREN: Including “Mother’s Last Words,” “Our +Father’s Care,” and “Children of Summerbrook.” Coloured Frontispiece +and Illustrations on Wood. Foolscap 8vo, cloth, bevelled boards. + +ELLEN FRENCH: Passages from the Life of a Worker. By Aunt Evergreen. +Cloth. + +PATIENCE HART’S FIRST EXPERIENCE IN SERVICE. By Mrs. Sewell, Author of +“Mother’s Last Words.” Seventh Edition. Twentieth Thousand. Handsome +cloth boards. + +THE MOTHER’S MANUAL: How to Train our Children. By Mrs. Reed; with a +Preface by her Sons, the Authors of “The Life of Dr. Andrew Reed.” With +Frontispiece. + +OUR WORLD; ITS ROCKS AND FOSSILS. By the Author of “The Observing Eye,” +&c. Numerous Illustrations. + +CATERPILLARS, BUTTERFLIES, AND MOTHS: their Manners, Habits, and +Transformations. By Mary and Elisabeth Kirby. Illustrations, 18mo, +embossed cloth. + + * * * * * + + + +_JARROLD AND SONS’ PUBLICATIONS_. + + +TWO SHILLING BOOKS. + + +THE ILLUSTRATED GEOLOGY. By F. C. Bakewell. Many Illustrations, +embossed cloth. + +WHAT MEAN YE BY THIS SERVICE? or, Old Testament Sacrifices Explained; +shewing their Typical Meaning and Fulfilment in Our Lord Jesus Christ. +Illustrations, 12mo, cloth. + + +HALF-CROWN BOOKS. + + +THE HEIR OF HAZLEWOOD; Or All Things Work together for Good to them that +Love God. Coloured frontispiece, cloth, bevelled boards. + +THE LITTLE GARDENERS. An Allegory of Christian Life for Young Persons. +With Frontispiece. Foolscap 8vo, handsomely bound in cloth. + +JULIO: A TALE OF THE VAUDOIS. For Young Persons. By Mrs. J. B. Webb, +Author of “Naomi.” With Full-Page Illustrations, foolscap 8vo, cloth, +bevelled boards. + +THE DAWN OF LIFE: or, Mildred’s Story told by Herself. By Emma Marshall. +12mo, cloth, elegant. + +AUNT ANNIE’S TALES.—The Water Lily—The Druid’s Retreat—Santa +Claus—Mistletoe Bough. Cloth, elegant. + +STORIES OF THE REFORMATION IN ENGLAND AND GERMANY. By the Rev. B. C. +Johns. Frontispiece, 12mo, cloth, elegant. + +ERNEST AND KATE; or, Love a Reality, not Romance. By Mrs. Thomas +Geldart. 12mo, cloth. + +HISTORICAL TALES OF ILLUSTRIOUS BRITISH CHILDREN. By Agnes Strickland. +Tinted Illustrations. + +STORIES OF ENGLAND and Her Forty Counties. By Mrs. Thomas Geldart. +Frontispiece in colours, and woodcuts, 12mo, cloth. + +STORIES OF IRELAND and its Four Provinces. By Mrs. Thomas Geldart. +Frontispiece in colours, and woodcuts, 12mo, cloth. + +STORIES OF SCOTLAND and its Adjacent Islands. By Mrs. Thomas Geldart. +Frontispiece in colours, and woodcuts, 12mo, cloth. + +SUNDAY THOUGHTS; or Great Truths in Plain Words. An Interesting Sunday +Book for Young People. By Mrs. Geldart. + +PLANTS OF THE LAND AND WATER; Short and Entertaining Chapters on the +Vegetable World. By Mary and Elizabeth Kirby. Fine Coloured +Frontispiece and Woodcuts. + +THE OBSERVING EYE; Letters to Children on the Three Lower Divisions of +Animal Life—Radiated, Articulated, and Molluscous. Frontispiece in +colours, and woodcuts, thick 18mo, cloth. + +WHAT IS A BIRD? the Forms of Birds, their Instincts, and Use in Creation +Considered. By the Author of “The Observing Eye.” Woodcuts, thick 18mo, +cloth. + +STORIES AND PICTURES FROM GRECIAN HISTORY. By Maria Hack. With Thirty +Illustrations by J. Gilbert. + + * * * * * + + + +_JARROLD AND SONS’ PUBLICATIONS_. + + +HALF-CROWN BOOKS. + + +STORIES FROM THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. By Miss Lawrence. With Twenty +whole-page Illustrations. + +THE LITTLE FORESTER AND HIS FRIEND. A Ballad of the Olden Time. By Mrs. +Sewell. + + +THREE SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE EACH. + + +MOTHER’S LAST WORDS. By Mrs. Sewell. With Fourteen beautiful +Illustrations, on wood, by some of the first artists of the day. +Handsomely bound in cloth, with gilt edges. + +ISHMAEL: a Tale of Syrian Life. By Mrs. J. B. Webb. Author of “Naomi,” +&c. With Eight full-page Illustrations. Cloth, elegant. + +THY POOR BROTHER: Letters to a Friend on Helping the Poor. By Mrs. +Sewell. Ninth Thousand. Embossed cloth. + +PATRICK MURPHY ON POPERY IN IRELAND: a Narrative of Facts. Edited by the +Rev. W. Adams. Crown 8vo, cloth. + +CONVERSATIONS ON THE BIBLE AND SCIENCE: Shewing that the Language of +Scripture is in unison with the Settled Discoveries of Modern Science. +By the Rev. Edwin Sidney, M.A. Foolscap 8vo, cloth, bevelled boards. + +SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF THINGS FAMILIAR. By Dr. Brewer. Interesting and +Instructive for the Family Fireside. + +GUIDE TO ASTRONOMICAL SCIENCE. By Dr. Mann. + +VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL LIFE: a Handbook of Physiological Science. By Dr. +Mann. Third Edition, embossed cloth. + +RELIGION IN SCIENCE. By Dr. Brewer. Illustrations. + + +FIVE SHILLINGS EACH. + + +THE MOTHER OF THE WESLEYS: an Interesting Biography. By the Rev. John +Kirk. Fourth Edition. + +DR. BREWER’S HISTORY OF FRANCE: an Interesting Vade Mecum of French +History, brought down to the Present Time. A most useful Book for every +Family. + + +TWELVE SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE. + + +A CYCLOPÆDIA OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF MORAL AND RELIGIOUS TRUTHS: + +Consisting of Definitions, Metaphors, Similes, Emblems, Contrasts, +Analogies, Statistics, Synonymes, Anecdotes, &c. &c. By JOHN BATE. +Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged, 8vo. cloth, bevelled boards. + + _The best thoughts of the best minds_—_ancient and modern_. + + “_It is no hyperbole to say that such a production has never before + been given to the public as the unaided effort of a single brain_. + _It is the very hand-book for clergymen_, _editors_, _tutors_, + _Academicians_, _and private students_.”—Church Standard. + + * * * * * + + +_Price_ TWOPENCE _each_, _or in Packets containing Six_, +ONE SHILLING _each_. + + + * * * * * + + STORIES IN VERSE, + + WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. + + BY MRS. SEWELL, + + _Author of_ “_Mother’s Last Words_,” “_Our Father’s Care_,” _etc._ + + IN NEAT COLOURED WRAPPERS, + + SUITABLE FOR REWARDS & PRESENTS. + +FAITH, HOPE, and CHARITY. + +ISABEL GRAY; or, “MISTRESS DIDN’T KNOW.” + +ABEL HOWARD and HIS FAMILY—The YOUNG NURSE GIRL. + +The THIEVES’ LADDER—The GUILTY CONSCIENCE. + +The LADY’S DILEMMA. + +MIRIAM. + +MRS. GODLIMAN—The GREEN HILL SIDE—The POOR LITTLE BOY. + +The PRIMROSE GATHERERS—The LITTLE SCHISMATICS—THE FUNERAL BELL. + +WIDOW HAYE—A GHOST STORY. + +A SAD STORY—CRAZED. + +The TWO NOBLEMEN—The YOUNG ENGLISH GENTLEMAN. + +The DRUNKARD’S WIFE, &c. + +The WORKING WOMAN’S APPEAL—SIXTY YEARS AGO. + +The LONDON ATTIC—MARRIAGE AS IT MAY BE—THE BAD MANAGER. + +BOY GOING TO SERVICE—A RELIGIOUS WOMAN. + +The MILLER’S WIFE. + +The BAD SERVANT—The CHAFFINCH’S NEST. + +The BOY and the ROOKS—The COMMON—The TRAVELLER and the FARMER. + + Mrs. Sewell’s Six Popular Ballads. + +MOTHER’S LAST WORDS. 514th Thousand, + +OUR FATHER’S CARE. 407th Thousand. + +CHILDREN AT HOME. + +CHILDREN AT SCHOOL. + +THE HAPPY SCHOOLFELLOWS. + +THE LOST CHILD. + +_The Twenty-four Books are done up in_ Four Packets, _in beautiful_ +Illuminated Envelopes, _at_ One Shilling _each Packet_. + + * * * * * + + LONDON: JARROLD & SONS, 12, PATERNOSTER ROW. + + * * * * * + + +VALUABLE BOOKS RELATING TO THE COUNTY +OF NORFOLK & THE CITY OF NORWICH. + + + * * * * * + +ACCOUNT of a Manuscript Genealogy of the Paston Family, in the Possession +of His Grace the Duke of Newcastle: communicated to the Norfolk and +Norwich Archæological Society by Francis Worship, Esq. Frontispiece, +_large paper_, 4to, sewed, 1s. + +ACCOUNT of the Company of St. George in Norwich (A.D. 1324–1732), from +Mackerell’s History of Norwich, MSS. 1737, 8vo, sewed, 1s. + +AN OUTLINE of the Geology of Norfolk. By Samuel Woodward. Coloured +Geological Map. 8vo, cloth, 3s. + +CASTLEACRE. Notes, Historical and Antiquarian, of the Castle and Priory +at Castleacre, in the County of Norfolk. By the Rev. J. H. Bloom, B.A. +With twenty-three illustrations, _on India paper_, by Sly, Vizetelly, and +Ninham, from original drawings by Mr. Charles Wright. Royal 8vo, cloth, +6s. + +COOKE’S Topographical and Statistical Description of the County of +Norfolk Map and steel frontispiece. Thick 18mo, sewed, 9d. (published at +2s.) + +DAWSON Turner’s Guide to the Historian, the Biographer, the Antiquary, +the Man of Literary Curiosity, and the Collector of Autographs towards +the Verification of Manuscripts, by reference to Engraved Facsimiles of +Handwriting. Royal 8vo, cloth, 2s. (published at 6s. 6d.) + +HISTORY and Antiquities of Norwich Castle. By the Late Samuel Woodward. +Edited by his son, B. B. Woodward, Esq., Librarian to Her Majesty. +Numerous maps and illustrations on stone, 4to, sewed, 6s. + +KETT’S Rebellion; Jack and the Tanner of Wymondham. A Tale of Kett’s +Rebellion. By the Author of “Mary Powell,” &c. 12mo, stiff cover, 9d. +(published at 2s. 6d.) + +NORFOLK in the Eighteenth Century; Twenty-four Views of the most +considerable Mansions and Seats of the Nobility in the County. Taken +about the year 1780, imperial 4to, stiff cover, 12s. 6d. + +RAMBLES in an Old City; comprising Antiquarian, Historical, Biographical, +and Political Associations of Norwich. By S. S. Madders. Frontispiece, +post 8vo, cloth, 3s. 6d. (published at 10s. 6d.) + +THE ECCLESIOLOGIST’S Guide to the Deaneries of Sparham and Taverham, in +the County of Norfolk; with the Deanery of Ingworth. 12mo, cloth, 2s. +6d. (published at 4s. 6d.) + +THE NORFOLK Topographer’s Manual: being a Catalogue of the Books and +Engravings hitherto Published in Relation to the County. By the late +Samuel Woodward; revised and augmented by W. C. Ewing, Esq.; to which are +appended, a Catalogue of the Drawings, Prints, and Deeds, collected by +Dawson Turner, Esq.; and a List of the Norfolk Chartularies, and of the +MSS. and Drawings relating to Norfolk, in the British Museum. Royal 8vo, +cloth, 6s. + + * * * * * + +EIGHT ORIGINAL ETCHINGS by the late JOHN SELL COTMAN, also TEN ETCHINGS +by M. E. COTMAN. Large paper, imperial folio, in wrapper, Fifteen +Shillings. + + * * * * * + + _JARROLD & SONS_, _London Street_, _Norwich_. + + * * * * * + + + +HISTORY OF NORWICH. +BY A. D. BAYNE. + + + * * * * * + + EDITION ON LARGER PAPER, + + WITH + + TWENTY-ONE PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEWS + + BY + + _BURGESS AND GRIMWOOD_. + + PRICE ONE GUINEA. + + * * * * * + + _A very limited number only have been printed_. + + * * * * * + + + + +FOOTNOTES. + + +{53} Duke of Norfolk. + +{126} Since the above was written, the house at St. Giles’ Gates has +been demolished. + +{527} Gentleman’s Magazine. + +{672} First Mayor of Norwich. + + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY OF NORWICH*** + + +******* This file should be named 44568-0.txt or 44568-0.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/4/5/6/44568 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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D. Bayne</title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + P { margin-top: .75em; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + P.gutsumm { margin-left: 5%;} + P.poetry {margin-left: 3%; } + .GutSmall { font-size: 0.7em; } + H1, H2 { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + } + H3, H4, H5 { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + } + BODY{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + table { border-collapse: collapse; } +table {margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;} + td { vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid black;} + td p { margin: 0.2em; } + .blkquot {margin-left: 4em; margin-right: 4em;} /* block indent */ + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .pagenum {position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: small; + text-align: right; + font-weight: normal; + color: gray; + } + img { border: none; } + img.dc { float: left; width: 50px; height: 50px; } + p.gutindent { margin-left: 2em; } + div.gapspace { height: 0.8em; } + div.gapline { height: 0.8em; width: 100%; border-top: 1px solid;} + div.gapmediumline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%; + border-top: 1px solid; } + div.gapmediumdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%; + border-top: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;} + div.gapshortdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%; + margin-left: 40%; border-top: 1px solid; + border-bottom: 1px solid; } + div.gapdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 50%; + margin-left: 25%; border-top: 1px solid; + border-bottom: 1px solid;} + div.gapshortline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%; margin-left:40%; + border-top: 1px solid; } + .citation {vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: none;} + img.floatleft { float: left; + margin-right: 1em; + margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } + img.floatright { float: right; + margin-left: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; + margin-bottom: 0.5em; } + img.clearcenter {display: block; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.5em; + margin-bottom: 0.5em} + --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg eBook, A Comprehensive History of Norwich, by A. D. +Bayne + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: A Comprehensive History of Norwich + + +Author: A. D. Bayne + + + +Release Date: January 2, 2014 [eBook #44568] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY OF +NORWICH*** +</pre> +<p>Transcribed from the 1869 Jarrold and Sons edition by David +Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org</p> +<h1><span class="GutSmall">A COMPREHENSIVE</span><br /> +HISTORY OF NORWICH</h1> +<p style="text-align: center"><span +class="GutSmall">INCLUDING</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center">A SURVEY OF THE CITY:</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">AND ITS +PUBLIC BUILDINGS;</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center">CIVIL AND MUNICIPAL HISTORY:</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">INCLUDING +COMPLETE LISTS OF MAYORS AND SHERIFFS,</span><br /> +<span class="GutSmall">AND NOTICES OF EMINENT +CITIZENS;</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center">POLITICAL HISTORY:</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">INCLUDING +COMPLETE ELECTION RETURNS AND LISTS OF MEMBERS</span><br /> +<span class="GutSmall">OF PARLIAMENT;</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center">RELIGIOUS HISTORY:</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">INCLUDING +MEMOIRS OF BISHOPS AND DEANS—RISE AND</span><br /> +<span class="GutSmall">PROGRESS OF NONCONFORMITY;</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center">COMMERCIAL HISTORY:</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">INCLUDING +THE SUBSTANCE OF PRIZE ESSAYS ON THE MANUFACTURES</span><br /> +<span class="GutSmall">AND TRADE OF NORWICH.</span></p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">By A. D. BAYNE.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">JARROLD AND SONS, 12, PATERNOSTER +ROW, LONDON;</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">AND LONDON +AND EXCHANGE STREETS, NORWICH.</span><br /> +<span class="GutSmall">MDCCCLXIX.</span></p> +<h2><a name="pagev"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +v</span>PREFACE.</h2> +<p><span class="smcap">Some</span> account of the sources of +information should be given in the preface to a history, in order +to assure the reader of the authenticity of the narrative. +No one can have turned over a bookseller’s catalogue of +local historical publications without observing how few they are +in comparison with the extent and importance of the particular +district in view. The fact is, that most of the productions +of the early authors are either very scarce or are entirely out +of print. No city or county can boast of so many +industrious topographers and antiquarians as Norwich and +Norfolk. If we arrange them in alphabetical order, we +have:—Ames, Beatniffe, Blomefield, P. Browne, Brettingham, +Sir Thomas Browne, Chambers, Cory, Cotman, Dixon, Eldridge, Sir +Richard Elles, Forby, Sir John Fenn, Sir Andrew Fountaine, R. +Fitch, Gibson, Gillingwater, Hudson Gurney, Green, Gunn, Gurdon, +Harrod, Ives, Kent, J. Kirkpatrick, Le Neve, Lawrence, Mackerell, +Manship (both father and son), Marshall, Tom Martin, Matchett, +Neville, Nashe, Parkin, <a name="pagevi"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. vi</span>Prideaux, Quarles, Richards, Sir H. +Spelman, Sir John Spelman, Clement Spelman, Swinden, Dawson +Turner, Wilkins, Watts, Wilkinson, and the Woodwards (father and +son). Most of these, however, were antiquarians, and +contributed more to archæology and topography than to +history.</p> +<p>Mr. J. Kirkpatrick, in the early part of the eighteenth +century, was the first who formed the plan of a regular +historical narrative. He spent the greater part of his life +in making researches and collecting materials for a history of +Norwich; and he wrote an immense quantity of matter in thick +folio volumes, the whole of which he left in MS. to the old +corporation. They comprised—</p> +<p>No. 1. A thick folio volume of the Early History and +Jurisdiction of the City; date 1720.</p> +<p>No. 2. A similar folio volume, being an account of the +Military State of the City, its walls, towers, ponds, pits, +wells, pumps, &c.; date 1722.</p> +<p>No. 3. A thick quarto.</p> +<p>No. 4. Several large bundles, foolscap folio; Annals of +Norwich.</p> +<p>No. 5. A fasciculus, foolscap folio; Origin of +Charities, and Wills relating thereto, in each parish.</p> +<p>No. 6. Memorandum books of Monuments.</p> +<p>No. 7. Ditto of Merchants’ Marks.</p> +<p>No. 8. Ditto of Plans of Churches.</p> +<p>No. 9. Paper containing Drawings of the City Gates, and +a plan of Norwich.</p> +<p>No. 10. Drawings of all the Churches.</p> +<p><a name="pagevii"></a><span class="pagenum">p. vii</span>No. +11. An immense number of pieces of paper containing notes +of the tenure of each house in Norwich.</p> +<p>No. 12. A MS. quarto volume of 258 pages; the first +sixty devoted to notes upon the Castle at Norwich, the remainder +to an account of Religious Orders and Houses, and the Hospitals +of the City.</p> +<p>After the new corporation was constituted, all +Kirkpatrick’s MSS. were dispersed into different +hands. The late Hudson Gurney, Esq., obtained possession of +some of them, and published a very limited number of copies of +those relating to the castle and to religious houses. Mr. +Dawson Turner edited the last-named MS. (No. 12), and it was +printed in 1845. He says that all the other MSS. had +disappeared, but that they were safe in the custody of the old +corporation, thirty years before (1815), when Mr. De Hague held +the office of town clerk.</p> +<p>Fortunately, Mr. Kirkpatrick was the contemporary of the Rev. +F. Blomefield, the historian of Norfolk, who appreciated his +researches, and bore this testimony to his merits:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Mr. Kirkpatrick was a most laborious +antiquary and made great collections for the city of Norwich, of +which he published a large prospectus. In pursuing his +studies, he worked with Peter Le Neve, Norroy; and as they were +very intimate, they mutually exchanged their collections for this +place, Mr. Kirkpatrick giving all his draughts to Mr. Le Neve, +and Mr. Le Neve giving his to Mr. Kirkpatrick. To the +labours of both these gentlemen I am exceedingly obliged, and did +I not acknowledge my obligations in this public manner, I should +inwardly condemn myself as guilty of the highest +ingratitude.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="pageviii"></a><span class="pagenum">p. viii</span>Mr. +Blomefield was, indeed, indebted to his deceased friend for the +most valuable parts of his History of Norwich, published in +1742. It is the only part of his work which can be properly +called history, the rest consisting of topographical descriptions +of different hundreds and parishes in Norfolk. Mr. +Blomefield began to print his “History of Norfolk” at +his own press in his own house at Fersfield, in 1739, by +subscription, and intended to publish a list of his subscribers +when the whole was finished. During his life the History +came out in monthly folio numbers; but he died when he had +proceeded as far as page 678 of the third volume. This +volume was completed by the Rev. Charles Parkin, rector of +Oxburgh, Suffolk; and after his death was printed in 1769 by +Whittingham, bookseller at Lynn, by whom the +“Continuation” was published in two more volumes in +1777, these two volumes being very inferior to the previous +three. Blomefield’s work is of course the chief +source of information respecting Norwich, and it has been +republished in many abridged forms, the best edition being that +printed by J. Crouse for M. Booth, bookseller, in 1781, in ten +vols., the last relating to Norwich. Many smaller +abridgements have also been published, carrying on the narrative +to a later date.</p> +<p>The most reliable authority for the whole of the eighteenth +century is the “Norfolk Remembrancer,” compiled with +great care by Mr. Matchett. R. Fitch, Esq., published a +very full and accurate account of the Old Walls and Gates from J. +Kirkpatrick’s MSS., illustrated with views by the late <a +name="pageix"></a><span class="pagenum">p. ix</span>John +Ninham. B. B. Woodward, Esq., F.S.A., librarian of the +royal library at Windsor Castle, has also been a contributor to +the history of the old city, but as yet we have only brief +reports of his lectures “On Norwich in the Olden +Time,” as published in the local journals. He +directed attention to the purely fictitious accounts of the +origin of the city to be found in the early historians, who drew +in all good faith on their fertile imaginations. He gave a +much more probable account, and described the progress of the +city at different periods, as quoted in the following +pages. Mr. Harrod, too, has contributed a good deal to more +accurate views of early periods, especially in relation to the +earth-works of the castle, and to the monasteries.</p> +<p>The chapters on the “Rise and Progress of Nonconformists +in Norwich” in this history, are the first given in any +work of the kind, and supply information which will readily +account for the political condition of the city. From a few +hundreds in the seventeenth century, the Nonconformists have so +greatly increased that now they number many thousands, and have +at the same time attained to considerable wealth and +influence.</p> +<p>The chapters on Trade and Commerce supply a new feature in +Norwich history, and are very important to men of business. +The information on this head, including the history of the +Manufactures and of the Wholesale Trade of the city, is for the +most part taken from Essays, by the compiler, to which the prizes +were awarded at the Norwich Industrial Exhibition of 1867.</p> +<p><a name="pagex"></a><span class="pagenum">p. x</span>The great +length of the secular narrative must suffice as an apology for +the brevity of the ecclesiastical details, which occupy the +greater portion of Blomefield’s work. A full history +of the churches in Norwich would fill many volumes; indeed, +Kirkpatrick’s account of the Old Religious Houses occupies +as many as 300 pages. But the general reader would not be +interested by such details.</p> +<p>A full history of Norwich, up to the latest date, has long +been wanted, and the present compiler has availed himself of all +sources of information, but he has been obliged to compress a +great deal into a small compass. He has introduced many +notices of eminent citizens of every period, including bishops +and ministers of all denominations, who exercised much influence +in their day and generation.</p> +<p>Accurate views of local history afford the clearest insight +into the state of society at different periods. Thus the +records of Norwich Castle prove that nearly all the land in the +country was either assigned to bear, or was chargeable with, the +castle guard of some castle or other in ancient times. The +castles being fortresses were the centres around which large +towns arose, and where people most congregated for protection in +lawless ages. The whole island was one vast camp during the +feudal period. Monasteries were the only places of refuge +for travellers, or for the destitute poor, and when the religious +houses were dissolved, an entire change took place in the state +of society.</p> +<p>Local history, properly understood, is not a dry register of +events, but leads from particular conclusions to higher <a +name="pagexi"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xi</span>generalisations. The predominance of certain ideas +at different times produced all the events of those +periods. Norwich men took an active part in all the great +movements of the day,—in the Reformation, the Civil Wars, +the Commonwealth, and all the agitations of more modern +times. Therefore, the story of the city is interesting and +important in every period, and it is identified with the whole +course of events in East Anglia. Indeed, it is difficult to +separate the history of Norwich, the capital of East Anglia, from +that of the whole district.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/pxib.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Decorative mark" +title= +"Decorative mark" +src="images/pxis.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<h2><a name="pagexiii"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xiii</span>SUMMARY OF CONTENTS.</h2> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">PART I.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"><span +class="GutSmall">PAGES</span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Survey of Norwich</span>. Rise +and Progress of the City—The Modern City—Public +Buildings—Parishes and Parish Churches—Nonconformist +Chapels.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page9">9</a></span>–115</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">PART II.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Chapter</span> +I.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The Ancient City—Old Walls and +Gates—Desecrated Churches and Chapels—Monastic +Institutions—Monumental Brasses</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page116">116</a></span>–145</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> II.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The Aborigines</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page146">146</a></span>–151</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> III.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Norwich in the Roman Period—The Venta Icenorum</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page152">152</a></span>–157</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> IV.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Norwich in the Anglo-Saxon Period</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page151">151</a></span>–161</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> V.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Norwich under the Danes</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page162">162</a></span>–164</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> VI.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Norwich in the Norman Period</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page165">165</a></span>–168</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><a +name="pagexiv"></a><span class="pagenum">p. xiv</span><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> VII.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Norwich in the Twelfth Century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page169">169</a></span>–172</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> VIII.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Norwich in the Thirteenth Century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page173">173</a></span>–176</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> IX.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Norwich in the Fourteenth Century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page177">177</a></span>–182</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> X.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Norwich in the Fifteenth Century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page183">183</a></span>–187</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> XI.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Norwich in the Sixteenth Century—Bilney’s +Martydom—Dissolution of the Monasteries—Kett’s +Rebellion—Queen Mary—Queen Elizabeth—Eminent +Citizens of the Period</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page188">188</a></span>–211</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> XII.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Norwich in the Seventeenth Century—The Civil +Wars—Eminent Citizens</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page212">212</a></span>–240</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> XIII.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Nonconformity in Norwich—The Independents—The +Baptists—The Methodists</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page241">241</a></span>–257</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> XIV.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Social State of Norwich from Fourteenth to Eighteenth +Centuries—Trade Regulations, &c.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page258">258</a></span>–267</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> XV.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Norwich in the Eighteenth Century—Social +State—Nonconformity—Eminent Citizens—Norwich in +the Nineteenth Century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page268">268</a></span>–356</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><a +name="pagexv"></a><span class="pagenum">p. xv</span><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> XVI.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>History of the Norwich Navigation</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page357">357</a></span>–365</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> XVII.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Leading Events of the Nineteenth Century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page366">366</a></span>–378</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> XVIII.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The Reform Era—Commission of Enquiry respecting the +Old Corporation—The Election of Stormont and Scarlett</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page379">379</a></span>–404</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> XIX.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The Reign of Queen Victoria—Leading Events</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page405">405</a></span>–415</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> XX.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The Murder of Isaac Jermy, Recorder of Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page416">416</a></span>–428</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> XXI.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The Census of 1861—New Poor Law Act—Visit of +Prince and Princess of Wales, the Duke of Edinburgh, and the +Queen of Denmark—The New Drainage Scheme</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page429">429</a></span>–454</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> XXII.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>History of the Triennial Musical Festivals</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page455">455</a></span>–474</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> XXIII.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Eminent Citizens of the Nineteenth Century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page475">475</a></span>–540</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> XXIV.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Norwich Artists in the Nineteenth Century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page541">541</a></span>–551</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">PART III.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Chapter</span> +I.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rise and Progress of the Manufacture of Textile Fabrics, +and Present State of the Trade</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page552">552</a></span>–594</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><a +name="pagexvi"></a><span class="pagenum">p. xvi</span><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> II.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Trade and Commerce of the City—Banks and +Banking—Wholesale Producers and Dealers—Cattle and +Corn Trade—Traffic by Rail and Water, &c.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page595">595</a></span>–633</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">PART IV.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Chapter</span> +I.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Political History—Elections for the City—List +of Members of Parliament</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page634">634</a></span>–683</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> II.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Political History continued—Lists of Mayors, +Sheriffs, Stewards, and Recorders</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page684">684</a></span>–705</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> III.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Ecclesiastical History—Origin of the See—Lists +of Bishops, Deans, and Clergy—Dignitaries of the +Diocese—Nonconformist Ministers</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page706">706</a></span>–721</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Chapter</span> IV.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Religious, Educational, and Benevolent</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page722">722</a></span>–735</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Appendix</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>City Authorities and Officials, &c.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page736">736</a></span>–738</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/pxvib.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Decorative mark" +title= +"Decorative mark" +src="images/pxvis.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<h2><a name="pagexvii"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xvii</span>INDEX TO CONTENTS.</h2> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span +class="GutSmall">PAGE</span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Aborigines of the District</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page146">146</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Act obtained for Paving and Lighting</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page291">291</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page324">324</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Agricultural Implement Makers</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page611">611</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Agricultural Society’s (Royal) Visit</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page416">416</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Agriculture, Chamber of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page441">441</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Alexander Rev. John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page490">490</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Alfred Prince, in Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page443">443</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Alfred the Great, Reign of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page159">159</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Allen Thomas, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page248">248</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Anchorages or Hermitages</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page139">139</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Ancient City, The</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page117">117</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Anderson William, Notice of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page307">307</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Andrew’s, St. Hall—see St. Andrew’s +Hall</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Angles, Arrival of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Anglo-Saxon Coins</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page160">160</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page161">161</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Anglo-Saxon Dynasty, Restoration of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page12">12</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Anglo-Saxon Period, Norwich in the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page158">158</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Archæological Society, (British) Visit of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page433">433</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Artists of Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page541">541</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Art, School of (in Free Library)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page61">61</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Assize Courts, City and County</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page50">50</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Assizes removed to Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page381">381</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Asylum, New Lunatic, contemplated</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page441">441</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Austin Friars</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page138">138</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bank, the Crown</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page76">76</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Banks and Banking</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page595">595</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Baptist Chapels</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page110">110</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page111">111</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Baptists in Norwich, History of the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page253">253</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Barbauld, Anna Letitia</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page307">307</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Barlow, Peter</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page307">307</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Barracks, Cavalry</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page76">76</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bathurst Bishop</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page36">36</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page300">300</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page328">328</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bathurst Bishop, Memoir of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page520">520</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bathurst Bishop, Professor Taylor’s account of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page329">329</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Beechey, Sir William</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page307">307</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Benedictine Priory</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page136">136</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bethel Built</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page270">270</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="pagexviii"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xviii</span>Bible Society, Norwich Auxiliary Established</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page335">335</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bignold, Sir Samuel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page378">378</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page381">381</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page432">432</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bigod, Hugh</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page169">169</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page170">170</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page172">172</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bigod, Roger</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page163">163</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page166">166</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page168">168</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page169">169</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page172">172</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page173">173</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page174">174</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page175">175</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bigod, William</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page169">169</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bilney, the Martyr</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page51">51</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page191">191</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bishop Bathurst, monument of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page36">36</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page521">521</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, mentioned in <i>Monthly Magazine</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page300">300</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, elected</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page328">328</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Professor Taylor’s account of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page329">329</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Memoir of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page520">520</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Goldwell, tomb of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page36">36</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Hall, driven out</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page222">222</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page227">227</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Memoir of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page226">226</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Hall’s palace</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page100">100</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Herbert de Losinga (first bishop)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page13">13</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Norman statue of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page39">39</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Hinds, memoir of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page524">524</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Horne, monument of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page36">36</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Nykke, tomb of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page34">34</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Parkhurst, tomb of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page35">35</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Pelham, notice of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page714">714</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Stanley, memoir of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page524">524</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Wren and the “Book of Sports”</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page244">244</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bishop’s Palace, History and description of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page43">43</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bishops of Norwich, list of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page708">708</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Black Friars</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page138">138</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Blomefield, the Norfolk Historian</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page127">127</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page306">306</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Blind, Hospital for the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page327">327</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page733">733</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Blythe, Hancock</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page307">307</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Board of Health</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page14">14</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page429">429</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Boleyn, Sir William, tomb of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page37">37</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bombazines, manufacture of introduced</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page204">204</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Book of Sports</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page78">78</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page244">244</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Boot and Shoe Trade, Wholesale</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page601">601</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bourn, Samuel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page297">297</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bracondale Lodge (Miss Martineau)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page106">106</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Brand, John, B.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page307">307</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Brasses, Monumental</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page140">140</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page563">563</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bread Riots</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page286">286</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page292">292</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page340">340</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Brethren of the Sac Friars</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page139">139</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Brewers’ Mark, &c., Mr. R. Fitch on</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page264">264</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Brewers, Wholesale</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page616">616</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bridge, Carrow, first stone laid</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page333">333</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Duke’s Palace, erected</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page347">347</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Foundry, first stone laid</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page334">334</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bridge W., M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page245">245</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>British Archæological Society, Visit of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page433">433</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Association for the Advancement of Science, Visit +of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page444">444</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="pagexix"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xix</span>Brooke, Sir James, educated at Grammar School</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page45">45</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page726">726</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Brown, Rev. Robert</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page243">243</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Browne, Sir Thomas, memoir of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page230">230</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Brush and Paper Bag Makers</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page620">620</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Burial Ground—the Rosary</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page108">108</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bury and Schneider unseated</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page656">656</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Buxton, Thomas Fowell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page104">104</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Caer Gwent or Guntum, Norwich called so by the Iceni</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page10">10</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page157">157</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Caister, a village on the bank of the Taas</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page10">10</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Caister and Norwich, Traditional Couplet</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page10">10</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Caister Camp</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page105">105</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page157">157</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Canons Honorary</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page718">718</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Canute assigned custody of Norwich Castle to Earl +Turkel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page152">152</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Cardinal Wolsey visited Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page189">189</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Carmelite Friars</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page137">137</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Caroline, Queen, Address to</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page350">350</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Carriage Manufacturers</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page620">620</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Carrow Abbey</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page84">84</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page139">139</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Carrow Bridge, first stone laid</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page333">333</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Carrow Works (Messrs. J. and J. Colman’s)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page84">84</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page605">605</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Carrying Trade</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page625">625</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Carter, Rev. John, memoir of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page239">239</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Castle built</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page163">163</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, burnt by Danes</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page12">12</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, description and history of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page20">20</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, fortifications of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page21">21</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page22">22</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Mr. Woodward’s opinions</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page23">23</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page119">119</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Kirkpatrick’s opinions</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page23">23</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Mr. Harrod’s opinions</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page24">24</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, made the public prison</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page178">178</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Corporation, the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page339">339</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Hill, View from</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page47">47</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Cathedral, additions and repairs by Eborard, John de +Oxford, Walter de Suffield, Ralph de Walpole, &c.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page29">29</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page30">30</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page31">31</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page276">276</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Brasses destroyed during Commonwealth</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page37">37</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Chartists attended at</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page406">406</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Cloisters, description of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page41">41</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Close, Upper and Lower</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page44">44</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Dignitaries of the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page717">717</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Dimensions of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page32">32</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Edward I. and Eleanor at</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page29">29</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Exterior, description of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page39">39</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Gateways</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page46">46</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Injuries by fires, wind, and lightning</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page29">29</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page30">30</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page189">189</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page212">212</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page323">323</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Injuries by Reformers</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page31">31</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page219">219</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Interior description of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page33">33</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Monument of Bishop Bathurst</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page36">36</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Bishop Home</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page36">36</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="pagexx"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xx</span>Cathedral, Monument of Sir William Boleyn</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page37">37</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Original Structure</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page28">28</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Prideaux, Dr., Inscription in Memory of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page34">34</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Queen Elizabeth dined in Cloisters</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page43">43</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page205">205</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Tomb of Bishop Goldwell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page36">36</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, ,, Herbert de Losinga</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page37">37</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, ,, Nykke</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page35">35</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, ,, Parkhurst</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page35">35</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Miles Spencer</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page34">34</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Yarmouth people ask for stones for a workhouse</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page31">31</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Catherine, Queen, visited Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page189">189</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Catholic Apostolic Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page115">115</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Cattle and Corn Trade</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page623">623</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Cattle Food and Manure Trades</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page622">622</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Cattle Market, cost of improvements, &c.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page49">49</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Cavalry Barracks</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page76">76</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Cemetery, Public (opened 1856)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page101">101</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page432">432</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, The Rosary</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page108">108</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Census of 1861</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page435">435</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Chamber of Agriculture</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page441">441</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Chantrey’s, Sir Francis last work</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page37">37</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page521">521</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Chapel Field</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page98">98</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page133">133</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Chapels, Nonconformists’</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page720">720</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Ber Street (Wesleyans)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Calvert Street (Methodist Free Church)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Catherine’s Plain (Primitive Methodists)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page113">113</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Chapel-in-the-Field (Independents)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page110">110</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Cherry Lane (Baptists)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Clement Court (Catholic +Apostolic—Irvingites)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page115">115</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Crook’s Place (Methodist Free Church)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Cowgate Street (Primitive Methodist)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page113">113</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Dereham Road (Primitive Methodist)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page113">113</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Dutch Church (Free Christian Church)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page114">114</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Ebenezer (Baptists)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page111">111</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, French Church (Swedenborgians)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page114">114</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Gildencroft (Baptists)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page111">111</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Jireh—Dereham Road (Baptists)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Lady Lane (Wesleyans)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Octagon (Unitarians)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page113">113</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Old Meeting (Independents)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page109">109</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Orford Hill (Baptists)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page111">111</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Pottergate Street (Baptists)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Princes Street (Independents)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page109">109</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Priory Yard (Baptists)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Queen Street (Swedenborgians)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page114">114</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, St. Clement’s (Baptists)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page111">111</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, St. Faith’s Lane (Jews)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page115">115</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, St. John’s Maddermarket (Roman Cath.)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page113">113</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="pagexxi"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xxi</span>,, ,, St. Mary’s (Baptists)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page110">110</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, St. Peter’s Hall (Presbyterians)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Tabernacle (Lady Huntingdon’s)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page110">110</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Upper Goat Lane (Friends)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page113">113</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Willow Lane (Roman Catholics)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page113">113</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Chapels, Desecrated</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page133">133</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Charing (Sherers’) Cross removed</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page275">275</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Charitable Institutions</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page732">732</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Bethel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page270">270</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Blind Hospital</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page327">327</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page733">733</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Doughty’s Hospital</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page733">733</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Great Hospital (called also Old Men’s, St. +Giles’, or St. Helen’s)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page79">79</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page197">197</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page279">279</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page733">733</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Jenny Lind Infirmary</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page430">430</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page733">733</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Lying-in Charity</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page377">377</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Norfolk and Norwich Hospital</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page280">280</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page733">733</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Norwich Magdalen</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page733">733</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Orphans’ Home</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page733">733</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Public Dispensary</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page325">325</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page733">733</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Charles II. and Queen visited Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page223">223</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page225">225</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Chartist Movements</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page406">406</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page408">408</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page653">653</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Christ Church, New Catton</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page92">92</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page405">405</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Church Congress in Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page442">442</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Church of England Young Men’s Society</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page732">732</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Churches, All Saints</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page96">96</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Christ Church (New Catton)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page92">92</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page405">405</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, desecrated</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page127">127</a></span>–133</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, despoiled by Reformers</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page219">219</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Holy Trinity (Heigham)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page102">102</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, list of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page719">719</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, number of, in olden times</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page62">62</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Andrew</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page70">70</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Andrew (Eaton)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page104">104</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Augustine</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page87">87</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Bartholomew (Heigham)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page102">102</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Benedict</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page75">75</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Clement</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page91">91</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Edmund</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page93">93</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Etheldred</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page82">82</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. George Colegate</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page87">87</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. George Tombland</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page77">77</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Giles</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page67">67</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Gregory</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page68">68</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Helen</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page80">80</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. James</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page9">9</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. John Maddermarket</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page69">69</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. John Timberhill</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page97">97</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. John Sepulchre</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page95">95</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="pagexxii"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xxii</span>,, St. Julian</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page81">81</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Lawrence</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page73">73</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Margaret</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page75">75</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Martin at Oak</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page86">86</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Martin at Palace</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page79">79</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Mark (Lakenham)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page105">105</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Mary at Coslany</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page88">88</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Matthew (Thorpe)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page106">106</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Michael Coslany</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page85">85</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Michael at Plea</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page77">77</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Michael at Thorn</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page96">96</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Paul</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page93">93</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Peter Hungate</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page78">78</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Peter of Mancroft</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page65">65</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Peter per Mountergate</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page81">81</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Peter Southgate</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page82">82</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Philip (Heigham)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page102">102</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Saviour</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page92">92</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Simon and Jude</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page79">79</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Stephen</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page94">94</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Swithin</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page73">73</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Trinity, Holy (Heigham)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page102">102</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Cigar and Tobacco Trade</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page617">617</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>City and County of Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page170">170</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>City Jail</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page99">99</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page355">355</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>City Library</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page61">61</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>City Officials, list of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page736">736</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>City separated from County of Norfolk</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page170">170</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Civic Feasts</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page52">52</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page197">197</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page204">204</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page378">378</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page402">402</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page403">403</a></span> <i>et passim</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Civil Wars, the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page216">216</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Clabburn Thomas, monument of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page87">87</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Clarke, Dr. Adam, in Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page257">257</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Clarke, Dr. Samuel, memoir of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page236">236</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Clergy, ignorance of, in fifteenth century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page242">242</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Clergy of City and Hamlets, list of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page719">719</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Close, Cathedral, Upper and Lower</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page44">44</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Clothiers, Wholesale</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page601">601</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Clover Joseph, artist</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page546">546</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Coaches, Mail, to London</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page282">282</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Coal Trade</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page622">622</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Coins, Anglo-Saxon</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page160">160</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page161">161</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Coins of Iceni</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page149">149</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Collinges Dr.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page296">296</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Commercial History</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page552">552</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Commercial School</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page726">726</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Compounding for Poor-rates abolished</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page440">440</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Cooper Henry</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page308">308</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Corn Exchange (old) opened</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page372">372</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, description of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page58">58</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="pagexxiii"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xxiii</span>Corn Exchange, portraits in (Earl Leicester & +Jno. Culley, Esq.)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page59">59</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Corn, high price of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page286">286</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page293">293</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Corn Trade</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page623">623</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Corporation, Municipal</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page170">170</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, First Mayor of New</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page402">402</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, History of the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page316">316</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Last Mayor of Old</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page401">401</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Members of, for 1869</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page736">736</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Present state of the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page395">395</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Presents to the, by Lord Howard, 223; Sir Robt. +Walpole, 275; Sir Armine Wodehouse</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page279">279</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Corporation, Old, <i>Commission of Inquiry</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page381">381</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Evidence of Athow, John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page395">395</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Bacon, R. M.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page395">395</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Barnard, A.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page391">391</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Bignold, S. (mayor)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page383">383</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Bolingbroke, Alderman</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page383">383</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page391">391</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Francis, John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page391">391</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page394">394</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Gurney, J. J.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page383">383</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page388">388</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page392">392</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Newton, Alderman</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page386">386</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Palmer, George</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page392">392</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Robberds, J. W.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page395">395</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Simpson, W.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page383">383</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Stan, John Rising</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page390">390</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Wilde, William</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page389">389</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Willett, H.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page393">393</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Wright Mr.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page394">394</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Cosin, Dr. John, memoir of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page238">238</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Costume of various periods</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page553">553</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Cotman, J. S., artist</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page550">550</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Council Chamber</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page50">50</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>County Jail (the Castle)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page27">27</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Crape Manufacture</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page581">581</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page592">592</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page593">593</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Crome, John, artist (“Old Crome”) Memorial +of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page89">89</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page542">542</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Crome, Miss, artist</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page546">546</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Crome, J. B., artist</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page545">545</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Cromwell and the Commonwealth</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page222">222</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Cromwell, John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page249">249</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Crosse, John Greene, memoir of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page530">530</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Crotch, Dr. William</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page538">538</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Crown Bank (Harveys and Hudson)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page76">76</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Crucifixion of a boy by Jews, alleged</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page174">174</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Dalrymple, William, memoir of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page526">526</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Danes, Incursions of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page12">12</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Danes settled in Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page162">162</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Dean and Chapter</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page718">718</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Dean and Chapter’s Library</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page44">44</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="pagexxiv"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xxiv</span>Deans of Norwich, list of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page715">715</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Deave, Reuben</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page308">308</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Denmark, Queen of, visit to Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page443">443</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>De Dominâ Friars</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page138">138</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>De Pica or Pied Friars</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page138">138</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>De Sacco Friars</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page139">139</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Desecrated Chapels</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page133">133</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Desecrated Churches</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page127">127</a></span>–133</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Dignitaries of the Diocese</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page717">717</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Diocese, Dignitaries of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page717">717</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Disfranchisement of Freemen</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page374">374</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page402">402</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Dispensary, Public</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page325">325</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page733">733</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Dissolution of the Monasteries</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page194">194</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Dixon, W. R., artist</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page547">547</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Domesday Book</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page12">12</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page13">13</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page165">165</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page260">260</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Dominican Friars</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page138">138</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Doughty’s Hospital</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page733">733</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Drainage, the New Scheme for</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page446">446</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Drapers, Wholesale</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page616">616</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Dress at different periods</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page553">553</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Drill Hall</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page98">98</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Duchess of Norfolk (died 1593), monument of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page70">70</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Duke of Sussex visited Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page345">345</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Duke of Wellington, Statue of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page63">63</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Duke’s Palace Bridge erected</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page347">347</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Dungeon Tower</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page76">76</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Dutch and Flemings, arrival of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page166">166</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page557">557</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Dutch Church (Free Christian Church)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page114">114</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Earlham Hall</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page103">103</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Earlham, Hamlet of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page103">103</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Earthquakes felt in Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page278">278</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Eaton, Hamlet of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page104">104</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Ecclesiastical History</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page706">706</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Edinburgh, Duke of, in Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page443">443</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Education in Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page726">726</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Edward I. and Eleanor at Cathedral</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page29">29</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Edward III. and Philippa visit Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page178">178</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Edward VI. Commercial School</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page726">726</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Grammar School</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page45">45</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page726">726</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Eighteenth Century, Norwich in the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page268">268</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Eldon Club</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page641">641</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Election, First under the Reform Act of 1867</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page662">662</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Election of Stormont and Scarlett (see Stormont and +Scarlett)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Elections since Reform Act of 1832</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page650">650</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Elizabeth Fry</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page104">104</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page503">503</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page505">505</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Elizabeth, Queen, visits of, to Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page43">43</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page51">51</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page205">205</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of Edward IV., visits +Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page185">185</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="pagexxv"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xxv</span>Eminent Citizens, Notices of—</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Alexander, Rev. John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page490">490</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Anderson, William</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page307">307</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Barbauld, Anna Letitia</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page307">307</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Barlow, Peter</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page307">307</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Bathurst, Bishop</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page520">520</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Beechey, Sir William</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page307">307</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Blomefield, Rev. F.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page306">306</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Blythe, Hancock</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page307">307</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Brand, John, B.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page307">307</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Browne, Sir Thomas</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page230">230</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Carter, Rev. John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page239">239</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Clarke, Dr. Samuel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page236">236</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Cooper, Henry</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page308">308</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Cosin, Dr. John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page238">238</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Crosse, John Greene</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page530">530</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Crotch, Dr. William</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page538">538</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Dalrymple, William</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page526">526</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Deave, Reuben</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page308">308</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Enfield, Dr.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page298">298</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page309">309</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Fenn, Sir John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page309">309</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Fry, Elizabeth</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page503">503</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page505">505</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Goslin, John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page239">239</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Gurney, John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page499">499</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Gurney, Joseph John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page503">503</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Hall, Bishop</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page226">226</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Hall, Thomas</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page309">309</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Hinds, Bishop</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page524">524</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Hobart, John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page310">310</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Hooke, James</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page310">310</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Hooker, Dr.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page536">536</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Kaye, John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page210">210</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Kinnebrook, David</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page310">310</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Kirkpatrick, John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page303">303</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Legge, Dr.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page209">209</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Lens, John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page310">310</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Lubbock, Dr.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page311">311</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Mountain, Right Rev. J.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page311">311</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Opie, Mrs.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page537">537</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Parker, Archbishop</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page211">211</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Parr, Dr. Samuel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page311">311</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Pearson, Dr. John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page238">238</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Rigby, Dr.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page311">311</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Robert, Viscount of Yarmouth</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page237">237</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Saint, William</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page312">312</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Sanby, George, D.D.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page312">312</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Say, William</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page312">312</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Sayers, Frank, M.D.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page312">312</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Smith, Sir J. E., M.D.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page312">312</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="pagexxvi"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xxvi</span>,, ,, Stanley, Bishop</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page522">522</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Stevenson, William</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page313">313</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Taylor, John, D.D.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page313">313</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Taylor, Professor Edward</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page475">475</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Taylor, William</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page313">313</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Thurlow, Edward, Baron</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page313">313</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Wilkins, William</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page314">314</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Wilkins, William, sen.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page314">314</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Wilks, Rev. Mark</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page482">482</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Windham, William</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page314">314</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Wrench, Sir Benjamin</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page314">314</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Enfield, Dr.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page298">298</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page309">309</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Erpingham Gate</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page46">46</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Erpingham, Sir Thomas</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page46">46</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page51">51</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Ethelbert Gate</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page46">46</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Exhibitions, Great, (1851 & 1862) Norwich Contributors +to</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page430">430</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page436">436</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Exhibition, Norwich Industrial</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page443">443</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Extent of Modern City</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page15">15</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Fastolf Sir John, House of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page46">46</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Fenn, Sir John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page309">309</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Fifteenth Century, Norwich in the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page183">183</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Fires, serious injuries by</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page188">188</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page277">277</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page323">323</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Fish Market</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page64">64</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Fitch, R., Esq., on the Old Walls and Gates</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page121">121</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Flag of France taken by Nelson</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page58">58</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Flemings, Arrival or</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page166">166</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page171">171</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page204">204</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page557">557</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page560">560</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page567">567</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Flemish Refugees banished</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page244">244</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Flint Implements of Iceni</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page148">148</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Flint Structure, curious specimen of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page72">72</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Floods, violent, in Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page269">269</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page279">279</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page280">280</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Flour Mills</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page621">621</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Fortifications of the Old City</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page122">122</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Foundry Bridge, first stone laid</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page334">334</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Fourteenth Century, Norwich in the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page177">177</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Fourteenth to eighteenth Centuries, social state</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page258">258</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Franciscan Friars</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page137">137</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Fransham John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page309">309</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Free Christian Church</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page114">114</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Free Library</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page61">61</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Freemasons, Dean Prideaux, first master here</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page272">272</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Freemen, disfranchisement of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page374">374</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page402">402</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>French Church (Swedenborgian)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page114">114</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>French Revolution commemorated</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page284">284</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Friaries</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page136">136</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Friars, Carmelites or White</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page137">137</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Friars de Dominâ</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page138">138</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Friars de Pica or Pied Friars</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page138">138</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="pagexxvii"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xxvii</span>Friars de Sacco</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page139">139</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Friars Franciscan or Grey</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page137">137</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Friars of St. Mary</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page138">138</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Friars, Preachers (Black Friars)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page138">138</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Friends’ Meeting House</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page113">113</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Fry, Elizabeth</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page104">104</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page503">503</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page505">505</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Fynch, Martin</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page249">249</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Gates and Walls, old</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page121">121</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Gateways of Cathedral</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page46">46</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Gedge, Mr. G., promoted National Rate</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page410">410</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page412">412</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page414">414</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Goslin John, Memoir of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page239">239</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Grammar School</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page45">45</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page726">726</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Brooke, Sir James, educated at</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page45">45</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page726">726</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Lord Nelson</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page45">45</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page726">726</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Valpy Dr., once head master</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page45">45</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page726">726</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Grantham Thomas</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page253">253</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Great Exhibitions (1851 and 1862), Norwich Contributions +to</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page430">430</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page436">436</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Great Hospital (see Charitable Institutions)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Grey Friars</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page137">137</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Grocers, wholesale</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page617">617</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Guardians, Corporation of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page375">375</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page438">438</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Guild Feasts</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page52">52</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Guild Hall, description of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page50">50</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, memorials of Nelson in</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page51">51</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Bilney the martyr confined there</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page51">51</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Guilds and Pageants</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page180">180</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page208">208</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page239">239</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page274">274</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page282">282</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page403">403</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Guild, the Tanners’</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page74">74</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Gurney Family</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page103">103</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page498">498</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Hudson, on Venta Icenorum</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page153">153</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page502">502</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Joseph John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page368">368</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page509">509</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, buried in Gildencroft</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page111">111</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page518">518</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hall, Bishop, memoir of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page226">226</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hall’s Bishop, Palace</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page100">100</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hall, Guild (see Guildhall)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hall, St. Andrew’s (see St. Andrew’s Hall)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hall, Thomas</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page309">309</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hallett, Rev. J., on History of Old Meeting House</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page251">251</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hamlets—Earlham</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page103">103</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Eaton</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page104">104</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Heigham</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page98">98</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Hellesdon</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page103">103</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Lakenham</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page104">104</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Pockthorpe</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page108">108</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Thorpe</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page106">106</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Trowse, Carrow, and Bracondale</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page106">106</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Harrod on Fortifications of Castle</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page24">24</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="pagexxviii"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xxviii</span>Hart, Rev. R., on Old Costumes</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page564">564</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Harvey, Charles</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page353">353</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Harvey, John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page354">354</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Harvey, Robert</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page339">339</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Harvey, Sir R. J. H., Bart.,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page107">107</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page597">597</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Heigham, Hamlet of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page98">98</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hellesdon, Hamlet of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page103">103</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Henry I. visited Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page169">169</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Henry VI. visited Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page184">184</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Henry VII. visited Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page186">186</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Herbert de Losinga (first bishop)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page13">13</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, tomb of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page37">37</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hermitages or Anchorages</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page139">139</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hinds, Bishop, memoir of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page524">524</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hobart, John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page310">310</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hodgson, Charles, artist</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page547">547</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hodgson, David, artist</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page548">548</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Holy Trinity, Church of the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page102">102</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hooke, James</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page310">310</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hooker, Dr., notice of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page536">536</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Horticultural Implement Makers</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page611">611</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hospitals (see Charitable Institutions)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Huntingdon’s, Lady, Connexion</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page110">110</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Iceni, the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page147">147</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Coins of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page149">149</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Flint Implements of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page148">148</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Woodward on</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page117">117</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Sepulchral Urns</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page148">148</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Independent Chapels</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page109">109</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page110">110</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Independents, History of the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page247">247</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Indigent Blind Hospital</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page327">327</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page733">733</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Indulgences to those buried in “Pardon +Cloister”</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page137">137</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Industrial Exhibition</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page443">443</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Innes, Rev. J. B.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page251">251</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Iron Trade</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page609">609</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Irvingites’ Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page115">115</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Jail, the City</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page99">99</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page355">355</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Jail, the County</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page27">27</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Jenny Lind Infirmary</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page430">430</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page733">733</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Jermy, Isaac, Recorder, Murder of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page416">416</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Jews accused of crucifying a boy</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page174">174</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Jews, first settled in Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page165">165</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Jews, large influx of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page169">169</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>‘Jews’ Synagogue</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page115">115</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John’s (King) visit to Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page173">173</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John of Gaunt visited Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page179">179</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="pagexxix"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xxix</span>Kaye, John, memoir of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page210">210</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Kett’s Castle</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page136">136</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Kett’s Rebellion</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page198">198</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>King (see Royal Visits)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>King Edward VI. Commercial School</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page726">726</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>King Edward VI. Grammar School</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page45">45</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page726">726</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Kinghorn, Rev. J., Tributary Lines by Mrs. Opie</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page256">256</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Kinnebrook, David</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page310">310</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Kirkpatrick, John, memoir of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page303">303</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Kirkpatrick—buried in St. Helen’s Church</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page80">80</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page305">305</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, on fortifications of Castle</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page23">23</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Ladbrooke, Robert</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page548">548</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Lady Huntingdon Chapels</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page110">110</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Lakenham, Hamlet of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page104">104</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Law of Settlement and Removal</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page414">414</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Legge, Dr., memoir of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page209">209</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Lens, John, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page310">310</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Library, City (at Free Library)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page61">61</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Dean and Chapter’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page44">44</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Free Library</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page61">61</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Literary Institution</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page60">60</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Norwich Public</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page59">59</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page298">298</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Literary Institution, Norfolk and Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page60">60</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Lollards’ Pit (see also Martyrs)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page136">136</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page184">184</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page193">193</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page203">203</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Lord Abinger</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page401">401</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Lord Nelson</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page45">45</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page51">51</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page56">56</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page288">288</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page289">289</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page330">330</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Lubbock, Richard, M.D.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page311">311</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Lunatic Asylum, new one contemplated</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page441">441</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Lying-in-Charity, Established</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page377">377</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Magdalen, or Female Home</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page733">733</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Mail Coaches, first started to London</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page282">282</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Maltby, Dr. Edward</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page297">297</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Manufacture of Bombazines introduced</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page204">204</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Manufacture of Worsted introduced</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page166">166</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Manufacturers of the last century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page302">302</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Manufactures mentioned in “Paston Letters”</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page178">178</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Manufactures, Norwich, at Great Exhibitions</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page430">430</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page436">436</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Manufactures, Norwich, presented to Princess of Wales</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page437">437</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Manufactures—Textile Fabrics—History of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page553">553</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, in Eighteenth Century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page569">569</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,,, , in Nineteenth Century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page578">578</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Manure Manufacturers</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page622">622</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Margaret of Anjou (Queen of Henry VI.) visited Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page185">185</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Market, Corn</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page58">58</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Market Cross, the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page188">188</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Market, Cattle, cost of improvements, &c</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page49">49</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Market, Fish</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page64">64</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="pagexxx"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xxx</span>Market Place, dimensions of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page63">63</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Market Place, formerly the Great Croft</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page18">18</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Martineau Family</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page106">106</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Martyr, the Boy William</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page174">174</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Martyr, Thomas Bilney</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page51">51</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page191">191</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Martyrs (see also Lollards’ Pit)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page184">184</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page191">191</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page193">193</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page196">196</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page203">203</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page206">206</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page242">242</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page243">243</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Masons, Free, Dean Prideaux first master here</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page272">272</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Mayor and Sheriff, alternate nominations of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page429">429</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Mayor, the first</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page72">72</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page170">170</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page684">684</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Mayors and Sheriffs, complete list of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page684">684</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Mayor’s Feast, curious speech at a</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page53">53</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Mayors’ Feasts (see also Civic Feasts)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page52">52</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page204">204</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page378">378</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page403">403</a></span> <i>et passim</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Mayors’ Gold Chain</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page271">271</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Members of Parliament first elected for Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page176">176</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Members for Norwich, complete list of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page669">669</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Methodists, Calvinistic</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page256">256</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Methodist Free Church Chapels</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Methodist, Primitive, Chapels</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Methodists, Wesleyan</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page257">257</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Miles Spencer, Tomb of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page34">34</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Ministers, Nonconformist</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page720">720</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Modern City, situation and extent of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page15">15</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Monasteries, dissolution of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page194">194</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Monastic Institutions</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page135">135</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Monumental Brasses</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page140">140</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Moore William (last Mayor of Old Corporation)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page401">401</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Mountain, Right Rev. Jacob</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page311">311</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Municipal Reform Act</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page170">170</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page400">400</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Murder of Isaac Jermy, Recorder</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page416">416</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Museum, Norfolk and Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page60">60</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page401">401</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Musical Festivals</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page324">324</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page333">333</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page356">356</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page403">403</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, History of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page455">455</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Mustard and Starch Manufactory (Messrs. J. and J. +Colman’s)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page84">84</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page605">605</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>National Rate advocated by Mr. G. Gedge and others</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page410">410</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page412">412</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page414">414</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Navigation, Norwich, history of the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page357">357</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Nelson, Lord, educated at Grammar School</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page45">45</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page726">726</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, memorials of, in Guildhall</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page51">51</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page288">288</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, portrait of, in St. Andrew’s Hall</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page56">56</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page289">289</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, statue of, in Cathedral Close</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page45">45</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, victory of, celebrated in Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page330">330</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>New Catton (Christ Church)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page92">92</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page405">405</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>New Mills</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page74">74</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Newspaper, first in Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page269">269</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Nineteenth Century, Norwich in the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page315">315</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Nonconformist Ministers, list of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page720">720</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Nonconformists (see Chapels)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page109">109</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page720">720</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Baptists</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page110">110</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page111">111</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Catholic Apostolic</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page115">115</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="pagexxxi"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xxxi</span>,, Friends</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page113">113</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Free Christian Church</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page114">114</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Independents</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page109">109</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page110">110</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Irvingites</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page115">115</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Jews</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page115">115</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Lady Huntingdon’s Connexion</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page110">110</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Methodist Free Church</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Primitive</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Wesleyan</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Presbyterian</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Roman Catholics</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page113">113</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page114">114</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Swedenborgians</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page114">114</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Unitarians</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page113">113</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Nonconformity in Norwich, history of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page241">241</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page294">294</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Norman Conquest</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page165">165</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Norman Architecture, specimens of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page62">62</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Northwic, Norwich named so by the Angles</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Norwich—Aborigines</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page146">146</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, and Caister, traditional couplet</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page10">10</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, “a Port”</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page357">357</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Antiquities</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page116">116</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Assizes removed to</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page381">381</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, became a Danish City</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page12">12</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Bishops, list of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page708">708</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Clergy of City and Hamlets</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page719">719</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Corporation of (see Corporation)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Crape Manufacture</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page581">581</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page592">592</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page593">593</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, custody of, assigned by Canute to Earl Turkel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page162">162</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Deans, list of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page715">715</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, during Civil Wars</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page216">216</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, during Commonwealth</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page222">222</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, extract from Domesday Book</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page166">166</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, first represented in Parliament</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page176">176</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, from fourteenth to eighteenth centuries</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page258">258</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, in the Roman Period</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page10">10</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page152">152</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, in the Anglo-Saxon Period</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page158">158</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, in the Norman Period</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page165">165</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, in the Twelfth Century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page169">169</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, in the Thirteenth Century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page173">173</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, in the Fourteenth Century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page177">177</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, in the Fifteenth Century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page183">183</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, in the Sixteenth Century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page188">188</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, in the Seventeenth Century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page212">212</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, in the Seventeenth Century, Sir Thos. Browne and Lord +Macaulay on</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page224">224</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, in the Eighteenth Century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page268">268</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, in the Nineteenth Century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page315">315</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Jews first settled in</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page165">165</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="pagexxxii"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xxxii</span>,, made a Staple Town</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page178">178</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Mayors and Sheriffs, complete list of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page684">684</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Members of Parliament for, complete list of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page669">669</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Navigation, history of the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page357">357</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Nonconformity, history of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page241">241</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page294">294</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Recorder of, Isaac Jermy, murdered</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page416">416</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Recorders, list of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page704">704</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, seriously injured by Fire</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page188">188</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page277">277</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Shawl Manufacture</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page587">587</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Site of, formerly under the sea</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page9">9</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page10">10</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Stewards, list of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page705">705</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, supplies against Spanish Armada</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page205">205</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, under the Angles n</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, under the Danes</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page162">162</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, under the Reform Era</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page379">379</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Union (New Act)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page438">438</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Venta Icenorum of the Romans</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page117">117</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page153">153</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Octagon Chapel (Unitarian)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page113">113</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page138">138</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page295">295</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Old Bridewell, a curious flint structure (built about +1370)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page71">71</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Old Corporation (see Corporation)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>“Old Crome,” artist</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page89">89</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page542">542</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Old Meeting House</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page109">109</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Rev. J. Hallett on the History of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page251">251</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Old Men’s Hospital</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page79">79</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page197">197</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page279">279</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page733">733</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Old Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page117">117</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, fortifications of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page122">122</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Old Walls and Gates—Mr. R. Fitch on</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page121">121</a></span>–127</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Opie, Mrs., buried in Gildencroft</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page111">111</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Notice of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page537">537</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Orphan’s Home</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page733">733</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Paper Bag Makers</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page620">620</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Paper Manufacturers</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page621">621</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>“Pardon Cloister” Indulgences</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page137">137</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Parker, Archbishop, memoir of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page211">211</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Parishes and Parish Churches</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page62">62</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Parliament—Norwich first represented in</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page176">176</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Parliamentary Reform, Movements in favour of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page284">284</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page341">341</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page380">380</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page643">643</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page648">648</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Parr, Dr. Samuel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page311">311</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Parry, Capt. W. E., Freedom of City presented to</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page351">351</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>“Paston Letters” on Norwich Manufactures</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page178">178</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Paving and Lighting, Act obtained for</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page291">291</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page324">324</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Paving of Norwich, worst in England</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page14">14</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page291">291</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Pearson, Dr. John, Memoir of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page238">238</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Pelham, Dr., present Bishop, notice of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page714">714</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Perpendicular Architecture, Specimens of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page62">62</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Peter, the Wild Youth</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page277">277</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="pagexxxiii"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xxxiii</span>Physical Condition of Norwich at an early period</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page9">9</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Plagues and Pestilences</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page203">203</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page206">206</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page213">213</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page214">214</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page259">259</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page377">377</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Pockthorpe, Hamlet of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page108">108</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Police Introduced</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page403">403</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Political History</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page635">635</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Poor Law, New Act for Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page438">438</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Poor Law Reform</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page410">410</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Poor Law Removal Act</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page412">412</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Population, &c., by Domesday Book</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page12">12</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page13">13</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page260">260</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, at various periods</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page13">13</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page315">315</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page375">375</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page408">408</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page430">430</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page435">435</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Portrait of J. H. Gurney, Esq., in Museum</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page60">60</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Portrait of Nelson by Beechey</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page56">56</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Portraits and Pictures in St. Andrew’s Hall</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page57">57</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Portraits in Corn Exchange (Earl of Leicester & J. +Culley, Esq.)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page59">59</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Portraits in Shirehall (Lord Wodehouse, Earl of Leicester, +and H. Dover, Esq.)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page50">50</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Post Office</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page62">62</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Precedence, Questions of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page213">213</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Presbyterian (Scotch) Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Presbyterians (Unitarians) History of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page295">295</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Prideaux, Dr., Inscription in memory of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page34">34</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Primitive Methodist Chapels</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Prince Alfred in Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page443">443</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Prince and Princess of Wales in Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page443">443</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Prince’s Street Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page109">109</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Priories—Benedictine and St. Leonard’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page136">136</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Priory Yard Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page253">253</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Protestant Association Established</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page407">407</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Provisions, high price of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page286">286</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page293">293</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Public Dispensary Established</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page325">325</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Public Library</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page59">59</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Publishers, Manufacturing</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page615">615</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Pull’s Ferry</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page44">44</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Puritans, their doings and sufferings</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page219">219</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page243">243</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page244">244</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Queen (see Royal Visits)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Queen Caroline, Address to</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page350">350</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Railway Communications</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page15">15</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page16">16</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page409">409</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rajah of Sarawak, Educated at Grammar School</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page45">45</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page726">726</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Read, Sir Peter, tomb of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page65">65</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rebellion, Kett’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page198">198</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rebellion, Wat Tyler’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page178">178</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Recorder of Norwich (Isaac Jenny) murdered</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page416">416</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Recorders of Norwich, list of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page704">704</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Reed, Rev. Andrew</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page251">251</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Reed, Rev. Andrew, on the Rise of Nonconformity in +Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page247">247</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Reformation, the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page184">184</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page206">206</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Reform in Parliament, movements in favour of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page284">284</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page341">341</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page380">380</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page643">643</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page648">648</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="pagexxxiv"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xxxiv</span>Reformed Parliament—first election (1832)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page650">650</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Religious History of Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page722">722</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rifle Volunteers</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page433">433</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rigby, Edward, M.D.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page311">311</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rise and Progress of the City</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page9">9</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>River Wensum, rise and course of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page16">16</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>River Yare</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page15">15</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robert, Viscount of Yarmouth, memoir of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page237">237</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Roger Bigod</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page163">163</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page166">166</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page168">168</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page169">169</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page172">172</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page173">173</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page174">174</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page175">175</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Roman Catholic Chapels</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page113">113</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page114">114</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Roman Invasion</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page152">152</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, opinion of Rev. Scott Surtees</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page152">152</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Roman Roads</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page117">117</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page118">118</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page119">119</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page153">153</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rosary Burial Ground</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page108">108</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Royal Agricultural Society’s Visit</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page416">416</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Royal Visits—Catherine</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page189">189</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Charles II. and Queen</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page223">223</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page225">225</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Duke of Edinburgh (Prince Alfred)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page443">443</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Duke of Sussex</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page345">345</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Edward I. and Eleanor</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page29">29</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Edward III. and Philippa</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page178">178</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Elizabeth</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page43">43</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page51">51</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page205">205</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Elizabeth Woodville (Queen of Edward IV.)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page185">185</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Henry I.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page169">169</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Henry VI.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page184">184</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Henry VII.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page186">186</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page173">173</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Margaret of Anjou (Queen of Henry VI.)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page185">185</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Prince and Princess of Wales</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page443">443</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Prince Alfred (Duke of Edinburgh)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page443">443</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Queen of Denmark</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page443">443</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rush, James Blomfield, murderer of Isaac Jermy, +Recorder</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page416">416</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Saint William</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page312">312</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Saints, All, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page96">96</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sampson and Hercules’ Court</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page46">46</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sandby, George, D.D.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page312">312</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sandringham Gates, the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page437">437</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page612">612</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Savings Bank opened</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page339">339</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Say, William</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page312">312</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sayers, Frank, M.D.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page312">312</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Scarlett, Sir James, made Lord Abinger</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page401">401</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>School, Commercial</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page726">726</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Grammar</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page45">45</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page726">726</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, of Art</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page61">61</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Schools, Endowed and Charity</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page628">628</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>See, Bishop’s, origin of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page706">706</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, removed to Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page13">13</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page706">706</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Separation of Norwich and Norfolk</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page170">170</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="pagexxxv"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xxxv</span>Sepulchral Urns of Iceni</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page148">148</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Settlement and Removal, Law of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page414">414</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Seventeenth Century, Norwich in the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page212">212</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Sir T. Browne & Lord Macaulay on</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page224">224</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Shawls made in Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page587">587</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sheriffs of Norwich, complete list of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page688">688</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Shirehall, portraits in (Earl of Leicester, Lord +Wodehouse, and H. Dover, Esq.)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page49">49</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page50">50</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Shoe Trade, Wholesale</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page601">601</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Shops, Warehouses, Banks, &c</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page18">18</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sixteenth Century, Norwich in the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page188">188</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Slavery, Abolition of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page368">368</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page371">371</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page374">374</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Smith, Sir James Edward</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page312">312</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Soap Manufacture</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page621">621</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Soc, Sac, and Custom</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page166">166</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Spanish Armada, supplies against</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page205">205</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Springfield, T. O.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page373">373</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page588">588</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, first Mayor of New Corporation</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page403">403</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Andrew, Parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page70">70</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Andrew, Parish of (Eaton)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page104">104</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Andrew’s Hall, description and history of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page51">51</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, dimensions of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page54">54</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Flag of France taken by Nelson</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page58">58</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Mayor’s Feasts in</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page52">52</a></span> <i>et passim</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Musical Festivals</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page53">53</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page324">324</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page333">333</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page356">356</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page403">403</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page455">455</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Portraits and Pictures in</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page57">57</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Portrait of Nelson, by Beechey</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page56">56</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, restored</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page281">281</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, used as Corn Hall and Exchange</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page54">54</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page272">272</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Augustine, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page87">87</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Bartholomew, Heigham</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page102">102</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Benedict, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page74">74</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Clement, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page91">91</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Edmund, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page93">93</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Etheldred, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page82">82</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, George Colegate, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page89">89</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, George Tombland, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page77">77</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Giles, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page67">67</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Giles’ Hospital (see Charitable Institutions)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Gregory, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page68">68</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Helen, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page79">79</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Helen’s Hospital (see Charitable +Institutions)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, James, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page93">93</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page108">108</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, John Maddermarket, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page69">69</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, John Sepulchre, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page95">95</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, John Timberhill, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page97">97</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Julian, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page81">81</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Lawrence, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page73">73</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Leonard’s Priory</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page136">136</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="pagexxxvi"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xxxvi</span>,, Margaret, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page74">74</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Mark (Lakenham)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page105">105</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Martin at Oak, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page86">86</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Martin at Palace, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page79">79</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Mary, Friars of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page138">138</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Mary Coslany, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page88">88</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Matthew (Thorpe)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page106">106</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Michael at Coslany, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page85">85</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Michael at Plea, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page77">77</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Michael at Thorn, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page96">96</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Paul, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page93">93</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page108">108</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Peter Hungate, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page78">78</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Peter Mancroft, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page64">64</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Peter per Mountergate, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page81">81</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Peter Southgate, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page82">82</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Philip (Heigham)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page102">102</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Saviour, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page92">92</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Simon and Jude, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page79">79</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Stephen, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page94">94</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Swithin, parish of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page73">73</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Stanfield Hall, Murders at</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page416">416</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Stanley, Bishop, Memoir of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page522">522</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Stannard, Alfred, artist</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page549">549</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Stannard, Joseph, artist</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page548">548</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Stannard, Mrs., artist</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page549">549</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Staple Town, Norwich made a</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page178">178</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Starch and Mustard manufactory (Messrs. J. and J. +Colman’s)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page84">84</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page605">605</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Stark, James, artist</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page550">550</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Stevenson, William, F.S.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page313">313</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Stewards of Norwich, list of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page705">705</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Stormont and Scarlett’s Election—Commission of +Enquiry</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Evidence of Bush, Henry</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page397">397</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, ,, Cooper, William</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page397">397</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, ,, Cozens, Mr.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page397">397</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, ,, Francis, J.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page397">397</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, ,, Hayes, John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page397">397</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, ,, Rust, Thomas</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page396">396</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, ,, Turner, Alderman</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page397">397</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, ,, Wortley, Mr.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page397">397</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Stracey, Sir H. J., Bart., M.P., unseated</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page668">668</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Street Improvements (London and Opie Streets)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page19">19</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Streets named from Trades</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page121">121</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Streets, names of, first put up</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page280">280</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Surtees, Rev. Scott F., on Roman Invasion</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page152">152</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Survey of the City</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page9">9</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sutton, Dr. Charles Manners</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page328">328</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Swedenborgians (French Church)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page114">114</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sweyn, landing of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page118">118</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="pagexxxvii"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xxxvii</span>Tabernacle Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page110">110</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page256">256</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tanners’ Guild</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page74">74</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Taylor, Dr. John</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page295">295</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page313">313</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Taylor, Professor Edward</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page295">295</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page344">344</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page350">350</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page458">458</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page643">643</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, ,, Memoir of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page475">475</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Taylor, William</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page313">313</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Telegraphic Communications</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page16">16</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Textile Manufactures, History of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page553">553</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, in Eighteenth Century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page569">569</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, in Nineteenth Century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page578">578</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Theatre Royal</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page61">61</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page322">322</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page367">367</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Thelwall, the Republican Orator</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page287">287</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Thirteenth Century, Norwich in the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page173">173</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Thorpe, Hamlet of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page106">106</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Thurlow, Edward Baron</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page313">313</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tillett, J. H., petitioned against Sir H. J. Stracey, +Bart., M.P.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page668">668</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tobacco and Cigar Trade</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page617">617</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tombland, St. George’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page77">77</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Towers of the Old City</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page124">124</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Trade Regulations in Seventeenth Century</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page265">265</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Trade Stations and Rows in Olden Times</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page19">19</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page121">121</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Trinity, Holy, Church of (Heigham)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page102">102</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Trowse Millgate</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page106">106</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Turnpike Roads opened</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page280">280</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Twelfth Century, Norwich in the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page169">169</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tyler’s Wat, Rebellion</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page178">178</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Unitarian Chapel (Octagon)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page113">113</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Unitarians, History of the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page295">295</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Upholsterers, Manufacturing</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page619">619</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Urns, Sepulchral, of Iceni</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page148">148</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Valpy, Dr., Head Master of Grammar School</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page45">45</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page334">334</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Venta Icenorum</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Gurney, Hudson, on the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page153">153</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Woodward, B. B., on the</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page117">117</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Volunteer Infantry</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page325">325</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page326">326</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Volunteer Rifle Corps</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page433">433</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page738">738</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Wales, Prince and Princess of, in Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page443">443</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Walloons settled here</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page204">204</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Walls and Gates, old</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page121">121</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Ward Elections, cost of contests</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page319">319</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page320">320</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Water Gate to Cathedral Precincts</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page44">44</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Water Works</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page99">99</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Wat Tyler’s Rebellion</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page178">178</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Weavers’ Co-operative Society</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page441">441</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Weavers, disturbances by</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page373">373</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page406">406</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page583">583</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Weavers, number of (in 1839–1840)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page584">584</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="pagexxxviii"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +xxxviii</span>Wellington, Statue of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page63">63</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Wensum River, rise and course of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page16">16</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Wesley, Revs. John and Charles in Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page257">257</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>White Friars</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page137">137</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Whitlingham (Sir R. J. H. Harvey’s)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page107">107</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Wilkins, William</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page314">314</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Wilks, Rev. Mark</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page482">482</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page637">637</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>William, “The Boy Martyr”</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page174">174</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Windham, Major General, “Hero of the +Redan”</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page433">433</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Windham, William</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page314">314</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Wine, Spirits, and Beer Trade</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page615">615</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Woodward, B. B., on Fortifications of Castle</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page23">23</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, on Venta Icenorum</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page117">117</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Wool Weaving Introduced</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page171">171</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Workhouse, first act for erecting a</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page269">269</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Workhouse, New (built in 1859)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page101">101</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Workhouse, Old</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page327">327</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Worship, Places of (see “Churches” and +“Chapels”)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Worsted Manufacture introduced</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page166">166</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Wren, Bishop, and the “Book of Sports”</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page244">244</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Wrench, Sir Benjamin</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page314">314</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Yarn Company, first stone of factory laid</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page403">403</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Young Men’s Christian Association</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page732">732</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/pxxxviiib.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Decorative graphic" +title= +"Decorative graphic" +src="images/pxxxviiis.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<h2><a name="page9"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 9</span>A SURVEY +OF NORWICH.</h2> +<h3>Rise and Progress of the City.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">In</span> tracing the rise and progress of +the city, it is necessary to inquire respecting the physical +condition of the district around it at an early period. +Before the dawn of authentic history, it is in vain to expect +full information on this point; but the natural changes that have +taken place may be traced with tolerable clearness. +Geologists inform us that the whole area of Norfolk, including +Norwich, was in remote ages under the sea; that by the slow +accumulation of alluvial matter islands were formed in this +estuary; and that the waters were divided into several +channels.</p> +<p>We may speculate as to the causes of these changes of the +level of land and water, but we cannot doubt the fact of such +changes having taken place. When or why the great body of +waters retired to its great reservoir in the bed of the ocean is +unknown; but whatever the causes, it is certain that between the +first <a name="page10"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 10</span>and +the eleventh century the waters did gradually recede till the +river assumed a narrower appearance. The higher part of the +city from Ber Street up to Lakenham was probably, 2000 years ago, +like an island surrounded by water flowing up the valley of the +Taas on that side, and over the valley of the Wensum on the other +side.</p> +<p>The existence of Norwich as a city during the Roman period +from <span class="GutSmall">B.C.</span> 50 till <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 400 or 500 is very doubtful. +Camden says that its name occurs nowhere till the Danish +wars. If it did exist, it was only a fishing station, for +then a broad arm of the sea flowed up the valley of the Yare, and +covered a great part of the north side of the present city. +Indeed, for centuries after the Christian era this arm of the sea +may have flowed over the greater part of the ground on which the +north side of the city now stands. In the course of time, +however, the arm of the sea gradually silted up and left only the +present narrow river Wensum flowing into the Yare.</p> +<p>Tradition has handed down this couplet:</p> +<blockquote><p>“Caister was a city when Norwich was +none,<br /> +And Norwich was built of Caister stone.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>There is, however, no evidence that Caister was ever more than +a village on the banks of the Taas, where the Romans built a camp +to overawe the neighbourhood; while all the old Roman roads have +always radiated from Norwich, proving that it was a place of +importance in the Roman period. The <i>Iceni</i> called it +<i>Caer Gwent</i>, altered by the Romans into <i>Venta</i>, so <a +name="page11"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 11</span>that it was +the <i>Venta Icenorum</i> of the Romans, who probably threw up +the mound on which a castle was afterwards built, in the +Anglo-Saxon period.</p> +<p>Norwich very likely took its rise after the departure of the +Romans, about <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 418, on account +of the distracted state of the empire. Then, the camp or +station at Caister being almost deserted, the few remaining +Romans joined with the natives, and they became one people; and +the situation of Norwich being thought preferable to that of +Caister, many retired hither for the facility of fishing and the +easier communication with the country. Caister, however, +though almost deserted, kept up some reputation, till the river +becoming so shallow, cut off all intercourse with it by water and +reduced it to a place of no importance.</p> +<p>After the departure of the Romans, the Angles from the +opposite coast made themselves masters of this part of the +island, and to them is chiefly owing the further progress of the +city and its present name. “Northwic” signifies +a northern station on a winding river, and may have been so +called because of its being situated north of the ancient station +at Caister.</p> +<p>Norwich Castle was probably built in the reign of Uffa, the +first king of the East Angles, soon after the year 575. +About 642 it became a royal castle, and one of the seats of Anna, +king of the East Angles, whose daughter Ethelfred, on her +marriage with Tombert, a nobleman or prince of the Girvii (a +people inhabiting the fenny parts of Norfolk), had this Castle, +with the lands belonging to it, given her by her father. <a +name="page12"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 12</span>About 677, +this Tombert and his wife granted to the monastery of Ely, which +they had founded, certain lands held of Norwich Castle, by Castle +guard, to which service they must have been liable before the +grant, for, by the laws of the Angles, lands granted to the +church were not liable to secular service, unless they were at +first subject thereto whilst in secular hands, which proves that +this was a Royal Castle in the time of King Anna.</p> +<p>The Danes soon came over in such large numbers and so +frequently, that they at last got possession of the whole of East +Anglia, and became the parent-stock of the inhabitants of parts +of Norfolk and Suffolk. In 1003, Sweyn or Swaine, King of +Denmark, came over with his forces and, in revenge for the +massacre of the Danes in the previous year, burnt Norwich and its +Castle, as well as many other places. They afterwards +rebuilt the city and castle, and came hither in such large +numbers, that Norwich became a Danish city, with a Danish Castle, +about 1011. After the restoration of the Anglo-Saxon +dynasty, the city entered on a new career of prosperity, and +according to the Domesday Book of Edward the Confessor, it +contained 25 churches, and 1320 burgesses, besides the serfs or +labourers. It was still the capital of East Anglia, with a +few hundred houses, but the greater part of the area round the +Castle presented only marshes and green fields. Two broad +arms of the sea still flowed up the valleys on each side of the +city. The whole district all around consisted of marsh, and +moor, and woods, and yet uncultivated land.</p> +<p><a name="page13"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 13</span>In +1094, Herbert de Losinga, then Bishop of Thetford, removed the +See hither, and began to build the Cathedral, from which time the +city increased yearly in wealth and trade. Domesday Book +(1086) contains an account of all the lands and estates in +England, and also of all the towns. Norwich was then next +in size to York, and contained 738 families. Thetford had +at the same time 720 burgesses, and 224 houses empty. +Thetford, therefore, was decaying and Norwich was rising. +In 1377, a census was taken of several great towns in England, +and Norwich was found to contain 5300 people, for a migration +hither of Flemings and Walloons, who introduced the manufacture +of woollen and worstead fabrics, had increased the +population. In 1575, the muster roll of men delivered to +the government capable of bearing arms contained 2120 names, +which would be the proportion for 15,000 people. The +population in 1693 amounted to 28,881 inhabitants. In 1752 +it had increased to 36,241, and in 1786 to 40,051. In 1801 +it had decreased to 36,832. In 1811 the number was 37,256, +and during the next ten years so large was the increase that in +1821 the number was 50,288. In 1831, when the census was +taken, Norwich contained 61,116; in 1841, 61,796; in 1851, +68,713; in 1861, 74,414.</p> +<p>Notwithstanding the continued succession of wars from the +revolution in 1688 to the conclusion of the peace in 1763, the +city continued to prosper, and its trade had become very great, +extending all over Europe, and Norwich manufactures were in +demand <a name="page14"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 14</span>in +every town on the continent. Indeed, the period of war, +from 1743 to 1763, was the most prosperous era in Norwich +history. The prosperity continued till the disputes arose +between the government and the North American colonies, which +commenced in 1765 and became serious in 1774, and were not +terminated till 1783, when the independence of the United States +was acknowledged. During this period, in fact, the trade of +the place was so good, that great numbers of people came from the +surrounding villages and obtained employment in the +factories. After the passing of the paving act in 1806, the +new paving of the city commenced, and proceeded very +slowly. This necessary work was interrupted at intervals +from the want of money, and the Commissioners got deep in +debt. In forty years they spent £300,000, and left +Norwich the worst paved town in England. The drainage was +very defective, and the hamlets were not drained at all. +The supply of water was altogether insufficient, and in the +hamlets was obtained from wells. The Board of Health was +established in 1851, under the powers of the Public Health Acts, +and since then its provisions have been carried out. The +sanitary condition of Norwich has subsequently greatly improved +and the rate of mortality decreased, owing to the wise and +judicious measures which have been adopted of late years. A +fuller description of “the Ancient City” will be +found under the head of “Norwich Antiquities.”</p> +<h3><a name="page15"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 15</span>The +Modern City.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> modern city, with all its +improvements and extensions, presents a very different aspect to +what it did in former times, when it was enclosed by high walls +and gates. It stands for the most part on the summit and +sloping sides of a rising ground, running parallel with the river +Wensum on the southern side, above its confluence with the +Yare. Its greatest extent from St. Clement’s Hill +(north) to Hartford Bridges (south) is four and a quarter miles; +and following the zigzag line of boundary it is about seventeen +miles in circumference, comprising 6630 acres of land. +Within its jurisdiction, as a city and a county of itself, it +includes the picturesque hamlets of Lakenham and Bracondale on +the south, of Catton on the north, of Thorpe on the east, and of +Heigham on the west, in which direction Norwich is rapidly +extending.</p> +<p>The city is situated in the eastern division of Norfolk, of +which county it is the capital. It is 20 miles distant from +the sea at Yarmouth, 108 miles distant from London, 42 from Lynn, +22 from Cromer, 43 from Ipswich, 72 from Cambridge, and 99 from +Lincoln; being in latitude 52° 42′ N., and in longitude +1° 20′ E of Greenwich. The Great Eastern Railway +system places it in communication with all the towns before +named, and all the large towns of England. There is a +railway station at Thorpe for the Norfolk <a +name="page16"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 16</span>line from +Yarmouth to Ely, and another station at St. Stephen’s Gates +for the Suffolk line from Norwich to Ipswich. Telegraphic +lines are established along both railways, and there is also +another line from London, viâ Norwich, to Cromer, on the +northern coast of the county. Navigation is carried on by +river from Norwich to Yarmouth. The Wensum, which rises at +Rudham, enters the city on the N.W., and leaves it on the +S.E. It pursues a boldly serpentine course through the +town, first traces for a short space the western limits, then +describes a semi-circle round the left bank, then winds through a +thinly-built part of the city, and next traverses a compact +eastern side. An eminence, that may be called a hill, +compared with the flatness of the surrounding country, extends +along the right bank of the river and terminates near its last +bend; and this eminence bears on its summit and its slopes all +the more ancient parts of the city, with a large portion of its +present streets and buildings. The outline of the area +within the old walls somewhat resembles the form of a cornucopia, +with the narrow end twisted round from the S. to the S.E., and +has been aptly compared to the figure of a haunch of +venison. A strong flint embattled wall, flanked with forty +towers, pierced by twelve beautiful gates, and fortified by a +broad ditch, formerly surrounded the city, except at two places, +where the Wensum formed a natural defence; but having fallen into +decay, and being considered a hindrance to the growth and +improvement of the town, it was stripped of all its gates, its +ditch was filled in, and the only portions <a +name="page17"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 17</span>of walls +which were permitted to remain are a few strips, here and there, +of crazy ruin. The city inside the walls is divided into +thirty-five parishes, and has five more and parts of two others +within the county of the city. Altogether it contains forty +parish churches, exclusive of the Cathedral, the French and Dutch +Churches, and Christ’s Church, New Catton; and upwards of +twenty Nonconformist chapels. It formerly included about +twenty other parishes, but they have been consolidated with some +of the present parishes, and the churches either desecrated or +taken down. Among the chapels which have altogether +disappeared may be mentioned the Chapel of St. Mary in the Field, +St. Catherine’s Chapel, Hildebrand’s Chapel, Magdalen +Chapel, St. Michael’s Chapel, (Tombland), St. +Nicholas’s Chapel, St. Olave’s Chapel, (near King +Street gates), and others.</p> +<p>The older portion of the city in most of its street +arrangements is very irregular; and its thoroughfares are narrow +and winding, following in some instances the line of the ancient +walls. Some of its houses, however, are handsome +structures, and are often admired by strangers as beautiful +specimens of squared flint facings. The old street +architecture, however, is rapidly vanishing before the hand of +improvement. Many of the half-timber, lath and plaster +houses, remarkable for their grotesque gables and picturesque +appearance, have given place to plainer, but more comfortable and +convenient dwellings; some of which have handsome fronts, more +especially round the Market Place, and in the principal +streets. We may, <a name="page18"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 18</span>especially, notice the warehouses and +shops of Messrs. Chamberlin, Mr. G. L. Coleman, and others in the +Market Place; of Mr. Caley, Mr. Fiske, Mr. Livock, Mr. Dixon, Mr. +Sawyer, and Mr. Allen in London Street; the offices of the +National Provincial Bank in London Street; and of the Crown Bank +on the Castle Meadow.</p> +<h3><span class="smcap">The Market Place</span>.</h3> +<p>The Market Place, which occupies the centre of the city, is +one of the most spacious in England; and being overhung by the +singularly massive square tower of St. Peter’s, and +presenting several specimens of antique houses of the gable-front +construction, is very picturesque in its appearance. It was +formerly the great Croft, belonging to the Castle, on the outer +ditch of which it is supposed to have abutted. The first +parts built upon were the east and west sides and the north +end. The other portions were built by virtue of royal +licenses. As already indicated, it has been within the last +few years greatly improved, by the erection of new houses and +fronts; and upon the whole it may be said to be well +paved—though as regards the paving of the city generally, +there is still room for improvement. The approaches to the +Market Place, it should here be mentioned, were formerly very +narrow and difficult, and they are not even now all that could be +wished; but many improvements have nevertheless been made at very +great expense. Thus, London Street has within the <a +name="page19"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 19</span>last few +years been widened, at a cost of £20,000; and Opie Street +has been opened from London Street to the Castle Hill. Of +course, the principal places of business are mostly clustered +together, either in the Market Place or in the nearest streets; +but in former times, every business in Norwich had its particular +row or station. Thus, in ancient deeds, we read of the +Glover’s Row, Mercers Row, Spicer’s Row, +Needler’s Row, Tawer’s Row, Ironmonger’s Row; +also of the Apothecary’s Market, the Herb Market, the +Poultry Market, the Bread Market, the Flesh Market, the Wool and +Sheep Market, the Fish Market, the Hay Market, the Wood Market, +the Cheese Market, the Leather Market, the Cloth-cutter’s +Market, the White-ware Market; all of which we find mentioned +before the reign of Richard II.; for about the latter end of the +reign of Edward III., trades began to be mingled in such a +manner, that many of these names were lost.</p> +<h3><a name="page20"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 20</span><span +class="smcap">Norwich Castle</span>.</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p20b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Norwich castle" +title= +"Norwich castle" +src="images/p20s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p><span class="smcap">High</span> over the centre of the old +city, over all its churches, and towers, and streets, rises the +Norman Castle, frowning in feudal grandeur over the whole +district. It stands on the summit of a mound or hill, steep +on all sides, which appears to be chiefly the work of nature, +with additions by human labour. The embattled quadrangular +keep, in its restored state, retaining all the details of +architectural decoration peculiar to the Norman style, presents a +faithful image, though without the grey antiquity, of its +original exterior, and is a noble striking object from whatsoever +point it is seen. The common history is, that a fortress +existed here during the Saxon period, and that Uffa, the first +King of the East Angles, formed one of earth, according to the +rude method of <a name="page21"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +21</span>the times. In 642, Anna, another of the East +Anglian kings, is said to have resided here; and during the +Danish wars, this fortress was often taken and retaken. +Alfred is believed to have repaired it, and to have erected the +first stone structure, which was destroyed by the Danes in +1004. Canute probably erected another castle here about +1018, and after the conquest it was much injured during a siege, +and was rebuilt by Roger Bigod. The plan of the +fortifications has been a subject of some controversy. +According to the account commonly given of the fortress, it +consisted of a barbican or outwork to defend the entrance; three +nearly concentric lines of defence, each consisting of a wall and +ditch, and enclosing a ballium or court; and a great central +keep, as the last resort in the event of a siege. The area +comprised a space of twenty-three acres, and each ditch had a +bridge over it similar to the one now remaining. The +barbican, or outwork of the fortification, was situated beyond +the outer ditch, if it ever existed. The wall commenced at +the opening called Orford Street, and gradually extended to the +end of Golden Ball Lane, the other extremity terminating in Buff +Coat Lane. The widest part is stated to have been forty +yards broad, and gradually decreasing at the extremities, the +length being about 220 yards. Part of the original form of +the wall was supposed to be traceable from the position of the +buildings erected on its site in Buff Coat Lane. The road +to the castle from Ber Street was supposed to pass through the +barbican, exactly where Golden Ball Lane recently stood. +The <a name="page22"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +22</span>circuits of the outer vallum and the middle vallum are +minutely described by most of the local historians; but +unfortunately there is no sufficient evidence in support of this +old theory of three ditches round the castle—nothing but a +vague traditional story, filled up by imagination. The +editors of the history published by Crouse in 1768, say:</p> +<blockquote><p>“This castle was defended by a wall +surrounding it, built on the brow of the hill on which it stands, +and by three ditches; the outermost of which reached on the west +to the edge of the present Market Place, on the north to London +Lane, which it took in; on the east nearly to Conisford Street, +and on the south to the Golden Ball Lane. The postern or +back entrance into the works was on the north-east, by which a +communication was had with the earl’s palace, then +occupying the whole space between the outer ditch and +Tombland. The grand entrance is on the south, from which +you passed three bridges in going to the Castle. The first +hath been immemorially destroyed; the ruins of the second +remained till the ditches were filled up and levelled thirty +years since; and the third still continues and consists of one +whole arch, exceeded by very few in England.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Mr. John Kirkpatrick, who wrote an account of the Castle in +the last century, gives quite a different description of the +earth works. He notices the present ditch, and a second +entrenchment lying between the present ditch and the Shire house, +which then stood near the old weighing house on the hill. +He also refers to the Shire house ditch as a distinct <a +name="page23"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +23</span>entrenchment. He describes a bridge house on the +inner side of the great southern ditch in the middle of the +present Cattle Market, and the line of the houses forming the +southern limit of the Cattle Market seems to show the limit of +the outwork.</p> +<p>Mr. B. B. Woodward, F.S.A., in his lectures delivered here on +“Norwich in the Olden Time,” adopted this view of the +earth works, which he believed did not consist of three +concentric lines of defence. He described the Saxon +fortress as probably no more than a strong palisade carried along +the inner edge of two great trenches and the top of the steep +bank of the small stream called the “Cockey;” the +buildings consisting of a great timber hall with offices and +stabling. He believed that the Normans strengthened the +outworks, cast up the great mound, dug the vast inner ditch, and +reared the noble donjon, which, before the +“restoration” of its exterior, was a fine feudal +monument. After the Norman period the earth works, Mr. +Woodward thought, underwent great changes. The horse-shoe +trench on the east side disappeared and was built upon. +This horse-shoe trench enclosed the Castle Meadow. Another +smaller outwork was formed on the south side of the original +great southern trench, both of the last named being crossed by +bridges. In support of this view, Mr. Woodward referred to +the account given by Kirkpatrick, who, as we have said, described +the second ditch as lying between the great circular ditch and +the Shire house, which then stood near the old weighing +house. The <a name="page24"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +24</span>old way from King Street had been disused because the +growth of the city had so greatly altered the defensive character +of the fortress. In addition to this, there were the names +of two churches, one of which was St. Martin’s, (originally +called “on the Hill,”) but afterwards “at +Bailey” or “at the Castle gate;” and the other, +St. John, now Timberhill, but then “at the Castle +gate.” Unless a way existed through the outworks to +the castle hill, these churches could not have been properly +called “at the Castle gate;” and as the +“Bailey,” was the space enclosed within the +intrenchments of the Castle, the other name of St. Martin would +be quite inappropriate. The Buckes, in their view of the +Castle, represented a ruined building, like a bridge house, on +the inner side of the great southern ditch. Before the end +of the last century, the level of the south side of the hill was +raised to form a Cattle Market.</p> +<p>Mr. Harrod, some years since, at a meeting of the +Archæological Society held in the Museum, exploded the +theory of three circular ditches by showing from the city records +that houses had always stood on the sites of the supposed outer +and middle ditches; the inner vallum was the only one, and +extended round the base of the hill on which the keep is erected, +and is plainly traceable at the present time. It is planted +with trees and shrubs, having a gravelled walk in the centre, and +is enclosed with an iron palisade. The area of the upper +ballium is level and comparatively high, and forms an irregular +circle on the summit of the hill, surrounded by an iron +railing. The great <a name="page25"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 25</span>Keep situated within this area is a +massive quadrangular pile, 110 feet in length from east to west, +92 feet 10 inches in breadth from north to south, and 69½ +feet high to the top of the merlons of the battlements, and the +walls are from 10 to 13 feet in thickness. From the +basement to the top are three stories, each strengthened by small +projecting buttresses, between which the walls are ornamented +with semi-circular arches resting on small three-quarter +columns. In the upper story the backs of some of these +arcades are decorated with a kind of reticulated work, formed by +the stones being laid diagonally, so that the joints resemble the +meshes of a net. To give it greater richness of effect, +each stone had two deeply chased lines, crossing each other +parallel with the joints, so as to present the appearance of +Mosaic. On the exterior of the west side are two arches +which appear to have been originally intended as a deception to +the enemy, giving an idea of weakness externally, where in fact +was the greatest strength; for the wall is not only 13 feet in +thickness in this place, but, within, it was additionally +barricaded by two oblique walls which were, long ago, taken +down. On the east side of the keep there is a projecting +tower called Bigod’s tower, which was most probably built +by Hugh Bigod, third Earl of Norfolk, who succeeded his brother +as High Constable of the Castle, early in the 12th century. +This tower, which was an open portal to the grand entrance of the +Castle, is of a richer kind of architecture, and in the genuine +Norman style, and since 1824, has been entirely restored, so as +now to <a name="page26"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +26</span>exhibit its pristine aspect, which is certainly +different from the rest of the keep. The interior of the +keep has been so greatly altered in order to adapt it to prison +purposes, that the original arrangement of apartments cannot be +traced.</p> +<p>The style of architecture has been a matter of dispute, as to +whether it is Saxon, Danish, or Norman. Mr. Boid, in his +history and analysis of the principal styles of architecture, +ventures to challenge any one to prove the existence of any +monument in this country of real Saxon skill; nor has any +specimen been discovered. Mr. Wilkins, of Norwich, who has +described both the ancient and modern states of the fortress in +Vol. xii. of the Archæologia, believed, however, that the +part which yet remains might have been constructed chiefly in the +reign of Canute, but that it is notwithstanding in the style of +architecture practised by the Saxons, long before England became +subject to the Danes, and is the best exterior specimen of the +kind. Other and later writers, with much better evidence, +believe the whole keep to be Norman, of the time of William +Rufus; for it is similar in style to Castle Rising, built in the +reign of that king, by Albini. The earth works and stone +works are very similar. The whole of the exterior of the +keep has been refaced, the original style being preserved. +It is to be regretted that the work was not wholly refaced with +small square stones, in the Norman manner, instead of commencing +with the large massive freestone, which is coloured to represent +smaller stones. This defect, however, on being discovered +was remedied, for <a name="page27"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +27</span>a great part of the exterior was finished after the +Norman fashion. The county jail stands on the east side of +the keep, and was built on the site of a previous prison in +1824–28 at a cost of £15,000. It comprises a +governor’s house and three radiating wings, and has room +for 224 male prisoners. Three bridges are, as we have said, +thought by some authorities to have crossed three ditches, but +for more than a century the present bridge has been the only +one. This bridge consists of one large semicircular +arch. Mr. Wilkins supposed that it was the original bridge +built by the Saxons, but this is only conjectural like the rest +of his theory about the earth works. At the termination of +this bridge, upon the upper ballium, are the remains of two +circular towers, 14 feet in diameter, which are supposed to have +flanked the portal of the ballium wall. The history of the +castle will be given at some length in subsequent pages. We +shall now proceed to</p> +<h3><span class="smcap">The Cathedral</span>.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">This</span> grand Norman pile is the great +ornament to the city, but its situation is so low that its goodly +proportions can be seen only from one point of view, namely from +Mousehold Heath. From that elevation it presents the +dignity of a great work of architecture, and the spire may be +seen on a clear day, on the north, at a distance of twenty +miles. The noble tower, with its gracefully tapering spire, +second in height only to that of Salisbury, the flying <a +name="page28"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 28</span>buttresses, +and the circular chapels at the east end, are objects of interest +to the attentive antiquarian observer.</p> +<p>The cloisters on the south side, and the bishop’s palace +and grounds on the north, and other premises, shut out from +public view most of the exterior, except the west front. A +fine view of the splendid effect, produced by a series of +unbroken lines, may be obtained opposite the south transept, +where the whole pile, comprising the transept, tower, and spire, +blend themselves into one harmonious whole. The interior +from the west front entrance presents a most imposing appearance, +and when surveying the vast length of the nave, we feel that our +forefathers</p> +<blockquote><p>“Builded better than they knew,<br /> +Unconscious stones to beauty grew.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>We shall first give, in as complete a manner as our limited +space will permit, a sketch of the foundation and progress of the +edifice, the erection of which occupied a century, and then we +shall describe its different parts, exterior and interior, +including the nave, the screen, the choir, the transepts, and the +cloisters.</p> +<p>The original structure was begun in 1096 by Herbert de +Losinga, the first bishop of the diocese. The portions he +built comprise the choir, with the aisles surrounding it, the +chapels of Jesus and St. Luke, and the central tower with the +episcopal palace on the north side of the church, and a monastery +on the south. Bishop Eborard, the successor of Herbert, <a +name="page29"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 29</span>added the +nave and its two aisles, from the ante-choir or rood loft, to the +west end. The building, as left by Eborard, remained till +1171, when it sustained some damage by fire, but was repaired by +Bishop John de Oxford, about 1197, who also added some alms +houses to the monastery. The Lady chapel at the east end, +which has long since been destroyed, was the next addition to the +building, and was erected by Walter de Suffield, the tenth +bishop, who filled the See from 1244 to 1257.</p> +<p>In the year 1271, the tower was greatly injured by lightning +during divine service, and in 1272 the whole church was damaged +considerably, in the violent warfare which was at that time +carried on between the monks and the citizens; but in 1278, +having been repaired, the church was again consecrated by William +de Middleton on the day he was enthroned Bishop of Norwich, in +the presence of King Edward I. and Eleanor his queen, the Bishops +of London, Hereford, and Waterford, and many lords and +knights. We can now form no idea of the grandeur of such a +ceremony in that age.</p> +<p>The tower having been much injured and weakened by fire, a new +one, according to Blomefield, was begun and finished by Bishop +Ralph de Walpole; but this, says Britton, more properly applies +to the spire, the style of which, rather than of the tower, +corresponds with that period. Bishop Walpole ruled the +diocese from 1289 to 1299. Before his translation to Ely, +which took place in the latter year, he commenced the cloister at +the north-east angle, and built the <a name="page30"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 30</span>chapter house. He only +completed a small portion of the east aisles. The chapter +house has since been destroyed. The rest of the cloister +was built by Richarde de Uppenhall, Bishop Salmon, Henry de Will, +John de Hancock, Bishop Wakering, Jeffery, Symonds, and others, +and was completed <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1430, in the +133rd year from the first commencement of the work.</p> +<p>In January, 1362, the spire was blown down, and the choir +thereby much injured; but under the auspices of Bishop Percy, the +present spire was erected and the choir repaired. In 1629, +the upper part of the spire was again blown down, and in 1633, at +a general chapter, it was ordered to be repaired. In 1843, +seven feet were added to its elevation, with the present finial +which formed a consistent termination to the crockets.</p> +<p>In 1463, the church was much injured by fire, the wood work in +the interior of the tower having been ignited by lightning. +Under Bishop Lyhart, however, it was again repaired and +ornamented. The splendid stone roof of the nave was added, +the cathedral was paved, and a tomb was erected over the founder, +which was afterwards demolished during the great rebellion. +About the year 1488, Bishop Goldwell built the roof of the choir +of similar but inferior work to that of the nave, adding the +upper windows and flying buttresses. He also fitted up the +choir and the chapels around it, and covered the arched stone +work with lead. In 1509 the transepts having been much +injured by fire, Bishop Nykke repaired them, adding <a +name="page31"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 31</span>stone roofs +to them in the same manner as the rest of the church.</p> +<p>At the dissolution of the monasteries, the cathedral suffered +greatly from the zeal of the Reformers, much curious work being +destroyed; and several obnoxious crucifixes, images, niches, +tabernacles, and paintings, were removed. In 1643, the +fanatics took possession of the church and the adjoining palace, +and plundered them of all that was valuable. The Yarmouth +people being in want of a workhouse, sent a petition to the Lord +Protector, praying that “that great useless pile, the +cathedral, might be pulled down, and the stones given them to +build a workhouse.” Of course the petition was not +granted. Soon after the restoration, the church was fitted +up again. In 1740, the nave and aisles were newly paved, +the tower was repaired, and the church cleaned. In 1763, +the floor of the choir was again repaved, the stalls repaired and +painted, and other improvements made, not always in harmony with +the original structure.</p> +<p>The edifice was extended, embellished, altered, and repaired +by many bishops and by wealthy families till it was completed +about 1500. Alternate dilapidations and restorations +followed. The dilapidations were sometimes sudden, +sometimes gradual, and the restorations have continued at +frequent intervals almost to the present day. The entire +pile was repaired and beautified on an extensive scale in +1806–7. The decayed ornaments of the west front were +restored, and many improvements in other parts were effected in +1818 and following years. The south front was <a +name="page32"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 32</span>renovated, +and several houses which had stood against the walls were removed +in 1831. The entire fabric was again restored, on the plan +of Edward Blore, about 1840–3; and some portions were +repaired, some embellishments were added, and some interesting +ancient features were brought into view between the years 1843 +and 1868.</p> +<p>The pile as it now stands, comprises a nave of fourteen bays +with aisles, a transept of three bays in each wing, a central +tower, a steeple, an apsidal sacristy on the north-east side, a +choir of four bays with aisles, an apsidal end, and a procession +path; also three chapels, in the south side, the north-east side, +and south-east side; and a cloister with each alley of eleven +panes to the south of the nave. The dimensions of the +Cathedral as taken from actual measurement are as +follows:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><i>Feet</i>.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><i>Inches</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Length of church</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">407</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, nave to choir screen</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">204</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, choir from screen</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">183</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, roof of nave</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">251</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, transept</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">178</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Breadth of nave and aisles</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">72</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, choir from back of stalls</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">27</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, aisles of choir</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">15</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Height of spire from ground</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">315</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, tower</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">140</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, spire from tower</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">174</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, roof of nave from pavement</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">69</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, roof of choir from pavement</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">83</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h4><a name="page33"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 33</span><i>The +Interior</i>.</h4> +<p>We shall now proceed with our description of the interior, +which contains the finest specimens of Norman architecture in +existence, and admired by all men of taste. Nothing can +exceed the grandeur of the lofty nave, massive columns, and wide +circular arches. The whole pile is chiefly of the early +Norman style, wherein the semi-circular arches and massive short +columns are the leading features. These are considerably +varied in size, moulding, and ornament, in different parts of the +edifice.</p> +<p>The Nave comprises fourteen semicircular arches, ornamented +with billet and zigzag mouldings, and supported by massive +piers. The arches of the triforium are of similar style to +those below. The magnificent roof, the work of Bishop +Lyhart, the rebus of whose name is of frequent occurrence upon +the vault and corbels, is ornamented with 328 historical figures, +curiously carved, in a kind of relievo peculiar to itself, being +chiefly composed of little figures, most exactly put together, +said to be the only work of the kind in existence, being a +complete chain of sacred history, beginning at the tower with the +Creation of the World; the different days of the creation being +disposed of in the several figures in the intersections of the +arched work of the roof. The Fall of Man, Noah’s Ark, +and incidents in the lives of the patriarchs, are represented in +the first seven arches; the rest to the west end represent events +narrated in the New Testament. The interior of the <a +name="page34"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 34</span>nave looks +much too long in proportion to the rest of the pile, and the +triforium is out of keeping in consequence of its heavy circular +arches being too high as compared with those of the tier below, +but the piers of the nave, with the grand arches which they +support, are splendid specimens of Norman work and +decoration.</p> +<p>The south transept is Norman work modified by a few +innovations, and is flanked by square turrets, arcaded at the top +and terminating in pinnacles. The north transept is of +similar character. The side aisles are low, and the roof of +plain vaulting. The west window is of unusually large size, +and is of the same design, as regards the tracery, with that in +Westminster Hall. This window has been filled in with +gorgeously coloured glass, being designed as a memorial of Bishop +Stanley, who was buried in the middle of the nave.</p> +<p>In the seventh arch of the north side are the remains of a +doorway, with a stone bench, formerly leading into the +monks’ preaching yard, now part of the bishop’s +garden. Even after the Reformation, and up to the time of +the great rebellion, sermons were preached here before the Civic +Authorities and the Members of the Cathedral. Between the +sixth and seventh pillars is an unpretending inscription to the +memory of the learned Dr. Prideaux, formerly Dean of Norwich, +author of the “Connection of the Old and New +Testaments,” who died November 1st, 1724. The tomb +between the corresponding pillars on the opposite side is that of +Miles Spencer, Chancellor of the <a name="page35"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 35</span>Diocese in 1537. Between the +seventh and eighth pillars is the low tomb of Bishop Nykke, who +died in 1535. At the eighth pillar a pulpit formerly +stood. Bishop Parkhurst’s tomb stands in the next +space, between the eighth and ninth pillars.</p> +<p>The Screen was originally the division between the rood-loft +and the chapel of our Lady of Pity. Bishop Lyhart erected +the rood-loft, and upon it the principal rood or cross was placed +with the representation of the Holy Trinity, to whom this church +was dedicated; together with the images of the Blessed Virgin and +St. John, and such other saints as were esteemed here. The +rood or crucifix, of full proportions, was made of wood, and in +most churches was placed in a loft constructed for the purpose +over the entrance from the church into the chancel. The +nave represented the Church Militant, and the chancel the Church +Triumphant. Those, therefore, who would pass out of the +former into the latter, must go under the loft; that is, must go +under the cross and suffer affliction. But no rood was +complete without the images of the Virgin and St. John on either +side of the cross, in allusion to St. John xix. +26,—“Jesus saw His mother and the disciple standing +by, whom He loved.”</p> +<p>The Choir contains sixty-two stalls according to the number of +the old foundations, namely, a prior, sub-prior, and sixty +monks. They are adorned with rich and quaint carvings and +canopies, as far as the west pillars of the tower. The +“misereres” (projecting brackets on the under side of +the seats of <a name="page36"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +36</span>stalls in churches), are richly carved and present a +great variety of design. Among the stalls the Rev. R. Hart +discovered upwards of sixty <i>misereres</i>, and he described +them very minutely. In every example that he had seen the +space under the ledge is carved in a bold relief, with an +ornamented boss on each side to balance, as it were, the centre, +whatever it might have been. As may be supposed scriptural +or legendary designs are not often found in such a +position. There are, however, a few examples.</p> +<p>The interior of the tower, which is raised on four massive +arches, presents three arcades, the upper and lower forming +galleries, and the former containing the lower windows of the +lantern, which are filled with painted glass. The +clerestory and roof of the chancel are the work of Bishop +Goldwell. Here is an admirable specimen of engrafting a +later style upon the Norman architecture, with as little violence +to the eye as possible.</p> +<p>The tomb of Bishop Goldwell stands within the chapel, formerly +dedicated to St. James, and with its canopy forms a rich specimen +of ornamental sculpture and architecture. On the east side +of the fifteenth north pillar is the monument to the memory of +the learned Bishop Home, author of an excellent +“Introduction to the Study of the Bible.” In +the space between the seventeenth and eighteenth pillars was the +chapel dedicated to St. Anne, and in the next space was the seat +occupied by Queen Elizabeth, when she attended divine service +during her visit to this city. The monument to the late +Bishop Bathurst <a name="page37"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +37</span>now occupies the spot, a sitting statue sculptured in +white marble. Not only for its intrinsic merits is this +statue of great value, but also because it is the last finished +work of Sir Francis Chantrey, who visited Norwich for the purpose +of fixing it only a few days before his death. Opposite to +this monument is the altar tomb of Sir William Boleyn, now +despoiled of its brasses. Sir Thomas Browne tells us in his +“Repertorium,” that, during the Commonwealth, +“more that a hundred” brasses were reeved in the +Cathedral alone,—a greater number than the whole county of +Norfolk could now supply. Hence our readers may easily +understand what an immense number of these interesting memorials +must have been lost, independently of the number that have been +partially despoiled by the removal of their canopies.</p> +<p>At the foot of the altar steps, in the middle of the chancel, +is the tomb of Bishop Herbert de Losinga, erected by the Dean and +Chapter, in 1682, in the place of one destroyed during the civil +wars. It has been levelled with the pavement and presents a +long Latin inscription from the pen of Dean Prideaux. The +east windows of the clerestory were the gift of the Bishop, the +Misses Morse, and the Dean and Chapter of the Cathedral, and were +erected between 1840 and 1847. The lower one in the +triforium is an obituary window to the memory of the late Canon +Thurlow, placed there by his friends. This space had before +been occupied by a window with a pointed arch, representing the +Transfiguration. The window was removed to the south +transept, and the arches of both windows have been restored.</p> +<p><a name="page38"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 38</span>The +bishop’s throne, ascended by three steps, was originally +placed at the east end of the church, behind the altar, and +raised so high that before the partition was made between the +altar and the entrance to Our Lady’s chapel, the bishop had +an uninterrupted view from his throne directly in a line through +the whole church. The custos, or master of the high altar, +annually accounted for the offerings made there, which produced a +large sum; and at the annual processions of the city and country +clergy, on the feasts of the Holy Trinity and St. Paul, something +considerable was realized.</p> +<p>The stone roof of the south transept, as well as that of the +north, was raised by Bishop Nykke, about 1501. At the same +time, probably, the old Norman arch leading into the chancel +aisle was filled with the rich and numerous mullions and tracery, +which characterise the last period of pointed architecture. +The adjoining aisle leads to the chapel of our Lady the Less, +otherwise called Bawchyn’s Chapel, having been dedicated to +the Virgin and all the Saints, by William de Bawchyn, about the +middle of the fourteenth century. The founder is buried in +an arched vault under the chapel. This chapel is now used +as the Consistory Court. Adjoining is St. Luke’s +Chapel, sometimes used as the parish church of St. Mary in the +Marsh, that church having been demolished. Strictly +speaking, the circular part only is the chapel dedicated to St. +Luke, but the adjoining aisle, as far as the most eastward point, +is now enclosed and fitted up for the use of the parish. It +is part of Bishop <a name="page39"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +39</span>Herbert’s original foundation. The font was +brought from the parish church; it is richly carved with designs +of the seven sacraments, &c. Passing round at the back +of the altar we come to the Jesus Chapel.</p> +<p>The north transept is similar to the south. From the +east wall of it there was a doorway leading to a chapel, said to +be the ancient Vestiary. The arch has been filled up, and +the entrance is from a small door on the outside. Over the +exterior of the door leading to the Bishop’s palace is a +niche, containing a figure, said to represent Bishop Herbert, one +of the few specimens extant of a Norman statue.</p> +<h4><i>The Exterior</i>.</h4> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> exterior of the Cathedral is +not very imposing. The west front was the work of Bishop +Alnwick, in the reign of Henry VI. It is divided into three +compartments, forming the termination of the nave and the +aisles. The central division presents the grand entrance +doorway, and a large central window filled with coloured glass, +which we have already described. It rises into a gable, +formerly pierced with a small light, now a niche, flanked by two +turrets with spirelets and round-headed single panels, and +surmounted by a cross. The doorway is formed by a bold +deep-pointed arch, and is much enriched in the spandrels and side +fasciæ with mouldings, niches, pedestals, statues, and +other decorations. The central window is divided, both +horizontally and <a name="page40"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +40</span>vertically, into three leading compartments, and +subdivided by small mullions; and has good decorations of +perpendicular character. Each of the two lateral divisions +of the west front exhibits pure Norman work, and is of three +stories; the first pierced with the doorway; the second pierced +with four windows separated only by small columns; the third +displaying three blank arches, and flanked with a small staircase +turret. At each side of the great window, and at the +extremities of the side divisions, are Norman turrets, lately +restored and substituted for very debased cupolas. +Engravings are extant representing this front with high and +slender pinnacles where the Norman turrets now stand.</p> +<p>The north and south elevations of the nave show a +three-storied aisle; and a clerestory and triforium, with an +embattled parapet in each, exhibit a great height, and tiers of +blank arches or arcades with some later perpendicular +windows. On the exterior of the nave will be observed many +traces of alterations in times long subsequent to the original +building. The lowest tiers of windows are of comparatively +modern insertion, and intersect the string course of a billet +moulding, all round the exterior of the edifice. Next above +is the arcade of blank arches, with semicircular mouldings, +having regular bases and capitals, and continuing round the whole +structure. Above these was the tier of original windows now +closed up, but surmounted by windows of the sixteenth +century. The exterior of the side aisles is here terminated +by a plain embattled parapet of the same date as the <a +name="page41"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 41</span>windows +before mentioned. The windows of the clerestory are, +however, Norman, and have blank arches on each side, and continue +the same all round the upper part of the nave and transept. +They are surmounted by a parapet similar to that of the side +aisles. The exterior of the south transept has been lately +restored, and various old houses that blocked up the entrance +have been cleared away.</p> +<p>The tower is grandly Norman in four stages, each adorned with +arcades, columns, and tracery mouldings. It has, at the +corners, square turrets with their angles cut off, and is +surmounted by decorated battlements and crocketted +pinnacles. The spire is decorated English octangular, +elegantly proportioned, enriched with bands, and boldly +crocketted in ribs running up its angles. It terminates in +a handsome finial, and is the loftiest in England except that of +Salisbury. The base of the spire is supported by projecting +buttresses at each angle, terminating in a small pinnacle.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">The Cloisters</span>.</h4> +<p>The Cloisters, which are entered by a tasteful modern door on +the south side of the nave, form one of the most beautiful +quadrangles in England. They comprise a square of about 174 +feet, and are 12 feet wide. They were commenced by Bishop +Walpole about 1297, but were not completed by succeeding prelates +till 1430. The style of architecture is the decorated, with +traces of the perpendicular. The <a name="page42"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 42</span>eastern part is the most ancient, and +a progressive change may be observed in the tracery of the +windows, commencing at the north-east corner, continuing through +the south and the west, and terminating with the north +sides. The roof is much admired for its exquisitely +beautiful groining, and its bold yet elegant bosses, with their +sculptured subjects and tasteful foliage. The doorway +leading from the eastern aisle of the cloisters to the nave is +deserving especial notice, being a pointed arch with four columns +on each side, having archwolt mouldings, in front of which are +seven canopied niches, with richly-sculptured crockets containing +figures. Above the door, at the south-west corner, are +carved figures of “The Temptation of our First +Parents.” In the first two arches on the west side of +the door are two lavatories, where the monks used to wash their +hands before going into the refectory or common eating +hall. Over each of these are three niches, where images +formerly stood. The cloisters are surpassed by none in +beauty of architecture and solemnity of effect. They branch +off from the south transept, and enclose a square court or +area. There are eleven noble windows or arched openings on +the western side, twelve on the east, eleven on the north, and +eleven on the south. All these windows are divided into +three lights by two columns, and are decorated with a variety of +beautiful tracery. They are of decorated architecture, +except eight on the north side, which have perpendicular tracery +in decorated arches. The upper portion of the tracery of +all the windows appears to have been once filled with stained +glass.</p> +<p><a name="page43"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 43</span>The +pavement of the north side of the cloisters was torn up in the +great rebellion, and relaid by William Burleigh, Esq. In +this alley Queen Elizabeth dined in public when she visited +Norwich in 1578. In memory thereof, her Majesty’s +arms and those of the nobility who attended her were painted on +the wall of the church, and properly blazoned with supporters, +etc., but they were entirely effaced a century ago.</p> +<p>The dormitory of the monks adjoined the cloisters on the +south. At a short distance from the cloisters are the only +remains of the Priory founded by Bishop Herbert, consisting of +three massive clustered columns, the capitals of which are +curiously carved.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">The Bishop’s Palace</span>.</h4> +<p>The Bishop’s Palace stands on the north side of the +Cathedral Church, to which there was in former times a passage +from the door of the north transept, arched over with stone +similar to the cloisters. The original palace was founded +by Bishop Herbert, but has undergone so many repairs and +alterations, that but little of the first building remains, and +that part adjoins a new structure, in a similar style of +architecture. In the garden there is a fine ruin, said to +be remains of the grand entrance into the great hall, which +reached to the site of the present episcopal chapel, and was 110 +feet long, and 60 broad. This chapel was restored in 1662, +and in it are monuments of Bishops Reynolds and Sparrow. +The entrance to the episcopal residence is from St. +Martin’s Plain, by the palace gate, built by <a +name="page44"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 44</span>Bishop +Alnwyck about 1430. It has a large pointed arch of several +mouldings, and the spandrels are filled with tracery; but it has +suffered materially from injudicious repairs. Over the arch +is a series of pannelled compartments with the letter M +crowned. On the west side is a small door, on which, +amongst other ornaments, are a heart and mitre, the supposed +rebus of Bishop Lyhart.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">The Cathedral Precincts</span>.</h4> +<p>The Cathedral Precincts include the Upper and Lower Close, and +a large portion of garden ground, with good houses on the south +side. The Upper Close was formerly used as a play ground to +the Grammar School; it is now enclosed with palisades. At +the south-east corner is the Audit Room, which contains the +library of the Dean and Chapter. The Lower Close was +enclosed by Dean Lloyd, in 1782, and converted into a +garden. At the extremity of the Lower Close, near the edge +of the river, still stands a double arch of black flint, which is +considered the roughest bit of picturesque in Norwich, and has +been frequently sketched. It was formerly the Water-gate to +the precincts, and is now known as “Pull’s +Ferry.”</p> +<h3><a name="page45"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 45</span><span +class="smcap">The Free Grammar School</span>.</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p45b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"The Free Grammar School" +title= +"The Free Grammar School" +src="images/p45s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p>The Free Grammar School, near the west end of the Cathedral, +was founded by Bishop Salmon, in 1325, and annexed to a small +Collegiate Chantry. At the dissolution of this college, the +Corporation, by their Hospital Charter, were required to find a +master and usher, and to remunerate them out of the ample +revenues assigned to them by that charter. This trust was +transferred, in 1836, from the Corporation to the Charity +Trustees. There are generally a little more than a hundred +pupils at the school. The celebrated Dr. Valpy was once the +head-master; and in addition to many eminent scholars, the +celebrated “Norfolk hero,” Lord Nelson; Sir James +Brooke, the Rajah of Sarawak; and other noted characters, were +educated here. Opposite the school is a colossal marble +statue of Nelson. It was executed by Mr. Milne, of London, +and has been highly commended <a name="page46"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 46</span>as a work of art. Of this +school, and also of the Commercial School, which is under the +same trust, we shall have more to say in subsequent pages.</p> +<p>The Gateways to the Cathedral on the west side are deserving +of notice.</p> +<h3><span class="smcap">The Erpingham Gate</span></h3> +<p>is situated directly before the west front of the Cathedral, +and is in an excellent state of preservation. It was built +in 1428 by Sir Thomas Erpingham, (who lies buried in the choir of +the Cathedral) as a penance for having espoused the cause of +Wickliffe. It consists of a lofty pointed arch, in the +mouldings of which are a series of thirty-eight statues in +canopied niches. The spandrels are highly decorated with +tracery mouldings and shields, the whole being enclosed in a kind +of square frame with semi-circular buttresses, each of which is +divided into four compartments with statues, niches, pedestals, +and shields. As a matter of some interest, it may here be +mentioned that over against the front of this gate is a large +block of buildings, enclosing what is commonly called Sampson and +Hercules’ Court. The grotesque wood figures, designed +to represent these personages, formerly supported the portico, +but are now placed in the paved court. The one holds a +club, and the other the jawbone of an ass. The house itself +was formerly owned by Sir John Fastolf, and afterwards by the +Countess of Lincoln; and in the time of Henry VII. by Elizabeth +Duchess of Suffolk, who used it as a city <a +name="page47"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 47</span>house for +herself and family. It is now in the occupation of Messrs. +Pratt and Hancock, wholesale grocers and cheese factors, who have +covered in the whole court.</p> +<h3><span class="smcap">The Ethelbert Gateway</span></h3> +<p>leads to the south end of the Upper Close. It was built +by the citizens as an atonement for the injuries done in a +quarrel which they had with the monks in 1272. The chamber +over the arch was formerly used as a chapel dedicated to St. +Ethelbert, the church of that name having been destroyed during +the riots. The west front has a modern pediment of stone +tracery, inlaid with flint. Beneath is a series of blank +niches with a statue in the centre. In the spandrels of the +arch are figures, in basso relievo, of a man with a sword and +round shield attacking a dragon. The east front consists of +stone tracery and flint with painted windows.</p> +<h3><span class="smcap">The View from the Castle +Hill</span>.</h3> +<p>We shall now return to the Castle-hill Walk, which is +favourable for a view of the whole city, with all its churches +and towers. If we take our position on the eastern side we +shall see the broad vale of the Yare, where the Romans came up in +their galleys and landed on that side of the river, then very +wide. We shall see also where the first street (King +Street,) extends southward the whole length of the city, with +tall chimnies of great breweries sending forth volumes <a +name="page48"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 48</span>of +smoke. Northward the same street extends to an open space +called Tombland; beyond which, Wensum Street and Magdalen Street +lead in a straight line to Catton and the village of +Sprowston. The circle of vision includes the Cathedral, the +Grammar School, St. Helen’s Church, Mousehold Heath, +Kett’s Castle, Lollards’ Pit, the hamlet of Thorpe, +the churches of St. Peter per Mountergate, St. Julian, and St. +Peter Southgate, in King Street. Walking round to the west +side, we have before us the spacious Market Place, and the noble +church of St. Peter Mancroft, with a mass of buildings. +From the Market Place we see several lines of streets running in +a direction from east to west; Bethel Street, leading to St. +Giles’ Church, and St. Giles’ Street, in a straight +line to Heigham. Here in the foreground, the Guildhall is a +conspicuous object. More on the right we have London +Street, Prince’s Street, St. Andrew’s Street, +Pottergate Street, and St. Benedict’s Street, running in +lines from east to west. Here, the chief objects are the +churches of St. John’s Maddermarket and St. Gregory; and in +the distance, St. Lawrence, St. Margaret’s, and St. +Michael’s at Coslany. From the north side of the +Castle walk we see Exchange Street, Post Office Street leading +into St. Andrew’s, and St. George’s Street, Pitt +Street, and St. Augustine’s, and St. Martin’s at Oak, +all the lower parts of the town, full of close narrow streets, +yards, and courts. The principal objects in view are St. +Andrew’s Hall, the churches of St. Martin at Oak, St. Mary, +St. Augustine, St. George’s Colegate, St. Saviour, St. <a +name="page49"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 49</span>Clement, St. +Peter Hungate, St. Michael at Plea, St. Paul, St. Simon and Jude, +St. Edmund, and St. George Tombland.</p> +<h3><span class="smcap">The Cattle Market</span>.</h3> +<p>The Cattle Market, on the south side of the hill, has been +greatly extended, and presents the most extensive area for the +purpose in England. On the east side whole blocks of old +houses have been cleared away, and great additions made to the +space for the display of horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs. +The improvements cost the city over £50,000. Every +Saturday the hill presents a busy and highly interesting scene, +and a vast amount of business is transacted here in the space of +a few hours. The area has recently been further enlarged by +the demolition of some old houses at the corner of Golden Ball +Street. A line of new houses has been built on the east +side, ending with the handsome show rooms of Messrs. Holmes and +Sons, the well-known Agricultural Machine Makers, who have won +many prizes for their implements.</p> +<h3><span class="smcap">The Shirehall</span>.</h3> +<p>The Shirehall, on the Castle Meadow, was erected from a plan +by William Wilkins, Esq. It was commenced on September 9th, +1822, and opened September 27th, 1823, and is a poor imitation of +the Tudor style of architecture. It stands on the +north-east side of the Castle, and is a substantial brick +edifice, <a name="page50"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +50</span>possessing all the usual accommodations. It +comprises Crown Court, Nisi Prius Court, and rooms for witnesses +and others. The county assizes and sessions are held in +these courts. Near the crown court there is a small room +communicating, by a shaft, with the prison above, whence +prisoners are brought down for trial. The grand Jury room +is a large apartment, and the walls are adorned with fine +portraits of the late Lord Wodehouse and the late Earl of +Leicester, painted by Sir T. Lawrence. There is also a +portrait of the late Henry Dover, Esq., for many years Chairman +at Quarter Sessions.</p> +<h3><span class="smcap">The Guildhall</span>.</h3> +<p>The Guildhall is a large antique building, chiefly of flint, +at the north end of the Market Place. It was completed in +1413, when the windows of the Council Chamber were glazed chiefly +with stained glass; but all these ornaments have disappeared, +except in three east windows. The furniture of this room is +of the time of Henry VIII., and the wood work is ornamented with +the linen pattern. The room has been much improved of late +years. The principal court is on the ground floor, where +the city assizes and sessions are held. The Police Court is +in a room above, opposite the Council Chamber. The Town +Clerk and City Treasurer have offices in the building. The +Police Station is on the ground floor of the east side.</p> +<p>The interior of the hall is decorated with portraits, some +interesting trophies of the battle of St. Vincent, <a +name="page51"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 51</span>presented by +Nelson, the city regalia, and the buskins of a famous dancer, who +danced from London to Norwich in the reign of Queen +Elizabeth. When that Queen visited the city in 1578, there +was a magnificent banquet given in the Council Chamber, and a +pageant devised for her amusement was exhibited. In one of +the cells at the bottom of the building, the martyr Thomas Bilney +was confined, and there tested his powers of endurance by holding +his finger in the lighted flame of a candle, to prove his +willingness to suffer his approaching doom. In 1660, the +lower court at the west end, now used as an assize court, was set +apart as a cloth hall, and the room above as a place for the sale +of yarn. During the present century the hall has been much +improved on the south side. New windows should be inserted +on the north side.</p> +<h3><span class="smcap">St. Andrew’s Hall</span>.</h3> +<p>St. Andrew’s Hall stands in the centre of the city, in +the parish of St. Andrew. It was originally the Church of +the Convent of the Blackfriars, the building of which was begun +about the year 1415, by Sir Thomas Erpingham, who died in 1428, +before it was finished. It was completed by his son, Sir +Robert Erpingham, who was rector of Bracon Ash, in Norfolk, a +friar of the order of St. Dominic, and a member of this +convent. This convent extended from St. Andrew’s +Street to the river from south to north, and as far as Elm Hill +on the east. The cloister was on the north side of the +church, with a burial place in the middle. <a +name="page52"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 52</span>The convent +kitchen was at the north-west corner. Between the nave and +choir of the church there was a neat sexangular steeple, which +had three large bells in it and a clock. It was built about +1462, and fell down on November 6th, 1712. A turret was +afterwards erected in its place, in which a clock bell +hung. At the dissolution of the monasteries in 1538, the +citizens applied to Henry VIII., through the interest of the Duke +of Norfolk, for a grant of the convent for the use of the city, +and requested that he would allow them to make the church into +“a large hall, for the mayor and his brethren, with all the +citizens to repair unto at common assemblies,” to make a +chapel of the choir, and to appropriate the rest of the building +to other purposes. This was complied with, and the petition +is dated June 25th, 1540. After this, the guilds of the +several companies in the city, twenty in number, used to hear +mass in the choir, and make their offerings in that place; and +most of them held their feasts in the hall.</p> +<p>In 1544, Henry Fuller, Esq., being then mayor, kept the first +mayor’s feast in grand style in the new hall. In +1561, the Earls of Northumberland and Huntingdon, the Lord Thomas +Howard, and Lord Willoughby, with many other lords and knights, +came to Norwich to visit the Duke of Norfolk, and they lodged at +the Duke’s palace. At that very time the +mayor’s feast was held; and William Mingay, then mayor, +invited the noble lords and their ladies to the banquet. +They accepted the invitation, and were entertained in princely +style; and they expressed great <a name="page53"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 53</span>satisfaction with their +reception. After dinner, Mr. John Martin, a wealthy +citizen, delivered the following characteristic +speech:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Maister Mayor of Norwich, and it please +your Worship, you have feasted us like a King. God bless +the Queen’s Grace. We have fed plentifully; and now, +whilom I can speak plain English, I heartily thank you Maister +Mayor; and so do we all. Answer, Boys, Answer. Your +Beer is pleasant & potent, and will soon catch us by the +<i>caput</i>, and stop our manners: And so Huzza for the +Queen’s Majesty’s Grace, and all her +bonny-brow’d Dames of Honour. Huzza for Maister Mayor +and our good Dame Mayoress. His noble grace, there he is, +<a name="citation53"></a><a href="#footnote53" +class="citation">[53]</a> God bless him, and all this jolly +company. To all our friends round county, who have a penny +in their purse, and an English heart in their bodies, to keep out +Spanish Dons, and Papists with their faggots to burn our +whiskers. Shove it about, twirl your cap cases, handle your +jugs, and Huzza for Maister Mayor, and his brethren, their +Worships.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>On many subsequent occasions, the hall was the scene of grand +civic festivities, to which we shall have to allude +hereafter.</p> +<p>The Triennial Musical Festivals are held here. And, +formerly, the assizes for the city; the nomination of candidates +to represent the city in Parliament; and the mayor’s +feasts, which were generally given on the day when he was sworn +into office, were also all held in this spacious building; and on +some festive occasions, nearly 1000 ladies and gentlemen have +dined here, including most of the principal families of the <a +name="page54"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 54</span>city. +Several times between 1650 and 1700 the hall was proclaimed +“a public exchange for the despatch of business between +merchants and tradesmen.” The last time was in 1725, +when it was used only one year. It was opened in October, +1796, as a corn exchange and continued to be used as such every +Saturday till 1828. Under the superintendance of Mr. Barry, +the City Surveyor, a complete restoration of the hall was +effected in 1863.</p> +<p>The exterior of the hall, as seen from the plain, presents an +imposing appearance, chiefly owing to the fine effect of its long +range of clerestory windows, of which there are fourteen on each +side. The five westernmost windows on the south side are +each of three lights, of decorated character, being of earlier +date than any of the other windows. The sixth or +easternmost window is of four lights, perpendicular in +style. On the north side are six beautiful perpendicular +windows of four lights, probably the most elegant in style in the +eastern counties. The principal entrance is through the new +porch on the south-west, which is similar in style to the +original building. A large entrance door is provided in the +centre of the west front, and above this there is a large and +beautiful five-light window, producing a fine effect in the +interior of the hall. The interior consists of a nave, 124 +feet by 32 feet; and north and south aisles, 124 feet by 16 feet, +each being divided from the nave by six lofty and +handsomely-moulded stone columns, supporting seven elegant stone +arches. Above these arches are the clerestory windows, +fourteen on each <a name="page55"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +55</span>side, perpendicular in style, and somewhat later in +character than the other windows. The roof, which is of +chestnut, is of hammer-beam construction, with moulded spandrel +brackets and circular shafts. From the hammer-beams spring +moulded arch ribs. The rafters, which were originally +visible, are plastered on the underside, giving the effect of +panelling; the ground-work being intense blue with gilded +stars. The hollows in the whole of the timber are coloured +vermillion, and gilded pateræ are inserted within these +hollows at stated distances. The circular ribs are finished +with a bead on the underside, which is decorated by spiral bands, +alternately drab and oak colours. The intersection of the +main timbers at the apex of the roof is distinguished by carved +bosses, richly gilt. The aisle roofs are similarly +decorated, but without the gilded pateræ. At the east +end the orchestra is placed within a recess, under a fine +deeply-moulded stone arch, of large size.</p> +<p>The nave and aisles are lighted at night by nine polished +brass coronæ, of characteristic design, pendant from the +centres of the arched ribs of the roof. When lighted up at +night, during the Choral Society and Festival Concerts, the +interior presents a very brilliant appearance. Amongst the +principal attractions of the hall are the portraits of city +worthies and some historical paintings. A fine work of art, +Queen Eleonora sucking the poison from her husband’s wound; +and another, the Death of Lady Jane Grey, by Martin, a native of +this city; may be seen at the west end. Large sums have +been offered for <a name="page56"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +56</span>them. The two oldest portraits in the hall are +Queen Anne and Prince George of Denmark. A fine portrait of +Admiral Lord Nelson, painted by Sir William Beechey, was the last +for which the illustrious “Norfolk Hero” sat after +his return to England in 1801. It is allowed to be an +admirable likeness. He is standing on the quarter deck of a +man of war; the tri-coloured flag of France is lying at his feet; +and the flag of Spain lies on a cannon; leaning against which is +the sword of the Spanish Admiral, Don Xavier Winthysen, +surrendered to him on February 14th, 1797. On the +hero’s hat is the magnificent diamond Aigrette, or Plume of +Triumph, and under it the rich pelisse of sable fur, both of +which were presented to him by the Grand Seigneur. He is +decorated with the red riband as Knight of the Bath, and with the +blue riband and medal suspended therefrom, which are the Insignia +of the Order of St. Ferdinand. On his breast are stars of +the most honourable Order of the Bath, of the Grand Cross, of the +Order of St. Ferdinand, and of the Imperial Order of the Crescent +Suspended from his neck by a riband, hang two gold chains, and +another is affixed to his button hole on the right side, all of +which had been presented to him, at various times, for his +unparalleled naval victories.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Such honours England to her hero paid,<br +/> +And peaceful sleeps the mighty Nelson’s shade.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This superb painting may be seen at the west end of the hall +on the north side. Gainsborough painted the portrait of Sir +Harbord Harbord, afterwards Lord <a name="page57"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 57</span>Suffield, considered one of the best +in the hall. Amongst the other portraits in the building +are some painted by Gainsborough, Beechey, Heins, Smith, +Bardwell, Stoppelaer, Adolphe, Opie, Clover, Hoppner, Lawrence, +and Thompson. The following is a list in chronological +order, with names of the painters.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Name</i>.</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p><i>Artist</i>.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Date of Picture</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Queen Anne</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1705</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Prince George</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1705</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Benjamin Nuthall</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Heins</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1721</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robert Marsh</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Heins</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1731</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Francis Arnam</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Heins</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1732</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Timothy Balderstone</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Heins</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1736</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Thomas Vere, M.P.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Heins</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1736</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Thomas Harwood</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Heins</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1737</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robert Harvey</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Smith</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1738</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>William Clarke</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Heins</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1740</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hon. Horace Walpole, M. P.</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Heins</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1741</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>William Wiggett</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Heins</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1743</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robert Earl of Orford</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Heins</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1743</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Lord Hobart</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Heins</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1743</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Simeon Waller</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Heins</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1746</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>William Crowe</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Bardwell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1746</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Thomas Harvey</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Heins</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1749</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Thomas Hurnard</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Heins</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1752</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Press</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Bardwell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1753</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Gay</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Bardwell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1755</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Peter Columbine</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Stoppelaer</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1755</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Jeremiah Ives, Sen.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Stoppelaer</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1756</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Nockold Thompson</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Heins</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1756</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Goodman</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Bardwell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1757</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robert Rogers</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Bardwell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1758</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Spurrell</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Smith</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1758</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir Thomas Churchman, Knt.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Bardwell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1761</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Jeremiah Harcourt</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Bardwell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1762</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Benjamin Hancock</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Adolphe</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1764</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page58"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +58</span>John Dersley</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Bardwell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1764</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>James Poole</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Bardwell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1765</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Thomas Starling</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Williams</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1767</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Jeremiah Ives, Jun.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Catton</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1781</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir Harbord Harbord, Bt., M.P.</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Gainsborough</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1783</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robert Partridge</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Beechey</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1784</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Edward and Eleonora</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Martin</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1787</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Lady Jane Grey</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Martin</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1787</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Patteson</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Beechey</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1797</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Harvey</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Opie</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1797</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Herring</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Opie</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1799</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Horatio Lord Nelson</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Beechey</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1801</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rt. Hon. Henry Hobart, M.P.</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Opie</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1802</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rt. Hon. W. Windham, M.P.</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Hoppner</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1803</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Charles Harvey, M.P.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Recorder</p> +</td> +<td><p>Lawrence</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1804</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Thomas Back</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Glover</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1809</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Barnabas Leman</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Glover</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1813</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>William Smith, M.P.</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Thompson</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1814</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir J. P. Yallop</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Clint</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1815</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>William Hankes</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Clint</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1816</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Crisp Brown</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Glover</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1817</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robert Hawkes</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Haydon</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1822</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>J. S. Patteson, Jun.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Beechey</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1823</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Henry Francis</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Lane</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1824</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>William Simpson</p> +</td> +<td><p>Town Clerk</p> +</td> +<td><p>Phillips</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1826</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Charles Turner</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Briggs</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1835</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>T. O. Springfield</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Westcott</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1852</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir Samuel Bignold, Knt.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>J. P. Knight</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1853</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rt. Hon. Lord Stafford</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>J. P. Knight</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1868</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>And over the west window is festooned the Flag of France taken +by Lord Nelson from the ship <i>Genereux</i> in 1800.</p> +<h3><span class="smcap">The Corn Exchange</span>.</h3> +<p>The Corn Exchange is situated in Exchange Street, which +commences at the north end of the Market Place. The +original building, which was erected in <a +name="page59"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 59</span>1828, at a +cost of £6000, being found too small, was taken down in +1861, and the present spacious edifice was built by a company at +a cost of £16,000, including the site. The exterior +is massive in its effect. The key stone of the large window +has a carved head of Ceres. The interior is well lighted +from the roof, the superficial area of the glass being equal to +the area of the hall. The inside measurement is 125 feet by +81 feet. The height from the floor is 66 feet. At the +east end are portraits of John Culley, Esq., the originator of +the Exchange, and of the late Earl of Leicester, who was justly +regarded as the greatest farmer in Norfolk. A large amount +of business is transacted here every Saturday afternoon.</p> +<h3><span class="smcap">The Norwich Public Library</span>.</h3> +<p>The Norwich Public Library is located in a spacious room built +for the purpose at the end of an avenue opposite the +Guildhall. The first meeting of subscribers was held there +on September 7th, 1837. The library contains about 30,000 +volumes, including many old books of divinity and +archæology. The yearly subscription is one guinea +paid by shareholders, and 26s. paid by others; and subscribers +are entitled to borrow two sets of books at a time. The +library is open from 10 a.m. till 9 p.m. Besides the large +room which contains the books, there are smaller rooms for the +convenience of readers. Mr. Langton is the librarian.</p> +<h3><a name="page60"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 60</span><span +class="smcap">The Norfolk and Norwich Museum</span></h3> +<p>is a fine building, erected in 1839, in Broad Street, St. +Andrew’s. It contains very valuable collections in +geology, ethnology, and entomology, but chiefly in +ornithology. The specimens in ornithology comprise nearly +all the varieties of the raptores or birds of prey, mostly +supplied by J. H. Gurney, Esq. A large new room in the +adjoining building is filled with specimens of British birds, +also contributed by J. H. Gurney, Esq., whose portrait adorns the +room. The fossil remains of mammalia, for the most part +discovered in Norfolk, are extremely interesting. Two other +spacious rooms have just been added to the Museum, one of which +is filled with Elephantine Remains, contributed by the Rev. Jno. +Gunn; and the botanical department has been enriched by the late +J. D. Salmon’s well-arranged specimens, bequeathed by him +to this institution, which is open free on Mondays and +Saturdays.</p> +<h3><span class="smcap">The Norfolk and Norwich Literary +Institution</span></h3> +<p>occupies the upper part of the same building as the Museum, +and a large room in the adjoining one. It was established +in 1822, and contains more than 20,000 well-selected volumes in +the various departments of literature. It is supported by +several hundred subscribers who pay two guineas yearly, and the +shareholders pay a guinea and a half yearly. Every <a +name="page61"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 61</span>member has +the privilege of borrowing two books, and a pamphlet and review +at the same time. A greater number is allowed to country +members, as well as a longer time for reading. The rooms +are open from 10 a.m. till 9 p.m. Mr. F. Quinton is the +librarian.</p> +<h3><span class="smcap">The Free Library</span>.</h3> +<p>This is a large building at the corner of St. Andrew’s +Broad Street; erected in 1856, and opened in 1857, under the Free +Libraries and Museum Act, by the Corporation, at a cost of +£10,000. It includes large rooms for the Museum and +the Free Library, the Literary Institution, and the School of +Art. The Free Library, in the lower room, contains about +4,000 volumes, and the Old Collection called the City +Library. The middle room above is fitted up as a lecture +hall. The School of Art is located at the top of the +building, where rooms are furnished for about 200 pupils, who +receive instruction in drawing, designing, and decorative +art. There is a committee of management for the Free +Library, another for the Museum, and another for the School of +Art. Mr. Harper is the librarian.</p> +<h3><span class="smcap">The Theatre Royal</span></h3> +<p>is situate at a short distance from the Market Place, in +Theatre Street. It is a very plain building, erected in +1826, but the interior is quite commodious enough for the limited +number of patrons which Norwich furnishes to the drama.</p> +<h3><a name="page62"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 62</span><span +class="smcap">The Post Office</span></h3> +<p>is a large, but by no means handsome building; situate in Post +Office Street, near the Market Place. There are two +deliveries from London daily, and mails daily to all parts of the +kingdom.</p> +<h3>THE PARISHES AND PARISH CHURCHES.</h3> +<p>Norwich appears to have taken the lead in the erection of +religious edifices. At a very early period, before the +reign of Edward the Confessor, the city contained 25 churches, +and in the eleventh century, 55 existed in or near the +town. After the conquest, 43 chapels were in the patronage +of the burgesses, most of which were afterwards made +parochial. In the reign of Edward III., 58 parish churches +and chapels were within the walls, besides 19 monastic +institutions and cells, anchorages, &c. Norwich still +contains a greater number of churches and parishes than any other +city in England except London. Many of the present churches +are excellent specimens of ancient architecture. Several of +them are built of squared flints. Besides the cathedral +there are three undoubted specimens of the Norman style, and +there are also many examples of the decorated or florid which +succeeded the lancet style, of the transition style, and of the +perpendicular. This later perpendicular style, which +prevailed during the 15th and 16th centuries, is the chief +characteristic of the city churches. The best examples of +this style are the <a name="page63"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +63</span>churches of St. Peter Mancroft, St. Andrew, St. Stephen, +St. Giles, and St. John Maddermarket; also St. Andrew’s +Hall. Of all these churches complete restorations have been +lately effected. The original designs have been faithfully +adhered to by the architects and contractors, which is the +highest praise that can be awarded them. In this age we can +only restore or rebuild; we cannot invent new orders of +architecture. All our restorations take us back to the +middle ages, and the spirit of those ages seems to be again +revived in our parish churches.</p> +<p>We shall now proceed to describe the parishes and parish +churches, in four districts, west, east, north, and south.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">Western District</span>.</h4> +<p>The western district is the most prominent, comprising the +Market Place, the parishes of St. Peter at Mancroft, St. Giles, +St. Gregory, St. John’s Maddermarket, St. Andrew, St. +Margaret, St. Benedict, St. Swithin, and St. Lawrence. +Nearly all the public buildings are situated in this part of the +town—the Guildhall, the Corn Hall, the Post Office, the +Museum, the Free Library and School of Art, the Public Library, +and the Literary Institution. The Market Place is about 200 +yards in length, and 110 in breadth, but part of that area is +occupied by the Guildhall, and St. Peter’s church. A +handsome bronze statue of the Duke of Wellington, 8 ft 6 in. +high, was erected, at a cost of £1000, in the middle of <a +name="page64"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 64</span>the Market +Place in 1854. This statue is placed on a granite pedestal, +surrounded by a low railing with lamps at the corners. The +new Fish Market is on the western side of the Market Place. +It consists of two rows of shops with an open space between, and +was built, a few years ago, at a cost of £6000. On +Saturdays the Market Place presents a highly animated scene, and +is well supplied with provisions of every kind. It is +generally crowded from morning till night by the citizens, and by +the vendors of the produce of the field, the garden, or the +dairy. It is surrounded by handsome shops, warehouses, +hotels, and taverns.</p> +<h5><i>St. Peter of Mancroft</i>.</h5> +<p>This parish was, at the beginning of the Confessor’s +reign, an open field, that part of it which is now the Market +Place, being the great croft of the Castle or Magna Crofta. +Towards the end of the Confessor’s reign it began to be +built over and inhabited; and at the survey of 1086, the whole +field was owned and held by Ralf de Guader, Earl of Norfolk, in +right of his castle, who granted it to the King in Common to make +a new burgh between them, which burgh contained the entire +parishes of St. Peter of Mancroft and St. Giles. The Earl +Ralf founded the church of St. Peter and St. Paul at Mancroft, +and gave it to his chaplains. On his forfeiture, Robert +Blund, the Sheriff, received an ounce of gold, yearly, from the +chaplains; and on Godric’s becoming sheriff, the Conqueror +<a name="page65"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 65</span>gave it to +Wala his chaplain, at which time it was worth £3 per +annum.</p> +<p>Sir Peter Read, though not certainly known to be a native of +this city, yet deserves to be mentioned here, because he was +buried in St. Peter’s Church, having this inscription on +his monument:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Hereunder lieth the corps of Peter Read, +Esq., who hath worthily served not only his prince and country, +but also the Emperor Charles the Fifth, both at his Conquest of +Barbary, and his siege of Tunis, as also in other places, who had +given him, by the said Emperor, the Order of Barbary, who died on +the 29th December, in the year of our Lord God 1566.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>If it be demanded why the title of “knight” was +not put on his tomb, but only “esquire,” it may be +answered that he was knighted by the Emperor Charles V., and +Queen Elizabeth would suffer no foreign honour to be worn by her +subjects in her dominions, saying, “Her sheep should be +known by her mark only.” The knight lies buried in +the east corner of the north aisle of this church. His +effigy in complete armour is on a brass plate on the stone. +He gave £4 4<i>s.</i> yearly from the rental of houses in +St. Giles’, that the great bell of St. Peter’s +Mancroft Church should ring at four o’clock every morning +and eight in the evening for the benefit of travellers.</p> +<p>The following epitaph in this church is a specimen of good +versification for the time in which it was written, +1616:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Here Richard Anguishe sleepes for whom +alyve<br /> +Norwich and Cambridge lately seemed to strive;<br /> +<a name="page66"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 66</span>Both +called him son as seemed well they might;<br /> +Both challenged in his life an equal right:<br /> +Norwich gave birth and taught him well to speake<br /> +The mother English, Latin phrase, and Greeke;<br /> +Cambridge with arts adorned his ripening age<br /> +Degress and judgment in the sacred page;<br /> +Yet Norwich gains the vantage of the strife,<br /> +Whiles there he ended where began his life.</p> +<p style="text-align: right">September XXIII. Ao Dni. +1616.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The church is a large handsome cruciform structure of +freestone mixed with flint, begun in 1430 and finished in +1455. It is a good example of the perpendicular style, and +is the finest parish church in the city. It is 212 feet in +length, and 70 feet in breadth, with a noble tower 98 feet high, +covered with paneling, and containing an excellent peal of 12 +bells, a clock, and chimes. The bells weigh 183 cwt. 2 qrs. +14 lbs., and were exchanged for an old peal of ten in 1775, at a +cost of £800 raised by public subscription.</p> +<p>The clustered pillars supporting the roof, with the arches +surmounting them, are lofty and slender, and the windows are +large and numerous, so that the whole interior has a light and +airy appearance. The roof of the nave is of fine open +timber work, with a sort of wooden vault over each window, like a +stone roof. The Clerestory has seventeen fine windows on +each side, with short transoms in the heads, and good +tracery. The vaulting shafts are brought down to the bottom +of the clerestory windows, and have niches under them. +There is a chancel or small transept on each side of the +nave. The font stands under a perpendicular canopy, +supported by pillars, and forming <a name="page67"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 67</span>a baptistry on a raised platform, +with room to walk round the font. The east window is filled +with beautiful stained glass, mostly ancient. There are +some fine paintings in the vestry. The church was restored, +the old pews were replaced by open oak benches, and a new pulpit, +reading desk, and altar rail, handsomely carved, were purchased +in 1851. During the alterations, a vault four or five feet +deep was discovered under the stalls of the choir. The +outer wall of this vault supported the screen dividing the choir +from the nave and aisles, and contained a range of about a dozen +earthen jars, placed on their sides with their mouths open to the +vault. The use of these jars has never been +ascertained. The benefice is a perpetual curacy certified +at £10, and now valued at £87. It was augmented +in 1746 with £200 given by the Rev. J. Francis, with +£100 of royal bounty from 1742 to 1810, and with £400 +subscribed by the minister and parishioners in 1818. The +Rev. C. Turner, M.A., is incumbent.</p> +<h5><i>St. Giles</i>.</h5> +<p>St. Giles’ Street, west of the Market Place, is one of +the best built in the city, and leads to the small parish of St. +Giles. The church, near the top of the street, was founded +in the reign of William I. by Elwyn the priest, who gave it to +the monks of Norwich. Consequently it is now in the +patronage of the Dean and Chapter. It is frequently called +“St. Giles on the Hill” in ancient records. It +is a fine structure in the <a name="page68"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 68</span>perpendicular style, and is one of +the handsomest old churches in the city. It was wholly +rebuilt in the reign of Richard I., but after 1581 the old +chancel was demolished. A new chancel has been recently +built, and the church completely restored. The nave is of +five bays, and has a good open timber roof, supported by angels +bearing shields, emblazoned with the arms of England, France, and +Castile. The clerestory windows have been modernised. +The south porch has a fine groined vault with fan tracery, and is +surmounted by a parvise, and a rich parapet and cornice. +The nave and aisles are 81 feet long, divided by slender pillars, +and are lighted by large and elegant windows. The tower is +120 feet high, and contains a clock and eight bells. The +church estate consists of small tenements given by Thomas Parker +in 1534. The perpetual curacy, valued at £70, was +augmented from 1744 to 1791 with £1000 of Queen +Anne’s bounty. The Rev. W. Nottidge Ripley, M.A., is +the incumbent.</p> +<p>Passing from the Market Place to Pottergate Street we come to +the parish of</p> +<h5><i>St. Gregory</i>.</h5> +<p>The church is a fine structure of great antiquity, in the +perpendicular style. The chancel was rebuilt in 1325, and +the whole pile has received many modern repairs. The nave +and aisles, with the two chapels at the east end, were new leaded +in 1537. In 1597, a timber spire covered with lead was +erected on the <a name="page69"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +69</span>tower, and was the only spire in Norwich, except that of +the Cathedral, but being unsafe, it was taken down. The +tower contains a clock and six bells, the latter given by the +parishioners in 1818. The tower arch is very lofty, and +across it is the original stone gallery for the singers, with +groined vaults above and beneath, the lower part forming a +western porch opening into the north and south porches, which are +also groined. There are four well moulded arches on each +side of the nave, with clustered shafts having embattled +caps. The rood stair turret remains on the north side of +the edifice. The clerestory windows have decorated tracery, +and the windows of the aisles are of a mixed character under +arches recessed in the walls. In 1861, Mr. Wm. Smith, and +the incumbent collected £800 for the purpose of restoring +the church and reseating it in oak. The perpetual curacy +was certified at £3, and is now valued at £120. +It was augmented from 1747 to 1812 with £1400 of royal +bounty. The Dean and Chapter are patrons. The present +incumbent is the Rev. J. Wortley.</p> +<h5><i>St. John’s Maddermarket</i>.</h5> +<p>is a very populous parish near the Market Place, between +Pottergate Street and Charing Cross. The church is a large +handsome edifice in the perpendicular style, consisting of a +nave, two aisles, two porches, and a fine tower, under which is +an arched rood, and on the top are four figures at the +angles. The fine decorated east window is of five lights +with flowing <a name="page70"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +70</span>tracery. The north porch has a richly-groined +vault, and its outer doorway is deeply recessed. The roofs +of the chapel of All Saints at the east end of the north aisle, +and of St. Mary the Virgin in the south aisle, are boarded under +and painted with angels holding books and scrolls, with sentences +from the Te Deum, the Angelical Salutation, &c. The +church has been completely restored recently at a cost of +£1200. Lady Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk, (second +wife of the Duke, who was beheaded in Elizabeth’s reign,) +died at the Duke’s Palace, in this parish, in 1563, and was +interred with great pomp on the north side of the choir, where a +mural monument was erected to her memory in 1791 by Lord John +Howard of Waldon. The benefice is a discharged rectory, +valued in K. B. at £7 10s. 2d., and now at +£110. It was augmented from 1714 to 1814 with +£1800 of royal bounty. It is in the patronage of New +College, Oxford, to which it was granted by Henry VI. The +Rev. G. F. Price is the present incumbent.</p> +<h5><i>St. Andrew</i>.</h5> +<p>The parish of St. Andrew is extensive, and populous, and +improvements have been made in some of the streets, where large +premises have been built. The church in Broad Street, to +which it gives its name, is a fine large perpendicular structure, +consisting of nave, chancel, aisles, clerestory, and tower. +The latter, which has seven bells and a clock, was rebuilt in +1478, and the nave and chancel were rebuilt in 1606. The <a +name="page71"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 71</span>window at the +east end is filled with stained glass. There are sedilia +for three priests in the chancel, and several old stalls with +“misereres.” The interior contains many ancient +as well as modern monuments and inscriptions. The whole of +the interior has been recently restored and renovated, and +furnished with open benches instead of the old pews. The +gallery, which obscured the noble tower arch, was removed in +1863, and the fine screen work, so long hidden, brought to +light. There is no chancel arch, but the rood stair turret +still remains on the south side; and under the east window, +externally, are some good niches and panels. A beautiful +carved stone reredos was erected in 1850 by subscription in +memory of the late Rev. James Brown, B.D., who was the esteemed +incumbent of this parish from 1807 to 1856. The benefice is +a perpetual curacy valued in 1831 at £90, and augmented +from 1756 to 1786 with £800 of Queen Anne’s bounty, +and with a grant of £600 in 1815. The church estate +is let in long leases, for £22 16s. yearly. The +parishioners are the patrons. The Rev. A. C. Copeman, M.A., +incumbent. In this parish, on St. Andrew’s Hill, +stood one of the oldest churches in this city, dedicated to St. +Christopher. It was destroyed by fire in the reign of Henry +VIII. Remains of old vaults may be traced in a line of +vaults and crypts under the City Arms Tavern, and on the premises +of Mr. Harman, Wine and Spirit Merchant, higher up the street on +the east side.</p> +<p>The Old Bridewell, in this parish, was built by Bartholomew +Appleyard about the year 1370. The <a +name="page72"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 72</span>north wall is +79 feet in length and 27 feet in height, and is considered one of +the greatest curiosities of the kind in England. The flints +are squared to such a nicety, that the edge of a knife can +scarcely be put between them. Most of them are about three +inches square. The surface is very smooth, and no brickwork +can appear more regular. The building was nearly destroyed +by fire on October 22nd, 1751, and again much damaged by fire on +July 28th, 1753, but this curious wall sustained little +injury. Mr. Talman says, “That the Jews introduced +the art of squaring flints;” and Dr. Cromwell Mortimer, +Secretary to the Royal Society, states that the gate of the +Austin Friars at Canterbury, that of St. John’s Abbey at +Colchester, and the gate near the Whitehall, Westminster, are in +the same taste, but the platform on the top of the Royal +Observatory at Paris, built in 1667, which is paved with flint in +this manner, is an instance in proof that the French had +recovered this art exemplified in the Old Bridewell here. +William Appleyard, son of the builder, the first mayor of +Norwich, occupied this house in 1403. After passing through +many hands, it became the property of the late Mr. Newbegin, who +converted it into a tobacco factory. His son, Mr. J. +Newbegin, now holds the property, and has lately built a handsome +wholesale tobacco warehouse on the premises next to the +alley.</p> +<p>In Broad Street, St. Andrews, stood the ancient church of St. +Crucis. It was dedicated to the honour of the Holy Cross, +and was erected before the year 1272. It was desecrated in +1551, and the parish united to St. John’s Maddermarket.</p> +<h5><a name="page73"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 73</span>St. +Lawrence.</h5> +<p>St. Lawrence Church stands upon the very spot to which the arm +of the sea rose in former times, when Norwich was merely a +fishing town, and this spot was the quay or landing place for all +herrings brought into the city. After the water had +receded, the church was founded on the same site in the reign of +Edward the Confessor, in the 10th century. In 1460, the +original building was taken down, and the present one was erected +twelve years afterwards. It consists of a nave, chancel, +aisles, north and south porches, clerestory, and a tower 112 feet +high, with six bells. The roof of the church is supported +by clustered columns, the inside is light and regular, and the +windows are large and well filled with tracery. They were +formerly decorated with stained glass, all of which was +demolished by the Puritans in 1643. There is here an +ancient octangular font, ornamented with shields, angels, +&c. In the spandrels of an arched door, in the western +side of the church, are two ancient carvings, one representing +the martyrdom of St. Lawrence broiling on a gridiron, and the +other a number of Danish soldiers shooting arrows into the body +of King Edmund, whose head is seen lying in a thicket, as +described in the old legend. The Rev. E. A. Hillyard is the +present incumbent.</p> +<h5><i>St. Swithin</i>.</h5> +<p>St. Swithin’s Church, situated between upper and lower +Westwick Street, is a neat building, containing a nave, two +aisles, and tower. One side of the nave <a +name="page74"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 74</span>is supported +by pointed arches on columns, and the other by round arches and +square piers. The Chapel of St. Mary, at the east end of +the north aisle, had an altar, and the guild of the Holy Virgin, +called the tanner’s guild, was kept there. The +rectory was anciently in the donation of the See of Norwich, and +in the year 1200 was annexed to the deanery of Norwich, as were +the churches of St. Simon and Jude, and Corstweyt, and the +deanery of Taverham, and so held till 1329, when the deaneries +were separated from the churches which were then perpetually +united. But notwithstanding this union, in 1546 Bishop +Rugge separated the advowson from the bishopric, and granted it +to William Farrar and others. In 1608, John Ward was +patron, who suffering a lapse, was by the bishop collated to it; +and entry being made that the bishop had collated him in full +right, it has ever since been supposed to be in the +bishop’s patronage, and held by sequestration or license at +the bishop’s nomination. During the cleaning of this +Church in 1834, an ancient portrait of Edward the Confessor, +painted on a panel, was found beneath one of the seats, where it +is supposed to have been placed during the civil wars. The +altar piece contains portraits of Moses and Aaron, and the church +has an ancient font. The rectory, valued in K. B. at +£6 3s. 4d., has been augmented, and is still in the +patronage of the bishop.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>The New Mills, as to a principal part of them, are in this +parish. Formerly all the city bakers were obliged to grind +here, and the miller, as a public servant, <a +name="page75"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 75</span>had a livery +and badge given him every year. The mills are still the +property of the city, and in 1706 were let, with the +baker’s grant thereto belonging, for the term of 87 years, +at the yearly rent of £200, but reduced in 1708 to +£180. The Mills are now let to Mr. Wells, and produce +a large quantity of flour weekly. Steam mills are now also +at work in this locality, in the occupation of Messrs. Barber and +Sons, who are also proprietors of Hellesdon Mills.</p> +<h5><i>St. Margaret</i>.</h5> +<p>St. Margaret’s Church, in Westwick Street, has a square +tower with a spacious nave, chancel, and south aisle. It is +a plain building of the perpendicular period. The rood +stair turret remains on the north side of the church, and on the +south side of the altar is a small pedestal on which the bell +that was rung at mass stood in former times. The rectory is +valued at £80. The bishop is the patron, and the Rev. +J. W. Cobb is the rector. The church which has been for +some time disused, being in a very ruinous condition, has just +been restored.</p> +<h5><i>St. Benedict</i>.</h5> +<p>St. Benedict’s Church, at the end of the street to which +it gives its name, is a small building with nave, chancel, north +aisle, and round tower. The tower contains three bells, and +in the chancel is a piscina. The church was repaired and +re-roofed a few years <a name="page76"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 76</span>since, at a cost of £150. +The living is a perpetual curacy valued at £95, and was +augmented by royal bounty. The Rev. J. Dombrain is the +incumbent.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">The Eastern District</span>.</h4> +<p>This side of the city has been greatly improved by the +formation of a new road called Prince of Wales’ Road, from +Foundry Bridge to the Castle Hill. Handsome houses have +been built on each side, and broad pavements laid down. +Rose Lane has been widened and improved. The Castle Meadow +has been adorned by the erection of a new bank called the Crown +Bank, a very handsome building in the Corinthian style of +architecture. This is the finest building of the kind in +the eastern counties.</p> +<p>The Cavalry Barracks are situated in Barrack Street on the +east side of the city, on the site of an old manor house. +They were built by the government in 1791 at a cost of +£20,000. The buildings are of brick, and form three +sides of a square, the centre being for the accommodation of the +officers. The wings accommodate the soldiers to the extent +of 320 men, and 266 horses. The high wall which surrounds +the entire barracks, including the parade ground, encloses an +area of ten acres.</p> +<p>The Dungeon Tower is opposite the barracks, on land called +“The Hospital Meadow.” It is a large round +tower of brick, originally surrounded by a battlement. It +was built as a prison for the cathedral <a +name="page77"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +77</span>precincts. The Norfolk Railway Station stands in +the hamlet of Thorpe near the Foundry Bridge.</p> +<h5><i>St. Michael at Plea</i>.</h5> +<p>The Church of St. Michael at Plea is at the top of Queen +Street. This church was so named from the Archdeacon +holding his pleas or courts there. It is a cruciform church +with a low flint tower, and a modern bell turret. Its +transepts were formerly chapels dedicated to St. John the Baptist +and the Virgin Mary. It contains several old paintings of +the crucifixion, resurrection, &c., in the panels. +About two years ago the tower was restored at a cost of +£250. The rectory, valued in K. B. at £6 10s., +and in 1831 at £85, was augmented with £600 of Queen +Anne’s bounty from 1774 to 1791, and with a parliamentary +grant of £1000 in 1816. The lords of the manors of +Sprowston and Horsford are patrons alternately. The Rev. C. +Morse, LL.B., is the incumbent.</p> +<h5><i>St. George Tombland</i>.</h5> +<p>The Church of St. George Tombland stands at the end of +Prince’s Street, and is so named from the open space near +it having formerly been used as a burying place. It has a +handsome square tower which contains five bells, and was erected +by the parishioners in 1445. The nave, aisles, and chancel +are covered with lead, and have some spacious galleries and +ornamental <a name="page78"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +78</span>inscriptions of ancient and modern times. The +building is chiefly of the perpendicular period, but some +portions are of an older date. Three new memorial windows +were recently inserted on the north side. Messrs. J. and J. +King, Prince’s Street, put in the stained glass. The +Rev. W. Bridge was ejected from the incumbency of this parish for +refusing to read the Book of Sports. He afterwards became +pastor of the Old Meeting House. The churchyard has been +planted with shrubs, and if a neat iron railing were substituted +for the present wall, it would greatly improve the appearance of +Tombland. The Rev. K. Trimmer is the incumbent.</p> +<h5><i>St. Peter Hungate</i>.</h5> +<p>St. Peter Hungate Church is in the same street at the top of +Elm Hill. The original church was demolished in 1458, when +the present one was built. It was built by John Paston and +Margaret his wife. It is of black flint in the form of a +cross, having a nave, chancel, transepts, and square tower with +two bells. The roof of the nave is ornamented with figures +of angels. In 1861 the interior was much improved. +The rectory of St. Peter Hungate, valued in K.B. at £3 1s. +5½d., and now at £63, was augmented from 1743 to +1810 with £600 of royal bounty. The Lord Chancellor +is patron, and the Rev. S. Titlow, M.A., has been rector since +1839.</p> +<h5><a name="page79"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 79</span><i>St. +Simon and Jude</i>.</h5> +<p>St. Simon and Jude’s Church in Wensum Street has a nave, +a chancel, and a low flint and stone tower, with five +bells. It is in the perpendicular style, and is of great +antiquity. It contains a few old brasses, and several +monuments of the Pettus family, in one of which lies, in complete +armour, the figure of Sir J. Pettus, the first of the family who +was knighted. The Rev. J. F. Osborne is the incumbent.</p> +<h5><i>St. Martin at Palace</i>.</h5> +<p>St. Martin at Palace Church stands opposite the entrance to +the Bishop’s Palace. It has a nave with aisles, +chancel with aisles, clerestory, and a tower with five +bells. It is of the plain perpendicular style, and contains +a good panelled octagon font. The east window of the +chancel is filled with stained glass, representing the adoration +of the magi, the annunciation, the crucifixion, the resurrection +of our Saviour, &c. The living is a perpetual curacy +valued at £70, and augmented from 1743 to 1813 with +£1800 of royal bounty. The Dean and Chapter are +patrons. The Rev. R. W. Barker is incumbent.</p> +<h5><i>St. Helen</i>.</h5> +<p>The parish of St. Helen is situated on the east side of the +cathedral, and nearly the whole of the parish belongs to the +Great Hospital, which is an extensive range of buildings, +comprising the antique remains of <a name="page80"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 80</span>the dissolved hospital of St. Giles, +and several modern additions erected at various periods, for the +accommodation of the alms people who have been increased in +number progressively with the augmentation of the income. +In 1850, ninety-two men, and eighty-two women were lodged, fed, +and clothed at the expense of the charity, which also supports a +master and ten nurses. The alms people must be of the age +of 65 years or upwards before their admission. They are +clothed in dark blue, and allowed sixpence per week each for +pocket money.</p> +<p>St. Helen’s Church in Bishopgate Street belonged to the +monks, who demolished it and consolidated the cure with the +church of St. Giles’ Hospital, now called the Great +Hospital, on the opposite side of the street, soon after the +foundation of the latter by Bishop Suffield in 1250. The +whole of this hospital church, which serves as the parish church +of St. Helen, is still standing. It has a square +perpendicular tower at the south-west corner, containing one +bell. The greater part of the pile has been converted into +lodgings for the alms people. The church is fitted up with +gothic carved work and open seats. Kirkpatrick, the +antiquary, is buried here. The perpetual curacy received by +lot £200 of Queen Anne’s bounty in 1816, and was +valued in 1831 at £16 exclusive of the glebe house, but is +now worth £200 per annum. The City Charity Trustees +are patrons. The Rev. W. F. Patteson, incumbent.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><a name="page81"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 81</span>In King +Street are the churches of St. Peter per Mountergate, St. Julian, +St. Etheldred, and St. Peter Southgate, all ancient edifices.</p> +<h5><i>St. Peter per Mountergate</i>.</h5> +<p>St. Peter per Mountergate derives the latter part of its name +from a gate formerly placed near the churchyard, at the foot of +the Castle mount. The old church is in the perpendicular +style, and has a nave, chancel, south porch with parvise, and a +square embattled tower, with five bells and a clock. The +building has been recently restored and fitted up with open +benches, those in the nave being stained deal, and in the chancel +oak. The famous Thomas Codd, who was Mayor of Norwich +during Kett’s Rebellion, and who was a great benefactor to +the city, was interred in the nave. The benefice is now a +perpetual curacy, valued at £78, and augmented with +£200 of Queen Anne’s bounty in 1766, and with a +parliamentary grant of £800 in 1812. The Dean and +Chapter are patrons. The Rev. John Durst, incumbent.</p> +<h5><i>St. Julian</i>.</h5> +<p>St. Julian’s Church, in King Street, is a very small +ancient structure, founded before the conquest, and comprises +nave, chancel, north porch, and tower. It is principally of +the Norman period, and most of the windows are decorated and +perpendicular insertions. The tower, which is ruined, has a +deeply recessed Norman arch, slightly pointed, and having shafts +with <a name="page82"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 82</span>caps +and bases. It has also a small Norman loop window in the +thickness of the wall splayed both inside and outside. The +south doorway is a very fine specimen of Norman architecture, and +was restored in 1845, when the chancel was rebuilt and the church +thoroughly restored at a cost of £500. The east +window was at the same time filled with stained glass, +representing our Saviour seated and surrounded by the +evangelists. The font is perpendicular in style, cup-shaped +and panelled. There was a hermitage for a female recluse in +the churchyard, but it was demolished at the dissolution. +The rectory, certified at £19 3s. 1d., has been long +consolidated with All Saints. The Rev. C. F. Sculthorpe, +M.A., is patron.</p> +<h5><i>St. Etheldred</i>.</h5> +<p>St. Etheldred’s Church, in King Street, is supposed to +be one of the oldest structures in the city, and had in its +burial ground a very ancient anchorage, which continued till +after the Reformation. It is a small building with a nave, +chancel, and tower. The benefice is a perpetual curacy, +certified at £2 14s., and valued at £77. It was +augmented from 1745 to 1802 with £800 of Queen Anne’s +bounty. The Trustees of the Great Hospital are +patrons. The Rev. W. Bishop is the present incumbent.</p> +<p>The parish of St. Etheldred seems to have been one of the +parishes of the Anglo Saxon period, and in it formerly were the +houses of many families of distinction, including the residences +of Sir Thomas de <a name="page83"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +83</span>Helgheton, of Henry de Norwich, of the Abbot of +Wymondham, of Sir James Hobart, and of Sir Robert de Sulle, who +was killed by the rebels in the reign of Edward III. No +remains of these houses now exist. All along the east side +of King Street, next the river, there is a line of vaults, which +seem to have formed the foundations of old churches now +demolished. The Old Music House still stands in King +Street, in the parish of St. Etheldred, and on its site formerly +stood the house of one of the rich Jews, who settled here in the +reign of William Rufus. It afterwards became the property +of his grandson Isaac, at whose death it was escheated to the +crown. Henry III. gave it to Sir William de Valeres, Knt., +and in 1290 it was the residence of Alan de Frestons, Archdeacon +of Norfolk, who had a public chapel there. In 1626, it +belonged to John Paston, Esq., and in 1633 it was the city house +of Chief Justice Coke. The present house is not older than +the 17th century. Under it there are very extensive vaults +of a more ancient date, now occupied by Messrs. Youngs, Crawshay, +and Youngs, as ale stores.</p> +<h5><i>St. Peter Southgate</i>.</h5> +<p>St. Peter Southgate, near the south end of King Street, is an +ancient church, with a nave, chancel, north chapel, south porch, +and a square flint tower, in which are three bells. The +windows are chiefly square headed, and the architecture is of the +late perpendicular period. There is a good cross on the +east <a name="page84"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +84</span>gable. Part of an old screen remains in front of +the north chapel. The Rev. W. Bishop is the incumbent.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Carrow Works, at the top of King Street, are the most +extensive in England for the production of flour, starch, +mustard, and blue. The works cover an area of five +acres. They are conveniently situated on the banks of the +Yare, and are permeated by trams from the Great Eastern +Railway. Here are large flour mills, starch mills, and +mustard mills, in which 1200 hands are employed. Steam +engines to the enormous amount of 400 horse power are used to +drive the machinery. About 100 tons of goods are produced +here weekly, and sent away by rail to all parts of England, +Europe, and America. A large number of hands are engaged in +making the tins and wooden boxes in which most of the mustard is +packed. We visited Carrow Works chiefly to see the mustard, +starch, and blue factories; but we were tempted to take a peep at +the great flour mill which has been erected by Messrs. J. and J. +Colman, and which for magnitude and completeness has few +equals. The machinery in this mill is driven by a +magnificent pair of engines of 80 horse power. The Mayor +for the present year, 1868, J. J. Colman, Esq., is the principal +proprietor of these great works, and he has built many houses all +around for his work-people, and also schools for their children +at a cost of £2000.</p> +<p>A Nunnery formerly stood outside of King Street Gates, and was +called Carrow Abbey, from “carr” a watering place, +and “hoe” a hill. This abbey was <a +name="page85"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 85</span>dedicated to +St. Michael and St. John. It was founded in the year 1146 +by two ladies named Leftelina and Seyna. It was richly +endowed by King Stephen, and consisted of a prioress and nine +benedictine black nuns, afterwards increased to twelve. The +site within the walls contained about ten acres of land, and the +revenues and possessions were extensive. At the dissolution +the abbey and lands became private property. J. H. Tillett, +Esq., is the present occupier.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">The Northern District</span>.</h4> +<p>This district includes all the parishes from the north-west to +the north-east side of the river Wensum; and comprises the +parishes of St. Michael at Coslany, St. Martin at Oak, St. +Augustine, St. Mary, St. George’s Colegate, St. Clement, +St. Saviour, St. Paul, St. James, and St. Edmund. On the +north side we enter the oldest part of the city, which seems to +have been always chosen by the poorest portion of the population, +near the great factories, which stand high above all the +surrounding poverty-stricken dwellings.</p> +<h5><i>St. Michael at Coslany</i>.</h5> +<p>St. Michael at Coslany, commonly called St. Miles’, is a +spacious church, with a lofty square tower and eight musical +bells. The nave was rebuilt by John and Stephen Stallon, +who were sheriffs in 1511 and 1512. The south aisle was +begun by Gregory Clark, and was finished by his son, who was +Mayor in 1514. The <a name="page86"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 86</span>interior is handsomely +decorated. At the east end of the south aisle there is a +chapel, founded by Robert Thorp in the reign of Henry VII., +encrusted externally with black flints, like inlaid work. +The altar piece, by Heins, represents the Resurrection and the +Four Evangelists, and the floor is paved with black and white +marble, brought from the domestic chapel at Oxnead. There +are a few ancient brasses and modern mural monuments. The +rectory, valued in K.B. at £13 6s. 8d. and now at +£117, was augmented in 1738 with £200 bequeathed by +the Rev. E. Brooke; in 1818, with £200 given by the late +rector; and from 1738 to 1818 with £1000 of royal +bounty. Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, had the +patronage of the living, which was usually given to the oldest +bachelor of that college. It has recently been purchased by +the Rev. E. Hollond, Benhall Lodge, Suffolk. The Rev. R. H. +Kidd is the incumbent.</p> +<h5><i>St. Martin at Oak</i>.</h5> +<p>The parish of St. Martin at Oak, in Coslany Street, and the +whole neighbourhood, is a very old part of the city, full of very +poor people. The church derived its name from a large oak +which formerly stood in the churchyard. This was much +visited during the reign of superstition, and many legacies were +given towards painting, repairing, and dressing the image of St. +Mary in the Oak. Another oak was planted on the same spot +in 1656, but that now growing was planted <a +name="page87"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 87</span>eight years +ago. The church is built of flint and stone in the +perpendicular style, and contains some good piers. In 1852, +the chancel was rebuilt and a new organ was placed in the church; +and in 1862, plain open benches were substituted for the old pews +in the chancel. There are a few monuments and brasses in +the church, and in one of the former are effigies of Jeremiah +Ravens and his wife in alabaster. She died in 1711, and he +in 1727. The south porch is now used as a vestry, and the +outer doorway is built up. The benefice is a perpetual +curacy, certified at 20s., and now valued at £102. It +was augmented with £200 given by William Nockells in 1722, +and £1000 of royal bounty obtained from 1723 to 1824. +The Dean and Chapter are patrons. Rev. C. Caldwell, B.A., +the esteemed incumbent, is much respected for his kindness to the +poor.</p> +<h5><i>St. Augustine</i>.</h5> +<p>From St. Martin at Oak we pass onward into St. +Augustine’s, where we find various factories and a very +populous neighbourhood. The church, on the east side of the +Gildencroft, is in the perpendicular style, and consists of a +nave with aisles, chancel with aisles, south porch and +tower. The tower contains a clock and three bells. +The roof of the north aisle of the chancel is finely carved, and +the clerestory is built of flint. In the south aisle of the +nave is a marble monument in memory of Thomas Clabburn, +manufacturer, who died in 1858. It was erected by <a +name="page88"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 88</span>the +subscriptions of more than 600 weavers of Norwich as a tribute to +his many virtues. The rectory, valued in K.B. at £6 +7s. 8½d. and now at £150, was augmented in 1781 with +£200 of Queen Anne’s bounty, and in 1810, 1811, and +1821, with £1400 in parliamentary grants. The Dean +and Chapter are the patrons. The Rev. Matthew John Rackham +is the incumbent.</p> +<h5><i>St. Mary Coslany</i>.</h5> +<p>From St. Augustine’s we pass down Pitt Street to the +parish of St. Mary, inhabited chiefly by poor people. The +church is a cruciform structure with a tall round tower of flint, +containing six bells. There are no aisles. The south +porch has a good groined vault and a richly moulded doorway, with +a parvise or chamber above. The chancel has a panelled +ceiling with rich perforated work. The pulpit is ancient +and has tracery in the upper part of the panels, with the linen +pattern below, and a perforated iron projection for the book +rest. The font is octagonal, and has painted shields of +arms in its upper panels. The rood-stair turret is at the +intersection of the north transept and chancel. At the west +end of the nave there is an old parish chest, and in the south +transept there is a square-headed foliated piscina. Several +ancient stalls are remaining, and in the north wall of the +chancel there is a tombstone of the Elizabethan era, dated 1578, +and having incised figures of Martin Vankermbeck, M.D., and his +wife. The perpetual curacy was augmented, from 1733 to +1824, with £2200 <a name="page89"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 89</span>of royal bounty, and is valued at +£124. The Marquis of Townshend is patron. Rev. +C. Morse, LL.B., is incumbent.</p> +<h5><i>St. George Colegate</i>.</h5> +<p>We pass on eastward to the parish of St. George’s +Colegate, wherein are some of the best built streets on this side +of the city. The church is a large structure rebuilt at +different periods, viz., the tower and nave about 1459; the +chancel in 1498; the north aisle with the chapel of St. Mary in +1504; and the south aisle with the chapel of St. Peter in +1513. The tower is lofty and has a clock and three +bells. The rood-stair turret still remains on the south +side. The east window is of three lights, and is filled +with painted glass by Mr. Swan, with figures representing Faith, +Hope, and Charity. The living is a perpetual curacy, valued +at £98, and augmented from 1737 to 1792 with £1000 of +Queen Anne’s bounty. The Dean and Chapter are +patrons. The Rev. A. W. Durdin, incumbent. The +memorial to John Crome, familiarly known to Norwich citizens, and +to artists and connoisseurs in paintings as “Old +Crome,” one of the most esteemed of our Norwich +“worthies,” has just been placed in the church of St. +George Colegate, in which parish he passed the latter years of +his life, and in which he died soon after being chosen +churchwarden, in the year 1821. The idea of erecting a +monument to the memory of Crome originated in 1841, amongst some +of his fellow-citizens who were <a name="page90"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 90</span>lovers of the fine arts, but the +subscriptions received up to 1844 appear only to have amounted to +about twenty-six pounds. At the death of Mr. Lound, who had +been receiving the subscriptions, in 1861, Mr. J. B. Morgan, +determining to carry out the object of the subscribers, +recommended the work of canvassing for subscriptions, which +ultimately reached the sum of about £100. Funds +having been raised, a committee of amateur artists was formed, +who consulted Mr. Bell, an eminent sculptor, of London, and a +native of this city, by whom a handsome mural tablet has been +placed at the east end of the south aisle of St. George’s +Church to the memory of Crome. This tablet, which is of +white marble, is divided into three panels, the centre panel +containing a bas-relief profile bust of John Crome. Judging +from the portrait of Crome recently hung in the Council Chamber, +this is an admirable likeness of the Norwich landscape +painter. Beneath are the name “John Crome” in +gold letters, and a palette and pencils; and above an elegantly +carved laurel wreath. On one panel is the following: +“Near this spot lie the remains of one of England’s +greatest landscape painters, born in this city, December 21st, +1769, and died in this parish April 22nd, 1821;” and on the +right-hand panel, “This memorial is erected forty-seven +years after his death by admirers of his art, principally +connected with Norfolk, his native county.”</p> +<p><a name="page91"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 91</span>St. +Clement’s parish includes St. Clement Within and St. +Clement Without. The population increased from 853 +inhabitants in 1801 to nearly 4000 in 1861. This large +increase occurred chiefly in the northern suburb of the city, +called New Catton, which, in 1842, was constituted an +ecclesiastical district, and assigned to Christ Church, a new +edifice built there. Some centuries ago, several old +churches, called St. Anne’s Chapel, All Saints, St. +Botolph, and St. Margaret, existed in this parish, but no +vestiges now remain.</p> +<p>St. Clement’s Church, in Colegate Street, is one of the +oldest in the city, and belonged to the manor of +Tokethorpe. It has a square tower with three bells, a nave +without aisles, and a chancel, all in the perpendicular +styles. The chancel contains four dedication crosses, and +is separated from the nave by a fine arch. The tower arch +is blocked by the organ and gallery. The communion plate +weighs 88 ozs., including a silver gilt cup given by S. Sofyld in +1569. Three parish houses are let for £26 10s. +yearly, which is applied with the church rates, except a reserved +yearly rent of 3s. 4d. payable to the Great Hospital, pursuant to +a lease granted in 1569 for 500 years. The rectory valued +in K.B. at £7 9s. 2d., and now at £96, was augmented +in 1738 with £200 of Queen Anne’s bounty, and +£200 bequeathed by the Rev. Edward Brooke. It is in +the patronage of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, and +incumbency of the Rev. R. Rigg.</p> +<h5><a name="page92"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +92</span><i>Christ Church</i>.</h5> +<p>Christ Church in New Catton was consecrated by Bishop Stanley +amid a disturbance caused by the chartists. It is a chapel +of ease in the improving parish of St. Clement. It is a +neat structure of flint and brick in the early English style, +comprising nave, chancel, transepts, and a bell turret at the +west end. It was finished in 1841 at a cost of about +£2500, and has sittings for 600 people. It was built +by subscription, and by the same means £800 have been +invested for its endowment, and £200 for its +reparation. The rector of St. Clement’s is patron of +the perpetual curacy, valued at £150, and it is now in the +incumbency of the Rev. Robert Wade, B.A.</p> +<h5><i>St. Saviour</i>.</h5> +<p>St. Saviour’s Church, in Magdalen Street, is a small +structure, and has a square tower with two bells. It has +some modern monuments. The south porch is now used as a +baptistry. The font has an octagonal panelled basin, and is +supported by four shafts resting on lions’ heads, and +carried through ogee canopies with pinnacles between. The +perpetual curacy was certified at £3, and is now valued at +£103. It was augmented from 1729 to 1813 with +£1800 of royal bounty. The Dean and Chapter are +patrons. The Rev. W. Harris Cooke, M.A., incumbent.</p> +<h5><a name="page93"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 93</span><i>St. +Edmund</i>.</h5> +<p>St. Edmund’s Church, in Fishgate Street, was founded in +the reign of William I. It comprises a nave, chancel, south +aisle, and tower with one bell. The arches of the nave are +nearly flat, and the sub-arches are carried on shafts with +moulded caps. The rectory, valued in K.B. at £4 6s. +3d., and now at £165, was augmented in 1726 with £200 +given by Rev. W. Stanley and Rev. R. Corey, and from 1726 to 1819 +with £1000 of royal bounty. The Rev. T. Taylor is the +incumbent.</p> +<h5><i>St. James</i>.</h5> +<p>St. James’ Church, in Cowgate, includes Pockthorpe in +its parish, and was a well endowed rectory till 1201, when it was +appropriated to the Cathedral Priory. It is now a peculiar +of the Dean and Chapter. The Rev. A. D. Pringle, +incumbent.</p> +<h5><i>St. Paul</i>.</h5> +<p>St. Paul’s Church, in the square called St. Paul’s +Plain, is an old dilapidated building with a small round tower, +the upper part of which was octagonal, but was rebuilt about 1819 +of white brick with stone coping. It has some decorated +windows, but is chiefly in the perpendicular style. There +is a north aisle, and at the east end a parclose, the two screens +of different patterns, but both in the same perpendicular +style. The perpetual curacy was certified at only £2, +but was augmented from 1745 to 1749 with £200 of Queen +Anne’s bounty, and is now worth £150. <a +name="page94"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 94</span>The Dean and +Chapter are patrons, and the Rev. Bell Cooke is incumbent.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">The Southern District</span>.</h4> +<h5><i>St. Stephen</i>.</h5> +<p>The parish of St. Stephen’s, on the south side of the +city, is extensive and populous. The streets present some +good shops and places of business. The principal streets +are Rampant Horse Street, St. Stephen’s Street, and Surrey +Street. The Norfolk and Norwich Hospital is at the top of +St. Stephen’s Street, and the far-famed Norwich Union Fire +and Life Office is in Surrey Street.</p> +<p>The church, at the west end of Rampant Horse Street, is a +handsome edifice of the late perpendicular style, of the 16th +century, with a nave and clerestory, two aisles, a chancel, two +small chapels, and a square tower. The nave is divided from +the aisles by fluted columns with pointed arches. The +windows are large and numerous, and that at the east end is +filled with stained glass representing the life of the Virgin +Mary, and dated 1610. This church was founded before the +Norman Conquest, but has been all rebuilt at different periods, +the chancel about 1520, and the nave in 1550. The roof is a +fine specimen of open timber-work, and is richly carved. +The tower stands on the north side of the church, and beneath it +is the porch. In 1859, the interior was thoroughly restored +at a cost of £1500, and a new carved pulpit and a reading +desk were put <a name="page95"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +95</span>up at the same time. Under the superintendence of +Mr. Phipson, the county architect, ten new windows have been +lately inserted in this church, five on each side. They are +in the perpendicular style corresponding to the style of the +building. They are glazed with cathedral glass and a ruby +border. There is also a new window over the south door of +the chancel. It is glazed with painted glass of a +geometrical pattern, put in by the London firm that produced the +work in the large western window, representing the death of St. +Stephen. That window cost £300. The benefice is +a discharged vicarage, valued in K.B. at £9, and now at +£212. It was augmented from 1715 to 1812 with +£1000 of royal bounty. The Dean and Chapter are +patrons. The Rev. C. Baldwin, vicar.</p> +<h5><i>St. John Sepulchre</i>.</h5> +<p>St. John Sepulchre is a large church at the top of Ber Street, +dedicated to St. John the Baptist and the Holy Sepulchre, and +founded in the reign of Edward the Confessor. It consists +of a nave, chancel, a sort of transept chapel on each side, and a +lofty tower with five bells and a clock. The font is +octagonal and is ornamented with angels, lions, &c. The +east window is of three lights filled with stained glass, the +centre light presenting a figure of St. John the Baptist. +The window is in memory of the Rev. Samuel Stone, M.A., incumbent +of this parish, who was a great friend of the poor, and died in +1848. Here is a fine mural monument of the Watts +family. The rood-stair turret <a name="page96"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 96</span>still remains, and in the south side +of the chancel is a fine consecration cross. The living is +a perpetual curacy, certified at £9 1s., and now valued at +£144. It was augmented from 1737 to 1812 with +£1600 of royal bounty. The Dean and Chapter are +patrons. The Rev. W. T. Moore, incumbent.</p> +<h5><i>St. Michael at Thorn</i>.</h5> +<p>This part of the city includes the parish of St. Michael at +Thorn, so called from the “thorns” formerly growing +in the neighbourhood, of which there is one now in the +churchyard. The Rev. A. Davies is incumbent of the +parish. The church is remarkable for its antiquity.</p> +<h5><i>All Saints</i>.</h5> +<p>At the bottom of Ber Street we may turn to the left into the +parish of All Saints, where the church stands in an open space +called All Saints’ Green. The church is a small +structure, having a nave, chancel, porch, and tower containing +three bells. The chancel contains some decorated windows, +but the other portions of the church are perpendicular. The +east window is modern and filled with poor stained glass, but +there are some fragments of ancient stained glass, containing +heads of bishops, &c., in the windows of the aisles. +The font is octagonal and in the perpendicular style. There +are three monuments with merchant’s marks upon them. +The rectory, valued in K.B. <a name="page97"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 97</span>at £3 14s. 7d., is consolidated +with St. Julian, valued in K.B. at £5. The joint +benefices are now worth £300 per annum. They were +augmented with £300 of Queen Anne’s bounty in 1769 +and 1810, and with £200 given by John Drinkwater, Esq., and +£500 given by S. Thornton, Esq., in 1800. The Rev. C. +F. Sculthorpe, M.A., is patron, and the Rev. G. S. Outram is +incumbent.</p> +<h5><i>St. John Timberhill</i>.</h5> +<p>St. John’s Timberhill, at the north end of Ber Street, +was founded soon after the priory of Norwich, to which it was +appropriated, and it was dedicated to St. John the Baptist. +It has a nave, chancel, south porch with parvise, and two aisles +with chapels at their east ends. That on the north, a part +of which is now used for the vestry, was called our Lady’s +Chapel. There is a hagroscope or squint on the south side +of the chancel, and near it is a small decorated piscina. +The font is circular and Norman. The whole building needs +restoration. The square tower fell down on August 20th, +1784, and damaged the west end of the church. Its +foundations still remain, but the bells were sold to pay for the +repairs. The perpetual curacy was augmented from 1738 to +1813 with £1000 of royal bounty, and valued in 1835 at +£31. The Dean and Chapter are patrons. The Rev. +S. Titlow, M.A., has been the incumbent since 1831.</p> +<h5><a name="page98"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +98</span><i>Chapel Field</i>.</h5> +<p>There is yet left unnoticed a small district lying south of +St. Giles’, and which is generally known as Chapel +Field. Near this field once stood a college called St. Mary +in the Fields, founded about the beginning of the 13th century by +John Le Brun. Soon after its establishment its benefactors +were so numerous that in a short time it became a very noble +college, having a dean, chancellor, precentor, treasurer, seven +prebendaries, and six chaplains. Miles Spencer, the last +dean, persuaded the college to resign its revenues for small +pensions, after he had obtained a grant of the whole for himself +from Henry VIII. at the dissolution. The property +afterwards passed through several hands, and the field is now the +property of the corporation. It has recently been enclosed +by a massive palisade, and much improved as a place of +recreation; and a large Drill Hall has been built at the +north-west corner for the use of the Volunteers. The Drill +Hall was opened by the Prince of Wales in 1866.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">The Hamlets</span>.</h4> +<h5><i>Heigham</i>.</h5> +<p>The hamlets have, of late years, been greatly increased in +extent and population, and are likely to leave the old city in +the shade. Heigham, on the west side of the city, has +become a town, with two <a name="page99"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 99</span>churches, and another about to be +built, three chapels, and several large schools. Since +1801, the population has increased from 544 to 15,000 +souls. Many new streets have been laid out between the +Dereham and Earlham Roads; long rows of new houses have been +built, and are nearly all occupied. The National +School-house, on Dereham road, was built in 1840 at a cost of +£1000, and is attended by about 270 children.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>The <span class="smcap">City Jail</span>, an ugly building, +stands in this hamlet at the corner of St. Giles’ +Road. It was built in 1827 from a design by Mr. Philip +Barnes, of Norwich, at a cost of £30,000. The front +elevation is massive and is supported by Tuscan columns. +The whole building encloses an area of 1 acre 2 roods 34 poles, +and contains 114 cells. The house of the governor stands in +the centre and commands a view of the entire prison, which is +well ventilated and supplied with water pumped by the +tread-wheel.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>The <span class="smcap">New Water Works</span> are in this +hamlet, and supply the city with water from the river +Wensum. After filtration the water is forced up by steam +power to the distributing reservoir at Lakenham, at a height of +134 feet above the level of the river at Carrow Bridge, whence it +flows by gravitation to all parts of the city and the +suburbs. The present company has a capital of £60,000 +in £10 shares, and was incorporated under an act of +parliament passed in 1850, the powers of which have been enlarged +by subsequent <a name="page100"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +100</span>acts, so that wholesome and pure water is now +constantly supplied at very low terms. Excellent provision +has also been made for a plentiful supply for extinguishing +fires, by fixing hydrants at every 100 yards.</p> +<h5><i>Bishop Hall’s Palace</i>.</h5> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p100b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Bishop Hall’s Palace" +title= +"Bishop Hall’s Palace" +src="images/p100s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p>The <span class="smcap">Old Palace</span>, where the +celebrated Bishop Hall resided, (now known as the Dolphin Inn,) +is in this hamlet. Here he retired after his expulsion from +the bishop’s palace by the republican party in 1644. +The house, which is fast going to decay, displays the +peculiarities of the domestic architecture of the time of James +I. The front presents two projecting bays, one on each side +of the door, which afford a light to the lower and upper +rooms. The doorway deserves a passing notice, and some +curiously carved heads will <a name="page101"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 101</span>be found in the interior, as well as +the remains of an ancient piscina in the wall at the +entrance. There is a large parlour on the right hand, +wainscotted all round from the floor to the ceiling.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>The <span class="smcap">New Workhouse</span> was erected in +1859 at an expense of £33,000 exclusive of £680 paid +for about nine acres of land. It is an extensive range of +brick buildings in the Tudor style of architecture, having room +for about 1000 inmates, but it has never had so many as yet, +though the number is increasing every year. The debt on the +building was £22,000, and will be gradually paid off by +instalments.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>The <span class="smcap">New Cemetery</span>. The +greatest improvement effected in Norwich during the present +century was the closing of all the churchyards for burials, and +the opening of a new cemetery for the dead. It was opened +in 1856 and is pleasantly situated on high ground next the +Earlham Road; the whole area being divided into two parts, one +side being consecrated and the other unconsecrated. The +whole comprises 35 acres of land prettily laid out and +planted. It was formed at a cost of £7000 by the +Burial Board. There are entrances from the Earlham and +Dereham Roads. The two principal chapels are of early +English architecture with porches and apsidal terminations. +There is also a small chapel for the use of the Jews.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p>The long contemplated division of this extensive hamlet into +three parishes, has at length been carried <a +name="page102"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 102</span>into +effect. The old church of St. Bartholomew is to be the +parish church of the new parish of that name on the north side +next the river. The estimated population is 5,600. +The Rev. J. G. Dixon is rector. The central part of the +hamlet, lying between the Dereham and Earlham Roads, with a +population of 4,400, is to form the new parish of St. Philip; but +a church has not been yet built. The third parish, the +incumbency of which is retained by the Rev. C. T. Rust, includes +all that part of Heigham which lies between Earlham Road and the +boundary of St. Stephen’s. The population is about +6,400. The church, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, in Essex +Street, is the parish church. The church of St. Bartholomew +stands on an eminence above the Wensum, and is a small structure +in the perpendicular style, with a nave, south aisle, north +porch, chancel, and a square tower, in which are three +bells. It has a mural monument to the pious Bishop Hall, +who was buried here in 1656. The living is a rectory valued +in K.B. at £6 13s. 4d., and now at a little over +£200. Trinity Church, near Unthank’s Road, was +built by subscription, and consecrated in August 1861, to supply +the great want of church accommodation which had long been felt +in this part of the hamlet. It is a large building in the +decorated style, and consists of nave, transepts, and apsidal +chancel, with a tower containing one bell, and surmounted by a +slated spire 120 feet high. The total cost was +£7000.</p> +<p>In 1861, an ancient lead coffin, containing the remains of a +female skeleton, was discovered about <a name="page103"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 103</span>four feet below the surface on a +chalk pit at Stone Hills, Heigham. It was perfectly plain, +and appeared to have been formerly enclosed in an outer case of +wood, and was probably of the Roman period. Near it were +found two bronze torque rings of a twisted pattern, encrusted +with a fine green patina, and evidently of the Anglo-Saxon +period.</p> +<h5><i>Hellesdon</i>.</h5> +<p>Hellesdon, adjoining Heigham, is a small and pretty village on +an eminence two miles north-west of the city, but the parish is +partly in Taverham hundred. It adjoins the river, which is +here crossed by a cast-iron bridge, built by the corporation of +Norwich in 1819. The common was enclosed in 1811. The +Bishop is lord of the manor and owner of a great part of the +soil.</p> +<h5><i>Earlham</i>.</h5> +<p>Earlham is a very pleasant village, situated at the end of the +Earlham Road. The ivy-mantled church is a very ancient +building of small size. The hall, situated in a park, is +associated with the honoured name of Gurney, and will long be an +object of deep interest. Amongst other members of that +distinguished family who resided here was the deservedly esteemed +Joseph John Gurney, who often entertained many of the celebrities +of his day. It was here that Wilberforce, Chalmers, and a +host of worthies, well known to fame, visited one of the happiest +of the homes of England, <a name="page104"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 104</span>where the sterling character of +Thomas Fowell Buxton was formed and matured, and where he met +with the partner of his future life. It was the birthplace +of Elizabeth Fry the philanthropist, of whom there is yet no +monument in this city.</p> +<h5><i>Eaton</i>.</h5> +<p>The hamlet of Eaton, two miles south-west of Norwich, is in +the vale of the Taas. The manor is about 1300 acres, and +belongs to the Dean and Chapter, but the soil is let to a number +of lessees, many of whom have handsome houses in the Newmarket +Road, one of the finest approaches to the city. Indeed, +this road may be called the “west end” of +Norwich. Eaton church is dedicated to St. Andrew, and is a +long ancient building covered with thatch, and having an +embattled tower with three bells. It was originally a +Norman structure, but it appears to have been rebuilt in the +early English period, and to have been considerably altered in +the 15th century. About two years ago the church was +thoroughly restored at a cost of about £400, when a number +of beautiful mural paintings were discovered, some of them well +preserved. The living is a vicarage not in charge, valued +at £87, and augmented in 1732 with £200 given by the +Earl of Thanet, and £200 of Queen Anne’s bounty.</p> +<h5><i>Lakenham</i>.</h5> +<p>Lakenham is the next hamlet on the south side of the city, and +the roads to it are favourite walks of the <a +name="page105"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +105</span>citizens. Caister is an adjoining village, where +may be seen extensive remains of a Roman camp, built before +Norwich existed. The configuration of the camp may still be +traced as a parallelogram, enclosing an area of 32 acres, +sufficient for a force of 6000 men. On the western side, +which was washed by the Taas, formerly stood the water gate, with +a round tower, where vessels used to unload. A very large +number of Roman coins have been dug up here. Returning to +the hamlet of Lakenham, we ascend a hill called Long John’s +Hill. Lakenham church stands on high ground above the river +Taas, and is a small structure dedicated to St. John the Baptist +and All Saints. It has a tower with three bells. The +benefice is a vicarage united to Trowse Newton, and with it +valued at £261, in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter, +and incumbency of the Rev. Alfred Pownall, M.A.</p> +<p>St. Mark’s Church, in Lakenham, was consecrated +September 24th, 1844, and is a neat structure in the +perpendicular style, comprising a nave without aisles, and an +embattled tower with turrets, pinnacles, and three bells. +It was built by subscription at a cost of £4000, and +contains 900 sittings, most of which are free. The interior +has commodious galleries, and is neatly fitted up. Ladies +presented the communion table, plate, books for divine service, +font, &c. The population in this hamlet has increased +from 428 in 1801 to 4866 in 1861. The perpetual curacy, +valued at £150, is in the patronage of the Dean and +Chapter. The Rev. N. T. Garry, M.A., is incumbent.</p> +<h5><a name="page106"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +106</span><i>Trowse-Millgate</i>, <i>Carrow</i>, <i>and +Bracondale</i>.</h5> +<p>Trowse-Millgate, Carrow, and Bracondale, extend southward from +King Street to the river Yare, opposite Trowse Newton. They +form one hamlet, though each division had formerly a parochial +chapel. Miss Martineau owns the greater part of the soil, +and lives at Bracondale Lodge, a handsome mansion with delightful +pleasure grounds. The late P. M. Martineau collected here +many remnants of Gothic architecture in 1804, and used them in +the erection of a lofty arch and an edifice, representing a small +priory with windows filled by stained glass.</p> +<h5><i>Thorpe</i>.</h5> +<p>The hamlet of Thorpe, one of the most delightful suburbs of +the city, lies on the south-east side, opposite Foundry Bridge, +and extends to Mousehold Heath. It contains many handsome +villas, which are mostly surrounded by gardens. Many of the +city gentry reside in this pleasant hamlet, which now contains +about 3000 inhabitants. The church, dedicated to St. +Matthew, was built in 1852 at a cost of £2300, for an +ecclesiastical district, comprising that part of Thorpe parish +within the city liberties, containing about 2500 +inhabitants. It is a neat structure in the Norman style of +architecture, from a design by Mr. Kerr, formerly architect of +this city. It consists of a nave, transepts, and apsidal +chancel, and is a unique structure. The five windows of the +chancel are filled with <a name="page107"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 107</span>stained glass. The rector of +Thorpe is patron of the perpetual curacy, valued at £130, +which is now held by the Rev. George Harris Cooke, M.A., who has +a handsome parsonage house, erected in 1863 at a cost of +£1400, in the Tudor style.</p> +<p>The road from the Foundry Bridge to Thorpe village is a +favourite walk of the citizens. Thorpe lodge (the entrance +to which is guarded by couchant lions, and is a conspicuous +object on the left,) was the residence of the late John Harvey, +Esq., “a fine old English gentleman,” who was a great +promoter of manufactures, and of aquatic sports. Its +present proprietor and occupant is Donald Dalrymple, Esq. +The old hall, the name by which the manor house is now known, +stands at the entrance to the village. It was formerly the +country seat of the bishops. Adjoining are the remains of a +chapel, now used as a coach house and stable. On the south +side of the river, which was once reached by the ferry boat, +stands the village of Whitlingham, where the citizens formerly +resorted by thousands in the summer months. The grounds in +this locality present a pleasing variety of hill and dale, wood +and water, and the view from the White House includes the +windings of the “bonny Yare,” the opposite village of +Thorpe, the spire of the Cathedral rising above the distant +hills, and the frowning aspect of the old Norman Castle. +The whole of the land here now belongs to R. J. H. Harvey, Esq., +M.P., who has greatly improved an estate of 2000 acres next the +river. He has often thrown the grounds open to the +citizens.</p> +<p><a name="page108"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 108</span>The +Rosary Burial Ground, in Thorpe hamlet, was established in 1819 +by the late Rev. Thomas Drummond, for the use of +Dissenters. Being aware that many of the burial grounds +attached to their chapels are held on leases under the +corporation, he urged the necessity of a general cemetery on +freehold land, so securely vested in trust that it could not be +converted to other uses at any future time. The Rosary +occupies eight acres of land in a good situation. It is +divided into sections separated by plantings of trees or shrubs, +and contains a small chapel. It is not consecrated, and +ministers of any denomination may officiate at funerals. In +this beautiful resting-place for the dead are deposited the +remains of many of the worthiest of the Norwich citizens.</p> +<h5><i>Pockthorpe</i>.</h5> +<p>Pockthorpe was originally part of Thorpe, but when severed in +the time of the Conqueror, with the parishes of St. James and St. +Paul, took the name of Paucus Thorpe or Little Thorpe, corrupted +into Pockthorpe. The place is apparently wedded to poverty, +with no Divorce Court to grant it relief. It is chiefly +inhabited by poor weavers or spinners, who still adhere to an old +pastime, the rearing of pigeons, as appears from many coops at +the broken windows. The brewery here is an old +well-established concern, and sends out about 100,000 barrels of +beer yearly.</p> +<h3><a name="page109"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +109</span>NONCONFORMISTS’ CHAPELS.</h3> +<p>The <span class="smcap">Old Meeting House</span>, Colegate +Street, was erected in 1693 by the Independents, a congregation +of which body had existed in Norwich since the +Commonwealth. They had originally assembled in a brewery in +St. Edmund’s, and afterwards in the “west +granary” of St. Andrew’s Hall. Mr. Bridge, the +first pastor, who was incumbent of St. George’s, Tombland, +seceded from the church in the reign of James II., and sat in the +Westminster Assembly of Divines. The building is a large +structure of red brick, fronted with four Corinthian +pilasters. It contains sittings for 700 persons, and has +spacious schoolrooms adjacent. The Rev. John Hallett is the +present minister.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Prince’s Street Chapel</span> +(Independent) was erected in 1819. It is a handsome +building of white brick, and has been enlarged and almost rebuilt +at a cost of £2000, under the superintendence of Mr. +Boardman, architect, of this city. It will now accommodate +1000 persons. The new front presents an elevation in the +modern Italian or composite style, with seven windows of +ornamental design. The roof has been raised and new windows +inserted, eight on each side. New galleries have been +erected with cast-iron columns, and ornamental iron front. +A new apse has been added, and a vestry or retiring room at the +back. The whole interior has been reseated with plain open +benches. The entrances, staircase, hall, and avenues, are +laid with tessellated tiles. At a <a +name="page110"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 110</span>short +distance from the chapel there is a spacious schoolroom, with +class rooms on each side. The Rev. G. S. Barrett is the +present minister.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">The Chapel in the Field</span>, +(Independent) opened in 1858, is a handsome edifice with two +imposing spiral turrets. Its arched interior has a fine +effect, increased by the introduction of four painted windows in +the apse. The building affords sittings for 900 +persons. Adjoining are spacious schoolrooms in a similar +style of architecture. The Rev. Philip Colborne is the +present minister.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">The Tabernacle</span> (Lady +Huntingdon’s Connexion) is situate near St. Martin’s +at Palace. It was built by the Calvinistic Methodists, +under Mr. Wheatley, in 1772, at a cost of £1752. In +1775, the Tabernacle was sold to the Countess of Huntingdon, who +visited Norwich in the following year, and vested the building in +trust with four clergymen and three laymen of the same connexion +to appoint ministers whose preaching and sentiments are according +to the articles and homilies of the church of England. It +contains 1000 sittings. The Rev. Burford Hooke is the +present minister. There is also another chapel of the same +connexion on the Dereham Road, of which the Rev. John Joseph +James Kempster is the minister.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Mary’s Chapel</span> (Baptist) +was originally erected in 1714, but was rebuilt in its present +style in 1811 and enlarged in 1838. Rev. Joseph Kinghorn +was <a name="page111"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +111</span>pastor from May 20th, 1791, till his death, on +September 1st, 1832. Rev. William Brock was pastor from +1833 to 1848, when he resigned his charge and went to London, +where he preaches at Bloomsbury chapel. Since 1849, the +Rev. G. Gould has been the pastor. Spacious schoolrooms +adjoining the chapel are now in course of erection.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Clement’s</span> (Baptist) was +erected in 1814 and contains 900 sittings, and there is a +spacious schoolroom adjacent. The celebrated Mark Wilks was +once the pastor. The present minister is the Rev. T. +Foston.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Ebenezer Chapel</span> (Baptist), on +Surrey Road, was built in 1854, the minister being the Rev. R. +Govett, who some years since seceded from the established +church.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">The Gildencroft</span> (Baptist), in St. +Augustine’s, formerly occupied by the Society of Friends, +was erected in 1680. There is a spacious burial ground +attached, in which lie the remains of Joseph John Gurney, Mrs. +Opie, and other eminent Friends. The Rev. C. H. Hosken is +the minister.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Orford Hill Chapel</span> (Baptist) was +opened as a chapel in 1832. The Rev. J. Brunt is the +present minister.</p> +<p>There are also Baptist Chapels in Cherry Lane, (Rev. W. +Hawkins); this was formerly a Wesleyan <a +name="page112"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 112</span>Chapel in +which the Rev. John Wesley preached; Priory Yard, (Rev. R. B. +Clare); Pottergate Street, (Rev. H. Trevor); and Jireh Chapel, +Dereham Road, (no regular pastor).</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">The Presbyterians</span> recently +purchased St. Peter’s Hall, in Theatre Street, as a place +of worship. The hall contains about 700 sittings, which are +generally all occupied. The Rev. W. A. Mc Allan was +ordained minister in 1867, and he preaches with great success to +large congregations.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Wesleyans</span>. The Revs. John and +Charles Wesley paid their first visit to this city in 1754, but +their followers had no settled place of worship here till 1769, +when they built a small chapel in Cherry Lane, where the late Dr. +Adam Clarke was stationed in 1783, and began to display that vast +genius which afterwards astonished the religious world. The +Wesleyan Methodists have two chapels, one a very spacious edifice +in Lady Lane, and the other, just finished, in Ber Street.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>The <span class="smcap">United Methodist Free Church</span> +has two chapels. That in Calvert Street was erected by the +Wesleyan Methodists in 1810, and is a large brick edifice with +about 1200 sittings, and two houses for the ministers. The +other is in Crook’s Place, Heigham, and was opened in 1839, +and contains 800 sittings.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">The Primitive Methodists</span> have +chapels on St. <a name="page113"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +113</span>Catherine’s Plain, Cowgate Street, and Dereham +Road. The first named, called Lakenham Chapel, was built in +1835, and contains 600 sittings. The second, in Cowgate +Street, was built about 20 years since, and contains 300 +sittings. The third, on Dereham Road, was built in 1864, on +the site of a smaller one, at a cost of £1316, raised by +subscription. Sunday schools are connected with all these +chapels.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">The Unitarians</span> occupy the <span +class="smcap">Octagon Chapel</span>, St. George’s, a +handsome building, of the shape implied by its name. It is +surmounted by a dome, supported by eight Corinthian +pillars. It was erected in 1756, on the site of the old +Presbyterian Meeting-house. Dr. John Taylor, and Dr. +Enfield (compiler of the Speaker) preached in this chapel. +Rev. D. H. Smyth is the minister.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">The Society of Friends</span> have a +meeting-house in Upper Goat Lane, a fine white-brick structure, +with Doric portico, and lighted by a dome lantern.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>The <span class="smcap">Roman Catholics</span> have two +chapels. In the last century there was a chapel connected +with the palace of the Duke of Norfolk on the site of the present +Museum, but it was lost when that property was sold by him. +The Roman Catholics raised a subscription and built their present +chapel in St. John’s Maddermarket in 1794. It is +merely a plain building, but the altar is very handsome. It +contains sittings for about 600 people. The services <a +name="page114"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 114</span>here are +carried out with great solemnity, and with a strict adherence to +the ritual of the Church of Rome. There is generally a +large congregation at divine service. The Rev. Canon Dalton +is the officiating priest. He resides near the chapel in a +very ancient building that was occupied by the City Sheriff in +the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The chapel in Willow Lane, +called the Chapel of the Apostles, is a handsome building, +erected in 1828. The windows are of stained glass, and the +interior decorations are very striking. This chapel is +served by Fathers of the Society of Jesus, commonly called +Jesuits. It is the custom of that order to change the +officiating clergy every few years. The Rev. Mr. Lane of +the order was a contemporary of the Rev. Mr. Beaumont, the first +priest of St. John’s chapel, during the greater part, if +not all, of that gentleman’s lengthened ministry of 62 +years, and died about the same time. The congregation is +generally larger than at St. John’s Chapel.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Free Christian Church</span>. The +Dutch Church, in St. Andrew’s Hall, originally the +Conventual Church of the Black Friars, was granted to the Walloon +congregation; but they now have service only once a year, when a +sermon is preached in Dutch and afterwards in English. +During the rest of the year the place is used by the Free +Christian Church—Rev. J. Crompton, minister.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">The French Church</span>, Queen +Street—originally <a name="page115"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 115</span>the parochial church of St. Mary +Parva, and afterwards a cloth exchange—was granted, in +1637, to the French Protestant refugees. It is now occupied +by the receivers of the doctrines enunciated by Emanuel +Swedenborg. Mr. E. D. Rogers, leader.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">The Jews</span>—who were formerly +very numerous in this city—have a handsome synagogue in St. +Faith’s Lane, erected in 1849, at a cost of +£1600. Rev. S. Caro, minister.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>The<span class="smcap"> Catholic Apostolic Church</span> +(Irvingites) occupy a building in Clement Court, Redwell +Street. The present minister is the Rev. Arthur Inglis, +B.A.</p> +<p>Since the 17th century Nonconformists have increased from a +few hundreds to 10,000 in this city.</p> +<h2><a name="page116"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 116</span>PART +II.</h2> +<h3>CHAPTER I.</h3> +<h4>Norwich Antiquities.</h4> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Castle, Cathedral, and churches +already described are the chief antiquities of the city, but +other remains are worthy of notice, and have been described by +Blomefield, Kirkpatrick, Taylor, Harrod, S. Woodward, B. B. +Woodward, the Rev. R. Hart of Catton, R. Fitch, Esq., and other +antiquaries, who have explored every part of the old city. +They nearly all agree in their accounts of the rise and progress +of Norwich, and of its condition at different periods.</p> +<h5><a name="page117"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 117</span>THE +ANCIENT CITY.</h5> +<p>B. B. Woodward, Esq., F.S.A., delivered two lectures on +“Norwich in the Olden Time,” to the members of the +Church of England Young Men’s Society, at the Assembly +Rooms, some years since. He showed a thorough knowledge of +all the previous authorities, with whom he sometimes +differed. He exhibited four large maps, presenting views of +the Old City at different periods, from <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 400 to <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1400. He stated that he had +derived the greater part of his materials for them from the +series of maps of ancient Norwich made by his father, the late +Mr. S. Woodward, but he had corrected and completed them from the +publications of various Archæological Societies since they +had been constructed, and he hoped that they would serve to +illustrate the growth and progress of the ancient city with +general fidelity to facts. Directing attention to the first +map, which represented the condition of the <i>Venta +Icenorum</i>, <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 400, Mr. +Woodward pointed out the purely fictitious character of the +earliest accounts of Norwich to be found in the older historians, +who drew, in all good faith, on their fertile imaginations, and +both persuaded themselves that they were writing history, and +that they were believed to be doing so by others.</p> +<p>The old-established tradition, that the sea came up to +Norwich, he stated, was undoubtedly to be accepted, but not as +having occurred within the historic period. From various +facts, and particularly from the occurrence of a Roman road at +Wangford, near Bungay, <a name="page118"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 118</span>near the edge of the present stream, +he concluded that in the times of the Romans, the valleys of the +Eastern Counties did not present a very different aspect from +their present one, though of course where there was now meadow, +marsh existed formerly, and many small streams have +disappeared. Mr. Woodward, on this point, differed entirely +from all the local historians and antiquarians, and his opinion +is not supported by any evidence. The existence of a Roman +road at Wangford, near Bungay, if such there be, has nothing to +do with the river Yare. Mr. Woodward offered no proof that +it is a Roman road. All the local historians state that a +broad arm of the sea flowed up to Norwich till the 11th century, +when Sweyn came up with a great fleet and landed an army +here. Parochial records prove that the river came up to St. +Lawrence Steps at a later period. We may therefore dismiss +this singular opinion as untenable.</p> +<p>Mr. Woodward regarded Norwich as the <i>Venta Icenorum</i> of +the Romans for several reasons, and particularly because it was +plain from the occurrence of these Ventas in Britain, and none in +any other part of the Roman world, that this was the name of a +British town, which its being called the Venta of the Iceni +strongly confirmed—even, in fact, a British stronghold, +constructed according to the custom of that people in parts of +the country without hills. In hilly countries the +strongholds were entrenchments round the summits of the hills, +but then there were small tracts of land surrounded by +marshes. Such were the British strongholds on Bungay +Common, and that at <a name="page119"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 119</span>Horning, and such he believed was +the <i>Venta Icenorum</i>. They were not intended for +permanent occupation, but as places of safety for their wives and +children, and for their cattle, in case of the attack of another +tribe; and they could rarely be held against the enemy for any +length of time. In this instance, the trench was drawn in a +horse-shoe form, from the eastern slope of the ground on which +the Castle now stands to the western side, the steep bank of the +little stream, called the Cockey, being rendered more steep by +art, whilst the Wensum and marshes protected the other +sides. The position of the Roman camp, as the map showed, +was determined by its being the fittest for keeping in check the +<i>Iceni</i> of <i>Venta</i>, and preventing them from marching +against the southern part of the island; and it might probably +have been placed there after the disastrous experiment of what +the <i>Iceni</i> could do under such a leader as their famous +Queen Boadicea. In the latter part of the Roman period it +would seem that the conquerors had less occasion for mere +military force here, for the remains of a Roman villa had been +found in the northern side of the camp at Caister.</p> +<p>Mr. Woodward said the Map of Norfolk still showed traces of +Roman roads radiating from Norwich. The principal roads +were—one entering the stronghold in the western side, now +St. Stephen’s Street; another entering it on the east, now +known as King Street. This last crossed the river by a ford +at Fyebridge, and was the origin of Magdalen Street and St. +Augustine’s Street; another road left the fortress on the +western side, near the river, and was called St. Benedict’s +<a name="page120"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 120</span>Street; +and the last crossed the river at Bishopbridge by another ford, +and sent off branches to the north-east and east of +Norfolk. He believed that nearly all the main lines of road +originated with the Romans, but this is at least doubtful. +Norwich must then have been a very large town to have required so +many main lines of roads; but its very existence as a town is +uncertain during the Roman period.</p> +<p>Mr. Woodward’s second map exhibited the entrenchments +round the fortress as already described, at the time of the +Conquest. Map the third exhibited the condition of the city +in the time of the Domesday Survey, or about <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1100, when 54 churches and chapels +existed. Map the fourth showed the state of the city <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1400, when Norwich was described as +at the acme of its splendour and importance, and second only to +Bristol, after London. This arose from its being the +capital of East Anglia, and the residence of so many of the +clergy and gentry. Mr. Woodward pointed out the sites of +some of the old monasteries in this period. The +Bishop’s palace was then within the precincts of the +close. Besides the monastery there, and that of St. +Leonard’s, there were then several others in Norwich. +In King Street, to the south of St. Faith’s Lane, were the +Austin Friars, and to the north of Rose Lane the Grey +Friars. Both these monastic communities were said to have +encroached on the adjacent streets, churchyards, &c., by +extending their precincts; which accounted for the changes around +them. The Carmelites occupied the whole angle of the city +between the river, the walls, <a name="page121"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 121</span>and Bargate Street. But few +traces of these establishments now remain. The case of the +Black Friars was very different. Their magnificent church +is still almost entire; much of the convent is still standing in +St. Andrew’s Hall, and the Dutch or Walloon Church, and the +oldest parts of the former Workhouse. In addition to these, +there had been several smaller monastic orders which were merged +in the others before the 15th century. In this period, most +of the streets on the north side of the town were in existence, +and some on the south side.</p> +<p>Formerly, as already intimated, some of our streets were named +from the trades of those who occupied them. Thus there were +Saddlers’ Gate, now White Lion Street; Wastelgate, now Red +Lion Street; Cordwainers’ Row, now part of the Walk; +Goldsmiths’ Row, north side of the Market; Hosiers’ +Row, in part of London Street; Cutlers’ Row, in part of +London Street; Hatters’ Row, now St. Giles’ Street; +Dyers’ Row, in St. Lawrence Street; and Pottergate Street, +still so called. The Cloth Hall stood in the Haymarket; and +on the west side were the Butchery, the Fishmarket, and various +other rows, where articles of food were sold.</p> +<h5>OLD WALLS AND GATES.</h5> +<p>R. <span class="smcap">Fitch</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>., is the very best authority respecting +the old walls and gates, of which he made a study for many years; +and in 1861 he published a very handsome illustrated volume +entitled, “Views of the Gates <a name="page122"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 122</span>of Norwich made in the years +1792–3, by the late John Ninham; with an Historical +Introduction, Extracts from the Corporation Records, and Papers +by the late John Kirkpatrick, contributed to the Transactions of +the Norfolk and Norwich Archæological Society, by Robert +Fitch, F.S.A., F.G.S.” The author says:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“The history of the walls of Norwich is a +history of the gate houses, and in speaking of the origin of the +first we include that of the second. In 1294, being the +23rd Edward I., the first mural tax was granted, and continued +three years. A second tax succeeded this, and in 1304 a +third tax was imposed, to continue in operation for five +years. In the 11th of Edward II., a fourth tax of the like +nature was allowed; and in two years after, namely in 1319, the +walls of Norwich were completed.”</p> +<p>“When the thickness and extent of the fortifications of +this city are considered, it cannot be thought surprising that a +period of 25 years elapsed before these mural defences were +finished, so far as to render no additional tax necessary. +It must not, however, be considered that no other pecuniary +assistance was required towards the work. The citizens +themselves manifested the greatest interest in the subject; and +the ancient books of account contain not only entries of money +expended on the walls and gates, but also register the private +contributions of persons towards the same object and for +necessary reparation.”</p> +<p>“It has been previously observed, that in 1319 the walls +of the city were said to have been completed; but something more +was required to render them adequate to the purpose for which +they were designed. Neither towers nor gates could be of +use unless properly furnished with munitions of <a +name="page123"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 123</span>war and the +implements then in use for their projection. This does not +appear to have taken place until 23 years after completion, +namely in 1342, in 16th Edward III., when a patriotic citizen, +Richard Spynk, for the honour of the monarch and the safety of +his fellow citizens, gave thirty espringolds to cast stones with, +to be kept at divers gates and towers; 100 gogions, or balls of +stone, locked up in a box; a box with ropes and accoutrements; +four great arblasters, or crossbows, and 100 gogions for each +arblaster; two pairs of grapples, to bring the bows to the +requisite tension for discharge; also other gogions, and some +armour.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>After stating other acts of this citizen, Mr. Fitch +proceeds:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“From this long recital of gifts, it must be +concluded that Richard Spynk was virtually the fortifier of the +city; for it is clear that until his munificence made the gates +and walls complete, they were imperfect. Nor did he suffer +his work to fall into decay; but by the adoption of rules and +regulations, he preserved to the city the full benefit of what he +had done.”</p> +<p>“Before proceeding further with an outline of the +history of the Walls and Gates, it should be stated that Norwich +had been previously surrounded by a ditch and bank for +protection.” * * * * *</p> +<p>“One benefit produces another, and to Richard Spynk was +the City not only indebted for its safety from aggression, but +also for an extension of its liberties.</p> +<p>“It is recorded that Queen Isabella induced the king, +her son, in consideration of the costs and charges for the Walls +which had been raised without call on the Government, to <a +name="page124"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 124</span>grant a +charter to the Citizens, that they, and their heirs and +successors, dwelling in the said City, should for ever be free +from jurisdiction of the Clerk of the Market and of the household +of the King, and his heirs, so that the said Clerk or his +officers should not enter the City, or fee or make assay of any +measures or weights, or to exercise or do anything belonging to +the said office of the Clerk of the Market.</p> +<p>“In this King’s reign, according to the +Customs’ Book, there is an account of the battlements on +the various gates, towers, and walls. These were numbered, +in order that each parish might be made acquainted with its +responsibilities of repairs in this respect. Beginning from +the river to Coslany Gate, there were 112 battlements, and 10 on +the gate itself. From that point to St. Augustine’s +Gate, were 69 battlements, and on the gate, 12. Thence to +Fibrigge Gate—on the walls and towers were 153 battlements, +and on the gate, 13; thence to Pockthorpe Gate—on the walls +and towers were 178, and on the gate, 10; and from this gate to +the river were about 40. From this point to the tower of +Conisford Gate, the river chiefly protects the city, but the +tower bore 12 battlements; and from the tower on the city side of +the water to Conisford Gate, were 26 battlements with 14 on the +gate. Thence to Ber Street Gate, were 150; on the gate and +its wicket were 27; and from thence to St. Stephen’s Gate +were 307 (here were some strong towers); and on this gate and +wicket were 28.</p> +<p>“From St. Stephen’s to St. Giles’ Gate were +229 (here again were several strong towers), and on the gate and +wicket were 15; and from St. Giles’ to St. Benedict’s +Gate were 100, and on the gate itself and wicket were 16; thence +to Heigham Gate 79, and on the gate 4—and from this gate to +the tower and wall on the river were 16 battlements; in all, +1630. At this period (1345, according to the Domesday <a +name="page125"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 125</span>Book of the +City) there was a tax called ‘Fossage,’ to defray the +great charges of the walls and ditches.” * *</p> +<p>“In 1385 a general survey was made, and all the walls +and gates were placed in good repair, with a sufficient number of +men appointed to guard them. It was also agreed that +churchwards should be chosen annually, whose duty it should be to +prevent any decay or permanent injury to the fortifications by +timely repair or by reconstruction. In 1386, the expectancy +of invasion caused general fear throughout the realm, and +particularly in the eastern counties. The king sent nearly +a thousand men to Yarmouth for the defence of the coast; and so +imminent was the peril, that the king commanded the authorities +of Norwich to place the walls, towers, and gates in full and able +condition to repel all who might appear in opposition to the +king’s authority, or crush a design to injure the +city. The towers were therefore filled with engines of +defence, the walls rendered perfect, and the ditches made as wide +and as deep as the necessities of the case demanded.” * * * +*</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The author proceeds to show the anxious attention which was +paid to the preservation of the walls and gates, by copious +extracts from a roll, dated 1386. He then gives a full +history of the fortifications, from which we shall make some +extracts in our narrative of events at different periods. +He thus concludes his historical sketch:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Not a fragment of the gates now exists, but +the certain indications of where, in some instances, they once +stood, are yet accidentally preserved.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>With a short notice of these, the account is +concluded:—</p> +<blockquote><p><a name="page126"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +126</span>“<span class="smcap">Conisford Gate</span>. +A fragment of the wall of the east side of this gate still +exists, attached to the west of the ‘Cinder Ovens’ +public house at the south end of King Street, and also on the +opposite side of the street.</p> +<p>“<span class="smcap">Ber Street Gate</span>. No +portion of this gate remains; but where the structure stood is +sufficiently evident by the high wall on the west side of the +upper end of Ber Street.</p> +<p>“<span class="smcap">Brazen Doors</span>. Not a +fragment remains.</p> +<p>“<span class="smcap">St. Stephen’s +Gate</span>. No portion left.</p> +<p>“<span class="smcap">St. Giles’ Gate</span>. +The house against which the south side of this gate abutted still +stands, and part of the lower walls of the building can be seen. +<a name="citation126"></a><a href="#footnote126" +class="citation">[126]</a></p> +<p>“<span class="smcap">St. Benedict’s +Gate</span>. Here a corresponding house or abuttal of this +gate stands perfect, with one of the strong iron staples, on +which hung one of the doors, projecting from the wall.</p> +<p>“<span class="smcap">Heigham Gate</span>. Very +slight remains left.</p> +<p>“<span class="smcap">St. Martin’s +Gate</span>. A portion of the north side of this gate is +left erect and firm, with small tenements abutting against it</p> +<p>“<span class="smcap">St. Augustine’s +Gate</span>. No fragment is left. A large portion of +the ditch between this gate and St. Martin’s is clearly +seen, very few buildings having been erected on its site.</p> +<p>“<span class="smcap">Magdalen Gate</span>. No +portion left, but the form and interior of the city wall is well +seen at this point.</p> +<p><a name="page127"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +127</span>“<span class="smcap">Barre</span> or <span +class="smcap">Pockthorpe Gate</span>. Indications are left +of where the gate stood, with fragments of the wall on the right +and left</p> +<p>“<span class="smcap">Bishop’s Gate</span>. +Nothing of the gate exists, but the exact site may be seen by the +necessary increased width of the bridge.</p> +<p>“The precise spot where each gate stood may be found by +tracing a line of the city wall, where it crossed a street; the +gates being of course integral portions of the wall perforated +for traffic and fortified with extra work for adequate +defence.”</p> +</blockquote> +<h4>DESECRATED CHURCHES.</h4> +<p>The Rev. Francis Blomefield, of Fersfield, who flourished in +the first half of the last century, was the chief of Norfolk +historians and antiquarians. He was great in genealogy and +heraldry, and very elaborate on monuments and epitaphs, while he +altogether passed over more important matters. We might +almost wish that he had known less of heraldry and more of +history; but his great work must ever be the foundation of local +history in Norwich and Norfolk. A perfect copy of his work, +being very scarce, is now worth at least £20. It +contains most of the documentary antiquities of the city, such as +charters, acts of parliaments, proceedings of public bodies, and +other official sources of information, of which he has made a +good use. He has given full details from the records of +every parish, and of the old corporation. He <a +name="page128"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 128</span>states the +great changes which took place in the city and county at the time +of the Reformation, and the dissolution of the monasteries, when +nineteen of those institutions existed in Norwich.</p> +<p>Blomefield notices several large conventual churches, which +were desecrated at the Reformation, and many parish churches +which have been demolished, their parishes being incorporated +with those now existing.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">All Saints</span>’, situated in +Fyebridge Street, was at the north corner of the street called +Cowgate, at its entrance into Magdalen Street, and was built +before the Conquest. At the foundation of the cathedral it +was appropriated to the convent, and at the Reformation to the +dean and chapter. It was said to have had a very fine font, +erected in 1477. In 1550 the church was taken down, and the +parish, with that of St. Margaret, was annexed to St. +Paul’s.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Bartholomew’s</span>, in Ber +Street, was in the patronage of the prior of Wymondham, and at +the Dissolution was consolidated with St. John’s Sepulchre, +and the church taken down.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Bittulph’s</span> stood in +Magdalen Street, a little north of Stump Cross. It was +founded before 1300 and was taken down in 1548, and the parish +united to St. Saviour’s.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Christopher’s</span> stood on +the east side of St. Andrew’s Hill, and was one of the +oldest churches in <a name="page129"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +129</span>the city. It was burnt down in the reign of Henry +III. The greater portion of the parish was united to St. +Andrew’s and a smaller part to St. Michael’s at +Plea.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Crucis</span>, or St. Crowches, stood +in Broad Street, St. Andrew’s. It was dedicated to +the honour of the holy cross, and was erected before the year +1272. In 1551 it was desecrated, and the parish united to +St. John’s Maddermarket.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Clement’s</span>, in Conisford, +situated in King Street, was a very ancient church, founded long +before the Conquest. It was united with St. Julian’s +in 1482.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Cuthbert’s</span> was situated +at the north end of King Street, near Tombland. About 1492 +it was united to the church of St. Mary the Less at the monastery +gates, and was demolished in 1530.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Edward’s</span> stood on the +west side of King Street, near St. Etheldred’s +church. About the end of the 13th century it was united to +St. Julian’s. All along King Street there are many +vaults and crypts, which seem to have formed the foundations of +old churches and monasteries.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Faith’s</span> or <span +class="smcap">St. Vedast’s</span> was situated near the +place where Cooke’s hospital now stands, in Rose +Lane. It was founded before the Conquest and was taken down +in 1540, the parish being united with that of <a +name="page130"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 130</span>St. Peter +per Mountergate. The latter is a corruption of the old name +“Parmenter Gate,” which should be restored by +authority. It was the old Tailor Street.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Francis</span>’ belonged to the +Grey Friars, whose convent stood near the site of Cooke’s +hospital. It was a noble church, 300 feet in length and 80 +feet in breadth, with cloisters and a large chapter house. +At the Dissolution it was, with the convent, granted to the Duke +of Norfolk.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. James</span>’, <span +class="smcap">Carrow</span>, belonged to the nunnery there, and +with it became private property at the Dissolution, the parish +being united to Lakenham.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. John’s in Southgate</span> stood +at the north corner of Rose Lane, and about 1300 was annexed to +St. Peter Parmenter Gate. The Grey Friars pulled it down +and annexed the site of it to their convent.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. John the Baptist’s</span> stood +on the site of the present Octagon chapel. It was +originally a parish church; but when the Dominicans, or +Friars’ Preachers, settled here in 1226, it was given to +them, and the parish was united to St. George’s at +Colegate. They immediately built a convent in this place +and the church was used by them as a chapel, till they removed to +their new convent in St. Andrew’s, where they dedicated +their church also to St. John the Baptist. The church is +now St. Andrew’s Hall, and the chancel <a +name="page131"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 131</span>(formerly +the Dutch church) is now the place of worship of the <span +class="smcap">Free Christian Church</span>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Margaret’s</span>, <span +class="smcap">in Fyebridge</span>, was a church of ancient +foundation, situated on the west side of Magdalen Street, near +the gate. There is no account how long it has been +dissolved. The parish is now united with St. +Paul’s.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Margaret’s at Newbridge</span>, +anciently called St. Margaret’s at Colegate, was situated +near Blackfriars’ bridge, on the west side of the +street. The parish was depopulated by the great pestilence, +in 1349, when the church ceased to be parochial, and the parish +was annexed to that of St. George’s Colegate. The +church occupied the site of Weston’s brewery, now +demolished.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Martin’s</span> in <span +class="smcap">Balliva</span> was situated near the spot where, +until lately, the Golden Ball tavern stood, on the south side of +the Castle Hill. The church was on the right hand of the +entrance into Golden Ball Lane. In 1562, this church was +demolished and the parish united to St. Michael’s at +Thorn. Formerly all persons dying in the castle, and all +criminals executed, were buried in this churchyard, but this +right, after the desecration of the church, was conferred upon +St. Michael’s at Thorn.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Mary the Virgin’s</span> was +situated in Conisford, and belonged to the Augustine Friars, +being also <a name="page132"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +132</span>dedicated to St. Augustine. It was a noble +structure, 450 feet long and 90 feet wide, with cloisters on the +north and south sides. After the Dissolution it became +private property in 1547, when the church and conventual +buildings were demolished.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Mary Unbrent</span> stood on the west +side of Magdalen Street, near Golden Dog Lane. The church +was demolished at the dissolution, and the parish united to St. +Saviour’s. “Unbrent” means unburnt. +The church was called St. Mary <i>in combusto loco</i>, or in +that part of the city burnt in the great fire in the time of +William I. Blomefield thinks that the church was then +consumed, and afterwards rebuilt; and that it was erroneously +written in ancient documents <i>uncombusto</i>, instead of <i>in +combusto</i>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Matthew’s</span>, near the +palace, was a small church. The parish has, since the great +pestilence of 1349, been united with that of St. Martin’s +at Palace.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Michael’s</span> in Coslany was +sold to the Austin Friars in 1360, and shortly afterwards the +parish was united to that of St. Peter Parmenter Gate, when the +church was demolished and a cloister erected on its site.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Olave’s</span>, or St. <span +class="smcap">Tooley’s</span>, stood on the east side of +Tooley Street, next to the corner of Cherry Lane. It was +demolished in 1546, and the parish consolidated with St. +George’s Colegate.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><a name="page133"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 133</span><span +class="smcap">St. Catherine’s</span> in <span +class="smcap">Newgate</span> was situated on St. +Catherine’s Hill. In 1349 the whole parish was almost +depopulated by the pestilence, after which the church was +deserted and converted into a chapel, the parish being united +with that of All Saints. At the Dissolution the chapel was +granted to Sir John Milton, and in 1567 conveyed to the city for +the use of St. Giles’ hospital. Thus a large amount +of Church property was applied to secular purposes.</p> +<h4>DESECRATED CHAPELS.</h4> +<p>Blomefield gives an account of different chapels dedicated to +various purposes, most of which were destroyed at the +Dissolution.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Catherine’s Chapel</span> stood +upon Mousehold, about a mile north-east of the barracks, was +founded about the time of the Conquest, and was deemed a +parochial chapel while it was standing. At the Dissolution +this chapel was demolished and the parish united with that of St. +James.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">The Chapel of St. Thomas a Becket</span>, +which was not parochial, stood near the same place. No +traces of the building can now be discovered.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">The College of St. Mary in the +Fields</span>, originally called the Chapel in the Fields (whence +the present name of Chapel Field was derived), was a chapel +dedicated to Mary the Virgin. It was founded <a +name="page134"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 134</span>about the +year 1250, by <span class="smcap">John Le Brun</span>, as an +hospital, but its benefactors were so numerous and munificent +that in a very short time it became a noble college, consisting +of a dean, chancellor, precentor, treasurer, and seven other +prebendaries. Six chaplains or chantry priests were +afterwards added. The dean was collated by the bishop in +right of the see, or by the king during a vacancy. The +premises were very extensive, and were granted at the dissolution +to Miles Spencer, LL.D., the last dean. After passing +through many hands the property came into possession of +shareholders, who built Assembly Rooms on the site of the +college. Bond Cabbell, Esq. subsequently bought the whole +building for a Freemasons’ Hall.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Guildhall Chapel</span> adjoined the south +side of the hall, and was dedicated to St. Barbara. It +served as a chapel for the prisoners as well as for the Court to +attend divine service when they assembled on public +business. It was pulled down long since, and the present +porch was erected on its site.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Michael’s Chapel</span>, <span +class="smcap">Tombland</span>, stood on the site of the obelisk, +and was one of the most ancient religious buildings in +Norwich. It was founded by the Earl of the East Angles long +before the Conquest and prior to the building of the Cathedral; +served as a chapel for the use of their palace, which stood +facing the south side of the chapel-yard; and occupied the south +end of Tombland, from the monastery gate to the chapel +ditch. Bishop Herbert demolished it, and <a +name="page135"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 135</span>the whole +site was laid open for the improvement of the monastery, and a +stone cross was erected on the spot. Instead of this, the +Bishop built another chapel on the summit of the hill outside of +Bishopgate, and dedicated it to St. Michael.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Nicholas’ Chapel</span>, +Bracondale, was situated at the corner of the road now leading to +Carrow Bridge. It was much frequented by fishermen and +watermen, who were then numerous, and who made offerings there to +St. Nicholas, their patron saint. It was founded before the +Conquest and was parochial; but in the time of Edward II. the +parish was returned as belonging to Lakenham, with which it is +now united.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. Olave’s Chapel</span>, near King +Street Gates, was a parochial chapel long before the Conquest, +and in the reign of Edward III. the parish was united to that of +St. Peter Southgate. The chapel was demolished before +1345.</p> +<h4>MONASTIC INSTITUTIONS.</h4> +<p>Mr. Taylor’s <i>Index Monasticus</i> contains the +fullest account of the old monasteries which, at one period, were +very numerous in the city. Many of them possessed large +churches, great wealth, and considerable power. They +comprised Priories, Friaries, and Nunneries, which were situated +in or near King Street, <a name="page136"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 136</span>or St. Faith’s Lane, or the +Cowgate. Formerly all the west side of the river was called +the Cow-holm, where cows fed on the meadows, and Cowgate +consisted of open fields.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">Priories</span>.</h4> +<p>The Benedictine Priory at the cathedral was founded by Bishop +Herbert as already noticed. The Priory of St. +Leonard’s was founded by Bishop Herbert before he built the +cathedral, and here he placed the monks while the priory was +being built. It was situated on Mousehold Heath, opposite +Bishop’s Bridge, and served as a cell to the cathedral +priory till the Dissolution. At the Dissolution it was +granted by Henry VIII. to Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, whose son +Henry, Earl of Surrey, erected on its site a splendid house, +called Surrey house, which has long since fallen into +decay. St. Michael’s Chapel, built by Bishop Herbert, +was near the priory, and served by monks. It was demolished +by the rebel Kett, who, with his followers, encamped near it, so +that it has since been called Kett’s Castle. Near the +remains of this chapel, in the valley beneath, was +Lollard’s Pit, the spot where many of the early Reformers +were burned.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">Friaries</span>.</h4> +<p>This class of monastic institutions consisted of houses +erected for the Friars, of orders grey, or white, or black. +The monasteries were seldom endowed, <a name="page137"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 137</span>because the Friars were, by +profession, beggars, and lived on what they could get. They +obtained a great deal of money in the ages of superstition. +Many of their buildings were large and stately, and connected +with noble churches in which great personages were frequently +interred. Most of the monasteries were houses of refuge for +the destitute poor in the middle ages.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">The Grey or Franciscan Friars</span> seem +to have been the first who settled here near the site of +Cooke’s Hospital about 1226. This convent was a place +of great resort, and the church, as already stated in our notice +of the Desecrated Churches, was a large building 300 feet in +length, and 80 feet in breadth, with spacious cloisters and +conventual buildings; not a stone of which now remains. One +of the cloisters of this convent was called “Pardon +Cloister,” on account of the pope granting indulgences to +all who were buried there, a source of revenue to the +monks. At the Dissolution the possessions were granted to +the Duke of Norfolk.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">The White Friars</span> or <span +class="smcap">Carmelites</span> had a flourishing convent near +White Friars’ Bridge, which was founded by Philip de +Cowgate in 1256. He assumed the name from his estates, +being the principal person in those parts of the city. The +monks were called White Friars from their dress, and Carmelites +from the monastery of Mount Carmel in Palestine, the place of +their first residence, from which they were <a +name="page138"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 138</span>driven by +the Saracens about the year 1238, after which they settled in +different parts of Europe. The monastery has been long +demolished, and the site built upon.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">The Black Friars</span>, sometimes called +the Dominican Friars or Friars’ Preachers, settled here +about 1226, in the church of St. John the Baptist, which formerly +stood in Colegate Street, on the site of the Octagon +Chapel. They afterwards removed into the parish of St. +Andrew, where they built a large monastery. The name of the +church is now St. Andrew’s Hall.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Austin Friary</span>. The +possessions of this convent were bounded on the north by St. +Faith’s Lane, and extended as far as the river. At +the Dissolution they were granted to Sir Thomas Heneage.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">The Friars De Domina</span> arose in 1288, +and in 1290 were introduced here. They had a house on the +south side of St. Julian’s Churchyard, where they continued +till the reign of Edward III., when, all the brethren dying of +the great pestilence of 1348, their convent became private +property.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">The Friars of St. Mary</span> occupied a +house situated in the yard of the desecrated church of St. Martin +in Balliva, where the Golden Ball Tavern stood. They joined +the order of White Friars.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">The Friars De Pica</span> or <span +class="smcap">Pied Friars</span>, so called <a +name="page139"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 139</span>from their +black and white garments, lived in a college at the corner of the +churchyard of St. Peter Parmentergate. They joined one of +the other orders.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">The Friars De Sacco</span>, or <span +class="smcap">Brethren</span> of the <span +class="smcap">Sac</span>, settled here about 1250 in a house +opposite to the church of St. Peter’s Hungate. The +whole premises, bounded by Bridge Street on the west, by the +river on the north, and by the street leading to Hungate on the +south, were settled on them, where they built a church, dedicated +to the Virgin Mary, on the site of which St. Andrew’s Hall +now stands. The Black Friars were united with them in 1307, +when the convent was greatly enlarged, extending to the river on +the north side, and to Elm Hill on the east side.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p>A <span class="smcap">nunnery</span> formerly existed at +Carrow Abbey, dedicated to St. Mary and St. John. It was +founded in the year 1146 by two ladies named Leftelina and +Seyna. It was richly endowed by King Stephen, and consisted +of a Prioress and nine Benedictine Nuns, which number was +afterwards increased to twelve. The site within the walls +contained about ten acres of land, and the revenues and +possessions were great. At the Dissolution the abbey and +lands became private property.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Anchorages</span> or <span +class="smcap">Hermitages</span> were connected with several of +the monastic institutions in the city, and even inhabited by +recluses. Anchorets were a sort of <a +name="page140"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 140</span>monks, so +called from their shutting themselves up in anchorages or +cells. Of these there were male and female, the eremite or +hermit, who pretended to follow the example of John the Baptist, +and the anchoress, who professed to imitate the conduct of +Judith. All these anchorages were abolished at the +Dissolution or at the Reformation.</p> +<h4>THE MONUMENTAL BRASSES OF NORWICH AND NEIGHBOURHOOD.</h4> +<p>To Archæologists, and particularly to those directing +their attention to Monumental Brasses, the following list of +Brasses in Norwich and the principal villages in the +neighbourhood, may be considered useful. They are +classified under their distinctive characters, namely—1st, +Ecclesiastics; 2nd, knights; 3rd, civilians and ladies; 4th, +miscellaneous. The list specifies those consisting of +effigies generally perfect, with their inscriptions, unless +otherwise mentioned.</p> +<p>An alphabetical list of the churches, with the various brasses +in each, is also appended.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><h5>ECCLESIASTICS.</h5> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1389.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richardus Thaseburgh, rector of Hellesdon.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Hellesdon</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1437.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Galfridus Langley, installed Prior of Saint Faith the +Virgin, at Horsham, 1401.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Lawrence</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1450.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Alnwik, in academic costume.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Surlingham</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1487.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger Clarke, priest.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Peter at +Southgate</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1497.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter Goos, priest.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Swithin</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><a name="page141"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 141</span>1499.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Smyth, priest—chalice.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Giles</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Alikok—chalice.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Colney</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Thome Coke, rector of Bodham—chalice lost, +inscription only remaining.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Michael at +Coslany</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>An individual unknown—chalice.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Poringland Magna</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Randulphus Pulvertoft—inscription only.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>The Cathedral</i> +(<i>Jesus’ Chapel</i>).</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1531.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Richies, vicar of Bawburgh.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Bawburgh</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1545.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thome Capp, vicar.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Stephen</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><h5>KNIGHTS.</h5> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">c1460.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Toddenham. A small figure, with scroll from the +mouth.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. John in Maddermarket</i>, +<i>Norwich</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1499.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thome Heveningham, and Anne, his wife. This is a +beautifully executed brass, and is placed under a canopy upon an +altar tomb. He died 1499. The blank intended for the +date of the death of his wife still remains.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Ketteringham</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1559.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Corbet, and Jane, his wife. He died 1470. +The blank left for the date of her death still remains.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Sprowston</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1565.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir Edward Warner.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Plumstead Parva</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1568.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir Peter Rede. Discovered to be a Palimpsest, in +1851.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Peter Mancroft</i>, +<i>Norwich</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><h3>CIVILIANS AND LADIES.</h3> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>c</i>1380.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard de Heylesdone, and Beatrice, his wife.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Hellesdon</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1384.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Heylesdone, and Johanna, his wife. An +inscription only.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Hellesdon</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1412.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter Moneslee, and Isabella, his wife.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. John in +Maddermarket</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1432.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Baxter, and Christiana, his wife.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Giles</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1435.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Brasyer, and Christiana, his wife. A +celebrated bell-founder.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Stephen</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Roberti Brasyer (mutilated).</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Stephen</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1436.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Purdaunce, and Margaret, his wife.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Giles</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1436.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Asgar, the younger.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Lawrence</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>c</i>1445.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Alice Thorndon.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Frettenham</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><a name="page142"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 142</span>1460.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Bokenham, and wife.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Stephen</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>c</i>1460.</p> +</td> +<td><p>A Lady (unknown).</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Frettenham</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1470.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jane Corbet, in Brass, of John Corbet, and Jane, his +wife—see “Knights.”</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Sprowston</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1475.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Pepyr, and Joan, his wife. Inscription and +four shields lost</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. John in +Maddermarket</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1475.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Norwiche, and Alicia, his wife. A Bracket +Brass. Canopy mutilated.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. George at +Colegate</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1495.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Horslee, and Agnes, his wife.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Swithin</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1499.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Anne Heveningham, in Brass, of Thome Heveningham, and +Anne, his wife—see “Knights.”</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Ketteringham</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>A Lady (unknown). There are two Inscriptions, with a +figure of a Child, inserted with this Brass, in the wall of the +church, which do not relate to it.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Ketteringham</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1591.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Ferrers, Mayor of Norwich, in the years 1473, +1478, 1483, 1493, 1498. Merchant’s mark and +inscription only remaining.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Michael at +Coslany</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1502.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Cook.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Gregory</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1503.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Ward.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Bixley</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1505.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Dussing, and Katherine, his wife. In winding +sheets.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Kirby Bedon</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1505.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thome Tyard. In winding sheets.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Bawburgh</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>c</i>1510.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Juliane Anyell.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Witton</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1514.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Margaret Pettwode.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Clement</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1515.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henrici Scolows, and Alicia, his wife. In winding +sheets, with four evangelical emblems.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Michael at +Coslany</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1524.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Terri, and Lettys, his wife. An elaborate +Brass, with twenty lines of English verse.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. John in +Maddermarket</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>c</i>1527.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Gilbert. Fragments of canopy and inscription +only remaining.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Andrew</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1528.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edwardus Whyte, and Elizabeth, his wife.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Shottisham St. Mary</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>c</i>1538.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Layer, and wife. Inscription lost.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Andrew</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1540.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nicholas Suttherton. An inscription and +shield. A palimpsest, now in the church chest, formerly at +east end of nave.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. John in +Maddermarket</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1546.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Bel Buttry.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Stephen</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1558.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robarte Rugge, Mayor of Norwich, and Elizabeth, his +wife.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. John in +Maddermarket</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page143"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +143</span>1560.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Helen Caus, wife of Thomas Caus, Mayor of Norwich. +This is one of three effigies which represented Thomas Caus, +Mayor in 1495 and 1503, and Johanna and Helen, his wives, and is +a late example of the pedimental head dress. The other +effigies are lost.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. John in +Maddermarket</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>A Mayor of Norwich, and his Wife. Name and date +unknown. Inscription lost.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. John in +Maddermarket</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1577.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Anne Rede, wife of Sir Peter Rede (whose Brass lies in St. +Peter of Mancroft Church).</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Margaret</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1600.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mary Bussie. Lost since 1850; formerly in the church +of</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Peter of +Mancroft</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1605.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mis Anē Claxton; an inscription and shield.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Mary at Coslany</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1649.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Clere Talbot, and his Wives.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Dunston</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1818.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mary Elizabeth, wife of Edward South Thurlow. A +cross, brass, with a border inscription; laid down within the +last few years.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>The Cathedral</i> (<i>north +side of Choir</i>).</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><h4>MISCELLANEOUS.</h4> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1452.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Childes. A skeleton figure, inscription +lost.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>St. Lawrence, +Norwich</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>An individual unknown. A heart with three +scrolls.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Kirby Bedon</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>A small figure in winding sheet; comparatively modern.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Bawburgh</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h4>LIST OF THE CHURCHES WITH BRASSES.</h4> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>St. Andrew</i>, <i>Norwich</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>John Gilbert</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1527</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>William Layer, and wife</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1538</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>The Cathedral</i>, <i>Jesus’ +Chapel</i>, <i>Norwich</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Randulphus Pulvertoft</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1499</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Mary Elizabeth, wife of Edward South Thurlow</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1818</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>St. Clement</i>, <i>Norwich</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Margaret Pettwode</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1514</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><a name="page144"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +144</span><i>St. George at Colegate</i>, <i>Norwich</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>William Norwiche</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1475</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>St. Giles</i>, <i>Norwich</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Baxter, and Christiana, his wife</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1432</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Purdaunce, and Margaret, his wife</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1436</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>John Smyth, priest</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1499</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>St. Gregory</i>, <i>Norwich</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Cok</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1502</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>St. John in Maddermarket</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter Moneslee, and Isabella, his wife</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1412</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>John Toddenham</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>c</i>1460</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>William Pepyr, and Joan, his wife</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1476</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>A Mayor of Norwich, name unknown</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>John Terri, and Lettys, his wife</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1524</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Nicholas Suttherton</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1540</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Robarte Rugge, and Elizabeth, his wife</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1558</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Helen Caus</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1560</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>St. Lawrence</i>, <i>Norwich</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>John Asgar, the younger</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1436</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Galfridus Langley</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1437</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Childes</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1452</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>St. Margaret</i>, <i>Norwich</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Anne Rede</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1577</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>St. Mary at Coslany</i>, +<i>Norwich</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Mis Anē Claxton</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1605</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>St. Michael at Coslany</i>, +<i>Norwich</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Ferrers</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1501</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Henrici Scolows, and Alicia, his wife</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1515</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Thome Coke</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>St. Peter of Mancroft</i>, +<i>Norwich</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir Peter Rede</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1568</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>The Brass of Mary Bussie, date 1600, has been lost since +1850</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>St. Peter at Southgate</i>, +<i>Norwich</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger Clarke</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1487</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>St. Stephen</i>, <i>Norwich</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Brasyer, and Christiana, his wife</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1435</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Bokenham and wife</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1460</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Roberti Brasyer</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Thome Capp, vicar</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1545</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Bel Buttry</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1546</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><a name="page145"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +145</span><i>St. Swithin</i>, <i>Norwich</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>John Horslee, and Agnes, his wife</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1495</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter Goos, priest</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1497</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>Bawburgh</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Thome Tyard</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1505</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>William Richies—chalice</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1531</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>A small figure, in winding sheet</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>Bixley</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Ward</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1503</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>Colney</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Alikok</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>Dunston</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Clare Talbot, and his wives</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1649</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>Frettenham</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Alice Thorndon</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>c</i>1445</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Lady (unknown)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>c</i>1460</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>Hellesdon</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard de Heylesdone, and Beatrice, his wife</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1380</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Heylesdone, and Johanna, his wife</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1384</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Richardus Thaseburgh</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1389</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>Ketteringham</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Thome Heveningham, and Anne, his wife</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1499</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Lady (unknown)</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>Kirby Bedon</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>William Dussing, and Katherine, his wife</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1505</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>An individual unknown. A heart with three +scrolls</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>Plumstead Parva</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir Edward Warner</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1565</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>Poringland Magna</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>An individual unknown—chalice</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>Shottisham St. Mary</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Edwardus Whyte, and Elizabeth, his wife</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1528</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>Surlingham</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>John Alnwick</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1450</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>Sprowston</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>John Corbet, and Jane, his wife</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1470</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p><i>Witton</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Juliana Anyell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>c</i>1505</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h3><a name="page146"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +146</span>CHAPTER II.<br /> +The Aborigines.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">Norwich</span> is very remarkable for its +antiquities, its historical associations, its manufactures, and +its trade; and also for the eminent men who have flourished at +various periods in the city. It was the scene of many +important events in the times of the Iceni, the Romans, the +Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Danes, and Normans. It was the royal +seat of Anglo-Saxon princes. It was the Hierapolis +Monachopolis of the middle ages; famous for its churches and +convents; and in later times, celebrated for its Norman castle +and cathedral.</p> +<p>The first foundations of history are very often mere +traditions, which are transmitted from parents to their children, +from one generation to another. Probable only in their +origin, they become less probable in every succeeding age. +In process of time fable gains and truth loses ground. +Hence it is almost impossible to ascertain the origin of any +place claiming a high <a name="page147"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 147</span>antiquity. The early writers +could not divest their minds of the fascinating fables of +Geoffrey of Monmouth. In former times, when the power of +imagination prevailed, the distinction between legend and history +was scarcely recognised. For centuries there are not even +legendary accounts of East Anglia or of its capital. But +instead of legends, there are permanent memorials of the past; +great earthworks, fortifications, camps, strongholds, buildings, +churches, ruins of monasteries and abbeys. The soil has +yielded up relics of the dead—weapons, utensils, coins, +ornaments, and sepulchral urns, showing the presence of the +Iceni, the Romans, the Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Danes, and Normans, +at different periods. All these energetic nations were +concerned in events that took place in Norfolk and Norwich.</p> +<p>The Iceni appear to have been politically independent up to +the period of the Roman invasion, <span +class="GutSmall">B.C.</span> 55. Their alarm in consequence +of that invasion led them to negociate an alliance, but we have +no reason to suppose that it was ever carried into effect. +They took the lead in a rebellion which the Roman General +Ostorius was barely able to quell; and Roman historians bear +testimony to the valour with which they struggled to maintain +their liberty. The superior discipline of the Roman +soldiers enabled them, however, to triumph over a semi-barbarous +people, unprotected by body armour and unused to military +tactics; but it was no easy victory. For about 600 years +after the defeat of the Iceni, no reliable information respecting +that people is to be found in any history. <a +name="page148"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 148</span>Indeed they +disappear from history altogether, and we can only infer what +advances they made in civilization from the scattered remains +that have been found in the eastern counties. These remains +prove that the Iceni were not semi-savages, but that they had +made some progress in useful arts, that they built houses, and +wore woven garments.</p> +<p>There are no remains in the eastern counties of cairns, +cromlechs, Druidical circles, or other memorials of ancient +perseverance and mechanical skill, nature having interposed an +absolute veto. But there are remains of earth works and +tumuli, burrows or artificial mounds in which were deposited the +urns or ashes of the dead. There are thousands of pits in +many places, and these are supposed to have been the foundations +of Icenian houses. Remarkable excavations are thickly +clustered all over Weybourne Heath, varying from 8 to 20 feet in +diameter, and from 2 to 6 feet in depth.</p> +<p>The Norwich Museum contains some remains of articles made by +the Iceni, amongst which may be mentioned sepulchral urns, +varying from the most primitive simplicity, up to forms and +patterns worthy of any age. The <i>chevron</i> ornament, +which is by far the most usual style of decoration, has been +traced not merely in India, Egypt, Etruria, and Nineveh, as well +as in Saxon and Norman work, but even among the works of ancient +American settlers in Yucatan! The Museum also contains +specimens of Icenic Celts or javelin heads, made of flints, which +appear to have been originally fitted on a wooden shaft or +handle, with a <a name="page149"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +149</span>provision for drawing it back after the infliction of +the wound, by means of a cord passing through the ring, as in the +metal specimens. It is probable that these flint specimens +were in use long anterior to the Roman invasion.</p> +<p>About 1844 or 1845, some discoveries were made in Norfolk of +gold torques and coins of the Iceni. In March 1855, at +Weston in Norfolk, 300 coins of the Iceni were found. The +most ordinary type is the rude representation of a horse on each +side; others have two crescents placed back to back; and on some +(in about the proportion of one in twenty,) is a rude profile of +a human head, while in a few instances there is a figure of a +wild boar. Beneath the horse in some cases are the letters +E C E or E C N, (supposed to be a contraction of Iceni,) also C E +A, T, A T D, A T E D, or A N T D, which antiquarians are as yet +unable to explain. Probably all the coins, like a single +coin which has been found of Boadicea, the unfortunate Queen of +the Iceni, were subsequent to the Roman invasion, for Cæsar +expressly tells us that the Britons in his time used metal rings +instead of money, the value being determined by their weight; and +Camden, with great probability, supposes that most of the British +coins must have been struck as a sort of poll tax or tribute +money to the Romans.</p> +<p>Generally speaking, the antiquities of the British period are +articles of the most urgent necessity, and of the rudest possible +form; but a long interval of tranquillity brought even luxuries +in its train, and it is a very remarkable fact that even the +lapse of 1800 years <a name="page150"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 150</span>has scarcely effected any change in +some articles of general utility. The discoveries made at +Herculaneum and Pompeii have led to a revival of the classical +forms, both in porcelain and in plate, the greatest practical +compliment that could be paid to the taste of the Roman +artists.</p> +<p>Among the objects which have been found at different places +may be mentioned sepulchral vases, varying, of course, in style +and taste, but in some instances most beautifully formed; funeral +lamps, lacrymatories, (or phials supposed to have contained the +tears of the sorrowing relations,) <i>fibulæ</i> (or +brooches), gold rings, gold seals, steelyards, weights, tweezers, +a curiously formed brass lamp for three lights, a patera of +Samian ware, and coins of the Roman emperors. All these may +be seen in the Norwich Museum.</p> +<p>There is no evidence of the existence of Norwich as a city for +400 years after the Christian era. The whole island was a +howling wilderness, and Norfolk was a vast common, like Roudham +Heath. The natives lived by hunting or fishing, and +sheltered themselves in the woods, or in caves, or huts. +Water covered nearly all the area in which the city is now built, +and filled all the valley of the Yare. The aborigines, +called the Iceni, probably lived in huts near the banks of the +river, as it afforded a good supply of fish; but there is no +proof that they lived in any place that could be called a town or +even a village. There is in fact, no reliable account +whatever of the natives, how they lived, or where they <a +name="page151"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 151</span>lived in +this district; for they have not even left any names of places, +and very few traces of any progress in the useful arts, and +certainly none of any buildings. On Mousehold Heath, near +the city, and at various places in the county, there are hollows +supposed to have been made by the Iceni as the foundation of +huts, or of houses of wicker work, or some other perishable +material, with a conical thatching at the top. Externally +they must have looked like very low bastions, having doorways, +but apparently neither chimneys nor windows.</p> +<h3><a name="page152"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +152</span>CHAPTER III.<br /> +Norwich in the Roman Period.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">When</span> Julius Cæsar invaded the +island, <span class="GutSmall">B.C.</span> 55, he found seventeen +tribes of the ancient Britons or Celts, and the Iceni, inhabiting +this eastern district. They belonged to a very old family +of mankind, of whose beginning there is no record, and their end +is still more remote in the future. They first planted this +island and gave to the seas, rivers, lakes, and mountains names +which are poems, imitating the pure voices of nature. +Julius Cæsar only made an inroad into the country through a +part of Kent, and gained no permanent hold of the island. +The Rev. Scott F. Surtees, in a recent work, maintains (and some +persons think successfully) that Julius Cæsar effected his +first landing on the coast of Norfolk.</p> +<p>The Romans, under Claudius, landed on the eastern coast; and +established his power in this part of the country. He built +strongholds at Gorleston and camps at Caister, near the present +site of Yarmouth, and on the opposite shore at Burgh Castle, +where extensive ruins yet remain. Advancing up the arm <a +name="page153"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 153</span>of the sea, +the Romans built a camp at Reedham; and sailing yet higher up +they built camps on the southern side of Norwich, at Caistor and +Tasburgh. Historians for a long time believed that Caistor +was the <i>Venta Icenorum</i> of the Romans, and preserved a very +ancient tradition, that Norwich was built of Caistor stone out of +the ruins of the Roman camp.</p> +<h4>THE VENTA ICENORUM.</h4> +<p>The late Hudson Gurney, Esq., collected ample materials for a +full history of Norwich, but the only result of his researches +seems to have been a letter to the late Dawson Turner, Esq., on +the question of the <i>Venta Icenorum</i> mentioned by the Roman +writers, whether it was Elmham, as Blomefield supposed, or +Caistor, as later historians believed, or Norwich, as most +antiquarians now think. The question is of some importance +as regards the antiquity of the city; for supposing it to have +been the <i>Venta Icenorum</i> of the Romans, with all the Roman +roads radiating from it, the <i>Venta</i> must have been a large +place. Main roads were of course made for traffic and for +means of communication, which imply the existence of many people +living in settled habitations.</p> +<p>Main roads prove a certain advance in civilization; but the +question is, whether the Romans really made all the roads +attributed to them, in Norfolk and Suffolk, during the four +hundred years of their occupation. Main roads might have +radiated from Caistor <a name="page154"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 154</span>originally, and afterwards might +have been diverted to Norwich.</p> +<p>Mr. Hudson Gurney adduced some proofs that Norwich and not +Caistor was the Venta Icenorum. He says—</p> +<blockquote><p>“The first question to examine, on the view +of Norwich, Norwich Castle, and the Roman Camp at Caistor, may +be, whether Norwich or Caistor be the ‘Venta +Icenorum’ of the Romans; Norwich standing on the Wensum, +and Caistor on the Taes, on the opposite side of what was the +great estuary.”</p> +<p>“To begin, then, with Camden. In his accounts of +Norwich and of Caistor he falls into the most extraordinary +errors, confounding the courses of the three rivers, the Wensum, +the Taes, and the Yare. He places Norwich upon the Yare +instead of the Wensum, and gives the Wensum the course of the +Taes as ‘flowing from the south;’ and still more +strangely, as a king-at-arms, he attributes the erection of the +present Castle of Norwich to Hugh Bygod, ‘from the lions +salient carved in stone on it, which were the old arms of the +Bygods on their seals, though one of them bore a cross for his +seal.’”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Mr. Hudson Gurney remarks on this error—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Now the lions were two lions passant +regardant, very rudely carved, one on each side of the arch of +the great entrance, and the Bygods, whose original arms were or, +a cross gules, never bore the lion till assumed by Roger Bygod in +the reign of Henry III., who took the arms of his mother, the +heiress of William Marshall, Earl of Pembroke, in whose light he +became Earl Marshal of England.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="page155"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 155</span>Thus +Camden is disposed of, and other authorities are quoted in the +letter in favour of Norwich being the Venta Icenorum.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Horsley, in his <i>Britannia Romani</i>, +states that Venta was the capital of the <i>Iceni</i>, situated +on the Wentfar, and thence deriving its name; and misled by and +quoting Camden, he places Venta at Caistor.”</p> +<p>“King, who, born in Norwich, might have been supposed to +have been better informed, in his <i>Munimenta Antiqua</i> +follows Camden, and turns the Taes into the Wensum; and in his +paper in the fourth volume of the <i>Archæologia</i>, he +pronounces the existing Castle of Norwich to be ‘the very +tower which was erected about the time of King +Canute.’”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Mr. Hudson Gurney, after setting aside Wilkins as an +authority, proceeds—</p> +<blockquote><p>“In 1834, I went over the Camp at Caistor +and the country adjacent, with Colonel Leake, who may be +considered the greatest living authority for the sites of ancient +cities and fortified camps, and he at once said that he was +convinced that Norwich was the <i>Venta Icenorum</i>, and capital +of the Iceni, and Caistor the fortified camp planted by the +Romans over against it, on the other side of the estuary, to +bridle, as was their custom, a hostile population.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>After quoting a letter to the same effect, Mr. Hudson Gurney +continues—</p> +<blockquote><p>“In the Roman Itineraries you have three +Ventas; Venta Bulgarum, Winchester; Venta Silurum, Caer Went, in +Monmouthshire; and Venta Icenorum; and of these <a +name="page156"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 156</span>Ventas, the +confusion between Winchester and the Venta Icenorum seems to have +been begun very early, both with the chroniclers and romancers, +probably from the one having retained the rudiments of the name, +and the other becoming known as Northwic.”</p> +<p>“Sir Francis Palgrave, in the researches which he has +made for his forthcoming history of ‘England under the +Normans,’ being led to the examination of all contemporary +authors, in order to clear up points which he found otherwise +inexplicable, has referred me to the two following passages, +which would seem to prove that Norwich was the Venta Icenorum +almost beyond dispute.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Here follow Latin quotations from the life of William the +Conqueror by William of Poictiers and from Ordericus Vitalis +under the year 1067.</p> +<p>William of Poictiers says:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Gwenta urbs est nobilis atque valens, cives +ac finitimos habet divites, infidos, et audaces: Danos in +auxilium ceteris recipere potest: a mari quod Anglos a Danis +separat millia passuum quatuor-decim distat. Hujus quoque +urbis intra mœnia, munitionem construxit, ibidem Gulielmum +reliquit Osberni filium præcipuum in exercito suo, et in +vice sua interim toti regno Aquilonem versus +præesset.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>And Ordericus Vitalis states:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Intra mænia Gwentæ, opibus et +munimine nobilis urbis, et mari contiguæ, validem arcem +construxit, ibique Gulielmum Osberni filium in exercitu suo +præcipuum reliquit, eumque vice sua toti Regno versus +Aquilonem præesse constituit.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="page157"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 157</span>And +Mr. Gurney proceeds:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Taking, then, Norwich for the Venta +Icenorum of the Romans—called Caer Guntum by the British, +and Northwic by the Saxons and Danes—you find the Capital +of the Iceni, founded on the shoulder of the promontory +overlooking the Wensum, towards the great estuary, which formed a +natural stronghold for successive races of inhabitants. +Whilst the Romans, fixing their permanent camp at Caistor, on the +Taes, where that river joined the estuary, into which the Wensum, +the Taes, and the Yare, all discharged themselves, would command +the passage into the interior of the country; and taking Caistor +for the ‘Ad Taum,’ you will find the distances +sufficiently to agree with the Roman Itineraries.”</p> +<p>“The Camp at Caistor contains an area of about +thirty-five acres, and the Roman station at Taesborough, on +another promontory higher up upon the stream, has an area of +about twenty-four acres.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Another strong point in favour of Norwich having been the +Venta Icenorum is, that all the roads radiated from the city to +all parts of East Anglia.</p> +<p>In tracing the rise and progress of the city we must remember +that it was in the centre of a vast common, and that it was the +nucleus of an agricultural community, at first without any trade +or any kind of manufactures. It was merely a collection of +huts or a fishing station, near the banks of a river or arm of +the sea. The social state of the place should be considered +with reference to the progress of agriculture at different +periods in the surrounding district. Norwich was for ages +only a small market town, with a very small number of +inhabitants.</p> +<h3><a name="page158"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +158</span>CHAPTER IV.<br /> +Norwich in the Anglo-Saxon Period.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> destruction of all documents +relating to East Anglia, during the irruptions of the Danes, has +rendered this period the most obscure of any period of our +history. The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes having subjugated +the fair territory of England, they divided it into seven +kingdoms, called the Heptarchy, in which Norfolk formed a part of +East Anglia. The Anglo-Saxon leader, Uffa, established +himself in this part of the island, in 575; and assumed dominion +over that portion of the eastern district now divided into +Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire, giving it the name of East +Anglia, of which Norwich was made the metropolis. Norwich +was, therefore, a royal city, and the residence of the +kings. Uffa, the first king, is supposed to have formed +here a strong entrenchment of earth on the site of the present +castle, encircled by broad ramparts and a ditch, as under the +present Saxon arch. Uffa, who died <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 578, was succeeded by his son Titul; +on whose demise, in 599, his son Redwald assumed the reins of +government and embraced Christianity, but by the influence of his +wife <a name="page159"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +159</span>renounced it again. He was succeeded, <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 624, by his son Erpenwald, who was +killed by a relation named Richbert, <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 633. His half brother +Sigebert, who succeeded to the crown, established the bishopric +of Dunwich, in Suffolk, and formed the first seminary for +religious instruction, which led to the establishment of the +university in Cambridge. Fatigued with the crown and its +cares, he resigned it, <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 644, to +his kinsman Egric, and retired into the famous monastery at Bury +St. Edmund’s.</p> +<p>Norwich then became one of the chief seats of Anna, king of +the East Angles, who gave the castle, with the lands belonging to +it, to his daughter Ethelfrida on her marriage with Tombert, a +prince of the <i>Gyrvii</i> or Fenmen, who inhabited the fens of +Lincolnshire and the adjacent parts of Norfolk. At the same +time Tombert granted to Ethelfrida, as a marriage settlement, the +isle of Ely, which for greater security was to be held by castle +guard service to the castle of Norwich.</p> +<p>From the time of Anna till the reign of Alfred the Great there +are few events on record except the frequent incursions of the +piratical Danes, who at last over-ran East Anglia, and had their +head quarters at Thetford in 870. But the reign of the +Great Alfred was distinguished by his decisive victories over +those Northern marauders. One of his chief objects was to +fortify the principal parts of his kingdom against hostile +attacks. Finding the walls or ramparts of Norwich Castle +too weak for repelling the attacks of the Danes, he caused others +to be erected with the <a name="page160"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 160</span>most durable materials. That +it was a noted military station, and a royal castle in his time, +is evident from a coin struck here in the year 872, having round +the head <i>AElfred Rex</i>, and on the reverse +<i>Northwic</i>. After making peace with the Danes in 878, +he assigned to them, for their residence, the whole of East +Anglia, and their leader Guthrum fixed his seat at Norwich; but, +breaking his faith, the city and county were wrested from him, +and reverted again to the Angles under six successive +sovereigns.</p> +<p>Edward the Elder succeeded his father, the illustrious Alfred, +in the year 901, and kept the Danes at bay. Ericke, one of +their chiefs, held East Anglia under the king, till he rebelled +in 913, when he was overthrown and slain. Athelstan, who +succeeded Edward, totally expelled the Danes, and reduced the +whole kingdom under his government. In his reign Norwich +flourished, and it is probable that he was here in 925, for a +coin still extant has on the obverse <i>Ethalstan</i>, and on the +reverse “<i>Barbe Mon Northwic</i>,” that is +“Barbe, mint master of Norwich.” Among the +other East Anglian coins struck here, the following may be +mentioned; one of Edmund, the successor of Athelstan, inscribed +round the head <i>Edmund Rex</i>, and on the reverse <i>Edgar Mon +Northwic</i>; several of Edred, coined about 946, and inscribed +round the head <i>Eadred Rex</i>, and on the reverse <i>Hanne Mo +Northwic</i>; two of Edward the Martyr, having on the obverse +<i>Edward Rex. Angl.</i> and on the reverse <i>Leofwine Mon +Nor.</i>; and three of Ethelred the Unready, having on the +obverse <i>Edelred Rex</i>.</p> +<p><a name="page161"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 161</span>There +is no account of the castle after the time of Anna till the +Danish wars; and then it was often won and lost by the contending +powers.</p> +<p>Blomefield, in his History of Norfolk, vol. II. p. 4, notices +the coins of several Anglo-Saxon princes, Alfred, Athelstan, +Edmund I., Edred, Edward the Martyr, and Ethelred II. The +circumstance of Alfred coining money here is remarkable, as at +the date of this coinage, (872) the government of East Anglia +could only have just come into his hands, upon the extinction of +the East Anglian dynasty in the person of St. Edmund, and the +country either was or had just been in the military possession of +the Danes.</p> +<p>During the reign of Athelstan the city appears to have been in +a flourishing state. In the reign of Edward, 941, and his +successor Edred, 945, it greatly increased in wealth and +extent. The greater part of the city was then built on the +north side of the river Wensum, with a small population. +The city is certainly of Anglo-Saxon origin, but as an +Anglo-Saxon city it was destroyed by the Danes, and no vestiges +remain of its Anglo-Saxon buildings, excepting, perhaps, one or +two round towers of churches.</p> +<h3><a name="page162"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +162</span>CHAPTER V.<br /> +Norwich under the Danes.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Danes became settled in the +city, and fortified themselves against all enemies, about 1011; +and the next year, Turkil or Turketel, a Danish earl, took +possession of all Norfolk, having expelled the English Earl +Ulfketel, and held it under Sweyn till his death, which happened +in 1014. Then the Danish army chose Canute his son for +their king: but upon Sweyn’s death the English took courage +and sent for Ethelred out of Normandy, who returned and drove +Canute out of the country. Turkel, however, continued +governor of the East Angles, and he persuaded Canute to return; +and he became king of England in 1017. That monarch +assigned all Norfolk to Earl Turkel; and according to the old +author of an Essay on the Antiquity of the Castle:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Committed to him the custody of Norwich, +which his father Sweyn burnt and destroyed; and to keep the East +Angles secure to him, he (Canute) was most like to be the builder +of the present stone Castle of Norwich. For when by compact +with the English nobles, the law called <i>Engleshire</i> was +made by universal consent, for the safety of the Danes <a +name="page163"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 163</span>that were +by agreement to remain in England, Canute sent home to Denmark +his mercenary army of Danes, but in great caution built several +strong forts and castles, garrisoning them with such Danes as had +been settled in England before his time, intermixed with such +English as he had confidence in.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The author of this ingenious Essay produces sufficient +arguments to show that there was a building in the fortifications +in the reign of Canute, and that there had been one since the +time of King Alfred, and that Canute might have repaired or even +rebuilt it. Indeed, there must have been a castle before +the Conquest, as in Domesday Book a number of tenements are +stated to have belonged to the castle. The present building +was probably reared after the Conquest, it being so like Rising +Castle and others. Roger Bigot very likely built it, and +Thomas Brotherton repaired it in the reign of Edward I., as +proved by his arms still in the stone work. Certain it is, +from the time of Sweyn’s settling in the city in 1010, and +the Danes swarming hither in large numbers, it rose almost at +once to great importance, as appears from the Survey in the reign +of Edward the Confessor. This is highly probable if we +believe the best authority on the subject, namely the <i>Saxon +Chronicle</i>, which states that the city rose from desolation, +in 50 years, to be a place of great magnitude, far exceeding its +former size. The Danes came hither in such numbers that +they became the parent stock of the people of Norwich and +Norfolk; and this is proved by the names of many places in +Norfolk.</p> +<p><a name="page164"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +164</span>Edward the Confessor began his reign in 1041, and the +Earldom of Norfolk was given to Harold, son of Earl Godwin, who +was afterwards king of England, and on his rebellion was seized +by the king and given to Algar, son of Leofric, Earl of Chester, +who resigned it again to Harold at his return; and in 1052, on +the death of Earl Godwin, Harold, in recompense for his +generosity, gave Algar his earldom again; but he being banished +in 1055, it came to the king, who pardoned him at Harold’s +request, so that he enjoyed it till his death, when it came again +to the king.</p> +<h3><a name="page165"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +165</span>CHAPTER VI.<br /> +Norwich in the Norman Period.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Norman Conquest of England +caused many changes in Norfolk and Norwich. One of the +immediate results of the invasion, in 1066, was a vast influx of +foreigners into the county and city; and the pressure of the +Norman yoke was felt as much in Norwich as in any part of the +kingdom. It was about the same period that Jews began to +settle here for the first time, enriched by the extortions +incident to a conquest, and, as Fuller says, “buying such +oppressed Englishmen’s goods as Christians did not care to +meddle with.”</p> +<p>William the Conqueror caused a survey to be made of all the +lands in the country, the register of which is called the <span +class="smcap">Domesday Book</span>, and was finished in +1081. It is written in Roman with a mixture of Saxon, and +is still preserved in the chapter-house at Westminster, amongst +the national archives. It was printed in the 40th of George +III. for the use of the members of both houses of parliament, and +the public libraries of the kingdom. It specifies the +extent of the land in each district; the state it was in, whether +<a name="page166"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 166</span>meadow, +pasture, wood, or arable; the name of the proprietor; the value, +&c. Domesday Book, p. 13, states:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“In Norwic, in the time of King Edward, were +1320 burgesses, of whom one was so much the king’s vassal, +that he might not depart or do homage (to any other) without his +licence. His name was Edstan; he possessed 18 acres of land +and 12 of meadow, and two churches in the burgh and a sixth part +of a third, and to one of these churches there belonged one +mansion in the burgh and six acres of meadow: these six acres +Roger Bigod holds by the king’s gift. And of 1238 (of +the said burgesses) the king and the earl had soc, sac, and +custom; and of 50 Stigand had the soc, sac, and patronage; and of +32 Harold had the soc, sac, and patronage,” &c., +&c.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Soc, sac, and custom was the entire jurisdiction, for +<i>soc</i> is the power that any man had to hold courts, wherein +all that dwell on his land, or in his jurisdiction are answerable +to do suit and service; <i>sac</i> is the right of having all the +amerciaments and forfeitures of such suitors; and <i>custom</i> +includes all other profits. At this time, also, there were +no fewer than 136 burgesses who were Frenchmen, and only six who +were English in the new burgh, which comprised the parishes of +St. Giles’ and St. Peter’s Mancroft. The Dutch +and the Flemings, about this time, came over the sea and located +themselves in the city and county, and introduced the worsted and +other manufactures.</p> +<p>William I. gave the Earldom of the city of Norwich to Ralph de +Guader, who designed to wed the daughter of one William +Fitz-Osbern, sister of <a name="page167"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 167</span>Roger Earl of Hereford, and a +relative of the king. This matrimonial scheme not pleasing +the king, it was prohibited, but barons in those days would +sometimes have a will of their own, and the fair affianced was +made a bride within the castle walls, whose doorway in an angle +marks the site of the act of disobedience to the sovereign. +After the sumptuous feast, with its attendant libations, a +rebellion was planned by Waltheof, Earl of Northumberland, +Huntingdon, and Northampton, and Roger, Earl of Hereford. +Having carried the forbidden marriage into effect, they became +bold in their language and designs, until a chorus of excited +voices joined them in oaths as conspirators against their lord +the king. Treachery revealed the plot, and the church lent +its aid to the crown to crush the rebels. Lanfranc, then +the primate and archbishop, sent out troops, headed by bishops +and justiciaries, the highest dignitaries of church and law, to +oppose and besiege them. The bridegroom fled for succour to +his native Brittany, leaving his bride for three months to defend +the garrison with her retainers, at the end of which time the +brave Emma was forced to capitulate, but upon mild terms, +obtaining leave for herself and her followers to flee to +Brittany. Her husband became an outlaw, her brother was +slain, and scarcely one guest present at that ill-fated marriage +feast escaped an untimely end.</p> +<p>Nor did the city go unscathed. The devastation carried +into its midst was heavy; many houses were burnt, many were +deserted by those who had joined the earl, and it is curious to +read in the valuation of <a name="page168"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 168</span>land and property, taken soon after +this event, how many houses are recorded as void, both in the +burgh or that part of the city under the jurisdiction of the king +and earl, and in other portions, subject to other lords; for it +would seem that the landlords of the soil on which the city stood +were the king or earl of the castle, the bishop, and the Harold +family. Clusters of huts were then built round the base of +the hill, and constituted the feudal village; its inhabitants +consisting of villains, of which there were two classes, the +husbandmen or peasants annexed to the manor or land, and a lower +rank described as villains in gross, or absolute slaves, +transferable by deed from one owner to another, the lives of +these slaves being a continual state of toil, degradation and +suffering.</p> +<p>After the banishment of Earl Ralph, the king, having obtained +possession of the castle, appointed Roger Bigod constable, with a +limited power as bailiff, he having to collect the rents and +revenues belonging to the crown. He retained these honours +during the reign of the succeeding monarch, William Rufus, though +he joined in the fruitless attempt to place that king’s +elder brother, Robert Curthose, on the throne. These +troubles were not ended till 1091, when the king made peace with +his brother Robert, agreeing that the lands of those who had +assisted him should be restored to them.</p> +<h3><a name="page169"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +169</span>CHAPTER VII.<br /> +Norwich in the Twelfth Century.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">About</span> the commencement of this +century, a considerable addition was made to the population of +the city by a vast influx of Jews, who originally came from +Normandy, and were allowed to settle in England as chapmen for +the sale of confiscated goods. They afterwards became +numerous, and were so much in favour with William Rufus that he +is said to have sworn, by St. Luke’s face, his usual oath, +that “If the Jews should overcome the Christians, he +himself would become of their sect.” In his reign the +present castle is supposed to have been built.</p> +<p>Henry I., on his accession to the crown, met with great +opposition from many of the nobles who were in the interest of +his elder brother, Robert, Duke of Normandy; but Roger Bigod +strongly espousing his cause, became a great favourite. In +the first part of his reign, the king gave him Framlingham in +Suffolk, and continued him Constable of the Castle till his +death. He was succeeded by his son William Bigod, on whose +decease Hugh Bigod, his brother, who inherited his estate, was +appointed Governor of the Castle. In 1122, the king kept +his Christmas in <a name="page170"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +170</span>Norwich, when, being pleased with the reception he met +with, he severed the government of the city from that of the +castle, the constable of which had been heretofore the sole +governor. Henry I. granted the city a charter containing +the same franchises as the city of London then enjoyed, and the +government of the city was then separated from that of the +castle, the chief officer being styled Propositus or +Provost. The liberties of the city from the time of Henry +I. to Edward III., were often suspended and gradually +enlarged. In 1403 the city was separated entirely from the +county of Norfolk, under the name of the county and city of +Norwich; and the first Mayor was then elected by the +citizens. The old corporation generally comprised a +dignified body of men, who maintained the hospitalities of the +city. Under the ancient charter the corporation of Norwich +consisted of a mayor, recorder, steward, two sheriffs, +twenty-four aldermen, including the mayor, and sixty common +councilmen. The Municipal Reform Act transferred its +government into the hands of a mayor, a sheriff, and a town +council consisting of forty-eight councillors, and sixteen +aldermen elected by the council, who unitedly elect the mayor and +sheriff. To these, and to a recorder, with an indefinite +number of magistrates appointed by the crown, the government of +the city is entrusted.</p> +<p>King Stephen, on his accession, granted the custody of the +castle to his favourite, Hugh Bigod, who was a principal +instrument in advancing him to the crown, by coming directly from +Normandy where Henry I. <a name="page171"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 171</span>died, and averring that he on his +deathbed had disinherited his daughter Maud, the empress, and +appointed Stephen, Earl of Bolyne, his heir. The citizens, +therefore, taking this opportunity, used what interest they could +with the king to obtain a new charter, vesting the government of +the city in coroners and bailiffs instead of provosts; but the +affair took a different turn to what they expected, for the king, +upon a distrust of Bigod favouring the cause of the Empress Maud, +seized the castle and all the liberties of the city into his own +hands, and soon afterwards granted to his natural son William, +for an appanage or increase of inheritance, the town and burgh of +the city of Norwich, in which were 1238 burgesses who held of the +king in burgage tenure; and also the castle and burgh thereof, in +which were 123 burgesses that held of the king in burgage, and +also the royal revenue of the whole county of Norfolk, excepting +what belonged to the bishopric, &c. The whole rent of +the city, including the fee farm, was then about £700 per +annum. The king restored the city liberties for a fine in +1139.</p> +<p>During the reign of King Stephen more Flemings came over; and +these successive immigrations were a real blessing to the +land. England had not been a manufacturing country at all +till the arrival of the Flemings, who introduced the preparation +and weaving of wool, so that, in process of time, not only the +home market was abundantly supplied with woollen cloth, but a +large surplus was made for exportation. The Flemings were +kinsmen of the Anglo-Saxon race, and <a name="page172"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 172</span>were distinguished for that probity +in their commercial dealings which afterwards became the +characteristic of the English merchants at large.</p> +<p>Henry II., in the first year of his reign, 1155, took the +city, castle, and liberties from William, the natural son of +Stephen; but, as a recompense, restored to him all those lands +which his father held in the reign of Henry I. He also +prevailed upon Hugh Bigod to yield up all his castles, whereby +the whole right became vested in the crown; the king governing +the city by the sheriff, who paid the profits arising therefrom +into the exchequer. About the year 1163 Hugh Bigod was +restored to the title of the Earl of Norfolk, and at the same +time appointed Constable of Norwich Castle, by which means he +became sole governor of the city. In 1182, the citizens +recovered the liberties of the city on paying a fine of 80 marks +to the king.</p> +<p>Richard I. was crowned September 4th, 1189, and a riot +happened on account of a Jew attempting to enter Westminster Hall +contrary to the king’s express command. Many of the +Jews were killed, and their houses plundered and burnt. A +rumour was thereupon spread throughout the nation that the king +did not favour them, on which the people of Bury, Lynn, and +Norwich, took occasion to rise and rob great numbers of +them. On November 27th following, Roger, son of Hugh Bigod, +was created Earl of Norfolk, and steward of the king’s +household. By his means the city regained as ample a +charter as London then possessed, for in 1193, the king granted +the city in fee farm to the citizens and their heirs, for a fee +farm rent of £180 yearly.</p> +<h3><a name="page173"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +173</span>CHAPTER VIII.<br /> +Norwich in the Thirteenth Century.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">King John</span> ascended the throne in +1193, and in a few years afterwards the barons rebelled against +him. In 1215, Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, joined the +insurgent barons. The king seized the castle, expelled the +earl, and appointed the Earl of Pembroke and John Fitz-Herbert +Constables of the Castle. Lewis, the Dauphin of France, +having obtained a grant of the kingdom from the pope, brought +over a large force, ravaged the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, +took the castle, and reduced the city. He made William de +Bellomonte his marshal and constable, and placed him with a +garrison within the castle walls.</p> +<p>King John granted two charters to the citizens, bestowing +certain privileges; and he came to the city in 1256, as is +evident from the Charter of Liberties granted to the port of +Yarmouth, it being dated March 25, 1256, by the king at +Norwich. On the same day he likewise granted his third +Charter to the city, bestowing certain commercial +privileges. In 1265 Simon Montfort and his adherents seized +all the king’s castles and committed the custody of them to +<a name="page174"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 174</span>their +own friends, and having also gotten the king’s person into +their power, they obliged him to send letters to the sheriffs of +counties, including Norfolk, commanding them to oppose all +attempts in favour of the king. But the king having routed +the barons at Eversham, removed all the constables which the +confederates had appointed, and amongst the rest Roger Bigod; in +whose stead, John de Vallibus, or Vaux, was made Constable of +this Castle, and Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk, and soon +afterwards, in consequence of great disturbances in the city, he +was ordered to enter it, and did so, notwithstanding its +liberties. In December, 1266, the displaced barons, headed +by Sir John de Evile, entered the city and killed many persons, +imprisoned more, plundered the town, and carried away the +wealthiest of the inhabitants.</p> +<p>According to Blomefield, about this time, on a Good Friday, +the Jews were accused of having crucified a boy, twelve years of +age, named William; and the date of his alleged death, March +24th, was marked as a holiday. No evidence is adduced that +the crime was committed, and no motive is assigned for it. +The date of the year is not given, and the boy’s name +besides William is not stated. The Jews denied the charge, +but it was generally believed, and they were terribly +persecuted. The people then seized upon every pretence for +robbing and plundering the poor Jews. It is said that the +crime was discovered by Erlward, a burgess, as they were going to +bury the body in Thorpe Wood. On this the Jews applied to +<a name="page175"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 175</span>the +sheriff, and promised him 100 marks if he would free them from +this charge. The sheriff sending for Erlward obliged him to +swear that so long as he lived he would never accuse the Jews nor +discover the fact. About five years afterwards, Erlward, on +his deathbed, made known the whole affair, and the body, it is +said, having been found in the wood, was taken and buried in the +churchyard of the monks. They alleged that many miracles +were there wrought by it which occasioned its being removed into +the church and enshrined in the year 1150.</p> +<p>Edward I. succeeded to the throne in 1272, and in the next +year the king appointed Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, to be +Constable of the Castle. The interdict, which was removed +on Christmas eve, was renewed on the day after Epiphany, but was +taken off till Easter, when it was renewed the third time. +In 1274, the affair between the monks and citizens continuing +unsettled, it was referred to the pope, who left it to the +decision of the king, who adjudged the citizens to pay 500 marks +yearly for six years, and to give the church a cup of the value +of £100, and weighing 10 lbs. in gold. The monks were +to repair their gates and to have access to all parts of the +city, and some of the chief citizens were to go to Rome to beg +the pope’s pardon. These conditions being agreed to, +the king restored to the city all its ancient privileges on +payment of a fine of 40s. yearly, besides the old fee farm. +The interdict was also removed on November 1st, 1275. The +king kept his Easter in the city in 1277, and he granted a new +charter in 1285. <a name="page176"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 176</span>In 1289 the liberties were seized, +but were restored again at the end of the year. Soon +afterwards the king, while on a pilgrimage to Walsingham, granted +a new charter. In 1296, the city first sent representatives +to parliament, originally four in number, who were paid for their +services, but on account of the expense the number was reduced to +two members.</p> +<h3><a name="page177"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +177</span>CHAPTER IX.<br /> +Norwich in the Fourteenth Century.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">In</span> this century this city and other +towns began to obtain political privileges. The kings of +the middle ages found themselves obliged to summon burgesses to +parliament in order to obtain supplies. The early +parliaments appear to have been convened chiefly for this +purpose, and were constantly dissolved as soon as the business +for which they met was transacted. Formerly the burgesses +returned were always citizens, who really were representatives of +the city and its interests, and not merely supporters of the +ministry of the day. There is no record of the early local +elections, but lists will be given of the burgesses returned.</p> +<p>Edward II. began his reign on July 7th, 1307, and he reigned +nineteen years. Walter de Norwich, son of Jeffry de +Norwich, was so much in favour with the king as to be one of the +Barons of the Exchequer in 1311, and in 1314 was summoned as a +parliamentary baron, and afterwards made the Treasurer of the +Exchequer, which office he held several years. He obtained +liberty for free warren in all his demean lands, and a fair to +the manor of Ling in Norfolk, on <a name="page178"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 178</span>July 20th, and two days +following. He continued in favour till his death.</p> +<p>In the reign of Edward III., <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1328, the king, by a statute, made +Norwich a staple town for the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, by +which the trade of the city was much increased. In the +“Paston Letters” we find the following reference to +articles of Norfolk manufacture:</p> +<blockquote><p>“I pray that you will send me hither two +ells of worsted for doublets, to happen me this cold winter, and +that ye enquire where William Paston bought his tippet of fine +worsted which is almost like silk, and if that be much finer that +ye sh’d buy me, after seven or eight shillings, then buy me +a quarter and the nail thereof for collars, though it be dearer +than the other, for I would make my doublet all worsted for the +honour of Norfolk.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>In 1340, Norwich Castle was made the public prison for the +county of Norfolk, and the custody thereof was committed to the +sheriff. A great tournament was held in Norwich, at which +the king, with his queen Phillippa, was present; and they kept +their court at the bishop’s palace. In 1342 the king +and queen honoured the city with another visit.</p> +<p>In 1344 a new charter was granted, by which the liberty of the +castle was reduced to the outward limits of the present ditch, +and so continues. By this charter, the citizens became +proprietor’s of the ancient fee of the castle, that is, the +castle ditches, and the great croft, now the market place.</p> +<p>In the reign of Richard II., <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1381, Wat Tyler’s rebellion +broke out in London. Insurrection became <a +name="page179"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 179</span>prevalent +in many parts of the kingdom, manufactures declined, and +discontent became general. Norwich and Norfolk shared in +the general plunder at the hands of armed bands. Under John +Lyster, Litister, or Linster, a dyer, 50,000 men attacked the +city and committed great depredations. They were, however, +pursued to North Walsham by the king’s troops under the +command of Henry Le Spencer, Bishop of Norwich, and +defeated. Their leader and many of his adherents were taken +and executed for high treason. They were hung, drawn, and +quartered, according to the barbarous usage of the times. +In 1399, the bailiffs having put the city into a proper posture +of defence, openly declared for Henry Duke of Lancaster, son and +heir of John of Gaunt, the late deceased duke, their especial +friend. On this declaration, Henry gave them strong +assurances that, whenever it was in his power, the charter which +they so earnestly desired for electing a mayor, &c., should +be granted them, and he was afterwards as good as his word. +The great connection there was between John of Gaunt and this +city, arose through William Norwich, a knight, who was a friend +of the Duke’s, and who frequently visited the town, for +which he always expressed great regard. In 1389, the great +John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, visited this city, and was +honourably received.</p> +<p>In the first year of Henry IV., Sir Thomas Erpingham, knight, +a Norfolk man, Warden of the Cinque Ports, and Lord Chamberlain, +obtained the King’s Charter, dated at Westminster, February +6th, 1399, <a name="page180"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +180</span>confirming all the former charters ever granted to the +city. In 1409, through the interest of Sir Thomas, a grant +was made to the city for a certain term of years of the alnage +and survey of all manner of worsteds made in Norwich and +Norfolk.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">St. George’s Company</span> took its +rise in the second half of the fourteenth century, and consisted +of a society of brethren and sisters associated in honour of the +Martyr St. George, who by voluntary contributions supported a +chaplain to celebrate service every day in the cathedral before +the altar, for the welfare of the brethren and sisters of the +Guild, whilst living, and of their souls when dead. In this +state they continued till the fourth year of Henry V., when that +prince granted them a charter dated at Reading, incorporating +them by the name of the Aldermen, Masters, Brethren, and Sisters +of the Fraternity and Guild of St. George in Norwich; and +empowering them to choose yearly, one Alderman and two Masters, +and to make all reasonable orders and constitutions for their own +government; to have a common seal; to sue and be sued; and to +maintain a chaplain to pray daily for the health of the king, the +alderman, masters, and sisters whilst alive, and their souls when +dead; and lastly to purchase £10 per annum in +mortmain. The prior, mayor, sheriffs, and aldermen of the +Guild, had power to expel or remove any member for bad +behaviour. In consequence of this charter, ordinances were +made for the well-governing of the society, and for yearly +choosing one alderman, four masters, and <a +name="page181"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 181</span>twenty-four +brethren, for the Assembly or Common Council. In 1451, by +the mediation of Judge Yelverton, the disputes between the Guild +and the city were settled; when it was agreed that the mayor for +the time being should yearly, on the day after the Guild, be +chosen Alderman of the Guild for the year following his +mayoralty, that the Assembly of the Guild should consist of +twenty persons, and that the common council of the city should be +eligible for admission into the company, but be liable to the +charge of the feast. Indeed, the chief object of the Guild +was feasting. Every brother took an oath on +admission. The Aldermen and Common Council of the Guild had +power to choose such men and women, inhabitants of the city, to +be brethren and sisters of the Guild, as they might think +fit. But no man living out of the city could be chosen +unless he was a knight, esquire, or gentleman of note. Many +other orders were made in regard to their procession, which was +always very grand. This Guild, with the other ancient +crafts or companies of the city, made a very splendid appearance +on all public occasions. The companies were then on the +same footing as those of the city of London now are, and some of +the trades long continued as a fraternity, and chose wardens +among themselves. From the Friday after May day, to the +Friday before the Guild day, the members of St. George’s +Company used to meet every evening at the Guildhall in the Market +Place, where they refreshed themselves with as much sack and +sugar rolls as they pleased, besides two penny cakes from the +baker’s. <a name="page182"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 182</span>Being thus assembled they sent for +the last chosen feast-makers, and asked them whether they +intended to bear the charges of the feast, “which” +(said they) “will cost you more than you +think.” By this they so terrified timorous, wary +people, that they were persuaded to buy it off, though, had they +agreed to make the feast, it would not have cost them much more +than £6 or £7, which sum they were glad to +save. The Company continued till February 24th, 1731, when +the committee appointed for the purpose reported to an assembly +held that day, that they had treated with St. George’s +Company, who had agreed to deliver up their charters, books, and +records, into the hands of the corporation, provided the latter +would pay their debts, amounting to £236 15s. 1d., which, +being agreed to, they were accordingly delivered up and deposited +with the city records in the Guildhall. Thus terminated +this ancient feasting company by the surrender of all their goods +to the corporation.</p> +<h3><a name="page183"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +183</span>CHAPTER X.<br /> +Norwich in the Fifteenth Century.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">At</span> the commencement of this century +(in 1402) the grand affair of obtaining a new charter occupied +the greater part of the time of the citizens, but as nothing +could be done without the concurrence of Bishop Spencer, they at +last found means to soften him, and to obtain his promise that he +would not oppose them in this their favourite object. All +obstacles being now removed, they offered to lend Henry 1000 +marks, which so far obliged the king that he was willing to give +them as full a charter as they could desire. This was +accordingly done, and the new charter was granted on January +28th, 1403. By this charter the city obtained a full power +of local self-government.</p> +<p>Henry V. began his reign on March 20th, 1412, in which year +the city was in great disorder, occasioned by the disputes +between the Mayor and the Commons, respecting the election of +mayors, sheriffs, and other officers of the corporation, and the +powers granted by the charter, concerning which they could not +agree. These contentions exhausted the <a +name="page184"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 184</span>city +treasury, and at length they were settled by the mediation of Sir +Robert Berney, John Lancaster, William Paston, and others. +The burgesses who served in Parliament in this reign were R. +Brasier, R. Dunston, W. Sedman, J. Biskelee, H. Rufman, W. Eton, +J. Alderfold, W. Appleyard, R. Baxter, and Henry Peking.</p> +<p>In 1422 the doctrines of the Reformation were introduced into +the city, and several persons were executed as Wickliffites or +Lollards. A large chalk pit, in Thorpe Hamlet, on the +outskirts of the city, is to this day called +“Lollards’ Pit.”</p> +<p>Henry VI., when only nine months old, was proclaimed king on +August 31st, 1422, and in his reign a general persecution of the +Lollards broke out in this diocese. The Lollards were men +who earnestly desired the reformation of the church, and they +were followers of that great and good man John Wickliffe, but +they were called Lollards as a name of infamy. They were so +zealous for the truth that they chose rather to suffer grievous +torments and death than forsake their faith. On this +account about 120 persons were persecuted for their profession of +the pure gospel of Christ.</p> +<p>On June 6th, 1448, the king paid a royal visit to the city, +and among other preparations the gates were decorated, and the +King’s arms, and the arms of St. George, were painted and +raised on six of the gates. In 1449, his Majesty paid +another visit, after a sojourn with the Earl of Suffolk at +Costessey. The king entered Norwich by St. Benedict’s +Gate, which was <a name="page185"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +185</span>especially ornamented for the occasion. These +peaceable entries, with the picturesque pomp of a royal +procession, always pleased the loyal citizens.</p> +<p>In 1452, it being rumoured that Edward earl of March, son to +the duke of York, was advancing towards London, the queen, much +terrified thereat, tried to make as many friends as she could, +and for that purpose came to this city, when, in full assembly, +the Commons resolved to advance 100 marks as a loan to the king; +and the aldermen at the same time presented the queen with 60 +marks, to which the Commons added 40 more, so that the king had +now 200 marks of the city. The citizens then obtained a new +charter, dated March 17th, and consented to in full +parliament. It contained a restitution of all liberties, a +general pardon of all past offences, and a confirmation of all +former charters.</p> +<p>In 1460, during the contest between the houses of York and +Lancaster, the mayor and aldermen raised forty armed men and the +Commons eighty, and appointed Wm. Rookwood, Esq., their captain, +with whom they agreed for six weeks’ pay, at six-pence a +day for each soldier, and sent them to the assistance of the +king, who wrote them a letter of thanks, with a request that they +would maintain the soldiers for one month longer, which was +readily complied with. In 1474, the king visited the city, +and was presented with a sum of money by way of benevolence; but +in the following year the city had to pay £80 6s. 11d. for +the forces employed in France.</p> +<p>In July 1469, Elizabeth Woodville, the queen of <a +name="page186"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 186</span>Edward IV., +visited Norwich and remained here several days. Her +majesty, with a great retinue, entered the city through +“Westwyk Gate,” which was decorated for the +occasion. John Parnell was brought from Ipswich to exercise +his skill in ornamentation; and under his superintendence, a +stage covered with red-and-green worsted was erected, adorned +with figures of angels, escutcheons, and banners of the royal +lady and the king, with a profusion of crowns, roses, +fleur-de-lys, &c. Gilbert Spurling exhibited a fragment +of the salutation of Mary and Elizabeth, which required from him +a speech in explanation.</p> +<p>In 1486, being the 1st Henry VII., on the rebellion of Lambert +Simnel, who assumed the name of Edward Plantagenet, the king, +expecting an invasion of the eastern parts of his kingdom, made a +progress through Norfolk and Suffolk to confirm the inhabitants +in their loyalty, and spent his Christmas at Norwich, when the +city made him a handsome present. Hence he went a +pilgrimage to Walsingham, so famous for its pretended miracles, +where he made his vows; and after he returned victorious, he sent +his banner to be offered there as an acknowledgment of his +prayers having been heard.</p> +<p>The monastic institutions of this city might claim the honour +of having some learned men connected with them in the 15th +century. Thomas Brinton, or Brampton, a monk of Norwich, +attained to such an eminence in the schools of England that his +fame was spread abroad, and he was sent for by the pope to +Rome. He often preached before the pope in Latin, <a +name="page187"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 187</span>and being +first made his penitentiary was afterwards raised to the see of +Rochester. His sermons preached before the pope were +published, with some others. John Stow, who flourished in +1440, was a Benedictine monk of the monastery of St. Saviour, in +Norwich, and doctor of divinity of Oxford. It appears, by +his works, that he was at the council of Basil. His works +were <i>The Acts of the Council</i> at Basil; various +<i>Collections</i>; and <i>Solemn Disputations</i>, &c. +John Mear, a monk of Norwich, and D.D. of Oxford, was a person of +subtle art for explaining difficulties. He was divinity +reader at several monasteries, and the author of several works, +which have all been lost.</p> +<h3><a name="page188"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +188</span>CHAPTER XI.<br /> +Norwich in the Sixteenth Century.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">At</span> the commencement of this century +most of the houses in the city were built of wood with thatched +roofs. This accounts for the number of fires which broke +out at different times, and which, in 1507 and 1509, reduced a +large portion of the city to ashes, no fewer than 718 houses +being consumed in the latter year. These conflagrations +induced the corporation, in 1509, to issue an order that no +newly-erected buildings in the city should be covered with +thatch, but this injunction not extending to those previously +erected, some few still retain this dangerous covering.</p> +<p>In 1501, John Rightwise, then mayor, began building the cross +in the Market Place, and finished it in 1503. It was a +commodious and handsome pile, but falling into decay, it was sold +by the Tonnage Committee in 1732 for £125, and soon +afterwards it was taken down. About 1506, St. +Andrew’s Church was built, near the site of the old church +of St. Christopher.</p> +<p>Henry VIII. began his reign on April 22nd, 1509, when the city +was in a state of great distraction, on <a +name="page189"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 189</span>account of +the terrible fires which caused much destruction of +property. In that year a great part of the cathedral, with +its vestry, and all the ornaments and books were destroyed by a +fire, which broke out on St. Thomas’ night. In 1515, +the Lady Mary, sister to the king, and her consort the Duke of +Suffolk, visited the city on their return from France, and were +nobly entertained. Henry VIII., while he continued a +papist, burned the reformers; and when in a fit of anger he +disowned the pope and assumed the English tiara, he was no less +zealous against both Papist and Puritan, who would not bind their +consciences to his royal decrees. During the prelacy of +Richard Nykke or Nix, the bigotted bishop of Norwich, several +church reformers were burnt here and at other places.</p> +<p>In 1517, Cardinal Wolsey visited the city to mediate between +the citizens and the monks, but their disputes were not finally +settled till 1524, when the jurisdiction of the convent was +ascertained and separated from that of the corporation until +1538, when they were converted into a dean and chapter.</p> +<p>On March 2nd, 1520, Queen Catherine and Cardinal Wolsey +visited the city, and all the city companies went to meet the +queen “in Puke and Dirke Tawney Liveries,” and the +city presented her with 100 marks.</p> +<p>In 1522, in consequence of the many vexatious suits in the +Sheriff’s Court for words and trifling debts, it was agreed +that four aldermen be named, one out of each of the great wards, +to sit in person, or by deputies, every Wednesday, from eight +till nine in the morning, <a name="page190"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 190</span>to adjust all debts under two +shillings, and all actions on words, for the ease and peace of +the city. This institution was of great benefit, and in +some measure answered the purpose of the old Court of +Conscience.</p> +<p>In 1524, on September 2nd, through the mediation of Cardinal +Wolsey, a composition and final agreement was sealed between the +prior and the city at the Guildhall, by which the city resigned +all jurisdiction within the walls of the priory, the whole site +thereof being hereby acknowledged to be part of the County of +Norfolk and in the Hundred of Blofield; and the church gave up +all right of jurisdiction in every place without their walls and +within the walls of the city; so that now, Tombland, with the +fairs kept thereon, and all things belonging to those +fairs—and Holmstrete, Spytelond, and Ratten Row, with their +letes—were adjudged to belong to the city, and to be part +of the county thereof. The prior and convent and their +successors were also exempted from all tolls, customs, and +exactions whatever, by land or water in the whole city, or county +of the city and its liberties, for goods or chattels bought or +sold for the use of the prior and convent, their households, or +families.</p> +<p>In 1525 the king granted the city another charter, confirmed +likewise by parliament, in which the late composition and +agreement between the city and prior was fully recited and +established, and new privileges were granted.</p> +<p>In 1530 the king was declared supreme head of the church of +England; and was acknowledged so by act of parliament in +1535. In the latter year an act was <a +name="page191"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 191</span>passed for +recontinuing liberties in the crown, by which all cities, +boroughs, and towns corporate, had their liberties and privileges +fully confirmed.</p> +<h4>BILNEY’S MARTYRDOM.</h4> +<p>A short account of the martyrdom of Thomas Bilney, in 1531, +may serve to illustrate the persecuting spirit of the age. +He had renounced the tenets of the Church of Rome, and was +condemned on the following passages extracted from two sermons +which he had preached in 1527, at Ipswich.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Our Saviour Christ is our Mediator between +us and the Father; what need have we therefore for any remedy +from saints? It is a great injury to the blood of Christ to +make such petitions, and blasphemeth our Saviour.”</p> +<p>“Man is so imperfect by himself, that he can in no wise +merit by his own deeds.”</p> +<p>“The coming of Christ was long prophesied before, and +desired by the prophets; but John Baptist, being more than a +prophet, did not only prophesy, but with his finger shewed Him, +saying, ‘<i>Behold the Lamb of God</i>, <i>which taketh +away the sins of the world</i>.’ Then, if this was +the very Lamb which John did demonstrate, that taketh away the +sins of the world, what injury is it to our Saviour Christ, that +to be buried in St. Francis’ cowl should remit four parts +of penance? What is then left to our Saviour Christ, which +taketh away the sins of the world? This I will justify to +be a great blasphemy to the blood of Christ.”</p> +<p>“It is great folly to go on pilgrimages; and preachers +in times past have been antichrists; and now it hath pleased God +somewhat to shew forth their falsehoods and errors.”</p> +<p><a name="page192"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +192</span>“The miracles done at Walsingham, Canterbury, and +Ipswich, were done by the devil through the sufferance of God, to +blind the poor people; and the Pope hath not the keys that St. +Peter had, except he followeth Peter in his living.”</p> +<p>“Christian people should set up no lights before images +of saints, for saints in heaven need no lights, and images have +no eyes to see; and, therefore, as Ezechias destroyed the brazen +serpent that Moses made by the commandment of God, even so should +the kings and princes of these times destroy and burn the images +of saints set up in churches.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>It was further deposed against Bilney, that he was notoriously +suspected to be a heretic, and that in his sermons he had +exhorted the people to put away their gods of silver and gold, +and to desist from offering to them either candle, wax, money, or +any other thing; and that in rehearsing the litany he said, +“pray you only to God and no saints;” and when he +came to that part, Sancta Maria, &c., or, O Saint Mary pray +for us, he called out, “stop there.”</p> +<p>These and many other articles of the like nature being proved, +he was exhorted to recant and abjure them; and upon his refusing +to do so, the Bishop of London, having pulled off his cap, and +made the sign of the cross on his forehead and breast, pronounced +the following sentence:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“I, by the counsel and consent of my +brethren here present, do pronounce thee, Thomas Bilney, who has +been accused of divers articles, to be convicted of heresy; and +for the rest of the sentence we will deliberate till +to-morrow.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="page193"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 193</span>The +next day Bilney was again asked whether he would recant and +return to the unity of the church; when he desired a day or two +for consideration and to consult his friends. In fear of a +dreadful death at the expiration of the time, he subscribed his +abjuration; and being absolved, he had the following penance +enjoined him; to bear a faggot at the procession at St. +Paul’s, bareheaded, and to stand before the preacher during +the sermon there, and to remain in prison till he should be +released by Cardinal Wolsey. When in prison, the reflection +on what he had done drove Bilney almost to despair, and he +suffered all the agonies of remorse for more than twelve +months.</p> +<p>At length he resolved to seal that truth which he had so +shamefully abjured, with his blood. For this purpose he +travelled to Norwich, and on his way to the city he openly +preached those doctrines for which he had been condemned; and +being apprehended, was confined in one of the cells under the +Guildhall. On August 19th, he was taken to Lollards’ +pit, outside of Bishopsgate, and burnt there in the presence of a +crowd of horrified spectators.</p> +<p>This and many other instances may serve to show the +persecuting spirit of a church which had arrogated to itself a +dominion over the consciences of men, and dared to propagate a +religion of fear as the religion of Christ. After the +Reformation, which had now begun, the same persecuting spirit was +manifested by the Church of England; and many suffered here for +their nonconformity to the Establishment. Several other +martyrs were burnt in Norwich during the same reign, <a +name="page194"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 194</span>and in +1539, one William Leyton, a monk of Eye, in Suffolk, was burnt +here, for speaking against a certain idol which used to be +carried about in procession at Eye; and for asserting that the +sacrament ought to be administered in both kinds.</p> +<p>In the same year peace and amity were settled between the +church and the city on a much more stable foundation than had +been previously effected, by an arrangement as to jurisdictions +of the authorities.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>In 1534 an act was passed for rebuilding those parts of the +city which were laid waste by the late fires; by which it was +enacted that if the owners of such void grounds should, by the +space of two years after proclamation made by the mayor for all +persons to rebuild or enclose their grounds, neglect to rebuild +on such ground, or sufficiently enclose the same with mortar and +stone, then it should be lawful for the mayor, etc., to enter on +such vacant grounds, and hold and retain them to their own use +and their successors’ use for ever, discharged of all rents +and outgoings whatsoever, provided that, within two years after +such entry made, they either rebuild or enclose them as +aforesaid.</p> +<h4>DISSOLUTION OF THE MONASTERIES.</h4> +<p>If, in giving an account of the state of society in the middle +ages, we were to omit from our enumeration of causes the vast +influence of the clergy of the church of Rome, we should present +a very imperfect view of the subject. The priests dominated +over the <a name="page195"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +195</span>minds of men for many centuries, and their influence +either for good or evil pervaded all classes of society. +This influence caused the erection of monasteries, nunneries, +priories, and friaries, nineteen in number, in Norwich before the +16th century. Monastic institutions were originally +beneficial to society. In the dark ages, they preserved +learning to some extent, and were houses of refuge for the +destitute. No doubt there were many good self-denying men +and women amongst the monks and nuns, who did some service to the +poor who then abounded in the land. But in time the +monasteries sunk for the most part into dissolute +confraternities; stupid and sleepy, where not vicious; and banded +together against the liberties of the nation; and there were +constant broils between the monks and the citizens in +Norwich.</p> +<p>The king having entirely renounced the authority of the church +of Rome, and assumed the title of Head of the Church of England, +caused a very strict inquiry to be instituted into the state of +all monastic institutions. This inquiry resulted in their +suppression, more for the gratification of the monarch’s +avarice than from his desire to benefit his subjects; and most of +the monks in Norwich and Norfolk, as well as in other parts of +England, were sent adrift with small pensions. The king, +indeed—in revenge for being excommunicated by the +pope—suppressed 1148 monasteries in England, whose revenues +amounted to £183,707 yearly. He either seized the +property for himself or divided it amongst his favourites, and +the Duke of Norfolk obtained a great part of it in Norwich. +The dissolution <a name="page196"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +196</span>of those ancient institutions caused a great deal of +poverty; the priests were driven out homeless over the land, and +the poor had no houses of refuge and no means of relief.</p> +<p>In 1538, Thomas Cromwell, lord privy seal, the king’s +vicegerent, sent injunctions to all bishops and curates, charging +them to take care that an English bible of the largest size be +placed open in each parish church, for every one to have recourse +to. The open bible was generally read in this city and +elsewhere, and this, no doubt, promoted the reformation of +religion. In spite of the tyranny of kings, the domination +of priests, and the superstition of the people, the Reformation +still advanced, and the national mind was emancipated by degrees +from ancient thraldom.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>In 1545, one Rogers, of Norfolk, was condemned and suffered +martyrdom, for opposing the six articles of an act passed for +abolishing diversity of opinions in religion. This act +inflicted the penalty of death upon those—1st, who by word +or writing denied transubstantiation; 2nd, who maintained that +communion in both kinds was necessary; 3rd, or asserted that it +was lawful for priests to marry; 4th, or that vows of chastity +might be broken; 5th, or that private masses are profitable; 6th, +or that auricular confession is not necessary to salvation.</p> +<p>The king died on the 28th January, 1546; and his exequies were +celebrated here with great pomp, as appears from the +chamberlain’s account; though what good he ever did for the +city it would be hard to say. <a name="page197"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 197</span>He was a king who spared no man in +his anger and no woman in his lust. In his reign, 72,000 +persons were hung for political offences or for the crime of +poverty as a warning to others. The “Merry +England” of those days was in fact a terrible country to +live in. Men were beaten, scourged, branded with hot irons, +and killed without mercy or limit.</p> +<p>Edward VI. was proclaimed king on January 28th, 1546; and on +February 25th, his coronation was celebrated with much pomp in +Norwich, where great rejoicings took place. Six large guns +were fired on Tombland; the populace were treated with plenty of +beer; and bonfires were lighted in several of the streets. +There was a grand procession with a pageant, in which the king +was represented by an effigy of king Solomon.</p> +<p>On March 8th, 1546, Edward VI., and the executors of his +deceased father, granted to the mayor, sheriffs, citizens, and +commonalty, the hospital of St. Giles’ in this city, now +called the Old Men’s hospital, with all the revenues +belonging thereto for the maintenance of poor people dwelling +therein, all which the late king had promised to give them at the +request of the citizens, a short time before his death.</p> +<p>Norwich has always been noted for its civic feasts and good +cheer; and Bale, writing at this time (1549), in his +“Continuation of Leland’s Antiquities,” +says:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Oh, cytie of England, whose glory standeth +more in belly chere than in the searche of wisdome godlye, how +cometh it that neither you nor yet your ydell masmongers have +regarded this most worthy commodytie of your countrye? I +mean the conservacyon of your antiquyties, <a +name="page198"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 198</span>and of the +worthy labours of your learned men. I thynke the renowne of +such a notable act would have much longer endured than of all +your belly banquettes and table triumphes, either yet of your +newly purchased hawles, to keep St. George’s feast +in.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>And again he says:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“I have been also at Norwyche, our second +cytie of name, and there all the library monuments are turned to +the use of their grossers, candelmakers, sope sellers, +&c.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Small credit is here given to the city for the patronage and +promotion of intellectual pursuits.</p> +<h4>KETT’S REBELLION.</h4> +<p>In 1549 the city was the scene of an insurrection resembling +that of the Jacquerie in France, and the War of the Peasants in +Germany. The facts of this local rebellion were simple +enough. The poor people objected to the enclosure of waste +lands, in the neighbourhood of Attleborough and Wymondham, by the +nobility and gentry, who had been put in possession of the abbey +lands, which had been previously appropriated for the use of the +poor, who still considered that they had a right of commonage on +the waste lands and open pastures. The rebellion commenced +at Eccles, Wilby, Attleborough, and the neighbouring villages, +the inhabitants of which were enraged at Mr. John Green, lord of +the manor of Wilby, who had enclosed that part of the common +belonging to his manor, which had from time immemorial been open +to the adjoining commons of Hargham and Attleborough, <a +name="page199"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 199</span>and in +which the people had enjoyed all rights of intercommoning with +each other. The people continued quiet till Wymondham fair, +on July 7th, when they collected in large numbers. The +leaders of the movement, accompanied by a large number of others, +went to Morley, about a mile from Wymondham, and laid open the +new enclosures; and on returning to Wymondham, they destroyed all +the fences by which the commons and wastes were enclosed. +John Flowerdew, of Hethersett, incensed at the destruction of his +fences, gave forty pence to a number of the country people to +throw down the fences of Robert Kett, alias Knight, whose pasture +lay near Wymondham Fairstead. They carried out his wishes +to the full, and on the following morning returned to Hethersett, +where, at Kett’s instigation, they laid open other +enclosures of Flowerdew’s. After this, the rioters +appointed Robert Kett and his brother William, a butcher, to be +their captains, and the movement soon assumed the form of an +organized rebellion. The numbers of the rebels quickly +increased, and marching on Mousehold Heath, they took possession +of the mansion of the Earl of Surrey; and thence proceeded to lay +siege to the city. They held courts of justice under a +large tree, called the “Oak of Reformation:” and +having augmented their numbers to 16,000 from the citizens, and +strongly fortified their camp, they summoned the city to +surrender. For months they maintained hostilities, and the +country round was pillaged and laid waste, until at length they +gained an entrance to the city, and took the <a +name="page200"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 200</span>mayor and +several councillors prisoners to their camp. A strong force +was thereupon sent down for the defence of the city, under the +Marquis of Northampton, and a regular battle was fought at the +base of the hill on St. Martin’s Palace Plain. In +this engagement Lord Sheffield was slain; and the rebels, having +forced the Marquis to retreat, plundered the city, and set fire +to it in many parts. In short, all attempts to quell this +violent insurrection were ineffectual, till a large army, which +had been raised to proceed against the Scots, was ordered to +march to the relief of Norwich, under the command of the Earl of +Warwick, who arrived under the city walls on the 23rd of +August. On the following day, after making an ineffectual +offer of pardon to the insurgents, on the condition that they +should lay down their arms, the king’s troops commenced +their attack; and having made several breaches in the walls, and +forced open some of the gates, they soon entered the city, and +took possession of the Market Place. In the midst of this +scene of blood, the king’s ammunition carriages, having +entered apart from the main body of the army, were captured by +the enemy, but were soon retaken by a detachment from the Market +Place. A large body of the rebels still remaining in the +city now made a lodgement on Tombland, and through their superior +local knowledge, greatly annoyed the soldiers by posting small +parties at the angles of the different streets leading to the +Market. The Earl of Warwick, however, brought out his whole +force to scour the city, and the rebels, after setting fire to +their camp, were <a name="page201"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +201</span>obliged to quit their post on the hill and retreat to +Dussyn’s Dale, on Mousehold, resolving to finish the +business by a general engagement in the valley.</p> +<p>On August 27th, being re-enforced by a newly-arrived +detachment of troops, the Earl marched out of the city to attack +the rebels, to whom he again offered pardon, provided they would +quietly lay down their arms; but, confident in their numbers, +they refused to capitulate. A bloody conflict ensued, but +the rebels, being unaccustomed to the discharge of artillery, +were soon in confusion. Of this the Light Horse took +advantage, and advancing to the charge, drove the rebels from the +field and pursued them with great slaughter. Over 3000 were +killed, and about 300 of the ringleaders were afterwards +executed. The gates of the city suffered much damage during +this insurrection. The rebels set Bishop’s gate on +fire, with some of the houses in the street, and those belonging +to the Great Hospital. Pockthorpe, Magdalen, St. Augustine, +Coslany, and Ber Street gates, shared the same fate. When +the disturbances ceased, the repair of the city generally was +commenced, and especially of the gates. Outside Magdalen +Gates a gallows was erected, at which place and at the cross in +the Market Place 300 rebels were executed. Two, styled +prophets, were hanged, drawn, and quartered, their heads being +placed on the towers, and their quarters on the gates.</p> +<p>Robert and William Kett were tried in London for high treason +and rebellion, and convicted. On November 29th, they were +delivered to Sir Edmund Windham, High Sheriff of the counties of +Norfolk and Suffolk, to <a name="page202"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 202</span>receive punishment. Robert was +conveyed to Norwich, and being brought to the foot of the castle, +was drawn up to a gibbet erected at the top, and there left +hanging alive till he died by famine; and his body, being +entirely wasted, at length fell down. A similar sentence +was executed upon William, who was suspended alive upon the top +of Wymondham steeple. This fearful rebellion having been +thus brought to an end, the citizens, after the departure of the +kings troops, began to repair the damages to the walls and +gates. Unhappily, however, their trials were not yet over, +for the late disastrous occurrences were followed by such a +scarcity and dearness of provisions, that the corporation issued +an edict, requiring all the wealthier inhabitants to find corn +for their own households elsewhere, so that their poorer +neighbours might have the exclusive benefit of the city +markets.</p> +<h4>QUEEN MARY.</h4> +<p>The Princess Mary was proclaimed here on July 18th, 1553, and +was the first English Queen in her own right, and the people of +Norwich and Norfolk rushed to her standard, impelled by the +memory of Kett’s rebellion. The queen was a bigoted +Roman Catholic, and in her reign popery was revived in its worst +form, associated with all the atrocities of the most sanguinary +persecution. Protestants were gathered like fuel for +burning; and as for the Puritans, no fate could be too severe for +them.</p> +<p>In March, 1556, William Carman, of Hingham, was <a +name="page203"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 203</span>burnt in +Lollards’ pit, outside of Bishop’s Gate. He was +charged with being an obstinate heretic, and actually having in +his possession a bible, a testament, and three psalters in the +English tongue.</p> +<p>On July 13th, of the same year, Simon Miller, merchant of +Lynn, and Elizabeth Cooper, a pewterer’s wife, of the +parish of St. Andrew, were burnt together in Lollards’ +pit. On August 5th, Richard Crashfield, of Wymondham, +Thomas Carman, William Seaman, and Thomas Hudson, were burnt for +heresy in the same place.</p> +<p>On July 10th, 1557, Richard Yolman, a devout old minister, +seventy years of age, was burnt for heresy. He had been +curate to that learned and pious martyr, Mr. Taylor, of +Hadleigh.</p> +<p>As if a judgment had come on the country for such atrocities, +the quartan ague and a new sickness soon afterwards raged so +violently, that it was said that “fire, sword, and +pestilence,” had swept away a third part of the men of +England; and it is recorded that ten of the Norwich aldermen fell +victims to the latter scourge.</p> +<p>During this short reign, the city was afflicted by the +presence of those merciless persecutors, Bishop Hopton and +Chancellor Dunnings, at whose instigation several martyrs to the +reformed religion were burnt here in 1557 and 1558. Happily +the career of this bigoted, blood-thirsty, priest-ridden queen, +was cut short, and a new and brighter era dawned upon the +nation.</p> +<h4><a name="page204"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 204</span>THE +REIGN OF QUEEN ELIZABETH.</h4> +<p>This queen ascended the throne on Nov. 7th, 1558, and was +proclaimed here on the 17th of the same month. She was a +zealous promoter of the Reformation. The form of worship +used in the churches was similar to that in the time of Edward +VI.; but the protestants were almost as intolerant in this reign +as the Romanists had been before, though they claimed the right +of private judgment; and the principle of toleration was not +recognised for centuries by any church, or sect, or party.</p> +<p>In 1561, on the Guild day, the Duke of Norfolk, and the Earls +of Northumberland and Huntingdon, with many other nobility and +gentry, dined with the Mayor, William Mingay, Esq., in St. +Andrew’s Hall, which could scarcely contain the company and +their retinue. The entertainment is said to have been very +magnificent, and the expense of the feast amounted to 32s. +9d.</p> +<p>In 1565, the prosperity of the city, which had begun to +decline, was again revived by the settling here of 330 Flemings +and Walloons, who had fled from the Netherlands, from the rigid +persecution under the sanguinary Duke of Alva. In 1570, by +the fostering encouragement of Queen Elizabeth, the number of +these foreign settlers had increased to 3925, and by the +introduction of bombazine, and other manufactures, they +contributed much to the wealth and prosperity of Norwich.</p> +<p><a name="page205"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +205</span>During the long reign of Elizabeth, numerous +conspiracies were formed for the re-establishment of Popery, and +in 1570, John Throgmorton, Thomas Brooke, and G. Redman, were +hanged and quartered here for having joined in these traitorous +enterprises. In 1572, the Duke of Norfolk and several other +noblemen were attainted and beheaded for similar offences, at +London, York, and other places. The Duke not only espoused +the cause of Mary, Queen of Scots, but even offered to marry that +Roman Catholic Princess.</p> +<p>In 1574, a rumour was spread of invasion by the so-called +invincible Armada. Norwich, towards the general defence, +exhibited on its muster roll 2120 able men, of whom 400 were +armed; the total number enrolled in the whole county of Norfolk, +being at the same time, 6120 able men, of whom 3630 were +armed. Happily there was no occasion for their services, +the Armada being destroyed by a storm at sea.</p> +<p>Queen Elizabeth made a progress through Suffolk and Norfolk, +from the 16th to the 22nd August, 1578. She came on +horseback from Ipswich to Norwich, though she had several coaches +in her train; and she lodged in the Bishop’s Palace. +For several days she was entertained by splendid pageantries, +principally allusive to the trade and manufactures of the +city. Whilst here she dined publicly in the North Alley of +the Cathedral Cloister, and often went a hunting on horseback, +and to witness wrestling and shooting on Mousehold heath. +The city records contain full details of the pageantries on the +occasion of the royal visit. In no other city was the Queen +received with greater <a name="page206"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 206</span>cordiality and pageantry than in +Norwich. The corporation, the inhabitants, the clergy, with +the nobility and gentry of the county, contributed largely to +afford the royal lady as pleasant and costly a reception as +should be pleasing to her as a spectacle, and demonstrative of +exuberant loyalty. This joy was soon turned into mourning; +for, says a record known as the <i>Norwich Roll</i>, “The +trains of Her Majesty’s carriage being many of them +infected, left the plague behind them, which afterwards increased +and contynued, as it raged about a year and three +quarters.” Nearly 5000 fell victims to this dreadful +malady.</p> +<p>In 1578, Matthew Hamond, of Hethersett, wheelwright, a heretic +and blasphemer, being convicted of reviling the queen and of +denying the authority of the Scriptures, the Godhead, the +atonement of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the existence of the Holy +Ghost, was set in the pillory on May 13th, and both his ears were +nailed. Afterwards, on May 20th, he was burnt in the castle +ditch. In 1587 and 1588 Francis Knight and Peter Cole, of +Ipswich, were burnt in the same place for their deistical +sentiments.</p> +<p>The Reformation was not only stayed, but thrown backward by +this arbitrary, despotic queen. Though she was well +disposed to reformation in the abstract, yet the fear of popish +influence and a jealousy for her ecclesiastical authority over +the church, made her act in the spirit of the worst excesses of +popery. She persecuted all who disputed her authority in +religious matters. In vain did the exiles return, hoping +for peace and “freedom to worship God.” The +expulsion <a name="page207"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +207</span>of a multitude of clergy, who refused to conform to +many impositions, and the many hardships suffered by the +puritans, especially in Norfolk and Suffolk, evinced that no +concession was to be expected from her. Her great idol was +perfect uniformity. To enforce it, she passed many laws, +which made nonconformity worse than felony, and she treated the +Puritan as a rebel against all authority, both human and +divine. A beautiful “Memorial” of the ministers +of Norfolk is still preserved in vindication of their loyalty, +and in advocacy of greater liberty of conscience. The +result of it, however, was that seven or eight of them were +suspended in Norwich. But instead of this being the means +of stopping the progress of Puritanism, the sincere inquirers +after truth were incited by such harsh measures to fresh +investigations, and more emboldened to declare their views.</p> +<p>In 1582, on a second return made of the strangers settled +here, they were found to be 1128 men; 1358 women; 815 children, +strangers born; 1378 children, English born; in all 4679. +The whole population was about 15,000, and the citizens continued +to return burgesses to parliament from time to time, but not so +frequently as in former reigns. During this reign William +Kemp, a comic actor of high reputation, and greatly applauded for +his buffoonery, danced a morris dance all the way from London to +Norwich in nine days, and was accompanied by crowds of people as +he passed on from town to town. When he arrived in Norwich +he was very kindly treated by the citizens, who turned out to +meet him in large numbers.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><a name="page208"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 208</span><span +class="smcap">Norwich Pageants</span> were celebrated during the +middle ages, and occupy a large space in the records of the +corporation. Books of the several companies relating to the +pageants have been lost except that of St. George, but some +additional information has come to light on the subject. A +series of extracts were made early in the last century from the +Grocers’ book, showing the proceedings and expenditure of +that company in regard to their pageants from 1534 to 1570, and +also the versions of the plays in 1533 and in 1563. All the +plays of that period were called mysteries or miracle plays, and +were founded on bible history. The play was performed in a +carriage called a “House of Waynscott, painted and builded +on a cart with fowre whelys.” Painted cloths were +hung about it, and it was drawn by four horses, “having +head stalls of brode inkle with knoppes and tassels.” +The vehicle had a square top with a large vane in the midst, and +one for the end, and a large number of smaller ones. The +company was evidently unable to afford the cost of four horses in +1534; only one was hired, and four men attended on the pageant +with “Lewers.” One of the plays was called +“Paradyse,” and was performed by the Grocers and +Raffmen. It begins much in the same manner as the Coventry +play, with God the Father relating the planting of the garden of +Eden, the creation of man and placing him there, and God’s +intention to create woman. The other characters are +Lucifer, Adam, and Eve, who exhibit the incidents related in +Genesis. Of the good taste or propriety of these +entertainments any <a name="page209"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +209</span>observation is needless. They formed a remarkable +feature in the life of the middle ages, and show the childishness +of the people. The dialogues in all these plays are puerile +doggerel.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">Eminent Citizens of the Sixteenth +Century</span>.</h4> +<h5><i>Dr. Legge</i>.</h5> +<p>Few of the citizens of Norwich could make any pretensions as +to birth, whatever they might say about their birth-place. +Among the natives of this city of obscure parentage may be +mentioned Thomas Legge, LL.D., who was educated in Trinity +College, where he was fellow, as also at Jesus College, till he +was chosen by Dr. Kaye as second master of Kaye’s +College. He was Dean of the Arches, one of the Masters of +Chancery, twice Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, +and thirty-four years Master of Kaye’s College. +Justus Lipsius eulogised him as a very excellent antiquary, and +as an oracle of learning. He was a great benefactor to this +college, bequeathing £600 for the building of the east part +thereof, besides several lesser liberalities. Thomas Bacon, +the fifteenth Master of Gonville Hall, had done great damage to +it, and left it in debt; but Dr. Legge and his two successors +repaired all losses, acting not so much like the masters as the +stewards of the house. Dr. Legge was the author of two +tragedies, namely, “The Destruction of Jerusalem,” +and “The Life of King Richard III.,” which last was +performed before Queen <a name="page210"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 210</span>Elizabeth, with great applause, in +St. John’s College Hall. The doctor died July 12th, +1607, leaving the college his heir, and he was buried in it, so +that he left his native city only the barren honour of his +name.</p> +<h5><i>John Kaye</i>.</h5> +<p>John Kaye, or as he is sometimes called, Caius, was born at +Norwich in 1510, and studied in Gonville Hall, Cambridge, from +which he removed to travel abroad. He took his degree of +M.D. in the University of Padua. In the reign of Edward VI. +he was appointed principal physician at court, a place which he +enjoyed under both the Queens Mary and Elizabeth. The +College of Physicians of London elected him one of their Fellows, +and he presided over that body several years. Being very +rich and desirous to promote learning, he procured a charter from +Queen Elizabeth dated 1565, to turn Gonville Hall into a College; +and he endowed it with the greater part of his estate. He +lived as an ornament to his profession till July, 1573, when he +died, aged 63, at Cambridge. He wrote the +“Antiquities of Cambridge,” an excellent book; and he +presented it to James I. as he passed through his college. +The King said, “Give me rather <i>Caius de +Canibus</i>,” a work of his as much admired, but hard to be +got. He was master of his college for some time, but in his +old age he resigned that office to Dr. Legge, a fellow commoner +in his college, and a native of Norwich.</p> +<h5><a name="page211"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +211</span><i>Archbishop Parker</i>.</h5> +<p>Archbishop Parker, a native of Norwich, flourished in this +reign, and was a great benefactor to the city. He was born +August 6th, 1504, being the son of William Parker, a wealthy +citizen. He was educated at the Grammar School here, and in +1520 he was sent to Corpus Christi College, where he took his +degrees of B.A., M.A., and D.D., before 1538. The Queen +afterwards appointed him Archbishop of Canterbury, and he was +very active in persecuting the Puritans here. He was the +author of many works which showed much learning. He died on +May 17th, 1575, and was buried in Lambeth Chapel.</p> +<h3><a name="page212"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +212</span>CHAPTER XII.<br /> +Norwich in the Seventeenth Century.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">This</span> was a very eventful period in +the annals of the city. The century opened with storms and +inundations in the physical world, heralding commotions in the +political world. On April 9th, 1601, a sudden storm of hail +and rain passed over the city, whereby the upper part of the +Cathedral spire, which had been lately repaired, was beaten +down. It fell on the roof of the church, which it broke +through, doing great damage to it as well as to the walls of the +choir. The spire was split on the south-east side from top +to bottom.</p> +<p>James I. was proclaimed king on March 24th, 1602; and soon +after he was seated on the throne he granted a general pardon to +the mayor, sheriffs, and commons of this city, for all past +offences. The local occurrences were not very important +during this reign of 23 years. There were, however, great +disturbances between the citizens and Dutch strangers respecting +trade rights and privileges.</p> +<p><a name="page213"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 213</span>In +1602, the plague raged with unusual fury in this country. +As many as 30,578 persons died in London, and 3076 in +Norwich. This visitation was attended with so great a +scarcity of food, that wheat sold for ten, rye for six, and +barley for five shillings per bushel. In the summer of +1609, the city was again visited by the plague, though but few +died of it.</p> +<p>At the assizes held August, 1617, a dispute arose between Sir +Henry Montague, Lord Chief Justice of the Court of Queen’s +Bench, and John Mingay, Esq., then Mayor, concerning +precedence. This was occasioned by the indiscretion of Sir +Augustine Palgrave, Sheriff of Norfolk, who had imprudently +informed the Chief Justice that it was his right to sit in the +chair at the preaching place in the Green yard, with the Mayor on +his left hand. This the Mayor opposed, resolutely asserting +his right to the chair; and the Chief Justice as resolutely +insisted, being misled by the information of the sheriff. +But this matter was afterwards set right, and the sheriff was +obliged to acknowledge his error, after having been severely +reprimanded by the Judge for misleading him. On the next +day, a contest of the same kind happened between the High Sheriff +and the Sheriffs of Norwich; when, to prevent any disputes of the +like nature in future, it was determined that only the High +Sheriff should attend the Judges when they are upon the county +business, and only the Sheriffs of Norwich when they are on the +city business.</p> +<p>Charles I. was proclaimed king, on March 1st, 1625. The +mayor of Norwich, stewards, justices, sheriffs, and aldermen, +were present at the ceremony.</p> +<p><a name="page214"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 214</span>On +March 31st, 1625, Charles I. was proclaimed in Norwich, and on +May 13th following, Thomas, Earl of Arundel and Surrey, +Earl-Marshal of England, was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of the +county of Norfolk, and of the city of Norwich, and county of the +same.</p> +<p>On October 19th, 1625, the citizens petitioned the king to be +released of taxes, on account of their poverty and the ravages of +the plague; and in 1641, the citizens petitioned Parliament, to +be discharged from paying £2500 assessed upon them, on +account of their great poverty and the impossibility of raising +the money.</p> +<p>In 1626, writs of quo warranto were brought against the mayor, +&c., for refusing to furnish two ships of war demanded of +them; and the corporation, on the trial, which took place in +1629, obtained a verdict in their favor, having proved that they +neither used nor usurped any privileges but what their charters +warranted. During this contest the city raised a sum of +money, and presented to the king by way of loan, as settled by +the lord keeper, lord treasurer, comptroller, and chancellor of +the duchy of Lancaster, who came hither for that purpose.</p> +<p>In 1627, an order arrived for levying 250 foot soldiers in the +city of Norwich and county of Norfolk, of which number the +citizens were ordered to furnish 25; but they would raise no more +than 17, that being their full proportion.</p> +<p>During this reign the plague raged with great violence in the +city and county. On July 12th, 1625, the king issued a +commission to the mayor, &c., to <a name="page215"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 215</span>scour the city ditches, to remove +all nuisances in and about the city, to repair the walls and +turrets, and to tax all residing in the several wards, according +to their ability, toward the work; it being thought very +necessary, in order to stop the plague which had been brought +from Yarmouth, and begun to spread here. The mayor had +previously requested the bailiffs at Yarmouth to order all the +wherrymen to carry no infected persons dwelling in their town to +the city. Constables of every ward gave notice that no +person coming from London should be entertained without notice +given to the aldermen of their ward; and watch was set at every +gate, day and night, to hinder all persons coming from infected +places entering the city, and the carriers were commanded to +bring no such persons, nor any wool whatever. +Notwithstanding all this caution, the plague began to spread, so +that on July 23rd, the aldermen of every ward appointed +“Searchers” in each ward, to be keepers of such +persons as were suspected of being infected. The bellman +warned all the citizens to take their dogs and swine outside of +the walls, on pain of being killed. On July 30th, the watch +of the gates ceased, it being known that the plague raged within +the city. Twenty-six persons died of it in that week; and +before August 11th, it had so much increased, that it was +resolved that every alderman should have power to send his +warrants to the city treasurers to relieve the infected persons; +and the plague abated that very week. Orders were issued +that the doors of all persons who died of the disease should be +nailed up and watched. <a name="page216"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 216</span>Every one who begged about the +streets was whipped, because all the poor were then relieved, so +that no one had any excuse for begging for food.</p> +<p>In 1634, under date of March 23rd, a letter signed by the +king, was directed to the mayor, sheriff, and aldermen, requiring +their constant attendance at the sermon preached every Sunday +morning, either in the Cathedral or Green yard, and that they +would be there at the beginning of the service, after the manner +observed in the city of London; and that none be absent without +the consent of the bishop. On this point a court was held, +and it was ordered that the mayor and court should constantly +meet at the Free School, and thence proceed to church agreeably +to his majesty’s instructions; the king having great regard +for their spiritual welfare.</p> +<h4>THE CIVIL WARS.</h4> +<p>The first parliament of the reign of Charles I., in 1625, has +been severely censured on account of the penurious supply which +it doled out for the exigencies of a war in which its +predecessors had involved the king. Nor is the reproach +wholly unfounded. A more liberal proceeding, if it did not +obtain a reciprocal concession from the king, would have put him +more in the wrong. But the Puritans in parliament formed a +majority, and were determined not to vote money without a redress +of what they deemed to be grievances. The king finding he +could not obtain the supplies he required from the House of +Commons, determined to <a name="page217"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 217</span>rule without a parliament, and to +raise money by some other means. Hence the contests between +the king and the parliaments, which were often called and soon +dissolved. This served only to aggravate the embarrassments +of the crown. Every successive House of Commons inherited +the feelings of its predecessor, otherwise it would not have +represented the people. The same men, for the most part, +came again to parliament more irritated and difficult of +reconciliation with the sovereign than before. Even the +politic measure, as it was fancied to be, of excluding some of +the most active members from seats, by nominating them sheriffs +for the year, failed of the expected success because all ranks +partook of a common enthusiasm.</p> +<p>In 1642, July 12th, the parliament voted and declared the +necessity of recourse to arms, and on the 29th of the same month, +Moses Treswell was apprehended for attempting to enlist men into +the king’s service, after having been forbidden to do so by +the corporation. The citizens supposing that this act would +be deemed a declaration against their sovereign, ordered a double +watch to be set in every ward, and a provision of all military +stores to be made. They received a letter from the +parliament thanking them for their great services in sending up +Captain Treswell, and exhorting them to raise the militia, and to +prevent anyone from levying troops within their jurisdiction +without consent of parliament. Soon afterwards, the king +issued proclamations requiring the assistance of his subjects +against the rebels, but no regard was <a name="page218"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 218</span>paid to them in Norwich. On +the other hand, the magistrates ordered a general muster of the +trained bands and volunteers, and put the city into the best +state of defence, fearing an attack from the gentlemen of Norfolk +and Suffolk who had declared for the king. As a further +proof of their zeal they sent fifty Dragoons for Colonel +Cromwell’s regiment, which composed part of the troops +under Lord Grey of Wark, raised for the preservation of the peace +in the associated counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, +Cambridgeshire, Hertfordshire, and Huntingdonshire. As soon +as these had marched, the magistrates raised a hundred more +dragoons, and to mount them, gave orders for seizing the horses +of those citizens who favoured the cause of the king, and who +were called malignants. On March 13th, the city raised +fifty more Dragoons, and on March 26th, 1643, a hundred men were +ordered to be raised and sent to Cambridge to re-enforce the +associated army. The weekly contribution levied by +parliament on the county was £1250 in the following +proportions: Norfolk £1129, Norwich £53, Lynn +£27, Yarmouth £34 16s. 5d., Thetford £5 11s. +9d. On April 2nd, being Easter day, Captain Sherwood +marched to Lynn with a hundred volunteers to secure that town +from any sudden surprise by the king’s forces. On +August 12th, a meeting of the associated counties was appointed +on account of the danger with which the city was threatened by +the approach of the enemy, and the castle was ordered to be +fortified. Lincolnshire was also admitted amongst the +associated counties. Lynn was garrisoned by the <a +name="page219"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 219</span>forces of +the parliament, and fortified at the expense of the +Association. On November 18th, four of the Court, +representing the Association, were fined £10 each for want +of expedition in collecting the proposition money, and the Earl +of Manchester ordered the immediate assessing and levying of such +sums of money as should have been raised by any edict of +parliament. This stringent commission was carried out by +force of arms.</p> +<p>In 1643, it having been agreed between the English and Scotch +commissioners that £100,000 should be immediately advanced +to the Scots, to enable them to put their army in march for +England, an order was sent down to Norwich for levying +£6000, part of the said sum in the following proportions; +in Norwich, £265; in Yarmouth, £174; in Lynn, +£132; in Thetford, £27 18s. 9d., and the remainder in +the county of Norfolk.</p> +<p>By order of the Court, on March 9th, 1644, seven pictures, +taken from St. Swithin’s Church, the Angel and Four +Evangelists from St. Peter’s, Moses and Aaron and the Four +Evangelists from the Cathedral, and other paintings, were +publicly burnt in the Market Place. A committee was +appointed to “view the churches for pictures and +crucifixes,” in consequence of which, these over-zealous +Reformers committed all kinds of outrages and excesses by +destroying monuments in the churches, and burning valuable +paintings, as stated by Bishop Hall in his “Hard +Measure,” a pamphlet on the proceedings of the +Puritans. On Christmas eve, 1645, the mayor issued <a +name="page220"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 220</span>orders to +all the city clergy commanding them neither to preach, nor to +administer the sacrament, in their respective churches on the day +following, and to the inhabitants, charging them to open their +shops as on other days; so little did the Puritans in that age +understand the principles of toleration.</p> +<p>In 1648, a petition was presented to the mayor, &c., +signed by 150 persons, praying for a more speedy and effectual +reformation, and complaining that their faithful ministers were +discouraged and slighted; the ejected ministers countenanced and +preferred; old ceremonies, and the service book constantly used, +and the directory for worship almost totally neglected; and +further praying, that the ordinances against superstition and +idolatry might be put in strict execution; “so, shall the +crucifix on the cathedral gate be defaced, and another on the +roof of the cathedral neere the west door in the inside, and one +upon the free school, and the image of Christ on the parish house +of St. George at Tombland be taken down, and many parish churches +more decently made for the congregations to meet in.” +The mayor, John Utting, paying little regard to this petition, +was sent for to London, and Mr. Alderman Baret put in his +place. After he was gone, the common people, having a great +affection for the mayor, went to the committee house, then on the +site of the present Bethel, where the gunpowder was kept, and set +fire to ninety-five barrels, which killed and wounded about one +hundred persons and greatly damaged the adjacent buildings. +For this <a name="page221"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +221</span>outrage six of the perpetrators were hanged in the +Market Place.</p> +<p>On January 30th, 1649, King Charles was beheaded at +Whitehall. Soon after the death of the king the House of +Commons published a decree to forbid the proclaiming of Charles +Stuart, eldest son of the late king, or of any person whatsoever, +on pain of high treason; and afterwards enacted that the kingly +office should be abolished as unnecessary, burdensome, and +dangerous; and that the state should be governed by the +representatives of the people without king or lords, and under +the form of a Commonwealth.</p> +<p>In 1650, on discovery of an intended insurrection in Norfolk +in favour of King Charles, which was to have broken out on +October 7th, several of the conspirators were apprehended and +tried at the new hall, in Norwich, before three judges, +commissioned by the parliament for that purpose. Their +sitting continued from December 20th to December 30th, and they +condemned twenty-five persons, who were all executed, some of +them at Norwich and others in different parts of Norfolk.</p> +<p>On June 24th, 1654, an ordinance was published for the six +months’ assessment for the maintenance of the armies and +fleets of the Commonwealth, at the rate of £120,000 per +month for the first three months, and £90,000 per month for +the rest. Towards each monthly payment of the last sum, +Norwich raised £240 and Norfolk £4660. On +August 29th, an ordinance was issued for ejecting scandalous and +insufficient ministers and schoolmasters; whose qualifications <a +name="page222"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 222</span>were to be +tried by commissioners appointed for that purpose in every +county. In consequence of this ordinance many able divines +in the kingdom were ejected from their livings, and their places +filled by such as best suited the views of the ruling +party. During the Commonwealth, the city was put in defence +against the royalists, the castle was fortified for the service +of Cromwell, the goods of the bishops and clergy were +sequestrated, the bishops palace was sacked, the cathedral and +churches were plundered and defaced, and Bishop Hall was turned +out and driven into retirement at his palace in Heigham, which is +still in existence, being used as a tavern called the +Dolphin. He died there and was buried in the old church in +Heigham. We shall speak more at length of this +distinguished prelate in our notice of “The Eminent +Citizens” of the 17th century.</p> +<p>On the death of Oliver Cromwell, which happened on September +3rd, 1658, the mayor of Norwich, like the mayors of other towns, +received letters from the privy council, notifying that event and +the election of his son Richard Cromwell to the dignity of +Protector, and commanding him to proclaim the said Richard +protector of the three kingdoms, which was done accordingly on +the seventh of that month. The new protector’s +honours were, however, but of short continuance; for in the month +of April, 1659, the army obliged him to dissolve the parliament +which he had convoked, and soon afterwards deposed him from his +high office. During the fatal contentions respecting the +prerogatives of the crown and the privileges of <a +name="page223"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 223</span>parliament, +the city suffered less than might have been expected, and Norfolk +less than many other counties.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>The citizens, tired of strife and commotion, were among the +first to hail the return of monarchy in the person of Charles +II., who was proclaimed here on May 10th, 1660, and the sum of +£1000 was presented to His Majesty, on behalf of the city, +by the mayor, who received the honour of knighthood. In +1663 the king granted to the city the charter by which, with +little interruption, it was governed till 1835, when the +municipal act came into force. In 1670, Lord Howard +presented the corporation with a noble mace of silver gilt, and a +gown of crimson velvet for the mayor. In 1671, the king and +queen and many nobles visited the city, and were entertained in +grand style at the palaces of the bishop and the Duke of +Norfolk.</p> +<p>In 1682, a majority of the corporation surrendered to the king +the charter which he had granted them nine years before, and in +lieu of it a new one was substituted not so favourable to the +city; the king having reserved the right of removing magistrates +of whom he did not approve.</p> +<p>In 1687, by the mandate of James II., ten aldermen and +nineteen councillors were displaced; but the arbitrary conduct of +that monarch soon brought about his ruin, and when Henry, Duke of +Norfolk, rode into the Market Place at the head of 300 knights +and gentlemen and declared for a <i>free</i> parliament, the +corporation and citizens responded with loud acclamations. +After the glorious revolution of 1688, the first <a +name="page224"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 224</span>charter of +Charles II. was restored to the city, and the aldermen who had +been removed were reinstated in their offices.</p> +<p>William and Mary, king and queen of England, began their reign +on February 13th, 1688, and during their reign the city +flourished exceedingly, and the country in general was +prosperous.</p> +<p>In 1697 the coin was regulated afresh, the old money being +called in and recoined, for which purpose, mints were established +in various places, among others one in this city, which coined +£259,371. The quantity of coin and plate brought in +here to be coined was 17,709 ounces.</p> +<p>We may here give the statements of two eminent writers +respecting Norwich and Norfolk in this century. Sir Thomas +Browne, jun., in 1662, wrote as follows about the city and +county:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Let any stranger find me out so pleasant a +county, such good ways, large heaths, three such places as +Norwich, Yarmouth, and Lynn, in any county of England, and +I’ll be once again a vagabond and visit to them.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>And he wrote so with good reason. Few, if any, of the +cities of England then contained more handsome buildings, or +presented so good an appearance as did the old city of Norwich, +while only London and Bristol surpassed her in the extent and +importance of their commerce. Lord Macaulay, in his graphic +History of England thus describes the state of the city in the +17th century:—</p> +<blockquote><p><a name="page225"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +225</span>“Norwich was the capital of a large and fruitful +province. It was the residence of a bishop and of a +chapter. It was the seat of the manufacture of the +realm. Some even distinguished by learning and science had +recently dwelt there, and no place in the kingdom, except the +capital and the universities, had more attractions to the +curious. The library, the museum, the aviary, and the +botanical gardens of Sir Thomas Browne were thought by the +Fellows of the Royal Society well worthy of a long +pilgrimage. Norwich had also a court in miniature. In +the heart of the city stood an old palace of the Duke of Norfolk, +said to be the largest town house in the kingdom out of +London. In this mansion, to which were annexed a tennis +court, a bowling green, and a wilderness extending along the +banks of the Wensum, the noble family of Howard frequently +resided. Drink was served to the guests in goblets of pure +gold; the very tongs and shovels were of silver; pictures of +Italian masters adorned the walls; the cabinets were filled with +a fine collection of gems purchased by the Earl of Arundel, whose +marbles are now among the ornaments of Oxford. Here, in the +year 1671, Charles and his court were sumptuously entertained; +here, too, all comers were annually welcomed from Christmas to +Twelfthnight; ale flowed in oceans for the populace. Three +coaches, one of which had been built at a cost of £500 to +contain fourteen persons, were sent every afternoon round the +city to bring ladies to the festivities, and the dances were +always followed by a luxurious banquet. When the Duke of +Norfolk came to Norwich he was greeted like a king returning to +his capital; the bells of St. Peter’s Mancroft were rung, +the guns of the castle were fired, and the mayor and aldermen +waited on their illustrious citizen with complimentary +addresses.”</p> +</blockquote> +<h4><a name="page226"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +226</span>Eminent Citizens of the Seventeenth Century.</h4> +<h5><i>Bishop Hall</i>.</h5> +<p>Dr. Hall, Bishop of Norwich, the first English Satirist, was a +noted character in this century. He was born July 1st, +1574, in Bristow Park, within the parish of Ashby de la Zouch, in +Leicestershire. He was educated by a private tutor till he +was fifteen years of age, when he removed to Cambridge, and was +admitted to Emmanuel College, of which he was a chosen scholar, +and took the degree of Bachelor of Arts. His satires were +published in 1597, 1598, and 1599, and added greatly to his +reputation by their pungency and classical style. They +equal the satires of Juvenal and Persius on similar themes, and +in lashing the vices of the age.</p> +<p>Dr. Hall, in 1624, refused the bishopric of Gloucester, but in +1627 he accepted that of Exeter, holding with it <i>in +commendam</i> the rectory of St. Breock in Cornwall. At +this time he seems to have been suspected of a leaning to the +Puritans, and it must be allowed that his religious views were +more consonant with theirs than with the lax Arminianism of +Laud. But at the same time, Dr. Hall was a zealous +supporter of the church.</p> +<p>On November 15th, 1641, he was translated, by the little power +left to the king, to be Bishop of Norwich, but having joined with +the Archbishop of York and eleven other prelates, in a protest +against the validity of such laws as should be made during their +compulsory <a name="page227"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +227</span>absence from parliament, he was ordered to be sent to +the tower, with his brethren, on the 30th of January +following. Shortly afterwards they were impeached by the +Commons for high treason, and on their appearance in parliament +were treated with the utmost rudeness and contempt. The +Commons, however, did not think fit to prosecute the charge of +high treason, having gained their purpose by driving them from +the House of Lords, and Hall and his brethren were ordered to be +dismissed; but upon another pretext they were again sent to the +tower. In June following, Hall was finally released on +giving bail for £5000! He returned to Norwich, and +being received with rather more respect than he hoped for, in the +then state of public opinion, he resumed his duties, frequently +preaching to large congregations, and enjoying the forbearance of +the predominant Puritan party till April, 1643, when the +destruction of the church was contemplated. About this +time, the ordinance for sequestrating notorious delinquents +having passed, and our prelate being included by name, all his +rents were stopped, his palace was entered, and all his property +was seized. A friend, however, gave bond for the whole +amount of the valuation, and the bishop was allowed to remain a +short time in his palace. While he remained there, he was +continually exposed to the insolence of the soldiery and mob, who +demolished the windows and monuments of the cathedral. At +length he was ordered to leave his palace, and would have been +exposed to the utmost extremity, if a neighbour had not <a +name="page228"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 228</span>offered him +the shelter of his humble roof. Some time afterwards, but +by what interest we are not told, the sequestration was taken off +a small estate which he rented at Heigham, to which he +retired. The house in which he lived, now called the +Dolphin Inn, is still standing, and should be carefully preserved +as a memorial of a great and good man.</p> +<p>Bishop Hall, in his tract <i>Hard Measure</i>, has given a +most touching account of the treatment he experienced. He +says in his tract “The Shaking of the Olive +Tree:”—</p> +<blockquote><p>“It is no other than tragical to relate the +carnage of that furious sacrilege whereof our eyes and ears were +the sad witnesses, under the authority and presence of Linsey, +Tofts the sheriff, and Greenwood. Lord, what work was here; +what clattering of glasses, what beating down of walls, what +tearing up of monuments, what pulling down of seates, what +wresting out of irons and brass from the windows and graves, what +defacing of armes, what demolishing of curious stone work which +had not any representation in the world, but only of the cast of +the founder, and skill of the mason; what toting and piping upon +the destroyed organ pipes, and what a hideous triumph on the +market day, before all the country, when, in a sacrilegious and +profane procession, all the organ pipes, vestments, both copes +and surplices, together with the leaden crosse which had been +newly sawn down from over the green yard pulpit, and the service +book and singing books that could be had, were carried to a fire +in the public Market-place; a lewd wretch walking before the +train in his cope trailing in the dirt, with a service book in +his hand, imitating in an impious scorne the tune and usurping +the words of the litany formerly used in the church. Neer +the <a name="page229"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +229</span>publick crosse all these monuments of idolatry must be +sacrificed to the fire, not without much ostentation of a zealous +joy in discharging ordinance to the cost of some who professed +how much they longed to see that day.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The good bishop’s sufferings did not damp his courage, +for in 1644, we find him preaching in Norwich whenever he could +obtain the use of a pulpit; and with yet more boldness, in the +same year he sent <i>A modest offer of some meet considerations +in favour of Episcopacy</i> addressed to the Assembly of +Divines. During the rest of his life he appears to have +remained at Heigham, unmolested, performing the duties of a +faithful pastor, and exercising such hospitality and charity as +his scanty means permitted. He died, September 8th, 1656, +in the 82nd year of his age, and was buried in the church of St. +Bartholomew, in Heigham. In his will, he says:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“I leave my body to be buried without any +funeral pomp, at the discretion of my executors, with the only +monition that I do not hold God’s house a meet repository +for the dead bodies of the greatest saints.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>He left a family behind, according to Lloyd, of whom Robert, +the eldest son, was afterwards a clergyman, and D.D. His +wife died in 1647. His prose works were published at +various periods in folio, quarto, and duodecimo. They were +collected in a handsome edition of 10 vols., octavo, by the Rev. +Josiah Pratt, and are his best memorials. The +“Meditations” have been often reprinted. As a +moralist, he has been called the British Seneca.</p> +<h5><a name="page230"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +230</span><i>Sir Thomas Browne</i>.</h5> +<p>Sir Thomas Browne flourished in this century in Norwich, as a +Physician. Dr. Johnson wrote a memoir of him, from which we +learn the following particulars. He was born in London, in +the parish of St. Michael, in Cheapside, on October 19th, +1605. Of his childhood or youth there is little known, +except that he lost his father very early; that he was, according +to the common fate of orphans, defrauded by one of his guardians; +and that he was placed for his education at the School of +Winchester. He was removed in 1623 from Winchester to +Oxford, and entered a gentleman commoner of Broadgate Hall, which +was soon afterwards endowed and took the name of Pembroke +College, from the Earl of Pembroke, the Chancellor of the +University. He was admitted to the degree of B.A., January +31st, 1626–7, being the first man of eminence who graduated +from the new college, to which the zeal or gratitude of those +that love it most can wish little better than that it may long +proceed as it began. Having afterwards taken his degree of +M.A., he turned his attention to physic. He practised it +for some time in Oxfordshire, but soon afterwards, either induced +by curiosity or invited by promises, he quitted his settlement +and accompanied his father-in-law, who had some employment in +Ireland in the visitation of the forts and castles, which the +state of Ireland then made necessary. He left Ireland and +travelled on the Continent, and was created an M.D. at +Leyden. About the year 1634 he is supposed to have returned +to <a name="page231"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +231</span>London; and the next year to have written his +celebrated treatise, called <i>Religio Medici</i>, or, “The +Religion of a Physician,” which excited the attention of +the public by the novelty of paradoxes, the dignity of sentiment, +the quick succession of images, the multitude of abstruse +allusions, the subtlety of disquisition, and the strength of +language. At the time when this book was published the +author resided at Norwich, where he had settled in 1636, by the +persuasion of Dr. Lushington, his tutor, who was then rector of +Burnham Westgate, in West Norfolk. His practice became very +extensive, and in 1637 he was incorporated Doctor of Physic, in +Oxford. He married in 1641, Mrs. Mileham, of a good family +in Norfolk. He had ten children by her, of whom one son and +three daughters survived their parents. In 1646, Sir Thomas +Browne published his “Enquiries into Vulgar and Common +Errors,” which passed through many editions. In 1658, +the discovery of some ancient urns in Norfolk, gave him occasion +to write “Hydriotaphia, Urn-burial, or, a Discourse of +Sepulchral Urns;” in which he treats with his usual +learning on the funeral rites of ancient nations, exhibits their +various treatment of the dead, and examines the substances found +in the Norfolcian urns. To this treatise on Urn-burial was +added the “Garden of Cyrus; or, the Quincuxial Lozenge, or +Network Plantation of the Ancients, Artificially, Naturally, +Mystically Considered.” He doubted the Copernican +hypothesis, on the same ground as some divines distrust the +Cuvierian system of Geology, as opposed to Genesis. These +were all <a name="page232"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +232</span>the tracts which he published, but many papers were +found in his closet. Of these, two collections were +published in 1722, and all his works were issued in a cheap form +by G. H. Bohn, and are in the Norwich Free Library. To the +life of this learned man there remains little to be added, but +that in 1665 he was chosen Honorary Fellow of the College of +Physicians, as a man “<i>Virtute et literis +ornatissimus</i>,” eminently embellished with literature +and virtue. In 1671, he received at Norwich, the honour of +Knighthood from Charles II., a prince, who, with many frailties +and vices, had yet skill to discover excellence and virtue, to +reward it with such honorary distinctions, at least, as cost him +nothing.</p> +<p>Sir Thomas Browne, in 1680, wrote a <i>Repertorium</i>, or +Account of the Tombs and Monuments in the Cathedral Church of +Norwich. The basis of the work was a sketch hastily drawn +up twenty years previously on the information of “an +understanding singing man,” ninety-one years old, in order +to preserve the remembrance of some of the monumental antiquities +which barbarous zeal had destroyed. The reckless character +of these ravages has thus been exhibited in a description made on +the spot and at the moment, by one who suffered in his person, +property, and health.</p> +<p>Thus the knight lived in high reputation, till he was seized +with a colic, which, after having tortured him for about a week, +put an end to his life at Norwich, on his birthday, October 19th, +1682, having completed his 77th year. Some of his last +words were expressions <a name="page233"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 233</span>of submission to the will of God, +and fearlessness of death. He lies buried in the Church of +St. Peter Mancroft, within the rails at the east end of the +chancel, with this inscription on a mural monument, placed in the +south pillar of the altar:—</p> +<p style="text-align: center">M. S.<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">HIC SITUS EST</span><br /> +THOMAS BROWNE, M.D.<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">ET MILES.</span><br /> +A<sup>o</sup> 1605. LONDONI NATUS<br /> +GENEROSA FAMILIA APUD UPTON IN AGRO CESTRIENSI ORIUNDUS.<br /> +SCHOLA PRIMUM WINTONIENSI, POSTEA<br /> +IN COLL. PEMBR.<br /> +APUN OXONIENSES BONIS LITERIS<br /> +HAUD LEVITER IMBUTUS.<br /> +IN URBE HAC NORDOVICENSI MEDICINAM<br /> +ARTE EGREGIA, ET FŒLICI SUCCESSU PROFESSUS,<br /> +SCRIPTIS, QUIBUS TITULI, RELIGIO MEDICI<br /> +ET PSEUDODOXIA EPIDEMICA ALIISQUE<br /> +PER ORBEM NOTISSIMUS<br /> +VIR PIENTISSIMUS, INTEGERRIMUS, DOCTISSIMUS;<br /> +OBIIT OCTOBR. 19, 1682.<br /> +PIE POSUIT MŒSTISSIMA CONJUX<br /> +D<sup>a</sup> DOROTH. BR.</p> +<p>Mr. Simon Wilkin, F.L.S., in a supplementary memoir, states +that Dr. Browne steadily adhered to the royal cause in perilous +times. He was one of the 432 principal citizens, who, in +1643, refused to subscribe towards a fund for regaining the town +of Newcastle. Charles II. was not likely to have been +ignorant of this, and he had, no doubt, the good feeling to +express his sense of it by a distinction which was, no doubt, +gratifying to Sir Thomas Browne. Sir Thomas is supposed to +have lived in the last house <a name="page234"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 234</span>at the south end of the +Gentleman’s Walk, where the Savings’ Bank now +stands. Blomefield asserts that he lived where Dr. Howman +then lived, (1760) and that he succeeded Alderman Anguish in that +house; and Mr. Simon Wilkin says that he ascertained by reference +to title deeds, that the last house at the southern extremity of +the Gentleman’s Walk, Haymarket, belonged, in +Blomefield’s time, to Dr. Howman. This house was for +many years a china and glass warehouse, and tradition has always +asserted it to be Dr. Browne’s residence. The last +occupier was Mr. Swan, and the house was pulled down to make room +for the Savings’ Bank. It contained some spacious +rooms. In the drawing room there was, over the mantel-piece +and occupying the entire space of the ceiling, a most elaborate +and richly ornamented carving of the royal arms of Charles II., +no doubt placed there by Sir Thomas to express his loyalty, and +to commemorate his knighthood. In Matthew Stevenson’s +poems, 12mo, 1673, there is a long poem on the progress of +Charles II. into Norfolk, in which the honour conferred on Browne +is thus noticed:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“There the king knighted the so famous +Browne,<br /> +Whose worth and learning to the world are known.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Early in October, 1673, Evelyn went down to the Earl of +Arlington’s, at Euston, in company with Sir Thomas +Clifford, to join the royal party. Lord Henry Howard +arrived soon afterward, and prevailed on Mr. Evelyn to accompany +him to Norwich, promising to convey him back after a day or +two. “This,” he says, <a +name="page235"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 235</span>“as I +could not refuse I was not hard to be persuaded to, having a +desire to see that famous scholar and physician, Dr. T. Browne, +author of the <i>Religio Medici</i>, and <i>Vulgar Errors</i>, +&c., now lately knighted.” After arriving in +Norwich, Evelyn says:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Next morning I went to see Sir Thomas +Browne, with whom I had some time corresponded by letter, though +I had never seen him before. His whole house and garden +being a paradise and cabinet of rarities, and that of the best +collections, especially medails, books, plants, and natural +things. Amongst other curiosities, Sir Thomas had a +collection of the eggs of all the foule and birds he could +procure, that country (especially the promontory of Norfolk) +being frequented, as he said, by severall kinds, which seldome or +never go further into the land, as cranes, storkes, eagles, and a +variety of water foule. He led me to see all the remarkable +places in this ancient city, being one of the largest, and +certainly, after London, one of the noblest in England for its +venerable Cathedralle, number of stately churches, cleanesse of +the streets, and buildings of flints so exquistely headed and +squared, as I was much astonished at; but he told me they had +lost the art of squaring the flints in which they once so much +excelled, and of which the churches, best houses, and walls are +built. The Castle is an antique extent of ground which now +they call Marsfield, and would have been a fitting area to have +placed the ducal palace in. The suburbs are large, the +prospects are sweete, with other amenities, not omitting the +flower gardens, in which all the inhabitants excel.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>At that time the hamlets of Thorpe, Lakenham, and Heigham, +were all fields or cultivated grounds and gardens, and the city +was interspersed with gardens.</p> +<h5><a name="page236"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +236</span><i>Dr. Samuel Clarke</i>.</h5> +<p>Samuel Clarke, D.D., was the son of Edward Clarke, one of the +Aldermen of Norwich, where he was born in 1675, and where he was +educated at the Grammar School, his father being at that time one +of the representatives of the city in parliament. In 1691, +he was entered as a student in Caius College, Cambridge, where +his great capacity for learning was soon developed, and where he +became distinguished as a metaphysician, mathematician, and +divine. He was the author of many works, the chief of which +was a “Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of +God.” Upon his entering into holy orders, he became +Chaplain to the learned Dr. Moore, Bishop of Norwich, with whom +he lived in great esteem, having the advantage of the fine +library of that prelate. In 1704, he was called to an +office worthy of all his learning, namely, that of lecturer on +Mr. Boyle’s foundation. He preached sermons +concerning the Evidences of Natural and Revealed Religion, which +will always be highly esteemed. Soon afterwards, he was +presented to the living of St. Bennet’s, near Paul’s +Wharf, London, and where he constantly preached without +notes. In the same year he translated the <i>Optics of Sir +Isaac Newton</i> into elegant Latin, which was so acceptable to +that great philosopher, that he presented £500 to the +divine, being £100 for each of his children. He was +soon after made one of the Chaplains in Ordinary, and in 1709, +Queen Anne presented him to the Rectory of St. James’, +Westminster, when he went to Cambridge <a +name="page237"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 237</span>and took +his degree of Doctor of Divinity. He died on May 17th, +1729, aged 54 years.</p> +<h5><i>Robert</i>, <i>Viscount of Yarmouth</i>.</h5> +<p>In 1683 died the Rt. Hon. Robert, Viscount of Yarmouth, Baron +of Paston, Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk and Norwich. He was +buried at Oxnead. His funeral sermon was preached by the +Rev. John Hildeyard, LL.D., then rector of Cawston, and it was +afterwards published. At page 27 there is the following +passage, referring to the deceased viscount:</p> +<blockquote><p>“Great was his love to the ancient, loyal, +and honourable corporation of Norwich, because the members of +that body, generally speaking, loved the king; they found him +their friend and, <i>maugre</i> the blast of calumny, the <i>new +charter</i> shall remain a token of it. He spared no cost +nor pains, as themselves can witness, to make the world believe +that he loved them. Most of the tables of his house were +spread together for their entertainment, and all his friends +employed to bid them welcome; nay, his very sleep was ofttimes +broken to find out ways how best to serve them, and he commended +the care of the city with his last breath, to all his best +friends, and the blessing of God.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Happy corporation, that had such a friend; but Blomefield +says,</p> +<blockquote><p>“Whatever the Dr. (Hildeyard) might think of +it, the effects of the new charter now began to be too visible, +for Mr. Nic Helwys was chosen mayor, and eleven common council in +room of those eleven of the sixty common council appointed by the +charter, which were not qualified; but such <a +name="page238"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 238</span>choice was +of no force till confirmed by the king, who sent a letter under +the privy seal, dated at Windsor, May 17th, signifying by the +Earl of Arundel that he approved of them, and the names of the +two elected sheriffs were signified to the Lord Lieutenant, and +that they were persons of loyalty, and therefore they desired his +lordship to give his gracious Majesty information thereof in +order to his approbation.”</p> +</blockquote> +<h5><i>Dr. John Cosin</i>.</h5> +<p>John Cosin, D.D., was born in this city in 1594, and finished +his studies in Caius College, Cambridge, where he took his last +degrees. When he entered into holy orders he was presented +to a Prebendary in the Cathedral Church of Durham, and appointed +Archdeacon of the East Riding of Yorkshire. But the civil +wars breaking out, and he being an active Papist, he was obliged +to seek refuge abroad till the Restoration in 1660, when he +returned, and was promoted first to the Deanery of Peterborough, +and then to the Bishopric of Durham. He died at Durham, +aged 78, in 1672.</p> +<h5><i>Dr. John Pearson</i>.</h5> +<p>John Pearson, D.D., was the son of a Clergyman in Norwich, +where he was born in 1613. He received the first rudiments +of learning at Eton, whence he was removed to King’s +College, Cambridge, where he finished his studies, and took his +degrees. His first ecclesiastical preferment was a +Prebendary of Salisbury; and soon afterwards he was chosen Rector +of <a name="page239"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 239</span>St. +Clements, East Cheap, where he remained till 1660, and where he +wrote his learned explanation of the Creed. At the +Restoration, he was appointed Archdeacon of Surrey, and +afterwards he was promoted to the See of Chester, where he +continued till his death, in 1686.</p> +<h5><i>John Goslin</i>.</h5> +<p>John Goslin, a native of Norwich, flourished in the 17th +century. He was first Fellow and then Master of Caius +College, in Cambridge, Proctor of that University, and thrice +Vice Chancellor thereof, a general scholar, eloquent Latinist, +and a rare physician, in which faculty he was Regius +Professor. He was a great benefactor to Catherine’s +Hall, but left his native city only the honour of his name. +He died in 1625.</p> +<h5><i>The Rev. John Carter</i>.</h5> +<p>The Rev. John Carter was an eccentric character in the city +during this century. He was born at Bramford, in Suffolk, +in 1594, and became upper minister of St. Peter Mancroft, +Norwich, which position he held from 1638 to 1653. He +preached three extraordinary sermons before the corporation, +preparatory to the guild day festival in 1644, 1647, and +1650. The title of the first is “The Nail Hit on the +Head, and Driven into the City and Cathedral Wall of +Norwich;” of the second, “The Wheel Turned by a Voice +from the Throne of Glory;” and the third, “A Rare +Sight; or, <a name="page240"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +240</span>the Lyon Sent from a Far Country, and Presented to the +City of Norwich in a Sermon upon the Solemne Guild Day, June +18th, 1650.” The third sermon fills 150 pages, is the +length of several modern sermons, and must have occupied two +hours and a half in the delivery; a terrible long grace to a +guild day dinner. It is ornamented with many wood cuts, +among which is the lion in various attitudes, couchant, guardant, +rampant, passant, &c., giving the preacher opportunities of +displaying his knowledge of, at least, the terms of heraldry, and +sarcastically to apply them to the magistracy. He +says:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“In one respect, your city arms do very well +befit you. It is a lion with a castle over it. Many +of you can be like lions, very courageous, so long as you have a +castle over you for protection and countenance; but take away the +castle, and who will expose himself to danger? What a +sordid thing is this! There is a lion couchant, but never +did I hear of a lion crouchant, or current, a fearful and +dastardly lion. Who among you will strike down a disorderly +ale-house, if the brewer that serves it be an alderman, a rich +man, or a friend?”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The rest of the discourse is replete with coarse expressions, +biting sarcasms, and party prejudices, not likely to have +edified, and much less to have pleased the congregation.</p> +<h3><a name="page241"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +241</span>CHAPTER XIII.<br /> +Nonconformity in Norwich.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Church of Rome reigned supreme +over all Europe for a thousand years, but in the 15th century, +reason revolted against her authority. Lutheranism and +Calvinism were the first forms of the revolt on the Continent, +and they assumed the names of Presbyterianism and Puritanism in +England and Scotland. Norwich, in common with Norfolk and +Suffolk, eventually took up the cause of the Reformation with a +zeal and vehemence which make them stand alone in the annals of +history.</p> +<p>Norwich Nonconformists, in times of the fiercest persecution, +held many prohibited meetings, which were sometimes discovered in +different parts of the city. Norfolk, situated as it is in +the eastern coast, was the refuge of many protestants, who fled +from the Netherlands to escape from the severe persecutions of +the infamous Duke of Alva. Even before this time, there +were many in the county and city who objected to the new service +book, or English liturgy, published by the authority of Edward +VI.</p> +<p><a name="page242"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 242</span>The +Reformation made much progress here in the reign of this young +and pious king; but even then a disposition lingered to retain +and enforce some of the Romanist rites and ceremonies. The +excellent Bishop Hooper, who after all became a martyr, would +probably have lost his life simply for refusing to wear the +priestly vestments, through the rigour of Bishop Ridley (who +himself afterwards suffered martyrdom) had he not at length +consented to wear them at his consecration. The Baptists, +the Unitarians, and all who went beyond the new state model were +consigned to the flames.</p> +<p>Bishop Hooper was born in the year 1495, and was burnt in the +reign of Queen Mary. The sixty years of his life formed the +most important period of English history. When he was born, +the Reformation had just begun; when he died it had struck such +deep roots amongst the people, especially of Norwich and Norfolk, +that neither force, nor persecution, nor argument could stop its +progress. In Bishop Hooper’s time, and in his diocese +of Gloucester, the ignorance of the clergy was amazing. Out +of 311 of his clergy he found 168 unable to repeat the ten +commandments; 31 out of the 168 could not tell in what part of +the Bible the ten commandments were to be found; 40 could not +tell where the Lord’s prayer was given, and 31 did not know +who was the author of it. In Norfolk and Norwich the clergy +were quite as ignorant of Scripture. They practised all +kinds of impositions on the people who were debased by +superstition, immorality, and vice. There was over all the +land a <a name="page243"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +243</span>darkness which might be felt. The people had no +bibles nor testaments, and the prayers of the church were all in +Latin, and of course the people could not understand them. +There was scarcely any preaching at all, but instead thereof +profane miracle plays were performed in the cathedral, and were +paid for like any other dramatic performance.</p> +<p>In 1574, so notorious was the city for the nonconformity of +many of the ministers, that when orders were given to Archbishop +Parker “to punish the Puritan ministers, and put down the +prophecyings, and readings, and commenting on the Scriptures, +which had been introduced into the church,” the queen gave +him private orders to begin with Norwich. Accordingly, in +1576, many of the Norwich ministers were suspended and treated so +severely, that even the Norfolk justices presented a petition to +Her Majesty, praying for lenity towards them.</p> +<p>Robert Brown, a clergyman of Norwich, originated the sect of +the Brownists, afterwards called the Independents. He was +at one time a zealous promoter of that system, but English +societies existed before him, holding similar views. +According to Sir Walter Raleigh, 20,000 persons at least held +independent principles of ecclesiastical polity. Amongst +these were many men of great learning and distinction, all of +whom were commanded to quit the realm. Wherever found, they +were imprisoned, with or without law, for life. Elias +Thacker and John Copping suffered death at Bury St. +Edmund’s. John Lewis was burnt at Norwich. +Francis Kett, M.A., for holding “detestable <a +name="page244"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +244</span>opinions,” was also burnt alive in Norwich. +William Dennys was a martyr in the same cause, at Thetford. +Greenwood, Barrow, and Penry fell as martyrs of conscience. +Johnson, Smith, Answorth, Canne, Robinson, and Jacob, only +escaped by flight to Holland, and found liberty there to form +several churches, and to compose an elaborate account of their +doctrines and principles, a fact which testifies to their +enlightened piety and superior learning.</p> +<p>In the reign of James I. no favour was shown to the Puritans, +but on the contrary, severities were continued. The king +amply fulfilled his threat to the Puritans at the Hampton Court +conference;—“<i>If this be all your party has to +say</i>, <i>I will make them conform or harrie them out of the +land</i>, <i>or else do worse</i>.” By these +proceedings the country was rendered almost destitute of +preachers, and scandalous men undertook the care of souls in +place of the zealous refugees. This King James published +the “Book of Sports,” in vindication of the +encouragement of various games on the sabbath day. Bishop +Kennett styles it “A trap to catch tender +consciences,” and a means of promoting the ease, wealth, +and grandeur of the bishops. This book was, in the next +reign, (Charles I.) republished by the bigotted Archbishop Laud; +and it was ordered to be read in every church throughout the +kingdom. The bishop of Norwich, then Bishop Wren, was very +peremptory on this and other points. He is said to have +driven upwards of 3000 persons to seek bread in a foreign +land. The woollen trade of Norwich, which had been created +by the Flemish refugees, was <a name="page245"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 245</span>mostly in the hands of the Puritans, +and the rigorous measures of this prelate nearly destroyed it by +banishing them.</p> +<p>Mr. W. Bridge, M.A., was the lecturer of St. George Tombland, +Norwich, up to the year 1637. He was a pious and learned +man, who held other livings and performed his duties well. +To him, on a certain day, came Bishop Wren’s order to read +the “Book of Sports” on the next Sunday in +church. He sat in dejection, with the odious volume before +him, abhorring the profaneness of its contents and its daring +contradiction of Scripture. He resolved not to read +it. He took counsel of his brethren, and several of them +together refused compliance, fled to Yarmouth, and thence with +sad hearts embarked for Holland, where they spent many anxious +years, hoping to be allowed to return. Laud informed King +Charles I. that Bridge had left two livings and a lectureship and +had fled to Holland; and the king wrote against his name this +bitter sentence: “<i>We are well rid of +him</i>.” It was an expression worthy of a bigoted +and worldly mind. Thus it appears that the reformation was +not the work of kings or bishops, or the great and learned. +The history of those times is the history of persecuting power in +opposition to the progress of the Gospel—an opposition the +more dreadful inasmuch as it was carried on under the pretence of +doing service to religion.</p> +<p>The Reformed Church of England acknowledged the right of +private judgment in theory, but ignored it in practice. The +Puritans, on the other hand, carried <a name="page246"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 246</span>it out to its legitimate +consequences; and Milton, their great champion, advocated +absolute freedom of thought and speech as the birthright of every +man. No doubt Puritanism ran into some excesses of bigotry +and intolerance, but it was an intolerant age. Puritanism, +however, preserved civil and religious liberty and the right of +private judgment, and perpetuated that right to all sects and +classes of the nation. Puritanism has been charged with the +sin of schism, but the early reformers were forced into it by +persecution for conscientious scruples respecting points of +doctrine and discipline. William Bridge, Asty, Allen, +Cromwell, and Fynch, all were thrown out of their livings by the +Act of Uniformity, and became Nonconformist ministers in +Norwich. Without any conference the question put to them +was, “<i>Will you upon oath conform</i>?” The +answer was, “We cannot.” Immediate expulsion +followed. Where, then, was the sin of schism? Their +sin would have been in conformity. They would have proved +to the world that they were mere hirelings, like the “Vicar +of Bray,” who changed his religion to please the reigning +sovereign of the day. Bridge, returning with some others to +his native county, founded the first Independent church at +Yarmouth about 1642. A year later the church at Norwich was +formed into a distinct body. They met at first in a +brew-house in St. Edmund’s, afterwards in the refectory +over the cloisters in the convent formerly belonging to the Black +Friars.</p> +<h4><a name="page247"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +247</span><span class="smcap">The Independents</span>.</h4> +<p>We shall now briefly advert to the rise of the Nonconformist +religious denominations in this city, and quote a passage from a +discourse by the Rev. A. Reed, delivered at the Old Meeting +House, Norwich, on February 27th, 1842, on the occasion of the +second centenary. He said,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“There is no doubt that in or about 1641 +many refugees returned to their homes in Norwich, Yarmouth, and +other places. Those who returned to the two former +localities had been united together in fellowship with the church +at Rotterdam. They earnestly desired that, as they had been +companions in suffering, they might not cease to form one +church. The difficulty was where to fix the joint +society. Norwich offered liberty and opportunity. But +the proximity of Yarmouth to the sea was desirable for +safety. Early in 1642 they met, probably in Norwich, to +discuss the point; and agreed to send to Rotterdam for leave to +gather in fellowship here. The assent reached them in the +autumn, authorizing them to form a church at Norwich or other +place. On November 23rd, 1642, they met to form a +church. Most of the members’ names, twelve in all, we +find afterwards attached to the Norwich covenant. They did +not settle the question of place at this meeting. The +Yarmouth church book records a resolution to fix the church at +Norwich for the present. They met again for this purpose, +and the brethren at Norwich, out of an earnest desire to finish +the work of incorporating a church, yielded that the church +meetings (i.e. ordinances and meetings for admission of members) +should be for the <a name="page248"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +248</span>present at Yarmouth. The church was to settle +with all convenient speed where most liberty and opportunity +appeared, and wherever the increase of the church was greatest; +but none of them were required to remove their habitations at +present. Soon after this agreement, however, the Norwich +brethren find these concessions too inconvenient; they beg that +the church may be settled at Norwich, and that the Yarmouth +people would remove to the city. At length they consent +reluctantly to part company, and a separate church is formed at +Norwich. But the materials for the society already existed, +and owing to these facts, the early date of 1642 appears to me to +belong as much to us as to our sister society at +Yarmouth.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The records of the congregational church at Beccles contain +information of much historic value to all the congregational +churches in Norwich, Norfolk, and Suffolk, and from those records +the following particulars are derived. On June 10th, 1644, +the Church at Norwich in the Old Meeting House was regularly +formed. Mr. Oxenbridge, assistant pastor at Yarmouth, and +several of the Yarmouth brethren were present, when the covenant +was adopted and signed afresh. On July 26th, 1647, Mr. +Timothy Armitage was unanimously chosen pastor. The members +were 32 in number.</p> +<p>After the death of Mr. Armitage, in 1655, Mr. Thomas Allen, +M.A., gave up the station he held of “Preacher to the +City” in January, 1656, to become pastor of the Old +Meeting. During his long ministry of 17 years, the cause +continued to flourish, the congregation being large. He +died September 21, 1673.</p> +<p><a name="page249"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 249</span>On +October 9th, 1675, Mr. John Cromwell was ordained pastor, and Mr. +Robert Asty an assistant pastor. Mr. Asty was an ejected +minister of Suffolk, an author, and a useful, devout +preacher. Still the church grew, and was the centre of much +good to the city and county, for many congregations were +established in Norfolk and Suffolk, at Wymondham, North Walsham, +Guestwick, Tunstead, Stalham, Edgefield, and other places.</p> +<p>Then followed, about 1685, Mr. Martin Fynch, who was an +ejected clergyman of Totney, in Lincolnshire. An elaborate +inscription yet remains on his tombstone, to record his worth and +usefulness. He was carried to his grave on the shoulders of +his deacons, amidst great lamentations of the whole church and +congregation. About two or three years before his death, a +handsome and spacious brick edifice was erected, which is the +present Old Meeting House. In 1688, the Revolution promoted +the cause of religious liberty. Many distinguished +residents in the city now joined the nonconformists, and the +resources of the society were increased by endowments left for +the benefit of the poor, and other purposes.</p> +<p>Mr. John Stackhouse succeeded Mr. Fynch in 1690, and continued +pastor for 17 years. Towards the close of his pastorate, +the church began to suffer from its altered circumstances. +It had become far too worldly for its spiritual welfare. +The bonds of unity, so long preserved by Christian charity, grew +weak. The members divided in reference to the choice of a +co-pastor, and the dispute ran so high, that the minister <a +name="page250"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 250</span>and most of +the congregation were actually driven out of their place of +worship, and were obliged to fit up a meeting house in the ruins +of the Black Friars’ convent. Mr. Stackhouse died +without witnessing a reconciliation between the mutually offended +parties.</p> +<p>Mr. Thomas Scott left the pastorate of the church of Hitchin, +in Herts, and settled in Norwich in 1709. The two parties +were reconciled under his ministry, and he returned to the Old +Meeting House about 1717, under very favorable auspices. +His son, Mr. Nichol Scott, became his assistant, and a most +unhappy difference on a point of doctrine once more kindled the +flame of discord. The son was dismissed in 1737, and +numbers of his hearers left with him. For a time he +lectured in the French Church, but finding little encouragement, +he became a doctor of physic, and practised in the city. +The father’s mind was so shattered by the dispute, that he +became almost unfit for ministerial work. He died in +1746.</p> +<p>Mr. Scott was, in his latter years, assisted by Mr. Abraham +Tozer, who now succeeded to the charge at Norwich. Dr. +Doddridge assisted at his ordination, and Mr. Samuel Wood was +chosen co-pastor with Mr. Tozer. On the removal of the +latter to Exeter, Mr. Wood, afterwards Dr. Wood, held the +pastoral office for twenty years. The church enjoyed, under +his care, a season of prosperity and peace, and the meeting house +was densely crowded. He died, November 2nd, 1767, much +lamented.</p> +<p>Mr. Samuel Newton, who had been assistant preacher, was +ordained pastor February 16th, 1768, <a name="page251"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 251</span>and continued in the office +fifty-six years. He gave the second list of the whole +number of members, which had increased to 108. He had five +assistants in succession. Mr. Hull was the last assistant, +and on the death of Mr. Newton, June 29th, 1809, succeeded him in +the pastoral office. The number of members increased to 112 +in 1811, and to 156 in 1820. Mr. Hull officiated fourteen +years, and then resigned in consequence of a disagreement with +the deacons. He became a church clergyman and perpetual +curate of St. Gregory’s in this city.</p> +<p>The Rev. Stephen Morell removed from Exeter and was chosen +pastor in June 17th, 1824, and he died in October of the same +year. The church next invited the services of the Rev. J. +B. Innes, of Weymouth, in 1825, and being chosen pastor, he +continued in the office twelve years. He died in April, +1837. He was greatly beloved by his personal friends, and +his character and talents were held in general esteem.</p> +<p>The vacant office was next filled by the Rev. J. H. Godwin, +who was ordained to it on December 6th, 1837. After +fulfilling the pastoral duties for two years, he became resident +tutor of Highbury College. The Rev. A. Reed was then +invited to fill the office, and became pastor over a church of +190 members. He continued till 1855, and then removed to a +wider sphere of labour. The Rev. John Hallett was invited +in the following year, and is now the esteemed minister of the +church. Mr. Hallett, in a recent contribution to the pages +of the <i>Evangelical Magazine</i> on the history of the Old +Meeting House, says:—</p> +<blockquote><p><a name="page252"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +252</span>“The Rev. A. Reed, B.A., now of St. +Leonard’s, was Mr. Godwin’s successor till +1855. Under his superintendence, bicentenary services, +commemorating the foundation of the church, were held, which, +judging from published and oral reports, must have been of a +stirring and deeply interesting character. Spacious +school-rooms were erected, and large day-schools +established. Many still live in our midst who gratefully +attest the faithfulness and success of Mr. Reed’s +pastorate.</p> +<p>“In April, 1856, the writer was, he believes, divinely +led to occupy the vacant post. For obvious reasons, the +history of the last twelve years must remain untold. It +may, however, be stated that the present pastor, like his +predecessor, has had the privilege of celebrating a +bicentenary. For reasons before assigned, it will probably +be conceded that nowhere was it more proper that a bicentenary +commemoration of the ejectment of 1662 should be held than in +this Old Meeting House, and that a more fitting way of +commemorating it could not be devised than that of enfranchising +the building in which some of them laboured, and the +‘yard’ in which they sleep. This was +accordingly done. The premises, which were leasehold, and +the lease of which was nearly expired, were purchased and +repaired at a large outlay, and then put in trust for the +denomination. ‘Thus, for nearly two centuries, has +the Lord preserved to Himself a worshipping people in this +place. Thousands have found this ancient sanctuary the very +‘House of God,’ and, literally, ‘the gate of +Heaven,’ and are now enjoying the full glory they +anticipated here. And,’ adds my predecessor, with a +thankfulness and faith in which I fully share, ‘still the +waters flow strong and deep, and the banks are green with +promise, and through future ages the brook shall not be dried up, +but with purer, wider, stronger, and more <a +name="page253"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 253</span>fertilizing +current, shall form one of those millennial streams wherewith the +whole earth shall be watered as a fruitful garden of the +Lord.’”</p> +</blockquote> +<h4><span class="smcap">The Baptists</span>.</h4> +<p>Mr. Martin Hood Wilkin, in his life of Joseph Kinghorn, gives +the following account of the origin of the Baptist +denomination. A General (Arminian) Baptist Church was +formed in Norwich in 1686 by the learned and zealous Thomas +Grantham. They purchased a part of the White Friars’ +Priory in St. James’s, on the site of which they built the +Meeting House now known as the Priory Yard Chapel. From +this Church several members separated at a very early period and +formed the Particular (Calvinistic) Baptist Church, over which +Mr. Kinghorn afterwards presided. Of its history he has +left a somewhat elaborate sketch in the notes of the last sermon +he preached in the Meeting House, in St. Mary’s, before it +was taken down in 1811. He says,</p> +<blockquote><p>“Of the origin of this Church I find no +record. The first date in our old Church book is +1691. In 1693, we find an account of admonition given to a +brother who had, ‘for several years past,’ withdrawn +himself from the Communion of the Church. * * * I find a +statement of the sentiments of the Church in that time, entitled, +‘The several articles of our faith, in which with one +accord we agree.’ Of the state of the Church I can +say but little. A list of 55 members follows, which appears +to have been the number at that time. Of their minister I +can say still less, except <a name="page254"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 254</span>that the second and third articles +in the book are drawn up with that precision which marks the +junction of talent and education, especially at a time when few +had any claim to the advantages of a classical education. +One of these is signed ‘Edward Williams, pastor.’ * * +* * At this time our ancestors met for the worship of God in the +‘Granary,’ in St. Michael’s Coslany. +Their baptisms were performed in the river. At one period, +a friend had premises convenient, and in the memory of some now +alive, they were used for that purpose; but such is the effect of +habit, that the prejudice in favour of a mode so primitive +continued some time after better conveniences were +obtained. From this period nothing of importance is to be +discovered till 1745. Then the premises which stood on this +spot were purchased and the Meeting (house) was erected, which +was nearly two-thirds the size of the present building. +When it was finished I do not find, but from a private record I +am informed, that Mr. Lindoe, who for many years was an +honourable and valued deacon, was the first person baptised in +this house, and this was on March 15th, 1746. From this +period, for some time, the Church seems to have worn a +flourishing appearance on the whole. They had a minister, +Mr. John Stearne, who was evidently a superior man. He died +in July, 1755. Rev. George Simson, M.A., from Cambridge, +accepted a call from Mr. Stearne’s Church, went to Norwich, +in 1758, continued there two or three years, and then removed to +Warwick, where he had formerly been pastor, and where, weighed +down by age and infirmities, he died suddenly in 1763. +After this period there was an evident decline for some years, +though to what extent I am not able to say. Afterwards +there was an appearance of prosperity. In 1766 I find a +list of members again, amounting to 59, the largest number +hitherto met with, but alas! after that period, there <a +name="page255"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 255</span>was much to +be lamented. There was the evil conduct of some, and a +spirit of division in others, which all tended to mischief. * * * +* But we are now approaching a period within the remembrance of +many of you, in which it will be useless to attempt to trace the +history of events which you know. Suffice it then, to say +that causes already mentioned brought the Church and congregation +down to a very low ebb, when Mr. David, whose name I have heard +so many of you repeat with esteem and affection, first came +here. On his ordination, the list of members that appeared +in the Church book, and which included all the members as they +stood at that time, was only 31; and now events took a +turn. The short period of his life was distinguished by its +utility. The Meeting House became too small for the +congregation, and in 1783, it was enlarged to its present +size.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Such is Mr. Kinghorn’s account (condensed) of the early +Baptist Churches. After a visit to the North, he returned +to Norwich in July, 1789, and then commenced the long career of +his ministry at St. Mary’s Chapel, though the invitation to +the pastoral office was not received till some months +afterwards. He rigidly adhered to what is called +“strict communion” in his Church, admitting only +those who had been immersed to the Lord’s supper; and on +this point he maintained a long controversy with Mr. Robert Hall, +of Bristol, who advocated “free communion” with all +believers in a Work published in 1815. The Rev. J. Kinghorn +was much esteemed by his numerous friends, including Mrs. Opie, +J. J. Gurney, Esq., Rev. J. Alexander, Bishop Bathurst, Mr. W. +Wilkin, Mr. W. Taylor, and others, of Norwich, and many more men +of learning <a name="page256"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +256</span>all over the country. He took rank among the +Nonconformists with Mr. R. Hall of Bristol, Mr. Foster, the +author of <i>Essays on Decision of Character</i>, Mr. Innes, and +Mr. James A. Haldane, of Edinburgh.</p> +<p>The following <span class="smcap">Tributary Lines</span> are +by <span class="smcap">Mrs. Opie</span>, on hearing it said that +J. Kinghorn “was fit to die.”</p> +<blockquote><p>“Hail! words of truth, that Christian +comfort give!<br /> +But then the ‘fit to die,’ how fit to live!<br /> +To live a bright example to mankind,<br /> +‘Feet to the lame and eyesight to the blind!’<br /> +To lift the lamp, the word of God, on high;<br /> +To point to Calvary’s mount the sinner’s eye;<br /> +To tread the path the first Apostles trod,<br /> +And earn that precious name, ‘a man of God.’<br /> +He lived whom Christian hearts deplore,<br /> +And hence the grief—he lives for us no more.<br /> +But faith exulting joins the general cry,<br /> +He, fit to live, was greatly fit to die!”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Mr. Kinghorn was succeeded by the Rev. W. Brock, who was the +esteemed pastor for many years, and is now the minister of +Bloomsbury Chapel, London. He was followed by the present +minister, the Rev. G. Gould.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>The Calvinistic Methodists in Norwich seem to have been +originated by Mr. James Wheatley, who came to the city about +1750, and preached at first in the open-air, on Tombland and the +Castle Hill. Great excitement was produced, and a temporary +building was soon erected, and called the Tabernacle. The +site has been changed, but the name is still retained. The +present Tabernacle was built in 1784.</p> +<p><a name="page257"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 257</span>The +Wesleyan Methodists first appeared in Norwich in 1754, when the +Revs. John and Charles Wesley visited the city, and the Rev. J. +Wesley preached here for some time, and on leaving, appointed Mr. +T. Oliver in his room. One of his successors was the Rev. +R. Robinson, afterwards at Cambridge, who also preached for some +time at the Tabernacle; and another was Dr. Adam Clarke, the +learned Commentator, who was appointed in 1783, but left in +1785. Their first chapel was built in 1769, in Cherry +Lane.</p> +<h3><a name="page258"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +258</span>CHAPTER XIV.<br /> +Social State of the City from the Fourteenth to the Eighteenth +Centuries.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">Before</span> we proceed to chronicle the +leading local events of the 18th century, it may not be +altogether unprofitable to review briefly the social state of the +city during some 300 or 400 years preceding. In doing this +we may now and then have to advert to matters to which we have +alluded already; but at the risk even of an occasional +repetition, it will be worth while—in order to help our +readers to appreciate subsequent improvements at their proper +worth—to consider a little more minutely than we have yet +done, the physical circumstances under which the citizens have +lived in former centuries, and the various influences to which +they have been subject.</p> +<p>A “Chapter of Horrors” might be written, +descriptive of the plagues, pestilences, famines, floods, and +fires, which devastated the city and county for 300 <a +name="page259"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +259</span>years. It would seem as if the darkness and gloom +of the physical world corresponded at times with the +superstitions and vices of the people. The dark ages were +ages of terrible calamities, and England was then a terrible +country to live in. Plagues and pestilences now and again +desolated the whole land, and Norfolk and Norwich did not escape +the ravages of diseases emphatically named the “Black +Death.” Exaggerated accounts must have been given of +the desolations caused by these various scourges, or else both +city and county must have more than once lost the great part of +their inhabitants.</p> +<p>Blomefield is responsible for very dark pictures indeed; but +his statements, right or wrong, have been endorsed by later +compilers of local history. We are told, by one writer, for +instance, that:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“In 1348, the plague, which had lately +ravaged the greatest part of the known world, broke out in this +city; wherein there died, according to the most credible +accounts, within the space of twelve months, upwards of 57,000 +persons, besides religious and beggars; and this will not appear +very surprising, when we consider that in some places not +one-fifth part of the people were left alive, and that Norwich +was more populous at that time than it has ever been since. +It then contained sixty churches, besides conventual ones, within +the walls; and the large parishes of Heigham and Pockthorpe, and +the large chapel of St. Mary Magdalene without them.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Such is the astounding statement in a local history printed by +John Crouse, in 1768. Where he got his <a +name="page260"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +260</span>“credible accounts” he does not say, and he +moreover gives the statement of the Domesday Book, that in 1086, +the city contained only 1565 burgesses; so that the population +must have increased in 250 years to a most fabulous extent, for +57,000 persons to have died of the plague in 1348. In 1377, +a census was taken of some large towns, and Norwich was then +found to contain 5300 people. But in truth the number, +57,000, very probably applied to the whole diocese, for the same +local history states:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“This severe visitation was not confined to +the city alone, but cruelly extended itself all over the diocese; +so that in many monasteries and religious houses, there were +scarce two out of twenty left alive. From the register book +it appears that in the course of the year there were 863 +institutions. The clergy dying so fast, that they were +obliged to induct into livings numbers of youths who had but just +received the tonsure.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The register in question was, no doubt, one of the whole +diocese.</p> +<p>In 1361 there happened a great dearth, attended by the plague; +this was called the second pestilence. And on January 15th, +in the same year, there arose so furious a storm of wind from the +south west, as to throw down the tower of the cathedral, which +falling on the choir demolished a great part of it. The +storm raged violently for six or seven days, and was succeeded by +a prodigious fall of rain, which occasioned incredible damage by +inundations. Where the inundations occurred is not stated +in the local history, <a name="page261"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 261</span>but if in the city the damage must +have been great indeed.</p> +<p>In 1369, the plague broke out afresh and carried off great +numbers of people very suddenly. Yet in 1371, the citizens +were commanded to furnish the king with a good barge, +sufficiently equipped for war to serve against his enemies, the +French and Spaniards. This does not indicate that the city +had been almost depopulated only a few years before. +Indeed, during all this time the citizens had been doing their +best by legal contests to hinder Yarmouth being made a staple +town, though they did not succeed.</p> +<p>About 1390 a great mortality broke out in the city, occasioned +by the people eating unwholesome food; and this not so much from +a scarcity of corn as of money to purchase it. The plague +raged greatly in Norfolk and in many other counties, and was +nearly equal in severity to the first great pestilence. So +states the local narrative which we have just quoted; and yet, +according to the census of 1377, as already stated, the +population was only 5300! What reliance then can be placed +on such accounts? The calamities recorded were, no doubt, +sufficiently awful without the aid of exaggeration.</p> +<p>In 1578, the plague again broke out, and continued to rage +nearly two years; destroying 2335 natives and 2482 +strangers. During the infection, it was ordered that every +person coming from an infected house, should carry in his hand a +small wand two feet in length; and that no such person should +appear at any court or public place, or be present at any <a +name="page262"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 262</span>sermon; and +that the inscription, “Lord have mercy on us,” should +be placed over the door of every infected house, and there remain +until the house had been clear of the infection for one month at +least.</p> +<p>In 1583, the plague broke out once more, and 800 or 900 +persons died of it, chiefly “strangers;” and in 1588, +the same disease again raged in the city, but not very +violently. Notwithstanding all these awful visitations, no +proper sanitary measures appear to have been adopted.</p> +<p>In 1593, there happened so great a drought, that many cattle +perished for want of water; but it is stated that in the year +following it scarcely ceased raining, day or night, from June +21st to the end of July.</p> +<p>In 1602, the plague again raged with almost unprecedented +fury, there dying thereof 30,578 in London, and 3076 in +Norwich. This visitation, moreover, was attended with so +great a scarcity, that wheat sold for ten, rye for six, and +barley for five shillings a bushel—a very high price in +those days; and the poor in the city must then have been in a +dreadful state of destitution. Again, in the summer of +1609, the city was visited by its former scourge, though but few +died of it. The mayor received a letter from the privy +council to keep up the ancient strictness and severity of lent, +as if the poor had not fasted long enough!</p> +<p>In 1625, we find that something like sanitary measures were +begun. On July 12th of that year, the mayor received a +commission authorising the body <a name="page263"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 263</span>corporate to levy a tax on all the +inhabitants, to be applied towards scouring the ditches, and the +removal of all nuisances in and about the city, the better to +prevent the spreading of the plague which had lately broken out +in Yarmouth, having been occasioned by the arrival there of some +infected persons. These precautions not having the desired +effect, the Black Tower, then on Butter Hills, was fitted up for +the reception of the afflicted poor. In September, about 40 +died in a week, and the plague raged till May, 1626, when it +began to abate. As many as 1431 persons died while the +disease continued.</p> +<p>In 1646, the plague again made its appearance in Norwich, but +its effects were not very fatal. In 1665, however, it broke +out once more, and made dreadful ravages; carrying off 2251 +persons. During its continuance, at the instance of the +County Magistrates, the Market was held in the Town Close, and +the City was not quite cleared of the disease till the end of +1667. The Bishop then ordered September 19th to be observed +as a day of general thanksgiving to God for His great mercy in +putting a stop to the pestilence. All quite right and +proper, but had there been more cleansing as well as praying, the +city might not have suffered so severely. The Corporation +had utterly and entirely ignored its chief duty in regard to all +sanitary rules and regulations. There was scarcely an +apology for a system of drainage, and never a sufficient supply +of water. The poor people were cooped up in narrow yards, +courts, and streets, and, on account of high prices, could seldom +obtain wholesome food. They <a name="page264"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 264</span>had a terrible revenge in these +direful plagues, which destroyed the rich in their fine houses, +as well as the poor in their hovels.</p> +<p>Some idea of the social state of the city during this period +may be formed from a few gleanings from the City Records, from +which it will appear, that from the 14th till the 18th century, +though the authorities neglected to improve the sanitary +condition of the city, they took great care to protect the people +from frauds of brewers, traders, and manufacturers, who were at +least strongly suspected of being addicted to dishonest +practices. Mr. R. Fitch, of this city, has published some +interesting notices of “Brewers’ Marks and Trade +Regulations.” These are of great historical interest, +and we therefore make no apology to our readers for reproducing +the following extracts:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Scarcely a trade was exempt from these +regulations, some of which were attended with espionage so +peculiar and strict as to lead us to wonder why public opinion, +although in those days admittedly weak, was not so far aroused +as, by its own voice, to free the community from some of the +petty, if not the heavier restrictions.</p> +<p>“Brewers, we discover, had especial symbols of their +own, which they registered when licensed to follow their +occupations, and it was also found that these marks were borne by +successive followers of the same trade, until the business of +succeeding firms became extinguished by the death or retirement +of the last of a long line of brewers, and then only did the +particular symbol fall into disuse.</p> +<p>“From the year 1606 to 1725, no less than fifty separate +marks have been found in the City of Norwich, some of <a +name="page265"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 265</span>them being +borne as symbolical of a particular brew-house, by eight or nine +persons, who followed each other in one and the same +occupation. These marks were noted in a variety of +documents, belonging to the Corporation, one preserved in their +muniment room. They appeared, for instance, in a +‘Brewer’s book,’ or the book of the +‘Clarke of the Market,’ and in books recording the +proceeding of city courts and assemblies. The following +extracts taken from the ‘Brewers’ Book’ relate +to the government of all brewers’ houses and tippling +houses, fully bearing out the opinion previously expressed as +regards the strictness of the laws by which such places were +regulated.</p> +<p>“‘The enquirie for Brewers to ye Booke of ye +Clarke of ye Market, and is taken out of his booke:—</p> +<p>“‘Items, to be enquired of Ale brewers; whether +they brewe their ale of anie maner of fustie, dustie, or wealved +maulte, mixed or mingled with any hoppes, roson, chalke, or any +other noisome or unwholesome corn or liquor.</p> +<p>“‘And yt they make noe rawe ale or long roping +ale, keeping their Ale fixed, yt is to say, twelve pence highning +and twelve pence lowning in a quarter of maulte. For when +ye mace buy a quart of maulte for two shillings, then ye may sell +a gallon of ye best ale for an halfe penny; three shillings, +three farthings; foure shillings, foure farthings; five +shillings, five farthings; six shillings, six farthings; seven +shillings, seven farthings; eight shillings, eight farthings; +nine shillings, nine farthings; and so forth and no further.</p> +<p>“‘And to sell a quarte of the best ale for a halfe +penny, with measures true sized, and sealed according to the +King’s standard, and doing the contrarie to be +punished.</p> +<p>“Thus it appears that brewing was a very ancient +business in this city in the 16th century, and the best ale was +sold for a half penny per quart before the iniquitous malt-tax +was imposed.</p> +<p><a name="page266"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +266</span>“The following are extracts from the statutes, +&c.</p> +<p>“‘Statute 23, Henry 8. That no Brewer shall +hence forth occupie ye misterie or craft of coupers, no make any +barrells, &c., wherein they shall put their beer or +ale. Penalty 3d. 4d. for every vessell.</p> +<p>“‘Every vessell to be made of seasonable wood, and +marked with ye coupers’ mark, ye contents of every vessell +for Beer, as above said or more.</p> +<p>“‘Coupers not to inhance ye prices of vessells, +but keepe this rate, on forfeit of 3d. 4d. for every vessell, +defective or enhanced, viz. Barrell for beer, ix<sup>d.</sup>; +Kynderkyn, v<sup>d.</sup>; Ferkyn, iij<sup>d.</sup>; Ale Barrell, +xvj<sup>d.</sup>; Kynderkyn, ix<sup>d.</sup>; Ferkyn, +v<sup>d.</sup> Brewers not to put Beer or Ale to sale but +in Barrells, &c., conteyning as above said. And to sell +at such prices as affixed by ye Justices of ye Peace of ye +County, or Maior, Sheriff, or other head officers of City, +Borough, and Town Corporate, under forfeiture as above, under +Beere brewers out of Clarke of Markets book, half to ye king, and +half to him who will sue.’”</p> +<p>“No doubt other traders, as well as brewers and keepers +of tippling houses, were regulated by corresponding laws. +Indeed this appears from the records and orders in the books of +the corporate assembly. In the 8th year of Edward IV., the +mayor issued an order in the name of the king, that brewers were +not to sell yeast, but to give it away to whoever wanted it, as +it had been freely given away time out of mind. By the 4th +and 5th of Philip and Mary, it was enacted +that:—”</p> +<p>“No bere bruer to brewe nor sell to any typpler, or +other person, any bere called doble doble bere, but only two +sorts of bere, viz., best bere and small bere, upon forfeit of ye +beer and cask.”</p> +<p>“According to the Brewers’ Assembly book, 30th +July, 1657, the brewers agreed, by reason of 2/6 excise per +barrel, that they would not sell any strong beer to any ale-house +<a name="page267"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 267</span>keeper, +under 12/- per barrel of beer, and excise. It was also +agreed in August, 1657, that ale-house keepers might sell one +wine quart of strong beer for a penny. There were three +sorts of beer of different prices, viz., 4/-, 6/-, and 10/- per +barrel, beside excise. The brewers of beer petitioned +strongly against the tax of 2/6 per barrel, as a great hardship +and injustice. The names of 40 brewers are recorded in this +city, from 1600 to 1725.”</p> +<p>“Brewers’ marks are entered as early as 1606, and +as late as 1725. The mark, No. 1, John Boyce, was first +borne by Henry Woodes, in 1606, and after him by five successive +brewers, ending with this John Boyce, in 1725. As yet, the +regulations relating to trade marks generally are very +imperfectly known, leaving a wide field of research to those who +desire further information. The same marks passed from one +brewer to his successors, and they were held in all their +integrity, till within a century and a half of our own +time. It would be an important contribution to local +history, if all the rules relating to trade could be collected +and elucidated.”</p> +</blockquote> +<h3><a name="page268"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +268</span>CHAPTER XV.<br /> +Norwich in the Eighteenth Century.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Reformation had now become an +established fact in the Churches of England and Scotland; the +glorious Revolution of 1688 had been accomplished; the civil wars +were over, and the country enjoyed a long period of repose. +Local events had, it is true, become of less importance, because +less connected with general history; but the narrative will not +be the less interesting to local readers. Walls and gates +still surrounded the old city, and confined it within narrow +limits. All the principal streets within the walls were now +built. The population had increased to 28,000, the working +classes being chiefly employed in textile manufactures, which +were in great demand all over Europe. The operatives were +well employed and well paid during the greater part of this +century. It was, in short, a flourishing period in the +history of Norwich, as regards its manufactures and its +trade.</p> +<p>Queen Anne was proclaimed here on March 12th, 1701, and was +crowned on April 3rd, 1702, with extraordinary exhibitions of +joy. In this year, too, <a name="page269"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 269</span>the art of printing, which had been +for some time discontinued here, was revived, and Francis Burgess +soon afterwards opened a printing office near the Red Well. +In 1701, the first newspaper, called the Norwich Gazette, was +published by Henry Cosgrove, he being assisted in the undertaking +by the celebrated Edward Cave, the original planner and founder +of the <i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i>, which was first +published in 1731. The Gazette was subsequently enlarged, +and called the <i>Norfolk Chronicle and Norwich Gazette</i>, +published by Messrs. Stevenson and Matchett. The former +gentleman was a learned antiquarian, and published “The +Antiquities of Ely.”</p> +<p>In 1705, the Weavers’ Hall was broken open, and the +books were destroyed, since which time the custom of sealing +stuffs has been disused. What was the cause of the tumult +does not appear.</p> +<p>In 1706, a great part of the city was laid under water by two +violent floods, both of which happened in the month of +November.</p> +<p>In 1711, the first act was passed for erecting workhouses, +&c., in this city; by which it was provided—</p> +<blockquote><p>“That from and after the first day of May, +1712, there shall be a corporation to continue for ever, within +the said city of Norwich and county of the same, and liberties +thereof, consisting of mayor, recorder, and steward, justices of +the peace, sheriffs, and aldermen of the said city for the time +being, and of thirty-two other persons of the most honest, +discreet, and charitable inhabitants of the said city and county, +in the four great wards of the said city, and the towns, and out +parishes in the county of the said city, in <a +name="page270"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 270</span>such manner +as is hereinafter expressed, and the said thirty-two persons +shall be elected on the third day of May next ensuing, or within +three days after, at an assembly of the said city, for that +purpose to be held, by the votes of the mayor, sheriffs, +citizens, and commonalty, in common council assembled, or of the +major part of them present.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Then follow the provisions of the act by which all the +parishes in the city were incorporated for the relief of the +poor. The Court of Guardians was constituted, and empowered +to assess to the poor rates all lands, houses, tenements, tithes, +stock, and personal estates. The assessment of stock and +personal estate, as may be easily imagined, caused great +dissatisfaction amongst the rate-payers possessed of property, +and was abolished in 1827, when a new act was obtained which +considerably altered the constitution of the court. This +act was further amended by another passed in 1831, and that was +superseded in 1863, by the act at this time in force.</p> +<p>In 1712, the steeple of the new Hall, now St. Andrew’s +Hall, fell down and was never rebuilt.</p> +<p>In 1713, the Duke of Ormond was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of +Norfolk and Norwich, in the room of Lord Townshend.</p> +<p>George I. was proclaimed here on the 3rd of August, 1714, two +days after Queen Anne died.</p> +<p>In 1714 a Bethel was built for the reception of poor lunatics +by Mrs. Mary Chapman—one of the first charitable +foundations in this country for those unhappy persons. In +1717 she endowed the same by her will, in which is the following +pious clause:—</p> +<blockquote><p><a name="page271"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +271</span>“Whereas it has pleased Almighty God to visit and +afflict some of my nearest relations with lunacy, but has blessed +me with the use of my reason and understanding; as a monument of +my thankfulnesss for this invaluable mercy, I settle Bethel, +&c., for this purpose.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>She was the widow of the Rev. Mr. Chapman, minister of St. +Lawrence.</p> +<p>In 1715, in consequence of the rebellion in the north, an +artillery company of 100 men was first raised in Norwich. +William Hall, Esq., was their captain.</p> +<p>On January 8th of the same year, Sir Peter Seaman, an +Alderman, died and left provision for binding out two poor city +boys yearly. On December 17th of the same year, Thomas +Hall, Esq., merchant, died. He founded a monthly +sacramental lecture; bequeathed several legacies to charities, +and left £100 for a gold chain to be worn by the Mayor of +Norwich, and which is the same as is now worn by the deputy +mayor. It weighs 23 ozs. 6 dwts. Mr. Hall was +interred with great funeral pomp at St. George’s +Colegate. His portrait was presented by John and Edward +Taylor, Esqs., to the corporation, and was placed in the common +council chamber, May, 1821.</p> +<p>An act was passed in 1722 for the better qualifying of the +manufacturers of stuffs and yarns to act as magistrates, and for +regulating the elections of such officers.</p> +<p>About this time another act was passed for clearing, +deepening, extending, maintaining, and improving the <a +name="page272"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 272</span>haven and +piers of Great Yarmouth, and for deepening the rivers flowing +into the harbour; and also for preserving ships wintering in the +haven from accidents by fire. For these purposes certain +duties were to be paid for 21 years after Lady day, 1723, on all +goods unladen in the haven of Yarmouth, or in the sea called +Yarmouth roads. This act was very important to the +navigation between Yarmouth and Norwich.</p> +<p>In 1724 the Sheriff’s Office was rebuilt, and the statue +of Justice placed on the Guildhall. Alderman Norman died +the same year, and left an estate in Norwich for charitable +purposes.</p> +<p>About this time the society of “Free and Accepted +Masons” appeared publicly in this city. Mr. Prideaux, +son of the Rev. Dr. Prideaux, Dean of Norwich, author of +“The Connection between the Old and New Testaments,” +was the first Master here. Their lodge was at the +Maid’s Head Inn. B. Bond Cabbell, Esq., has within +the last few years bought the old Assembly Rooms in Theatre +Street for the Order.</p> +<p>On September 28th, 1725, a petition was presented to the mayor +and corporation, signed by the principal traders in Norwich, +requesting the use of the New Hall in St. Andrew’s for an +Exchange, which was immediately granted. On October 4th of +the same year, the court, attended by nearly 200 gentlemen and +principal tradesmen, came to the New Hall in St. Andrew’s, +which was then opened and solemnly proclaimed to be an exchange, +on which occasion the Recorder (Stephen Gardiner, Esq.) delivered +the following address:—</p> +<blockquote><p><a name="page273"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +273</span>“Gentlemen,—This place is now opened with +an intent to promote traffic and commerce. Here, formerly, +God was worshipped, though in a corrupt manner; and may the +consideration of the sacred use this building has been put to so +far influence all that shall resort hither, that nothing in the +course of business may be here transacted but with great justice +and honesty. I wish success to this undertaking, and the +prosperity of the city in every respect.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The hall continued open as an exchange only one year, and it +was open every day in the week except Saturdays and Sundays, +which proves that a considerable mercantile trade must have been +carried on in the city at that time. Soon afterwards was +begun the impolitic system of local taxation in trade, which has +almost ruined Lynn and Yarmouth, and which greatly retarded the +prosperity of Norwich. In 1725 the corporation obtained an +act, which came into operation on May 1st, 1726, for levying +tolls upon all goods or merchandise brought up the river higher +than Thorpe Hall. The dues were to be applied towards +rebuilding the walls and bridges, &c., but this was done to a +very small extent.</p> +<p>On February 24th, 1726, in consequence of the proceedings of +the Pretender, Charles Stuart, who endeavoured to secure the +crown of England, a loyal address of the corporation was +presented to King George I. by the city members. That +monarch died at the palace of the Bishop of Osnaburgh, on his way +to Hanover, on June 11th, 1727.</p> +<p>George II. and his Queen Caroline were crowned on October +11th, 1727, and there was a grand illumination and bonfire here +in honour of the event.</p> +<p><a name="page274"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 274</span>In +1729 an act was passed for the better regulating the city +elections, and for preserving the peace, good order, and +government of the city; and at an assembly on the Guild eve, the +mayor and aldermen of Norwich first sat in the council chamber, +and the common council in their own room; for by that act a +majority of each body was required to a corporate order, whilst, +before it passed, the two bodies sat, debated, and voted +together. In 1730, under this act, three nominees for each +of the four great wards were first elected, who returned the +remaining number of common councilmen, sixty in the whole.</p> +<p>In 1730, the <i>Norwich Mercury</i> was first issued by +William Chase. It was afterwards published for many years +by the late Mr. Richard Mackenzie Bacon and Mr. Kinnebrook. +Mr. R. M. Bacon was the editor, and one of the most talented men +who ever appeared in this city as a political writer and +critic. He was the author of “The Elements of Vocal +Science,” and other works.</p> +<p>At the quarterly assembly held in 1730, on St. Matthias’ +day, 161 freemen were admitted and sworn, and afterwards it was +reported by the committee, appointed for that purpose, that they +had treated with St. George’s Company, who had agreed to +resign their books, charters, and records, into the hands of the +corporation, which was done accordingly, and the power of the +company ceased. In consequence of this, the form of a +procession was arranged for the Guild day instead of that +formerly exhibited, by the St. George’s Company. It +was further ordered that, for <a name="page275"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 275</span>the future, every mayor shall be +excused making a Guild breakfast, or holding any mayor’s +feasts in May or August, as heretofore, and that, in lieu +thereof, the new mayor shall make a feast, on the day on which he +is sworn, at the New Hall, and there entertain the recorder, +steward, sheriffs, justices, aldermen, and their ladles, and the +common councilmen; and every mayor who makes such a feast shall +be entitled to the sum of £100, to be paid by the +chamberlain immediately after the said feast.</p> +<p>In 1732, Sherers’ Cross, commonly called Charing Cross, +a neat ancient stone pillar, was taken down. The cross was +so called from the sheermen or cloth cutters, who principally +dwelt in this part of the city. The corner house, in the +reign of Edward II., belonged to Christopher Shere-hill, or at +Sherers’ hill. In the same year the old Market Cross +was demolished, being sadly out of repair.</p> +<p>In 1733, July 11th, the Rt. Hon. Sir Robert Walpole, of +Houghton in Norfolk, was, in person, sworn a freeman of the +corporation, and presented by the mayor with a copy of his +freedom in a gold box.</p> +<p>In 1734, Sir Robert Walpole presented the city with a gilt +mace, beautifully enchased, weighing 168 ounces. On the cup +part are the arms of Sir Robert and of the city. A new +damask gown was also bought by the corporation, to be worn by the +Speaker on all public occasions.</p> +<p>On October 30th, 1739, being the king’s birthday, war +was proclaimed here against Spain. The mayor and aldermen +attended on horseback in their scarlet <a +name="page276"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 276</span>gowns, with +the two sheriffs, who appeared for the first time in the gold +chains given by Thomas Emerson, Esq., of London, a native of this +city, to be worn by the sheriffs of Norwich for the time +being. A portrait of him was placed in St. Andrew’s +Hall at the expense of the corporation, and the honorary freedom +of the city was afterwards presented to him.</p> +<p>In 1740, the cathedral was cleaned and repaired. It was +again repaired and beautified in 1763, in Bishop Younge’s +time; and in 1777 and 1780, two painted windows, representing the +Transfiguration and the twelve Apostles (finely executed by the +Lady of the late Dean Lloyd), were placed in the east end of the +choir. Subsequently, these windows were removed to another +part of the cathedral.</p> +<p>In 1741, April 4th, it was ordered by the corporation of +Norwich, that no stranger should exercise any trade in the city +more than six months without taking up his freedom.</p> +<p>In 1744, May 3rd, war was proclaimed here against France, by +the mayor and corporation, on horseback.</p> +<p>In September, 1745, the magistrates and principal inhabitants +associated in support of the government and in defence of the +liberties of the land, in consequence of the rebellion in +Scotland. An artillery company, of about 100 men, was +raised in Norwich, and Lord Hobart appointed commander.</p> +<p>In 1746, October 9th, there was a general thanksgiving on the +suppression of the Rebellion in Scotland. A magnificent +arch was erected in Norwich Market Place, which, with the whole +city, was illuminated.</p> +<p><a name="page277"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 277</span>In +1747, an act was passed for holding the county summer assizes and +sessions in the city, till a new Shirehall could be built.</p> +<p>On February 7th, 1748, peace with France and Spain was +proclaimed here, the mayor and corporation attending on +horseback, preceded by a party of dragoons and the artillery +company.</p> +<p>On October 22nd, 1751, a fire broke out, which destroyed the +bridewell and several adjoining houses. That extraordinary +man, “Peter, the Wild Youth,” was confined there at +the time. When a child, he was lost in a wood in Germany, +and was found, at the age of 12, naked and wild. This +bridewell house was built about the year 1370, by Bartholomew +Appleyard, whose son William was, in 1403, the first Mayor of +Norwich. There are some fine arched vaults under the +premises, and the wall next St. Andrew’s church, built with +flint, is well worthy the observation of the curious.</p> +<p>An act was passed this year (1751) to open the Port of +Yarmouth for the importation of wool and woollen yarn from +Ireland, which was very beneficial to the city.</p> +<p>The number of houses and inhabitants, in the city precincts +and hamlets, in 1752, was as follows:—7139 houses, 36,169 +souls, being an increase of 7288 inhabitants since 1693, when the +population was only 28,881.</p> +<p>In 1755, a table was drawn up settling the habits to be worn +by the mayor and corporation at public meetings.</p> +<p><a name="page278"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 278</span>A +slight shock of an earthquake was felt here on January 10th, +1756. On May 3rd of the same year, the freedom of the city +was voted to the Right Hon. Wm. Pitt, and Henry B. Legge (the +former being late secretary of state, and the latter, chancellor +of the exchequer), for their conduct during their honourable but +short administration. The freedom of the city, and thanks +of the corporation, were also voted to Matthew Goss, Esq., for +his present of the gold chain which has ever since been worn by +the mayors. A public subscription was made for the poor, in +consequence of the high price of wheat, and scarcity of work, and +12,000 persons in Norwich were supplied with household bread at +half-price for some time.</p> +<p>On July 12th, 1756, the Earl of Orford put the act for the +better regulating the Militia in execution. This act fixed +the number of men to be raised for Norfolk and Norwich at 960, of +which the city furnished 151.</p> +<p>On June 21st, 1759, there was a most violent storm here, some +of the hailstones being two inches long, and weighing +three-quarters of an ounce. On July 4th and 5th, the +Norfolk Militia, commanded by Lord Orford, marched from Norwich +to Portsmouth, and passed in review before His Majesty George +II., at Kensington.</p> +<p>In digging under the rampart of the Castle Hill in 1760, two +very curious bones were discovered, supposed by some to be +amulets, which the Druids wore at their sacrifices.</p> +<p><a name="page279"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 279</span>In +1760, King George II. died at Kensington, on October 25th, and +his grandson, George III. was proclaimed king, in Norwich, on the +29th, by the mayor and corporation, preceded by the four Norwich +companies of militia, with flags, banners, and music. On +September 22nd, 1761, the coronation of their Majesties was +celebrated with great splendour in Norfolk, and in Norwich there +was a general illumination, and a grand display of fireworks from +a triumphal arch erected in the Market Place.</p> +<p>On October 27th, 1762, there was a sudden flood in the city, +which laid near 300 houses and 8 parish churches under +water. It rose 12 feet perpendicular in 24 hours, being 15 +inches higher than St. Faith’s flood in 1696.</p> +<p>In 1763, January 3rd, John Spurrell, Esq., died, leaving +£1355 to the corporation, the interest to be applied for +the benefit of the poor in the Great Hospital, and for other +charitable purposes. The Earl of Buckinghamshire, alderman +Thomas Harvey, and Mr. Robert Page, gave £100 each to +Doughty’s Hospital.</p> +<p>In the same year <i>Sir Armine Wodehouse</i>, <i>Bart.</i>, +gave a valuable volume to the corporation containing some old +statutes, in which the prescriptive right of the corporation to +its present legal name is supported. It had been the +property of the Wodehouse family for 200 years. A vote of +thanks was passed to Sir Armine Wodehouse for his present. +He was a member of parliament for Norfolk from 1736 to 1768 (32 +years), and died in 1777. His <a name="page280"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 280</span>death was occasioned by a +herring-bone sticking in his throat.</p> +<p>On January 7th, 1769, the church belonging to the Dutch +congregation was opened for the poor of the workhouses. The +poor continued to attend till the New Workhouse was built in +Heigham, after which they attended divine service in the chapel +there.</p> +<p>On November 19th, 1770, there was a great flood in Norwich, +four inches higher than that of 1762. The sufferers were +relieved, by a subscription, with money, coals, and bread. +On December 19th, of the same year, there was a violent storm of +wind and rain, such as had not been remembered since 1741. +Happisburgh, Postwick, and Strumpshaw windmills were blown down, +and much damage was done in the city and county; many ships with +their crews were lost on the Norfolk coast. In the same +year the following turnpike roads were made and opened, from St. +Stephen’s Gates to Trowse, from St. Stephen’s Gates +to Watton, from St. Benedict’s Gates to Swaffham, from +Bishop Bridge to Caister near Yarmouth, and from Norwich to +Dereham, Swaffham, and Mattishall.</p> +<p>On March 1st, 1771, the names of the streets and highways in +the city were ordered to be fixed up for the first time; but this +order appears to have been very imperfectly carried out. In +the same year the foundation stone of the Norfolk and Norwich +Hospital was laid by Wm. Fellowes, Esq., who was a great promoter +of that benevolent institution. It was erected by a public +subscription in the city and county; and it was opened on July +11th, 1772, for out-patients; and on <a name="page281"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 281</span>November 7th, in that year, for +in-patients. It has been of great benefit to the poor, who +have always been attended by the principal physicians and +surgeons in the city.</p> +<p>In 1774, St. Andrew’s Hall underwent a complete +alteration. The old gateway and wall next Bridge Street +were taken down, part of the green yard was taken in, and the old +city library room was rebuilt over the gateway, thus defacing all +that part of the hall. At the last restoration the old city +library room was pulled down, and a new porch was erected, with +many other improvements.</p> +<p>In 1779, the new year was ushered in with a most terrible +storm of wind and rain, accompanied with thunder and +lightning. The lead on St. Andrew’s Church was rolled +up, and great damage was done in several parts of the city. +In October of this year, the navigation from Coltishall to +Aylsham was completed for boats of thirteen tons burthen, at a +cost of £6000. About this time smuggling was carried +to a great height, even in broad day.</p> +<p>On January 20th, 1780, at a numerous meeting of citizens and +county gentlemen, a petition was agreed to and signed, praying +the house of commons to guard against all unnecessary +expenditure, to abolish sinecure places and pensions, and to +resist the increasing influence of the crown. A strong +protest was afterwards signed against the proceedings of this +meeting. Mr. Coke presented the petition. Armed +associations were formed against the government at Yarmouth, +Lynn, Holt, and other places.</p> +<p><a name="page282"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 282</span>On +March 24th, 1783, manufactures of textile fabrics in the city +being very prosperous, the pageant of the Golden Fleece, or what +is called Bishop Blaize, was exhibited by the wool combers, in a +style far surpassing all former processions of the kind in +Norwich. The procession began to move at 10 a.m. from St. +Martin’s at Oak, and thence passed through the principal +streets of the city. On December 3rd, of the same year, the +Black Friars’ Bridge was opened.</p> +<p>In January, 1784, the Amicable Society of Attorneys, in +Norwich, was instituted. On May 1st, at an assembly of the +corporation, the freedom of the city was voted to be presented to +Mr. S. Harvey, Mr. Windham, and Mr. Pitt. On December 13th, +the Norwich Public Library was first opened and located in the +old library room, formerly over the entrance to St. +Andrew’s Hall.</p> +<p>On March 25th, 1785, mail coaches, between Norwich and London, +were established, performing a journey of 108 miles in fifteen +hours, by which alteration in the post, letters arrived from +London a day sooner. This was considered a great +improvement. Subsequently, half a dozen stage coaches ran +between Norwich and London daily. In July, after various +ascents by several persons, Major (afterwards General) Money, at +4.25 p.m., ascended with a balloon from Quantrell’s +gardens, and at 6 p.m. the car touched the surface of the +sea. During five hours the major remained in this perilous +situation, and at 11.30 p.m. was taken up by the Argus revenue +cutter, eighteen miles <a name="page283"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 283</span>off Southwold, bearing west by +north, and he landed at Lowestoft on the following morning. +On October 18th, of the same year, the “Friars’ +Society for the Participation of Useful Knowledge” was +instituted. This society first suggested the scheme of the +association for the relief of decayed tradesmen, their widows, +and orphans. With them also originated the Soup Charity in +this city, and it was long supported and conducted by them, but +of late years it has been a separate charity.</p> +<p>On April 26th, 1786, the Norwich and Norfolk Benevolent +Medical Society was instituted. In May, an exact account of +the inhabitants of Norwich was taken from house to house, and the +population was ascertained to be 40,051 souls, exclusive of those +living in the precincts of the Cathedral, being an increase of +nearly 4000 since 1752. This entirely contradicts the +statement of Mr. Arthur Young, in his Tour of England, published +in 1770, to the effect that 72,000 persons were then employed in +manufactures in this city.</p> +<p>On November 5th, 1788, the centenary of the glorious +Revolution of 1688 was celebrated in this city and county by +illuminations, bonfires, public dinners, &c., but more +particularly at Holkham, where Mr. Coke, the late Earl of +Leicester, gave a grand fête, ball, and supper, and a +display of fireworks, &c. The citizens appear to have +been more sensible then than they are now of the immense benefits +they derived from that great change in the British constitution +and government.</p> +<p><a name="page284"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 284</span>Next +year (1789) a revolution broke out in France and astounded all +Europe. It caused a mighty commotion and a general war, +which lasted many years, and destroyed millions of men. +Norwich, like every other city in England, was affected by it, +and lost nearly all its foreign trade during the terrible +conflict. On July 14th, the Revolution was commemorated by +republicans at the Maid’s Head Inn, in this city. +Among the toasts of the day after a dinner were “The +Revolutionary Societies in England,” “The Rights of +Man,” and “The Philosophers of France.” +The Revolution, however, had not advanced very far in its +atrocities when most people regarded it in a very different +light, and associations were formed here against +“Levellers” and “Revolutionists.”</p> +<p>On December 5th, 1792, the mayor, sheriffs, and seventeen +aldermen of Norwich, pledged themselves to support the +constitution of Kings, Lords, and Commons, as established in +1688. Meetings of the inhabitants were also held in this +city, and in Yarmouth, Lynn, &c., and declarations of loyalty +and attachment to the constitution were unanimously agreed to and +signed; for men had begun to be alarmed by the “Reign of +Terror” in France.</p> +<p>In 1793 a petition for parliamentary reform, signed by 3741 +inhabitants of Norwich, was presented to the House of Commons by +the Hon. H. Hobart, but was not received, it having been printed +previous to presentation. This indicated a great advance in +liberal opinions towards the end of the last century, chiefly +amongst the Nonconformists, who had greatly increased <a +name="page285"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 285</span>in numbers, +whilst the church was asleep. The vast expenditure in the +long war against France caused a great increase in taxation.</p> +<p>On April 12th, 1794, a great county meeting was held at the +Shirehall, to consider the exertions which should be made at that +crisis for the internal defence and security of the +kingdom. The High Sheriff, T. R. Dashwood, Esq., +presided. The Honble. C. Townshend moved resolutions, +supported by the Marquis Townshend, Lord Walsingham, Mr. Buxton, +Mr. Windham, and Mr. Joddrell, for forming volunteer corps of +cavalry, and for entering into subscriptions to maintain the +same. Mr. Coke condemned the war <i>in toto</i>, and +insisted that it might have been avoided, or at the least brought +to a conclusion, by a negociation for peace, and he moved as an +amendment:</p> +<blockquote><p>“That it is our duty to refuse any private +subscriptions for public purposes and unconstitutional +benevolences.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>So much altercation and confusion ensued, that when the High +Sheriff put the question, it was impossible to tell which party +had the majority; and a division being deemed impracticable, the +chairman proposed that such gentlemen as chose to subscribe would +retire with him to the Grand Jury Room, which was agreed +to. Nearly £6,000 was subscribed, and the amount was +afterwards increased to £11,000!</p> +<p>On October 21st, 1795, a memorial was transmitted from the +court of mayoralty of Norwich to the representatives of the city +on the high prices of every necessary of life, requesting them to +support such <a name="page286"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +286</span>measures as might have a tendency to reduce them, and +to facilitate the restoration of peace. Prices of corn and +provisions had risen to an alarming height; wheat to 100s., +barley to 30s., and oats to 30s. per quarter, and symptoms of +rioting had in consequence appeared in Norwich market.</p> +<p>At a county meeting held on July 20th, 1796, in the Angel Inn +(now the Royal Hotel) it was resolved to petition parliament for +the removal of the Lent assizes from Thetford to Norwich, and a +petition was presented accordingly. The bill brought for +this object into the House of Commons was strongly opposed, and +finally rejected; but afterwards the assizes were removed to the +city, and have been held there ever since. This year the +sum of £24,000 was collected for the maintenance of the +poor in Norwich, while the population was under 40,000, or half +the present number.</p> +<p>In 1797, February 14th, the Norwich Light Horse Volunteers +were organized, of which John Harvey, Esq., was afterwards +appointed captain and major. On February 22nd, the Norwich +Loyal Military Association was formed, of which John Patteson, +Esq., was appointed captain, and afterwards major; and R. J. +Browne, C. Harvey, and A. Sieley, Esqs., were appointed +captains. Military matters then occupied a great deal of +the attention of the citizens.</p> +<p>On March 4th, intelligence was received here of the defeat of +the Spanish fleet by Admiral Jervis, and served in some measure +to dissipate the general gloom which at this time pervaded the +public mind.</p> +<p><a name="page287"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 287</span>On +April 25th, a great county meeting was held in the open air on +the Castle Hill, and a petition was almost unanimously adopted, +praying His Majesty to dismiss his ministers, as the most +effectual means of reviving the national credit and restoring +peace. This was moved by Mr. Fellowes, seconded by Mr. +Rolfe, supported by Lord Albemarle, Mr. Coke, Mr. Mingay, Mr. +Plumptre, Mr. Trafford, and others. On April 28th a counter +county meeting was held, and an address to the king was adopted, +expressing confidence in the ministry of the day.</p> +<p>On May 16th the citizens followed suit. At a numerously +attended common hall a petition to His Majesty, praying him to +dismiss his administration, was carried unanimously, with the +exception of one spirited Tory, who had nearly fallen a victim to +popular vengeance on the spot. A counter address of the +citizens was afterwards signed and presented to the King, who +must have been a good deal bothered at the time by such evidences +of the violent agitation of his subjects.</p> +<p>On May 26th, attempts were made here to seduce the military +from their allegiance; and on the following day the republican +orator, Thelwall, arrived in this city, which caused a great +commotion. On the 29th, a party of the Inniskilling +Dragoons proceeded to his lecture room, opposite Gurney’s +bank, drove out the persons assembled, destroyed the tribune and +benches, and then attacked the Shakespear Tavern adjoining, in +which a disturbance had taken place. After destroying the +furniture and partly demolishing <a name="page288"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 288</span>the house, and also breaking the +windows and destroying the furniture of the Rose Tavern, in which +they supposed the lecturer had concealed himself, the dragoons, +on the appearance of their officers and the magistrates, retired +to their barracks. Thelwall, in this affray, fortunately +for him, escaped and fled to London. Davey, the landlord of +the Shakespear Tavern, on being pursued by the soldiers, threw +himself from the garret into the street, and was much +injured. At the subsequent assizes, Luke Rice, a tailor of +this city, was indicted capitally for aiding and abetting the +soldiers in this outrage; but as the offence charged in the +indictment did not come within the meaning of the statute, he was +acquitted. He had, however, a very narrow escape. On +June 1st of the same year, (1797) a mutiny broke out on board the +fleet at Yarmouth, and several sail of the line hoisted the red +flag of defiance.</p> +<p>In January, 1798, the sword of the Spanish Admiral Don +Francisco Winthuysen, presented by Admiral Nelson to the +corporation of Norwich, was placed in the Council Chamber of the +Guildhall, with an appropriate device and inscription.</p> +<p>On February 28th, at a general meeting of the inhabitants of +this city, more than £2,200 were immediately subscribed as +voluntary contributions towards the defence of the kingdom. +In a few weeks afterwards, the whole subscription amounted to +more than £8000, a proof of the loyalty as well as +liberality of the well-to-do citizens. In May, the +following Loyal Volunteer Corps were formed for the purpose <a +name="page289"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 289</span>of +preserving internal tranquillity, and supporting the police of +this city, viz., the Mancroft Volunteers, Capt. John Browne; St. +Stephen’s Volunteers, Capt. Hardy; St. Peter per +Mountergate, &c., Capt. Herring; St. Saviour’s and St. +Clement’s, Capt. Fiske; St. Andrew’s, Capt. T. A. +Murray.</p> +<p>On June 19th, the Norwich Light Horse Volunteers and Loyal +Military Association attended J. Browne, Esq., to the cathedral, +previous to his being sworn into the office of mayor; afterwards +the Association fired a <i>feu de joie</i> in the Market +Place.</p> +<p>On October 11th, at a meeting of the wealthy inhabitants of +the city, a subscription was entered into for the relief of the +orphans of those brave seamen who fell on August 1st in the ever +memorable battle of the Nile; and on the 24th of the same month, +at a special assembly of the corporation, an address of +congratulation was adopted to his Majesty on the late victory; +and it was agreed that a request should be made to Lord Nelson to +sit for his portrait, to be placed in St. Andrew’s +Hall. His Lordship assented and the portrait was painted by +Beechey and placed in the hall, where it may still be seen.</p> +<p>November 29th was appointed as a day of a public thanksgiving +for the late naval victories, and was celebrated as such in +Norwich with the greatest festivity. In the morning the +mayor and corporation, accompanied by the Light Horse Volunteers +and the Parochial Associations, attended divine service at the +cathedral, where an excellent sermon was preached by the Rev. T. +F. Middleton, afterwards Bishop of <a name="page290"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 290</span>Calcutta. The sword, taken by +Lord Nelson was borne in the procession. On their return to +the Market Place there was a feast, and in the evening an +illumination.</p> +<p>In 1799, October 28th, the Guards and several other regiments, +to the number of 25,000 cavalry and infantry, landed at Yarmouth +from Holland. Next night the Grenadier Brigade of Guards, +commanded by Col. Wynward, marched into Norwich by torchlight, +and were soon afterwards followed by upwards of 20,000 more +troops. Through the exertions of John Herring, Esq., mayor, +and the attention of the citizens in general, these brave men +received every accommodation that their situation demanded. +The mayor soon afterwards received a letter from the Duke of +Portland expressive of the high appreciation by the government of +the mayor’s loyalty and activity on this occasion, and of +the humanity of the citizens who supplied the wants of the +soldiers. The mayor was afterwards presented to his Majesty +at St. James’, and offered the honour of knighthood, which +he declined. The Duke of York, Prince William of +Gloucester, and several other officers employed in this +unsuccessful expedition, also passed through the city on their +way to London. The sum of £18,000 was raised this +year for the maintenance of the poor of the city.</p> +<p>On January 23rd, 1800, John Herring, Esq., then mayor, +summoned a general meeting of the inhabitants at the Guildhall, +to consider the propriety of applying to parliament for an act +for the better paving, lighting, and watching of the city, for +removing and preventing <a name="page291"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 291</span>annoyances and obstructions, and for +regulating hackney coaches. At this meeting a committee was +appointed to consider the plan proposed, and to report to a +future general meeting. This committee held several +meetings, and at length made a report, which was laid before a +general meeting of the citizens on March 3rd. The estimated +cost of lighting, watching, paving, &c., was only +£2770. The produce of the tolls was estimated at +£1715, and of a rate of 6d. in the pound at £3000; +making the total receipts £4715, and leaving a balance of +£1945 for the commencement of the work, which sum would +have been increased by some annual payments. The general +meeting adopted the report, and a petition was signed by most of +the inhabitants of the city in favour of a bill to carry out the +improvements. Unfortunately, however, the petition could +not, from some unforeseen circumstances, be presented that +session. The project was, for a time, postponed; but an act +was obtained in 1806 to carry out the object, and commissioners +were appointed for the purpose. This body consisted of the +dean and prebend, the recorder, 28 members of the corporation, +and 24 parochial commissioners, annually elected, in all +136. This heterogeneous body continued for about forty +years, and after spending over £300,000, left Norwich the +worst paved town in England, and also left a debt of +£17,000, which still remains as a legacy to the city!</p> +<h4><a name="page292"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +292</span>Social State of the City in the Eighteenth +Century.</h4> +<p>Before the end of the 18th century, various improvements were +made, among which may be mentioned, the demolition of the old +gates, the widening and opening of several streets, and the +erection of a new flour mill, worked by steam power, near Black +Friars Bridge, for better supplying the people with flour. +Still, large numbers of the poor appear to have been for a long +time in a very destitute condition. Famines were of +frequent occurrence, and riots often took place on account of the +high prices of every kind of food. In 1720, on September +20th, a dangerous riot broke out, and rose to such a height, as +to oblige the sheriffs to call in the aid of the Artillery +Company, at whose approach the rioters instantly dispersed. +Again, in 1740, riots occurred in several parts of the country, +and in most of the towns in Norfolk. The magistrates of +this city called the military to their aid, and six or seven +lives were lost before the rioters could be quelled. Again, +in 1766, in consequence of the great scarcity and advanced price +of provisions of every sort, some dangerous riots broke out in +several places. In this city the poor people collected on +September 27th, about noon, and in the course of that day and the +next, committed many outrages by attacking the houses of bakers, +pulling down part of the New Mills, destroying large quantities +of flour, and burning to the ground a large malthouse outside of +Conisford gate. Every lenient <a name="page293"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 293</span>measure was tried by the city +magistrates to pacify the poor starving people, but to no +effect. The magistrates therefore were compelled to repel +force by force. On Sunday afternoon they, with the +principal inhabitants, attacked the rioters with such vigour, +while they were demolishing a house on Tombland, that they were +dispersed. About thirty of the ringleaders were taken and +tried, and eight of them were sentenced to death, but only two +were executed. They suffered the extreme penalty on January +10th, 1767.</p> +<p>Strange as it may seem, Norwich was, at this time, in a more +flourishing state as regards trade than it has ever since been +known. Wages were not high, but employment was +universal. On April 25th, 1796, fine flour having risen to +70s. a sack, a mob attacked several bakers’ shops in the +city. The magistrates and inhabitants assembled and +proceeded to the places against which the attacks of the populace +were directed, but the mob did not disperse till after the riot +act had been read and three persons apprehended. On May +17th, a dreadful affray took place near Bishop Bridge, between +the soldiers of the Northumberland and Warwickshire regiments of +Militia. Several were terribly bruised and others wounded +with bayonets before their officers could part them. +Education was, at this time, at a very low ebb, and the clergy +neglected the poor. Few schools were yet opened for their +children, who grew up in ignorance and vice. Working-men +spent their hard-earned money in drunkenness, or indulged in the +most brutal <a name="page294"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +294</span>sports, such as prize-fighting or cock-fighting. +They were also demoralised by bribery and treating at contested +elections. In fact, ward elections were so frequent that +the city was kept in a perpetual state of agitation and +turmoil. We can now form no notion of the misery, poverty, +and vice, which these local elections inflicted on the +city. It was often said that a single ward election did +more harm than all the sermons in all the churches and chapels +did good. These local contests at length prevented capital +being employed in manufacturers, and made politics the first +object of all the influential citizens, who, if they were not, +strove to become, members of the old corporation, not from any +consideration of public duty, not to promote the welfare of the +citizens, but to serve their own political or personal +interests. There is abundant evidence that the prosperity +of the city, and private friendships, were alike poisoned by the +party spirit, engendered by frequent ward elections; at the same +time the moral character of the whole working population was +greatly deteriorated, and the working classes themselves greatly +depraved.</p> +<h4>Nonconformity in the 18th Century.</h4> +<p>During this 18th century the Nonconformists became very +numerous and powerful in the city and county. Methodism +imparted a healthful stimulus to the revival of religion. +It aroused the church and all denominations. Besides the +very flourishing bodies of Wesleyans and Baptists, the +Independents made <a name="page295"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +295</span>great progress. Within two centuries, in place of +one, several chapels arose; and throughout all England, few towns +exhibited a greater increase of Nonconformists than +Norwich. We have already given an account of their rise and +progress in the 17th century, but we have not yet noticed the +Unitarians. A history of the Octagon chapel in Norwich, by +Mr. John Taylor, formerly of this city, and continued by his son, +Mr. Edward Taylor, contains a full account of the rise and +progress of the Unitarians here. They were at first called +Presbyterians, but that name was inappropriate, as they never had +the Presbyterian polity nor doctrine. Mr. John Taylor says, +the first Presbyterian chapel was built in 1687, on a piece of +ground, formerly part of the great garden or orchard, +“sometime belonging to the prior and convent of the late +friars’ preachers,” of whose deserted walls the +Dissenters took possession. The building was so constructed +that it might be converted into dwelling houses in case their +preachers were compelled to abandon it.</p> +<p>Blomefield, in his History of the City, says:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“In 1687, the Presbyterians built a meeting +house from the ground, over against the Black Boys; and at the +same time the Independents repaired a house in St. Edmund’s +formerly a brew house.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>After the passing of the Toleration Act, in 1689, this meeting +house, which, had not been long finished, was duly +licensed. Dr. Collinges, a learned Presbyterian minister, +was the first pastor appointed to preach <a +name="page296"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 296</span>by the +congregation. He had a considerable hand in the +“Annotations to the Bible,” which were begun and +carried on by Mr. Matthew Poole, and which go under his name.</p> +<p>Dr. Collinges died in January, 1690, and was probably +succeeded soon after by Mr. Josiah Chorley, who was not a native +of Norwich, but came from Lancashire. He officiated about +thirty years, and was succeeded by the Rev. Peter Finch, a highly +esteemed preacher for many years. After he died his funeral +sermon was preached by Mr. Taylor, who said:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Surely the character of Mr. Finch, drawn +out so even and clear without any remarkable spot or flaw, +through the long course of sixty-three years in this city, must +be deserving of remembrance and imitation, since it must be the +result of a steady integrity and solid wisdom.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The Rev. Mr. Finch was one of the first pupils who entered +into the first dissenting academy, erected after the Reformation, +by the Rev. Mr. Frankland; and he survived almost all the 300 +gentlemen who, in the space of thirty years, were educated in +that academy. He died October 6th, 1754, on his 93rd +birthday, and was buried in St. Peter’s Church, in this +city. His descendents were residents here till 1847. +His son was many years clerk of the peace for the county of +Norfolk.</p> +<p>Mr. John Brooke was invited to take his place towards the end +of the year 1718. This minister was born in or near +Yarmouth, where some of his descendants have generally +resided. He resigned in <a name="page297"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 297</span>1733, and removed to York, where he +died. Dr. John Taylor was elected to the vacant office in +1733, and continued till 1757, when he resigned. He was the +author of many works of a religious character. In 1753 the +old chapel was pulled down, and a subscription was raised of +nearly £4000 for a new one. The first stone of the +new building was laid on February 25th, 1754, by Dr. Taylor; and +within three years the present elegant chapel was completed at a +cost of £5174.</p> +<p>Mr. Samuel Bourn, son of Mr. Bourn of Birmingham, was ordained +co-pastor with Dr. John Taylor, and he published volumes of +sermons which established his reputation in that kind of +composition. He resigned in 1775, and retired to a village +near Norwich. Several gentlemen, who afterwards attained +considerable eminence in science, were brought up under Mr. +Bourn’s ministry, viz., Sir James Edward Smith, so long +president of the Linnean Society; Mr. Robert Woodhouse, the +eminent mathematician and professor of astronomy at Cambridge; +and Dr. Edward Maltby, afterwards bishop of Durham. Mr. +Bourn removed to Norwich not many months before his death, and +died in the 83rd year of his age; he was interred in the burying +ground of the Octagon Chapel. Mr. Bourn was succeeded by +the Rev. John Hoyle, who was minister for seventeen years. +He died in the 51st year of his age, on November 29th, 1775, and +was interred in the Octagon burying ground.</p> +<p>On December 15th, 1776, Mr. Alderson was chosen minister, and +soon afterwards Mr. George Cadogan <a name="page298"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 298</span>Morgan became co-pastor. He +had been educated under the inspection of his uncle, the +celebrated Dr. Richard Price, so that great expectations were +formed of his abilities, and the congregation were not +disappointed. He soon, however, resigned and went to +Yarmouth; and in 1755, Dr. William Enfield was invited to become +co-pastor with Mr. Alderson, and he accepted the office. In +1786, Mr. Alderson resigned; and in 1787 was succeeded by Mr. P. +Houghton.</p> +<p>In 1784, Mr. P. M. Martineau projected the establishment of +the Public Library at Norwich, in which he was cordially seconded +by Dr. Enfield, who was one of the earliest presidents of an +institution, which for the extent and variety of its catalogue +surpasses most provincial libraries. In the early periods +of the first French Revolution, a periodical work was established +by the liberal party in Norwich, entitled “The +Cabinet;” to which the principal contributors were Mr. John +Pitchford, Mr. Wm. Youngman, Mr. Norgate, Mr. C. Marsh +(afterwards M.P. for Retford), Mrs. Opie (then Miss Alderson), +Mr. John Taylor, and Dr. Enfield. After publishing many +learned works, Dr. Enfield died in the 57th year of his age, on +November 3rd, 1797. After his death, three volumes of his +sermons were published by subscription; and among the subscribers +were persons of almost every sect in Norwich, from the cathedral +prebendary to the independent minister. More than twenty +beneficed clergymen’s names appear in the list, and it is +very well known that Dr. Enfield’s sermons have been heard +from many pulpits of the established church. Professor +Taylor, late of Gresham college, thus wrote in a supplementary +memoir:—</p> +<blockquote><p><a name="page299"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +299</span>“With his dissenting brethren Dr. Enfield was +always on the best terms, especially with Mr. Newton and Mr. +Kinghorn, the ministers of the Independent and Baptist +congregations. The Presbyterian congregation, comprising +many individuals of station and influence in the city, took the +lead in every movement of the dissenting body, who never appeared +in a more united and honourable position than when Dr. Enfield +was their acknowledged head. The state of society during +his residence in Norwich, was eminently suited to his habits and +tastes. Parr, Peel, Walker, Howes, and Smyth were his +contemporaries. Parr was the head master of the grammar +school, Potter was a prebendary of the Cathedral, and Porson was +occasional resident at the house of his brother-in-law, Mr. Hawes +of Coltishall, a village a few miles from Norwich. Dr. +Enfield was a welcome visitor at the bishop’s palace; for +though Dr. Bagot had no political or religious sympathy with the +minister of the Presbyterian congregation, he knew how to +estimate his talents, his manners, and his admirable +conversational powers. Among the residents in Norwich at +this time, with whom Dr. Enfield associated, were Dr. Sayers, Mr. +William Taylor, Mr. Hudson Gurney (afterwards M.P. for Newport +and a vice-president of the Society of Antiquaries), Dr. Rigby, +Dr. Lubbock, Sir James Edward Smith, the Rev. John Walker (an +accomplished scholar and one of the minor canons of the +Cathedral), Mrs. Opie (then Miss Alderson), Mr. Bruckner, the +minister of the Dutch and French protestant congregations at +Norwich, and others, who though unknown to the world as authors, +were yet worthy associates in such a society.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Dr. Enfield’s estimate of the character of society at +Norwich, is thus expressed in a letter from Liverpool to +Professor Taylor’s father:—</p> +<blockquote><p><a name="page300"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +300</span>“You will easily imagine the pleasure I feel in +enjoying the society of my old friends here, especially that of +Mr. Roscoe and Dr. Currie; but with these and a few other +exceptions, I find more congenial associates at Norwich. +For a man of literary tastes and pursuits, I can truly say that I +know of no town which offers so eligible a residence.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Mr. Roscoe and Dr. Currie, referred to above, were then in +high reputation in Liverpool.</p> +<p>The altered state of society in Norwich, about the end of the +18th century is thus depicted in a paper in the Monthly Magazine +for March, 1808, under the title of “Fanaticism—a +Vision,” which was generally attributed to the pen of Sir +James Edward Smith:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“You know the flourishing and happy state of +this ancient city in the early part of your life, and +particularly how peaceably and even harmoniously its inhabitants +lived together on the score of religion. Christians of +various denominations had each their churches, their chapels, or +their meeting houses, and in the common intercourse of life all +conducted themselves as brethren. The interests of humanity +would even frequently bring them together on particular occasions +to pay their devotions in the same temple. The bishop +(Bathurst) treated as his children all who, though they disowned +his spiritual authority, obeyed his Divine Master; while the +Presbyterian, the Independent, the Catholic, and the Quaker, +partook of his hospitality and repaid his benevolence with +gratitude and respect. This state of society, worthy of +real Christians, was broken up by those who wore that character +only as a mask. A set of men, interested in promoting +dissensions, by which villany and rapacity might profit, and in +decrying those genuine <a name="page301"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 301</span>fruits of religion, that salutary +faith and pure morals, which by comparison shamed their own +characters, after long in vain attempting to exalt blind belief +in general, and their particular dogmas, in preference to a +useful and virtuous life, but too successfully obtained their +end. On all the great truths of revealed religion, honest +men could never be long at variance. On disputable points +they had learned a salutary forbearance, which enabled them, +while they thought for themselves, to let others do the +same. The only resources of those who wish to stir up +religious animosity, is to bring forward something that no one +can determine. The less mankind understand a subject, the +more warmly do they debate and strive to enforce the belief of +it.”</p> +</blockquote> +<h4><span class="smcap">Eminent Citizens of the 18th +Century</span>.</h4> +<h5><i>Merchants and Manufacturers</i>.</h5> +<p>Among the eminent citizens of this century may be first +mentioned the chief merchants and manufacturers, who were very +intelligent, wealthy, and enterprising. They were also +benevolent, and the founders of various charitable +institutions. Many of them were Nonconformists, and active +supporters of their chapels, while they carried on a great +foreign trade. The correspondence which they had begun on +the continent they extended in every direction. By sending +their sons to be educated in Germany, Italy, and Spain, they +cultivated a more familiar connection with those countries. +Their travellers also were acquainted with various languages, and +went all over Europe, exhibiting their pattern cards in every +town on the continent. <a name="page302"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 302</span>Norwich could then boast of rich, +energetic, enterprising, and intelligent men, who made the city +what it was in their day. Lest their very names should be +forgotten, we shall place them in this record. Amongst the +manufacturers were</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. Robert and John Harvey,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. Starling Day and Son,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. Watson, Firth, and Co.,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. John Barnard and Angier,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. Thomas Paul and Flindt,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. J. Tuthill and Sons,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. William Barnard and Sons,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. Edward Marsh and Son,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. Bream and King,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. Martin and Williment,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. Peter Colombine and Son,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. James Buttivant and William +White,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. W. and W. Taylor,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. J. Scott and Sons,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. E. Gurney and Ellington,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. Patteson and Iselin,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. Booth and Theobald,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. George Maltby and Son,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. William and Robert Herring,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. Worth and Carter,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. Bacon and Marshall,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. Ives and Robberds,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Messrs. J. and J. Ives, Son, and +Baseley,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Mr. Robert Partridge,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Mr. Bartholomew Sewell,</p> +<p class="gutindent"><a name="page303"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 303</span>Mr. John Robinson,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Mr. Robert Wright,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Mr. John Wright,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Mr. Robert Tillyard,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Mr. Daniel Fromantiel,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Mr. J. C. Hampp,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Mr. John Herring,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Mr. Joseph Cliver, Jun.,</p> +<p class="gutindent">Mr. Oxley,</p> +<p>and others, all of whom have passed away.</p> +<h5><i>Mr. John Kirkpatrick</i>.</h5> +<p>Mr. John Kirkpatrick, a linen merchant, who lived in St. +Andrew’s, was a learned antiquarian of this period, to whom +the city is greatly indebted for his researches and documents +respecting the antiquities of Norwich, but only fragments have +been published. The late Mr. Hudson Gurney obtained +possession of most of his manuscripts, and published his account +of the “Religious Orders in Norwich,” in 1845. +This work was compiled from a manuscript quarto volume of 258 +pages, in the handwriting of the author. Mr. Dawson Turner, +the editor, says, in the preface:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Mr. Kirkpatrick’s father was a native +of the village of Closeburn, in Dumfriesshire, a fact recorded by +his son in his will, and further proved by the arms on his tomb +(in St. Helen’s church) which are those of the +baronet’s family of Kirkpatrick, of Closeburn. From +Scotland he removed to Norwich, where he resided in the parish of +St. Stephen. <a name="page304"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +304</span>His son John was apprenticed in that of St. Clement, +and subsequently established himself in business as a linen +merchant, in St. Andrew’s, in premises opposite Bridewell +Alley. He was there in partnership with Mr. John Custance, +who was mayor in 1726, and was the founder of the family of that +name at Weston. In the year of his partner’s +mayoralty, Mr. Kirkpatrick was appointed treasurer to the Great +Hospital, in St. Helen’s, an office which his premature +decease allowed him to occupy only for two years. He +married the youngest daughter of Mr. John Harvey, +great-grandfather of the late Lieut.-Colonel Harvey, of Thorpe +Lodge, where his portrait was preserved during the lifetime of +that gentleman. It has since been engraved in the very +interesting series of portraits of the more eminent inhabitants +of Norfolk, of whom no likenesses have yet appeared, a work now +in course of publication, under the superintendence of Mr. +Ewing. With such, Kirkpatrick is deservedly +associated. He died childless. Of his family, nothing +more is known than that he had a brother of the name of Thomas, +who is mentioned by Blomefield as being chamberlain of Norwich at +the time he wrote. The account books of the corporation +contain several entries in reference to both the one and the +other, but not of sufficient interest to warrant the quoting of +them at length. Of the latter, they shew that he was +elected chamberlain with a salary of thirty pounds per annum, in +the room of Matthew King, in 1732; that in the same year, the +freedom of the city was conferred upon him; and that twelve years +subsequently he was removed from his office, by reason of +irregularity of his accounts. To the antiquary, their +testimony is invariably honourable; the most frequent notices +being, votes of money for the service he had rendered in +adjusting the different accounts of the city.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="page305"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 305</span>Mr. +Dawson Turner further states:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Mr. Kirkpatrick was one of the most able, +laborious, learned, and useful antiquaries whom the county has +produced. He was especially an indefatigable searcher into +local antiquities, and had his life been spared to the term +allotted by the holy Psalmist to man, it were impossible to say +how much of what is now irretrievably lost to us might have been +rescued from oblivion. He had accumulated copious +materials, but his early death prevented him from digesting and +publishing them. Better far had he contented himself with +amassing less, and turning what he had got to account; a lesson +hard to learn, but most important to be borne in mind and acted +upon. As it was, he was obliged to leave the fulfilment of +his task to others; taking all possible care for the safety of +his collections, and not doubting that those who came after him, +seeing what was prepared for their hands, would cheerfully +undertake the office, perhaps with a praiseworthy zeal for +communicating information, perhaps with the not less natural +desire of building their own fame upon the labours of their +predecessors. But in his expectations he was sadly +mistaken, and has but furnished an additional proof how difficult +it is for any one to enter completely into the objects and ideas +of another, and consequently how imperative it is upon all, +ourselves to finish the web we have begun, if we wish to see it +come perfect and uniform from the loom.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Blomefield, who was a contemporary, acknowledges his great +obligations to the learned Norwich antiquary, and recorded the +death of his friend and his being buried in St. Helen’s +Church, Norwich. The tomb, a black marble monument, by the +steps of the altar, bears the following arms and +inscription:—</p> +<blockquote><p><a name="page306"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +306</span>“<i>Argent</i>, a saltier and on a chief,<br /> +<i>Azure</i>, three woolpacks of the field,<br /> +<i>Crest</i>, a hand holding a dagger proper,<br /> +<i>Motto</i>—I make sure.</p> +<p>“Here resteth in hope of a joyful resurrection, the body +of John Kirkpatrick of this city, Merchant, and Treasurer to this +Hospital. He was a man of sound judgment, good +understanding and extensive knowledge; industrious in his +business, and indefatigable in that of the Corporation in which +he was constantly employed. He died, very much lamented by +all that knew him, on the 20th day of August, in the year of our +Lord, 1728, aged 42.”</p> +</blockquote> +<h5><i>The Rev. F. Blomefield</i>.</h5> +<p>The Rev. Francis Blomefield, rector of Fersfield, lived some +time in this city, compiling his history of Norwich, which he +brought down to the year 1742. He was born at Fersfield, +July 23rd, 1705. He was installed rector of that parish in +1729, when he almost immediately commenced collecting materials +for a history of his native county, but his work is more a +topographical survey than a history. He did not live to +complete it, having caught the small-pox when in London, of which +he died, in the 46th year of his age, on January 15th, +1751. He began printing his great work in 1736. In +1769 it was continued (but not completed) in five folio volumes +by the Rev. Charles Parker, M.A., rector of Oxburgh.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><a name="page307"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +307</span><i>William Anderson</i>, <i>F.R.S.</i>, came to Norwich +as an excise officer, and his great talents introduced him to the +most scientific characters of this city. He obtained the +situation of clerk to the New Mills, in Heigham, and was a +considerable contributor to Mr. Baker’s works on the +Microscope. Many of his papers on Natural History are +published in the transactions of the Royal Society. He died +in 1767, and was buried in Heigham churchyard.</p> +<p><i>Anna Letitia Barbauld</i>, sister of Dr. Aikin, of +Yarmouth, resided at Norwich. She was the authoress of +“Evenings at Home,” and other valuable works for +children, and died in 1825.</p> +<p><i>Peter Barlow</i>, the celebrated mathematician, and author +of many of the articles in Rees’ Encyclopædia, and +the Encyclopædia Metropolitana, was the son of a warper of +this city. He was born October, 1766, in the parish of St. +Simon and Jude.</p> +<p><i>Sir William Beechey</i>, the eminent painter, resided in +this city in the early part of his life, and executed several of +the paintings in St. Andrew’s Hall, particularly the +celebrated portrait of Lord Nelson. He was knighted by +George III., and appointed portrait painter to his majesty.</p> +<p><i>Hancock Blythe</i>, schoolmaster, mathematician, and +teacher of languages, resided in Timberhill, and was the author +of several small works on astronomy. He died in 1795, aged +73 years.</p> +<p><i>John Brand</i>, <i>B.A.</i>, was a native of this +city. His father was a saddler in London Lane. Young +Brand, having a turn for study, went for some years to the <a +name="page308"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 308</span>continent, +where he acquired the languages and customs of the people so +strongly, that on his return to England he received the +soubriquêt of Abbè Brand. In 1744 he was +reader at St. Peter’s Mancroft. He was the author of +several articles in the <i>British Critic</i>. He was +rector of St. George’s, Southwark, and of Wickham Skeith, +in Suffolk. He died in February, 1809.</p> +<p><i>Henry Cooper</i>, barrister at law, was born in the parish +of St. Peter’s Mancroft. He was sent to sea in the +early part of his life, but was afterwards called to the bar, and +was made attorney general of the Bermudas. After a +brilliant career, in which he rapidly became one of the leaders +of the Norfolk circuit, he died, after being twelve years at the +bar, in 1825.</p> +<p><i>Mr. Reuben Deave</i> was a large manufacturer in this city, +who, in December, 1769, became the fortunate possessor of a prize +in a lottery worth £20,000. The number was +42,903. It came into his possession in the following +singular manner. His foreman, who was in a confidential +position, had bought two tickets in a lottery, and after some +time thought he had speculated too far, and told his employer +that he feared he had done a very foolish thing. Mr. Deave, +being informed of the circumstance, thought so too, but offered +to buy one of the tickets. His foreman took them out of his +pocket and gave Mr. Deave his choice. Mr. Deave, however, +said he would make no choice, and bought the one offered to +him. Shortly afterwards the lottery was drawn, and this +ticket proved to be a fortunate number for £20,000, while +<a name="page309"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 309</span>the +other was a blank. Mr. Deave, who had paid for the ticket, +gave his foreman a cheque for £500, but the poor man was so +vexed at losing the prize that he hung himself on the next +day. Mr. Deave was much grieved at this, and often said +afterwards that the prize never did him any good, for he gave a +power of attorney to a man to draw the money in London, and that +man bolted with it, and was never heard of afterwards.</p> +<p><i>William Enfield</i>, <i>LL.D.</i> an eminent literary +character, was for many years the minister at the Octagon Chapel +here. He was much beloved by his congregation, and died +November 2nd, 1797, aged 57, and was buried in the chapel, where +there is a monument to his memory.</p> +<p><i>Sir John Fenn</i>, the editor of the “Paston +Letters,” was born here in 1739; on presenting the first +two volumes of these letters to George III. in 1787, he was +knighted. He died October 14th, 1796.</p> +<p><i>John Fransham</i>, the Norwich Polytheist, a very eccentric +character, was born in St. George’s Colegate. He was +an excellent mathematician, and was a great admirer of the +ancient writers on this science. He frequently took rapid +solitary walks, with a broad brimmed hat slouched over his eyes, +and a plaid on his shoulders, and was supposed to sleep often on +Mousehold Heath. He died on February 1st, 1810. His +biography was written by his pupil, Mr. Saint.</p> +<p><i>Thomas Hall</i>, <i>Esq.</i>, a merchant, lived in the +early part of this period. He founded a monthly sacramental +lecture, left several legacies to the charities, and <a +name="page310"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 310</span>£100 +for a gold chain to be worn by the Mayor of Norwich, and which is +now worn by the Deputy Mayor. He died on December 17th, +1715, and was buried with great funeral pomp at St. +George’s Colegate. A portrait of this pious and +liberal benefactor was presented by John and Edward Taylor, +Esqs., to the corporation, and placed in the council chamber, +May, 1821.</p> +<p><i>John Hobart</i>, Earl of Buckinghamshire, sat as member of +parliament for this city from 1747 to 1756, when he succeeded to +the peerage. He was a liberal benefactor to the city. +He was born August 17th, 1723, and died September 3rd, 1793.</p> +<p><i>James Hooke</i>, a celebrated musician, author of more than +2400 songs, 140 complete works or operas, one oratorio, and many +odes, anthems, &c., was born in this city. At the early +age of four years he was capable of playing many pieces, and at +six he performed in public. He died in 1813, leaving two +sons by his first wife. One of them was Dr. James Hooke, +Dean of Worcester, who died in 1828. The other was the +celebrated author of “Sayings and Doings.”</p> +<p><i>David Kinnebrook</i>, an eminent mathematician, was born +here. He was master of one of the charity schools for forty +years, and never absented himself a single day until his last +illness. He died March 23rd, 1810, aged 72.</p> +<p><i>John Lens</i>, <i>Esq.</i>, <i>M.A.</i>, ancient sergeant +at law, is believed to have been born in the parish of St. +Andrew’s, and was educated here. In 1781, he was +called to the bar. He first practised in the Courts of <a +name="page311"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +311</span>King’s Bench, but being made a sergeant, confined +himself chiefly to the common pleas. He was afterwards made +King’s and next King’s Ancient Sergeant. On +more than one occasion he declined the offer of the bench. +He died August 6th, 1825, in his 69th year.</p> +<p><i>Richard Lubbock</i>, <i>M.D.</i>, was born here in 1759, +and was educated at the Free Grammar School. He obtained +his degree at Edinburgh in 1784. On his return to Norwich +he practised with great success. He died September 1st, +1808, and was buried at Earlham church.</p> +<p>The <i>Right Rev. Jacob Mountain</i>, <i>D.D.</i>, was the +first protestant bishop in the Canadas. He was born in the +parish of St. Andrew. He presided over the church in the +two Canadas for thirty-two years, and died June 16th, 1825, in +the seventy-fifth year of his age.</p> +<p><i>Samuel Parr</i>, <i>LL.D.</i>, was master of the Free +Grammar School from 1778 to 1792, when he resigned on being +presented to the rectory of Buckden, in Lincolnshire.</p> +<p><i>Edward Rigby</i>, <i>M.D.</i>, was born at Chawbent, in +Lancashire, December 9th, 1749. He was under the tuition of +Dr. Priestley until he was fourteen, when he was apprenticed to +Mr. David Martineau of this city. In 1805 he was elected +mayor, and died Oct. 27th, 1822. In August, 1818, the +corporation voted him and his lady a piece of plate of the value +of twenty-five guineas, as a memento of the memorable birth of +their four children at one time, and the event <a +name="page312"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 312</span>was +recorded in the city books. Two of the children lived to be +nearly twelve weeks old, and the other two not quite seven +weeks.</p> +<p><i>William Saint</i>, one of the mathematical masters of the +Royal Military Academy, at Woolwich, was a native of St. +Mary’s Coslany. He wrote the “Life of +Fransham,” and was a contributor to the “Lady’s +Diary.” He died July 9th, 1819.</p> +<p><i>George Sandby</i>, <i>D.D.</i>, chancellor of the diocese +of Norwich, personally presided in the consistorial court of the +Lord Bishop of Norwich for nearly thirty years, during the whole +of which time no decree of his was reversed by a superior +court. He died March 17th, 1807, aged ninety-one.</p> +<p><i>William Say</i>, an eminent mezzotinto engraver, was born +at Lakenham in 1768.</p> +<p><i>Frank Sayers</i>, <i>M.D.</i>, an eminent physician and +literary character, who for many years resided in this city, was +born in London, March 3rd, 1763. He was the author of +“Dramatic Sketches of the Ancient Northern +Mythology,” “Poems,” “Disquisitious, +Metaphysical and Literary,” “Nugæ +Poeticæ,” and “Miscellanies, Antiquarian and +Historical.” He died August 16th, 1817, and a mural +monument is erected to his memory in the Cathedral, with a Latin +inscription by the Rev. F. Howes. His works were collected +and edited by the late William Taylor of this city.</p> +<p><i>Sir James Edward Smith</i>, <i>M.D.</i>, <i>F.R.S.</i>, +president of the Linnæan Society, London, and of the +Norwich Museum, and member of several foreign academies, <a +name="page313"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 313</span>was born in +St. Peter’s Mancroft, December 2nd, 1759. He received +his education here, and graduated as a physician at Leyden, in +1786. He assisted materially in the establishment of the +Linnæan Society, in 1788, of which he was the first +president, and he continued to preside over the society until his +death, March 15th, 1828. He was the author of several +admirable botanical works.</p> +<p><i>William Stevenson</i>, <i>F.S.A.</i>, who was for many +years proprietor of the “Norfolk Chronicle,” and who +edited a new edition of “Bentham’s History of Ely +Cathedral,” was born at East Retford, in 1750, and died at +his house in Surrey Street in this city, May 13th, 1821, aged +seventy-one. He was, in the early part of his life, an +artist of no mean pretension; and was esteemed an antiquarian and +numismatist of considerable knowledge and research.</p> +<p><i>John Taylor</i>, <i>D.D.</i>, was a native of +Lancaster. He came to Norwich in 1733, and was a minister +to the Presbyterian dissenters in 1757. He was the author +of several theological works, and died at Warrington, March 5th, +1761, aged sixty-six.</p> +<p><i>William Taylor</i>, a celebrated German scholar, and a very +eccentric character, author of an “Historical Survey of +German Poetry,” and a translator of several German works, +was born in this city, and resided for many years in Upper King +Street. He died in 1836, aged sixty-nine.</p> +<p><i>Edward Baron Thurlow</i> was born at Bracon Ash, in this +county. He received the rudiments of his education at the +Free Grammar School here. He rose <a +name="page314"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +314</span>successively to be appointed solicitor general, +attorney general, master of the rolls, and lord high chancellor +of Great Britain, and was created Lord Thurlow in 1778. In +1793 he resigned the seals. He died at Brighton, September +12th, 1806.</p> +<p><i>William Wilkins</i>, <i>sen.</i>, architect, was born in +the parish of St. Benedict, about the year 1744 or 1747. He +received but a limited education, but possessed an admirable +taste for design, and his plans and drawings were very +beautiful. He was the author of a clever essay in Vol. xii. +of the “Archæologia,” on the Venta +Icenorum.</p> +<p><i>William Wilkins</i>, <i>M.A.</i>, son of the above, was +born in St. Giles’ parish. He was educated at the +Free Grammar School here. He was employed in the erection +of several public buildings in London, and numerous private +mansions. His literary labours were confined to the subject +of architecture, and his “Magna Græcia” is +considered to be an excellent work.</p> +<p><i>William Windham</i>. This eminent statesman +represented the city in several parliaments. He was born in +London in 1750, and first sat for Norwich in 1780. In 1783 +he was appointed secretary to the lord lieutenant of Ireland, and +made his first speech in parliament in 1785. He died in +1806.</p> +<p><i>Sir Benjamin Wrench</i>, an eminent physician, who +practised here for sixty years, lived in St. +Andrew’s. His house occupied the site of the present +Corn Exchange. He was lord of the manor of Little Melton in +Blomefield’s time.</p> +<h4><a name="page315"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +315</span><span class="smcap">Norwich in the Nineteenth +Century</span>.</h4> +<p>We have now arrived at the present age of political progress, +and material prosperity; the age of inventions, railways, +newspapers, and telegraphs; the age of expansion and general +intelligence. George III., George IV., and William IV., +have reigned in this century, and have been succeeded by our +beloved Queen Victoria. Under her benign sway the old +semi-barbarous state of society has passed away like a dream, and +we live in a new social era, the result of the progress of +education, of the march of improvement, and of the spread of true +religion.</p> +<p>As it has been often stated by local historians that Norwich +formerly contained a very large population, and as this statement +is very generally believed, we may here correct the mistake by +giving the returns, which show a very gradual, and very slow +increase from the earliest period to the present time. The +parochial returns show that in 1693 the population was only +28,881; in 1752 it had increased to 36,169; and in 1786 to +40,051. This was the greatest number up to the end of the +last century. In 1801 it was 36,832, not including 6,000 +recruits for the army, navy, and militia; making the total number +42,832. This indicates a very slow increase of +population. The following are the returns for the present +century: 1801, 36,832; 1811, 37,256; 1821, 50,288; 1831, 61,116; +1841, 62,294; 1851, 68,713; 1861, 74,414, being an increase of +about 500 yearly. Norwich in <a name="page316"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 316</span>1752 contained only 7131 houses, and +in 1801 8763, of which 1747 were returned as empty. In 1831 +the number was 14,201, of which 13,132 were inhabited. Now +the number is over 21,000, and the rateable value is +£178,882.</p> +<p>We must now leave the stately march of history for a more +broken and interrupted step. There is some difficulty in +detailing the events of this period, for every reader is more or +less acquainted with it, and has viewed it in relation to his own +interests and prejudices. The records of facts are so +voluminous, that every reader may think that there is something +omitted, or misrepresented, or exaggerated. It is +impossible, however, to mention every local occurrence which some +one may think important, every accident, or fire, or crime, or +every grand concert or entertainment. We have to deal with +events more connected with general history; and we shall first +state the more remarkable occurrences of a civil or municipal +character, reserving political matters for a subsequent +chapter. But in order to render our narrative of local +events, and especially local elections, more intelligible, it +will be necessary to give a brief account of the old corporation, +whose proceedings occupy so large a part of our records.</p> +<h4>NORWICH CORPORATION.</h4> +<p>This body claims a prescriptive origin. Certain +privileges were granted to the city by the charters of different +sovereigns, the first being that of Henry I., <a +name="page317"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 317</span>which was +annulled and again renewed by Stephen. The particular +privileges conceded by it cannot now be ascertained. The +next charter is that of the 5th Henry II., but this is only +confirmatory of former grants, and the original is still +preserved in the Guildhall. One granted by Richard I. +contains some estimable clauses. The most prominent are, +that no citizen shall be forced to answer any plea or action in +any but the city courts, except for those concerning possessions +out of the city; that the citizens should have <i>acquittance</i> +of <i>murder</i>, which is equivalent to granting them a coroner; +that they should not be forced to <i>duel</i>, that is, should be +exempt from the general law which was then in force, of deciding +causes by single combat; that they should be free from toll +throughout all England; and that they should have other +liberties, all highly important, and no doubt justly appreciated +by the citizens of that period. King John’s charter +is similar to the preceding, and that of Henry II., with the +addition that all persons living in the city, and participating +in the liberties of the citizens, shall be talliated or taxed, +and pay as the aforesaid citizens of Norwich do, when tollages +and aid shall be laid upon them. It is probable that the +principal authority was invested in bailiffs, instead of a +provost, in 1223, as there is no evidence of the existence of +such officers before that time.</p> +<p>Two deeds of Henry III., and several of succeeding kings, all +either confirmed or enlarged the privileges granted to the city; +but our attention is most attracted by the concessions of Henry +IV., which established <a name="page318"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 318</span>the constitution of a mayor, +sheriffs, &c. The original charter is lost, but those +of his son and more modern princes have sufficiently preserved +the spirit of it. The charter of Henry V. made the +extensive territory within the corporation limits a county of +itself, excepting only the castle, which belonged to +Norfolk. This territory was, by the boundary act, included +for the purposes of representation. Twenty-five charters, +the latest by James II., are known to have been granted, and +probably others existed and have been lost. When the +innovations, made in old establishments during the Commonwealth, +were gradually reformed, the citizens petitioned for a renewal of +their rights. The charter of 15th Charles II. was obtained, +and under it the city was governed till the passing of the +Municipal Reform Act. Most of the old charters were granted +in consideration for sums of money given or lent to kings to +enable them to carry on wars. Many of the charters were +more injurious than beneficial to the city, as they created +monopolies of one kind or other, or gave powers to the old +corporation which were frequently abused. Those who wish to +study those old documents more minutely may find them in +Blomefield’s history.</p> +<p>The old corporation was more ornamental than useful to the +city for 400 years. Under it the sanitary state of the city +was so bad, the drainage of the city so defective, and the supply +of water so insufficient, that plagues and pestilences, which +carried off thousands of the citizens, were of frequent +occurrence. Ward elections were so often contested, that <a +name="page319"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 319</span>bribery, +treating, and intimidation, were quite common, and the corruption +of the freemen and lower classes was universal. Physically +and morally the city was for centuries in the worst possible +condition. The ward elections were carried on with a spirit +which was surpassed in no other place. They were considered +as trials of strength between different parties; and if they +happened at a period when a general election was anticipated, an +enormous sum of money was spent in treating and bribery. +Indeed, it has been asserted on good authority that no less a sum +than £16,000 was wasted in the contest for a single ward in +1818! The city was divided into four great wards, each of +which was subdivided into three small wards. The mayor was +elected by the freemen on May 1st, and sworn into his office on +the Guild day, which was always the Tuesday before Midsummer +day. He was chosen from the aldermen, and afterwards he was +a magistrate for life. One of the sheriffs was chosen by +the court of aldermen, the other by the freemen on the last +Tuesday in August. The twenty-four aldermen were chosen for +the twelve smaller wards, two for each ward, whose office was to +keep the peace in their several divisions. When anyone of +them died, the freemen of that great ward in which the lesser +ward was included, for which he was to serve, elected another in +his place within five days. The common councilmen were +elected by the freemen dwelling in each of the four great wards +separately; for Conisford great ward on the Monday; Mancroft on +the Tuesday; Wymer on the Wednesday; and the Northern ward on <a +name="page320"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 320</span>the +Thursday in Passion week, thence called “cleansing” +week. They chose a speaker yearly, who was called speaker +of the commons. The old freemen therefore formed the whole +of the local constituency for municipal purposes.</p> +<p>Memoirs are often the best sources of information respecting +public matters, as they let us behind the scenes and show us what +the actors really thought and did. A good memoir of the +late Professor Taylor, which appeared in the <i>Norfolk News</i>, +of March 28th and April 4th, 1863, contained the following, +“So far back as 1808 we find Mr. Taylor recording that he +was ‘elected a common councilman for the fourth +time.’” He also states that the contest for +nominees in the Long ward was “the severest ever +remembered.” Few people now-a-days could realize the +import of those few words. Few understand how much was +implied by the once common phrase “a battle for the Long +ward.” The combatants would have scorned such +mealy-mouthed appellations, as “conservative” and +“liberal,” or indeed any name but that of the colors +under which they fought. They were +“blue-and-whites,” or +“orange-and-purples;” the former being what would now +be called the “liberal,” and the latter the +“conservative,” party. To be a blue-and-white +or an orange-and-purple, was to be an angel or a devil, as the +case might be; the angels being of course those of your own side, +to whichever you belonged. Great was the potency of colors: +though not supposed to be worn at municipal elections, they were +a rallying cry, and they were always at hand to be flouted, like +<a name="page321"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 321</span>a red +rag at a turkey, in the face of the enemy. Even housemaids +and children concealed them about their persons, in readiness to +show them slyly from some window, both to encourage their friends +and exasperate their enemies, whenever a procession passed. +Great were the preparations for the contest. A sort of +civic press-gang prowled the streets by night for the purpose of +“cooping chickens,” which, being done into English, +means carrying men off by force, and keeping them drunk and in +confinement, so that if they could not be got to vote +“for” it would be impossible for them to vote +“against.” If they could not be safely secured +in the city, they were “cribbed, cabined, and +confined” in wherries on the river, or the broads, or even +taken to Yarmouth and carried out to sea. When the day of +battle came, great was the shouting, the drinking, the betting, +the bribing, and the fighting, till the longest purse contrived +to win the day. Of course, the dirty work was done by dirty +men. But leading men on both sides were so used to see this +sort of thing, that they considered it only as a necessary part +and parcel of an election. It was regarded rather as a limb +which could not be safely severed from the body, than as a shabby +coat which disgraced the wearer. Besides, palliating +rhetoric was not absent. Better do a little evil than +surrender a cause essential to the welfare of the state! +“What we did,” we honest orange-and-purples, or we +pure blue-and-whites, “was done in mere +self-defence.”</p> +<h4><a name="page322"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +322</span><span class="smcap">Leading Events in the Nineteenth +Century</span>.</h4> +<p><b>1801</b>. January 1st, 1801, being the first day of +the nineteenth century, and the day on which the Union of Great +Britain and Ireland took place, the 13th Regiment of Light +Dragoons dismounted, and the Militia fired a <i>feu de joie</i> +in the Market Place.</p> +<p>January 3rd. The old Theatre (built in 1757) was +re-opened after extensive improvements. The alterations +were executed after the designs of William Wilkins, Esq., the +patentee. This theatre was formerly a good school for young +actors, and many promising performers have first appeared on +these boards. Of late, operatic performances appear to be +most in favour with the gentry.</p> +<p>February 24th. Charles Harvey, Esq., the steward, was +unanimously elected Recorder of Norwich, vice Henry Partridge, +Esq., resigned.</p> +<p>April 4th. Mrs. Lloyd, widow of the Rev. Dean Lloyd, +died at Cambridge, aged 79. This lady painted the +Transfiguration, and other figures in the eastern windows of the +Cathedral.</p> +<p>In April, the ward elections were the causes of great +contention. In consequence of objections being made to the +elections of two nominees of the Wymer ward, and three of the +Northern ward, on the ground of their being ineligible under the +corporation act, having omitted to receive the sacrament within a +year previous to the election of the common council, the mayor +did not make the returns till several days after the usual <a +name="page323"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 323</span>time. +At a court held April 4th, after the objections had been fully +heard by counsel, the recorder (Mr. Harvey) declared that the +persons objected to who had the majority of votes, having omitted +to come into court according to summons, were not duly elected, +but as no regular notice had been given previous to the election, +the candidates in the minority could not be returned. A new +election for the above wards accordingly took place on May 25th +and 26th.</p> +<p>June 16th. Jeremiah Ives, Esq., of Catton, was elected +mayor a second time. There was no guild feast this year at +St. Andrew’s Hall.</p> +<p>June 25th. An awful fire, which lasted two hours, broke +out on the roof of the Cathedral, and in less than an hour, 45 +feet of the leaded roof, towards the western end of the nave, +were consumed. Some plumbers had been at work repairing the +roof, and set fire to it either accidentally or +intentionally. The damage was about £500. The +Lord Bishop (Dr. Sutton) was present, and distributed refreshment +to the soldiers and people who assisted in arresting the progress +of the conflagration.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1802</b>. Peace was proclaimed throughout the city on +May the 4th, in due form; and the mayor and corporation went in +procession from the hall through the principal streets. +There was a general illumination at night. At a quarterly +assembly of the council, a congratulatory address to his majesty +on the restoration of peace, was voted unanimously.</p> +<p>On May 21st, the city address was presented to the king, at +the levee at St. James’ Palace, by <a +name="page324"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 324</span>Jeremiah +Ives, Esq., Junr., the mayor, and Sir Roger Kerrison.</p> +<p>On May 29th, a county meeting was held, when a similar address +was adopted.</p> +<p>October 4th to 7th. A grand musical festival was held in +Norwich, under the direction of Messrs. Beckwith and Sharp of +this city, and Mr. Ashley of London. Mrs. Billington, Mr. +Bartleman, and Mr. Braham, were the principal performers.</p> +<p>October 21st. There was a severe contest for the +election of an alderman in the great northern ward, in the room +of Francis Colombine, Esq., resigned. The numbers +were—for E. Rigby, Esq., 261; Jonathan Davey, Esq., +259.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1803</b>. February 8th. At a full meeting held +at the Guildhall, a committee was appointed to prepare a bill to +be laid before a future meeting, for better paving, lighting, +watching, and cleansing the city. A petition to the house +of commons for leave to bring in a bill, was afterwards +presented, but it was strongly opposed as not being then +expedient. An act was, however, ultimately carried.</p> +<p>March 7th. At a special assembly of the corporation, an +address of congratulation was adopted, to be presented to his +majesty, on the providential discovery of the late traitorous +conspiracy against his royal person and government, entered into +by Colonel Despard and six other persons, who were executed on +the top of the New Surrey prison, in Horsemonger Lane. The +high sheriff and grand jury of Norfolk, at <a +name="page325"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 325</span>Thetford, +also voted an address of congratulation to the king, and a +similar address was adopted at a county meeting held at the +Shirehall.</p> +<p>March 21st. The portrait of Captain John Harvey, of the +Norwich Light Horse volunteers, painted by Mr. Opie, at the +request of the troop, was placed in St. Andrew’s Hall.</p> +<p>April 27th. A public dispensary was established in +Norwich, and has been a great benefit to the poor people of the +city.</p> +<p>August 16th. France having again threatened to invade +this kingdom, a meeting of the inhabitants of the city was held +at the Guildhall, for the purpose of forming a regiment of +volunteer infantry under the regulations of the Acts for the +defence of the realm, when resolutions to that effect were +adopted, and upwards of £6400 subscribed, and 1400 citizens +enrolled themselves under the command of Lieut.-Colonel +Harvey. A rifle corps was also formed, of which R. M. +Bacon, Esq., then editor of the Mercury, was appointed +Captain. Both parties manifested the greatest enthusiasm, +but fortunately the services of the local warriors were not +required. On September 29th, a new telegraph was erected on +the top of Norwich Castle, to communicate with Strumpshaw Mill, +Filby Church, and Yarmouth, so as to give notice of any +danger. In October, the Norfolk and Norwich volunteer +regiments agreed to perform permanent duty at Yarmouth in case of +invasion, and many of them were stationed in the port during the +succeeding two months. The victory of the Norfolk hero, +Lord Nelson, at <a name="page326"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +326</span>Trafalgar in 1805, discouraged Napoleon I., and he +relinquished his intention to invade this land of freedom. +In July 1806, the local militia act was passed, and many of the +volunteers transferred their services to that body. The +volunteer corps of Norwich and Norfolk were disbanded on March +24th, 1813. The West Norfolk militia returned to Norwich +from Ireland, on May 11th, 1816, and were disembodied on June +17th in that year. A long peace of 40 years ensued, but the +old trade of Norwich destroyed by the war, never revived. +In January, 1817, upwards of £3000 were contributed to +relieve the poor, many of whom were employed in making a new road +to Carrow, and in other public works, the trade of the city being +in a state of stagnation.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1804</b>. January 18th. The city of Norwich +Regiment of Volunteer Infantry, 600 strong, commanded by Lieut. +Col. Harvey, received their colours. The banners, given by +the mayor and corporation, were first consecrated in the Market +Place, by the Rev. E. S. Thurlow, prebendary of Norwich, with a +suitable address and prayer, and were afterwards presented by the +mayor, John Morse, Esq., to the colonel in due form. The +king’s and regimental standards were then delivered to the +ensigns. The Artillery, under Capt. Fyers, stationed on the +Castle Hill, fired salutes; the Regiment fired three vollies; and +St. Peter’s bells rang merry peals.</p> +<p>June 1st. The city of Norwich (or 7th) Regiment of +Norfolk Volunteer Infantry, commanded by Lieut. <a +name="page327"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 327</span>Colonel +Harvey, entered on one month’s permanent duty in +Norwich. The Regiment mustered 500 strong, exclusive of +officers.</p> +<p>June 4th. The anniversary of His Majesty’s +birthday was celebrated in Norwich by the grandest military +spectacle ever witnessed here. Upwards of 1700 men of the +Royal Artillery, 24th Regiment of Foot, and the Norwich Volunteer +Corps, assembled on the Castle Hill and fired a <i>feu de +joie</i> with fine effect. During this year the citizens +were often entertained with military displays. June 18th, +Major General Money was appointed to the staff of the eastern +district; in which a force of 32,000 men was now fully completed +for the reception of any invading enemy.</p> +<p>June 18th. The corporation granted the site of the +Blackfriars, in St. Andrew’s, to the court of guardians, +for 200 years at their old rent for the purpose of improving the +same, and repairing the Old Workhouse for the poor, the plan of +erecting a New Workhouse having been abandoned. +Subsequently, large sums of money were wasted in repairing the +old house, sufficient to build a new one, and ultimately it was +found to be absolutely necessary to build a new house, which was +done at a cost of £30,000.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1805</b>. January 17th. At a public meeting +held at the Guildhall, it was resolved to establish an hospital +and school for the indigent blind, in Norwich and Norfolk. +Towards the foundation of this admirable institution, Thomas +Tawell, Esq., contributed a house and three and-a-half acres of +land in Magdalen Street, <a name="page328"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 328</span>valued at £1050. Mr. +Tawell, who was unfortunately blind, introduced his humane +proposal in an able speech, appealing for subscriptions. A +large sum was at once subscribed. The hospital was opened +on the 14th October following.</p> +<p>February 2nd. Dr. Charles Manners Sutton, bishop of +Norwich, was nominated by the king, and chosen, February 12th, +archbishop of Canterbury. On the 13th, His Grace arrived at +the palace, Norwich, from London. On the 15th, the mayor +and court of aldermen proceeded in state from the Guildhall to +the Bishop’s Palace, where the recorder, Mr. Harvey, +delivered an address of congratulation to the archbishop on his +translation, to which His Grace returned a dignified +answer. Next day, the clergy of Norwich waited on His +Grace, when the Rev. Dr. Pretyman, prebendary, addressed the +archbishop in an appropriate speech, to which His Grace made an +impressive reply. On the 17th His Grace preached his +farewell sermon in the Cathedral.</p> +<p>February 24th. The clergy of Norwich having intimated an +intention of applying to Parliament for an increase of their +incomes, then very small, by assessment, the council, at a +quarterly assembly, resolved to oppose the application; the +citizens, in vestry meetings, being unanimous against the +measure, which was never carried out.</p> +<p>March 18th. Dr. Henry Bathurst (one of the prebendaries +of Durham) was elected bishop of Norwich by the dean and +chapter. He soon made himself universally beloved by the +clergy and the <a name="page329"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +329</span>citizens. Professor Taylor gave the following +account of the late and also of the newly appointed +bishop:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“In 1805, Dr. Bathurst succeeded Dr. Sutton +as bishop of Norwich. The latter, who had been translated +to the See of Canterbury, was a man of polished manners, +extravagant habits, and courtier-like address. He was too +polite to quarrel with anybody and too prudent to provoke +controversy. He neither felt nor affected to feel any +horror of Unitarians. He invited them to his table, and at +the request of the mayor, he preached a charity sermon at St. +George’s Colegate, knowing that my father had been asked +and had consented to write the hymns.”</p> +<p>“Dr. Bathurst removed from Durham to Norwich, and as he +was a stranger in his new residence, never having taken any +prominent part as a public man, little expectation was excited as +to his future conduct. He was known to owe his elevation to +his relation, Lord Bathurst; and it was generally taken for +granted that his views on public affairs were similar to those of +the administration of which that noble lord was a member. +Curiosity led me to the Cathedral to hear the new bishop’s +primary charge, and I soon found the spirit it breathed to +resemble the benevolence that beamed from his +countenance.”</p> +<p>“What the bishop preached he also practised. He +never shrunk from appearing to be what he really was, nor while +he received a dissenter in his study with politeness would he +pass him unnoticed in the street. He was to be seen walking +arm-in-arm with persons, of all persuasions, whom he respected, +in the streets of Norwich. He was not afraid of shaking +‘brother Madge,’ as he called him, by the hand, nor +of welcoming Unitarians to his table. What he was as a +member of the house of peers, on all occasions in which the <a +name="page330"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 330</span>great +principles of religious liberty were concerned, is well +known. I have only here to speak of his conduct as a +resident in Norwich.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Sept 3rd. The committee of the court of guardians +appointed to examine the poor rates of the city and hamlets, for +the purpose of obtaining a more equal assessment, made their +report, in which they stated that an increase of £16,000 +stock and £1800 rent, calculating on the half rental only, +might be made, and recommended a general survey and new valuation +to be taken, in consequence of the great alteration which had +taken place in property since 1786, when the previous survey was +taken.</p> +<p>December 17th. There was a grand entertainment at the +Assembly Rooms, in honour of Lord Nelson’s glorious victory +off Cape Trafalgar; more than 450 ladies and gentlemen of the +city and county were present. The rooms were decorated with +transparencies and brilliantly illuminated for a grand ball and +supper. The victory so celebrated, and which had been won +on October 21st, was dearly purchased by the death of Viscount +Nelson. The last order given before the action began, was +by the newly-invented telegraph:—“England expects +every man to do his duty.”</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1806</b>. January 9th. This day the great bells +of the several churches in the city were tolled from twelve till +two o’clock, it being the day on which the remains of the +immortal Lord Nelson were interred under the dome of St. +Paul’s Cathedral. The body, after lying in state in +the hall of Greenwich Hospital, was brought <a +name="page331"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 331</span>thence on +January 8th by water to Whitehall stairs, and carried on a bier +to the Admiralty Office, and deposited in the Captain’s +room for the night. Next day the corpse was removed on a +funeral car, drawn by six horses, to St. Paul’s. The +Duke of York headed the procession, the grandest ever witnessed; +500 persons of distinction attended at the funeral.</p> +<p>February 24th. At a quarterly assembly of the +corporation, a loyal address was unanimously adopted, to be +presented to His Majesty, “expressive of their gratitude +for the paternal affection which he has shown to his subjects, by +waiving every consideration, but the public good, in the +appointment of men of the first abilities in the country to the +high offices of state!”</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1807</b>. March 4th. A committee of the House +of Commons declared Mr. Windham and Mr. Coke not duly elected, +and another election took place for two members for the +county. Sir J. H. Astley, Bart., and Edward Coke, Esq., (of +Derby) were returned without opposition. Mr. Windham +afterwards took his seat for New Romney, and Mr. Coke was +returned for Derby <i>vice</i> his brother, who had previously +accepted the Chiltern Hundreds.</p> +<p>May 14th. The anniversary of the birthday of that +illustrious statesman, the Right Hon. Wm. Windham, was celebrated +at the Angel Inn (now Royal Hotel) by a large party of his +numerous friends. William Smith, Esq., M.P., presided.</p> +<p>June 16th. Robert Herring, Esq., was sworn into <a +name="page332"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 332</span>the office +of mayor of Norwich; and he afterwards gave a dinner to 150 +gentlemen at Chapel-field house.</p> +<p>October 6th. The first meeting was held of the revived +Norfolk Club at the Angel Inn, Norwich. Sir John Lombe, +Bart., was in the chair. The Hon. Colonel Fitzroy, Mr. W. +Smith, and Mr. Windham were also present.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1808</b>. January. By the telegraph, orders +from the Admiralty Office were received at Yarmouth, in 17 +minutes. The chain of communication was by Strumpshaw, +Thorpe Hills, Honingham, Carlton, and Harling, and from thence +proceeded between Thetford and Bury, over Newmarket Heath to +London.</p> +<p>Captain Manby’s invention for rescuing persons stranded +on a lee shore, was approved by the Lords of the Admiralty. +Parliament rewarded Captain Manby at different times with grants +amounting to £6000, and adopted his apparatus at many parts +of the coast.</p> +<p>July 29th. At a special assembly of the corporation of +Norwich, an address to his majesty was agreed to unanimously, on +the subject of the noble struggle of the patriots of Spain and +Portugal against the Ruler of France, and of the generous aid +given to their endeavours by the government.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1809</b>. January. In consequence of Colonel +Robert Harvey not being joined by a sufficient number of the +Volunteers under his command to become a local Militia Battalion, +he resigned the command of the <a name="page333"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 333</span>Norwich Volunteer Regiment, and was +succeeded by Colonel De Hague.</p> +<p>May 9th. The six Regiments of Norfolk Local Militia +first assembled to perform 28 days’ exercise. They +were stationed at Norwich, Yarmouth, Swaffham, and Lynn.</p> +<p>October 15th. The Norwich corn merchants demanded of the +farmers a month’s credit, instead of paying ready money for +their corn as heretofore, but it was resisted by the growers, and +ultimately abandoned by the merchants.</p> +<p>November 2nd. After an interval of seven years, there +was a grand musical festival here, combining oratorios at St. +Peter’s Church, and concerts at the Theatre, under the +direction of Mr. Beckwith, eldest son of the late Dr. +Beckwith. Professor Hague, of Cambridge, led the band.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1810</b>. January 20th. The disputes between +the corn growers and buyers in the city and county, having been +amicably adjusted, a reconciliation dinner took place at the +Maid’s Head Inn. Amongst the toasts was, “Fair +Play—ready money on both sides, or ready money on +neither.”</p> +<p>February 4th. Died at Gunton, in his 77th year, the Rt. +Hon. Harbord Lord Suffield. He represented Norwich from +1756 to 1786. He was much respected by his +constituents.</p> +<p>April 26th. The first stone of the new bridge at Carrow +was laid by the mayor, T. Back, Esq., in due form.</p> +<p><a name="page334"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +334</span>August 6th. The first stone of the Norwich +Foundry Bridge was laid by Alderman Jonathan Davey, the projector +of the undertaking.</p> +<p>September 27th. A contest took place for the office of +alderman of the great Northern ward, in the room of John Herring, +Esq., who died on the 23rd, aged 61. The poll closed as +follows—for William Hankes, Esq., 258; N. Bolingbroke, +Esq., 229. The former was declared duly elected.</p> +<p>December 8th. The Rev. Edward Valpy, B.D., was elected +by the aldermen, master of the Free Grammar School, Norwich, in +the room of the Rev. Dr. S. Forster, resigned. Under Mr. +Valpy, the school attained great celebrity, and here Rajah Brooke +and other eminent men were educated.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1811</b>. January 15th. Mr. Thomas Roope was +convicted at the sessions of having sent a challenge to Mr. +Robert Alderson, Steward of the Corporation, to provoke him to +fight a duel; and was sentenced to pay a fine of 40/- to the +king, and to be imprisoned for one month.</p> +<p>June 29th. Mr. Thomas Roope was sentenced in the Court +of King’s Bench, to be committed to the custody of the +marshal for three months, and to find sureties afterwards, for a +libel on Thomas Back, Esq., late mayor of Norwich.</p> +<p>August 6th. A portrait of Thomas Back, Esq., was placed +in St. Andrew’s Hall. It was painted by Mr. Clover, a +native of the city.</p> +<p>September 11th. A numerous meeting was held in <a +name="page335"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 335</span>St. +Andrew’s Hall, with the mayor, J. H. Cole, Esq., in the +chair, when the Norfolk and Norwich Auxiliary Bible Society was +instituted. The Bishop of Norwich (who was present) was +appointed president, and the three secretaries of the British and +Foreign Bible Society also attended. Annual meetings have +been held ever since.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1812</b>. June 16th. Starling Day, Esq., was +sworn in Mayor of Norwich for the second time; but in consequence +of his advanced age and infirmities, there was no dinner in St. +Andrew’s Hall, on the guild-day. Mr. Alderman Davey +(who was one of the unsuccessful candidates for the office of +mayor on May 1st and 2nd) gave a dinner under the trees adjoining +his house at Eaton, to about 500 freemen of the liberal +interest. Strange as it may seem now, contests often took +place for the office of mayor, during the old corporation.</p> +<p>July 17th. At a meeting of noblemen, gentry, and clergy, +held at the Shirehall, (Lord Viscount Primrose in the chair,) the +Norfolk and Norwich Society for the education of the poor in the +principles of the Church of England, was established. +Upwards of £3000 was subscribed for the object. The +Lord Bishop of Norwich was elected patron, and Lord Suffield, +president.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1813</b>. May 1st. A contested election for the +office of Mayor of Norwich came on, and was not finished till +next morning, when Alderman Davey and J. Harvey were returned as +the two highest; but on May 3rd, an objection was made to +Alderman J. Harvey, <a name="page336"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 336</span>as being ineligible, from his not +being a resident inhabitant of the city, as required by +charter. Counsel’s opinion was obtained in favour of +that objection, and another election took place on June 7th, when +another contest ensued, and after a spirited poll the numbers +were—for Alderman Leman, 797; Alderman Davey, 801. +The Court of Aldermen elected the former gentleman.</p> +<p>July 4th. Great rejoicings took place here on the +arrival of the news of the great victory obtained by the British +army commanded by the Marquis of Wellington, over the French +army, under Joseph Buonaparte, at Vittoria in Spain, on June +21st, when the enemy lost 151 pieces of cannon, 415 waggons, all +his baggage, and many prisoners. The Marquis of Wellington +was promoted to be a Field-Marshal. A form of prayer and +thanksgiving for this victory was used in all the churches on +August 1st.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1814</b>. May 1st. An election took place for +the office of Mayor of Norwich, and the contest lasted two +days. Aldermen Back and Robberds being the highest on the +poll, a scrutiny was demanded on behalf of Alderman Davey. +The scrutiny commenced on the 12th, and continued till the 19th, +when Alderman Davey declined proceeding further. Aldermen +Robberds and Back were then returned to the Court of Aldermen, +who elected J. W. Robberds, Esq., to serve the office of +Mayor.</p> +<p>June 3rd. The Expedition coach being the first to arrive +in Norwich with the news of the definitive <a +name="page337"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 337</span>treaty of +peace, (signed at Paris on the 30th ult.,) was drawn by the +people four times round the Market Place, and through the +principal streets.</p> +<p>June 8th. The Newmarket mail arrived in Norwich with +news of the Corn Importation Bill having been thrown out of the +House of Commons by a majority of 10, and was dragged by the +excited people for hours through the streets. At night a +great bonfire was made.</p> +<p>June 27th. Peace with France was proclaimed. The +mayor and corporation went in a procession of carriages from the +Guildhall through the principal streets, preceded by trumpets, +and accompanied by thousands of people.</p> +<p>July 7th. The thanksgiving day for the happy restoration +of peace. The mayor and corporation attended divine service +at the Cathedral. About 700 children from the church +schools went in procession to St. Andrew’s Hall, where a +plentiful dinner of roast beef and plum pudding was provided for +them by the treasurers of the charity schools. The poor in +their several parishes participated in the general joy, and were +regaled with plentiful dinners, paid for by subscriptions.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1815</b>. March 4th. The late Professor Taylor +stood a contest, for the third time, for nominee of St. +Peter’s Mancroft ward. Of course he was beaten, this +being an orange-and-purple ward, but he polled 107 votes. +However, he was soon afterwards elected a common councilman, +without difficulty, in the Northern ward, <a +name="page338"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 338</span>where the +blue-and-whites had always a large majority. This was on +March 16th, and on May 3rd he was elected a member of the court +of guardians. He took a very active part in local politics, +and was the first man who ever reported and published the +proceedings of the common council.</p> +<p>June 23rd. The glorious news was received in Norwich, +with triumphant rejoicings, of the ever memorable victory +obtained by the Duke of Wellington over the French army, +commanded by Buonaparte in person, at Waterloo, near Brussels, on +the 18th. Buonaparte fled to Paris, leaving upwards of 200 +pieces of cannon in the hands of the allied armies.</p> +<p>June 27th. Rejoicings were renewed here on the news +being received of the second abdication of Buonaparte, the +immediate consequence of the grand victory of La Belle +Alliance.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1816</b>. January 18th. This day was appointed +a thanksgiving day for the restoration of peace, and it was +solemnly observed. The mayor and corporation of Norwich +attended divine service at the Cathedral. Sermons were +preached at the different places of worship, and collections were +made for the poor.</p> +<p>January 25th. At the 51st anniversary of the Castle +corporation, Thomas Back, Esq., alderman, presented two medals to +be worn by the recorder and steward of the society. Each +medal bore a good likeness of Mr. Pitt, on a beautiful cameo; the +motto round which was <i>Non Sibi sed Patriæ +Vixit</i>. On the reverse were the words, “Presented +by Thomas Back, <a name="page339"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +339</span>Junior, Esq., to the Castle Corporation, Norwich, in +commemoration of the great victory of Waterloo, obtained on the +18th June, 1815, by the Allied Armies under the command of Field +Marshal the Duke of Wellington;” and around this was the +motto, “In memory of the Right Hon. William Pitt; died the +23rd January, 1806, aged 47.”</p> +<p>January 29th. Died, aged 86, Robert Harvey, Esq., called +the Father of the City of Norwich, for his great benevolence and +liberality and promotion of trade.</p> +<p>February 20th. A numerous meeting was held at the +Guildhall, Norwich, with the mayor, J. H. Yallop, Esq., in the +chair, when resolutions against the property tax, and a petition +founded thereon, were passed unanimously. Similar petitions +were sent from Lynn, Yarmouth, and other towns. County +meetings were also held to petition against the tax.</p> +<p>March 29th. At a public meeting held at the Guildhall, +Norwich, with the mayor in the chair, it was resolved to +establish a bank for savings, where servants and others might +deposit a portion of their earnings. It was opened on April +29th, and has continued to be very prosperous.</p> +<p>April 3rd. A meeting of merchants, manufacturers, and +others, was held at the Guildhall, Norwich, John Harvey, Esq., +presiding, when resolutions were passed to instruct the city +members to watch and oppose the intended measure for allowing the +exportation of wool free of all restrictions. This measure +was for the time relinquished.</p> +<p>April 4th. At a public meeting held under the <a +name="page340"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 340</span>presidency +of the mayor, a petition to parliament was adopted for the repeal +of the Insolvent Debtors’ act as being injurious to trade +and commerce. It was not repealed for a long time.</p> +<p>May 11th. The West Norfolk militia returned to Norwich +from Ireland, and were disembodied on the 17th of June.</p> +<p>May 16th. A number of riotous persons, chiefly youths, +broke into the New Mills, in Norwich, threw some of the flour +into the mill pool, and committed several outrages on persons and +dwellings before they dispersed. The pretext for the +disturbance was the want of employment. They assembled +again on the next evening, but were dispersed by the magistrates +and military, and several of the rioters were taken into +custody. Similar proceedings took place at Downham and +other places in Norfolk.</p> +<p>June 17th. At a quarterly assembly of the corporation, +an address of congratulation to the Prince Regent was voted, to +be presented to his Royal Highness, on the occasion of the +marriage of the Princess Charlotte of Wales, and Prince Leopold +of Saxe Coburg. The address was presented by the city +members. The marriage took place on May 2nd.</p> +<p>June 18th. This day being the anniversary of the +glorious victory of Waterloo, the non-commissioned officers and +privates of the First Royal Dragoons, and other soldiers +quartered in Norwich, were treated with a handsome dinner in the +cavalry riding school, several gentlemen having entered into a +subscription for that purpose, the corporation adding the sum of +£10. <a name="page341"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +341</span>Robert Hawkes, Esq., first suggested the +entertainment.</p> +<p>July 10th. An address of congratulation was voted by the +court of mayoralty of Norwich, to be presented to the Princess +Charlotte and Prince Leopold on their marriage.</p> +<p>October 14th. A public meeting was held in St. +Andrew’s Hall (Mr. Sheriff Bolingbroke in the chair), when +certain resolutions, and a petition to parliament founded +thereon, were agreed to. The petition was for the greatest +possible retrenchment of the public expenditure, and for a Reform +of the House of Commons. Thus early began the Reform +movement, and it continued to extend all over the country. +It became stronger and stronger, till at last it overcame all +opposition.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1817</b>. January 1st. At a public meeting in +the Guildhall, with the mayor, William Hankes, Esq., presiding, a +subscription was commenced to relieve the labouring poor, which +amounted to £3050. The poor people were employed on +works of public improvement, and were supplied with soup, +&c. Upwards of £1000 was also raised at Yarmouth +for the same laudable purpose, and 460 men were employed in +forming roads to the Bath House, Jetty, &c. The +committee in Norwich granted £270 to be expended for labour +on cutting a road through Butter Hills to Carrow Bridge, which +was effected in the course of the summer.</p> +<p>March 26th. The severest contest took place ever <a +name="page342"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 342</span>known for +nominees of Wymer, or the Long ward, very few votes remaining +unpolled. Some of the freemen came in post-chaises from +Thetford to poll. The numbers were, Messrs. S. Mitchell, +306; J. Reynolds, 305; A. Thwaites, 292; Messrs. W. Foster, 297; +R. Purland, 288; C. Higgen, 283. Mr. Foster was successful, +having five votes above Mr. Thwaites, one of the old +nominees.</p> +<p>April 4th. On Good Friday morning, Wright’s +Norwich and Yarmouth steam packet had just started from the +Foundry Bridge, when the boiler of the engine burst with a +tremendous explosion, by which the vessel was blown to atoms, and +of 22 persons on board, five men three women, and one child were +instantly killed. Six women with fractured arms and legs +were conveyed to the hospital, where one died. The +remaining seven escaped without much injury. A subscription +amounting to £350 was raised for the sufferers. Soon +afterwards, a packet was introduced on the river, worked by four +horses, as in a thrashing machine; the animals walking in a path +18 feet in diameter. The vessel was propelled from six to +seven miles an hour, as wind and tide favoured. This packet +did not long run, and steam packets were again introduced, which +went from Norwich to Yarmouth daily.</p> +<p>September 26th. A meeting was held in St. Andrew’s +Hall, when an auxiliary association to the London Society for +Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews was established. +The Lord Bishop of Norwich was appointed president. Annual +meetings <a name="page343"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +343</span>have been held ever since to promote the objects of the +society.</p> +<p>December 3rd. At a special meeting of the corporation, +two addresses of condolence, one to the Prince Regent, and the +other to Prince Leopold, of Saxe Coburg, were voted, expressive +of the grief of the citizens on the death of the Princess +Charlotte.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1818</b>. January 5th. The court of guardians +having determined to proceed in the valuation of the property in +the city and hamlets, Messrs. Rook, Athow, and Stannard were +appointed to make such valuation. They were to be paid +£850 for their trouble.</p> +<p>A repository was established in Norwich for the sale of +articles of ingenuity, to increase the funds of the society for +relieving the sick poor in Norwich. The first exhibition +took place on Tombland fair day, at Mr. Noverre’s room.</p> +<p>March 11th. This year, the several wards in Norwich +(except the Northern ward) were strongly contested, particularly +the Wymer ward. After a spirited poll for nominees of the +common council, the numbers were for Mr. Foster, 361; Mr. Higgen, +357; Mr. Purland, 355; Mr. Mitchell, 345; Mr. Culley, 340; Mr. +Beckwith, 322. The liberal party at last obtained the +ascendancy, but had to pay for it. The expenditure at this +local contest was estimated at some thousands. From +£15 to £40 were given for votes, and the freemen were +brought in carriages from the country.</p> +<p>May 16th. This being Guild-day, Barnabas Leman, <a +name="page344"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 344</span>Esq., was +sworn in mayor of Norwich for the second time. The +corporation went in procession to the Cathedral, preceded by the +Blue and White Clubs, the freemen wearing those colours in their +hats, which was considered improper and ill-timed. Mr. +William Smith, before the procession started, after recommending +his friends to abstain from this display of party feeling on such +a day, pulled his colours from his hat and put them in his +pocket. It being quite a matter of taste, his example was +not followed.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1819</b>. This year some important meetings were +held, and a good deal of political excitement prevailed in the +city. Mr. E. Taylor was elected sheriff after a contest +with Mr. T. S. Day. The former was evidently the popular +candidate, the numbers being for Taylor 807, for Day 530. +In acknowledging the honour which had been conferred upon him he +said,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“There are times, gentlemen, when the post +of honour is the post of duty—times when it is the duty of +every man to stand forward to maintain and uphold the laws of his +country, and prevent them from being outraged. Such, +gentlemen, are the present. Scenes have recently been +exhibited in a distant part of this country which I blush to +mention. The laws have there been outraged and trodden +under foot, not by the people, but by the magistrates, whose duty +it was to protect them. At Manchester we have seen a +merciless soldiery, or rather, I should say, persons wearing red +coats, and pretending to be soldiers, let loose to butcher men, +women, and children in cold blood who were peaceably and legally +met to discharge a duty which they owed to their <a +name="page345"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +345</span>country. The right of petitioning is a right +which, till lately, we have enjoyed uninterruptedly, none daring +to make us afraid; and where is the man who will tell me that +these people did not legally and constitutionally meet? +But, gentlemen, they have been treated in a manner so brutal and +inhuman, that our history furnishes no parallel.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>He alluded to the “Peterloo Massacre” as it was +then called, and which excited universal indignation throughout +the country.</p> +<p>January 25th. The birthday of Mr. Fox was commemorated, +by nearly 250 gentlemen, at the Assembly rooms. The earl of +Albemarle presided, supported by Mr. Coke and Viscount +Bury. The high sheriff was at the head of the right hand +table, and Mr. Wm. Smith of the left. After dinner, +speeches were delivered, setting forth the views of the Liberal +party.</p> +<p>April 15th. A public meeting was held in St. +Andrew’s Hall, when a petition to the House of Commons +against the duty on coals (6s. 6d. per chaldron) was adopted by +acclamation. R. H. Gurney, Esq., M.P., assured the meeting +that he should support the prayer of the petition, and do +everything in his power towards alleviating the burdens of his +fellow-citizens. The tax was ultimately abolished.</p> +<p>April 22nd. The duke of Sussex arrived in Norwich and +lodged at the house of William Foster, Esq., in Queen Street, +where his royal highness was waited upon by the mayor and +corporation. Mr. Steward Alderson, in an address of +congratulation on his arrival, informed his royal highness that +the whole body corporate had voted to him the freedom of the <a +name="page346"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 346</span>city, which +the royal duke was pleased to accept, at the same time returning +a dignified answer. On the next day a grand meeting of the +Masonic brethren, 320 in number, was held in Chapel-field +house. The large Assembly room was decorated in the most +splendid style. At 10.30 a.m., the duke of Sussex (as grand +master of England) installed Thomas Wm. Coke, Esq., M.P., as +provincial grand master, with the accustomed Masonic +ceremonies. His royal highness delivered an impressive +charge, on investing Mr. Coke with the jewel, apron, and +gloves. After this ceremony a procession was formed, every +officer and member of the assembled lodges wearing his full +masonic costume and jewels, and the banners were carried in the +procession to the Cathedral. In the evening, there was a +sumptuous banquet in St. Andrew’s Hall, at which the royal +duke presided, supported by Mr. Coke and I. Ives, Esq., the +deputy provincial grand master. About 254 persons dined, +and many ladies were present to witness the festive scene. +Toasts were proposed in right royal style, and duly responded +to. Next day His Royal Highness was admitted to the +honorary freedom of the city at the Guildhall, where he took the +customary oaths. After visiting the exhibition of the +Artists’ Society, the royal duke left Norwich about noon +and proceeded to Holkham, paying a visit to Sir George +Jerningham, at Cossey Hall, on his way thither.</p> +<p>May 28th. The anniversary of the birthday of the Rt. +Hon. Wm. Pitt was commemorated at the Assembly rooms, Norwich, by +a very numerous company of noblemen, gentlemen, and citizens.</p> +<p><a name="page347"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 347</span>June +4th. The anniversary of the birthday of the long afflicted +sovereign, George III., who had entered on the eighty-second year +of his age, was celebrated for the last time in Norwich, +Yarmouth, Lynn, and other towns, with the accustomed +demonstration of loyalty and attachment.</p> +<p>July 15th. Meetings were held in Norwich, and +resolutions were passed, and petitions to parliament adopted, +against the proposed additional duties on malt and on foreign +wool. Petitions were also presented to parliament praying +for an alteration in the corn laws, in consequence of the +depressed state of agriculture.</p> +<p>September 16th. A public meeting was held in St. +Andrew’s Hall, in order to take into consideration the late +disastrous transactions at Manchester, on August 16th. The +mayor, R. Bolingbroke, Esq., presided, when resolutions were +adopted asserting the right of the subject to petition the king, +and the legality of the late meeting at Manchester, censuring the +conduct of the magistrates and yeomanry, and recommending a +subscription for the relief of the sufferers. An address to +the prince regent was agreed to for the removal of ministers from +his presence and councils for ever. The address was +afterwards presented by the city members.</p> +<p>October 18th. A public meeting was held by adjournment +at the Guildhall to take into consideration the propriety of +erecting a bridge over the river, near the Duke’s Palace, +to connect Pitt Street with the Market Place. A proposition +to that effect was <a name="page348"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +348</span>negatived, but a bill for erecting the bridge was +introduced into parliament and ultimately passed. Nearly +£9,000 were proposed to be raised, by shares of £25 +each, to complete the same. The bridge was built in course +of time, and toll had to be paid for many years. By the +exertions and influence of the late T. O. Springfield, Esq., the +bridge was made a free thoroughfare, greatly to the convenience +of the citizens.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1820</b>. January 5th. At a special meeting of +the Diocesan Committee of the Society for Promoting Christian +Knowledge, held in Norwich, (the Lord Bishop presiding) +resolutions were adopted to counteract the evil effects of +infidel and blasphemous publications, by issuing tracts of the +Parent Society at very reduced prices, and a subscription was +entered into for that purpose.</p> +<p>January 24th. The anniversary of the birthday of the +Right Hon. C. J. Fox was commemorated by a grand public dinner in +St. Andrew’s Hall by 460 noblemen and gentlemen, amongst +whom were the Duke of Sussex, the Duke of Norfolk, the Earl of +Albemarle (who presided), Viscount Bury, Lord Molyneux, and many +other leading gentlemen of the liberal party. The hall was +handsomely decorated, and the names of <span +class="smcap">Fox</span> and <span class="smcap">Albemarle</span> +appeared in variegated lamps, and in a semi-circular transparency +was that of <span class="smcap">Sussex</span>, in letters of gold +upon a ground of purple silk.</p> +<p>January 30th. A messenger from London brought to Lord +and Lady Castlereagh (who were at Gunton <a +name="page349"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 349</span>Hall) the +melancholy tidings of the death of King George III., which became +known in Norwich on the following morning, when nearly all the +shops were closed, and the bells of the churches were tolled for +three hours. The king died on January 29th, in the 82nd +year of his age, and the 60th of his troubled reign, during which +long wars desolated Europe, doubled our national debt, and +impoverished the country. His Royal Highness, the Prince of +Wales, (who was appointed regent on February 6th, 1811,) +immediately ascended the throne. King George IV. was soon +afterwards seriously indisposed with inflammation in the lungs, +but happily recovered from the attack in the course of a +week.</p> +<p>February 1st. King George IV. was proclaimed on the +Castle Hill by the High Sheriff, Sir William Windham Dalling, +Bart., amid the cheers of those assembled. On the same day +His Majesty was proclaimed in the city in full form and with +great rejoicings.</p> +<p>March 6th. A spirited contest took place for the gown, +vacant by the death of Starling Day, Esq., alderman of Wymer +ward. At the close of the poll the numbers were for Henry +Francis, Esq., 413; John Lovick, Esq., 372; majority for Mr. +Francis 41, who was declared duly elected. In this month +Messrs. Mitchell, Beckwith, and Culley were elected nominees for +the long ward without opposition. The other three wards +were contested. After the elections for Wymer and the +Northern wards, processions took place at night to celebrate the +triumph of the two contending parties.</p> +<p><a name="page350"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +350</span>August 2nd. A common hall was held for the +purpose of getting up an address to be presented to Queen +Caroline. Mr. Alderman Leman presided, and Mr. Sheriff +Taylor introduced the subject, declaring that their duty was not +merely to vote an address to Her Majesty on her accession, but to +protest against the proceedings adopted by His Majesty’s +ministers, against her “whom we ought to honour as our +Queen, and esteem as a woman.” He denied the +imputation that this meeting was held for factious and seditious +purposes. He reviewed the various charges which had been +brought against Her Majesty, and mentioned several instances of +noble conduct on her part. He regarded the erasure of her +name from the liturgy as a gross insult, and spoke of the +firmness, and sagacity, and judgment which characterised her +determination to return to England. He reminded his hearers +of the enthusiasm which attended her entry into London. But +no sooner was she arrived than a large green bag was laid on the +table. Now he had an instinctive horror of a green bag, as +he had once the honour of occupying a small corner of one. +He then challenged the ministers, through Mr. Coke, to prove any +one of the charges brought against him in the green bag; and he +received an answer that it was all a mistake, and that Norwich +should not have been inserted. The resolutions were carried +by acclamation, and he afterwards presented an address to the +Queen at Brandenburgh house.</p> +<p>There was but one opinion here as to the character of George +IV., and with respect to the Queen, all the <a +name="page351"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 351</span>world +agreed that she was much to be pitied. Men’s passions +were so strongly excited, that whichever side they took, whether +for her or against her, her conduct was viewed through a false +medium. Nothing showed this more strongly than the +behaviour of the two parties upon her death. The +blue-and-whites, many of whom had never put on black for a royal +personage before, were to be seen dressed in black and white, +while on the other hand the orange-and-purples, not content with +appearing in their ordinary attire, flaunted about in the gayest +colours.</p> +<p>December 12th. In consequence of the numerous robberies +committed in the city and county, public meetings were held, and +resolutions passed to grant high rewards to watchmen who might +apprehend offenders. More burglaries had been committed in +that year than in the preceding twenty years. Increased +poverty had produced crime, and the “Old Charlies” +were of little use.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1821</b>. March 7th. E. T. Booth, Esq., +(sheriff) was elected an alderman of Great Wymer ward in the room +of the late William Foster, Esq., who had died on March +3rd. There was an opposition; at the close of the poll the +numbers were, for Mr. Booth 444, Mr. R. Shaw 433.</p> +<p>March 31st. The freedom of the city having been voted at +the quarterly assembly of the corporation on the 24th ult., to be +presented to Captain William Edward Parry of the Royal Navy; that +gallant officer attended in full uniform, and was sworn in at <a +name="page352"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 352</span>a full +court of mayoralty. The parchment containing the freedom of +the city was presented to him in a box formed of a piece of oak, +part of the ship Hecla, with an appropriate inscription.</p> +<p>April 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th. Cleansing Week ward +elections took place. Conisford ward no opposition, Messrs. +J. Kitton, J. Angel, and J. P. Cocksedge (nominees); Mancroft +ward no opposition, Messrs. P. Chamberlin, J. Bennett, and J. +Goodwin, (nominees); Wymer ward, Mr. A. A. H. Beckwith 432, Mr. +J. Culley, 432, Mr. J. Reynolds 423 (nominees), Mr. J. Parkinson +254, Mr. Newin 249, Mr. R. Purland 236, Mr. S. Mitchell 45; +Northern ward, Mr. T. Barnard 418, Mr. T. O. Springfield 416, Mr. +S. S. Beare 416, (nominees), Mr. G. Morse 231, Mr. Troughton 230, +Mr. T. Grimmer 231.</p> +<p>May 1st. The election for mayor came on. At the +close of the poll the numbers were for Alderman Rackham 986, +Alderman Hawkes 950, Alderman Marsh 630, Alderman Yallop +631. The former two were returned to the court of aldermen, +who elected William Rackham, Esq., to serve the office of chief +magistrate.</p> +<p>June 18th. This being Guild day, William Rackham, Esq., +was sworn in mayor, on which occasion he gave a sumptuous dinner +to about 650 ladies and gentlemen in St. Andrews Hall, the hall +having previously undergone various alterations and +improvements.</p> +<p>July 27th. The coronation of George IV. was celebrated +here in a very splendid manner, and <a name="page353"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 353</span>gave occasion for a display of the +exuberant loyalty of the citizens. This king, called +“the finest gentleman in Europe,” had governed the +realm for nearly ten years, and visited the city in 1812. +His reign was peaceful and prosperous, and he was a great +promoter of the arts and sciences. The most important event +of his reign was the passing of the act for Roman Catholic +emancipation, by which Roman Catholics became entitled to all the +rights and privileges enjoyed by the rest of the community, a +measure strongly supported here by the liberal party. +During this reign the citizens of Norwich took a very active part +in all the great movements of the age—the Roman Catholic +Emancipation movement, the Anti-Slavery movement, and the Reform +agitation. Strong contests at elections took place on all +these questions. Bribery, corruption, treating, cooping, +and intimidation, were resorted to by both parties on every +occasion, as will appear in a subsequent chapter, on our +political history. Party spirit never ran higher in any +town than in Norwich.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1822</b>. January 24th. The anniversary of the +birthday of the Rt. Hon. C. J. Fox was commemorated by a public +dinner of the liberal party at the Assembly Rooms.</p> +<p>February 24th. At a quarterly meeting of the corporation +it was unanimously resolved, that a piece of plate, of the value +of 150 guineas, be presented to Charles Harvey, Esq., the +recorder of Norwich, as a testimony of the high appreciation +entertained by <a name="page354"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +354</span>that assembly of his upright and impartial conduct in +the performance of the duties of his office, and of his zeal on +all occasions for the interests of the city.</p> +<p>March. When the elections came on in Cleansing Week, +there was no opposition for the Conisford and Mancroft wards, and +the orange-and-purple party maintained their ascendancy. +Wymer ward, Mr. J. Reynolds 401, Mr. A. A. H. Beckwith 401, Mr. +J. Culley 401, (nominees); P. Greenwood 56, W. Simmons 56, R. +Widdows 54. Northern ward, Mr. A. Shaw 379, Mr. S. S. Beare +368, Mr. E. Taylor 200, (nominees); W. G. Edwards 189, A. Beloe +193, T. Grimmer 190, St. Quintin 190.</p> +<p>May 1st. The election of mayor came on. At the +close of the poll the numbers were for Alderman Hawkes 957, +Alderman J. S. Patteson 908, Alderman Thurtell 364, Alderman +Yallop 318; the former two were returned to the court of +aldermen, who elected Robert Hawkes, Esq., to serve the office of +chief magistrate.</p> +<p>June 18th. This being Guild day, Robert Hawkes, Esq., +was sworn in as mayor, and he gave a grand dinner to the citizens +in St. Andrew’s Hall.</p> +<p>September 27th. The weavers, 2,361 in number, subscribed +for, and presented a piece of plate to John Harvey, Esq., as a +testimony of the high esteem in which they held him; and he +deserved it, for he was a great promoter of the manufactures of +the city, and a friend of the operatives. They were then in +a prosperous state, and well employed by many large firms who +executed orders for the East <a name="page355"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 355</span>India Company to the extent of +20,000 pieces of camlets yearly. This trade continued till +1832.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1823</b>. January 23rd. At a meeting held in +the Old Library Room, St. Andrew’s Hall, a society was +formed for supplying the poor with blankets at a reduced price; +and upwards of 1100 were distributed during the winter.</p> +<p>February 24th. At a quarterly assembly of the +corporation a lease was granted to the magistrates of the city, +for 500 years, of the piece of land outside of St. Giles’ +Gates, on which it had been decided to build the new jail, at the +annual rent of £50.</p> +<p>March 4th. At a meeting held at the Guildhall, petitions +to parliament were adopted against the Insolvent Debtors Act.</p> +<p>March. Cleansing Week for the ward elections passed off +without any opposition; the orange-and-purple party kept the +Conisford, Mancroft, and Wymer wards, and the blue-and-white the +Northern ward.</p> +<p>April 14th. At a special assembly of the corporation, a +petition to His Majesty was adopted, praying for two jail +deliveries in the course of the year.</p> +<p>April 25th. At a meeting held at the Guildhall, to take +into consideration the state of the West India Colonies, with a +view to promote the abolition of slavery, resolutions in favour +of the object were carried.</p> +<p>May 1st. The election of mayor took place, and at the +close of the poll the numbers were, Alderman J. S. Patteson 835, +Alderman Francis 774, Alderman Leman 101, Alderman Yallop +94. The two former <a name="page356"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 356</span>were returned to the court of +aldermen, who elected J. S. Patteson, Esq., to serve the office +of chief magistrate.</p> +<p>May 3rd. At a quarterly assembly of the corporation, the +freedom of the city was voted to the Hon. John Wodehouse, +lieutenant of the city and county.</p> +<p>June 17th. This being Guild day, J. S. Patteson, Esq., +was sworn in mayor; and he gave a splendid dinner to a large +party in St. Andrew’s Hall.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1824</b>. In September of this year the first Norfolk +and Norwich Musical Festival was held in St. Andrew’s Hall, +and the concerts given were well attended by the nobility and +gentry of the county. This Festival was very much promoted +by Mr. Edward Taylor, Mr. R. M. Bacon, then editor of the +<i>Mercury</i>, and other amateurs in the city, and proved +eminently successful, the hospital receiving the sum of +£2,399 out of the profits. In 1825, King George IV. +presented the hospital with a copy of Arnold’s edition of +Handel’s Works. It was determined that a triennial +festival should be held in aid of the funds of the institution, +and that the Norwich Choral Society should be maintained in an +efficient state for that purpose.</p> +<h3><a name="page357"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +357</span>CHAPTER XVI.<br /> +Norwich Navigation.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">About</span> this time a very important +movement took place in the city, with the view to make +“Norwich a port,” and many meetings were held to +promote that object. Here, therefore, will be a proper +place to review the proceedings in reference to our navigation to +Yarmouth and Lowestoft. The history will show the grasping +selfishness of the old corporation at Yarmouth, which always +tried to tax the trade of the city, and opposed every +improvement, even when it was for the benefit of both towns.</p> +<p>Norwich, no doubt, derived its mercantile and carrying trade +from its original situation as a sea-port. In ancient times +the <i>Gariensis Ostium</i>, or mouth of the Yare, extended in +breadth from Burgh Castle to Caister, the two Roman camps being +opposite each other. The spot on which Yarmouth now stands +was then covered by water, and a broad arm of the sea extended +all over the present marshes to the city, which was then a +sea-port, before Yarmouth had any existence. This appears +from the legal contests that <a name="page358"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 358</span>took place in later times between +the burgesses of Yarmouth and the citizens of Norwich.</p> +<p>Norwich had long been a mercantile and trading town, and one +of the royal cities of England, and ships came up by an arm of +the sea to an open market, which was held every day in the +week. Public marts or fairs were held twice a year, with +all manner of merchandise for sale to citizens, strangers, or +foreigners. The traders for centuries used this right of +buying and selling, loading and unloading all their goods and +merchandise, free of all tolls and dues. Foreign merchants +paid at Norwich 4d. on every ship of bulk, 2d. for every boat, +and all other customs for their merchandise.</p> +<p>At the commencement of the 14th century Yarmouth began to be a +rival port to Norwich, and some legal contests took place between +the two towns respecting their rights and privileges. In +1327, a suit was commenced, and in 1331 it was renewed, between +the citizens of Norwich and the burgesses of Yarmouth, relating +to certain tolls which the latter imposed on goods, claiming the +right to do so under the charter of Edward I., which made +Yarmouth a port. Indeed, they appear to have been so +incensed at the city becoming a staple that they proceeded so far +as to stop all vessels coming through from their port to +Norwich. A very remarkable contest consequently arose, and +terminated in favour of the city. The result of the suit +was, that the bailiffs of Yarmouth were commanded to make +proclamation in their town, “That if any hindered or in any +way molested the <a name="page359"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +359</span>merchant vessels of what kind soever from passing and +re-passing through the port of Yarmouth, to and from the city of +Norwich, they should forfeit all their goods and chattels, +forfeitable, for so doing.” Yarmouth was, therefore, +prevented for a time from levying duties, but subsequently +regained the power of doing so to a great extent.</p> +<p>If Norwich in former ages was an important seaport, the +question naturally arises how it ceased to be so. There is +sufficient evidence that after the year 500, the arm of the sea +became narrower, though at that period the water came up close to +the Castle Hill. After 1050, the river was much reduced in +breadth, and a new town arose round the fortress. Centuries +elapsed and the river became still narrower, and streets were +extended on each side. At length the stream became so +shallow that it was no longer navigable for sea-borne vessels, +and the ancient trade of the city began to decline. The +citizens, occupied by political contests, did not keep up the +navigation for sea-borne vessels, as they might easily have +done. Attempts were made in this (19th) century to retrieve +the long neglect of former ages by some schemes of improvement, +but these attempts almost entirely failed. Still the city +owed many trading advantages to its river, which is navigable for +wherries and packets to the sea.</p> +<p>The navigation between Norwich and Yarmouth has not been, for +centuries, suited for sea-borne vessels, owing, chiefly, to the +shallowness of the channel over Breydon. The embouchure of +the river into the sea <a name="page360"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 360</span>has been frequently blocked up by +shifting sands, and vessels have been detained fourteen days +before they could get into the river. Indeed, at the +present time there is great danger of the mouth of the harbour +being blocked up at Yarmouth altogether.</p> +<p>Prior to the year 1762, the quantity of coals brought from +Yarmouth to Norwich, annually, was 26,000 chaldrons. Of +these, nearly 5000 chaldrons were carried out of Norwich into the +surrounding district, so that 21,000 chaldrons were consumed in +the city. At that time, the king’s dues and the +Yarmouth dues amounted to 8s. 1d. per chaldron, which was felt by +the consumers to be a grievous tax. A cheap and plentiful +supply of coal has always been of the utmost importance to the +citizens, not only for domestic purposes, but also as fuel for +manufacturers, dyers, hot pressers, lime burners, brewers, and +maltsters. Yet, at the period referred to, this necessary +commodity was heavily taxed, to the extent of £1200 yearly, +more than was paid on an equal consumption in London. This +tax was rendered more grievous by the illegal measurement at +Yarmouth. The legal chaldron consisted of thirty-six +bushels; but, at Yarmouth the chaldron was estimated not by +bushels, but by a measure called a mett, sixteen of which were +computed to contain a chaldron, but did not. As may be +supposed, the injustice naturally caused considerable +dissatisfaction among the Norwich coal merchants and other +citizens, and frequent complaints were made of the grievance +which was ultimately abolished. This was important, for +formerly, from <a name="page361"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +361</span>the north of England, immense quantities of coal and +heavy goods were brought by sea, <i>viâ</i> Yarmouth to +Norwich, for distribution over the eastern side of Norfolk and +Suffolk. The importation of coal, by this route, has, +however, been greatly diminished; not only by the opening of +railways in every direction, but also by the working of the +central coal fields of England.</p> +<p>By the act of the 12th George I., c. 15, commonly called the +Tonnage Act, the corporation obtained the power to levy tolls on +all goods brought into the city by any boat, keel wherry, +lighter, buoy, or other vessel as follows:—4d. for every +chaldron of coals, for every last of wheat, rye, barley, malt, or +other grain, for every weight of salt, for every hogshead of +sugar, tobacco, molasses, or hogshead packed with other goods, +for every three puncheons of liquor, for every two pipes of wine, +spirits, &c., for every eight barrels of soap, raisins, oil, +pitch, tar, &c. For five years prior to May, 1836, the +average amount of revenue derived from the tonnage dues was +£970, showing that a very large quantity of goods was +brought by river to the city. After June 24th, 1836, the +tolls were let by auction for £1375; in 1838, for +£1210; in 1840, for £1220; in 1847, for £1000; +in 1850, for £1050 yearly. This shows that after the +opening of railways the dues were reduced, but not so much as +might have been expected; the wherries continued to bring in a +large proportion of the heavy goods.</p> +<p>The project of opening a communication between Norwich and the +sea, for sea-borne vessels, originated <a +name="page362"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 362</span>with +Alderman Crisp Brown, who in 1814, submitted to the corporation a +plan for making Norwich a port by way of Yarmouth. After +this, surveys were made, and a report was published in 1818, by +Mr. Cubitt, who recommended avoiding Breydon by a new cut on the +south side. In the same year he made another survey, to +ascertain the practicability of opening a communication with the +sea at Lowestoft, and in 1821 this report was laid before the +public. As the Yarmouth corporation had signified their +determination to oppose either of these plans, it was at length +determined to carry out the communication to Lowestoft, although +the expense was double that of the Yarmouth plan. This +turned out to be a very unfortunate undertaking. +Subscriptions were raised and fresh surveys were made; and in +1826, a company having been formed, an application was made to +Parliament for an Act; but being opposed by the Yarmouth +corporation and timid owners of the marsh lands, who were fearful +of an inundation, it was lost by a majority of five. This +act, however, was finally passed in 1827, after £8000 had +been spent by the corporation of Yarmouth in opposing it. +Of course, the object of that body was to retain the monopoly of +the Norwich trade, which was then very great.</p> +<p>On May 23rd, 1827, the bill for making Norwich a port having +been passed through both houses of Parliament, the navigation +committee, with the mayor (their chairman), were met at Hartford +Hill, on their return from London, by thousands of their +fellow-citizens who were assembled to welcome them; and <a +name="page363"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 363</span>a grand +procession having been formed, they marched through the city, +while guns were fired in all directions. The celebration +concluded with a bonfire at night.</p> +<p>In effecting the great undertaking of a communication with +Lowestoft, the river Yare was deepened near Norwich and the +navigation was continued by that river as far as Reedham, whence +it was carried across the marshes by a new cut, two miles and +a-half long, to the river Waveney, along which it passed to +Oulton Dyke, which was widened and deepened to Oulton Broad, +whence by a short cut the canal entered Lake Lothing, through +which it passed to the shore at Lowestoft, where, by cutting +through the bank, the tides were freely admitted into the +lake. Here a large harbour was formed, covering 160 acres, +nearly three miles in length, and averaging from fifteen to +seventeen feet in depth at high water. In this work the +company spent their whole capital of £150,000.</p> +<p>On September 30th, 1833, the Norwich and Lowestoft navigation +was opened, when two vessels came from the latter place and +arrived at the wharfs without once touching ground. This +caused great rejoicing, and the advantages of the undertaking +were soon apparent. But the company wanted money, and were +obliged to borrow it from the Exchequer Loan Commissioners, into +whose hands the port fell in 1842. Norwich traders might +afterwards have recovered possession of the port for a small sum +by a combined effort, but they lost the opportunity. The +commissioners disposed of the port and navigation to a new +company at Lowestoft, and that company, after expending <a +name="page364"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 364</span>large sums +in repairs, sold the harbour and navigation to Mr. Peto for +almost a nominal price. He, with other gentlemen, organised +another company, raised a capital of £200,000 (afterwards +doubled), and obtained an act of parliament for the formation of +a new harbour, and a railway to Reedham in connection with the +line to Norwich. The new harbour was made, and the railway +was opened in 1847, from which year the carrying trade of the +port gradually increased. Before 1850 the importation of +coal and the harbour dues increased five-fold, and the +importations of corn increased 10,000 quarters yearly. The +number of vessels was doubled, and of course employment increased +in proportion. The harbour and railway contributed a large +traffic to the Eastern Counties lines. Norwich traders made +great use of the port, and through it brought quantities of coal +and heavy goods to the city. There is every mechanical +facility afforded for the loading and unloading of vessels; and +port dues are lower than at Yarmouth. In 1851, the number +of vessels that entered the harbour was 1,636, or 131,767 tons, +showing an increase of 23,000 tons. In the same year there +was an increase of 6,997 tons in the coal imported. Of +course, as the shipping trade of the port increased, the railway +traffic increased also. One of the chief sources from which +the additional revenue was derived was from the fish traffic; for +in 1851 the packages were 78,000 in number, and produced a +freight of £3,739. The traffic also in coal and goods +has greatly improved.</p> +<p>Between 1840 and 1850 the corporation of Norwich, <a +name="page365"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 365</span>aided by +the city merchants, made a most determined effort to improve the +navigation to Yarmouth. A large subscription was raised for +this purpose, and Mr. Cockburn Curtiss, the engineer, was engaged +to make a survey of the river Yare, and to prepare plans. +He did so, and his plans were approved by the citizens generally; +but the corporation of Yarmouth gave notice of a strong +opposition. Application was made to parliament for a bill +giving the corporation here jurisdiction over the river down to +the mouth of the Haven. The bill was opposed and lost, and +the Norwich corporation were defeated after an expenditure of +some thousands of pounds.</p> +<h3><a name="page366"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +366</span>CHAPTER XVII.<br /> +Leading Events (<i>continued</i>).</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">We</span> resume our chronological list of +the leading events of the century:—</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1825</b>. January 5th. At a public meeting held +at the Guildhall, a Mechanics’ Institution was established, +and it was continued for some years in the rooms above the +Bazaar, St. Andrew’s.</p> +<p>March. Cleansing week passed off without opposition for +the second time.</p> +<p>April 7th. The clergy of the archdeaconry of Norwich +agreed to petition in favour of the claims of the Catholics to +have the same political rights and privileges as other +people.</p> +<p>April 18th. At a public meeting, held in St. +Andrew’s Hall, a petition for a revision of the Corn Laws +was adopted unanimously. The petition afterwards received +14,385 signatures, and was forwarded on the 26th to be presented +to parliament. As yet it was not proposed to <i>repeal</i> +the Corn Laws, which were then a monstrous injustice.</p> +<p><a name="page367"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 367</span>May +1st. The election for mayor took place, and the numbers +were for Alderman Day, 679; Alderman Booth, 597; Alderman Leman, +152; Alderman Burt, 150. Thomas Starling Day, Esq., was +elected.</p> +<p>May 3rd. The corporation adopted a petition against the +Catholic claims, the members going quite out of their way to +perpetuate a great wrong.</p> +<p>May 31st. The anniversary of the birthday of the Rt. +Hon. William Pitt was celebrated by the members of the castle +corporation.</p> +<p>June 11th. The first stone of the new theatre was laid, +and it was erected on the present site. The building is +only a piece of patch-work, and has no pretensions to +architectural design. It is no credit to the city in any +respect. It was opened on March 27th, in the following +year.</p> +<p>June 21st. The mayor (T. S. Day, Esq.,) was sworn into +office; he afterwards gave a dinner to upwards of 460 gentlemen +in St. Andrew’s Hall.</p> +<p>August 30th. A contest took place for freemen’s +sheriff; at the close of the poll the numbers were for Mr. +Brookes, 865; Alderman Springfield, 501. The former was +returned.</p> +<p>September 1st. The corporation presented a piece of +plate, of the value of 100 guineas, to William Simpson, Esq., +chamberlain, in testimony of their high esteem for the ability +and integrity displayed in the discharge of his official duties; +and of their unanimous approbation of his long and faithful +services.</p> +<p>November 2nd. Sir Thomas P. Hankin, Lieut. Colonel of +His Majesty regiment of Royal North <a name="page368"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 368</span>British Dragoons, was interred in +the Cathedral with military honours.</p> +<p>November 21st. At a public meeting, held in St. Andrews +Hall, a Society was formed for promoting the Abolition of +Colonial Slavery. The late J. J. Gurney and all his family +were great advocates of negro emancipation, but the diabolical +injustice of slavery continued for many years to be the disgrace +of England. At many meetings held in this city, the late J. +J. Gurney denounced the atrocities of the slave trade, and +advocated its abolition. This object was at last +accomplished after a violent agitation throughout the country, at +a cost of twenty millions sterling!</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1826</b>. January. This year, in consequence of +the iniquitous corn laws, bread was dear, work was scarce, and +the poor were destitute. Nearly £5000 was subscribed +for their relief.</p> +<p>March. Cleansing Week ward elections passed off without +opposition, except in the Wymer ward, where it was merely +nominal.</p> +<p>May 1st. The election of mayor took place. Messrs. +Booth and Patteson were returned to the court of aldermen without +opposition, and Mr. E. T. Booth was elected.</p> +<p>May 30th. The anniversary of Mr. William Pitt’s +birthday was again celebrated by the members of the castle +corporation. The dinners of this and other clubs served to +keep alive party spirit.</p> +<p>June 20th. This being Guild day, E. T. Booth, Esq., was +sworn into the office of chief magistrate; after <a +name="page369"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 369</span>which, the +Rt. Hon. Robert Peel, secretary of state for the Home department, +and Jonathan Peel, Esq., the new member of parliament for the +city, were admitted to the freedom of the city.</p> +<p>August 29th. A contest took place for the office of +freemen’s sheriff. At the close of the poll the +numbers were for Mr. James Bennett, 1164; Mr. Alderman +Springfield, 1079. The former was returned.</p> +<p>November. Parish meetings were held in many parts of the +city, and votes of thanks were passed to Crisp Brown, Esq., for +his strenuous exertions in preventing impositions in paying +public money for the new jail, then considered a job.</p> +<p>November 21st. William Simpson, Esq., was elected town +clerk and clerk of the peace for this city, in the room of the +late Elisha De Hague, Esq., who died on the 11th inst., at the +age of 72.</p> +<p>December 6th. Robert Alderson, Esq., was unanimously +elected recorder of the city, on the resignation of Charles +Savill Onley, Esq., and on the 12th, Isaac Preston, Esq., was +elected steward of the corporation, vacant by the resignation of +Mr. Alderson.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1827</b>. January 7th. On the intelligence +being received here of the death of his late Royal Highness, Duke +of York and Albany, the bells of the different churches were +tolled for some time, and the shops were partially closed on the +following days.</p> +<p>January 20th. This being the day appointed for the +funeral of his late Royal Highness the Duke of York, the +melancholy occasion was observed by a <a name="page370"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 370</span>general suspension of business; the +corporation attended divine service at the Cathedral, and the +bells of the parish churches were tolled.</p> +<p>January 26th. At a meeting of the clergy, a petition was +adopted in favour of the Catholic claims.</p> +<p>April. Cleansing Week ward elections came on with +several severe contests. Conisford ward, J. Marshall, 213; +T. Edwards, 212; J. Kitton, 205 (nominees); J. Angell, 204; A. B. +Beevor, 203; J. P. Cocksedge, 202. Mancroft ward, no +opposition, J. Goodwin, T. Eaton, C. Hardy (nominees). +Wymer ward, W. Foster, 435; J. S. Parkinson, 434; G. Kitton, 429 +(nominees). Northern ward, S. S. Beare, 424; R. Shaw, 415; +H. Martineau, 420 (nominees); G. Coleby, 237; T. Grimmer, +244.</p> +<p>May 1st. The election of mayor took place; at the close +of the poll the numbers were, Alderman Finch, 918; Alderman +Yallop, 867; Alderman Patteson, 566; Alderman Browne, 565. +Peter Finch, Esq., was elected. He lived for many years in +a large house built of flint in St. Mary’s.</p> +<p>June 19th. This being Guild day, Peter Finch, Esq., was +sworn into the office of chief magistrate.</p> +<p>August 28th. The election for freemen’s sheriff +came on; at the close of the poll the numbers were for Mr. +Alderman Springfield, 1210; Mr. F. White, 474. The former +was returned.</p> +<p>September 12th. There was a severe contest for the +office of alderman of Conisford ward in the room of the late +William Herring, Esq., who died on the 8th, aged 74. At the +close of the poll the numbers <a name="page371"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 371</span>were for J. Angell, 218; J. +Marshall, 196; and the former was returned. A scrutiny was +demanded by Mr. Marshall’s friends, but was afterwards +abandoned.</p> +<p>This month Mr. Myher Levi, a Jew, and his wife Hannah Levi, a +Jewess, having been converted, were baptised in the parish church +of St. Stephen’s, and received the name of Herbert.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1828</b>. January 10th. The members of the +castle corporation celebrated their sixty-third anniversary.</p> +<p>March. Cleansing Week elections. Conisford ward, +J. Marshall, 240; T. Edwards, 240; A. B. Beevor, 239, (nominees); +J. Skipper, 225; S. W. Mealing, 226; R. Merry, 225. No +opposition in the other wards, but for Mancroft ward, J. Bennett, +A. Beloe, and C. Hardy (nominees); and for the Northern ward, S. +S. Beare, R. Shaw, and H. Martineau (nominees).</p> +<p>May 1st. A contest for mayor, which lasted two days; at +the close of the poll the numbers were for Alderman Yallop, 1212; +Alderman Thurtell, 1210; Alderman Angell, 1097; Alderman +Patteson, 1020. The two former were returned to the court +of aldermen, who elected T. Thurtell, Esq.</p> +<p>May 5th. At a public meeting held at the Guildhall, +resolutions were passed and a petition to parliament was adopted +for the immediate alleviation and ultimate extinction of slavery +in the West India colonies. The petition afterwards +received the signatures of 10,125 persons, and was 150 feet in +length.</p> +<p>June 12th. The anniversary of the birthday of the late +Rt. Hon. William Pitt was commemorated by a <a +name="page372"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 372</span>dinner of +the Tories at the Assembly Rooms. About 160 gentlemen were +present.</p> +<p>In August, the new Exchange Street was opened, and on October +11th, a new Corn Hall was opened to the public.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1829</b>. January and February. Petitions were +adopted against the claims of the Roman Catholics by the +Brunswick Constitutional Club, and other inhabitants of this +city; but counter declarations from the clergy of the diocese of +Norwich, and from a “Society of the friends of civil and +religious liberty,” were agreed to. The agitation on +this vexed question had now reached its height in the +country.</p> +<p>February 17th. Even the common council now agreed to +present an address to the king for the removal of Roman Catholic +disabilities.</p> +<p>March. Cleansing Week ward elections came on. +Conisford ward, J. Marshall, 258; T. Edwards, 259; J. Youngs, +253, (nominees); J. Skipper, 83; S. W. Mealing, 84; R. Merry, +82. Mancroft ward, no opposition, J. Bennett, A. Beloe, and +C. Hardy (nominees). Wymer ward, W. Foster, 466; G. Kitton, +464; A. Barnard, 464 (nominees); J. Culley, 397; J. Brookes, 396; +E. Newton, 394. Northern ward, S. S. Beare, 342; R. Shaw, +343; H. Martineau, 341 (nominees); T. Grimmer, 63; E. Hinde, 64; +W. Fromow, 64.</p> +<p>May 1st. T. O. Springfield, Esq., and John Angell, Esq., +were returned to the court of aldermen for the office of mayor +without opposition, and the former was chosen mayor.</p> +<p><a name="page373"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 373</span>June +16th. This being Guild day, T. O. Springfield, Esq., was +sworn into the office of chief magistrate; after which he gave a +grand dinner to upwards of 800 ladies and gentlemen in St. +Andrew’s Hall.</p> +<p>July 15th. A public dinner was given to Thomas Thurtell, +Esq., at the Norfolk Hotel, attended by 80 gentlemen, in +testimony of their approval of his honourable, impartial, and +upright conduct in the performance of his duties as mayor during +the previous year.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1830</b>. January. Great disturbances took +place in the city in consequence of differences between the +manufacturers and weavers concerning wages. On the 12th, +between 3000 and 4000 weavers collected in the avenues to the +workhouse, where they greatly interrupted the business of the +court of guardians, but they were dispersed by the magistrates +and patroles. Munificent donations of £200 from +Hudson Gurney, Esq., and £400 from London were distributed +amongst the distressed weavers in bread and coal, under the +direction of a committee. A general subscription was +afterwards raised in the city, amounting to £2300, for the +relief of the poor.</p> +<p>March. Cleansing Week ward elections. Conisford +ward, T. Edwards, 251; J. Youngs, 251; W. G. Edwards, 249 +(nominees); J. Skipper, 233; S. W. Mealing, 232; R. Merry, +228. Mancroft ward, J. Bennett, 195; H. Newton, 196; B. +Boardman, 196 (nominees); W. Burt, jun., 50; W. J. Robberds, 50; +P. Nicholls, 50. Wymer ward, J. Culley, 521; <a +name="page374"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 374</span>J. Winter, +520; J. Bexfield, 516 (nominees); W. Foster, 376; G. Kitton, 374; +A. Barnard, 374. Northern ward, T. Grimmer, 292; E. Browne, +290; W. Fromow, 289 (nominees); H. Martineau, 278; R. Shaw, 276; +W. Newson, 276.</p> +<p>March 29th. On the evening of the Conisford ward +election, the gates leading to the workhouse were pulled down and +destroyed, and considerable injury was done to the offices +adjoining, by a great concourse of persons riotously assembled, +and who were returning from a procession formed by the defeated +party.</p> +<p>May 1st. John Angell, Esq., was elected to serve the +office of mayor.</p> +<p>May 3rd. The common council adopted a petition to the +lord chancellor for two general jail deliveries in the +year. This was subsequently granted.</p> +<p>December 23rd. At a special meeting of the council, +Isaac Preston, Esq., (afterwards Jermy) was elected recorder of +the city in place of R. Alderson, Esq., who had resigned.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1831</b>. January 12th. At a meeting held in +the Old Library Room, St. Andrews Hall, a petition to parliament +was adopted, praying for the entire abolition of slavery in the +British colonies.</p> +<p>February 1st. At a special assembly of the corporation, +Fitzroy Kelly, Esq., was unanimously elected steward of that +body, and he held that office till the passing of the Municipal +Reform Act.</p> +<p>March 22nd. A petition was sent from the city against +the disfranchisement of the freemen by the <a +name="page375"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 375</span>proposed +Reform Bill. The signatures were limited to freemen, +denizens, and apprentices.</p> +<p>March. Cleansing Week ward elections. Conisford +ward, J. Skipper, 270; R. Merry, 265; B. Bunting, 237, +(nominees); T. Edwards, 169; J. Youngs, 167; W. G. Edwards, +167. Mancroft ward, no opposition, J. Bennett, H. Newton, +and B. Boardman (nominees). Wymer ward, no opposition, J. +Culley, J. Winter, W. J. U. Browne (nominees). Northern +ward, S. S. Beare, 344; R. Shaw, 337; W. Enfield, 347 (nominees); +T. Grimmer, 222; E. Browne, 220; W. Fromow, 220.</p> +<p>This year the Lent assizes were held in Norwich by adjournment +from Thetford.</p> +<p>May 1st. J. H. Yallop, Esq., was elected mayor for the +second time, and he gave a grand dinner in St. Andrew’s +Hall.</p> +<p>In this month a census of the population was taken, showing +27,910 males, 33,437 females; total 61,347. Inhabited +houses, 13,283; uninhabited houses, 1,082; total 14,365.</p> +<p>June 20th. Samuel Bignold, Esq., was elected an alderman +without opposition in the room of John Patteson, Esq., who had +resigned.</p> +<p>August 22nd. The new act of the court of guardians +received the royal assent, and came into operation. This +act has since been superseded by another.</p> +<p>September 12th. The election of guardians took place +under the new act.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><a name="page376"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +376</span><b>1832</b>. January 11th. At a court of +mayoralty it was resolved to present a memorial to the Home +Secretary and the Lord Chancellor, praying that Norwich might be +included in the ensuing circuit of the judges. A committee +was appointed to prepare the memorial. A special court was +convened on the 14th to receive the report, and a memorial was +adopted which was presented by the members for the city. +The petition was granted, and the council passed a vote of thanks +to the Lord Chancellor.</p> +<p>April. Cleansing Week for ward elections. +Conisford ward, J. Skipper, 266; R. Merry, 264; B. Bunting, 266 +(nominees); T. Edwards, 157; J. Youngs, 159; R. Mills, 157. +Mancroft ward, no opposition, J. Bennett, B. Boardman, and H. +Newton (nominees). Wymer ward, J. Culley, 489; J. Winter, +484; W. J. U. Browne, 485 (nominees); W. Foster, 388; A. Barnard, +383; T. Edwards, 382. Northern ward, S. S. Beare, 380; R. +Shaw, 371; W. Enfield, 381 (nominees); T. Grimmer, 101; E. +Browne, 109; H. Steel, 107.</p> +<p>May 1st. The election of mayor took place without +opposition. Mr. Alderman Stevenson, and Mr. Alderman +Bignold were nominated, and they were duly returned; the aldermen +chose S. W. Stevenson, Esq., then proprietor and editor of the +<i>Norfolk Chronicle</i>. After being sworn in on the Guild +day he gave a grand dinner to about 900 ladies and gentlemen in +St. Andrew’s Hall.</p> +<p>August 28th. The election for freemen’s sheriff +was severely contested. At the close of the poll the <a +name="page377"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 377</span>numbers +were for William Foster, Esq., 1282; Mr. Alderman Steward, 1275; +and after a scrutiny the former was declared duly elected. +This was a triumph for the blue-and-white party.</p> +<p>September 3rd. An election took place for an alderman of +Mancroft ward in the place of J. S. Patteson, Esq., +deceased. Charles Turner, Esq., was elected; F. Morse, +Esq., being the other candidate.</p> +<p>November 11th. This day, at all the churches in the +city, thanksgiving services were performed for the cessation of +the cholera, and for the mild manner in which the inhabitants had +been afflicted as compared with other places. The Norwich +Lying-in Charity for delivering poor married women at their own +homes was established, and it has been of great benefit to the +poor.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1833</b>. January. The town clerk of this city +received a circular from the secretary of state, requesting to be +informed of the mode of electing members of the +corporation. The town clerk forwarded his answer on the +21st.</p> +<p>March. Cleansing Week for ward elections. +Conisford ward, no contest, J. Skipper, R. Merry, and B. Bunting +(nominees). Mancroft ward, no opposition, J. Bennett, B. +Boardman, H. Newton (nominees). Wymer ward, J. Culley, 486; +J. Winter, 484; W. J. U. Browne, 486 (nominees); G. Kitton, 122; +R. Miller, 122; C. W. Unthank, 121. Northern ward, S. S. +Beare, 300; R. Shaw, 298; W. Enfield, 300 (nominees); T. Grimmer, +206; H. Steel, 204; J. Sinclair, 203.</p> +<p><a name="page378"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 378</span>May +1st. At the election for mayor, Aldermen Bignold and Turner +were returned to the court without opposition, and S. Bignold, +Esq., was chosen to serve the office. On the Guild day he +was sworn in, and on this occasion he gave a magnificent banquet +to about 1100 ladies and gentlemen in St. Andrew’s +Hall. The same place was the scene of great festivity on +June 20th and 21st, when dinners were given to the electors in +the orange-and-purple interest, those in the Conisford and +Northern wards to the number of 750 on the first day, and those +of the Wymer and Mancroft wards 912 on the following day. +Great was the rejoicing, but it was of short duration. The +days of the old corporation were numbered.</p> +<h3><a name="page379"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +379</span>CHAPTER XVIII.<br /> +The Reform Era.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">William</span> IV. ascended the throne in +1830, in a period of great political excitement. During his +short reign of seven years, there was the greatest political +agitation ever known in this country about a Reform of +Parliament, a measure which the people had long and earnestly +desired. Many meetings were held in this city, and +petitions were adopted in favour of reform, long called for and +long deferred. In fact, the king, during the early part of +his reign, had other and more pressing causes of anxiety. +His accession to the throne brought him an inheritance of the +jealousy, to which the country had been gradually roused, on the +subject of the extravagance and corruption of the old systems of +government. In the effort to reduce a vast expenditure, the +House of Commons was in no mood to be so liberal to the new +sovereign as he thought he had a right to expect. The +ministry were withheld, by the very forcible opposition of one of +its members, from asking the house to grant the expenses of the +queen’s outfit, and the king himself had to submit to the +mortification of <a name="page380"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +380</span>finding the pensions charged on the public by former +monarchs sharply criticised, and even his own household expenses +commented on with severity.</p> +<p>On September 8th, 1831, the grand ceremony of the coronation +of the king took place in Westminster Abbey. The auspicious +event was celebrated in Norwich in a most loyal and joyous +manner. The festivities of the day commenced with the merry +chime of St. Peter’s bells, and the waving of banners from +all the public buildings. The mayor and members of the +corporation went in procession from the Guildhall to the +Cathedral. After their return to the hall, the regiment of +the First Royals marched into the Market Place and fired three +vollies. The electors who had supported Gurney and Grant +received £1 each, and a dinner was given to 600 of the +freemen, who voted for Wetherell and Sadler, at Laccohee’s +gardens. The citizens, in fact, have never lost an +opportunity of displaying their loyalty, but they always expected +something in return. Several petitions were sent from +Norwich in favour of the Reform Bill; and the passing of the bill +was celebrated here with great rejoicings, festivities, and a +public procession on July 5th, 1832. This brief reign was +remarkable, moreover, for the abolition of the slave trade after +a violent agitation which convulsed the whole country, and ended +in the passing of an act of emancipation of the slaves in the +West Indies, at a cost of twenty millions; and it is also noted +for the suppression of the rebellion in Canada, and the +restoration of tranquillity to that colony.</p> +<p><a name="page381"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 381</span>An +Act of Parliament received the royal assent on June 23rd, 1832, +removing the assizes from Thetford to Norwich; and the +corporation passed a vote of thanks to John Stracey, Esq., for +his exertions in obtaining that measure, and also a vote of +thanks to the lord chancellor for having granted two jail +deliveries in the year. Since then the city assizes have +been held at the Guildhall, and the Norfolk assizes at the +Shirehall. The city sessions are held every quarter at the +Guildhall, and the petty sessions daily at the same place.</p> +<p>The reformed House of Commons having presented an address to +His Majesty, praying for the appointment of a commission to +inquire as to the existing state of municipal corporations in +England and Wales; the king, on July 18th, 1833, complied with +the address, by issuing a commission; and notice was subsequently +given to the mayor of this city, S. Bignold, Esq. (now Sir Samuel +Bignold), of the intention of the commissioners appointed to +investigate the affairs of the Norwich corporation, in compliance +with a request from a meeting of 300 citizens, held on the 13th +of May preceding. A special meeting of the corporation was +at once convened to consider the course to be pursued, and the +assembly determined on a reluctant submission to the inquiry, so +far as regarded the production, by the corporate officers, of all +“charters, books, deeds, accounts, papers, and muniments of +title,” but at the same time protested against the +commission as illegal and unconstitutional, and against the right +of the commissioners to make any inquiry whatsoever. As may +be supposed, the <a name="page382"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +382</span>dominant party in the city did not like it, and the +sheriffs especially protested against it. They declined to +attend at the proposed enquiry, or to recognize the authority of +the commissioners by any act, and addressed a letter to that +effect to the commissioners, signing their names, W. J. <span +class="smcap">Utten Browne</span>, and <span class="smcap">Edward +Steward</span>, sheriffs of Norwich. Of course the +commissioners were not very pleased at this ostentatious +opposition to their authority, and in the course of their enquiry +showed an evident hostility to the predominant party. +Witnesses were allowed to make statements reflecting on the +characters of the living and the dead, and every facility was +afforded for the gratification of political, perhaps of +<i>private</i>, revenge. This will appear in the following +summary of the evidence, taken from the Digest, published soon +afterwards.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">The Inquiry Respecting the Old +Corporation</span>.</h4> +<p>This inquiry was conducted by George Long and John Buckle, +Esqs., and commenced on November 25th, 1833, at the +Guildhall. Nearly all the officials of the corporation were +examined, and many influential gentlemen. Some strange +statements were made as to the effects of party spirit, and the +enemies of the old corporation alleged, amongst their favourite +charges, that the magistrates were biassed by party spirit, and +that the funds of the corporation had been devoted to +electioneering purposes. Evidence, however, was given to +the contrary.</p> +<p><a name="page383"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 383</span>J. J. +<span class="smcap">Gurney</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>., said, “I believe that there are +many most laborious and useful magistrates in the city, and no +persons would be so fit as many of those who have already been +accustomed to the business. I do not find the slightest +fault with the application of the magisterial power. It is +my most decided opinion that the magisterial authority has been +impartially exercised.”</p> +<p>W. <span class="smcap">Simpson</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>., said, “Whatever money may have +been spent, it certainly has not been the money of the +corporation.”</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Alderman Bolingbroke</span> said, “I +have been an alderman near twenty years; I do not know of any +corrupt application of the corporate funds to elections or any +other purposes. I do not think any misapplication of the +corporate funds could have taken place without my knowing +it.”</p> +<p>As the inquiry proceeded, however, evidence was given of the +influence of party spirit in the distribution of patronage, +appointments, and employments, and also in admissions to +freedom. It was proved that the police were very +inefficient, and often refused to act in cases of riot, and when +the mob were pulling down polling booths. As to the +expenditure of money at local elections,</p> +<p>The Mayor, S. <span class="smcap">Bignold</span>, Esq., said, +“I am quite sure that if respectable persons were to offer +themselves at local elections, it would repress the excesses +which sometimes take place. The local elections are +attended with considerable expense. I am not aware that the +aldermen interfere in these elections. I am not aware of +anything which would prevent the aldermen interfering in the +promotion of sheriffs. They consider the oath as debarring +in the one case and not <a name="page384"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 384</span>in the other. Committees are +formed on the occasion of elections in the different wards. +I cannot say whether the aldermen are frequently members of those +committees. I have not had any opportunity of witnessing +unfair exertions. I cannot say whether any subscriptions +are made on those occasions. I have never subscribed a +shilling. I cannot say whether notes are given by the +aldermen or others. I never saw such a note as the one +produced before. I have heard of notes purporting to get +certain persons into the hospitals, being given by aldermen on +the occasions of municipal elections. I have never seen any +such notes. My knowledge of them has arisen in this +way. I have been asked myself and told that A and B have +given them, but never fulfilled their promise.”</p> +<p>“Question. Do you think that the mode in which the +local elections are carried on tends to keep out respectable and +intelligent persons from filling the various offices?</p> +<p>Answer. I am sorry to say that those respectable and +intelligent persons have contributed to the system.</p> +<p>Q. Has that been the case generally?</p> +<p>A. I should say, generally, with the leading persons in +this city on both sides, connected and unconnected with the +corporation.</p> +<p>Q. Have the members of the court of aldermen contributed +to your knowledge?</p> +<p>A. Not to my knowledge.</p> +<p>Q. Is it your belief that they have or have not?</p> +<p>A. I think they would not in the election of an +alderman, but they might for sheriff or common councilmen.</p> +<p>Q. On what ground is that distinction made?</p> +<p>A. The aldermen consider that they are not to interfere +in the election of their brethren, in consequence of the oath +they have taken.</p> +<p><a name="page385"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +385</span>Q. The oath makes no distinction?</p> +<p>A. There is an impression to the contrary.</p> +<p>Q. If there had been an extraordinary excitement at +elections, can you say that in no case that excitement was +enlarged by the aldermen?</p> +<p>A. I should say in no case.</p> +<p>Q. What do you consider the intention of the aldermen in +subscribing to the funds?</p> +<p>A. I can only answer that question in general terms, +that the excitement has never been increased by any act of the +aldermen.</p> +<p>Q. Are you acquainted with the case of Hornigolds with +reference to the elections?</p> +<p>A. In no other way than by your drawing my attention to +it. I know of no other note to that effect. No +improper persons have been admitted into the hospitals on account +of their votes.</p> +<p>Q. Have they in all cases been fit and proper +persons?</p> +<p>A. Certainly they have.</p> +<p>Q. Do you think the same persons would have been +introduced if they had not been political supporters?</p> +<p>A. Not identically the same persons.</p> +<p>Q. Are there instances where persons have been put in by +the aldermen, who have not been political supporters?</p> +<p>A. Yes. I have put an individual in myself who was +not a political supporter in any way.</p> +<p>Q. Are such instances rare or frequent?</p> +<p>A. I am only able to answer from information I have +derived from my seniors; I should say they are frequent.</p> +<p>Q. Are the great majority of persons admitted +freemen?</p> +<p>A. Yes. I think they are.</p> +<p>Q. Are the exceptions few?</p> +<p>A. I do not know.</p> +<p><a name="page386"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +386</span>Q. You said all the freemen introduced to the +hospitals were fit and proper persons: have they been introduced +as the political friends of the aldermen?</p> +<p>A. Yes. I should certainly introduce my political +friends in preference.</p> +<p>Q. Do you consider the power of the aldermen to have +been exercised <i>bonâ fide</i>, or for influence at the +elections?</p> +<p>A. Certainly, <i>bonâ fide</i>.</p> +<p>Q. Do you think this privilege is frequently exercised +in favor of political opponents?</p> +<p>A. No. There are twenty-four aldermen, and the +patronage is about 15–24ths on the Tory side to +9–24ths on the Whig side.</p> +<p>Q. Is it your opinion that more urgent cases have been +passed by, and others taken on account of political services?</p> +<p>A. I think not; I think very pressing cases have had the +preference over political supporters.</p> +<p>Q. Is it, in your opinion, a justification if a person +is put into the hospital under such a promise, or a more pressing +case; and would the alderman exercising the power, do it under an +impression that he was not guilty of any breach of duty, or of +violating his moral feelings?</p> +<p>A. I think where an alderman had made such a promise, he +would be perfectly justified in performing it, provided the +person was a fit and proper object.</p> +<p>Q. The alderman, so promising, in the event of a more +pressing case, would he change his turn?</p> +<p>A. It is done frequently for the express purpose in +pressing cases; and those changes are made with political +opponents.”</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Alderman Newton</span> examined, said, +“I have no doubt there have been large sums of money +expended at local elections. It has been a common thing to +make subscriptions <a name="page387"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +387</span>for local elections. Sometimes the subscriptions +have far exceeded the necessary expenses. In some cases, +but not generally, the subscriptions have been under the +management of a committee. An individual mostly takes the +management. He has the whole of the funds under his care, +and is not accountable to anyone. The committee never +interfere. It is left to one individual to manage the +funds. The mode of distributing the money is known to +members of the committees, who are generally members of the +corporation. I do not know of aldermen being members of the +committees. Aldermen have subscribed, but very rarely, at +contested elections. A good deal of money has been expended +on those occasions. The general supporters of the parties +have been subscribers, including the common council, but not the +aldermen. The scenes at elections have been very +disgraceful sometimes. I recollect the election of Alderman +Marshall. I have heard that the scene on that occasion was +very disgraceful. I have heard that much money was spent, +but I think £1000 would be the outside. I recollect +the election of Alderman Steward. Money was spent on that +occasion, but nothing like £1000. I remember the +election of Mr. Steward for sheriff. I have heard that +money was then spent. I heard that the Whig party gave a +large sum for the last six votes that they polled, and I believe +it to a certain extent. No doubt there was money spent by +the Tory party to a large extent. I have heard that from +£10 to £15 were given for a vote. There was a +large subscription by members of the council, but not by the +aldermen. I think Mr. Steward subscribed, but I do not know +to what amount. On other occasions subscriptions have been +made for the same office. Money was given to the freemen, +but the far greater amount was spent in giving them beer and +tobacco on either side. It has been carried <a +name="page388"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 388</span>to a +greater extent by the Gurneys than by any other persons. I +have no doubt that the money was given for bribery.”</p> +<p>J. J. <span class="smcap">Gurney</span>, Esq.; stated that the +assertion as to bribery by the Gurneys was utterly false as to +him; that he had never given a farthing for the purpose of +bribery; nor had the firm done so; nor had they any loans; nor +had their clerks been employed for such a purpose; had the +deepest impression of the sin, guilt, and misery, involved in our +local elections; and he would rather have his arm cut off than +promote them directly, or in any way whatsoever. Not only +had there been bribery, but a system of demoralization to a +fearful extent; but treating was the root of the mischief +here. He believed the root of the evil was the election of +the magistrates and corporate officers by popular means.</p> +<p>The commissioners asked, What mode of election do you consider +would be preferable? and Mr. J. J. Gurney replied:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“I think that the magistrates, being the +representatives of the king, ought to be appointed by the +executive government; I mean those officers connected with the +government of the town. The parties here are evenly +balanced, and it therefore becomes a close contest. Nothing +gives us rest but the predominance of one party. We are at +rest now solely owing to the predominance of the Tory +party.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>A good deal of evidence was given of the great extent to which +the system of cooping was carried on at elections. Voters +had been frequently taken away by force a dozen miles, locked up +in public houses and half-starved in them, and otherwise +ill-treated. This system was carried on by both +parties. The worst <a name="page389"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 389</span>proceedings of this sort seem to +have occurred at the elections of Alderman Angell and Alderman +Springfield, when there was a vast amount of bribery, treating, +and cooping.</p> +<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">William Wilde</span>, afterwards +coroner, gave evidence as to the election of Alderman +Springfield, in November, 1821. He was one of the committee +for conducting that election. Mr. Ives, a retired clergyman +of the Church of England, was the other candidate. The +Northern ward was then two to one in favour of Springfield. +About 440 to 240 would have been a fair poll if no money had been +given. When the vacancy occurred, Mr. Springfield was not +in Norwich. Mr. Wilde continued, “I sent for him +express, and when he returned we heard from good authority that +great sums had been offered by Ives’s party first. We +generally sent out freemen to see how markets were going. +Springfield was returned, though it was generally reported that +Ives’s party meant to buy the ward. But Springfield +said he would not be bought out. We went then into a +regular system of buying, they buying all the men of ours they +could, and we buying all of theirs we could. About +£10 was a regular price. We spent £600 or +£700 in buying votes. On the morning of the election, +Mr. Ives’s party commenced by giving two sovereigns each at +the polling place. Mr. Springfield paid his men the +same. In consequence more than 300 out of 430 who voted for +Springfield took two sovereigns at the booths. Persons draw +a distinction between money paid at the booths, and a bribe at +any other place. Many who take money at the booths will not +accept bribes in any other shape. Springfield’s +election cost £1530. The money at the booths is +openly given, and it is not considered a crime to take it. +I think about 60 or <a name="page390"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 390</span>70 persons sold their votes at +£10 apiece. Small shopkeepers are not a bit better +than freemen. I have stood openly in the market to buy +votes with money in my hand. This system is generally acted +upon at all contested elections where the money can be +found. Nothing but poverty of purse makes purity of +election in Norwich. At Alderman Angell’s election +the same system was followed. It is the same at ward +elections. I have given £30 for a vote at an election +for common council only for a year, but there are few instances +of such a high price. I once gave the father of a nominee +£20 for his vote. That sum is frequently given. +I have known promissory notes given for votes. I do not +recollect an instance of notes given by aldermen, but 1 have no +doubt of the fact. The usual plan is for a person to say +‘My family wall not vote unless you give a turn at the +hospital,’ and application is then made to an +alderman. I think the effects of what I have been stating +are most debasing and demoralising. I have known poor men +who have for years withstood the temptations offered them at +elections; and when once they have fallen into the snare, I have +observed their conduct to alter, and they have been much +changed. I am perfectly satisfied of the evil tendency of +the course pursued hitherto, and in very few instances has the +money given been any benefit to the freemen, but quite the +contrary. The effect has been the same with both the giver +and receiver of bribes. I should be sorry to bring up any +of my children in the course which I have pursued.”</p> +<p>Commissioner Buckle then thanked Mr. Wilde for the very open +and candid manner in which he had given his evidence.</p> +<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">John Rising Staff</span> said that on +Alderman Angell’s election, for two days and two nights +previous the town was in a state of great disorder, occasioned by +large <a name="page391"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +391</span>parties of men employed by each party going about the +streets molesting any persons whom they met of the opposite +party, attacking freemen personally, and by improper intrusions +into their dwelling houses or other places where they were +supposed to be concealed. In some instances where they were +in search for a voter, and could not find him at his own +residence, they went into the residence of other persons, not in +the ward where the election was to take place, to search for +individuals. Witness gave several instances of cooping.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Alderman Bolingbroke</span> also stated +instances of cooping that came under his notice as a +magistrate.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. John Francis</span> said, “I +have been a manufacturer in Norwich many years, and I consider +the acts of the corporation to have engendered every species of +bribery and strife. Its patronage is invariably exercised +in favour of political adherents. During the last ten years +our commercial interests have materially suffered from it. +It creates disunion between those gentlemen where friendship +would otherwise exist. The local elections are pregnant +with evil; they take men from their work, those who are not free +as well as those who are free; and in case of a contest it is +impossible to get any work done for six weeks after; and this in +the spring time of the year when work is brisk and calls for +close attendance. The consequence is that the masters +suffer materially. I never engaged in bribery at elections, +except at the late election for sheriff, when I bought a bunch of +four in the market for £8; I also offered another man +£5, but he wanted £10, which I thought too +much. The numbers, however, were running close, and I went +to buy him at that price, but I found that he had been settled +for and voted. Therefore I saved £10.”</p> +<p>Mr. A. <span class="smcap">Barnard</span> said, “At the +election of Mr. Foster as <a name="page392"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 392</span>sheriff, I bought about forty votes +at from 30s. to £4 apiece. I know personally of no +instances of bribery by an alderman. I have known instances +of an alderman saying, ‘You may make use of my turn in the +hospital to get a vote.’ I have known this five or +six times. These promises were given by three +aldermen. I decline to give their names. I have no +objection to say they were Whigs. I have acted frequently +as paymaster at elections. Aldermen have often subscribed +for ward elections. Both parties are pretty much +alike.”</p> +<p><span class="smcap">George Palmer</span> was examined very +closely, and he stated that he had always voted in the Whig +interest, and that he had received a note from Alderman +Springfield for four shillings weekly till his brother’s +child could be got into the hospital. The note was written +and signed by a Mr. Batson in Mr. Springfield’s presence, +and by his order. It was given to witness for his vote in +favour of Mr. Foster at the election of sheriff in 1832. +Witness had never been offered the hospital by any alderman on +the other side.</p> +<p>A great deal more evidence was adduced as to notes of +admission to the hospital given by both parties. The last +part of the inquiry was the most important, relating as it did to +the effect of local elections on the trade of the city.</p> +<p>J. J. <span class="smcap">Gurney</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>., said, “I can assure the +commissioners that they have no notion of the sin, guilt, +wickedness, and poverty, which our local elections inflict upon +this city. I wish to add an expression of my conviction, +that if the election of magistrates and other officers was +altered, the whole city would be benefitted, and no persons more +so than the poor freemen. I was lately informed by a +principal manufacturer, who has large dealings with the poor, +that it <a name="page393"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +393</span>was his firm conviction that one single ward election +does more harm than all the preaching in all the churches and all +the meeting houses in all the year does good; and I believe it to +be true. I would observe that I make no distinction of +parties; both, to my knowledge, are equally guilty; and whenever +the managers find a purse, they fly to it as an eagle does to a +carcase.”</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. H. Willett</span> was of opinion that +the local elections were an injury to the lower orders, +notwithstanding the money they received. There was less +work done on account of these elections. Party had a very +injurious effect on the trade of the city. He thought +Norwich suffered from carrying on trade in a different manner to +that pursued in other towns. The trade had not paid in +previous years, and capital was not employed because it did not +pay. The trade was carried on upon such a system that there +was no inducement to employ capital. An open rate of wages +would cause capital to be more beneficially employed. A +great deal of capital had been lost to the city. At that +time there was less capital employed in this city than in any +manufacturing town of its size in the kingdom. He thought +the city had been brought into this state by a fixed rate of +wages, and the trade had been gradually leaving the city for +years. The fixed rate operated against the workmen, because +it prevented their being employed regularly. In consequence +of this small capitals were employed. The men thought they +would be injured by a fluctuating scale, but he believed the +contrary. While the country generally was never more +flourishing, the city was never in a worse state. +Manufacturers feared so much annoyance, that they would not risk +altering the present system. Many influential men were of +his opinion as to the fixed rate of wages, but dared not avow it, +lest they should lose their <a name="page394"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 394</span>political influence. He dared +not adopt the varied rate. He did not choose to subject +himself to the consequences. The weavers were the only +operatives who had a fixed rate. He believed that a fixed +rate was kept up by municipal elections, because the leading men +were afraid of losing their influence. Most of the +influential men were unconnected with manufactures. He +believed politics to be the first consideration with all of +them. He believed that the apprehension of violence +deterred all the manufacturers from attempting to alter the fixed +rate of wages; but wages were reduced, or else the whole trade +would have left the city. This caused such a disturbance +that he dared not go home. The civil power was not +sufficiently strong at the time, and the Dragoons were called out +to enable him to go home. His warehouse was attacked, and +his windows were broken. The magistrates rendered all the +assistance in their power, and measures were adopted to prevent +any further injury. His premises were guarded by special +constables for two or three weeks.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Wright</span>, one of the largest +manufacturers of the city, said he was attacked in consequence of +his reducing wages. Vitriol was thrown on his face, by +which he lost the sight of one of his eyes. A majority of +the manufacturers considered a reduction of wages to be +necessary, but some of them became alarmed and did not +acknowledge it. The reduction prevented a further decrease +of a declining trade. But for the reduction there would +have been a greater decline of the trade. Formerly the +trade was very flourishing when there was a fixed rate of wages, +but that was when there was a great demand for Norwich crapes, +then very much worn for mourning.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. John Francis</span>, a manufacturer, +said he did not quite agree with Mr. Willett. He did not +think a fixed <a name="page395"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +395</span>scale of wages advisable; but they were not in a +condition to alter it. He thought the alteration would +create more strife between masters and men. He considered a +fixed scale to be a disadvantage to the men, but it was not too +high. He believed that the local elections prevented +capital being employed, and disunited the people. But for +these local elections there would have been more trade. +Both parties had united in promoting one establishment, but six +such mills would not supply all the yarns wanted for Norwich +manufactures.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. John Athow</span> regarded the local +elections as the cause of the ruin of the city, as far as such +ruin had taken place; as ruinous both to property and +morals. The mode in which the elections were then conducted +had contributed to the poverty and depravity of the city. +He believed that the streets were in a more disgraceful state +than in any other town, from what he had seen, and from what he +had heard from commercial men visiting Norwich.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. R. M. Bacon</span>, then editor of the +<i>Norwich Mercury</i>, believed that the prosperity of the city +and private intercourse were all poisoned by the party spirit +engendered by frequent municipal elections.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. J. W. Robberds</span>, a manufacturer, +connected with the corporation from 1807 till 1827, said that +during that period he had seen the working of the municipal +system, and witnessed the strife of parties. He believed +that by the contests in the different wards the character of the +whole population of the city had been greatly deteriorated; that +a great depravity among the lower classes had been produced; and +that the character of the whole corporation had been +affected. He knew that individuals had entered the +corporation, not from any consideration of public duty, but to +serve their own private interests.</p> +<h4><a name="page396"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +396</span><span class="smcap">The Election of Stormont and +Scarlett</span>.</h4> +<p>During the inquiry of the commissioners, evidence was taken as +to the general election of the previous year.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Rust</span> stated, “Mr. +Grimmer, in order to induce me to vote for Stormont and Scarlett, +offered to pay me £50 down, and to procure me £50 of +the city money after Christmas. He promised distinctly to +procure the city money. I have taken an active part at +general elections. I believe there was great bribery at the +last election for members of parliament. I do not think +there was any bribery previous to the last election. I do +not know any instance of it. I saw some bribery at the last +general election. I was up two nights working for the +party. I never had money offered to me at local elections, +but I was offered £100 at the last general election to go +out and buy votes. The proposition was made by two leading +partizans of Stormont and Scarlett. One of the parties +produced a large quantity of promissory notes. I told him +that he was playing a dangerous game. The partizan said +‘Can’t I lend money to whom I like?’ I +replied, ‘I think not; it depends on the +conditions.’ The gentleman who made the proposition +said, “This is the way we do business.” The +proposers were not members of the corporation. They went +away and called again. One of them pulled out a large bag +of sovereigns, and said he would not only lend me £100, but +give it to me to join the party, and to do what I could in the +Northern ward. They declared more than once that they were +determined to buy it. They were guardians of the +poor. There was no distinction as to the voters to be +bought; freemen as well as others.”</p> +<p><a name="page397"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 397</span><span +class="smcap">Henry Bush</span> said, “Alderman Turner +authorized me to give £6 to a voter, to vote for Lord +Stormont and Sir James Scarlett, and said that was the most money +they were then giving. I would not take the money as I said +it was not enough.”</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Alderman Turner</span> declared on +oath that the statement was false.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. John Hayes</span> said, “On the +second day of the last general election, Mr. George Liddell gave +me three sovereigns for my vote, but never told me in which +interest I was to vote. Mr. Wortley, one of the common +council, also gave me three sovereigns to vote in the interest of +Stormont and Scarlett. I took the sovereigns but voted in +the Whig interest, and carried the money to the committee and +gave it to Mr. Beare and Mr. Springfield. It was returned +to me in four months afterwards.”</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Wortley</span> denied the statement, +but several persons were named who were present when Mr. Wortley +paid the money.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Cozens</span> was examined as to the +evidence which had been given before the House of Commons’ +committee by Mr. W. J. U. Browne, then sheriff, who when asked +whether there was any committee for conducting the election of +Lord Stormont and Sir James Scarlett, replied, “Certainly +not;” and the manuscript was produced of a letter which +appeared in the <i>Mercury</i>, in answer to one sent out by Mr. +Robberds, in which Mr. Browne spoke of “the committee for +conducting the election,” and signed himself as +chairman.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. J. Francis</span> mentioned +circumstances to prove that there was a committee, and produced a +note.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. William Cooper</span>, deposed, +“There was no formal committee. If anybody had asked +him for a committee man, he could not have stated one. He +should say the <a name="page398"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +398</span>whole party formed the committee. He was active +during the election, but he was not aware that he belonged to any +committee.”</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Commissioner +Buckle</span>:—“We have a letter in Mr. +Browne’s own handwriting, in which he states that the +committee was not dissolved, and he signs himself +chairman.”</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Cooper</span> observed, “Mr. +Browne has given his own explanation of that. I am not +prepared to give any other interpretation to the +circumstance. I have given my opinion and my belief as to +the existence of the committee.”</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Commissioner Long</span> said, “I +have no doubt, Mr. Cooper, you have spoken perfectly +correct. At some elections there are committees, and at +others it is thought better to avoid them.”</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>After the prolonged inquiry, a special meeting of the +corporate body was held on January 9th, 1834, to determine what +should be done in consequence of the course pursued by the +commissioners. A great deal of virtuous indignation was +expressed, and it was resolved—</p> +<blockquote><p>“That it is the confirmed opinion of this +assembly, that this corporation would have been perfectly +justified in refusing their sanction to the attendance of their +members and officers, and in declining to allow the production of +their charters and muniments before the commissioners, +considering themselves well advised in regarding the commission +as an assumption of power contrary to law, and as an exercise of +prerogative, totally at variance with those constitutional +principles which, in defining the limits of regal authority, +guarantee alike the public rights and the private of the +subject.”</p> +<p><a name="page399"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +399</span>“That on these grounds, and influenced solely by +a strong sense of duty, the assembly of the 15th November last, +recorded their protest against a commission so dangerous in +precedent, so menacing to the privileges of chartered +institutions, and so hostile to the cause of civil liberty. +Yet, at the same time, animated with reverential attachment to +the king, unwilling to be deficient in proper respect towards +functionaries acting in the sovereign’s name, and above all +being unconscious of having, either in a corporate or magisterial +capacity, done any act calculated to prejudice the interests of +the city, or to bring discredit on themselves as a body, the +assembly of the 15th November last, ordered that the town clerk +and other officers should give the fullest documentary +information for which the commissioners might think fit to +call.”</p> +<p>“That this corporation not only by such order, but also +by subsequently permitting oral evidence to be given by their +members and officers, now feel themselves the more imperatively +called upon to express their mingled sentiments of regret and +disapproval at the course of examination pursued, an examination +governed by no rules of evidence recognised in any English courts +of law, but carried on in a manner irregular, vague, and +arbitrary, precluding the slightest hope of arrival at such a +conclusion as can possibly conduce to the ends of truth and +justice, still less such as can prove congenial to the good +feelings of any well-regulated, candid, and impartial +mind.”</p> +<p>“That this assembly, considering that the great mass of +information received by the commissioners, emanated from the most +decided and unscrupulous partizans; that many of them were +intimately connected with, and implicated in the transactions to +which allusions were made; that those allusions involved charges +against highly respected and <a name="page400"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 400</span>honourable individuals, since +deceased, whose representatives had no means of refuting the +aspersions cast upon their memories; that many also of those who +came forward as the most material witnesses to impugn the conduct +and character of the corporate body, stand self-convicted as the +active unblushing agents of gross corruption, and by their own +admissions have proved themselves unworthy of +credit—considering all these things, and looking moreover +to the incontrovertible fact, that not one farthing of the +corporate funds has been either appropriated to electioneering +purposes or diverted from its originally destined and legitimate, +object”—</p> +<p>“Do <span class="GutSmall">PROTEST</span> against any +report being made by the municipal commissioners respecting the +corporation of Norwich, based on statements so utterly unfit to +justify parliament in legislating on so important a subject, and +do most respectfully towards the crown, but with firmness and +fidelity to the obligation of their oaths as corporators, deem it +their duty to resist every attempt to exact from them a surrender +of the charters of the city and, therewith, of the rights and +privileges of the freemen of Norwich.”</p> +<p>“That this assembly invite the various corporations +throughout the kingdom to make common cause with them in +endeavouring by every lawful and constitutional means of +resistance to defeat any design that may be in contemplation for +wresting from them their ancient charters, franchises, and +liberties.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>A committee was appointed for this purpose, and to devise +means for protecting the charters, rights, and privileges of the +corporation. But all this opposition proved to be of no +avail, and the Municipal Reform Act came into operation in +1835.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><a name="page401"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +401</span><b>1835</b>. In January, 1835, the number of +registered voters was 4018. At the election in this month, +the bribery oath was administered to every voter. Sir James +Scarlett, who had represented the city in parliament from 1832 to +1834, on being made Chief Baron of the Court of Exchequer, was +raised to the peerage by the title of Baron Abinger of Abinger, +in the county of Surrey, and of the city of Norwich. He +took for his motto, “<i>Stat viribis suis</i>,” and +on application to the corporation, was permitted to use the two +angels, supporters to the city arms, as supporters to his +own.</p> +<p>On January 28th, the first <i>conversazione</i> of the Norfolk +and Norwich Museum was held, and was well attended. On the +27th and 28th, a dinner was given to the electors who voted for +the defeated candidates, Messrs. Harbord and Martin, at the late +election. About 1000 dined on the first day.</p> +<p>March 23rd. A meeting of the hand-loom weavers was held +in the Cellar House, at St. Martin’s at Oak, to petition +the legislature to establish local boards of trade.</p> +<p>In April an alteration was made in the conveyance of letters +to and from London, being transmitted by the Ipswich instead of +the Newmarket Mail, by which means the citizens got their letters +earlier. On the third of this month the mayor and +corporation waited on Lord Abinger, at the lodgings of the +judges, with an address of congratulation on his first visit to +the city in his judicial capacity.</p> +<p>June 16th. William Moore, Esq., was sworn into office as +mayor of the city. This was the last Guild <a +name="page402"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 402</span>day under +the old corporation. It was celebrated with all the +customary civic splendour. The Latin speech was delivered +at the porch of the Free School by Master Chambers, son of John +Chambers, Esq., of the Close, and he was presented with books to +the value of £5 5s., as was also Master Norgate, the orator +of the preceding year. At the dinner in St. Andrew’s +Hall about 800 ladies and gentlemen sat down to a sumptuous +repast.</p> +<p>July 14th. A meeting of the freemen was held in St. +Andrew’s Hall to petition parliament to preserve to them +and their children the privileges they had so long enjoyed, but +they soon lost their exclusive privilege of voting for members of +the corporation. The Municipal Reform Bill passed on +September 8th, and received the royal assent on the following +day. On Sunday, September 27th, the mayor and corporation +attended divine service in the Cathedral for the last time under +the old charters. The Hon. and Very Rev. the Dean (Dr. +Pellew) preached the funeral sermon of the old corporation.</p> +<p>Michaelmas day this year passed over without the customary +ceremony, owing to the new Municipal Act coming into force. +From 1403 it had been customary to swear the sheriffs into office +on that day, and for many years they had given inauguration +dinners. Mr. Winter, the last speaker of the old +corporation, was presented with a handsome piece of plate by that +body on October 21st; and at a special assembly held on December +17th, a vote of thanks was passed to the mayor, William Moore, +Esq. This <a name="page403"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +403</span>was the very last meeting of the old corporation under +the ancient charters of the city.</p> +<p>On December 26th, the day fixed by the Municipal Act, the +first election of councillors took place under the new law.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1836</b>. January 1st. T. O. Springfield, Esq., +was chosen the first mayor of the new corporation. He had +been a very active partizan in the Liberal interest. He was +a member of the council nearly all his long life; his influence +was very great in promoting the return of candidates of his own +party. On the occasion of his going out of office, a dinner +was given to him in St. Andrew’s Hall. About 600 sat +down to a sumptuous banquet.</p> +<p>March 1st. The new police, eighteen in number, made +their first appearance under Chief Constable Yarington.</p> +<p>On September 20th, 21st, and 22nd, the Norfolk and Norwich +Musical Festival was held in St. Andrew’s Hall, when the +concerts were well attended, and realised a large sum for the +charities.</p> +<p>December 1st. S. Bignold, Esq., was the chief promoter +of the Norwich Yarn Company, which had a large capital, the whole +of which was lost to the shareholders. On the occasion of +laying the first stone of the yarn factory, the pageant in honour +of “Bishop Blaize” was revived, on December 1st, +1836. The whole affair was cleverly got up, and admirably +conducted. The procession having completed a tour of the +city, returned to St. Edmund’s, <a name="page404"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 404</span>whence they proceeded to the site of +the new building, where S. Bignold, Esq., laid the first +stone. This being done, the procession set out to St. +Andrew’s Hall, where 900 persons, men, women, and children, +sat down to an excellent dinner.</p> +<h3><a name="page405"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +405</span>CHAPTER XIX.<br /> +Reign of Queen Victoria.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">Queen Victoria</span> was proclaimed here +in the usual manner, on June 23rd, 1837, amid great +rejoicing. On Thursday, August 17th, Dr. Stanley was +enthroned in the Cathedral; he was the sixty-sixth bishop of the +diocese, and the thirty-third since the reformation. After +the installation about a hundred of the gentry, clergy, and laity +dined at the Norfolk Hotel. This bishop was a great +promoter of the education of the poor. An episcopal chapel +was opened in Heigham on August 10th, and afterwards consecrated +by the bishop under the name of “Trinity +Chapel.” His lordship also consecrated the new church +at Catton.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1838</b>. January 3rd. A meeting was held in +St. Andrew’s Hall to petition parliament to abolish the +apprenticeship of negroes in the colonies. On the 5th the +new district schools were opened in St. Augustine’s.</p> +<p><a name="page406"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 406</span>On +July 11th, a very numerous meeting of the camlet weavers was +held, for the purpose of resisting the proposed reduction of +wages. About this time some differences existed between the +men and their employers respecting wages. Col. Harvey was +requested to mediate between them, and he did so, but without any +good result. The city was much disturbed in consequence of +these disagreements.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1839</b>. On May 18th, a meeting was held at the +Norfolk Hotel to consider a bill about to be presented to +parliament for the improvement of the city, and to give the +citizens an opportunity of objecting to any of its clauses. +On June 19th this bill passed, but very little was done under it +in the way of improvement. A great part of the city +remained undrained, and the pavements continued in a bad +state.</p> +<p>On August 16th, the Norfolk and Norwich Art Union opened their +exhibition of pictures at the Bazaar in St. Andrew’s. +About 400 pictures were exhibited, some of them of great +merit.</p> +<p>About this time much excitement prevailed in the city +respecting the designs of the Chartists, who, although they were +not numerous, were considered dangerous, as they were known to +possess arms, many guns and pikes having been taken from them by +the police. On Sunday, August 18th, the Chartists attended +divine service at the Cathedral, when the bishop made a spirited +appeal to them. Many meetings of the Chartists were held, +and exciting harangues were delivered, advocating the five points +of the <a name="page407"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +407</span>charter, including universal suffrage, and vote by +ballot, which, some of their opponents said, meant +“Universal suffering, and vote by bullet.”</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1840</b>. On February 10th, Queen Victoria’s +wedding day was kept as a holiday, and addresses were adopted, to +be presented to Her Majesty and Prince Albert. The poor of +the various parishes were substantially regaled, and the citizens +were admitted free to the pit and gallery of the theatre. +On many subsequent occasions, on the birth of a prince or +princess, the citizens have shown their loyalty by presenting +addresses of congratulation.</p> +<p>On February 25th, a meeting was held in St. Andrew’s +Hall to consider the necessity of a bill then before parliament, +for “repealing and altering the existing paving +acts,” and to oppose the same, if necessary: when a +petition was adopted to be presented to the House of Commons, +praying that the bill might not pass. The Marquis of Douro +presented the petition.</p> +<p>On June 15th, at a meeting in the Guildhall, addresses of +congratulation were agreed on, to be presented to the Queen and +Prince Albert, on their happy escape from an attempt at +assassination.</p> +<p>The first annual meeting of the Norfolk and Norwich Protestant +Association was held on October 15th in St. Andrew’s Hall, +when 2000 persons were present. Addresses were delivered +advocating the Protestant cause. Subsequently many similar +meetings were held in this city. The speakers always raised +the cry <a name="page408"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +408</span>of “no popery,” explaining that they meant, +“No withholding of the bible from the people; no +worshipping of God in a dead language; no bowing down before +images as helps to devotion; no divine homage offered to a human +being, though the mother of our Lord; no prayers to saints; no +priests pretending to offer the sacrifice of Christ continually +in the mass; no polluting confessional; no persecuting +inquisition; no Jesuits with their hidden works of darkness; no +licenses for doing evil that good may come; no absolution for the +worst of crimes; no power of a priesthood over courts of law; no +canon law to overrule the statutes of the realm; no cursing with +bell, book, and candle; no enforced celibacy; no nunneries where +women are buried alive; no convents for lazy, vicious monks; no +masses for the dead; no fictitious purgatory; no power of priests +to forgive sins,” &c., &c</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1841</b>. In June this year the census of the united +kingdom was taken, and the result, as regarded this city, showed +but a small increase of the population, the total number being +62,294, while in 1831 the number was 61,304. The number of +hand-loom weavers had been greatly diminished by the competition +of steam power. Many of them left the city, and others went +into the boot and shoe trade, which had now become of some +importance.</p> +<p>This year many political meetings were held in the city, of +Tories, Whigs, Radicals, and Chartists. The prospect of a +general election kept the city in a state of great +excitement. The leaders of the two former <a +name="page409"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 409</span>parties +tried to prevent a repetition of such scenes as had taken place, +by a compromise, which was a most hateful thing to the freemen, +and working men generally. When the election came on in +June, Mr. Dover, a Chartist, nominated Mr. Eagle, a Chartist, of +Suffolk, and afterwards, it was said, received a bribe of +£50 to withdraw the nomination. In consequence of +this, a riotous mob assembled in the Market Place, and Dover had +to be protected by the police from their violence, for if they +had got hold of him, they seemed as though they would have torn +him in pieces. On the following day the mob having learned +that Dover was at a public house in St. George’s Colegate, +went there and dragged him thence, threatening to throw him into +the river. He was much injured, and would probably have +lost his life but for the timely arrival of the police.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1843</b>. On August 9th, a dreadful storm of hail, +rain, wind, and thunder, passed over the city and county, and did +immense damage to property, especially to the growing +crops. Parochial subscriptions were raised to the amount of +£5,622, and private subscriptions £4,391, towards +compensating the sufferers for their losses. An immense +number of windows were broken by the hail in the city, and many +places were flooded.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1844</b>. This year the railway was opened between +Yarmouth and Norwich, and in the next year the line was opened +from Norwich to Brandon, simultaneously <a +name="page410"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 410</span>with the +Eastern Counties line from London to Ely. This caused an +entire change in the mode of travelling, and in the carrying +trade of the district. All the old stage coaches were of +course discontinued.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">Poor Law Reform</span>.</h4> +<p><b>1846</b>. About the year 1846, the high rates in +Norwich became the subject of complaint and discussion. A +good deal of alarm was excited in the city in consequence of a +proposal of Sir Robert Peel, then prime minister, to alter the +law of settlement, so that all persons who had resided five years +in any place should have a permanent settlement there. As +many families belonging to the county parishes were then resident +in Norwich, it was feared that they would become chargeable to +the city and be a permanent burden on the rate-payers. This +apprehension proved to be well founded, for after the passing of +the Poor Removal Act, hundreds of county families did become +chargeable to the city, and have been so ever since.</p> +<p>Mr. G. Gedge, of Catton, instituted inquiries on the subject; +and being a member of the court of guardians, often called +attention to it. He was, in fact, the first in this city to +advocate a general or national rate as the most effectual remedy +for the evils of the then existing system of rating. He +spared neither time, trouble, nor expense in promoting his views, +which were generally approved by the more influential +citizens. He employed Mr. Hutchinson, an eminent statist in +London, on the recommendation of Mr. <a name="page411"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 411</span>Wakley, to collect information +respecting the gross inequalities of the system of rating all +over England, and this information was published and circulated +in a valuable work, from which nearly all the statistics on the +subject have been derived and quoted by members of +Parliament.</p> +<p>Mr. Gedge introduced the question of a national rate at many +meetings of the court of guardians in 1846. He showed that +the poor rates then collected annually amounted to about five +millions. Nearly the same sum was raised by the property +and income tax; and it followed that if only those were rated who +paid the latter tax, the charge throughout England and Wales for +the support of the poor would not amount to more than sevenpence +in the pound. But including all the parties not then +chargeable to the property and income tax, and who would be +fairly liable to the poor rates, the annual rate would not amount +to more than half that sum. This would be a most important +difference to the great mass of the rate-payers, whose payments +to the relief of the poor would be greatly diminished, whilst +they would have the pleasure of knowing that the poor would be +better cared for, and that those comforts which they had a right +to expect, as producers of wealth, would be placed more +immediately within their reach.</p> +<p>Mr. Gedge explained that, as all the parishes in the city were +incorporated in regard to the relief of the poor, a general rate +being raised from all those parishes for that purpose, his +proposition was that this general mode of rating should be +extended over the <a name="page412"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +412</span>whole country, and that a general rate should be raised +to be applied for the relief of the poor wherever they were +located. He showed that if each parish in this city +supported its own poor, the rating would be very unequal, and +some of the richest parishes would pay least, while the poorest +and more populous would pay most. To prevent this +inequality, all the parishes had been incorporated. This +had been found to be a great improvement, and it should be +further extended. Many persons, fund-holders and others, +living in lodgings, were exempted from poor rates. Many +large establishments in Cheapside and the middle of London paid +no poor rates, because the poor did not live in those +localities. Many persons living in fashionable towns also +escaped poor rates, for the same reason, while the industrious +and the middle classes had to bear the burden. He therefore +maintained that there should be a national rate.</p> +<p>Most of the members of the court of guardians concurred with +these views, and ultimately a petition to Parliament was adopted +in favour of a national rate. The petition was duly +presented in the House of Commons.</p> +<p>On Wednesday, June 10th, 1846, an important meeting of the +rate-payers of the city was held in the sessions court, at the +Guildhall, to petition Parliament against the Poor Law Removal +Act, which had been lately introduced into the House of +Commons. The mayor, J. Betts, Esq., presided and opened the +proceedings. Mr. S. Bignold, Mr. T. Brightwell, <a +name="page413"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 413</span>Mr. J. G. +Johnson, Mr. E. Willett, Mr. A. A. H. Beckwith, Mr. Banks, Mr. +Newbegin, Mr. Hardy, & Mr. G. Gedge, addressed the meeting in +support of resolutions, and a petition was adopted against the +proposed alteration in the Law of Settlement and the Poor Law +Removal Bill. Mr. G. Gedge moved a resolution,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“That this meeting is decidedly of opinion +that the only effectual alteration of the law of settlement, by +which free scope would be given to the labour of the people, +would be to abolish the present law of settlement and rating, and +to substitute a general national tax on real and personal +property, and that a petition founded on this resolution be +presented to the House of Commons.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>He showed the very injurious operation of the law then +existing, and expressed his belief that a national rate, if +obtained, would prove a great benefit to the city. Mr. +Sheriff Colman seconded the resolution, which was carried +unanimously.</p> +<p>After this meeting, two petitions were presented to +Parliament, from this city, in favour of a national rate; one +from the court of guardians, and one from the citizens at +large. These petitions, however, had no effect, and the +Poor Law Removal Bill was passed into a law. The +consequence was, that about 1500 families belonging to county +parishes, who had lived five years in the city, obtained a +settlement in it, and most of them soon applied for relief. +This greatly increased the expenditure for the relief of the +poor.</p> +<p>At the monthly meeting of the court of guardians, held on +December 1st, 1846, Mr. G. Gedge moved a <a +name="page414"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 414</span>resolution +of which he had given notice at the previous court, in respect to +a national rate, and he urged the usual arguments in favour of +that measure. He wished the support of the court to a +petition to be presented to Parliament during the following +session, for the total repeal of the mode of rating to the relief +of the poor, then in operation, and the substitution of a +national rate. He believed that public opinion was now +fixed on this question, and that a national rate must come. +A petition was adopted, <i>nem con.</i></p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1847</b>. A meeting of the city operatives was held +on Wednesday, March 23rd, in St. Andrew’s Hall, for the +purpose of petitioning Parliament to abolish the law of +settlement then in operation, and to establish a national poor +rate. The meeting was numerously attended by working men, +who manifested a great interest in the question. Several of +them delivered speeches against the law of settlement and in +favour of a national rate, and a petition to Parliament was +adopted. Mr. Gedge spoke at some length in favour of the +measure, which he believed would be carried.</p> +<p>A public meeting of the citizens was held on December the 2nd, +1847, to consider the evils arising from the alteration of the +law of settlement. The mayor (G. L. Coleman, Esq.) +presided, and many influential gentlemen addressed the meeting in +support of resolutions deprecating the alteration in the law, and +in favour of a more equitable system than <a +name="page415"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 415</span>that in +operation. Sir S. M. Peto, M.P. for the city expressed his +concurrence, and the resolution was carried unanimously. +Subsequently, several meetings were held in Norwich in favour of +a national rate. During the same year, also, an association +was formed in London, having the same object in view; and, +eventually, the movement resulted in the passing of an Act of +Parliament, by which a union poor rate was established in every +county in England. This has proved to be a vast improvement +of the old system, and a great advance in the direction of a +national rate, but still the poor rate is levied on real property +only. The most equitable system would be for every man to +pay according to his ability, whether he be a landowner, a +shipowner, a houseowner, a fund-holder, or an artisan.</p> +<p>Before the Removal Act passed, the Norwich guardians were +quite aware of the effect it would have on the city. In +order to prove that their apprehensions were well founded, they +caused a census to be taken in the city and county of those +paying a yearly rental of £6 and under, and an inquiry to +be instituted as to the settlement of the tenants of those +houses. They found, after a full investigation, that more +than a third of the houses were occupied by persons not having a +settlement in Norwich, but in other districts. The +operation of the act was to throw the expense of the maintenance +of such persons on the city, at an estimated cost of £5000 +yearly. This was represented to the government, who paid no +attention to it, and the Act passed nevertheless.</p> +<h3><a name="page416"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +416</span>CHAPTER XX.<br /> +Leading Events (<i>continued</i>).</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">In</span> the autumn of 1848, the Royal +Agricultural Society of England held a meeting in this +city. The exhibition of stock and implements took place in +a large field near the Newmarket Road, and attracted thousands of +visitors. The trials of implements took place on land near +the city. Lectures were delivered by the Rev. E. Sidney and +others at the Shirehall. The members of the Society and +their friends dined together on two occasions, in St. +Andrew’s Hall. Addresses were delivered by Professor +Sedgwick and other eminent men on various subjects. S. +Bignold, Esq., was mayor during this year.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">Murder of the Norwich +Recorder</span>.</h4> +<p>Late on the night of November 28th, 1848, the city was +startled by the intelligence of the murder of Isaac Jermy, Esq., +the Recorder of Norwich, and his son. His son’s wife +(Mrs. Jermy Jermy), and her servant, Eliza Chastney, were also +fired at and wounded by the same murderous hand. The first +<a name="page417"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 417</span>news of +these murders and attempted murders excited universal +horror. They appeared to be so inhuman and atrocious, that +public feeling was wrought up to the highest pitch; and all the +reports published in the local and metropolitan journals were +read with the greatest avidity. James Blomfield Rush, a +farmer, well known in Norfolk, and a tenant under Mr. Jermy, was +at once suspected and apprehended. He was examined before +the magistrates, committed, tried, found guilty, and +executed. We give a short account of this terrible +tragedy.</p> +<p>Mr. Jermy, with his wife and family, lived at a mansion called +Stanfield Hall, about two miles distant from Wymondham, and Rush +lived at a neighbouring farm house, known as Potash Farm. +The Preston family, of which the recorder was a descendant, +originally came from the village of Preston, in the hundred of +Babergh, Suffolk, and settled at Beeston St. Lawrence, in the +hundred of Tunstead, in Norfolk. In 1837, the Rev. G. +Preston died, leaving his son, the recorder, heir to Stanfield +and his other entailed property. The recorder, previous to +his father’s death, was called Mr. Preston; but soon after +that event, he took the necessary steps for complying with the +stipulation in the will of Mr. Wm. Jermy, from whom the property +had descended, that the possessor of the estate should assume his +name and arms, and accordingly he took the name and arms of Jermy +by license from the crown. He was a county magistrate and +one of the chairmen at quarter sessions, recorder for Norwich, +and a director of the Norwich Union <a name="page418"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 418</span>Insurance Office. Indeed, he +had been all his life closely connected with the city.</p> +<p>There had been some disputes relative to the Stanfield +property. It was said that one of the male relatives of +William Jermy had disposed of his reversionary interest in these +estates for the trifling consideration of £20. This +occurred in the year 1754. In June 1838, when the Rev. +George Pearson’s furniture and library at Stanfield Hall +were advertised for sale, a person named Thomas Jermy, a grandson +of John Jermy, with a cousin of his, named John Larner, put in a +claim to the estate, and served notices both upon Mr. Jermy and +the auctioneer to stop the sale. Larner then attempted to +obtain possession of the hall, but was shortly afterwards ejected +by Rush, (who was then acting as bailiff for Mr. Jermy,) with a +party of labourers. Larner then cut down some timber and +carted it away; and he and his party were apprehended for the +offence, but he himself was acquitted, though his accomplices +were convicted in penalties. Shortly afterwards placards +were posted in the neighbourhood, stating their intention to +obtain forcible possession. This they attempted to do, but +they were apprehended and committed to the assizes. They +pleaded <i>guilty</i>, and were sentenced to various periods of +imprisonment.</p> +<p>Rush, being aware of all these circumstances, may have thought +that he could perpetrate the murder in disguise, and that +suspicion would rest on those who claimed the estate. It +was stated and believed that he was a near relation to the +recorder, who, when he <a name="page419"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 419</span>came into possession of his estates, +employed Rush as his steward, but rescinded his leases, having +found that they were illegal. This created the first ill +feeling between the parties. The recorder granted new +leases to Rush, but, as the latter alleged, at higher rent. +Rush soon afterwards took the Potash Farm in Hethel, under Mr. +Calver; this farm adjoining the Stanfield estate, and being very +convenient for his occupation. It being for sale, Mr. Jermy +wished to become the purchaser, and he authorised Rush, who fixed +the value at £3,500, to buy it for him. Rush attended +the sale, and having bid £3,500 for Mr. Jermy, bade +£3,750 for himself. The recorder, though much annoyed +by this transaction at first, was induced to lend Rush the money, +on mortgage, to complete the purchase. The equity of +redemption, or the ownership, therefore belonged to him. A +number of mortgage deeds were executed, the last of which was +dated September 28th, 1844, and it recited several prior +mortgages.</p> +<p>The effect of it was, that a sum of £5000 in all was +charged upon the estate, by way of mortgage, in favour of the +recorder, and it contained a provision that the money was to +remain on the security of that estate <i>until the</i> +30<i>th</i> <i>November</i>, 1848. The interest on the +£5000 was 4 per cent. or £200 per annum, and Rush +became tenant so as to enable the recorder to distrain for +rent. Rush now held three farms, and in October, 1847, he +was in arrear of rent for the Stanfield farm, and the recorder +put in some distresses. Rush being ejected went to live at +Potash farm house. <a name="page420"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 420</span>Mr. Jermy also brought an action +against Rush for breach of covenants. This action was tried +at the March assizes, 1848, and it, as well as the previous +distresses, seemed to have occasioned rancourous feelings in +Rush’s mind towards Mr. Jermy. He published a +pamphlet which professed to be a report of the trial, calling Mr. +Jermy a villain, and stating that he had no right to Stanfield +Hall. This showed that Rush cherished malignant feelings +towards his victim.</p> +<p>Rush appears to have for some time premeditated the murder of +Mr. Jermy and his whole family; and he ultimately resolved to +carry out a deep-laid scheme, both of murder and robbery. +He got a young woman named Emily Sandford into his service as +governess, and seduced her. He then employed her to draw up +some quasi legal documents, as she could write like a +lawyer’s clerk. According to one of these documents, +signed “Isaac Jermy,” that gentleman gave up all +claim on Rush, if the latter gave up all papers and documents +relating to the Stanfield estate. The signature was of +course forged. After the murder these documents were found +concealed under the floor of a bed-room in Rush’s house, +ready to be produced had he escaped suspicion.</p> +<p>Rush’s conduct before the murders had been +observed. He had taken every precaution to throw off +suspicion. During the latter part of November, he had been +in the habit of going out at night, pretending to be on the +look-out for poachers. He ordered a quantity of straw to be +littered down from his homestead to the fields towards Stanfield +Hall. <a name="page421"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +421</span>A portion of the path which had never before been +littered with straw, was then littered by his direction, and the +straw ceased where the green sward began, so that he could walk +from his house towards the recorder’s mansion, without any +danger of his footsteps being traced. Before November 28th, +he had caused everybody to leave his house except Emily Sandford +and a lad named Savory. On that day he returned home about +5 p.m., and asked when the dinner would be ready. Emily +Sandford said it would be ready soon, upon which he remarked, +“There is just time for me to go into the garden and fire +off my gun;” and he went into the garden and discharged his +gun accordingly. This was intended to account for his gun +having been recently used. He had bought a double-barrelled +gun in London the last time he was there. After tea he +appeared to be extremely agitated. He went up-stairs to his +bedroom and put on a disguise; one part of which was for the +whole person, being in fact a widow’s dress, which was +quite new. Another part was a black crape bonnet with a +double frill hanging by it; and the frill rendered it difficult +for any one to discern the wearer’s features. He +enveloped himself with a large cloak, armed himself with his +double-barrelled gun, and went out to do his work of murder +between seven and eight o’clock. Nobody saw him leave +the house. The night was dark and windy and well suited for +the deeds of an assassin.</p> +<p>Soon after eight o’clock, the recorder’s dinner +being over, he was sitting alone in the dining-room, little <a +name="page422"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 422</span>dreaming of +the doom that awaited him and his son. His son and his +son’s wife, who had retired to the drawing-room, were about +to partake of tea and to amuse themselves with a game of picquet, +the cards being on the table. Mr. Jermy was in the habit of +going outside the hall after dinner, and on this evening he left +the dining-room and walked to a porch in front of the +mansion. Rush, who knew the recorder’s habits and +expected him to come out, was standing near the porch in disguise +holding his loaded gun in his hand. As soon as Mr. Jermy +reached the porch, Rush presented his gun, fired, and shot him +through the heart. He fell backwards, groaned, and +instantly expired. Rush immediately ran to the side door, +entered, and proceeded along the passages leading to the +staircase hall. He passed close to the butler, who, +affrighted at the appearance of an armed man in disguise, retired +to his pantry. Rush passed on to the door opening into the +staircase hall. Mr. Jermy, jun., who had heard the report +of a gun, opened the door at that very moment. They met; +Rush drew back, presented the gun, and fired; and young Mr. Jermy +fell dead in the hall. The assassin then passed on into the +dining-room, no doubt with the intention of exterminating the +whole family. Mrs. Jermy, still in the drawing-room, on +hearing the second report, immediately went into the hall, and +passed over the dead body of her husband. Eliza Chastney, +one of the female servants, on hearing her mistress screaming for +help, ran up to her, and holding her by the waist cried out, +“My dear mistress, what is the matter?” <a +name="page423"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 423</span>At this +moment, Rush came out of the dining-room, and seeing the two +women opposite to him, levelled his weapon and fired twice, +wounding Mrs. Jermy in the arm and her servant in the leg. +The murderer then made his escape by the side door, leaving +death, misery, and woe behind him. He did not escape, +however, before some of the servants had made their observations +of him. Eliza Chastney had marked the man, and she +afterwards identified him at the trial. Strange to say, +several persons were standing at the gate close to the bridge, +heard the reports of a gun, and heard the alarm bell ringing, but +did not imagine that anything serious had happened. Some +people are so stolid that an earthquake would scarcely arouse +them. A man who had been employed in the stables, hearing +the reports, thought that the hall was attacked by a band of +ruffians, went to the back, swam over the moat which surrounds +the hall, and ran to the house of a neighbouring farmer (Mr. +Colman), and having obtained a horse rode to Wymondham, spreading +the alarm as he went.</p> +<p>In the meantime, the scene at Stanfield Hall was one of utter +dismay. The cook had fled to the coach house with little +Miss Jermy, the daughter of Mr. Jermy, jun. The cowardly +butler, who might have seized the assassin in the passage, rushed +to Mr. Gower’s, another farmer, for assistance. The +maid servants conveyed their wounded mistress upstairs to +bed. Eliza Chastney was lying wounded on the ground; Mr. +Jermy, sen., was lying dead in the porch, everybody being then +uncertain as to his <a name="page424"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 424</span>fate; and Mr. Jermy, jun., was lying +dead in the hall. Mr. Colman, Mr. Gower, and Mr. +Gower’s two sons, having received some vague information, +had hurried to the hall, and were the first who discovered what +had happened. The servants were all panic-stricken.</p> +<p>What was the conduct of the assassin after the murders? +Emily Sandford, whom he had seduced, though at first she told a +false story, revealed it all in the course of the inquest and the +examinations before the magistrates. Between nine and ten +o’clock on that same night, Rush’s knock was heard at +his own door. Emily Sandford went to the door to open it, +but without a light, and she did not see him come in. He +went upstairs to his own room, put off his disguise which was +found there by the police, and in a short time came down again +without his boots and coat. He told Emily Sandford to make +haste and put out her fire and go to bed; and before he left her +he said, “If any inquiry is made about me, say I was not +out more than ten minutes.” She followed, after she +had put out the fire, and asked him where she should sleep. +He told her that she was to sleep in her own room; that being the +first night she had done so for a long time. She went to +bed, and between two and three o’clock in the morning Rush, +who had heard voices outside, rapped at the door of her room and +desired her to let him in; and she did so. He came +trembling to her bedside and said, “Now you be firm, and +remember that I was out only ten minutes.” She was +extremely agitated and inquired what was the matter; but he would +only tell her that <a name="page425"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +425</span>she might hear of something in the morning. +Taking hold of his hand she observed that he trembled +violently. Next morning the police, who had watched the +house all night, apprehended him, and on the same day he was +examined before the magistrates. Emily Sandford also +underwent a lengthened examination, and persisted in stating that +Rush was out only a quarter of an hour on the previous night; but +at the inquest subsequently held by Mr. Press at Wymondham, she +confessed that her first statement was false, admitting that Rush +did not return home till after nine o’clock, and that he +told her to say he had been out only ten minutes. She also +gave evidence as to all that passed between her and Rush that +night, as already related.</p> +<p>On the morning after the murder the police searched Potash +farm house, and found two double-barrelled guns in the closet in +Rush’s bed-room, but these were not the weapons he +used. The gun he had used was afterwards found under a +manure heap. In the house the police found a black dress, a +grey and black frontlet, female wig, and a long black veil, as +for a female head-dress. These were hidden in a closet in +Rush’s bed-room. Concealed under the floor of a +closet a number of documents were also found, which turned out to +be the forged deeds before alluded to. These formed an +extraordinary link in the case, and after repeated examinations +the prisoner was committed to the assizes for trial. The +bodies of his victims were consigned to their last resting place +at Wymondham on December 5th, in the presence of a vast concourse +of spectators.</p> +<p><a name="page426"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 426</span>The +trial of Rush excited universal interest all over England, +Scotland, and Ireland. It commenced at the Shirehall, +Norwich, on Thursday, March 29th, 1849, before Baron Rolfe. +It continued six days, and each day the court was crowded to +excess. He was not defended by counsel. Mr. Sergeant +Byles stated the case for the prosecution, and then called a +number of witnesses who clearly proved the facts. Having in +the preceding part of this narrative stated all the particulars, +it is unnecessary to give the evidence. The documents which +were found in a secret place under the floor of the bed-room +closet in the prisoner’s house were produced, and several +of them were proved to be forgeries, which, if carried into +effect after the recorder’s death, would have placed the +prisoner in a very good position with respect to the farms which +he occupied, and would have rid him of all his liabilities. +A powerful motive for the commission of the murders was therefore +apparent. The servants at the hall, who had seen the +disguised armed man there, all deposed that they believed the +prisoner to be the man, as they had known him before, and as they +had recognised him by his height, form, walk, and gait. +Eliza Chastney, who had been severely wounded by the assassin, +was brought into court on a couch, attended by medical men. +When asked if she saw the assassin in court, she pointed to Rush +and said, “That is the man.” She had seen him +several times at the hall. When he fired at her, she saw +the whole form of his head and shoulders, and she knew no one +else having a similar appearance. Emily Sandford <a +name="page427"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 427</span>entered the +box apparently in a weak state. She was examined at great +length, and she stated with much clearness all that had passed +between her and Rush and other parties in reference to the +documents produced. She also gave a full account of the +prisoner’s conduct on the night of the 28th, as already +narrated.</p> +<p>When the prisoner commenced his cross-examination of this +witness there was a profound silence in the court, all present +being anxious to know how he would treat the unfortunate female +whom he had seduced, and who had given evidence against +him. He appeared to be under the influence of strong +emotion, so much so as at times, as to stifle his utterance; and +he was frequently on the verge of bursting into tears, yet he +mastered his feelings, and put his questions mildly in an assumed +endearing manner, trying to rouse any affection that she might +have left for him. She gave her answers in a low tone, and +sometimes weeping, which excited the pity of the +spectators. Nearly all the questions put by the prisoner +were irrelevant to her evidence in chief, but not all the +blandishments and frequent adjurations of the questioner could +elicit answers to suit his purpose. At length he put +questions which roused her indignation, and she reproached him +for his perfidy in not marrying her as he promised. If he +had done so, she could not have given evidence against him. +Four days were occupied with the case for the prosecution. +On the fifth day the prisoner commenced his defence, and he spoke +on that and the following day fourteen hours without making any +impression whatever in his <a name="page428"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 428</span>favour. He began by admitting +a guilty knowledge that something was about to take place in the +hall on that night. He said parties had consulted him as to +the expediency of taking forcible possession of the hall, as had +been done some years before. He advised them not to do so, +but still he apprehended that something serious would +happen. He left his house at eight or half-past eight +o’clock on the night of the murders, and he went to the +boundary of his own land. When he got to the fence leading +to the hall, he waited a few minutes and thought he would go back +as he felt ill, but at that moment he heard the report of a gun +or pistol in a direct line from the hall. He then heard two +more, and was struck with amazement, as the parties to whom he +alluded had always said, if they took firearms it would only be +to intimidate, not to use them. He then heard the bell rung +violently, and he hastened back to his house as quickly as he +could, and he went through the garden into the house. +Having given this account of himself on that night, he proceeded +to comment on the evidence with a view to show +contradictions.</p> +<p>Mr. Sergeant Byles replied, showing that the prisoner had only +strengthened the case against him.</p> +<p>The learned judge summed up in a lucid manner, the jury soon +returned a verdict of guilty of wilful murder, the prisoner was +sentenced to be hung, and the dread sentence was executed on the +bridge in front of Norwich Castle on the morning of Saturday, +April 21st, in the presence of many thousands of +spectators. The unhappy man remained impenitent to the +last.</p> +<h3><a name="page429"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +429</span>CHAPTER XXI.<br /> +Leading Events (<i>continued</i>).</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">About</span> this time the two parties in +the council became nearly equal in numbers, and the Liberals +found a difficulty in selecting a mayor and sheriff every year +from their own party. They accordingly proposed that each +party should nominate a mayor and sheriff alternately. In +1848 S. Bignold, Esq., was nominated a second time, and elected +unanimously to serve the office of mayor. From that time to +the present the chief magistrate and the sheriff have been +selected from each party alternately. This has also led to +the members of the various committees being selected so as to +represent all parties fairly, and the former exclusive system has +been discontinued.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1850</b>. In 1850, in consequence of a memorial to +the General Board of Health, established under the (1848) Public +Health Act, Mr. Lee, a civil engineer and government inspector, +came to Norwich and commenced an inquiry respecting the sanitary +state of the city. The inquiry lasted a fortnight, and Mr. +Lee <a name="page430"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +430</span>heard evidence given by all the officials and other +parties. He afterwards prepared a very elaborate report, +showing that the supply of water was insufficient, that the +drainage was defective, and that many causes of preventible +disease existed. He advised the application of the Public +Health Act, which was ultimately done. A company had been +previously formed with a large capital, and had constructed works +for the supply of water from the river Wensum to all parts of the +city. The abundant supply of pure water proved very +beneficial to the health of the inhabitants, and entirely +relieved the Local Board of Health from all trouble on that +point, and they had only to contract for the supply of water to +water the roads and streets during the summer months.</p> +<p>In January of this year Jenny Lind gave two concerts in St. +Andrew’s Hall, which was quite filled, at high prices, by +fashionable audiences, more than 2000 being present at each +concert. The proceeds, amounting to £1253, were +generously given by the celebrated songstress for the foundation +of the Jenny Lind Infirmary for Children in Pottergate +Street. It was established in 1853, and visited by the +Queen of Song in 1856, when she was so much pleased with the +management that she added £50 to her former gifts.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1851</b>. The Great Exhibition of 1851, which was +opened in May, attracted thousands of the citizens to London, +where many of them spent weeks in viewing the wonders at the +Crystal Palace. Norwich manufacturers sent many specimens +of their shawls and <a name="page431"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 431</span>textile fabrics. Amongst the +exhibitors were Messrs C. and F. Bolingbroke and Jones; Messrs. +Middleton and Answorth; Messrs. Towler, Rowling, and Allen; +Messrs. Willett and Nephew; Messrs. Clabburn, Sons, and Crisp; +and Messrs. Grout and Co.; all of whose productions were much +admired and commended. A very large number of our +operatives were conveyed by special train free to London to see +the Exhibition, where they had an opportunity of inspecting the +best productions of art of the whole world. This wonderful +exhibition was supposed to be the harbinger of universal peace, +but it was soon followed by the Russian war, which greatly +depressed the trade of the city and of the whole country. +It cost about a hundred millions of money, destroyed thousands of +brave soldiers, and spread a general gloom over the minds of +men. It ended in the fall of Sebastopol, and the triumph of +the allied armies. Russian aggression was stopped for a +time; but was the rotten Turkish empire worth the waste of men +and money?</p> +<p>The census, which was taken in this year, showed that the +population of Norwich had increased to 68,713 persons who were in +a comparatively prosperous condition, for trade was good and +provisions were cheap.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1853</b>. On November 1st, S. Bignold, Esq., was +elected mayor of Norwich for the third time, and he filled the +office with great approbation throughout the year. He lent +the money required in the first instance for the new building +erected for the Free Library and <a name="page432"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 432</span>the School of Art, and which +afforded additional accommodation for the Museum and Literary +Institution.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1854</b>. At a meeting of the corporation held on May +4th, the mayor, S. Bignold, Esq., in the chair, he announced that +Her Majesty had been graciously pleased on the previous day to +confer the honour of knighthood upon him, on the occasion of his +presenting the addresses, voted by the council on the 20th of +April last, pledging their loyalty to the Queen when Her Majesty +declared war against Russia. It was thereupon resolved +unanimously, on the motion of A. A. H. Beckwith, Esq.</p> +<blockquote><p>“That this council beg to offer their hearty +congratulations to Sir S. Bignold, the mayor of Norwich, on his +accession to the dignity which Her Majesty has graciously +bestowed upon him, and wish him many years to enjoy the honour so +worthily conferred.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1856</b>. The New Cemetery was opened by the Board of +Health, and the east side of it was consecrated by the +bishop. The other side was assigned to the +Nonconformists. Since then about 20,000 bodies have been +interred in the spacious area of thirty-five acres next the +Earlham Road. The grounds have been well laid out and +planted with trees and shrubs.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1857</b>. The Yare Preservation and Anglers’ +Society was founded, for the improvement of the angling in the +rivers Wensum and Yare. This society has done <a +name="page433"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 433</span>good +service for the lovers of angling on the two rivers, which +formerly abounded with fish near Norwich. But on account of +the pollution of the stream, anglers are obliged to go down as +far as Coldham Hall or Cantley to fish with any prospect of +success.</p> +<p>The Russian war having been brought to a close, peace was +celebrated here with great rejoicings and illuminations. +Major General Windham, “the hero of the Redan,” +visited the city, and a grand banquet was given to him in St. +Andrew’s Hall, where he delivered an eloquent address on +the events of the war and its successful termination.</p> +<p>In August the annual congress of the British +Archæological Association met in Norwich. Meetings +were held in the Guildhall, St. Andrew’s Hall, the Public +Library, and other buildings. Addresses were delivered by +Professor Willis, Mr. Britton, and many other gentlemen. +The members and friends visited the Cathedral, where Professor +Willis gave a description of the edifice. They also made +excursions to Ely, Dereham, Binham, Walsingham, and other places +of interest. On their return to Norwich they dined together +at the Swan Inn.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1858</b>. The Local Government Act came into +operation, and gave the corporation full power to carry out all +necessary improvements.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1859</b>. On November 19th, the Norwich Battalion of +Volunteers was formally enrolled, 300 strong, in <a +name="page434"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 434</span>three +companies, under the command of Colonel Brett, a highly-esteemed +officer. The other officers were, Capt. Middleton of the +first company, Capt. H. S. Patteson of the second company, and +Captain Hay Gurney of the third company. The force +gradually increased in number till the battalion became 530 +strong, in six companies. Colonel Brett resigned on account +of ill health, and Colonel Black was appointed to the chief +command; next to him Major Patteson; Capt. Henry Morgan first +company, Capt. John Steward second, Capt. Peter Hansell third, +Capt. Charles Foster fourth, Capt. J. B. Morgan fifth, Capt. E. +Field sixth; Lieut. H. Pulley, Quarter Master; John Friar Clarke, +Quarter Master Sergeant; T. W. Crosse, Surgeon; Rev. F. Meyrick, +Chaplain. The corporation subsequently granted a piece of +land at the north-west corner of Chapel Field, and a company of +shareholders built the Drill Hall for the use of the members of +the corps, which has the reputation of being very efficient.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1861</b>. A meeting was held on January 10th to +consider the best means of relieving the distress which had for +some time prevailed, owing to the depression of trade; and within +a month, more than £4,000 were raised for the relief of the +poor. Since then the weavers have gradually found +employment in some other branches of industry, especially the +boot and shoe manufacture, which has greatly increased. +Hundreds of operatives are also employed in iron manufactures, +and in making machines for agricultural and horticultural +purposes.</p> +<p><a name="page435"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 435</span>This +year a census of the population was taken, showing a great +increase, the total number being 74,891 persons, viz., males, +33,863; females, 41,028. Inhabited houses, 17,112; +uninhabited houses, 739; building, 103.</p> +<p>The parishes within the city, together with their respective +population in 1861 and their real property in 1860, were as +follows:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>All Saints</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">667</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">£2,280</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Andrew</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">978</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7,828</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Augustine</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,890</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,281</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Benedict</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,381</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,869</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Clement</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,961</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7,554</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Earlham</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">195</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,845</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Eaton St. Andrew</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">930</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8,759</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Edmund</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">753</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,706</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Etheldred</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">614</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,559</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. George Colegate</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,607</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,983</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. George Tombland</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">687</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,865</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Giles</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,586</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6,391</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Gregory</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">934</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,936</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Heigham</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">13,894</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">36,799</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Helen</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">507</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">901</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. James</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,408</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,384</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. John’s Maddermarket</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">537</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,959</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. John Sepulchre</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,219</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,452</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. John Timberhill</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,302</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,496</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Julian</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,361</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,142</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Lakenham</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,866</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">15,745</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Lawrence</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">877</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,421</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Margaret</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">664</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,608</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Martin at Oak</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,546</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,789</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page436"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +436</span>St. Martin at Palace</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,085</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,267</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Mary Coslany</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,498</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,081</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Mary in the Marsh</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">451</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,289</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Michael Coslany</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,365</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,052</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Michael at Plea</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">379</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,504</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Michael at Thorn</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,121</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,617</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Paul</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,907</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,391</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Peter Hungate</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">399</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,105</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Peter Mancroft</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,575</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">22,615</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Peter Mountergate</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,868</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7,567</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Peter Southgate</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">457</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,337</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Saviour</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,532</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,805</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Simon and St. Jude</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">283</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,221</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Stephen</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,191</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">15,321</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Swithin</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">699</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,174</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>There are also within the city jurisdiction the hamlet of +Hellesdon, population 393, belonging to Hellesdon parish; Thorpe +hamlet, population 2,388, belonging to the parish of Thorpe St. +Andrew; Trowse Millgate, Carrow, and Bracondale, population 687, +belonging to Trowse parish; population 249, extra +parochial. The population in 1861 and the real property in +1860 of all Hellesdon were 496, £3,376; of all Thorpe St. +Andrew 3,841, £9,003; of all Trowse, 1,404, +£3,534.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1862</b>. In 1862 the Great Exhibition in London +afforded some of our city manufacturers another opportunity of +exhibiting their productions, and making known the skill of our +artisans. Messrs. Clabburn, Son, and Crisp won the gold +medal for their superfine fillover shawls, which are made by a +patented process, so as to display a perfect design on each +side. Messrs. C. and F. Bolingbroke and Jones gained a +medal for <a name="page437"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +437</span>their poplins and poplinettes. The shawls of +Messrs. Towler, Rowling, and Allen obtained honourable +mention. So much for what are usually regarded as the +staple products of Norwich. But Norwich won for itself the +admiration of the world in some other matters. Messrs. +Barnard and Bishop, for instance, were spoken of far and wide for +their splendid park gates in ornamental wrought iron, which were +subsequently purchased and presented to the Prince of Wales, and +now adorn one of the entrances to His Royal Highness’s park +at Sandringham. Of course also Messrs. Colman took high +prizes for their world-renowned mustard and starch—the +medal given them for mustard being the only medal granted in the +United Kingdom for this article of commerce. As publishers, +Messrs. Jarrold and Sons received honourable mention for their +educational works, and publications of high moral excellence.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1863</b>. H. S. Patteson, Esq., was mayor in 1863, +when on March 10th the citizens again displayed their +enthusiastic loyalty by processions, illuminations, balls, +&c., on the occasion of the marriage of the Prince and +Princess of Wales. Their Royal Highnesses have made +themselves very popular in this county, by living part of the +year at Sandringham, and participating in all the festivities and +amusements of the gentry and inhabitants. On the occasion +of the marriage of their Royal Highnesses, seven of the principal +manufacturing firms presented, through the corporation to the +Princess Alexandra, specimens of <a name="page438"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 438</span>the elegant fabrics for which +Norwich has so long been famous.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">Norwich Union</span>.</h4> +<p>In this year the Court of Guardians of this city obtained a +new act of parliament for an improved management of the poor, and +repealing all former acts. Under the new act the present +Board of Guardians is constituted with a reduced number of +guardians, and the whole management is more in accordance with +the New Poor Law system. Norwich is now a union of +parishes, divided into districts, each having medical +attendants. By this new act all former acts, including the +Norwich Small Tenements Act of 1847, were repealed, and the city +was brought under the operation of the General Poor Law, and all +other statute and laws from time to time in force with respect to +the poor in England. The union is now divided into sixteen +districts, viz.:—</p> +<p>1. St. Peter Mountergate, St. George of Tombland.</p> +<p>2. St. Mary in the Marsh, St. Martin at Palace, St. +Helen, St. Michael at Plea.</p> +<p>3. St. Peter Hungate, St. Simon and Jude, St. +Andrew.</p> +<p>4. St. John Maddermarket, St. Gregory, St. Lawrence.</p> +<p>5. St. Margaret, St. Swithin, St. Benedict, St. +Giles.</p> +<p>6. South Heigham. 7. North Heigham.</p> +<p>8. St. Peter Mancroft.</p> +<p>9. St. Stephen and the Town Close.</p> +<p><a name="page439"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +439</span>10. Eaton, Earlham, and Hellesdon.</p> +<p>11. St. John Sepulchre, St. Michael at Thorn, St. John +Timberhill, and All Saints.</p> +<p>12. Trowse, Carrow, Bracondale, St. Peter Southgate, St. +Julian, and St. Etheldred.</p> +<p>13. Lakenham.</p> +<p>14. Thorpe, Pockthorpe, St. Paul, and St. James.</p> +<p>15. St. Saviour, St. Clement, St. Edmund, St. +George.</p> +<p>16. St. Michael at Coslany, St. Mary at Coslany, St. +Martin at Oak, St. Augustine.</p> +<p>The board consists of forty-two guardians, elected for the +sixteen districts as follows:—</p> +<p>For each of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, eleventh, +and twelfth districts, two guardians; for each of the sixth, +seventh, ninth, thirteenth, fourteenth, and sixteenth districts, +three guardians; for the eighth district five guardians. +For the purpose of this act with respect to the limits of the +palace of the bishop of Norwich, the same are deemed to be +locally situated within the parish of St. Mary in the Marsh.</p> +<p>The following are the qualifications for voting in the +election of guardians:—</p> +<p>A. Occupiers of rateable property who respectively are +rated in respect thereof on a gross assessment of ten pounds and +upwards.</p> +<p>B. Owners of rateable property, who respectively are +rated in respect thereof on a net assessment of ten pounds or +upwards. Provided, that where two or more persons are +jointly rated, one only of them shall be entitled to vote, and <a +name="page440"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 440</span>in every +case the rating shall have been in the last two rates, each made +at least two months before the day of election, and in respect of +property in the district in which the person votes, and the rates +shall have been paid at least fourteen days before the day of +election.</p> +<p>At every election of guardians the rate-payers voting have +votes in accordance with the following scale:—</p> +<p>A. If rated at £10 and under £25, one +vote.</p> +<p>B. If rated at £25 and under £50, two +votes.</p> +<p>C. If rated at £50 and under £75, three +votes.</p> +<p>D. If rated at £75 and under £100, four +votes.</p> +<p>E. If rated at £100 and under £150, five +votes.</p> +<p>F. If rated at £150 or upwards, six votes.</p> +<p>And no rate-payer at any election of guardians for any one and +the same district have more than six votes.</p> +<p>All the compounding provisions of the act were abolished by +the Reform Act of 1867.</p> +<p>The old court of guardians had the management of lunatic +paupers, who were maintained in an asylum in St. +Augustine’s. Great care appears to have been taken of +them, and many of them were cured, more in proportion than in any +other town. Nevertheless, the lunacy commissioners who +visited the asylum reported that the place was unhealthy and +unfit for lunatics, and recommended, or rather demanded that a +new asylum should be built in a more healthy situation. +This the old court of guardians considered to be quite +unnecessary, and the whole matter was transferred to the council +under the Lunatic Asylums <a name="page441"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 441</span>Act of 1853, that body having the +option of taking the matter in hand. The council, already +over-loaded with municipal business, Board of Health business, +drainage, paving, lighting, watering the roads, &c., actually +undertook the management of the lunatic paupers, in 1863. +After many discussions a majority of the members decided that a +new asylum was unnecessary, and refused to build one. The +Lunacy Commissioners, however, made a strong report to the +Secretary of State on the subject, who sent down an order to the +council to build an asylum. Since then land has been +purchased for its site, which is likely to cost from +£30,000 to £40,000!</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1864</b>. In 1864 the operatives made a very laudable +effort to improve their depressed condition by establishing an +“Industrial Weavers’ Co-operative Society,” and +held many meetings to promote that object. The Rev. C. +Caldwell, and other gentlemen, advocated their cause. The +society was supported by donations, and J. H. Gurney, Esq., +advanced a sum which had been left by his father for the benefit +of the weavers, the principal with interest amounting to +£1100.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1865</b>. The Norfolk Chamber of Agriculture was +instituted, and frequent meetings of the members have been held +at the Norfolk Hotel, Norwich. The objects of the chamber +are to watch over all measures affecting agriculture both in and +out of parliament, to co-operate with the General Chamber +thereon, and to <a name="page442"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +442</span>take such action as may be for the benefit of +agriculturists. At the meetings of the members interesting +questions have been discussed, and C. S. Read, Esq., M.P. for +East Norfolk, has generally presided, and given much valuable +information.</p> +<p>The most important event in this diocese of late years was the +holding of a Church Congress in Norwich. A preliminary +meeting to consider the proposal was held in the Clerical Rooms +on Saturday, December 10th, 1864. When this was announced +there was no little apprehension in Low Church circles, but the +proposal was approved by most of the clergy, and they requested +the Lord Bishop to preside over the Congress, which was held in +October, 1865. After some delay his lordship reluctantly +consented, and never before was there such a gathering of clergy +in the city. St. Andrew’s Hall was filled every day +for a week in October, 1865. High churchmen throughout the +country made it a point of duty to attend the congress; and the +proceedings at the daily meetings were of a very interesting +character to churchmen generally. Addresses were delivered +every day on very important subjects; and the bible history was +ably vindicated against the objections of geologists and +freethinkers. The church as an establishment was well +defended by her champions. Three local newspapers were +published daily, containing full reports of the +proceedings. Dr. Pusey read a discourse of great interest +in defence of the Old Testament narratives.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<h4><a name="page443"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +443</span>1866.<br /> +<span class="smcap">The Royal Visit to Norwich</span>.</h4> +<p>In November the Prince and Princess of Wales travelled from +their seat at Sandringham to Cossey on a visit to Lord and Lady +Stafford, who entertained their Royal Highnesses in a princely +style. Their Royal Highnesses, during their sojourn at +Cossey, visited this city, entering by way of the Dereham Road +and St. Giles’ Road, and passing under triumphal arches +amid the acclamations of thousands of the citizens, it being a +general holiday. They stopped at the Guildhall and received +an address from the corporation. Then they proceeded to St. +Andrew’s Hall and attended a morning concert of the musical +festival. Their Royal Highnesses, on leaving the hall, rode +along the principal streets, through the Market Place, and up St. +Stephen’s to the Chapel Field, where they were joyously +received by the Manchester Unity of Odd Fellows, and where they +planted two trees in memory of their visit. Their Royal +Highnesses thence proceeded to the new Drill Hall, which the +Prince of Wales formally opened. After this ceremony their +Royal Highnesses returned to Cossey Hall. They were +accompanied by the Queen of Denmark (mother of the Princess of +Wales), and by Prince Alfred (the Duke of Edinburgh). In +the evening the city was brilliantly illuminated.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1867</b>. The Norwich Industrial Exhibition was held +for six weeks, from August 15th till October 20th, <a +name="page444"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 444</span>1867, in +St. Andrew’s Hall. About 1000 exhibitors sent +specimens of works of art and useful articles, which quite filled +the hall. Hundreds of splendid paintings were lent for the +occasion, and the show attracted many thousands of +visitors. The industrial part of the exhibition was most +creditable to the working men of Norwich, many of whom gained +medals and money prizes for the best specimens of useful and +ornamental articles. The mayor, F. E. Watson, Esq., +distributed the prizes on November 5th.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><b>1868</b>. The great event of the year 1868 was the +meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science +in the city. It commenced on August 19th and continued till +the 26th. The old city was filled with distinguished +visitors from all parts of Europe; and the hotels, inns, and +lodging houses were crowded with strangers. Norwich gave a +hospitable welcome to the Society. Dr. Hooker, who by +association and descent is a Norfolk man, delivered the inaugural +address. The various scientific sections held daily +meetings at different public places. The proceedings were +reported in daily issues of the <i>Norfolk News</i> and the +<i>Norfolk Chronicle</i>, and also in the regular issues of the +<i>Norwich Mercury</i>.</p> +<p>On November the 9th, J. J. Colman, Esq., retired from the +office of mayor, and E. K. Harvey, Esq., was elected as his +successor; John Robison, Esq., was at the same time chosen as +sheriff, as successor to Robert Fitch, Esq. As this is the +last act of the council which we shall have to chronicle, we take +<a name="page445"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 445</span>the +opportunity of adding a few words on the present state of the +corporation. By the Municipal Reform Act all previous +charters remain in force, except so far as they are rendered +inconsistent with the provisions of that act, and the city is now +divided into eight wards, and incorporated under the style or +title of the “Mayor, Aldermen, and Burgesses of the city +and borough of Norwich.” The corporate body consists +of sixteen aldermen and forty-eight councillors. The mayor +is chosen annually on the 9th of November from the members of the +council, who also on the same day choose the sheriff from the +same body, or from persons qualified to vote for councillors, and +who are eligible to the office of councillor. The members +of the council are chosen annually on November 1st by the +inhabitant householders of three years’ successive +occupation, the freemen having been disfranchised for municipal +purposes. The aldermen are elected by the council, and go +out of office every three years. Committees of the council +are appointed for conducting the business of the corporate +body. The corporation is possessed of various estates, +tolls, and dues, the profits and proceeds of which are placed to +the Borough Fund, under the act, and are applied towards the +reduction of the rates levied on the citizens. Several +large estates which were in the hands of the corporation for +charitable purposes are now vested in charity trustees. The +corporation still pay fee farm rents to the crown, over +£100 yearly. There is in trust of the corporation an +estate of 112 acres, situated outside of St. <a +name="page446"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +446</span>Stephen’s Gate, called the “Town +Close,” on which the burgesses had the right of commonage +formerly, but in lieu of which right the freemen receive a few +shillings yearly. The meetings of the corporation are held +in the Council Chamber in the Guildhall almost every fortnight +for the despatch of business, and meetings of the committees are +held almost daily. The body corporate, as a Council and +Board of Health, levies rates as we have already said to the +amount of £45,000 yearly. The Board of Guardians sits +in the same room, and raises by poor rates about £30,000 +yearly, making the local taxation amount to £75,000 per +annum. The City Police and Fire Brigade, under direction of +Mr. R. Hitchman, the chief constable, occupy the basement of the +Guildhall. The force, comprising nearly a hundred men, is +considered to be very efficient.</p> +<p>This year an extensive scheme was begun for an effective +drainage of the city. We subjoin a brief history of the +proceedings which led to this movement, and take the opportunity +at the same time of giving some details as to the general +operations of the Local Board of Health.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">The New Drainage Scheme</span>.</h4> +<p>So long ago as 1862, complaints were made of the impurity of +the river in consequence of all the sewage of the city and of all +the water closets being poured into the stream. In 1863, +many inhabitants of Thorpe became urgent in their demands that +some immediate <a name="page447"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +447</span>steps should be taken to divert the sewage from the +river, but this was more easily asked than done. The Board +of Health, however, requested their then surveyor (Mr. Barry) to +report on the subject; and subsequently Mr. Bazalgette visited +Norwich and surveyed the stream.</p> +<p>In the autumn of 1865 Mr. Bazalgette’s report was +received. It recommended a plan of conveying the sewage +through main drains to Crown Point to irrigate the land +there. The board discussed the report and appointed a +sewerage committee, who entered into negotiations with R. J. H. +Harvey, Esq., M.P., for irrigating part of his estate at Crown +Point. Mr. Harvey was to pay the cost of preparing the land +for irrigation, and the annual cost of pumping; but after a +preliminary notice had been given of the intention of the board +to apply for an act of parliament, the board determined not to +proceed at that time with the application for the act.</p> +<p>The board subsequently entered into contract with Mr. Hope, of +London, to sell him the sewage for thirty years; and the +necessary works were ordered to be commenced on March 20th, +1866. The board, however, being pressed by a strong +opposition to the scheme, in a few days afterwards rescinded the +contract. In consequence of this, proceedings in chancery +were commenced, and an injunction was ultimately obtained.</p> +<p>On May 31st, 1866, the board resolved, “That it is +absolutely needful at once to take measures to divert the sewage +from the river.” Negotiations were <a +name="page448"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 448</span>entered +into for the hire of part of the Crown Point estate, the +agreement for which was confirmed by the board on July 10th, +1866. By this agreement the board took on lease 1290 acres +of land at Crown Point, at £3 5s. per acre, for thirty +years—the whole sewage of the city to be conveyed to Trowse +and pumped over the land. Many objections were made to this +measure, that the rent was too high, and that the experiment +would prove a failure. Pursuant, however, to a resolution +of the board, passed on October 9th, in the same year, the +committee took the necessary steps to obtain an act of +parliament, and did obtain it in June, 1867.</p> +<p>After the act was obtained, Mr. Morant, the city engineer, by +direction of the committee, proceeded with the preparation of the +necessary drawings and specifications for the drainage works, and +by order of the board the following contracts were entered into, +namely:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">£</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1.</p> +</td> +<td><p>For the steam engines (with Mr. John Clayton of +Preston)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6435</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>2.</p> +</td> +<td><p>For iron pipes (the Staveley Coal and Iron Company)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3500</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>3.</p> +</td> +<td><p>For laying such pipes (Mr. John Downing of Norwich)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">549</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>4.</p> +</td> +<td><p>For the erection of engine houses (Mr. Daniel Balls of +Norwich)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6988</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>5.</p> +</td> +<td><p>For the construction of the main intercepting sewers (Mr. +Thomas Wainwright of London)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">28,830</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>6.</p> +</td> +<td><p>The ground for the pumping works was purchased for</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">£48,302</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><a name="page449"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 449</span>Other +sums are required for constructing drains, sewers, penstock +chamber, and other subsidiary works, and the entire scheme is +proposed to be carried out under the sanction of the act of +Parliament, at the estimated cost of £60,000.</p> +<p>A very powerful opposition was raised against the +scheme. A memorial, very numerously signed, was presented +to the board of health against it. Public meetings were +held at which the whole thing was condemned as unnecessary, +expensive, and likely to be a failure. Eventually, after +much discussion, with a large minority against it, and in +opposition to the opinions of the citizens expressed in common +hall, the board resolved to carry out the scheme, and the works +are now in progress. The general plan is to construct two +main drains, one on each side of the river Wensum, to intercept +the sewage and to carry it to Trowse, where a pumping station has +been erected, and engines will be set to work to pump all the +sewage over the land hired at Crown Point estate.</p> +<p>The drainage expenditure, though so enormous, has been only a +part of the expenditure of the board, upon which the duty falls +of repairing all the streets and roads, lighting, watering, +&c. In the first half year of 1867, the estimated +expenditure was as follows:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">£</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><i>s.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><i>d.</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Repairs to streets and roads</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2008</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Lighting the same</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1776</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">11</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Salaries</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">442</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sundries</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">475</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Interest on loans</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1336</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">16</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Interest on bonds</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">372</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">£6411</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><a name="page450"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 450</span>Twice +that sum would be £12,822 3s. 4d. for the year, quite +irrespective of the drainage works.</p> +<p>The annual abstract of the accounts of the board issued in +1867, shows the receipts and payments from September 1st, 1866, +to September 1st, 1867. The receipts amounted to +£15,873 3s. 6d., the payments to £15,323 18s. 2d., +which sum included £1204 16s. 7d. sewage expenses, (chiefly +law charges). Of course the receipts were derived almost +entirely from the half-yearly rates. The expenditure +included £3314 9s. 8d. for interest, the rest being for +repairs to streets and roads, paving, lighting, sewerage works, +salaries, &c.</p> +<p>Mr. Morant, the present able engineer to the Board of Health, +made his first annual report in May, 1867, and showed the +expenditure in his department for the year preceding April 5th, +1867, to be as follows:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">£</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><i>s.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><i>d.</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Repairs to roads</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2192</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">11</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Paving</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">870</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sewers</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">576</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Urinals</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">86</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">13</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">£3725</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The engineer’s next report was for the year ending April +5th, 1868, and was divided into three heads. Repairs to +roads; repairs to paving; and repairs to sewers. First with +respect to roads. The cost of the macadamised roads had +been £2329 12s. 7d., being an <a name="page451"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 451</span>increase of £137 7s. 8d. +Some new roads had been taken by the board, and were repaired and +cleansed, and all the roads were stated to be in good +order. Second, with respect to paving. The +expenditure had been £1088 8s. 10d., being an increase of +£218 13s., but a part of the Market Place had been newly +paved with granite at a cost of £216. Third, with +respect to the sewers. The cost of repairs, &c., had +been £546 5s. 5d., being a decrease of £29 16s. +9d.</p> +<p>Since 1850 the annals of the city consist chiefly of +proceedings of the corporation as a council or Board of +Health. Meetings have been held almost every fortnight for +the transaction of public business, which has been largely +increased. The proceedings of one single year, even if +summarised, would fill a volume. The corporation has levied +rates to the amount of £45,000 yearly! and the expenditure +has been of equal amount. This has been caused by many +public improvements, by widening old streets and opening new +ones, and by the extension of the area of the Cattle Market.</p> +<p>Mr. Morant gives the following account of the drainage +works:</p> +<blockquote><p>“The drainage of the city of Norwich flows +into the river at numerous places, as is commonly the case; it is +the object of the new works now in progress to intercept all the +old sewers, to prevent the sewage flowing into the river, and to +convey it to one point. For this purpose several deep +sewers are being constructed, varying in size from 18 inches in +diameter to 6 feet high by 4 feet wide, of oval shape.</p> +<p>“The point selected for the pumping station is between +<a name="page452"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 452</span>the +railway at Trowse Station and the river Yare; and a large piece +of garden ground has been purchased, and engine and boilerhouses, +workshops, &c., have been erected. Adjoining the +engine-well are the grating tank and penstock chamber, and with +these the principal main sewer communicates. This sewer, +which is 6 ft by 4 ft., is intended to be carried under the +bottom of Bracondale, Carrow Hill, and along King Street to near +Messrs. Morgan’s brewery, where it will receive the +high-level sewer. This sewer will be from 30 ft. to 80 ft. +below the surface of the ground. From this point it will be +5 ft. 3 in. by 3 ft. 6 in., and will be continued along King +Street to the top of Rose Lane; here one branch will turn off to +the right under Rose Lane, beneath the bottom of the river near +Foundry Bridge, under the towing path, to beyond Bishopgate +Bridge, where it will unite with the present outfall sewer, and +receive the whole of the drainage of the northern portion of the +city. From Rose Lane the main will continue to Tombland, +where a branch will extend to Bishopgate Bridge, with subsidiary +branches to Quay Side, &c.; it will then turn to the left +under Prince’s Street, St. Andrews Broad Street, Charing +Cross, and Lower Westwick Street, and will unite with the present +sewer emptying itself at the New Mills.</p> +<p>“From the end of the principal main near Messrs. +Morgan’s in King Street the high-level sewer will commence +with a flight of granite steps, about 30 feet in height, and +continue 4 ft. 6 in. by 3 ft., gradually reducing, and carried +under King Street to Rose Lane, across the Bull Ring, where it +will be about 44 feet below the surface, under Opie Street, +Bedford Street, Pottergate Street, West Pottergate Street, Mill +Hill, Rose Valley, Mount Pleasant, Town Close Road to Ipswich +Road, and will provide for the sewage of a very large district +hitherto entirely undrained.</p> +<p><a name="page453"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +453</span>“Self-acting Storm Overflows are provided at +several convenient points, and also numerous shafts for access +to, and ventilation of, the sewers. At the pumping station +at Trowse the sewage, after passing through gratings to prevent +sticks and other substances from choking the pump valves, will +pass into the engine-well, from whence it will be pumped through +cast-iron pipes 20 inches in diameter, laid under the Kirby Road +to near the cross road leading to the Bungay Road, and then be +led in a main conduit across the centre of the land hired by the +Board, and by means of small feeders to every part of the +farm.</p> +<p>“The steam engines will be three in number, and of the +kind known as condensing rotative beam engines, with steam +cylinders of 35 in. diameter and 6 ft. stroke. Each engine +will be provided with a high lift pump connected with the pumping +main, and also with a low lift pump; the object of the low lift +pumps is to enable the rain water to be pumped into the overflow +sewer in time of heavy storms, when the sewage is so greatly +diluted as to be little more than soiled water; the first +scouring of the sewers will be pumped by the high lift pumps on +to the land.</p> +<p>“Four boilers, each 27 ft. 6 in. long and 7 ft. +diameter, with two flues, are provided to produce the steam +necessary for working the engines, and the chimney shaft to +remove the smoke is 140 feet in height.</p> +<p>“The foundation of the engine had to be carried down 29 +feet below the surface, and much difficulty was found in getting +in the walls on account of the force of the springs, the bottom +being 22 feet below the water level in the adjoining river, and +from the same cause considerable difficulty is met with in +driving the tunnels for the sewers. In Trowse for example, +the soil proved to be running sand and mud, which was very +troublesome to overcome; the same soil <a +name="page454"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 454</span>exists +under Rose Lane, Foundry Bridge, and Bishopgate Street, but +nearly everywhere else the tunnels will be in the chalk.</p> +<p>“Irrigation by sewage is no doubt quite in its infancy, +but from the very satisfactory results arrived at at Barking, +Croydon, Norwood, Edinburgh, Banbury, Rugby, and other places, +there is good reason to hope that eventually the Board’s +Sewage Farm at Crown Point will prove a success.”</p> +</blockquote> +<h3><a name="page455"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +455</span>CHAPTER XXII.<br /> +Norwich Musical Festivals.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">Since</span> the year 1824, musical +festivals have been held in this city triennially, for the +benefit, originally, of the hospitals, and lately of various +other charities also, and for the promotion of musical +science. These celebrations have been so successful on the +whole that the total surplus receipts over the expenditure have +amounted to more than £10,000. Works of the greatest +composers have been well performed by the most eminent +instrumentalists and vocalists of the day, and thereby a taste +for music has been diffused throughout the city and county.</p> +<p>The patrons of the festivals have included the Queen, the late +Prince Consort, the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Duchess of +Kent, the Duchess of Cambridge, the Duke of Cambridge, the +Princess Mary of Cambridge, the Duke of Wellington, the Marquis +of Lothian, the Earl of Roseberry, the Earl of Gosford, the Earl +of Orford, Lord W. Powlett, Lord Stanley, Lord Walsingham, Lord +Wodehouse, and many others of the nobility. The committee +of <a name="page456"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +456</span>management have included the Lord Lieutenant of the +county, the Earl of Albemarle, Lord Ranelagh, Lord Sondes, Lord +Hastings, Lord Stafford, Lord Suffield, Lord Bayning, Hon. W. C. +W. Coke, Hon. H. Walpole, Hon. W. Jerningham, Sir J. P. Boileau, +Bart., Sir W. Foster, Bart., Sir S. Bignold, and others.</p> +<p>The first musical performance for charitable purposes is said +to have been on the anniversary of the Sons of the Clergy, in +1709; some fifteen years after which period, the meeting of the +three choirs of Gloucester, Hereford, and Worcester, was +instituted, those cathedral cities sending their choristers to +each place in alternate years. These early music meetings, +however, were held in the evening, and seem to have been limited +to the performance of Anthems and the Te Deum. The first +occasion of an Oratorio having been performed in the morning +appears to have been at Hereford in 1759, when the Messiah was +given.</p> +<p>The Birmingham Triennial Festival was instituted about the +year 1778, and that of Norwich, as now held in St. Andrew’s +Hall, in 1824, previously to which the Norwich festival consisted +of the yearly performance of an Oratorio in the cathedral for the +benefit of the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital. The +performances of later years have been on a much grander +scale. The festivals at Birmingham and Norwich now stand +pre-eminent among provincial musical meetings, both for the +excellence of the performances, and for the special interest +given to the programmes by the first production of new or +little-known works. Among other claims to honourable <a +name="page457"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 457</span>distinction +in this respect, it is the chief and will be the lasting honour +to Norwich that Dr. Spohr’s sacred Oratorios were first +performed here, his earliest production being conducted by +himself in person before a large audience.</p> +<p>The selection of works and music to be performed has always +occupied a great deal of the time and attention of the +committees, who have made it an object to bring out some new work +at every festival. Most of Handel’s best Oratorios +have also been performed, including, of course, the +“Messiah,” which is never omitted from the +programme. Haydn’s “Creation” and +“Seasons” have also been frequently given, while Dr. +Spohr’s “Calvary,” “Fall of +Babylon,” and “The Last Judgment.” Dr. +Bexfield’s “Israel Restored,” Pierson’s +“Jerusalem,” and Molique’s +“Abraham” were first performed in this city. +The programmes have also included Sterndale Bennett’s +“May Queen,” which won all hearts; Benedict’s +brilliant “Undine,” and many other approved +compositions.</p> +<p>The committees, acting on the principle of securing the +highest talent, have generally engaged the best vocal performers +whose services were available. In proof of this we need +only mention the names of the following female +vocalists:—Madame Viardot Garcia, Madame Caradori Allan, +Madame Clara Novello, Madame Sainton-Dolby, Madame Alboni, Madame +Malibran, Madlle. Tietjens, Madame Patti, Madame +Lemmens-Sherrington, Madame Rudersdorf, Miss Louisa Pyne, Madame +Grisi; and among the male <a name="page458"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 458</span>vocal performers may be mentioned +Signor Lablache, Herr Formes, Mr. Weiss, Signor Rubini, Signor +Belletti, Signor Morini, Mr. Santley, Mr. Sims Reeves, Mr. +Cummings, Signor Gassier, Signor Giuglini, Signor Mario, Mr. +Phillips, Mr. Lockey, &c. &c.</p> +<p>The Norwich Choral Society, comprising 300 members having good +voices, altos, tenors, and basses, has contributed greatly to the +success of the festivals by the excellence of the choral +performances, especially in grand Oratorios. The Choral +Society was established in 1824, and had its origin in the +establishment of the musical festivals, Professor Taylor being +its chief promoter. In 1825 the Professor removed to +London, and the direction of the society was confided to the Rev. +R. F. Elwin. The management of affairs was entrusted to a +committee of twelve, who were annually elected by ballot at a +general meeting. The practice was held in the Old Library +Room or in St. Andrew’s Hall. The society has +undergone many changes, but has always maintained its high +reputation for choral performances. A memoir of the late +Professor Taylor, which appeared in the <i>Norfolk News</i>, +contained some information as to the part he took in promoting +the festivals. We give the following extracts:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“We learn from the <i>Quarterly Musical +Review</i>, which was edited by the late Mr. R. M. Bacon, that at +the Festival of 1824, ‘Mr. Bacon, Mr. Taylor (late +Professor Taylor), and Mr. Athow, were nominated as a committee +for the entire conduct of the musical department.’ +Vol. VI. p. 434. The same authority says a little further +on, ‘Mr. Taylor undertook <a name="page459"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 459</span>the formation of a Choral Society, +which he accomplished with a degree of knowledge, skill, and +perseverance, that cannot be too highly praised.’ +Again ‘The musical committee then decided on the following +vocalists and instrumentalists, &c.’ From all +which it seems that the triumvirate managed the musical +department.</p> +<p>“Mr. Fitch once wrote to Mr. E. Taylor requesting him to +state what share he had in the management of the first +festival. The following was Mr. Taylor’s reply, dated +March 25th, 1847. ‘When the Norwich Festival was +resolved on in 1823, I made the entire selection (morning and +evening). I engaged every performer; I selected the entire +band, and I formed and trained the Choral Society. I have +done the same for every subsequent festival (until the last, +1845,) with the exception of having nothing to do with the Choral +Society, or any of the country performers. Every Oratorio +brought out (and a new one was always brought out) was translated +and prepared for performance by me.’ These were the +following performed for the first time here. ‘The +Last Judgment,’ Spohr; ‘The Crucifixion,’ +Spohr; ‘The Fall of Babylon,’ Spohr; ‘The +Deluge,’ Schneider; ‘Redemption,’ Mozart; +‘The Death of Christ,’ Graun; ‘The +Christian’s Prayer,’ Spohr.</p> +<p>“It will be seen by the above how little Mr. E. Taylor +left for anybody else to do. Mr. Taylor’s two +associates, like the wings on a stage sylph, were more for +ornament than use. His statement is confirmed by the +<i>Musical Review</i>, which says, ‘The Hospital Board +presented to Mr. Taylor a piece of plate, of fifty guineas value, +for his services in raising and instructing the Choral Society, +and for his general assistance.’”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The memoir before mentioned further states:—</p> +<blockquote><p><a name="page460"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +460</span>“At the Norwich Festival of 1830, Mr. Taylor +introduced Spohr’s Oratorio of ‘The Last +Judgment’ for the first time into this country, the words +being translated and adapted to the music by Mr. Taylor +himself. This was followed at subsequent festivals by other +oratorios of the same composer, which for originality, richness, +and beauty, are unrivalled in their way. After the +performance of ‘The Last Judgment,’ Mr. Taylor became +personally acquainted with Spohr, and one day, getting an +invitation from Mendelssohn to visit him and his family at +Dusseldorf on the Rhine, where Spohr then was, the invitation was +accepted, and thus Mr. Taylor first became known to the +illustrious composer, with whom he formed a friendship which +lasted as long as they both lived.</p> +<p>“At the Norwich Festival of 1836, the expenses exceeded +the receipts by £231 5s. 10d. We give an extract from +a letter, written in the following year by Mr. Taylor to Mr. +Henry Browne, which will be read with pain, because it shows that +Mr. Taylor received far other treatment than he deserved at the +hands of the committee of management. Mr. Taylor said, +‘I hear of the discord engendered by the winding up of the +Festival with much concern, and which seems to threaten the +existence of future ones. How it happened that the last +terminated so unprofitably has always been a mystery to me. +I think it ought not.’”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>And Mr. Taylor goes on to state the amount of work which he +himself did for nothing.</p> +<p>All the festivals had been hitherto successful. The +first, in 1824, produced a surplus of £2399 to the Norfolk +and Norwich Hospital. The second, in 1827, afforded that +institution £1672; the third, in 1830, yielded £535 +to the hospital; the fourth, in 1833, was <a +name="page461"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 461</span>also +successful; but in 1836 the expenses of the Festival, as has been +shown, exceeded the receipts by £231, and a general board +of the hospital resolved that no part of the funds belonging to +the institution should be used for any purpose connected with the +Festival.</p> +<p>At the Sixth Musical Festival, held on the 17th, 18th, 19th, +and 20th September, 1839, Dr. Spohr conducted his own new +Oratorio of “Calvary,” before a very large audience, +in St. Andrew’s Hall. The performance was very grand, +and produced a thrilling effect on the audience. The +selection of such a subject as the Crucifixion for an Oratorio +drew forth a good deal of criticism, but there could be no doubt +of the musical merits of the composition.</p> +<p>After the performance of “The Crucifixion,” Spohr +and Mr. Taylor were travelling outside the coach to London, when +the former expressed a wish to write another oratorio for +Norwich, but said that he was at a loss for a subject. Mr. +Taylor then suggested The Fall of Babylon. This led to a +chat about the effects which might be introduced in the way of +contrast, &c., and ultimately Spohr promised to write the +oratorio if Taylor on his part would write the words. The +bargain was struck, and the result was a work which will live to +the end of time.</p> +<p>The Festival of 1842 was by far the most brilliant that had +been held. Of course Dr. Spohr’s “Fall of +Babylon” was the chief attraction. It was performed +in the presence of the largest and most fashionable audience ever +seen in St. Andrew’s Hall. Numbers <a +name="page462"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 462</span>of the +gentry could not obtain admission. People stood under the +long galleries, and along the passages, and in every corner of +the building. The performance was a splendid success, and +greatly added to the fame of the composer. Professor Taylor +translated the Libretto, and was the conductor of the +Oratorio. On the following day he conducted the performance +of Handel’s Oratorio of “Samson,” to which he +added selections from Handel’s works. This caused a +good deal of adverse criticism, but it was not without +precedent. On Friday morning the Professor conducted a +performance of Handel’s “Messiah.”</p> +<p>The Festival of 1845 commenced on Tuesday evening, September +16th, and continued on the 17th, 18th, and 19th. The +programme included miscellaneous concerts on Tuesday, Wednesday, +and Thursday evenings; a selection of sacred music, and +Haydn’s Oratorio “The Seasons,” on Wednesday +morning; another selection of sacred music, and Spohr’s +Oratorio “Calvary,” on Thursday morning; and +Handel’s sacred Oratorio “Messiah,” with +additional accompaniments by Mozart, on Friday morning. All +the concerts were well attended. The principal vocalists +were Madame Grisi, Miss Dolby, Madame Caradori Allan, Miss Poole, +Signor Mario, Signor F. Lablache, Mr. Hobbs, Mr. Machin, Mr. +Hawkins, Mr. Bradbury, and Herr Staudigl. Mr. Benedict was +conductor; Mr. J. Hill, chorus master; Mr. F. Cooke, leader of +the band; Mr. Turle, organist. The chorus comprised the +usual number of voices. The band included the best +instrumentalists in England, and the festival was very +successful.</p> +<p><a name="page463"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 463</span>The +Festival of 1848 commenced on Tuesday, September 12th, with a +miscellaneous concert, followed by similar concerts on Wednesday +and Thursday evenings. On Wednesday morning the programme +comprised a sacred Cantata, by L. Spohr, “The +Christian’s Prayer,” and Haydn’s Oratorio +“Creation.” On Thursday morning +Mendelssohn’s Oratorio of “Elijah” was +performed. On Friday morning “David Penitent,” +a sacred Cantata by Mozart, was given, followed by Handel’s +“Israel in Egypt,” one of the best of his numerous +productions. The principal vocalists were Madame Castellan, +Madame Alboni, Madame Viardot Garcia, Miss A. Williams, Miss M. +Williams; Signor Lablache, basso; Mr. Sims Reeves, tenor; Mr. H. +Phillips, basso; Mr. Whitworth, tenor; Mr. Lockey, tenor. +Mr. Benedict was conductor; Mr. H. Blagrove, leader of the band; +Mr. Harcourt, organist. Professor Taylor translated +“The Christian’s Prayer” for this +occasion. Mr. J. F. Hill was chorus master.</p> +<p>In September, 1852, the Festival again comprised grand +miscellaneous concerts on the Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday +evenings, which concerts were well attended. On the first +evening, Mrs. Fanny Kemble read the “Midsummer’s +Night’s Dream,” but the reading was a failure, as she +could only be heard a short distance from the orchestra. On +the Wednesday morning a new Oratorio, “Israel +Restored,” by Dr. Bexfield, was performed for the first +time at a festival. On Thursday morning Mr. H. H. +Pierson’s Oratorio, “Jerusalem,” was performed +for the first time, and <a name="page464"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 464</span>occupied nearly four hours. On +Friday morning the “Messiah” was performed as +usual. The principal vocalists were Miss Louisa Pyne, Miss +Alleyne, Miss Dolby, Madame Viardot Garcia, Madame Fiorentini, +Signor Gardoni, Signor Belletti, Mr. Weiss, Mr. Lockey, Herr +Formes, Mr. Sims Reeves. Mr. Benedict was conductor; Mr. H. +Blagrove, leader of the band in the morning performances, and +Mons. Sainton in the evening performances; Mr. J. F. Hill, chorus +master. At the close of the performance on the Wednesday +morning (September 22nd), a short selection from Handel’s +Oratorio of “Samson” was given as a tribute of +respect to the memory of the late Duke of Wellington. +Madame V. Garcia sung the solo—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Ye sons of Israel, now lament,<br /> +Your spear is broke, your bow unbent,<br /> + Your glory’s fled.<br /> + Among the dead,<br /> +Our hero lies,<br /> +For ever closed his eyes.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The “Dead March” was played and the chorus +sung—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Glorious hero, may thy grave<br /> +Peace and honour ever have;<br /> +After all thy pains and woes,<br /> +Rest eternal, sweet repose.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The Festival in September, 1854, again comprised miscellaneous +concerts in the evenings, and Oratorios in the mornings. On +Tuesday morning, September 12th, the programme included +Rossini’s “Stabat Mater,” Meyerbeer’s +“91st Psalm,” and a selection of sacred music. +On Wednesday morning Beethoven’s <a +name="page465"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 465</span>Service in +C, and Haydn’s “Creation” were brilliantly +performed. On Thursday morning Mendelssohn’s +“Elijah” attracted a very large audience. On +Friday morning the “Messiah” was given, with the +additional accompaniments by Mozart. The principal +vocalists were Madame Clara Novello, Madame Angelina Bosio, +Madame Castellan, Madame Weiss, Miss Dolby, Mr. Sims Reeves, +Signor Gardoni, Herr Reichardt, Signor Lablache, Signor Belletti, +and Mr. Weiss. Mr. Benedict was conductor; Mons. Sainton +and Mr. H. Blagrove, instrumental solo performers; Herr Hausman, +violoncello; Mr. J. F. Hill, chorus master. On Tuesday +evening the concert included a descriptive and characteristic +Cantata, called “Tam o’ Shanter,” the words by +Burns and the music by Macfarren. It consisted of a solo +and chorus, which were sung with great applause. Indeed, +nothing so comic and lively had ever been heard before at any +festival.</p> +<p>Notwithstanding all the attractions of this festival it proved +a failure in a financial point of view, and it was feared that +these triennial musical meetings would no longer answer, but +their promoters determined not to give them up. A committee +was appointed; efforts were made to secure by all proper means +success in future; and several of the county nobility joined as +members of the committee. That this determination was made +on good grounds, was fully proved by the success of the three +subsequent festivals of 1857, 1860, and 1863, the surplus from +which was, in round numbers, severally, £425, £916, +and £1221. From these sums no less than £2000 +were distributed amongst the charities.</p> +<p><a name="page466"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 466</span>The +Festival of 1857 commenced on Tuesday evening, September 15th, +with a miscellaneous concert, and similar concerts were given on +Wednesday and Thursday evenings. On Wednesday morning the +programme comprised a sacred Cantata by Louis Spohr, “God +Thou art Great,” a Hymn of Praise (Lobgesang) by +Mendelssohn, and the “Requiem” of Mozart, his latest +work. On Thursday morning Beethoven’s Sacred Cantata, +“The Mount of Olives,” and Haydn’s Oratorio, +“The Seasons” were performed. The +“Messiah” was given on Friday morning, and concluded +the festival. The principal vocalists were Madame Clara +Novello, Madlle. Leonhardi, Madame Weiss, Mrs. Lockey, Madlle. +Piccolomini, Signor Gardoni, Signor Giuglini, Signor Belletti, +Mr. Lockey, Mr. Miranda, and Mr. Weiss. Mr. Benedict was +conductor; Mons. Sainton, H. Blagrove, and Herr Hausman, were +instrumental solo performers; Mr. J. F. Hill was chorus +master.</p> +<p>The Festival of 1860 was under very distinguished patronage +and eminently successful. The programme included +Haydn’s “Creation,” Handel’s +“Messiah,” Dr. Spohr’s “Last +Judgment,” Herr Molique’s “Abraham,” and +Handel’s “Dettingen Te Deum,” all sacred music +of the highest class, assigned to the morning performances. +The evening concerts comprised Glück’s +“Armida,” Professor Sterndale Bennett’s +Pastoral, “The May Queen,” Benedict’s Cantata, +“Undine,” besides selections from the most popular +operas, part songs, madrigals, symphonies, and overtures, all of +which were admirably rendered and highly applauded.</p> +<p><a name="page467"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 467</span>The +choice of so large a work as Hadyn’s +“Creation,” one of the finest of his productions, on +the first evening, was considered desirable, as it gave full +employment at once for the principal vocalists, the chorus, and +the band. As many persons could not attend in the morning, +an oratorio in the evening gave them an opportunity of hearing a +great work well performed, and the lovers of sacred music readily +seized the opportunity presented to them of attending the +performance, which was never more perfect. No band could +have possibly played it more exquisitely, no chorus could have +sung it more honestly or earnestly, and the solos were beyond all +praise.</p> +<p>Wednesday morning was assigned to performances of a sacred and +very solemn character; Handel’s “Dettingen Te +Deum,” and Spohr’s “Last Judgment.” +Handel composed five Te Deums, but the finest is that written in +1743, in celebration of the victory at Dettingen, then thought a +great event. The victory was rather unexpected, and as +George II. commanded in person, the rejoicings in England were +very general. Horace Walpole wrote, “We are all mad; +drums, trumpets, bumpers, bonfires! The mob are wild, and +cry ‘Long live King George and the Duke of +Cumberland!’” After the “Te Deum,” +there was a short interval preceding the performance of Dr. +Spohr’s great work “Die Letzten Dinge” (The +Last Things), the earliest of the composer’s three +oratorios. In 1825 it was brought over from Germany by +Professor Taylor, and it was first performed before an English +audience at the Norwich Festival on September 24th, <a +name="page468"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 468</span>1830, under +the title of “The Last Judgment,” which does not +convey a very correct idea of the work. It was received +with the greatest possible favour, like all other works of the +same master, in this city. The grand theme is set forth in +a series of paraphrases of scripture texts referring to the final +consummation of all things.</p> +<p>The novelties at this festival were Professor Sterndale +Bennett’s Pastoral “The May Queen,” and +Benedict’s brilliant Cantata, “Undine,” both of +which were performed with great success. The Pastoral was +produced with complete success at the Leeds Musical Festival, in +September, 1858. Mr. Chorley composed the poem, and he +deserves some credit for the verses, as well as for the dramatic +character of the piece. The overture is a beautiful +composition, and the whole work displays a marvellous combination +of simplicity and ingenuity. Herr Molique’s new +Oratorio, “Abraham,” was performed here for the first +time, and conducted by the composer, who at the close was greatly +applauded. The words are taken from the Old Testament, and +the characters personated are Abraham, Sarah, Hagar, Isaac, +Angel, and Messenger, who in turn depict the different scenes in +the life of the patriarch. He is exhibited as a saint, as a +warrior, and as a great sufferer. Full scope is given for +the display of human passion in almost every phase, from +triumphant joy to a sorrow that borders on despair. The +incidents are picturesque, striking, and varied, calling all the +powers of the orchestra into play. The principal vocalists +were Madame Clara Novello, (her <a name="page469"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 469</span>last appearance in Norwich,) Madame +Weiss, Miss Palmer, Madame Borghi Mamo, Madlle. Tietjens, Signor +Giuglini, Signor Belletti, Mr. Sims Reeves, Mr. Wilbye Cooper, +Mr. Santley, Mr. Weiss. Instrumental solo performers, Miss +Arabella Goddard, piano; Mr. Sainton, Mr. H. Blagrove, Signor +Piatti, violoncello; Mr. Benedict, conductor; Mr. J. F. Hill, +chorus master.</p> +<p>The Festival of 1863 commenced on Monday evening, September +14th, with a performance of Handel’s grand Oratorio, +“Judas Maccabæus,” which was eminently +successful. The large audience seemed to be carried away by +the martial music. On the Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday +evenings, miscellaneous concerts were given. On Wednesday +morning Mr. Silas conducted a performance of his own sacred +drama, “Joash,” with success. This was followed +by a “Scene at the Gates of Nain,” from the Oratorio +“Immanuel,” by Henry Leslie; also selections from the +Stabat Maters of Haydn, Pergolesi, and Rossini, and a selection +of sacred music. “Elijah” was performed on +Thursday morning, and the “Messiah” on Friday +morning. Another novelty at this festival was a Cantata, +entitled “Richard Cœur De Leon,” composed +expressly for the occasion, and performed on Thursday evening +with immense applause. This Cantata embodied the romantic +story of the warrior king in captivity, being discovered by the +minstrel Blondel, who at last caused the liberation of the +monarch. The principal vocalists were Madlle. Tietjens, +Madame Lemmens Sherrington, Madame Weiss, Miss <a +name="page470"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 470</span>Wilkinson, +Miss Palmer, Madlle. Trebelli, (her first appearance in Norwich,) +Mr. Sims Reeves, Mr. Montem Smith, Mr. Santley, Mr. Weiss, Signor +Bettini, (his first appearance here,) Signor Bossi, (his first +appearance here). Mr. Benedict was conductor. +Instrumental soloists, M. Paque, violoncello; Mr. H. Blagrove and +Mr. Sainton, violins. Mr. J. F. Hill, chorus master.</p> +<p>The Festival of 1866 was deferred till November, very +unwisely, in anticipation of a visit of the Prince and Princess +of Wales on the occasion. This caused a larger attendance +on the day their Royal Highnesses were expected, and a smaller on +all the other days. The arrangements for the visit were +also injudicious, to say the least. Their Royal Highnesses +should at once have proceeded to the Wednesday morning’s +performance, but they were detained at the Guildhall to hear an +address from the corporation, and then they were allowed to go to +St. Andrew’s Hall in the middle of a performance, which was +greatly interrupted. Their Royal Highnesses, therefore, +could not possibly have appreciated Costa’s Oratorio from +hearing only half of it. The festivals have been always +patronized by royalty, and by the nobility, gentry, and clergy, +and have never failed to attract the county families; but this +year (1866) was the first in which members of the royal family +were actually present.</p> +<p>The general programme for 1866 when issued, presented some +points of peculiar attraction, including “Israel in +Egypt,” by Handel, on Monday evening; an Anthem by Dr. +Spohr, and the Oratorio of <a name="page471"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 471</span>“Naaman,” by Costa, on +Wednesday morning; “St. Cecilia,” a new Cantata by +Benedict, selections from the Passion Music of Handel, and first +and second parts of the “Creation,” by Haydn, on +Thursday morning; and the “Messiah” on Friday +morning. Most lovers of sacred music would have preferred +Haydn’s entire Oratorio to the sombre Passion Music. +The committee, acting on the principle of securing the highest +talent, made engagements with Madlle. Tietjens, Madame +Rudersdorff, Miss Edith Wynne, Madame De Meric Lablache, Madlle. +Anna Drasdil, three of them appearing for the first time in this +city; also with Mr. Sims Reeves, Mr. Cummings, Signor Morini, Mr. +Santley, Mr. Weiss, and Signor Gassier, all well-known +vocalists. The instrumentalists were all first-class +performers. The choral body was much improved and +strengthened, and included 62 of the best trebles ever selected, +24 contraltos, 35 altos, 59 tenors, and 67 basses.</p> +<p>Handel’s Oratorio, “Israel in Egypt,” was +splendidly performed on the Monday evening; the solos were in the +hands of first-class vocalists, but the absence of Mr. Sims +Reeves was a disappointment. Mr. George Macfarren had +improved the instrumentation by the addition of parts to the +original score. He had no occasion to apologize for doing +for “Israel,” what many musicians have done for other +productions. It is not presumptuous to have recourse to the +resources of more modern instrumentation, so long as the +character of the work is not altered.</p> +<p>On Wednesday morning, as we have said, the <a +name="page472"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 472</span>Prince and +Princess of Wales were present. The performances commenced +with Dr. Spohr’s Anthem “O blessed, for ever blessed, +are they,” the first time of performance, and it was +admirably rendered. Mr. Costa then conducted a splendid +performance of his own Oratorio of “Naaman,” founded +on a part of Old Testament history, relating to the restoration +from death of the son of the Shunamite by the prophet Elisha; a +subject not very well adapted for musical purposes. All +Oratorios are cast more or less in the Handelian mould, but Mr. +Costa has introduced more of the secular clement than usual.</p> +<p>On Thursday morning the hall was well filled by a large +audience desirous of hearing a performance of Handel’s +Passion Music, and Mr. Benedict’s new work, “St. +Cecilia.” As to the former, we may state that there +are two works of Handel entitled “Passion Music,” one +produced, it is believed, in 1704, the other in 1716. Dr. +Chrysander caused the publication of both these works by the +Leipzig Handel Society in 1860 and 1863. It is strange that +these two productions should have slumbered so long unheard and +unknown till the selection was performed in Norwich. +Interesting as the Passion Music might be, the all-important +event of this morning’s concert was, the production of Mr. +Benedict’s new Cantata. “St. Cecilia” has +long been a favourite subject with both poets and +composers. Among the former, Fletcher, Dryden, Pope, +Addison, Congreve, and a host of versifiers, have contributed +Odes in honour of the patroness of music. Many of these +Odes are still in existence, <a name="page473"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 473</span>with their accompanying music, of +various degrees of merit; the principal being those by Purcell +and Handel. These are great names, but the construction of +the older works is entirely different from the Cantata now +performed for the first time with great applause. After a +short interval the concert was continued with the +“Creation,” which could not have been better +performed or with a stronger cast.</p> +<p>Friday morning has been always assigned to the performance of +the “Messiah,” and to hear it every seat in the hall +was this time occupied, and numbers could not obtain +admission. We have heard this sublime Oratorio scores of +times, in London and in many large towns, and here at every +festival since 1840, but we never heard it rendered with greater +effect than the last time (in 1866).</p> +<p>Norwich has in many ways obtained credit and advantage from +the Musical Festivals. Their high character has placed the +city in a very eminent position in the musical world, and many of +the citizens cherish a just pride in endeavouring to qualify +themselves for the maintenance of that degree of excellence which +the festivals enable them to exhibit in the choral performances, +which the best judges have pronounced second to none in the +kingdom. On the whole the festivals have contributed +largely to the funds of important charities, and will no doubt +continue to do so if conducted with judgment and economy. +They have always attracted large numbers of visitors to the old +city, for the same facilities which make it easy for <i>us</i> to +go elsewhere to hear good music, enable <a +name="page474"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 474</span>others to +come hither for the same purpose. Many persons will always +come from distant places to hear a well-trained Norwich +chorus. And besides all this, not the least of the benefits +derived from these triennial meetings, is that they encourage an +interchange of good feeling and hospitality between the city and +county, and afford to those who enjoy music such an amount of +pleasure as must contribute, at least for a time, to cheerfulness +and happiness in their social intercourse with their fellow +creatures.</p> +<h3><a name="page475"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +475</span>CHAPTER XXIII.<br /> +Eminent Citizens of the Nineteenth Century.</h3> +<h4><i>Professor Taylor</i>.</h4> +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Taylor</span> claims the first +place in our notices of the eminent citizens of this period, as a +politician, a musician, and a public man. After his death a +memoir of him appeared in the <i>Norfolk News</i> of March 28th, +and April 4th, 1863, and from it we derive the following +details:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Mr. Edward Taylor was the great grandson of +the celebrated Dr. John Taylor, a man not less beloved for the +kindliness of his disposition, than he was venerated for his vast +learning. Dr. Taylor was born at Lancaster in the year +1694, and came to Norwich (according to Mr. Edward Taylor’s +account) in 1733. Here he remained till 1757, and here it +was that he produced many of his works, amongst others his famous +Hebrew Concordance, which was published in two large volumes, +folio, and was the labour of fourteen years. Many copies of +the frontispiece (a fine portrait engraved by Houbraken) are +still extant in this city. Dr. Taylor must have been fond +of music, and must also have made it a personal study. This +we infer, less from his <a name="page476"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 476</span>having published ‘A Collection +of Tunes in Various Airs’ for the use of his Norwich +congregation, than from his having been able to Prefix thereto +‘Instructions in the Art of Psalmody.’ The airs +themselves have no other accompaniment added than an unfigured +bass, but the collection contains many of the finest melodies +which are now in use. The instructions were intended to +enable a student to sing at sight.</p> +<p>“When Dr. Taylor quitted Norwich, his only surviving +son, Richard, remained, and carried on the business of a +manufacturer in St. George Colegate. Mr. John Taylor, +father of the subject of this memoir, was born the 30th July, +1750. In 1773, he entered into the business of a yarn +maker, in partnership with his brother, in the parish where their +father had lived. If not a musical composer, John had the +reputation of being at least a tolerable poet, and he was +peculiarly happy in writing words for music.</p> +<p>“In April, 1777, Mr. John Taylor married Susannah, the +youngest daughter of Mr. John Cook of Norwich. Mr. Edward +Taylor was born on the 22nd of January, 1784, in the parish of +St. George Colegate.</p> +<p>“In his boyish days, Edward Taylor was made to imbibe +the usual quantity of Greek and Latin, and the cask ever after +retained the flavour of the wine. But music even then was +his chief delight. When arrived at manhood he was tall and +well formed; he had a fair, though by no means a pallid +complexion, a penetrating eye, and a majestic voice, which +sounded in conversation like the roll of a bass drum. In +whatever part of the world he had been met, it would have been +said at a glance, ‘That’s an Englishman.’ +He had that unmistakeable stamp of bluntness and sturdy +independence which seems to be an Englishman’s +birthright. He was proud, not altogether without reason, of +his <a name="page477"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +477</span>ancestors, whose religious and political opinions he +inherited. Hence, he was a Dissenter of the Unitarian +School, and what was then called a Radical Reformer. +Deeming himself to be in the right, he of course considered all +those who differed from him to be in the wrong. But being +himself consistent, he knew how to respect consistency in +others. His hostility was confined to men’s doctrines +and measures; it was never extended to their persons. In a +word, he was generous, manly, and sincere, and he therefore +enjoyed the friendship of good and true men, whatever might be +their party or creed. Mr. Taylor married, in 1808, Deborah, +daughter of Mr. William Newson, of Stump Cross, in this city, a +man of upright and honourable character, and a successful +tradesman.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The memoir contains a sketch of Mr. Taylor’s political +doings, which we shall give in another part of this work, and it +then proceeds:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“On the 19th January, 1824, he had the +honour of dining with the Duke of Sussex, at Kensington +Palace. The next year, 1825, terminated Mr. Taylor’s +residence in his native city, though to the end of his life he +continued to take a warm interest in whatever concerned its +welfare. On the 21st of May, having already made +arrangements for giving up his business in Norwich, he went up to +London to prepare for making it his future abode. On the +5th of August, he served on the Norwich grand jury for the last +time, and the next day took his final departure. On the +15th, he joined his brother Philip and his cousin John Martineau +in their business, as civil engineers, having hired a house for +that purpose in York Place, City Road.</p> +<p>“On the 3rd of January, 1826, the year after Mr. Taylor +finally left the city for London, he came down to a dinner <a +name="page478"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 478</span>which was +given at the Rampant Horse Hotel in his honour. The +original intention had been to place his portrait in St. +Andrew’s Hall, and Sir James Smith had actually written +some lines to be placed under it, beginning—</p> +<p>‘Avaunt, ye base, approach ye wise and good,<br /> +Thus in this hall once Edward Taylor stood.’</p> +<p>But that idea was abandoned, and a presentation of a service +of plate was determined upon by his fellow-citizens. The +proposition originated with the strongest of his political +antagonists in the Corporation. The plate was given at this +dinner at the Rampant Horse, the chairman being Henry Francis, +Esq., against whom Mr. Taylor had entered the lists in the +severest contest ever known in the Mancroft Ward. This +rendered the compliment greater.</p> +<p>“Mr. Edward Taylor’s first music master was the +Rev. Charles Smyth, a man who was equally remarkable for his +eccentricity and musical learning. Mr. Taylor always spoke +with great respect of Mr. Smyth’s musical knowledge. +How long the lessons continued we have no means of ascertaining, +but we afterwards find Taylor gaining instruction with the +Cathedral boys under Dr. Beckwith at the music room in the +Cathedral. He also had lessons in the vestry room of the +Octagon Chapel; and he acquired some skill upon the flute and +oboe from Mr. Fish. But we believe that his musical +education was throughout gratuitously bestowed, out of respect to +himself and his family. Doubtless he was greatly indebted +for his extensive knowledge of the art, as well as of the German +and Italian languages, to his own perseverance in solitary +study.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The author of the memoir, after giving a sketch of the +“Hall Concert”, notices Mr. Taylor’s labours on +behalf <a name="page479"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +479</span>of the Musical Festivals in this city, as already +related in our brief account of those celebrations. Mr. +Taylor was one of their chief promoters, and he worked hard to +make them successful. In reference to Mr. Taylor’s +career in London, the author of the memoir says,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“It has been before stated that on the 15th +August, 1825, Mr. Taylor entered upon a new course of life, in +London, in connection with his brother Philip and Mr. John +Martineau, who were civil engineers. Had the business +proved lucrative, there is no reason to suppose that Mr. Taylor +would have left it. It is certain that when he went to live +in London, nothing was further from his thoughts than that he +would ever embrace music as a profession.</p> +<p>“Mr. Taylor began anew the battle of life by taking +private pupils. From the first moment of his entering the +musical profession, his classical attainments, his skill as a +translator, his superior mental powers, and his extensive musical +research, were honestly and fully recognized. On the 29th +March, 1827, Mr. Taylor made his first appearance before a London +audience as a public singer. His debût was at Covent +Garden, at the Oratorios under the management of Sir H. R. +Bishop. The song he chose was ‘The Battle of +Hohenlinden,’ composed by C. Smith, and the reception he +received from a very crowded audience was exceedingly +favourable.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>After quoting some very eulogistic notices of Mr. +Taylor’s subsequent performances, the writer of the memoir +continues:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“In this year (1828) was published +‘Airs of the Rhine,’ accompaniments by William +Horsley, Mus. Bac., Oxon, the poetry translated by Edward +Taylor. Of Mr. Taylor’s brief <a +name="page480"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 480</span>sketch of +German music prefixed to this collection, the <i>Quarterly +Musical Review</i> (conducted by Mr. R. M. Bacon) says, ‘It +is so agreeably written, and contains so many authentic and +interesting particulars, that we must do him the justice to give +it a place at length. It will speak more for the +publication than anything we can say to interest the +reader.’</p> +<p>“In 1837, Mr. Taylor was elected Gresham Professor of +Music. The place had been for 200 years a mere sinecure, +generally held by persons totally ignorant of music, but he did +much to render it useful to the art. In 1838 he published +his ‘Three Inaugural Lectures,’ which he dedicated to +the Trustees of Gresham College. He was not content with +reading his lectures, however good. He illustrated them by +having some compositions of the master who might be under +discussion, well sung in parts by a competent choir. +Amateurs of distinction and professional men lent their aid, and +this attracted large audiences to the theatre.</p> +<p>“In 1843, Professor Taylor, who had been musical critic +for the <i>Spectator</i> for fourteen years, retired from that +department, and he received a very complimentary letter from Mr. +Rintoul the editor, who said, ‘I can bear my willing +testimony to the high aims, the great ability, the persevering +zeal, and undeviating punctuality with which you have upheld the +cause of good music in my journal for the long period of fourteen +years. I believe that a selection from your writings in the +<i>Spectator</i> would comprise a body of the soundest and best +musical criticism in the language; and when you retire, I know +not that any second man in England is qualified to sustain the +elevated standard that you have raised, &c.’ High +praise indeed, but well deserved.</p> +<p>“In the year 1845, Professor Taylor published, in the +<i>British and Foreign Review</i>, an article headed ‘The +English <a name="page481"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +481</span>Cathedral Service; its Glory, its Decline, and its +Designed Extinction.’ This was subsequently published +by permission of the proprietor in the form of a thin octavo +volume. It was a masterly defence of the musical services +of our Cathedrals, and of the choirs, against the spoliation of +the deans and chapters, which had been silently and surely going +on ever since the time of Queen Elizabeth. It made a strong +sensation at the time, and even now, whoever would strike a blow +for the cause of Cathedral music, (which in Professor +Taylor’s opinion is the salt which can alone save the +musical taste of the people from corruption) will find the best +weapons ready to his hand contained in this little volume.</p> +<p>“Professor Taylor, who had been long a widower, died +(March 12th, 1863,) with the utmost tranquillity, at his house at +Brentwood. He had three children, all of whom survive him; +a son, Mr. John Edward Taylor, who was with him in his last +moments, and two daughters, one of whom is married and lives in +Germany, her sister living with her.</p> +<p>“We believe that Mr. Taylor left injunctions that his +manuscripts should not be published, which is surely to be +regretted. If his rare and valuable musical library, the +acquisition of which was the labour of a life, should be sold, we +trust that it will not go piecemeal to the hoards of individual +collectors, but be bought for the use of Gresham College and its +future musical professors.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The compiler of this history had some long interviews with +Professor Taylor when he last visited Norwich in 1857, and he +then stated that he had large collections of music, and a large +number of lectures on the music of every period. He +delivered a very splendid lecture on the music of the Elizabethan +<a name="page482"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 482</span>age, in +aid of the funds of the Free Library, before a large audience, in +the Lecture Hall, St. Andrew’s.</p> +<h4><i>The Rev. Mark Wilks</i>.</h4> +<p>The Rev. Mark Wilks, who lived in the last, and in the early +part of the present century, was a very remarkable character as a +politician and a preacher. From his biography, written by +his daughter and published in 1821, we derive the following +particulars. He was the son of a subordinate officer in the +army, and was born at Gibraltar on February 5th, 1748. When +his father and family returned to England they lived at +Birmingham, where young Mark was brought up to a trade, and where +he became an itinerant Baptist preacher, without any +chapel. The Countess of Huntingdon heard of his exertions, +and invited him to her college at Trevecca, to which he removed +in 1775, and studied there for a year. In 1776 the Countess +appointed him to be minister of the Tabernacle in Norwich, which +became the scene of his most continued and concentrated +exertions. The first sermon he preached here was on a +Sunday evening to a crowded congregation, and he made a great +impression. He preached in the same pulpit that Whitfield +once occupied, and the simplicity of the new minister’s +appearance, and the negligence of his exterior, surpassed that of +the apostle of Calvinism. His long hair fell carelessly +over his shoulders; his meagre person and ruddy countenance gave +him at mature age the aspect of youth. The whole of his <a +name="page483"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 483</span>demeanour +was illuminated by the fire of affectionate zeal, and by an +earnestness of manner, evincing that he was honest in the sacred +cause of truth. From this time he continued his ministry +till 1778, when in the spring of that year he married Susannah +Jackson of Norwich. This was an event which he ever justly +estimated as the happiest of his life, but it severed his +connexion with the patroness of the Tabernacle. Her rule +was to dismiss the students of her college on their +marriage. The Countess of Huntingdon regretted the +separation and recommended him to several destitute +congregations, none of which, however, were then suited to his +views.</p> +<p>After travelling about for some time in Wiltshire, where he +preached in several chapels, he returned to Norwich, and on +January 1st, 1780, his new meeting place was opened, and he +became a pastor under the denomination of Calvinistic Methodist, +without the customary form of ordination. During the +interval which elapsed between his return to Norwich and his +establishment as a Baptist minister, his congregation rapidly +increased, and continued to increase from 1780 till 1788. +He lived in retirement, and performed with satisfaction and +marked punctuality the duties of his ministry. His +congregation was formed into a regular Baptist church in May, +1788, and it remained so all his life. On this change many +of his former supporters left him, so that his income was +reduced. He therefore took a farm in the neighbourhood of +Norwich, and commenced farming on an extensive scale. +Employment or poverty was his only alternative, <a +name="page484"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 484</span>and he +followed the example of the apostle Paul by supporting +himself.</p> +<p>We now approach a period in his life in which he distinguished +himself not only as a pastor, but also as a citizen and patriot; +for in the year 1790 commenced those great events in France which +laid the foundation of the long war between this country and that +unfortunate empire, a war disastrous to both. On July 14th, +1791, Mr. Wilks preached two eloquent discourses to commemorate +the leading features of the first French Revolution, before +crowded congregations, composed of the most influential persons +in the city and its neighbourhood. The propriety of such +discourses from the pulpit may be doubted, but they caused great +excitement, as the preacher defended the revolution, which was +then viewed with terror by many people. We shall notice +this, however, more at length in the political part of our +narrative, in which we shall have to speak of the very active +part which Mr. Wilks took in political affairs both in the city +and county. That Mr. Wilks was a rather violent partisan, +and more of a Radical than a Whig, will appear by an extract from +his biography, respecting a county election.</p> +<blockquote><p>“When the Honourable William Wyndham first +offered himself as a candidate for the county of Norfolk, he came +in the character of a Whig, and a professed friend of civil and +religious liberty. Mr. Wilks then warmly supported him, and +to his exertions Mr. Wyndham attributed his success. But +the revolution in France effected a strange change in the +principles of Mr. Wyndham; and on his second appearance <a +name="page485"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 485</span>as +candidate for Norfolk, he presented himself in the character of a +‘war minister,’ and the enthusiastic abettor of the +most disgraceful and perilous measures ever pursued by weak and +wicked men. Instead, therefore, of receiving support, he +met with the most determined opposition from those who had been +before his active friends. As Mr. Wilks on his former +election had supported him by the most vigorous exertions, he now +appeared foremost in the ranks of his opponents; and Mr. Wyndham +regarded him with fear and jealousy. The following anecdote +will show with what gratitude he returned the former services of +him whom he had called his friend. One morning, as a very +intimate friend of Mr. Wilks was passing by the house of a poor +man, he was unexpectedly invited in, and was informed by the man +that his wife had just found an open letter, the contents of +which were of the greatest importance to Mr. Wilks. It +indeed proved so. It was a letter from Mr. Wyndham to one +of his friends at Norwich, desiring him to be most vigilant in +watching the movements and expressions of Mr. Wilks; and if at +any time he uttered anything which might be made to appear +treasonable, to make him acquainted with it, assuring him that he +would take the most prompt and severe means for his +conviction. No sooner had Mr. Wilks read this letter than +he hastened with it to the printer’s, and in a few hours +the perfidy of Mr. Wyndham was publicly known in every part of +the city, and the original letter returned to its proprietor, to +his inexpressible dismay and confusion. The family and +friends of Mr. Wilks regarded this circumstance as an +interposition of a watchful Providence. But for this +circumstance a few days might have seen him the inmate of a +dungeon, and his life devoted, through the incautiousness of a +sentence, to the treachery of an enemy. This supposition +may appear less improbable <a name="page486"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 486</span>when it is known, that at that time +some who had been less active and less violent than himself, had +been snatched from their families during the stillness of the +midnight hour, and had been conveyed to prison without any form +or reason assigned to them. This attempt upon the liberty, +and perhaps the life, of Mr. Wilks had the beneficial effect of +making him more vigilant over his words, and more cautious, +although not less bold and decisive in all his proceedings. +Yet his wife and friends entertained so great an anxiety for his +safety, that they strongly importuned him to seek an asylum under +the calmer skies of America, but he resisted their +importunities.</p> +<p>“It must be mentioned, as an instance of the generosity +of Mr. Wilks’ disposition, as well as a proof that his +political conduct originated in genuine principles of patriotism, +that when Mr. Wyndham again returned as a candidate for Norfolk +as conjoint supporter of the Whig interest in union with Mr. +Coke, Mr. Wilks never suffered the recollection of his private +wrongs to interfere with the principles that Mr. Wyndham had come +forward to maintain, but supported him with the same firmness and +ardour as he had ever done.</p> +<p>“But it is necessary to return to those incidents of his +life, the order of which has been neglected in pursuing the chain +of his political character, and which he considered of far +greater importance than any other. In the year 1792, the +Baptist Missionary Society was established by Carey, Fuller, +Pearce, and Ryland. Those incomparable men, in a small room +at Kettering, planted the germ of that tree which has since +spread its branches into the remotest corners of the earth. +The Indian Banyan is famed for its fertility; it is planted, it +grows, and its branches descending, strike root, and reproduce +another tree; its branches again descend, and produce another +tree; trees succeed in endless multiplication, till a <a +name="page487"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 487</span>far and +wide-spreading beauteous forest is formed from the vast trunk of +what was once a single plant. In India flourishes a moral +Banyan; it has been planted by the hand of a Carey, a Fuller, a +Pearce, a Ryland, and a Wilks; watered and cultivated by their +labours and their prayers, its roots have taken a deeper and +deeper root, and the day is approaching when the sultry clime of +India shall be covered by its shadows, cheered by its verdant +foliage, and refreshed by its heavenly fruits.</p> +<p>“It is well known that Mr. Wilks’ devotion to the +missionary cause was early and invincible. Whether he was +present at its establishment is rather doubtful; but from its +commencement he regarded it as the dawn of happiness to the +world, and put into action all his powers and his influence in +promoting so benevolent an end. But it was not in the +mission alone that he evinced his benevolence and his +disinterestedness. Nine years had elapsed since he first +commenced farming, and during that time and the succeeding year +he preached regularly, and fulfilled all the duties incumbent on +his station, without receiving for his services the smallest +remuneration. Whether in this instance he acted in all +respects with prudence has frequently been doubted by himself as +well as his friends. His conduct originated in feelings of +the purest benevolence, although perhaps it lost its excellence +in losing its justice.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>In the year 1797 Mr. Wilks was obliged to quit his farm, the +lease of which had expired. He immediately engaged another +at Aldborough, a village near Harleston in Suffolk, and went +there to reside with his family in March, 1797. The +distance of that place was seventeen miles from Norwich; yet +although he was necessarily obliged to omit the week-day <a +name="page488"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 488</span>preaching, +he never once neglected the regular performance of his pastoral +duties on Sunday. In every kind of weather he constantly +travelled thirty-four miles every Sunday to preach to a +congregation from whom he received no remuneration. This +course of exertion, however, could not be long continued. +With the engagements of his farm, which were at this time very +considerable, and the care attendant on a large family of twelve +children, he found it was necessary either to give up his church +or to leave his farm. Though his farm was a very profitable +one, he did not hesitate which course to pursue; and he took +another farm at Cossey, near Norwich, where he continued for some +time, and where he often preached to the people in the +village.</p> +<p>In March, 1802, he purchased a farm at the village of +Sprowston, only two miles from Norwich. Here he enjoyed the +society of his friends in the city, and in every respect his own +comfort and that of his family were improved by this +removal. His congregation increased, and the chapel in +which he preached became too small for all who wished to attend +his ministry. His friends were therefore desirous of +erecting a more commodious one, and purchased a piece of ground +for its erection. In September, 1812, he laid the first +stone, and Mr. Andrew Fuller preached on the occasion.</p> +<p>In 1814, he went on a begging tour for his meeting house, and +travelled through the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, and +Cambridgeshire, and thence to London. In six weeks he +collected about £400, but his exertions brought on a +serious illness. After his <a name="page489"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 489</span>return his family scarcely hoped for +his recovery. On May 4th, 1814, the new meeting house, in +St. Clement’s, Norwich, was opened by Mr. M. Wilks of +London, and Mr. A. Fuller. The pastor was present, but in a +very feeble state of health. He recovered slowly in a few +weeks, and when his health was sufficiently restored, he made +another effort to diminish the debt on the new chapel. +Though he frequently considered himself to be in a dying state, +yet at every interval of ease he pursued his work with +unremitting ardour. It is unnecessary to relate all the +details of the few latter years of his life; the long journeys he +took in the years 1815 and 1816, were a proof of the generosity +of his heart. His last two years he spent in retirement, +yet in the performance of his ministerial duties; and ever ready +to advance the interests of his church, of his family, and of +mankind.</p> +<p>He was ill only four days previous to his death, which took +place on February 5th, 1819. When it was publicly known in +the city that he was no more, hundreds of people went to his +house to take a last look of him whom living they had so much +loved and respected. And the bitter tears of his surviving +relatives, the deep affliction of his friends, and the sorrow of +mourning multitudes, bore a sad testimony to his worth as a +husband, a father, a friend, a minister, a neighbour, and a +christian.</p> +<p>He died on his birthday, when he had attained the age of +seventy-one. His much valued friend, the Rev. W. Hull of +Norwich, spoke at his interment to a large assembly of sincere +mourners, and to a great <a name="page490"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 490</span>concourse of spectators. The +Rev. Mark Wilks of London, his nephew, preached a funeral sermon +on Sunday, February 14th, before a large congregation. The +deceased was buried under the pulpit where he had preached the +gospel for forty years. Of his family of twelve children, +including his four sons, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, none of +them and none of their descendants now live in Norwich.</p> +<h4><i>The Rev. John Alexander</i>.</h4> +<p>The Rev. John Alexander was the pastor of the Independent +Congregation in Prince’s Street for a period of fifty +years. He was much beloved by all who knew him for his +kindly disposition and genuine piety. Bishop Stanley often +spoke of him in terms of the highest commendation as a christian +minister. He took an active interest in all the +philanthropic and educational movements of the district, and was +for some time the Chairman of the Board of Management of the +Norfolk and Norwich Hospital. After his death, on July +31st, 1868, a short memoir of him appeared in the <i>Norfolk +News</i>; and this memoir contained nearly the whole history of +Prince’s Street Chapel in this city. We give the +following extracts:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Mr. Alexander was born at Lancaster in +1792. Of his father, the Rev. William Alexander, our +deceased friend published an interesting <i>Memoir</i>; and, as +showing his own appreciation of the excellencies of his parents, +he placed on the title page these lines of +Cowper’s:—</p> +<p><a name="page491"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +491</span>‘My boast is, not that I deduce my birth<br /> +From loins enthroned, and rulers of the earth;<br /> +But higher far my proud pretensions rise,<br /> +The son of parents passed into the skies.’</p> +<p>In the same volume we find him thus writing in reference to +his early days:—‘The reader will, I trust, perceive +that our domestic discipline, union, and affection, together with +the sweet influences of religion, rendered us a happy +family. The recollections and the love of home, too, and +our reverence for holy parents, became a shield of protection to +us, and “a way of escape” in the day of +evil.’ With an atmosphere like this surrounding his +childhood, we wonder not that he became in early life the subject +of deep religious convictions. In 1807 he entered a large +commercial establishment connected with a household in which +‘the most beautiful domestic order was combined with +everything that was pure and lovely in religion.’ +This privilege was greatly prized by him, and he ever cherished a +grateful sense of the goodness of God in placing him there. +During this period he attended the ministry of the Rev. P. S. +Charrier of Liverpool, and joined the church under his +care. For some time he had cherished a desire, and +entertained a hope, in reference to the christian ministry, which +was now soon to be realised.</p> +<p>“The celebrated Dr. Edward Williams, one of the tutors +at Rotherham College, happened just then to visit Liverpool, and +unexpectedly spoke to him on the subject, offering him the +advantages of the institution over which he presided. This +incident naturally made a deep impression on his mind, and led +him very seriously and prayerfully to consider the matter. +Of course, he lost no time in communicating his thoughts to his +father, who urged on him the greatest caution, saying, ‘God +forbid you should take it up, except in compliance <a +name="page492"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 492</span>with the +will of God.’ Nothing daunted, however, by the +somewhat discouraging aspect of the ministry set before him in +his father’s letters, he intimated to him, in reply to his +inquiries, that he retained an unalterable ‘determination +to give himself to the work, believing he had been called of God +to it;’ and in 1814 he was admitted as a student into +Hoxton College. Here the amiable qualities which +distinguished him all through life soon endeared him to every +fellow-student, and one still surviving speaks of hours spent +with him as ‘the happiest, holiest, and most profitable +spent under the college roof.’</p> +<p>“In his <i>Thirty Years’ History of the Church and +Congregation in Prince’s Street Chapel</i>, he gives us an +account of his first visit to and subsequent residence in this +city. From that source we learn that early in the year 1817 +he received an invitation to preach for a few Sabbaths in the +Tabernacle, and that on Friday, April 4th, 1817, (the day on +which a fatal steam-packet catastrophe occurred by which many +lives were lost), he entered Norwich. On the following +Sunday evening he preached from the text, ‘Therefore be ye +also ready; for in such an hour as ye think not, the Son of Man +cometh.’ The place was crowded; and, says he, +‘The Lord stood by me and strengthened me.’ At +the expiration of three Sabbaths he returned to London, promising +to visit Norwich again and preach during the whole of the +Midsummer vacation. He resumed his labours with very great +encouragement at the Tabernacle on July 6th; and some legal +difficulty occurring as to the power of appointing the minister, +he consented, with the approbation of his tutors, to continue +them till the disputed point was settled, which was not till the +following December. The legal decision was such as +necessitated him to give notice the very day it arrived, that in +the evening he should preach his last <a name="page493"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 493</span>sermon in the Tabernacle. On +that occasion he chose as his text, words which the people +believed to have been divinely suggested to his mind, +‘Weeping may endure for a night, but joy cometh in the +morning.’ That text, it was often afterwards +remarked, built the new chapel. The prospect, however, of +the toil connected with the establishment of a new church and +congregation, and the building of a chapel, was such that he +shrank from it, and took his place in the coach to return to +London on his way to Kidderminster, where he had been requested +to supply, with a view to settlement.</p> +<p>“But so deep was the impression his services had +produced, and so warm the interest and affection created, that +the people would not part from him. On the day of his +departure, a deputation waited on him and pressed on him an +invitation to become their minister with such affectionate +earnestness, that, says he ‘I felt the appeal to be +irresistible, and I promised to lay the whole matter before my +tutor and friends, and to make it the subject of serious and +prayerful re-consideration.’ The result was that he +returned, and for some time preached in the Lancasterian +School-room. At length the site on which Prince’s +Street Chapel now stands was purchased, and the foundation stone +laid on the 16th of March, 1819. It was opened on December +1st in the same year, and thenceforward, for the space of about +five and forty years, it continued to be the scene of the living +and life-quickening ministry of one whose ‘praise is in all +the churches.’ Of the characteristics of Mr. +Alexander’s preaching this is not the place to speak beyond +saying it was truly evangelical and eminently successful. +But he was not the preacher only. He was the faithful +pastor, the unswerving friend, and the cheerful companion as +well. Hence in times of sorrow or of joy he was a welcome +guest, either in the <a name="page494"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 494</span>family meeting or at more social +gatherings. He carried summer and sunshine with him into +every circle, and never left any without leaving a longing in +every heart, young and old, for the next visit. When he +crossed the threshold, the young loved to caress and to be +caressed by him, whilst to the others the cares of life seemed +lessened, and the burden lightened, as he spoke to them a few +words of loving sympathy or wise counsel, and left them with his +soft tones of benediction treasured in their hearts and vibrating +on their ears.</p> +<p>“Time rolled on, ever finding him at his work, till +thirty years had gone, when his friends gathered round him in St. +Andrew’s Hall to testify their high appreciation of his +excellencies, and their deep and strong affection for him as +their pastor and their friend. On that occasion it was the +desire of the people to present a purse to him as a substantial +token of their esteem, but there being at that time a debt of +£400 remaining on the chapel, he, with that characteristic +unselfishness which ever marked him, urgently requested that they +would abandon the purse, but remove the debt. But it must +not be supposed that Mr. Alexander’s energies were confined +to the cause of Christ at Prince’s Street Chapel, or that +the members of his church and congregation were allowed to claim +him as exclusively belonging to them. This was seen when +ten years more of active service had passed, and troops of +admirers, from far and near, flocked again to St. Andrew’s +Hall to do him honour. On that occasion the Mayor (J. G. +Johnson, Esq.,) represented the city, and the Rev. S. Titlow the +Church of England, in most eulogistic speeches. The Baptist +Churches of the county presented him with an address, whilst +brethren of his own denomination, and others, lay and +ministerial, seemed to vie with one another in magnifying +‘the grace of God’ in him. <a +name="page495"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 495</span>The desire +entertained ten years before was now carried into effect, and a +purse, with an elegant skeleton timepiece, and a memorial +engrossed on vellum and framed, were presented to him, and a gold +watch and chain to Mrs. Alexander. The timepiece bore the +following inscription:—</p> +<p>Presented to the Rev. John Alexander, together with a purse of +500 sovereigns, on his commencing the fortieth year of his +ministry in Norwich, by the members of his congregation and +numerous other friends, as a memorial of Christian esteem and +love.—Norwich, June 3rd, 1856.</p> +<p>From that time the infirmities of age, and the claims of a +large congregation, led him to desire help, which was secured for +him in the person of an assistant minister. With that help +he happily and zealously worked on in his Master’s service +through another decade of years, when once more the old Gothic +hall resounded with his praises and witnessed another outburst of +affectionate congratulation. Having lived to see the +jubilee of his ministry, he now resigned the pastoral office, and +was presented with an annuity of £200 and a magnificent +epergne, on which a suitable inscription was engraved. With +trembling emotion the venerable man read his reply and +acknowledgment, in which, after recording the goodness of God and +the kindness of his friends through the long period of fifty +years, he stated that during his pastorate more than a thousand +members had been added to the church, two chapels had been added +to the one in Prince’s Street, four Sunday Schools had been +raised and supplied with a hundred teachers and with nearly a +thousand children, and eight members of the church had become +ministers of the Gospel.</p> +<p>“Seldom is it the lot of the most favoured ministers +thus to be blessed and made a blessing. We shall not +attempt <a name="page496"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +496</span>to describe what Mr. Alexander was in the pulpit, on +the platform, in the committee room, or from the press, nor how +he discharged his duties as chairman of ‘The Congregational +Union of England and Wales,’ and secretary of ‘The +Association for the Spread of the Gospel in the +County.’ Much less shall we venture a word on his +private or domestic life. We hope another and abler pen +will pourtray his character more fully, and hence we content +ourselves by adding words written by a friend, ‘His life is +his eulogy.’ It was a holy life, a useful life, an +honourable life, a happy life.</p> +<p>“The last sermon Mr. Alexander preached was delivered in +Prince’s Street Chapel on April 22nd, 1866, from 2 +<i>Cor.</i> ii. 14–17. The last time that he spoke in +St. Andrew’s Hall was a few months before his death, on the +occasion of the mayor’s invitation to the Sunday school +teachers, and the last public religious service he attended was +in the Old Meeting House on Sunday evening, July 19th, 1868, +where his presence was ever as welcome as in his own chapel.</p> +<p>“Of his history since his retirement into private life, +little only can be said. At first the ease and seeming +uselessness imposed on him by the infirmities of age had a +depressing influence on his mind, but latterly this gave place to +his wonted calm confidence in God, and his usual joyousness of +heart. Occasionally, to the grief of his friends, the +decline of his mental powers was painfully visible, but this was +often relieved by his still sparkling and felicitous utterances, +and his fervent devotional exercises.</p> +<p>“Some lines written in our album so recently as last +November will, perhaps, best indicate the state of his mind, and +the theme on which it delighted to dwell:—</p> +<p><a name="page497"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +497</span>Amidst the fragrance richly shed,<br /> + And beauty blooming in the bowers,<br /> +The willow bends its mournful head,<br /> + And seems to weep among the flowers.</p> +<p>And so in human life we find,<br /> + How bright soever it appears,<br /> +That grief is rooted in the mind,<br /> + And smiles are mingled with its tears.</p> +<p>But there’s a garden in the sky<br /> + Where mourning willows cannot grow,<br /> +Where tears are wiped from every eye,<br /> + And streams of joy unmingled flow.</p> +<p>“And now the time drew nigh that he must die. For +only a few days he was withdrawn from the outer world. +During that time it was very evident that constant intercourse +was being carried on with heaven. On asking him, two days +prior to his death, if the Saviour he had so long and faithfully +preached to others was now near and precious to himself, he +replied, ‘Oh, what should I do without Him!’ +The day before his departure he was much in prayer. His +family were all remembered before God, as were also the servants +of the household. And very touching were the words in which +he sought a blessing on the ministers of the city, and on their +work, with whom he had lived in closest and loving +fellowship. And so he passed away, spending his last hours, +as he had spent his life, in blessing others.</p> +<p>“On Tuesday, the 4th of August, he was carried to his +grave amid the lamentations of a vast concourse of his +fellow-citizens, and friends from the country, who had known him +and esteemed him very highly in love for his works’ +sake. The funeral service at the grave was conducted by the +Revs. G. Gould, J. Hallett, P. Colborne, and G. S. Barrett, B.A.; +but gathered there were clergymen and <a name="page498"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 498</span>ministers of every denomination, as +well as laymen of all classes, from the mayor to the humblest +artisan.</p> +<p>“And so has passed away from our midst, full of days and +honours, one, whom it was a privilege to have known, and an +impossibility not to have loved. His Christian catholicity, +his large-hearted charity, his generous liberality, his +untarnished reputation, and his fidelity to Christian truth, +together with other virtues that adorned his long life, constrain +us to thank God for having given him to Norwich, and, now that He +has taken him to Himself, constrain us to say ‘Let me die +the death of the righteous, and let my last end be like +his!’”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The funeral sermon was preached by the Rev. John Stoughton, of +London, before a large congregation in St. Andrew’s +Hall.</p> +<h4><i>The Gurney Family</i>.</h4> +<p>The members of the Gurney family, from an early period, have +been distinguished by their station, wealth, and intelligence, +both in Norfolk and Norwich. Memoirs of Joseph John Gurney, +with selections from his journal and correspondence, were edited +by Joseph Bevan Braithwaite, and published by Mr. Fletcher of +this city. From these memoirs we derive the following +interesting details respecting the family, and the Society of +Friends in Norwich.</p> +<blockquote><p>“The family of Gurney or Gournay is said to +have sprung from a house of Norman barons, who followed William +the Conqueror into England and obtained a large estate in this +country, chiefly in the county of Norfolk. From them <a +name="page499"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 499</span>descended a +long line of country gentlemen, who maintained themselves at +Harpley, and West Barsham, in this county, for many generations, +and from a very early period had one of their residences in this +city. The last of these dying without male issue, about the +commencement of the reign of Charles II., the old family estates +at that period became dispersed amongst females. The name +of Gurney was, however, honourably continued through a descendant +of one of the younger sons of an earlier generation, John Gurney, +the ancestor of the present family. He was born in the year +1655, and notwithstanding his family connections, commenced life +in Norwich in somewhat straitened circumstances. Devoting +himself in his youth to the cause of religion, we find him in the +year 1678, at the age of twenty-three, already connected with the +oppressed, persecuted Quakers.</p> +<p>“The family of John Gurney appear previously to have had +some connexion with the Puritans. Henry Gurney, indeed, of +West Barsham, the representative of the family in the early part +of the 17th century, had a distaste for Puritanism, if, at least, +we are to judge from the insertion in his will (proved in 1623) +of a special charge to his younger son, ‘That none hould +any fantisticall or erroneous opinions, so adjudged by our bishop +or civill lawes.’ But Edmund Gurney, rector of +Harpley, one of these younger sons, who was a person of +influence, became known as a zealous Puritan; he declined wearing +the surplice, and was probably among those who took the covenant +in 1643. After him John Gurney successively named two of +his children. Others of his connexions were also inclined +to Puritanism, and some of them, like himself, joined the Society +of Friends. In the case of the early Friends generally, +their ultimate settlement in those gospel principles by which +they became distinguished from others, was preceded by a state of +much religious <a name="page500"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +500</span>awakening and earnest seeking after God, in which they +‘searched the scriptures daily, whether those things were +so.’</p> +<p>“Through what course of experience John Gurney arrived +at his conviction, the scanty materials of his history do not +inform us. Let it suffice us to know that what he became +convinced of, was precious to him as the truth, and that for it +he was prepared to suffer. On the 29th of the ninth month +(O. S.), 1682, (so the records of the Friends in Norwich inform +us,) ‘Friends being kept out of their meeting house, met +together in the street to wait upon the Lord,’ and, being +there, John Gurney and another Friend, were violently pulled out +from among the rest, as if they had been malefactors, and carried +before a justice of the peace, by whom, as they declined giving, +on such an account, the required bail, they were committed until +the next quarter sessions. In the following year, 1683, he +was again imprisoned, for refusing to take an oath, and continued +in prison, under successive recommitments, nearly three +years. He died in the year 1721, having greatly prospered +in his temporal concerns; and, what is far more important, +having, according to the testimony of those who knew him, taken +particular care in the religious education of all his children, +and continued faithful to the end.</p> +<p>“His two elder sons, John and Joseph, were both men of +marked character. John was gifted with much natural +eloquence, and obtained considerable reputation by the spirit and +ability with which he successfully defended the Norwich trade, +before a committee of the House of Lords, against some +apprehended encroachments. He subsequently received from +Sir Robert Walpole the offer of a seat in parliament, which, +however, he declined as inconsistent with his religious +principles in the then state of the law. Religion had early +taken possession of his heart, and about the 22nd <a +name="page501"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 501</span>year of his +age, in obedience to the call of apprehended duty, he had yielded +himself to the work of the public ministry of the gospel, in +which service he laboured diligently for many years; neither the +temptation of prosperity nor the kindness and esteem of great men +of this world, being, in the simple and forcible language of the +memorial respecting him, ‘permitted to separate him from +that truth which the Lord had eminently convinced him +of.’</p> +<p>“Besides numerous other descendants, he was the +grandfather of Martha Birkbeck, whose daughter Jane became the +first wife of Joseph John Gurney. Joseph Gurney, his +younger brother, who, towards the close of his life, fixed his +residence at Keswick, near Norwich, also became a valued minister +of the gospel among Friends. His christian profession was +eminently adorned by a life of humility, benevolence, and +moderation. He died in the year 1750, after a suffering +illness which he bore with exemplary resignation, giving a final +evidence of the truth of what he then expressed that it had been +‘the business of his whole life to be prepared for such a +time!’</p> +<p>“His eldest son, John Gurney, was a man of great +activity and energy, and notwithstanding his extensive +engagements in business, devoted much of his time to the +interests of his own religious society, to the principles of +which he was warmly attached. In the midst of a course of +remarkable temporal prosperity, it is instructive to observe the +fears which he expresses in one of his private memoranda, lest +his increasing opulence should lead away his children from those +religious habits and associations in which they had been +educated. He left three sons, all of whom married and +settled near Norwich. Richard Gurney the eldest, on his +father’s decease, in 1770, became the occupant of the +family residence at Keswick. John Gurney, the father of <a +name="page502"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 502</span>J. J. +Gurney, had previously to the birth of the latter settled at +Earlham. Joseph Gurney, the youngest, resided at Lakenham +Grove. The three families were naturally much associated, +and exercised an important influence upon each other. At a +later period especially, the consistency with which Joseph +Gurney, of The Grove, was enabled to maintain his position as a +Friend, and as a christian minister, rendered his influence +peculiarly valuable.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>John Gurney, of Earlham, is eulogised highly by the editor of +these memoirs as generous, ardent, and warm-hearted, abounding in +kindness to all, uniting very remarkable activity, both in public +and private business, with an acute intellect and extensive +information. His wife was Catherine Bell, a daughter of +Daniel Bell of Stamford Hill, near London, her mother being a +granddaughter of Robert Barclay, the well-known author of the +“Apology.” She is described as a woman of very +superior mind as well as personal charms, and as a serious +christian and decided Friend. She died in the autumn of +1792, leaving her sorrowing husband the widowed parent of eleven +children. The following list of the names may be found +useful:—</p> +<p>Catherine died unmarried, 1850.</p> +<p>Rachel died unmarried, 1827.</p> +<p>Elizabeth, married in 1800 to Joseph Fry, of London, became +the celebrated Mrs. Fry, who died in 1845.</p> +<p>John died in 1814.</p> +<p>Richenda married in 1816 to Francis Cunningham, who died in +1855.</p> +<p>Hannah married in 1807 to Thomas Fowell Buxton.</p> +<p>Louisa, married in 1806 to Samuel Hoare, died in 1836.</p> +<p><a name="page503"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +503</span>Priscilla died unmarried, 1821.</p> +<p>Samuel, who died in 1856.</p> +<p>Joseph John, who died in 1847.</p> +<p>Daniel, still living.</p> +<h5><i>Joseph John Gurney</i>, <i>Esq.</i></h5> +<p>Among the eminent citizens of this century, none will take a +higher place than the late J. J. Gurney, Esq., the well-known +philanthropist. He was born at Earlham Hall on August 8th, +1788. That hall was one of the happiest homes in +England. It was also the birth-place of Mrs. Elizabeth Fry, +sister of J. J. Gurney, and almost as celebrated as her +brother. Here they were both trained with religious care, +and passed their days of childhood and youth in happiness and +peace. In after life they were associated together in works +of benevolence, and the brother often aided his sister in many of +her schemes for improving prison discipline.</p> +<p>In 1803, soon after he had completed his 15th year, Joseph +John was sent to Oxford with his cousin Gurney Barclay to pursue +his studies under the care of John Rogers, a private tutor. +Young J. J. Gurney continued at Oxford two years, with the +exception of the vacations, which he spent mostly at home. +His tutor, though resident at Oxford, was not in that character +connected with the university or with any of the colleges. +The student became an excellent classical and oriental scholar, +and ultimately the author of several valuable religious works, +such as “Essays on Christianity,” “Thoughts on +Habit and Discipline.” <a name="page504"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 504</span>He was scarcely seventeen when, in +August, 1805, he was removed from the care of John Rogers. +He had become attached to his tutor and to his studies, and he +quitted the place with regret, but there was brightness in the +thought of settling at home. The bank in which his father +was a partner had been established in Norwich in the year +1770. After that time the concern was considerably extended +with branch banks at Lynn, Fakenham, Yarmouth, and other +places. His elder brother, John, had been placed in the +establishment at Lynn, and his brother Samuel had been sent up to +London, where he had become the head of a district concern; so +that circumstances had prepared the way for that which J. J. +Gurney himself had desired—a place in the bank at +Norwich. Here in the enjoyment of daily communication with +his father, and a home at Earlham with his sisters, the ensuing +three years of his life passed in peace and joy. In the +year 1806, he accompanied his father and a large family party in +a tour to the English lakes and through Scotland. On their +return, J. J. Gurney was regular in his attendance at the bank, +but he found time for study at home, and he carefully read +ancient historians in the original languages. Gradually, +however, his attention became unceasingly directed to biblical +literature, which continued for some years to absorb much of his +leisure. His habits of study were eminently methodical, +exemplifying his favourite maxim, which he was afterwards +accustomed strongly to inculcate upon his young friends, +“Be a whole man to one thing at a <a +name="page505"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +505</span>time.” His position and tastes introduced +him to the highly-cultivated society, for which Norwich was at +the time remarkable, at the house of his cousin Hudson Gurney, +where he was accustomed to meet many persons who were eminent for +their parts and learning. He had early become a favourite +with Dr. Bathurst, then Bishop of Norwich, and their intercourse +gradually ripened into a warm friendship, which was maintained +unbroken till that prelate’s decease, in 1837, at the very +advanced age of ninety-three. Young J. J. Gurney was but +just twenty-one when, as one of his father’s executors and +representative at Earlham, and as a partner in the bank, very +grave responsibilities devolved upon him. However, he +continued to pursue his studies with ardour, and he made his +first essay as an author in an article published in the +<i>Classical Journal</i> on September 9th, 1810, under the title +of “A Critical Notice of Sir William Drummond’s +Dissertations on the Herculanesia.” After this effort +his mind became increasingly drawn towards the principles of the +Society of Friends, and many of his allusions to his feelings, in +his autobiography, are peculiarly interesting and instructive, +indicating the spiritual phase of his mind. The example of +his sister, Elizabeth Fry, as well as of his sister Priscilla, +who like her, had become a decided Friend and a preacher of the +gospel, strengthened his convictions; but the influence of other +members of the family who resided at Earlham, as well as of many +other estimable persons, tended in an opposite direction. +The editor of the Memoirs, already referred to, says:—</p> +<blockquote><p><a name="page506"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +506</span>“Whilst Joseph John Gurney’s religious +convictions were thus gradually drawing him into a narrower path +in connection with the Society of Friends, his heart was becoming +increasingly enlarged in Christian concern for the welfare of +others. He had already warmly interested himself in the +formation of a Lancasterian School in Norwich, an institution +which long continued to have his effective support. The +establishment of an auxiliary Bible Society in this city, was an +object into which he now entered with youthful ardour. The +general meeting for its formation was held on the 11th of the 9th +month, 1811.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The philanthropist was married to Jane Birkbeck on October +10th, 1817, in his 29th year, and it appears to have been a very +happy marriage. The event took place at Wells Meeting, and, +after a short sojourn at Hunstanton, the newly-married couple +travelled to their home at Earlham, where they received the +visits of many friends, who were most hospitably +entertained. After his marriage, J. J. Gurney continued at +Earlham; and the hall, where his father had resided, and in which +he himself lived from his birth, was his settled residence.</p> +<blockquote><p>“To this place (with its lovely lawn nested +among large trees) he was strongly attached all his life. +And they who knew him there can still picture him in his study +among his books, or in his drawing-room among his friends, his +countenance beaming with love and intelligence, the life of the +whole circle; or in his garden amongst his flowers, with his +Greek Testament in his hand, still drawing from the books +‘of nature and of grace’ that lay open before him, +new motives to raise the heart to the Author of all his +blessings.</p> +<p><a name="page507"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +507</span>“Placed by circumstances, though not the elder +brother, in the position which his father had occupied in Norfolk +as Master of Earlham, and a partner in the bank, it was his +delight, as far as possible, to continue Earlham as the family +house. Even after his marriage, his sisters, Catherine, +Rachel, and Priscilla, continued to live with him, occupying +their own apartments, and it was the custom of the other members +of the family frequently to meet there as under a common roof. * +* * Up to the period of his brother John’s decease, and for +some time afterwards, it was the habit of his brothers and +himself, with their brothers-in-law, Thomas Fowell Buxton and +Samuel Hoare, to improve these occasions by a mutual impartial +examination of their conduct, in which each with brotherly +openness stated what he conceived to be the brother’s +faults. Happy indeed was such an intercourse between such +minds. * * * Besides this, to him, delightful band of brothers +and sisters, his house was, as must have been already apparent to +the reader, freely opened to a large circle.</p> +<p>“Whilst every year strengthened his conviction of the +soundness and importance of the christian principles which he +professed, he rejoiced in that liberty wherewith Christ had made +him free to embrace as brethren all those in whom he thought he +could discern traces of his heavenly image.</p> +<p>“Towards the close of the year (1817) in company with +his wife, his brother Samuel Gurney, his brother and sister +Buxton, and Francis and Richenda Cunningham, he took a short tour +upon the continent of Europe, their principal objects being to +establish a branch Bible Society in Paris, and to procure +information as to the systems of prison discipline adopted in the +jails of Antwerp and Ghent. Having accomplished their +objects, they returned home after an absence of about a +month.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="page508"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 508</span>Soon +afterwards J. J. Gurney began to preach at meetings of the +Friends in Norwich and elsewhere.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Early in the year 1818, private business +called him to London. His sister, Elizabeth Fry, had +previously entered upon her important labours for the benefit of +the prisoners in Newgate, and for the improvement of prison +discipline generally. Joseph John Gurney warmly entered +into his sister’s views, and accompanied her to the +committee of the House of Commons on the occasion of giving her +evidence, and afterwards to Lord Sidmouth, then Secretary of +State for the Home Department.</p> +<p>“His visit to London and the pamphlet on <i>Prison +Discipline</i>, soon afterward published by his brother-in-law, +Thomas Fowell Buxton, tended to deepen in his own mind a sense of +the importance of that subject, and an opportunity soon occurred +for endeavouring to influence the authorities at Norwich to some +exertion respecting it. The mayor and corporation, attended +by the sheriffs and other citizens, whilst perambulating the +boundaries of the county of the city, were by his desire invited +to partake of refreshment in passing by the hall at +Earlham. Besides those immediately connected with the +magistracy many others assembled, the whole company consisting of +about 800 persons. On this occasion, Joseph John Gurney, in +an address to the mayor and corporation, urged the erection of a +new jail, and its establishment on better principles, with a view +to the employment of the prisoners, and the improvement of their +morals; enforcing his appeal by a reference to the extraordinary +change that had then recently taken place in Newgate, through the +exertions of a committee of ladies, and concluding by offering a +donation of £100 towards the object. The effort was +not without fruit, though the result was not immediately +apparent.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="page509"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 509</span>The +editor of his Memoirs proceeds:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“In the 8th and 9th month of this year +(1818), in company with his wife, his sister Elizabeth Fry, and +one of her daughters, he took a journey into Scotland, visiting +many of the prisons both there and in the north of England, +besides attending many of the meetings of Friends. On this +occasion, in conformity with the christian order established in +the Society of Friends, he was furnished with a minute or +testimonial expressing the concurrence of his Friends of his own +‘Monthly Meeting’ in his prospects of religious +service.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>We have now to view the philanthropist not only in the varied +relations of private life, but also in the very important +character of a christian minister. He gradually became the +most distinguished member of the Society of Friends in all +England, and he often delivered exceedingly impressive discourses +in Norwich and other large towns, preaching the gospel with a +peculiar grace of manner which fascinated every audience. +We have often heard him preach before large congregations of +educated people in the Meeting House at Liverpool, and always +with great effect. His journal is full of details of his +labours in all parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland. He +became a Home Missionary, working hard at his own expense; but we +must confine this brief sketch to his doings here in +Norwich. The death of his beloved wife at Earlham on +October 6th, 1822, put his religious principle to the severest +test, and in his letters he expresses deep sorrow, but he was of +too active a disposition to be long subdued by grief. +During the few months succeeding his loss, he continued mostly <a +name="page510"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 510</span>at home in +the enjoyment of the society of his sisters, Catherine and +Rachel; his children becoming increasingly the objects of his +tender solicitude. In the mean time, besides attending to +the necessary claims of business, and to the various public +objects that had long shared his interest, he devoted his leisure +to study, finding relief, as he intimates, “Not in the +indulgence of sorrow, but in a diligent attention to the calls of +duty.”</p> +<p>After giving many extracts from his journal, Mr. Braithwaite +continues in reference to the anti-slavery agitation:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Retiring for a few days to Cromer Hall, he +found a large and interesting circle. Amongst others, the +late William Wilberforce and Zachary Macaulay were there, +deliberating with his brother-in-law Thomas Fowell Buxton on the +position and prospects of the Anti-Slavery question. It was +the occasion on which the latter appears to have arrived at his +final decision, to accept the responsible post of advocate of the +cause as successor to Wilberforce. In this important +undertaking, and throughout the succeeding struggle, Joseph John +Gurney gave him his warm and efficient encouragement and +support.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Mr. J. J. Gurney, Mr. Clarkson, Mr. T. F. Buxton, Mr. +Wilberforce, and others, were earnest advocates for the total +abolition of the slave trade and of slavery; and they attended +many public meetings at which they denounced and exposed the +horrid traffic. Ultimately, as we all know, their efforts +were rewarded, by rousing public indignation to such a pitch as +to <a name="page511"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +511</span>result in the passing of an act of parliament +emancipating the slaves in the West Indies, at a cost of twenty +millions.</p> +<p>The panic in the monetary and commercial world, and the sudden +run upon the banks in London and the country, have rendered the +winter of 1825–1826 memorable. As a banker, J. J. +Gurney did not escape his share of anxiety, as appears from his +journal, but his firm weathered the storm. Another +circumstance was at this time deeply interesting to his feelings, +namely, his attachment to Mary Fowler, daughter of Rachel Fowler, +a cousin of his late wife. After some correspondence he +made Mary Fowler an offer of marriage, which she accepted. +On July 18th, 1827, they were married at Elm Grove. On this +interesting occasion, he remarks in his journal,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Bright, hopeful, and happy was our wedding +day. We dined on the lawn, a large united company, and +rejoiced together, I trust in the Lord. Mary and I left the +party at Elm Grove, in the afternoon, for North Devon.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>They arrived at Linton, and thence proceeded to +Ilfracombe. There they spent the honeymoon, and then the +happy husband brought his second wife home to Earlham, where they +were received with joy. After this he was visited by many +eminent characters at Earlham, including Dr. Chalmers, who stayed +with him several days.</p> +<blockquote><p>“None can have attentively perused the +foregoing pages” (says the editor of the memoirs) +“without perceiving that one leading feature of Joseph John +Gurneys character was <a name="page512"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 512</span>an unweared active +benevolence. Like his sister, Elizabeth Fry, he seemed +continually to live under a deep sense of his responsibility +towards others. A cheerful and bountiful giver, it was not +merely by large pecuniary assistance that he proved his interest +in objects connected with the welfare of his fellow-men: to these +objects he was exemplary in devoting no common share of his time +and personal attention. The steady devotion to the +Anti-slavery and Bible Societies is already before the +reader. In addition to these great and often absorbing +interests, his exertions for the distressed labouring population +of Norwich were unremitting. Year after year, during the +winter, or on any occasion when their distress was aggravated by +want of employment, he was at his post, stirring up his +fellow-citizens to the necessary measures for the alleviation of +their wants. The District Visiting Society, which was +mainly instrumental in originating the Soup Society and the Coal +Society, found in him a steady and effective supporter. +Often would he say that the painful consciousness of the poverty +and suffering of many thousands around him, almost prevented his +enjoyment of the abundant blessings with which he was himself so +richly favoured. On one occasion he expended a considerable +sum in providing the capital for an attempt to supply the poor +weavers and mechanics with employment during a scarcity of +work. But, though like many similar attempts, it failed to +answer the expectation of the promoter, and was abandoned, it +served at least to furnish another proof of the sincerity and +earnestness with which he laboured for their welfare.</p> +<p>“The depressions in trade occasioned by the panic of +1825 will be long remembered. Norwich did not escape its +influence. As a banker, Joseph John Gurney was more than +usually absorbed in his own immediate cares, but his <a +name="page513"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 513</span>heart at +once turned towards his suffering fellow-citizens. +‘The dreadful distress,’ he writes to a friend, +‘which prevails in the great mass of our once labouring, +now, alas! idle population, has been such as to call forth my +strenuous efforts on their behalf. In this, success has +been mercifully vouchsafed. We have raised £3300 in +five days.’</p> +<p>“One more illustration deserves notice. In the +winter of 1829–30, the manufactures of Norwich were again +greatly depressed. The weavers became unsettled, holding +riotous meetings, and using threatening language against their +employers. The state of things was alarming. J. J. +Gurney felt it to be his duty to use his influence in checking +the spirit of discontent that was rapidly spreading. He +attended one of the very large and tumultuous meetings of the +operatives, and endeavoured to persuade them to desist from their +disorderly proceedings, and quietly to resume their work. +With a view of still further winning them by kindness, he invited +a deputation from those assembled to breakfast at Earlham on the +following morning. Between forty and fifty of them came, +with Dover, a notorious Chartist leader, at their head. +After the usual family reading of the Scriptures, they sat down +to a plentiful repast which had been provided for them in the +large dining room, of which they partook heartily; and their host +afterwards addressed them in a kind, conciliatory manner upon the +subject of wages, and their duty to their employers. The +men conducted themselves in an orderly manner and appeared +grateful for the attention shown them. The scene was not +soon to be forgotten.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The editor gives some illustrations of the +philanthropist’s benevolent character, by narrating +instances of his visits to prisoners in the Jail, and to +afflicted inmates of the Bethel and the Norfolk and Norwich <a +name="page514"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +514</span>Hospital. A volume might be filled by an account +of his acts of private benevolence, but we must pass on to more +public matters. He seldom took an active part in contested +elections, but at the election in 1833, after the passing of the +Reform Act, the Whig candidates, one of whom was his near +relative, were defeated, chiefly, as was generally believed, +through the influence of bribery. On this subject J. J. +Gurney wrote,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“As usual, I took little or no interest in +the election, but when a petition was presented to Parliament +against the returned members on the score of bribery, I imagined +it to be my place to subscribe to the object, and wrote a letter +in the Norwich newspapers stating the grounds of my so +doing. Those grounds were in no degree personal, but simply +moral and Christian. But the appearance of evil was not +avoided. The measure was construed into an act of political +partizanship; and I entirely lost ground by it in my own true +calling, that of promoting simple Christianity among all +classes.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>He had thought of becoming a candidate for the representation +of this city, or some other place, in Parliament. After +some long conferences with his friends he abandoned the idea and +devoted himself to his higher calling. Mr. J. J. Gurney was +a well-known Liberal in politics, but he did not often speak at +political meetings in this city. His speeches were always +short and generally pertinent; and showed good sense accompanied +with the seriousness of conviction. On whatever side of any +question he spoke he was listened to very attentively, and all +parties believed that he delivered the unbiassed opinion of an +honest man. <a name="page515"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +515</span>His conduct on every occasion gained him the esteem of +all friends of civil and religious liberty.</p> +<p>In 1835, he was once more plunged into deep affliction by the +long illness and death of his wife. Her health had of late +years been much improved, and she had been unremitting in her +attentions to his daughter during her illness from typhus fever, +without apparently suffering in consequence. The disease +was, however, lurking in her constitution, and after some time +made its appearance. The fever gradually gained ground, and +she sank under it on Nov. 9th of that year. She died +happily, amid her mourning friends; and her husband knelt down at +her bedside and returned thanks for her deliverance from every +trouble!</p> +<p>His journal contains many details of his visits to Manchester +and Liverpool, of his journeys in Derbyshire and North Wales, of +his journeys in Scotland and the north of England, of his voyage +to America, of his journey to Ohio, Indiana, and North Carolina, +of his journey from Richmond to Washington, of interviews with +eminent statesmen, of labours at New York, of a voyage to the +West Indies and proceedings there, of a tour on the continent, +and of his return home. But we cannot follow him in all his +wanderings in many lands, where he went about doing good, +promoting benevolent objects and preaching the gospel, his heart +being too large to be confined to his native country, much less +to his native city. On his return from the continent in +1841, he attended a meeting of the Bible Society, and delivered +his last <a name="page516"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +516</span>great speech, which occupied two hours, on the state of +religion in Europe. A shorthand writer took notes of that +address, which was so full of information that it was afterwards +published in the Journal of the Bible Society.</p> +<p>Soon after his return home he married Eliza P. +Kirkbridge. The event took place at Darlington, on October +10th, 1841, as noted in his journal. After the marriage he +delivered an address on the “Victory which is of +faith.” The dinner party was cheerful, and concluded +with a short religious service. He and his bride parted +from their friends, made a short tour, and returned to Earlham, +which they “reached in health and great peace, the place +comfortable and homeish, and the reception from his dearest +children glowing.”</p> +<p>J. J. Gurney signed the total-abstinence pledge at the house +of his friend, Richard Dykes Alexander, at Ipswich, on April 8th, +1843. He and his wife attended a great “Teetotal +Meeting” held at Norwich, on the arrival of Father Mathew, +on September 9th, that year. The lord bishop, Dr. Stanley, +was present and requested J. J. Gurney to preside. He did +so, and declared himself to be a pledged teetotaller. He +spoke fully and carefully on the subject, and the lord bishop +afterwards expressed his admiration of the apostle of temperance +as the instrument of effecting so much moral good.</p> +<p>As a man of business, Mr. J. J. Gurney was ready, punctual, +and attentive. He was very modest, but of a candid and +social disposition. Though in large or <a +name="page517"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 517</span>mixed +companies he seldom appeared forward, yet in the society of his +friends he was exceedingly agreeable. In private life no +man was more estimable as a husband, a father, a neighbour, and a +friend. In Norwich and in the surrounding district he was +universally honoured and beloved. He was a great reader of +the bible, and he was regular and exact in family worship, but he +was a stranger to bigotry, no stickler for forms, and no friend +to mysticism in matters of religion.</p> +<p>The autumn of 1846 was spent by the philanthropist quietly at +home, with the exception of engagements connected with the +attendance of meetings of Friends, and with what proved to be a +farewell visit to his beloved daughter at Darlington, and to his +friends in several places on his way home. He attended a +committee of the Norwich District Visiting Society on December +28th in that year, and on his return to Earlham he complained of +great exhaustion, feverishness, &c. A few simple +remedies were administered, but the uncomfortable symptoms +remaining his medical man was summoned on the following +morning. He pronounced it a slight bilious attack, and +seemed to have no anxiety about the recovery. The +philanthropist, however, gradually sank, apparently from +exhaustion, and he died on January 4th, 1847, in the 59th year of +his age. The news of his death spread a gloom over the +city, and the universal lamentations of the citizens proved that +they regarded him as a father and a friend, as indeed he had been +to thousands of them. The sensation in Norwich and its +neighbourhood <a name="page518"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +518</span>cannot easily be described, and is probably without +precedent in the case of a mere private individual. During +the entire interval of seven days between his decease and the +funeral, the half-closed shops and the darkened windows of the +houses gave ample proof of the feelings of the inhabitants. +It furnished the principal topic of conversation in every family, +in every private circle, in every group by the wayside. +People of all ranks vied with each other in their eulogies of +their departed friend. Everyone had his own story to tell +of some public benefit, or of some private kindness which had +been shown to others or to himself.</p> +<p>The funeral, as might have been expected from this unusual +public emotion, was an extraordinary scene. All the shops +were closed and all business was suspended in the city. A +number of gentlemen, including the mayor, the ex-mayor, and the +sheriff, went out in carriages as far as Earlham Hall. The +citizens generally formed the funeral procession, and followed +the hearse and plain carriages from the hall to the burial place +at the Gildencroft. There was no pomp or parade, no mockery +of woe. A simplicity in harmony with the character of the +departed marked all the arrangements. As the procession +moved on towards the city it was joined by an increasing number +of the inhabitants, who issued forth in a continuous stream to +pay their last tribute to the memory of departed worth. +Silently and sadly many stood while the hearse passed slowly by, +and many a tearful countenance among the crowd bore testimony to +their <a name="page519"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +519</span>love for the dead. The procession gradually +increased in numbers all the way to the Gildencroft, and after +the thousands of people had gathered round the grave a profound +silence ensued, which was at length broken by a Friend repeating +the verses, “O death, where is thy sting? O grave, +where is thy victory?” &c. Another pause then +took place, followed by another address, and then the body was +lowered into its last resting place. The circle of mourning +relatives, including J. H. Gurney and his wife, the surrounding +crowd of spectators—persons of all ranks, of all ages, of +all communions—magistrates and artizans, clergymen and +Nonconformists—representatives, in short, of the whole +people of Norwich, now took their last farewell of Joseph John +Gurney, and slowly turned towards the meeting house, where a +meeting for worship was to be held. The service was deeply +impressive, and formed an appropriate conclusion to the solemn +occasion. At the Cathedral, on the following Sunday, the +good Bishop Stanley preached a funeral sermon before a large +congregation. His text was “Watchman, what of the +night?” and after enlarging on it, he alluded in a most +pathetic and impressive manner to the virtues of the deceased, +and we never before saw so many people so deeply moved. The +death of the beloved citizen was also publicly adverted to in +most of the places of worship in Norwich.</p> +<p>Mr. J. J. Gurney was the author of various works, the most +popular being one on the <i>Evidences of Christianity</i>. +It is a production more calculated to <a name="page520"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 520</span>confirm the faith of a believer than +to convert a free thinker who may not admit the possibility of +anything supernatural. He also published a work on +“The Vows and Practices of Friends;” “Essays on +Christianity;” “Essays on the Moral Character of +Christ,” and “Love to God;” “The Papal +and Hierarchical System compared with the Religion of the New +Testament, &c.” His last and best work is +entitled, “Thoughts on Habit and Discipline,” an +excellent moral treatise.</p> +<h4><i>Bishop Bathurst</i>.</h4> +<p>Henry Bathurst, LL.D., canon of Christchurch, rector of +Cirencester, and prebend of Durham, was installed bishop of +Norwich in 1805. He was a prelate much esteemed and +respected. His christian deportment, conciliatory manners, +and general benevolence, endeared him to this city and +diocese. He was eminently distinguished for his liberal +sentiments, and for his attachment to the great principles of +civil and religious liberty. He was often seen walking arm +in arm with Dissenters in our streets. He voted in the +House of Peers for the Repeal of the Catholic Disabilities Bill, +and also in favour of the Reform Bill. This disinterested +and noble advocacy of liberal principles is thought to have stood +in the way of his promotion to an archbishopric. He died +April 7th, 1837, in the 93rd year of his age, and much +lamented. A statue to his memory was placed in the choir of +the <a name="page521"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +521</span>Cathedral. This beautiful work of art was the +last work of Sir Francis Chantrey, and is executed in his +masterly style from a block of the purest Carrara marble. +It is placed on a plain pedestal of white marble, and fixed in +the recess at the foot of the altar steps, on the north side of +the choir, commonly called Queen Elizabeth’s seat, because +she sat there when she visited Norwich. The bishop is +represented in a sitting posture, clothed in full ecclesiastical +costume, and the artist has admirably succeeded in giving to his +face that expression of benevolence for which he was so well +known.</p> +<p>The following is a translation of the Latin inscription on the +pedestal:—</p> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">To the Memory of<br /> +The Right Reverend Father in Christ,<br /> +HENRY BATHURST, Doctor in Civil Law,<br /> +Who,<br /> +While for more than 30 years he presided over<br /> +This Diocese,<br /> +By his frankness and purity of heart,<br /> +Gentleness of manners, and pleasantness of conversation, attached +to himself the good will of all:<br /> +His friends,<br /> +In testimony of their regret for one so much beloved,<br /> +Have caused this effigy to be erected.<br /> +He died 5 Ap. <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1837, in the +93rd year<br /> +Of his age.</p> +</blockquote> +<h4><a name="page522"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +522</span><i>Bishop Stanley</i>.</h4> +<p>Dr. Stanley was born January 1st, 1779, and became rector of +Alderley, in Cheshire. After twice declining the office, he +was installed bishop of Norwich, August 17th, 1837. He +ruled the diocese for twelve years, and was highly esteemed by +all sects for his unceasing efforts to promote the spiritual +interests of every class of society, and his readiness on every +occasion to co-operate with Dissenters in every good work. +He often attended their meetings to promote religious and +benevolent objects. In one of his sermons he quoted the +injunction “The servant of the Lord must not strive, but be +gentle unto all men; in meekness instructing those that oppose +themselves;” &c. His subsequent conduct furnished +ample evidence of the sincerity with which he obeyed this +injunction; and although some of his clergy were somewhat +estranged from him by his frequent expressions of unbounded +charity, yet all were obliged to esteem him for his noble zeal +and consistency of character. He was distinguished for his +extensive liberality to the poor and his interest in their +education. He was often seen going about from school to +school, and the kindliness of his heart was so well known to the +children that they sometimes pulled his coat behind to obtain his +benignant smile, which to them was like sunshine after +rain. On all occasions he was earnest in his advocacy of +civil and religious liberty, and active in his exertions on +behalf of all benevolent associations, both of the Church and of +Dissenters. He was also a promoter <a +name="page523"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 523</span>of all +literary institutions in the city and elsewhere, and often +attended their anniversaries at which he delivered animated +addresses. He did not lay claim to the character of a man +of science; but astronomy, geology, botany, and natural history +were his favourite studies. He was the author of two +interesting volumes on “The History of Birds,” which +were published by the Society for the Promotion of Christian +Knowledge. He was elected president of the Linnæan +Society, and he accepted an appointment as one of the +commissioners chosen to inquire into the state of the British +Museum.</p> +<p>Bishop Stanley was so little of a bigot that he appeared once +on the same platform with Father Mathew, a Roman Catholic, at a +temperance meeting in St. Andrew’s Hall. He then and +there eulogised the apostle of temperance, and advocated the +cause with great eloquence. On another occasion he invited +Jenny Lind, now Madame Goldscmidt, to the palace, when she +visited this city. At the palace one evening, she sang +before a large company. When it became known that the lord +bishop of the diocese had actually entertained an operatic +singer, great was the indignation of some of the clergy. +This however did not at all distress the good bishop, who held on +the even tenor of his way, doing good whenever he had an +opportunity. By his frequent earnest discourses in many +churches in this diocese, he caused quite a revival of religion +among the clergy and church-going people. He died, much +lamented, on September 6th, 1849, in the 70th year of his age, +and he was buried <a name="page524"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +524</span>in the middle of the nave of the Cathedral, in the +presence of thousands who had known and loved him. A short +time after his decease, a slab to his memory was laid over his +grave, bearing the following inscription:—</p> +<p style="text-align: center">In the love of Christ<br /> +Here rests from his labours<br /> +EDWARD STANLEY,<br /> +Thirty-two years Rector of Alderley,<br /> +Twelve years Bishop of Norwich,<br /> +Buried amidst the mourning<br /> +Of the Diocese which he had animated,<br /> +The City which he had served,<br /> +The Poor whom he had visited,<br /> +The Schools which he had fostered,<br /> +The Family which he had loved,<br /> +Of all Christian people<br /> +With whom, howsoever divided, he had joined<br /> +In whatsoever things were true and honest,<br /> +And just, and pure, and lovely,<br /> +And of good report.<br /> +Born January 1st, 1779.<br /> +Installed August 17th, 1837.<br /> +Died September 6th, 1849, Aged 70.<br /> +Buried September 21st, 1849.</p> +<h4><i>Bishop Hinds</i>.</h4> +<p>Samuel Hinds, D.D., succeeded Bishop Stanley. He was the +sixty-seventh bishop of the diocese, and was installed on January +24th, 1850. He was the son of Abel and Elizabeth Thornhill +Hinds, born Dec. <a name="page525"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +525</span>23rd, 1793, in Barbadoes; and at the age of twelve he +was sent to England, to the school of Mr. Phillips, at Frenchay, +near Bristol. He entered at Baliol College, Oxford, but for +want of rooms removed to Queen’s, graduated in honours 1815 +(second in classics), and in the year following he obtained the +Latin essay. He returned to Barbadoes as a missionary and +remained there five years, the three latter as vice-principal of +Codrington College. After he returned to England he became +vice-principal of Alban Hall, Oxford; and he accompanied +Archbishop Whately to Ireland, as his private chaplain. He +was subsequently presented with the living of Yardley, in Herts., +by Dr. Coplestone, bishop of Llandaff. Dr. Hinds again +returned to Ireland, having been preferred to the living of +Castlenock by Archbishop Whateley, and was chosen private +chaplain to Lord Clarendon, lord lieutenant of Ireland. +Hence he removed to the deanery of Carlisle, but was scarcely +settled there when he was appointed to the bishopric of +Norwich. He had previously refused the bishoprics of New +Zealand and Cork. He laboured in this diocese for seven +years, often preaching in the churches, attending religious +meetings, and delivering addresses of a high character. He +generally preached at the anniversaries of the Church +Associations in this city. He resigned the see of Norwich +in April, 1857, and retired into private life. His health +is said to have been impaired by his arduous labours in +conducting the Oxford commissions which the government had +entrusted to him, and which, added to his <a +name="page526"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 526</span>duties in +the diocese and the office of chaplain to the house of lords, +proved too much for his constitution. Dr. Hinds is perhaps +the most learned of modern bishops. His literary talents +are considerable. He is the author of the “Rise and +Progress of Christianity,” first published in the +“Enclyclopædia Metropolitana,” and considered a +standard work, highly esteemed for its comprehensive views of +religious truth. The “Three Temples of the One +God;” “Catechists’ Manual;” and +“Inspirations of the Scriptures,” are works from his +pen, which testify to his deep learning and great research. +He is the author of many beautiful poems and hymns, some of which +are familiar to the congregation at Norwich Cathedral, from being +repeated in the service as arranged to music. The +confirmation hymn is simple and appropriate.</p> +<h4><i>Mr. William Dalrymple</i>.</h4> +<p>In a brief history of the <i>Norfolk and Norwich Hospital</i>, +published by Dr. Copeman, we find the following memoir of the +subject of this notice:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Mr. Dalrymple was a native of Norwich, his +father having removed thither from Scotland. He was born in +1772, and at an early age was sent to the Grammar School at +Aylsham, in Norfolk, from whence he was removed to the Free +School at Norwich, where he became a favourite pupil of its then +head master, the celebrated Dr. Parr. Here he had for a +schoolfellow Dr. Maltby, and with both, Dr. Parr kept up a +friendly intercourse of visits to the latest period of <a +name="page527"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 527</span>his +life. It affords a strong proof of Mr. Dalrymple’s +early talents and his industry in cultivating them, that, +although in accordance with the then custom of requiring medical +apprenticeship to extend to seven years, he was obliged to leave +school at the age of fourteen, he had yet attained such a +proficiency in classical reading, and so correct an appreciation +of its beauties, that, amidst all the urgent and various +occupations and anxieties of his succeeding life, he found the +greatest relief to his toils in a recurrence to his favourite +authors. His taste was scholarlike as well as scientific; +his conversation embued with classical allusion, and his felicity +in quotation remarkable. <a name="citation527"></a><a +href="#footnote527" class="citation">[527]</a></p> +<p>“Mr. Dalrymple was apprenticed in London, and studied at +Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals under Cline and Sir +Astley Cooper. He returned to Norwich in 1793, and opened a +surgery in his father’s house; and although for several +years his progress in establishing a practice was slow, he at +last attained the highest reputation as a surgeon in his native +city, and for many years enjoyed the confidence, friendship, and +patronage of a very large number of patients of every grade of +society and in every district of the county.</p> +<p>“In 1812 Mr. Dalrymple was elected assistant surgeon to +the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital, and two years afterwards +succeeded to the full surgeoncy, a post which he occupied with +great credit to himself and benefit to his profession until 1839, +a period of twenty-five years. He was then in the 67th year +of his age, his powers were less vigorous, and finding himself no +longer equal to his hospital practice, he resigned his position +there, receiving a cordial acknowledgment from the governors, of +‘the able, humane, and successful exercise of his official +duties,’ and being honoured by a request to accept the +appointment of honorary consulting <a name="page528"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 528</span>surgeon. In 1844 Mr. Dalrymple +finally retired from professional life, and died in London on the +5th of December, 1848, aged 75 years.</p> +<p>“From the year 1831 to 1835, I had ample opportunities, +as house surgeon of the hospital, of observing, and profiting by, +the mode in which the late Mr. Dalrymple performed his public +professional duties in that institution; and remember with +pleasure and satisfaction, that I was sometimes able to render +assistance, and save trouble, to one so deserving of the +gratitude and goodwill of those with whom he had to do. At +the period referred to, Mr. Dalrymple was beginning to feel the +burden of heavy surgical responsibilities more weighty than his +somewhat feeble frame would bear; his naturally acute sensibility +was increased by a measure of debility resulting from overmuch +professional occupation. The sudden call to perform a +serious and difficult operation was accompanied sometimes with a +degree of shock to his nerves, which told upon him injuriously; +and the desire he had to save the life of the sufferer submitted +to his charge (always a predominant feeling in his mind,) would +well-nigh overpower him with emotion. I have often heard +him say that he was not able to sleep the night before he had to +perform the operation of lithotomy, although in such cases his +success was great; but he possessed so much sympathy for his +patient, and felt his own responsibility so strongly, that he +failed to secure to his mind that rest which alone could have +enabled him to meet the contingencies of his profession with +composure. This nervous sensibility was due in part to +original constitution, and increased by professional toil. +Sometimes it arises from defective knowledge, or from want of +success; but so far from either being the case with Mr. +Dalrymple, his knowledge was ample, the result of many +years’ industrious application of a mind capable of vast <a +name="page529"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +529</span>acquirements—sufficient to have given him +confidence in the treatment of any case submitted to his care; +his success was beyond that of many placed in similar +circumstances; such, indeed, as might fairly have been expected +from one who had so much sympathy for suffering humanity, and who +devoted the whole energy of his mind to devise means to relieve +it. For a long period no one but himself, perhaps, was +aware of the stress upon his feelings which his professional +duties, so well performed, were wont to occasion; and when it did +become apparent to others, it was delightful to witness how +pleased, how grateful, how kind in expression he was for any +attention, encouragement, or assistance offered him; and how +highly he estimated the friendship of those who watched an +opportunity to perform those little offices of kindness and +consideration, which, although difficult to be defined, can +always be appreciated by a sensitive mind and a feeling +heart.</p> +<p>“The experience of a long and active professional life +endued Mr. Dalrymple with the valuable qualification of forming a +right judgment in cases of a complex and difficult nature, which +was fully appreciated and acknowledged. The firmness and +decision of his opinion upon a difficult case, when once formed, +could not fail to impress the practitioner by whom he was +consulted with confidence, and his patient with the assurance +that dependence might be placed upon the result of his +deliberations.</p> +<p>“No one who had the privilege of Mr. Dalrymple’s +acquaintance can think of him otherwise than as a kind friend, a +highly intelligent and well-informed man, an amusing and +instructive companion, and a profoundly gifted practitioner of +the art and science it was the business and happiness of his life +to pursue.”</p> +</blockquote> +<h4><a name="page530"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +530</span><i>Mr. John Greene Crosse</i>.</h4> +<p>We make the following extracts from a memoir of Mr. Crosse +published in Dr. Copeman’s <i>History of the Norfolk and +Norwich Hospital</i>.</p> +<blockquote><p>“John Greene Crosse was the second son of +Mr. William Crosse, of Finborough, in Suffolk, and was born on +the 6th of September, 1790. In order to make known some +particulars of his early life and education, I cannot do better +than quote his own journal, which contains many remarks upon the +subject evidently intended to have formed part of a history of +his life. In April, 1819, he penned the following +observations.</p> +<p>“‘I never went to boarding school, which +contributed, with many other occurrences of my subsequent life, +to fix me in the unsocial habits that hitherto never did and +never will forsake me. In my early years, no classical +learning, not a line of Latin, was taught at the proximate market +town to which I resorted as a daily pupil; and my first lessons +of reading, arithmetic, and writing were received from a master +of whom I entertained the greatest horror, for the ferocity of +his conduct, the severe discipline by which he drove into us the +simplest rudimental knowledge. His stern brow, raucous +voice, and long cane, are now livelily depicted to my mind: how +much I owe to him, I am even now, with a long life in retrospect, +unable to tell; but I was glad when circumstances arose that +released me from his tutorage.’</p> +<p>“‘Very small matters, and such as we have no +control over, and call accidental because unable to trace the +chain of causes giving rise to them, influence our mortal +destinies. I had attained my 12th (?) year, under such +tremendous <a name="page531"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +531</span>instruction as is related, when a Welsh gentleman +making some mistake at college (not implicating his good +character, an <i>informality</i> I should call it) found it well +to rusticate; and taking with him his premature wife, sought a +living by opening a classical school in Stowmarket. I +became one of his early pupils; and but for this good, easy +man’s settling in the town, should never have launched into +such studies as Latin and Greek; of which, it is true, I did not +learn much, nor very accurately. But he was, nevertheless, +a plodding, working man; an increasing family made him exert his +abilities to the utmost; and I got out of him all the instruction +I ever received as a school-boy in the learned languages. +When about fifteen years of age, returning from my daily school, +in a feat in jumping, I had the accident, I ought not perhaps to +say the misfortune, to break my leg. The respectable +village surgeon attended me: he was one of the old school; of +fine, soft, soothing manners, clean dressed, with powdered head; +rode slowly a very well-looking horse; in short, he was a +gentleman, and commanded the respect of every one when he entered +the house; he was also a skilful and kind surgeon. What +wonder that the idea should be awakened in my mind to be of the +medical profession! to be as great a man as he—the Village +Doctor! to whom every one bowed, and who could relieve pain and +cure injuries so quickly and skilfully. I had conceived an +object of ambition, and the idea never deserted me. I was +in a month upon my crutches, and soon recovered; a surgical case +fixed my future destinies.’</p> +<p>“‘I persevered a few years longer at Latin, Greek, +French, and Euclid. My father was successful and able now +to place me out well; wished me to be a lawyer, and I was for a +time under the instruction of a gentleman of that +profession—attending bankruptcy meetings, and feasting at +<a name="page532"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 532</span>midnight +at the expense of the already distracted creditors. Those +were good times for lawyers. A learned chancellor, whom I +met on one such occasion, I well remember complimenting me on my +quickness in counting money; but all would not do, my mind was +prepossessed—I quitted the law to follow my inclination; I +made my own choice; it was a pledge to success. The surgeon +who cured my leg agreed to take me as his first and only pupil, +and I was accordingly articled in due form for five +years.’</p> +<p>“On the 27th of September, 1811, Mr. Crosse went to +London for the purpose of studying his profession in that +Metropolis, and was the following day introduced to Mr., +afterwards Sir Charles Bell, whose pupil he became, with whom he +contracted a close intimacy, and of whose merits as a teacher and +man of science he always spoke in the highest terms of respect +and gratitude. In the following January, he entered to +Abernethy’s Lectures; and in April, 1812, became a student +at St. George’s Hospital, where his industrious habits and +intelligence attracted the particular attention and marked notice +of the medical officers of that noble institution. In the +following month, he entered as a pupil at the Lock Hospital; and +in the course of the year, officiated as House Surgeon during the +temporary absence of the gentleman who occupied that +situation. In the following winter session, commencing +October, 1812, he studied under Brodie, Bell, Brande, Clarke, +Home, and others; and remarks in his journal, ‘very +industrious all this winter, sitting up constantly till past two +a.m.’ In March, 1813, he became a dresser to Sir +Everard Home at St. George’s Hospital; attended Midwifery +under Dr. Clarke; and on the 16th of April, passed the College of +Surgeons in London. After a short holiday, he returned to +London <a name="page533"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +533</span>on the 13th of May, and attended the Eye Infirmary at +Charter-house Square. In June, he resigned his dressership +under Sir E. Home; became acquainted with the late Mr. Travers, +Abernethy, Sir W. Blizard, and Dr. Macartney, whom he agreed to +accompany to Dublin; and much of his spare time during this +summer was devoted to the study of German, a language he ever +after cultivated that he might enjoy the profundity and research +of the professional literature of that country.</p> +<p>“Mr. Crosse left England for Dublin on the 2nd of +October, 1813, arriving there the following day. In +December he became Demonstrator of Anatomy under Dr. Macartney, +and remained there until October, 1814, when he returned to +London, having received a very handsome testimonial from the +numerous students of the school in which he taught, as to his +ability and energy in the capacity of their instructor in +anatomy.</p> +<p>“On quitting Dublin, Mr. Crosse returned to Suffolk, and +was afterwards introduced to the late Dr. Rigby of Norwich. +In December he went to Paris, where he remained until the end of +February, 1815, during which period he took French Lessons, wrote +his Diary in the French language, and availed himself of every +possible opportunity of increasing his professional +knowledge.</p> +<p>“On the 29th of March, 1815, Mr. Crosse came to Norwich; +and after remaining one year in lodgings, took a house in St. +Giles’, in which he resided for many years. He soon +after published his “Sketches of the Medical Schools of +Paris,” and showed, both by his writings and the +industrious pursuit of his professional avocation, that he was +destined to arrive at considerable eminence in the locality he +had chosen for the arena of his future life. On the 19th of +July, 1823, he was the successful candidate for the appointment +<a name="page534"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 534</span>of +Assistant Surgeon to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital. So +great was his desire to become connected with the Hospital, and +so strong the competition in which he was engaged to obtain this +object, that his health gave way under the exertions he made to +succeed; and he was obliged to absent himself for a time, on +which occasion he took a trip to Holland, visiting Brighton on +his return. The result was favourable, and he returned to +Norwich in good health. On the death of Mr. Bond, in 1826, +he was elected full Surgeon to the Hospital, and thus attained +one of the greatest objects of his ambition.</p> +<p>“The rapid rise and progress of Mr. Crosse’s +reputation as a professional man, and the large extent of his +private practice, are too well known to require further notice; +but notwithstanding the unremitting exertions required to fulfil +his private engagements, he never allowed them to interfere with +his public duties; and the devotedness of his service to the +Norfolk and Norwich Hospital was remarkable. It may be +truly said that no private patient received more kindness, skill, +and attention at his hands, than did those who were placed under +his care in the wards of the Hospital.</p> +<p>“As an operating surgeon, Mr. Crosse had but few +superiors, and not many equals. He was possessed of +considerable manual tact and dexterity, which, coupled with a +sound judgment as to the necessity for the performance of an +operation, stamped him as a surgeon of first-rate +attainments. In his early professional life he studied +anatomy with great assiduity, and his subsequent occupation as +Demonstrator of Anatomy at Dublin so impressed the subject upon +his memory, that the constitution and form of the human body were +always in his mind’s eye; and thus he was rendered equal, +at all times and upon all occasions, to the serious emergencies +of surgery. In short, he obtained <a +name="page535"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 535</span>and held +for a long period the foremost rank in his profession in this +district; and such was the quality of his mind, that he would +probably have been pre-eminent in whatever locality it might have +fallen to his lot to be placed.</p> +<p>“In 1819, Mr. Crosse published <i>A History of the +Variolous Epidemic of Norwich</i>, which has been, and is even +now, quoted as an excellent standard work. In 1822 he +published <i>Memoirs of the Life of the late Dr. Rigby</i>, +prefixed to the valuable Essay which the Doctor had published +some years before <i>On Uterine Hæmorrhage</i>.</p> +<p>“In 1835, the Jacksonian Prize was awarded him for his +<i>Essay on the Formation</i>, <i>Constituents</i>, <i>and +Extraction of the Urinary Calculus</i>; and in the same year he +received, in consequence of this Essay, the Diploma of M.D. from +the University of Heidelberg.</p> +<p>“From 1822 to the close of his life, Mr. Crosse +contributed many valuable Papers to different medical +periodicals, which are of deep interest to professional men.</p> +<p>“In 1836, Mr. Crosse was elected a Fellow of the Royal +Society—a distinction which marked him for eminence +throughout the whole civilized world. In 1845, the College +of St. Andrew conferred the Degree of M.D. upon him, and there is +scarcely a medical or surgical society in Europe of which he was +not a member, as well as being an honorary member of the most +eminent societies in Asia and America.</p> +<p>“During the last year of Mr. Crosse’s life (1850), +it became painfully evident to his friends that he was gradually +losing that vigour of mind and body which had so long +characterized him; and at the urgent solicitation of his medical +advisers, he was induced to leave home for a few weeks, when he +took the opportunity of consulting Sir B. Brodie and Dr. Watson +in London, and spent a short time with the late Dr. Mackness at +Hastings, of whose <a name="page536"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +536</span>kindness he afterwards spoke in the highest terms of +gratitude. On his return home, he endeavoured to resume his +professional and even his literary avocations; but although in a +degree benefited by his holiday, he gradually lost power, and it +was clear that his race was almost run.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>He died in his 60th year, having been a resident in Norwich 35 +years.</p> +<h4><i>Dr. Hooker</i>.</h4> +<p>Norwich and Norfolk have produced an array of distinguished +botanists, such as Smith, Turner, Lindley, and the elder +Hooker. The president of the British Association for the +Advancement of Science, Dr. Joseph D. Hooker, F.R.S., is the son +of Sir William J. Hooker, formerly Director of the Royal Gardens +at Kew, and he succeeded his father in that very important post +on November 12th, 1865. The present director of Kew sprung +from a race of botanists. His paternal grandfather, a +citizen of Norwich, devoted his leisure to the cultivation of +curious plants. This circumstance, doubtless, helped to +create that taste for botany which, in the career of his +illustrious father, has borne such ripe fruits. On the +maternal side, the grandfather of Dr. Hooker was Mr. Dawson +Turner, of Yarmouth. The eldest daughter of this gentleman +became the wife of Sir William J. Hooker in 1814. Mr. +Turner’s is a well-known name in the annals of British +botany; he is the author of various botanical publications, and +it was at his suggestion that a narrative of a visit made to +Iceland in 1809 by his <a name="page537"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 537</span>future son-in-law was given to the +world, a work which brought the name of Sir William J. Hooker +prominently before the scientific world. So descended Dr. +Joseph D. Hooker was born at Halesworth, in Suffolk, on June +30th, 1817. Although thus by birth a native of Suffolk, he +is by descent a Norwich man. He has been a great botanical +traveller in many parts of the world, and he has added greatly to +our knowledge of the plants of Asia and India. On August +19th, 1868, as President of the British Association, when the +meeting took place in Norwich, he delivered the Inaugural Address +in the Drill Hall before a large audience.</p> +<h4><i>Mrs. Opie</i>.</h4> +<p>Amelia Opie was the daughter of Dr. Alderson, a physician in +Norwich, and was born here in 1769. The varied +circumstances of her early life gave the bent to her after +career. In her girlhood she beguiled the solitude of her +father’s summer house by composing songs and tragedies; on +her visits to London, the superior society into which the graces +of her person and the accomplishments of her mind introduced her, +served to stimulate her aspirations; and after her marriage, in +1798, to the painter, Mr. John Opie, she was encouraged by her +husband to become a candidate for literary fame. +Accordingly, in 1801, she published a novel, entitled <i>Father +and Daughter</i>. Although this tale showed no artistic +ability in dealing either with incidents or with characters, yet +it was the <a name="page538"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +538</span>production of a lively fancy and a feeling heart, and +speedily brought its author into notice. She was encouraged +to publish a volume of sweet and graceful poems in 1802, and to +persist in the kind of novel writing which she had commenced so +successfully. <i>Adelaide Mowbray</i> followed in 1804, and +<i>Simple Tales</i> in 1806. The death of her husband in +1807, and her return to Norwich, did not slacken her +industry. She published <i>Temper</i> in 1812, <i>Tales of +Real Life</i> in 1813, <i>Valentine’s Eve</i> in 1816, +<i>Tales of the Heart</i> in 1818, and <i>Madeline</i> in +1822. At length, in 1825, her assumption of the tenets and +garb of the Society of Friends checked her literary ardour, and +changed her mode of life. Nothing afterwards proceeded from +her pen except a volume entitled <i>Detraction Displayed</i>, and +some contributions in prose and verse to various +periodicals. A good deal of her life was spent in +travelling and in the exercise of Christian benevolence. +When in this city she was often seen in the assize court, sitting +near the judge. She seemed to take a great deal of interest +in criminal cases. She died here in 1853. A life of +Mrs. Opie, by Miss C. L. Brightwell, was published in 1854.</p> +<h4><i>Dr. William Crotch</i>.</h4> +<p>The celebrated musician, William Crotch, was born in the +parish of St. George at Colegate in this city, July 5th, +1775. His genius for music may be supposed to have +commenced with his existence, as his parents did not remember any +period in which he did <a name="page539"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 539</span>not shew a great predilection for an +organ, to which instrument he seemed to have a special +attachment. Indeed he had a <i>penchant</i> for every +musical instrument at an early age. As soon as he could +walk alone, which was at the beginning of his second year, he +would frequently quit his mother’s breast to hear a tune on +the organ, and when he wanted any particular tune, he would put +his finger upon that key on which the tune began; and as it +sometimes happened that more than one tune began on the same key, +he would strike two or three of the first or leading notes of the +tune he chose to have played. Before he was two years and a +quarter old, he played “God save the King” with both +hands. At two years and a half he had played to several +ladies and gentlemen, and was soon afterwards noticed in the +public journals. At two and three quarters he could +distinguish any note, and call it by its proper name, though he +did not see it struck. His memory was so retentive, that a +gentleman only playing to him the Minuet in <i>Rodelinda</i> two +or three times in the evening, was astonished to hear him perform +it next morning, as soon as he went to the organ. Before he +was three years old, he played at Beccles, Ipswich, and other +places. Afterwards he was taken to Lynn, Bury, &c., and +in October, 1778, to Cambridge. In November, he was +nominated to a degree of Bachelor of Arts, with a small annuity +annexed to it. In December he went to London, and after +performing before the foreign ambassadors, maids of honour, +&c., in 1779, he was introduced to the sovereign, to whom he +gave the greatest satisfaction, <a name="page540"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 540</span>as he had done to the nobility and +gentry in general, but more particularly to the greatest +musicians. At the early age of 22 he was appointed +professor of music in the University of Oxford, and there, in +1799, took his degree of doctor in that art. In 1800 and +the four following years, he read lectures on music at +Oxford. Next he was appointed lecturer on music at the +Royal Institution; and subsequently, in 1823, principal of the +Royal Academy of Music. He published a number of vocal and +instrumental compositions, of which the best is his oratorio of +“Palestine.” In 1831 appeared an octavo volume, +containing the substance of his lectures on music, delivered at +Oxford and in London. He also published “Elements of +Musical Composition and Thorough Bass.” He arranged +for the piano-forte a number of Handel’s oratorios and +operas, besides symphonies and quartetts of Haydn, Mozart, and +Beethoven. He performed all his public duties laboriously, +zealously, and honourably, and in private life he was much +beloved. He died on December 29th, 1847, in the house of +his son, at Taunton.</p> +<h3><a name="page541"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +541</span>CHAPTER XXIV.<br /> +Norwich Artists in the Nineteenth Century.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">Norwich</span> artists must have +flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries, as proved by their +portraits of city worthies in the Guildhall and St. +Andrew’s Hall, but we have few notices of early painters or +engravers. About the commencement of the present century, a +gentleman named Thomas Harvey lived at Catton, and was recognised +as a very clever amateur artist. He painted in oil, +admirably, and he induced several of the leading artists of the +day to visit Norfolk, such as Opie, Gainsborough, Sir William +Beechey, Collins, and many others, who produced beautiful works +of art.</p> +<p>About the year 1802, a few professional and amateur artists, +drawn together by a similarity of taste and inclination, for the +advancement of the arts of painting and design in their native +city, began to associate to form a regular academy. Each +member in his turn furnished matter of discussion according with +his particular view; and by eliciting the opinions of his brother +artists, mutually communicated and received <a +name="page542"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +542</span>information. The first exhibition of this society +was in 1805, in Wrench’s Court, and contained 223 +pictures. The following is a list of the members and +exhibitors of the Norwich Society of Artists from the first +catalogue of 1805:—Arthur Browne, J. Blake, E. Bell, +(engraver) Mrs. Coppin, H. M. M. Crotch, M. B. Crotch, J. Crome, +R. Dixon, J. Freeman, W. Freeman, Rev. Wm. Gordon of Saxlingham, +C. Hodgson, W. Harwin, R. Ladbrooke, W. C Leeds, J. Percy, J. +Thirtle, F. Stone, architect. This Society of Artists, +after their establishment, within twenty years exhibited about +4000 pictures, the productions of 323 painters, very few of which +were sold here, but which were readily purchased in London and +other places. In fact, the local artists were very little +patronized in the city; and old Crome, one of the very best +landscape painters in England, was a very poor man all his life, +though, since his death, his pictures have been sold for +thousands of pounds in London.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">John Crome</span>, sen., was born December +21st, 1769, in the parish of St. Peter per Mountergate. He +was apprenticed to Mr. Francis Whisler, coach, house, and sign +painter, who, in 1783, lived in Bethel Street; but he felt the +true impulse of genius, and his industry surmounted all +obstacles. By almost unaided exertions he cultivated +drawing and painting in oil with such ardour and success, that +during the latter years of his life he had attained an eminence +highly creditable, and was incessantly employed as a master in +the one branch by families of distinction, and by <a +name="page543"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 543</span>the +principal schools of Norfolk and Norwich. He possessed the +rare faculty of communicating the ardour he himself felt to his +pupils, both professional and amateur. His mind was too +acute to exact from them a servile imitation of his own style; on +the contrary he contented himself with instilling the more useful +principles of art, and with giving freedom and spirit to their +pencils. He then invited them to let loose the reins of +fancy and taste, and to follow unfettered the promptings of +imagination. The fruits of this wise discrimination were +seen in the reputation of his son, and his companions in +excellence, whose works for some time attracted much attention in +the metropolis to the growing talents and promise of the Norwich +school of artists. In the other department he was seldom +without commissions. He principally cultivated landscape +painting, and he was exceedingly happy in seizing small +picturesque local scenes, which he elevated to a degree of +interest which they could hardly bear in their natural +state. He was in painting the counterpart of Burns in +poetry, both delighting in homely scenes. His pictures were +beginning to be known and appreciated in London, the great mart +of talent, and those he last exhibited in the British Gallery +gained him a lasting fame. He was a man of heart, of +impulse and feeling, quick, lively, and enthusiastic, and in his +conversation animated to a high degree, especially when speaking +on subjects connected with his art, the fond, the incessant, the +earliest and latest object of his thoughts. A wide field of +enterprise and exertion had just opened upon <a +name="page544"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 544</span>his view, +the last stage of his ardent ambition had unfolded itself, when +he was suddenly seized with an acute disease, which terminated +his life in the short space of seven days, on April 22nd, 1821, +aged fifty years. He was buried in a vault in St. +George’s Colegate Church, where the last sad offices of +respect were paid to his memory by a numerous attendance of +artists and other friends. Of late years a subscription was +raised here for a monument to his memory, and after some delay a +suitable memorial was placed in the church. (<i>See +page</i> <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page89">89</a></span>.)</p> +<p>The following list of Mr. Crome’s principal pictures, +with their former possessors, was extracted from the published +catalogue of his works:—</p> +<p>“Lane Scene near Hingham,” 1812; “Lane Scene +at Blofield,” 1813; and “Grove Scene near +Marlingford,” 1815—Samuel Paget, Esq., of +Yarmouth.</p> +<p>“View at the back of the New Mills,” +1817—William Hawkes, Esq., Norwich.</p> +<p>“Wood and Water Scene near Bawburgh,” +1821—Miss Burrows, Burfield Hall.</p> +<p>“View in Postwick Grove,” 1816—Lord +Stafford.</p> +<p>“Hautbois Common, Norfolk,” 1810—Mr. F. +Stone, Norwich.</p> +<p>“Lane Scene near Whitlingham,” 1820—Mr. +Charles Turner.</p> +<p>“Scene near Hardingham, Norfolk,” 1816—Mr. +J. B. Crome.</p> +<p>“Lane Scene,” 1817—John Bracy, Esq.</p> +<p>“Carrow Abbey,” 1805—P. M. Martineau, +Esq.</p> +<p>“Cottage and Wood Scene,” 1820—Michael +Bland, Esq., London.</p> +<p><a name="page545"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +545</span>“Landscape—Evening”—Mr. +Crome.</p> +<p>“Grove Scene,” 1820—Mr. F. Geldart, jun.</p> +<p>“View of the Italian Boulevards at Paris,” 1815; +and “Fish Market at Boulogne,” 1820—R. H. +Gurney, Esq.</p> +<p>A “Wood Scene” was the last picture painted by Old +Crome, in April, 1821. He painted many others, and etched a +number of plates of Norfolk scenery, some of which have been +printed. His pictures have been lent for various +exhibitions and always much admired.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>J. B. <span class="smcap">Crome</span>, son of the father of +the Norwich School of Landscape Painting, was a landscape painter +of moonlights, &c. The editor of the <i>Examiner</i> +for March, 1828, speaking of this artist’s pictures, +says:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Mr. Crome’s moonlight is good, and +has the grey and brown hues of Vanderneer, whose moonlight scenes +have been considered the best as to natural effects; but except +the parts under the immediate light of the moon, no specific +colour should be seen. The browns and yellows here mingle +well into the black shades of night, and have nothing of that +flat grey blue which justly made coloured moonlights to be +compared to a shilling on a slate.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Mr. J. B. Crome’s pictures were “Rouen,” in +the possession of Mrs. Southwell, Wroxham; “Yarmouth +Quay”—T. Cobbold, Esq., Catton; “Yarmouth +Beach, Moonlight”—R. J. Turner, Esq., Catton; +“View near Amsterdam, Moonlight”—J. Geldart, +Esq., Norwich; “Norwich by Moonlight”—Hon. +General Walpole; “Moonlight”—C. Turner, Esq., +Norwich. Several <a name="page546"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 546</span>others of this artist’s +pictures were exhibited at the Norwich Industrial Exhibition in +1867, and were much admired.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Miss Crome</span>, daughter of Old Crome, +was a painter of fruit and flowers from nature, and painted +successfully.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Joseph Clover</span> was a native of this +city, but he resided some time in London. His first efforts +in art were directed to engraving, and by the advice of a +gentleman named Stocks, he took an impression of one of his +plates to the late Alderman Boydell, in Cheapside, whose remarks +on this performance discouraged him from following the profession +of an engraver, and he remained for some time undetermined as to +his further pursuit in art, until the following autumn, when +being introduced by his uncle to the late Mr. Opie, whilst +painting a portrait of that relation, he was so astonished at the +facility with which the artist painted, and so delighted with his +conversation, that he resolved from that moment to be a +painter. He took Mr. Opie’s advice and followed him +to town, from which period, namely, April, 1807, being nearly +four years, he enjoyed that artist’s friendship. In +the year 1806, Mr. Clover was accidentally introduced to the late +Richard Cumberland, the dramatic poet, who perceiving that the +artist’s health was much impaired by a too close +application to study, invited him to his house at Ramsgate, and +by his introduction he painted several portraits, and to <a +name="page547"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 547</span>the +hospitable residence of this gentleman he repeated his visits +during the summer months for fourteen years. In Norwich, he +painted three full-length portraits for St. Andrew’s Hall, +besides a number of others, and a picture called “Divided +Attention,” for his friend Mr. Turner, of Norwich. +This first-rate picture excited much interest in London. +Some of the early pictures of this artist were at Beau Port, the +house of the late Sir James Bland Burgess, and at Battle Abbey in +Sussex. Subsequently Mr. Clover had the honour of being +patronised by the Marquis of Stafford and other noblemen.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">William Robert Dixon</span> was a native +of this city. His etchings of views in Norfolk were in the +possession of many persons in Norwich. Mr. Charles Turner +had an interesting collection of his drawings. As a scene +painter he was much admired. He had many tempting offers +from the London and other managers of theatres; but being fondly +and firmly attached to his native city and a choice circle of +friends, no allurements could induce him to leave them. He +was very popular as a teacher of drawing. He died October +1st, 1815.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Charles Hodgson</span>, a native of this +city, was a painter of interior architecture, particularly of the +early English style, and of considerable reputation for his +excellent drawing and correct perspective in water colours, which +subjects he was afterwards induced to paint in oil, in which he +excelled. He <a name="page548"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +548</span>was a constant exhibitor in the London +exhibitions. His pictures were in the possession of several +gentlemen in the city and county.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">David Hodgson</span>, son of the above, a +native also of this city, was a painter of exterior architecture, +landscape, &c. Some of his pictures of interiors of +churches were in the possession of William Herring, Esq., +Norwich; Pair of Landscapes, W. Roberts, Esq., of Birmingham; +Large Landscape, Rev. J. Hollingworth, Newcastle; Small +Landscape, Wm. Gate, Esq., Carlisle; Market Scenes, T. Bignold, +Esq., Norwich; Landscape, Mr. S. Coleman; Pair of Small +Landscapes, Mr. Stone, Norwich; Tombland, Mr. Stone; Landscape, +Mr. G. Cooke, engraver; Pair of Street Scenes, Mr. Yarington, +Norwich; Market Scenes, sold at the Liverpool exhibition.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Robert Ladbrooke</span>, landscape +painter, for many years enjoyed considerable celebrity as a +drawing master, and in 1821 commenced the publication of “A +Series of Views of the Churches in Norfolk,” printed in +lithography, of which ninety numbers were completed.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Joseph Stannard</span> was a marine +painter, in which walk of art he established a high +reputation. His subjects were generally finely chosen, and +painted with all the truth and transparency of nature. The +grouping of his vessels displayed an admirable taste, and they +were embellished with the most correctly-drawn <a +name="page549"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 549</span>figures, +highly characteristic of the stations they occupied.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Mrs. Stannard</span>, wife of the above, +was a painter of fruit, flowers, fish, still life, &c. +Her maiden name was Coppin, and her mother was rewarded by the +Society for the Encouragement of Arts, for several copies of +painting. The daughter’s productions were highly +esteemed by the lovers of art.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Alfred Stannard</span>. The talents +of this artist, at an early period of his life, gained him the +approbation of the critics of the London Journals—which +noticed works of fine arts as exhibited in the National +Gallery. The <i>Literary Gazette</i> of March, 1828, +contained this notice,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“No. 152, Trowse Hall, Norwich, painted on +the spot by A. Stannard. We think that this work partakes +more of the Flemish style of art than legitimately belongs to a +picture painted on the spot; its elaborate finish must +necessarily have required considerable time in the execution; and +the character of our climate is much too variable, day after day, +to paint from the same hue of atmosphere, and the same effect of +Chiaroscuro. Be that as it may, the excellence of the +performance, however it may have been achieved, is an abundantly +sufficient passport to regard of this artist’s +picture. No. 431, Sluice Gate, on the river Wensum, shews +the close resemblance of character and execution between the +works of some of our artists and the best pictures of the Flemish +school.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The critic might have added that most of the people of Norwich +are of Flemish or Danish extraction, and <a +name="page550"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 550</span>that the +Norwich school of painting seems to have been derived from the +Flemish school. The subjects painted, and the style of +treatment are very similar.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">James Stark</span> was articled to the +senior Crome for three years, from 1810 or 1811, at the +expiration of which time he went to London and drew at the Royal +Academy, which place he was obliged to leave from ill +health. The first picture which he exhibited at the British +Gallery, represented “Boys Bathing,” purchased by the +Bishop of Oxford. His other pictures were “Flounder +Fishing,” in the possession of Sir J. Grey Egleton, Bart.; +“Penning the Flock,” the Marquis of Stafford; +“Lambeth,” the Countess de Grey; “Grove +Scene,” Thomas Phillips, Esq.; “Grove Scene,” +Francis Chantrey, Sculptor; besides many others in the possession +of George Watson Taylor, Esq., M.P.; Mr. Davenport, M.P.; Charles +Savill Onley, Esq., M.P.; Onley Savill Onley, Esq.; &c., +&c. In 1827, this artist circulated proposals for +printing “Scenery of the Rivers Yare and Waveney,” +with engravings from his own paintings, and the work was +beautifully carried out.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>J. S. <span class="smcap">Cotman</span> became one of the most +celebrated artists in the Water Colour Society, and attained a +very high position in London, where he was appointed Drawing +Master at King’s College; he published Views in Normandy, +and also a work on the Sepulchral Brasses of this locality. +His pictures have always commanded high prices. His two +sons also became eminent artists.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><a name="page551"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 551</span>About +the year 1830, there was something like a School of Art commenced +in Norwich, where artists and amateurs could study art in a +proper manner, from the best casts of the finest statues. +Before then, artists had to study as they best could, and their +education was very imperfect. They are much indebted to +John Barwell, Esq., for promoting their interests in this +respect, and rendering them great assistance by his knowledge of +art. Amongst the members of the new society were the +Barwells, father and son, the Cotmans, the Freemans, T. Geldart, +A. Sandys, S. Miers, and many others who studied art either from +the cast or the life.</p> +<p>The Norfolk and Norwich Art Union opened their exhibition of +pictures on August 16th, 1839, at the Bazaar, in St. +Andrew’s Broad Street. About 400 pictures were +exhibited, many of them being of a high order of merit. At +subsequent exhibitions, many pictures of local artists were +exhibited, including some of the Cromes, the Ladbrookes, the +Stannards, the Cotmans, Hodgson, Stark, Vincent, Downes, Sandys, +Capt. Roberts, and others much admired. A Fine Art +Association has also been recently established. It held its +first exhibition in August, 1868. A large number of the +pictures were disposed of on the principle of an Art Union.</p> +<h2><a name="page552"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 552</span>PART +III.</h2> +<h3>CHAPTER I.<br /> +The Commercial History of Norwich.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">What</span> has been the trade of the +city, from the earliest period up to the present time, is an +interesting subject of inquiry to the inhabitants. The +sources of information are very scanty, for local historians of +former days did not trouble themselves much about trade, but were +content with simply recording passing events and the proceedings +of public bodies. From old charters and acts of parliament, +and details of local taxation, we may, however, learn something +about the industry and trade of by gone ages. We may +discover how people lived, how they were employed, and what sort +of clothes they wore; and we shall find a remarkable sameness +from age to age. The trade of any country, or county, or +town, arises from productive industry in agriculture <a +name="page553"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 553</span>or +manufactures, or in mercantile business, or in carrying goods +from one place to another, or in all three combined. All +three have existed in this city and county; and it is important +to inquire into the past and present state of our trade, and the +causes which have promoted or retarded its progress or +decline.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">Textile Fabrics</span>.</h4> +<p>In tracing the rise and progress of manufactures in this city, +it will be necessary to refer to many sources of information +respecting the garments worn by the people of every period. +The Roman writers supply some information relating to the Iceni +and other aborigines of this island; the Anglo-Saxon +illuminations represent the costumes of a later period; +monumental effigies exhibit the clothing of the middle ages; and +many acts of parliament allude to the manufactures of modern +times. The arts of spinning, weaving, dyeing, and dressing +wool, linen, and silk, were known to all ancient civilized +nations. The Gauls taught those arts to the ancient Britons +in this island. Of the kinds of cloth made in Gaul, +according to Pliny, one was made of fine wool dyed in several +colours. This wool, being spun into yarn, was woven in +stripes or checquers, of which the Gauls made their summer +garments. Here we have the origin of the Scotch plaid or +tartan, which is called the garb of old Gaul to this day.</p> +<p>The dress of the ancient British females may be ascertained +from the account by Dion Cassius of the <a +name="page554"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 554</span>appearance +of Boadicea, Queen of the Iceni, who inhabited this eastern +district. Her light hair fell upon her shoulders. She +wore a torque of gold, a tunic of several colours all in folds, +and over it a robe of coarse stuff, fastened by a brooch. +The commonalty and the less civilized tribes, inhabiting the +interior of the island, went about simply clad in skins. +The Druids wore white dresses, and the Bards a robe of sky blue, +emblematic of peace. The Ovates, professing to know +medicine, wore green, the symbol of learning. Julius +Agricola being appointed to the command in Britain, <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 78, soon succeeded in establishing +the Roman sway, and introducing the Roman costume, manners, and +language; and before the close of the first century the British +habit was regarded as a badge of barbarism. Tacitus says, +“The sons of the British chiefs began to affect our +dress.” The southern and eastern Britons disused the +Broccoe, and wore the Roman tunic reaching to the knee, with the +cloak or mantle. The female garb was similar to that of the +Roman women, who wore two tunics.</p> +<p>The Anglo Saxons, Jutes, and Danes, when located in different +parts of England, spun and wove most of the materials now used +for dress. The woollen, linen, and silk yarns were all +home-spun, and the textile fabrics were home-made. The +civil costume consisted of a linen shirt, a tunic of linen or +woollen, worn according to the season, descending to the knee, +and having long loose sleeves. It was made like the shirt, +and open at the neck, and put on in the same manner. <a +name="page555"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 555</span>It was +sometimes open at the sides and confined by a belt or girdle at +the waist. Over this a short cloak was worn fastened with +brooches, sometimes at the breast, sometimes on both +shoulders.</p> +<p>Mr. Strutt remarks that the silence of the Anglo-Saxon writers +on the subject of Danish dress, while they are profuse in the +description of the dress of their countrymen, proves a similarity +of costume. According to Danish ballads, black was the +colour of the ancient Danish dress. Saxon chronicles allude +to the Danes by the name of the “Black Army.” +Black amongst them had no funeral associations. This sombre +hue may have been their national colour, their standard being a +raven. After becoming settled in Norwich and Norfolk, they +doffed the black colour, and became effeminately gay in their +dress, and often changed their attire.</p> +<p>The Normans and Flemings who came over with the Conqueror into +England, and those who followed him in great numbers, were +remarkable for their love of finery, according to our early +historians. The dresses of the common people of course +continued to be much the same from age to age, but the habits of +the nobility were more influenced by fashion; and the reign of +William Rufus is stigmatised by many writers of the period for +shameful abuses. The king himself set the example, and the +clergy and laity were alike infected with the love of costly +clothing. After the Norman Conquest, a sort of cloth was +introduced which, though not a new discovery, had not been +formerly known in England. This was quite a <a +name="page556"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 556</span>different +article to what had been previously called cloth, the preparation +being by a combing instead of a carding process. By the +former the wool was drawn out to a very long staple, by the +latter to a very short staple, the fibres of the fleece being +extended the whole length in one instance, and broken and +intersected in the other. For 1000 years after the +christian era there were no textile manufactures as we now +understand the terms. All the yarns were homespun, and all +the garments were home-made.</p> +<p>The female costume in Norwich and other towns, from 1087 to +1154, presents us with but one striking novelty, and that by no +means an improvement. The rage for lengthening every +portion of the dress was not confined to the male sex. The +sleeves of the ladies’ tunics, and their veils or +kerchiefs, appear to have been so long in the reigns of William +Rufus and Henry I. as to be tied up in knots, to avoid treading +on them, and the trains or skirts of the garments lay in immense +rolls at the feet. Over the long robe or tunic a shorter +garment was occasionally seen in the illuminations of the +period.</p> +<p>The twelfth century is a period in which Norwich began to be +particularly mentioned for its trade arising from +manufactures. It is also a period when a very valuable +source of information is opened by the monumental effigies of the +dead, sculptured in their habits as they lived. The +effigies on brass are numerous in Norwich and Norfolk churches, +and indicate progress in useful arts. Mr. Stothard is a +great authority on the monumental effigies of Great Britain, <a +name="page557"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 557</span>and he +presents the coronation robes of the kings, and the costumes of +the nobles with splendid decorations.</p> +<p>The Dutch and the Flemings soon came over the sea, located +themselves in the city and in different parts of the eastern +counties, and introduced various manufactures. William of +Malmesbury states that in the reign of the Conqueror’s +youngest son, Henry I., a great inundation in the low countries +drove many more of the Flemings to seek refuge in England; and +Blomefield, in his History of Norfolk, says that several of them +settled at Worstead in Norfolk, and thus early introduced the art +of stuff weaving there; which, as is natural to suppose, soon +began to be extensively adopted in Norwich. Gervase, of +Tilbury, writing of the Flemings says,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“The art of weaving seemed to be a peculiar +gift bestowed upon them by nature; yet the new comers were not +always well received by the native population, and had to be +protected by laws made in their favour. Indeed, the natives +of Norwich, in every period, have been hostile to foreigners, or +to any sort of interference with their peculiar branch of +industry.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>In the next reign, that of Henry II., “Guilds” of +weavers were multiplied, and had their charters of privilege in +London, York, Winchester, and Norwich; and a system of +protection, originating with manufacturers, prevailed all over +the country. During the next reign, that of Stephen, more +Flemish weavers came over; and these successive emigrations were +a real blessing to the land. England had hitherto not been +a manufacturing country till the arrival of the <a +name="page558"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 558</span>Flemings, +who introduced the preparation and weaving of wool, so that, in +process of time, not only the home market was abundantly supplied +with woollen cloth, but a large surplus was made for +exportation. The Flemings were kinsmen of the Danes, and +all of them were of the Anglo-Saxon race, and were distinguished +for that probity in their dealings which afterwards became the +characteristic of British merchants.</p> +<p>During the reign of Richard Cœur de Lion, it is supposed +that though the trade of the kingdom did not increase, yet some +of the artisan soldiers who returned from the crusades brought +back a knowledge of the eastern method of weaving. At that +time the useful arts flourished in the east. The +improvements introduced here were, however, of little worth, +owing to the troubles of the reign of King John, and the equally +disturbed reign of his son Henry III. Even the wise and +resolute king, Edward I., did not fully succeed in restoring +English trade to its former prosperity. Yet it is clear +that this city had been all along prospering, for in the reign of +Edward II., repeated mention is made of its thrift. That +monarch granted a patent to John Peacock for measuring every +piece of worsted made in the city or county; but this, being +found to check the trade, was soon recalled. In the reign +of Edward I. the people of Norwich, and of England generally, +began to adopt the whimsical fashions of their neighbours on the +continent. Horned head-dresses of frightful appearance were +worn by the ladies, and tight-laced stays. Gauze, which is +thought to have derived its name from Gaza, where <a +name="page559"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 559</span>it was +first made, and brunetta or burnetta, with several other fine and +delicate stuffs, are mentioned in this period. Gauzes were +afterwards produced in large quantities in Norwich. Tartan +was a fine woollen cloth, which was also much used for +ladies’ robes, and was generally of a scarlet dye.</p> +<p>In the thirteenth century the materials for dress became more +numerous, and this period is more remarkable for the splendour of +costume than for change of form. Matthew Paris, monk of St. +Albany, a contemporary historian, describes the pageantry of the +day, and expresses disgust rather than pleasure at the excessive +foppery of the times. He states that the nobility who +attended at the marriage of the daughter of Henry III. to +Alexander king of Scotland, were attired in vestments of silk, +commonly called comtises, on the day when the ceremony was +performed, but on the following day they were laid aside.</p> +<p>In the reign of Edward III. other foreign clothiers came to +England, and many of them settled in the eastern parts of +Essex. In 1353, this monarch prohibited his subjects from +wearing any cloth but such as was made in this kingdom; and he +also forbade the exportation of wool. Both in this reign +and in that of Richard II., repeated mention occurs in the oath +book and court rolls of wool-combers, card makers, clothiers, +weavers, fullers, &c. During the reign of Elizabeth a +new impulse was given to the trade by the emigration of +Protestants and others from the low countries, and from France, +who introduced important branches of industry. Mr. James, +in <a name="page560"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 560</span>his +History of the Worsted Manufacture in England, says, that king +Edward III. so far extended and improved that trade, that from +his reign may be dated a new era in its history. This +monarch could not, with all his sagacity, and the earnest desire +he ever evinced for the welfare and prosperity of his subjects, +remain long unmindful of the great profit and advantage of +working up the English wool for domestic consumption or export, +instead of exporting the material in a raw state. When, +therefore, he espoused Phillippa, the daughter of the Earl of +Hainault, whose subjects were excellent cloth makers, the close +connection which the marriage occasioned between the two +countries, and probably in part some suggestions of the queen, +induced the king, in 1331, to invite hither a large number of his +countrymen, skilful in the art of weaving woollen and +worsted. These Flemish weavers settled, by the directions +of the king, and under his special protection, in various parts +of the country, where the wool grown in the district was suitable +for the particular kind of cloth made by these artizans. +The worsted weavers were located in Norfolk and Suffolk, having +Norwich for their chief seat or mart. Blomefield, in his +history, says,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Under the reign of Edward III., Norwich +became the most flourishing city of all England by means of its +great trade in worsted, fustian, friezes, and other woollen +manufactures, for now the English wool, being manufactured by +English hands, incredible profit accrued to the people by its +passing through and employing so many, every one having a fleece, +sorters, combers, card spinners, &c.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="page561"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +561</span>Alluding to the condition of this trade at the same +period, old Fuller, in his Church History, says,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“The intercourse being large betwixt the +English and the Netherlands, (which having increased since King +Edward married the daughter) unsuspected emissaries were employed +by our king with those countries, who brought them into +familiarity with such Dutchmen as were absolute masters of their +trade, (but not masters themselves) as either journeymen or +apprentices. These bemoaned the slavishness of their poor +servants, whom their masters used rather like heathen than +christians; yea, rather, like horses than men; early up and late +to bed, and all day hard work, and harder fare, (a few herrings +and mouldy cheese,) and all to enrich the churls their masters, +without any profit unto themselves. But, oh, how happy +should they be if they would but come over to England! bringing +their mystery with them, which would provide their welcome in all +places. Here they should feed on fat beef and mutton till +nothing but their fulness should stint their stomach; yea, they +should feed on the labour of their own hands, enjoying a +proportionable portion of their gains for themselves. +Persuaded with the promises, many Dutch servants leave their +masters and come over to England.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>According to Blomefield, the trade continued to increase +during the succeeding reign, that of Richard II., when laws were +passed for regulating the sale of worsted. Our ancestors +were then a plain homely sort of people, and like their +forefathers, were content with coarse woollen cloths for their +plain clothes. In this and succeeding reigns important +changes took place in the system of society, especially in the +formation <a name="page562"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +562</span>of a middle class, which gradually increased in numbers +and influence, and became the great support of trade. +Norman despotism was relaxed, and political liberty was advanced, +and the darkness of the middle ages was dispelled.</p> +<p>In <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1403, Henry IV. +separated the city of Norwich from the county of Norfolk, and +made it a county of itself, which it has been ever since. +This, of course, has been a great advantage to the city as +regards its self-government. In this reign it was deemed +necessary to appoint officers, whose business it should be to +inspect the goods; and in the reigns of Henry V., Henry VI., +Edward IV., and Richard III., complaints were renewed in acts of +parliament and other documents of the great “crafte and +deceite” used in the making of worsteds, says, serges, +fustians, motleys, &c., at Norwich.</p> +<p>During the short reign of Edward VI., the making of +“felt and thrummed hats, dornecks, and coverlets,” +had sprung up in consequence of the decline of the old stuff +manufacture; and in the reign of Mary the manufacture of +“light stuffs” was introduced. These were of +the same fabric as “the fustians of Naples,” and seem +to have been so similar to the bombazines of succeeding years, +that they may be considered as the commencement of the great +staple of Norwich. During the subsequent reigns the city +does not seem to have advanced in prosperity. Henry VII. +succeeded in reviving the trade a little, but in the reign of his +son, Henry VIII., it again declined. We find by an <a +name="page563"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 563</span>act passed +in that reign “that the making of worsteds, says, and +stammins, which had greatly increased in the city of Norwich and +county of Norfolk, was now practised more diligently than in +times past at Yarmouth and Lynn.” If so, the trade +soon died out in those towns, as we have no record of any +manufactures there.</p> +<p>Philip and Mary passed an act to encourage the making +“of russels, satins, satins-reverses, and fustians of +Naples.” From this time it appears that the stuffs +made in the city were exported into foreign countries, most +probably into Holland and Flanders, and at length partial +restrictions were laid on the export trades, but still a great +amount of business was done. As yet no one had promulgated +the modern doctrines of free trade.</p> +<p>From Cotman’s valuable work, “The Sepulchral +Brasses of Norfolk,” we may gather some information +respecting the costumes of people in the middle ages. With +reference to the dresses of the ladies, we may be surprised at +the tardy progress of “fashion” in mediæval +times, but a little consideration will enable us to solve the +difficulty. In the fifteenth century money was very scarce, +and all the articles of female apparel were about twelve times +more costly than they are at present. Husbands and fathers +were doubtless “intractable” in proportion. +Hence our fair but thrifty ancestresses continued to wear the +very same dresses on all festive occasions for many years. +Now, however, the facilities of foreign travel, the introduction +of cheaper materials, the results of modern <a +name="page564"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 564</span>ingenuity, +and the spirit of the age in which we live, all tend to rapid, +frequent, and capricious changes of costume; but it was not so +then, and a lady was frequently attired as her grandmother had +been before her! Our ancestors were slow coaches. +Centuries elapsed before they achieved the <i>ruff</i>, before +they discovered the <i>bonnet</i>, before they perpetrated the +<i>wig</i>! They never dreamt of <i>crinoline</i>. +Thus, for example, we observe the very same form of kirtle or +gown—close fitting, low waisted, but wide and pleated at +the bottom, during a period of more than 300 years, there being +only a slight variation in the shape of its sleeves. The +fall, the flounce, and cuffs of fur or some other material, must +have been also a very long-lived fashion, being observable on +many brasses from the dates of 1466 to 1537. But the +designers of brasses may have adhered for a long time to merely +conventional forms. The Rev. R. Hart, in his Letters to a +local magazine, says:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“The wife of Sir Miles Stapleton, in 1365, +wears a close-fitting tunic over the kirtle, (the sleeves of +which, with a row of small buttons extending from the wrist to +the elbow, are seen underneath;) the sleeves of the tunic itself +are short, but there are oblong narrow pendants almost reaching +from them to the ground. It is buttoned at the breast, +there are two pockets in the front, and the lower part is full +and gathered into puckers or folds. (Cotman pl. 4). +During the reigns of Henry IV. and V. the ladies wore a sort of +bag sleeve, tight at the wrist (like that of a modern +bishop). About 1481, the sleeve became wide and open like +that of a surplice. About 1528, the sleeves of the kirtle, +or under <a name="page565"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +565</span>dress, were, in some instances, cut or pinked, so as to +exhibit a rich inner lining. In 1559, there was a tight +sleeve ruffled at the wrist, and with an epaulet upon the +shoulder, pinked; and at the same period we observe the earliest +specimen of the ruff, and the rudiments of the habit shirt. +By far the most remarkable varieties are observed in head +dresses, which frequently supply valuable indications as to the +date. On the cup presented by King John to the borough of +Lynn, and in the small figures upon Branch’s monument, some +of the females wear a close-fitting cap like a child’s +nightcap, and others a sort of hood with a long tail to it, which +is sometimes stiff and sometimes loose like drapery. The +wives of Walsoken and Branch (1349 and 1364) exhibit the wimple, +covering the throat, chin, and sides of the face, and the +couverchef (kerchief) thrown over the head and falling upon the +shoulders. The next important variety was the forked or +mitre head dress, which first came into fashion about 1438, and +held its ground for about twenty-six years, though there is one +specimen as late as 1492. This was followed by the +pedimental style of head dress, which began about 1415, and +continued till late into the following century. The +butterfly head dress, which was a cylindrical cap with a light +veil over it, stiffened and squared at the top, prevailed from +1466 to 1483. In 1538 we observe a graceful form of head +dress, like what is termed the Mary Queen of Scots’ +cap. The mantle, which was something like a cope, the +jaquette, which may be compared to the “flanches of +heraldry,” and excellent specimens of ancient embroidery, +may all be studied in the brass of Adam de Walsoken. About +the year 1460 we observe the aumoniere (like a reticule) hanging +from a lady’s girdle, and also the rosary, terminating, not +with a cross, but with a tassel.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="page566"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 566</span>In +reference to the dresses of the male sex, the Rev. R. Hart gives +the following details as to municipal costumes.</p> +<blockquote><p>“On the Lynn cup, already referred to, we +observe the jerkin, or short coat; also a sort of cape, or short +cloak; a larger cloak, and three or four sorts of head coverings, +viz., a low flat-topped cap; another something like a helmet; a +hat sloping upwards from the rim, and flat at the top; a hood +with a tail to it; and another exactly resembling what is now +termed a ‘wide-awake.’ On the monuments of +Walsoken and Branch we notice the jerkin, the mantle, cloaks, +long and short, (in one instance festooned over the right +shoulder like the plaid of a Highlander,) and another long cloak, +curiously buttoned all down the front; also several kinds of +head-covering, some exactly similar to those which have been +recently described, others with a broad rim turned up, the top +being round-pointed or flat; and in one instance we observe a hat +and feather. In their monumental effigies the laity are +usually attired in a long gown, which has sometimes bag sleeves, +but resembles an albe in all other respects. It is usually +girdled with a leathern strap with a rosary of much larger beads +than we observe on female brasses, and without any decads. +Generally speaking, these rosaries have a tassel underneath, but +on the brass of Sir William Calthorp, 1495, a signet ring is +attached to the end of the rosary, while a beautiful shaped +aumoniere also hangs from the girdle. About the year 1532 +we observe gowns with hanging sleeves, like those which are still +worn by masters of arts at our universities; and in other +instances, of about the same date, we observe a pudding sleeve +reaching a little below the elbow of the under dress. The +brass of Edmund Green, in Hunstanton church, <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1490, is <a name="page567"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 567</span>chiefly remarkable from the +resemblance that his upper garment bears to a pelisse or furred +surtout. The short cloak—trunk hose (something like +the ‘nickerbockers’ of our own time), and also the +ruff, are observable upon Norfolk brasses between 1610 and +1630. During the first half of the fifteenth century, we +observe a frightfully ugly mode of shaving of the hair all round, +to some height above the ears. It looks like a skull cap, +and is an exact inversion of the tonsure. Burgesses of Lynn +appear to have worn, in the fourteenth century, long gowns, the +lower part of which is open in the front about as high as the +knees, and with wide sleeves reaching to the elbow. There +is a richly bordered and hooded cape over the upper part of this +gown. It is not unlike an amess. Aldermen of Norwich +wore a mantle open at the right shoulder, falling straight +behind, but gathered into a slope at front, so as to cover a +great part of the left arm, while the other was exposed. It +had a standing collar, and there were buttons upon the right +shoulder. A Judge of the Common Pleas, in 1507, wore his +hair long and flowing, and was habited in a long wide-sleeved +gown, open in the front; apparently it was lined, caped, and +bordered with fur, and there is a purse hanging from the +girdle. On his feet he wore clogs of a very remarkable +form. A Judge of the King’s Bench, in 1545, wore a +wide-sleeved long gown, a mantle open at the right shoulder, as +in the municipal examples, his head being covered with a coif or +closely-fitting skull-cap.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>In the earlier years of the reign of Elizabeth, the Flemings, +who fled from the persecutions of the Duke of Alva, settled at +Norwich to the number of 4000, and much increased the prosperity +of the city by <a name="page568"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +568</span>introducing the manufacture of bombazines, which were +long in great demand all over the country. Black bombazines +were universally worn by ladies when in mourning, up to a recent +period. These bombazines were mixed fabrics of silk and +worsted, and were dyed in all colours. They did not wear so +long as the more modern paramattas.</p> +<p>Elizabeth gave every encouragement to manufactures; and when +more Flemings sought refuge in England, the city of Norwich +gained an accession of knowledge in the art of weaving with a +warp of silk or linen, and a weft of worsted, as well as in +dyeing and other processes. And now the articles +manufactured began to be classed as “bays, arras, says, +tapestries, mockadoes, stamens, russels, lace, fringes, camlets, +perpetuanas, caffas and kerseys.” Nothing contributed +more to advance the prosperity of the city than the arrival of +the industrious Dutch people, who brought with them arts before +unknown in this land.</p> +<p>For centuries the action of government in reference to trade +was simply in the way of protection, creating monopolies under +charters, and sometimes for subsidies. This was especially +the case in Norwich, which was made one of the royal cities of +England, and had a market every day in the week, as well as +annual marts for all sorts of merchandise. The +manufacturers first sought and obtained protection for their +trade under charters. Hence arose a system which answered +very well in the infancy of society, but which became obsolete in +the course of national development, and the extension of +commerce.</p> +<p><a name="page569"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 569</span>Under +the miserable rule of Charles I., the persecuting Laud succeeded +in driving back the industrious Dutch weavers to Holland, and +causing others to emigrate to America in order that they might +enjoy religious liberty. Thus the best workers were driven +out of England, and a stimulus was given to the Dutch worsted +manufacture. The Commonwealth government restored +prosperity to trade, and established a corporation of fifty-four +persons in Norwich for the regulation of trade, which then +flourished exceedingly.</p> +<p>In the reign of Charles II., we find that +“Weavers’ Hall” is mentioned; and though the +king taxed the manufacturers, the Norwich workers flourished: for +Sir John Child, in 1681, declared that, “Such a trade there +is, and hath been, for the woollen manufactures, as England never +knew in any age.” Soon afterwards, Louis XIV. revoked +the Edict of Nantes, and tens of thousands of French Protestant +weavers took refuge in England, giving birth to the silk +manufactures of Spitalfields, and stimulating the trade of +Norwich. These refugees introduced the manufacture of +crapes, which soon came into very general use for mourning.</p> +<h4><i>The Eighteenth Century</i>.</h4> +<p>Most of the manufacturers of this century were very +intelligent men, who had gone through the whole routine of their +trade, and could do the work in every process with their own +hands. The worsted goods manufactured at this time were +calimancoes, <a name="page570"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +570</span>plain, flowered, and brocaded; camlets and camletees; +satins and satinettes; brocaded satins, rosetts, brilliants, +batavias, Mecklenburghs, hairbines, damasks, duroys, poplins, +prunells, bombazines, serges, florentines, brilliantines, +grandines, cameltines, tabourtines, blondines, callimandres, and +other fabrics, all in brilliant colours. The greatest +demand for these goods was from 1743 to 1763, a period of twenty +years.</p> +<p>In or about 1776 Joseph and John Banfather made a few camlets, +which were woven grey, and after that, dyed of various colours, +for a captain of an East India vessel, who took them out at his +own risk. About 1782, broad bombazines were introduced by +Ives, Son, and Baseley. About 1783, Irish poplins or +lustres were made by that firm. About 1785, spotted +camletees were introduced by William Martin. About 1788, +single warp callimancoes were made and continued for six +years.</p> +<p>Mr. James assures us that Norwich attained its highest +prosperity during the middle of the eighteenth century, so great +was the energy and fertility of resource displayed by its +merchants. The worsted dyers of the city were pre-eminent +for skill, and their profits were great. The city merchants +sent travellers throughout Europe, and their pattern books were +shown in every principal town as far as Moscow. Norwich +goods were introduced into France, Spain, Portugal, Germany, and +Poland, and there was also a large trade with Russia. The +great fairs of Frankfort, Leipsic, and of Salerno, were thronged +with purchasers of Norwich fabrics. An <i>English +Gazetter</i> <a name="page571"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +571</span>published before 1726, contains an article on Norwich, +in which the writer says:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“The worsted manufacture, for which this +city has long been famous, and in which even children earn their +bread, was first brought over by the Flemings in the reign of +Edward III., and afterwards very much improved by the Dutch who +fled from the Duke of Alva’s persecution, and being settled +here by queen Elizabeth, taught the inhabitants to make says, +baize, serges, shalloons, &c., in which they carry on a vast +trade both at home and abroad, and weave camblets, druggets, +crapes, and other stuffs, of which it is said this city vends to +the value of £200,000 a year.</p> +<p>“The weavers here employ spinsters all the country +round, and also use many thousand packs of yarn spun in other +counties, even as far as Yorkshire and Westmoreland. By a +late calculation from the number of looms at work in this city +only, it appeared that there were no less than one hundred and +twenty thousand people employed in these manufactures of wool, +silk, &c., in and about the town, <i>including those employed +in spinning the yarn</i>, used for such goods as are made in the +city.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The writer of course means to include all the females who spun +the yarns in Yorkshire and Westmoreland, as well as in Norfolk +and Norwich. Even then, 120,000 people is an incredible +number, for he states the value of all the goods sold to be only +£200,000 yearly, so that the people would not earn £2 +each per annum.</p> +<p>So flourishing was the woollen trade in this city during the +second half of the eighteenth century, that on February 2nd, +1759, the wool-combers testified <a name="page572"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 572</span>their joy by exhibiting the pageant +of bishop Blaise, who lived under Dioclesian, <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 282, and was a great patron of +woollen manufactures. This prosperity was interrupted by a +war; but on March 24th, 1783, the citizens were again entertained +by the wool-combers’ jubilee, on the return of peace, which +had a beneficial effect on trade. The most prosperous +period appears to have been from 1750 to 1780.</p> +<p>Mr. Arthur Young, in 1771, published his “Tour of +England” in the form of Letters, some of which relate to +the eastern counties, and Letter XII. to Norwich. It +contains a curious statement, derived from some manufacturers, +respecting their trade. At that time, the population of the +city was about 40,000, mostly employed in manufactures, and the +merchants were rich and numerous. Mr. Arthur Young +says:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“The staple manufactures are crapes and +camlets, besides which they make in great abundance damasks, +satins, alopeens, &c., &c. They work up the +Leicestershire and Lincolnshire wool chiefly, which is brought +here for combing and spinning, whilst the Norfolk wool goes to +Yorkshire for carding and cloths. And what is a remarkable +circumstance, not discovered many years, is, that the Norfolk +sheep yield a wool about their necks equal to the best from +Spain; and is in price to the rest as twenty to seven.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Mr. Arthur Young further states that men, women, and boys +earned about five shillings per week, but that they could earn +more if industrious, so that wages were not higher a century ago +than at present. In reference to the exportation of goods, +he observes:—</p> +<blockquote><p><a name="page573"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +573</span>“They now do not send anything to North America, +but much to the West Indies. Their foreign export is to +Rotterdam, Ostend, Middleburgh, all Flanders, Leghorn, Trieste, +Naples, Genoa, Cadiz, Lisbon, Barcelona, Hamburgh, all the Baltic +except Sweden, and the East Indies.</p> +<p>“The general amount of Norwich manufactures may be +calculated thus—</p> +</blockquote> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>A regular export to Rotterdam, by shipping every six +weeks, of goods to the amount of yearly</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">£480,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Twenty-six tons of goods sent by broad-wheeled waggons +weekly to London at £500 a ton, on an average, 13,000 tons +per annum, value</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">676,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>By occasional ships and waggons to various places +calculated at</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">200,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">£1,356,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>Therefore the trade had increased in fifty years from +£200,000, according to the “English Gazetteer,” +up to £1,356,000!</p> +<p>Mr. Young further observes in reference to the estimates he +had given:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Upon a reconsideration of the table, it was +thought that the £676,000 by waggons was rather too +high. Suppose, therefore, only 10,000 tons, it is then +£520,000, and the total £1,200,000!</p> +<p>“Another method taken to calculate the amount was by +adding up the total sum supposed to be returned annually by every +house in Norwich, and this method made it £1,150,000. +This sum coming so near the other, is a strong confirmation of +it.</p> +<p>“A third method taken was to calculate the number of <a +name="page574"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 574</span>looms (in +county and city); these were made 12,000; and it is a common idea +in Norwich to suppose such, with all its attendants, works +£100 per annum. This also makes the total +£1,200,000, which sum upon the whole appears to be very +near the real truth.</p> +<p>“Respecting the proportion between the original material +and the labour employed upon it, they have a sure and very easy +method of discovering it. The average value of a piece of +stuff is 5s.; so the material is a tenth of the total +manufacture. Deduct the £120,000 from +£1,200,000, leaves £1,080,000 for labour, in which is +included the profit of the manufacturer.</p> +<p>“The material point remaining is to discover how many +people are employed to earn the public one million per annum, and +for this calculation I have one <i>datum</i> which is to the +purpose. They generally imagine in Norwich that one loom +employs six persons on the whole; and as the number is 12,000 (in +city and county), there are consequently 72,000 people employed +in the manufacture. And this is a fresh confirmation of the +preceding accounts; for I was in general told that more hands +worked out of Norwich, for many miles around, than in it; and +£1,200,000 divided by 72,000, gives £16 each for the +earnings of every person.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This, Mr. Young confesses, appears to be a large sum for men, +women, and boys to earn. The population of Norwich being +then under 40,000, the number of looms at the time Mr. A. Young +wrote could not be 12,000, nor the persons employed 72,000 in the +city and county. Six persons to a loom never were required +at one time. The proportion was more likely only half, or +three persons to a loom. Consequently, the number employed +would be only 36,000 <a name="page575"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 575</span>in both city and county. +Divide £1,200,000 by 36,000, and it gives £33 for +each adult yearly, including the profits of the +manufacturer. Deduct £200,000 for their profits, and +it leaves £1,000,000 for labour; divide that by 36,000 +persons, and it leaves only £28 each, yearly, which is +nearer the mark.</p> +<p>Mr. R. Beatniffe, a bookseller in Norwich, copied the +statement of Mr. A. Young, and published it in his “Tour of +Norfolk.” He said some gentlemen of intelligence had +doubted it, as well they might, but he believed it was +true. However, in his last edition of the +“Tour,” published in 1807, he gave a very different +account. He said that the merchant was shut out of the home +market by fashion and out of the foreign market by war, so that +the annual value of the goods was estimated at £800,000, +and the cost of labour at £685,000, leaving only +£115,000 for the raw material</p> +<p>Messrs. John Scott and Sons, were manufacturers of woollen and +worsted goods, in St. Saviour’s, from 1766 to 1800, and +produced great quantities of taborets, floretts, clouded camlets, +for Italy; perukeens, self-coloured camlets, for Germany; and +other sorts for Spain. Some of these camlets were eighteen +inches wide, and the pieces twenty-seven or thirty yards in +length; some super camlets were twenty-four inches wide, and +thirty yards in length, according to the pattern books yet in +existence. These camlets were charged from 50s. to 100s. +per piece, or an average of 80s., as we have seen in old ledgers +of the firm, still preserved and in the possession of a +manufacturer.</p> +<p><a name="page576"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +576</span>Originally, all the yarns used in Norwich were spun by +hand in Norfolk and Suffolk, thus employing a large number of +women, young and old. About 1720, almost the whole female +population of Norfolk and Suffolk was fully employed at the +spinning wheel, and this branch of industry continued till the +end of the century, and though 50,000 tons of wool were produced, +it was found necessary to draw supplies from other +districts. Before the end of the eighteenth century, mills +were at work spinning yarns, and in 1812, yarns from the mills in +Lancashire were brought here and spun in bombazines, which were +dyed in various colours.</p> +<p>The establishment of mills in Yorkshire, where coal, +provisions, and labour were cheaper than in Norfolk, gave a heavy +blow to the trade of the city, which would have been more +severely felt, but for the fluctuations of fashion having created +a great demand for bombazines, for which Norwich was +famous. The Yorkshire workmen and the substitution of +machinery for female hands, reduced the manufacture of the old +kinds of goods to a low point, and the trade was chiefly +maintained by the orders of the East India Company for large +quantities of camlets for the Chinese market.</p> +<p>Messrs. Willett and Nephew have old pattern books full of +specimens of shawl borders of very elegant designs; in fashion at +the beginning of this century. These patterns are an +imitation of genuine Indian designs, the pine-apple being +prominent; but great improvements in the designs were made by +different <a name="page577"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +577</span>manufacturers. Norwich shawls had formerly a high +reputation, and were in great demand in London and all large +towns; but ultimately French shawls were preferred, owing to the +superiority of the designs.</p> +<p>At two general meetings of the manufacturers, held at the +Guildhall on December 14th and 21st, 1790, the prices for weaving +were fixed and printed in a list, comprising serges, prunelles, +satins, satinettes, camlets, camletines, florentines, +brilliantines, grenadines, blondines, tabourtines, callandres, +&c. At a general meeting of the manufacturers, held on +June 13th, 1793, at the Guildhall, it was resolved unanimously +that they would supply the journeyman weavers they employed with +havels and slaies, free of charge, and without deduction from the +prices established in the table of rates fixed in the year +1790. The list continued in force for some time, even into +the next century. The camlets made, excepting those for +China, were thirty yards in length, and about twenty-eight inches +wide, with warp and wift dyed in the hank. Millions of +pieces of camlets were made for exportation, in which nearly all +the manufacturers were engaged. The orders of the East +India Company amounted to a very large sum yearly. +Operatives earned 40s. for each piece of camlet for the East +India Company, or about £1000 weekly on that single +article. Those were the palmy days for the weavers; days +that will never more return.</p> +<p>Towards the close of the century, the prosperity of Norwich +really declined. The towns of the West Riding of Yorkshire, +as already stated, became her <a name="page578"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 578</span>successful rivals in worsted +fabrics. The increase of cottons and their general wear in +England left Norwich dependent on the foreign trade, which was +partly ruined by the American war, and entirely so by the war +after the first French Revolution, which spread desolation over +all Europe.</p> +<h4><i>The Nineteenth Century</i>.</h4> +<p>At the commencement of the present century, bombazines, +camlets, and mixed fabrics were the chief manufactures of +Norwich. Soon afterwards crapes were produced in large +quantities. Paramattas were next introduced, and in the +course of time superseded bombazines for mourning. +“Poplins” then came into fashion, and the manufacture +has so much improved that the demand for this kind of goods has +increased every year. Poplins were followed by a long +succession of mixed fabrics, barèges, balzarines, gauzes, +mousseline de laines, cotton de laines, llamas, thibets, +merinoes, lunettas, organdies, stuffs, cloths, velvets, lustres, +silks, satins, &c. The manufacture of shawls was also +carried on extensively, and for a long time Norwich shawls, for +excellence of fabric and elegance of design, were not surpassed +by any made in England. A great trade was done in shawls in +Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, and other large towns. The +trade, however, gradually declined when French shawls came into +fashion. French goods of other kinds also grew in favour, +and affected the city trade in many textile fabrics.</p> +<p><a name="page579"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 579</span>In +1829, on December 29th, a meeting of weavers was held on +Mousehold Heath to adopt means for keeping up the rate of +payment, the operatives asserting their right to combine to +increase wages, as well as their employers to combine to reduce +them. The weavers were not paid by time, but at a certain +rate for piece-work of different kinds. The rate was +according to a certain printed scale, to which the operatives +wished to adhere, while it sometimes occurred that the +manufacturers desired to alter it.</p> +<p>During the early part of the present century Messrs. Ives and +Robberds, of St. Saviour’s, carried on a large trade in +worsted goods, chiefly for exportation to India and China, and to +different parts of Europe. The goods made were all stout +worsted fabrics, plain, checked, striped, or figured, in vivid +colours. They were camlets, camletees, satins, satinettes, +ladines, tabaretts, calimancoes, swan skins, broad bays, red +kerseys, diamantines, spotted tobines, batavias, hairbines, toys, +Rochdale bays, checked paolis, lustrins, dentellos, damasks, +dorsettines, poplins, serges, mazarines, and grenadines. +The same firm received large orders from the East India Company +for camlets, in pieces 55 yards in length, 30 inches in width, +and weighing 20 lbs. each. Orders were executed by various +houses as follows:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><i>Year</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><i>Pieces</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1812</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">22,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1813</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">22,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1814</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1815</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10,400</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page580"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +580</span>1816</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">16,600</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1817</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">15,200</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1818</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">15,200</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1819</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">15,640</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1820</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">16,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1821</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">11,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1822</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">14,300</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1824</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1825</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">11,012</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1826</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">13,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1827</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">none</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1828</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1829</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1830</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9,300</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1831</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">none</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1832</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>In 1832 the East India Company suspended their orders, but Mr. +Robberds continued to export camlets from Norwich and Yorkshire +to China in exchange for tea, as follows:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><i>Year</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><i>Norwich</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><i>Yorkshire</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1841</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">420 pieces</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">215 pieces</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1842</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,760 ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">200 ,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1843</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6,610 ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,181 ,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1844</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">13,170 ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7,928 ,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>He also continued to make camlets for wholesale merchants in +London till 1848, when he failed in consequence of losses, but +afterwards joined a partner in Halifax, and continued to produce +large quantities of camlets; but Norwich lost all the trade.</p> +<p>Besides the camlets supplied to the East India Company, goods +of the same kind were made for private orders by all the +manufacturers. During the years 1830, 1831, and 1832, +according to ledgers yet remaining, one firm made about 7,000 +pieces for private orders, and from 1833 to 1837 inclusive, +nearly 9,000 pieces. In 1833 and 1834, mohair camlets were +made by the same house to the extent of 6,000 pieces, being +22,000 pieces in four years. Supposing a dozen other houses +to have produced a like quantity, the total <a +name="page581"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 581</span>would have +been 66,000 pieces yearly. Messrs. Booth and Theobald, in +Muspole Street, were large manufacturers of worsted goods, and at +one time employed about 1,000 hands, men, women, and children, in +the production of worsted goods, including camlets, for the East +India Company. Mr. John Francis, of St. George’s, +also made a variety of worsted goods and other fabrics, employing +a large number of hands at one time. Messrs. Worth and +Carter, in St. George’s Middle Street, and Joseph Oxley and +Sons, in St. Augustine’s, produced large quantities of +broad bombazines, which were gradually superseded by paramattas, +to which the ladies gave the preference. Both fabrics were +made of worsted and silk; the only difference was that they were +differently dressed, the paramattas being dressed flat by hot +pressing, which gave a greater flexibility to the cloth. +Messrs. Wright and Son, formerly on Elm Hill, at one time +employed about 1500 hand-loom weavers in the manufacture of plain +and fancy fabrics, mostly mixed.</p> +<p>Messrs. Grout and Co. began the manufacture of crapes in a +small way in Patteson’s Yard, in Magdalen Street. +John Grout was then the principal partner, but after the mills +were built in Lower Westwick Street, having realized a fortune, +he retired from business. George Grout also retired before +1840. Messrs. Martin and Company became the proprietors of +the mills, and after Mr. Martin died, the firm comprised Messrs. +Brown, Robison, and Hall, who now carry on a large trade in +crapes, areophanes, and gauzes. The machinery in use is of +the most improved construction; <a name="page582"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 582</span>and in these very extensive works +may be seen most of the processes connected with the manufacture +of silk goods. The silk is imported chiefly from China and +some from India, but a portion is also obtained from Italy. +The demand for crapes used in mourning has, however, a good deal +diminished.</p> +<p>The Albion Mills, in King Street, were erected in 1836 and +1837, for the spinning of worsted yarns, in consequence of the +great demand in Norwich and the difficulty found by manufacturers +in obtaining the yarns which they required for their trade. +Mr. George Jay, owner of the mills, erected new machinery. +And after the trade in worsted yarns declined, he imported mohair +from Asia Minor, and commenced the spinning of mohair +yarns. He continued this business for some years, while +mohair goods were in demand. He added a new wing to the +factory and put in another steam engine, both the engines being +of seventy-horse power.</p> +<p>During the present century, large Mills have been built in +this city for the spinning of silk, woollen, and mohair yarns, +and also for weaving those yarns into all kinds of fabrics. +In the year 1833, a company was organised for those +manufactures. A large capital of £40,000 was raised, +and ultimately two factories were built, one in St. +Edmund’s and one in St. James’. The former +became a factory for spinning yarns, and the latter for weaving +goods. In St. James’ factory two coupled engines of +100-horse power were put up to drive the machinery. There +the city manufacturers hired the large rooms and power, and put +in the machinery, for the production of fabrics.</p> +<p><a name="page583"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 583</span>The +site of the factory comprises 1a. 2r. 18p., with a frontage of +460 feet to the river. Above the basement are six long +floors. There have been sixty-five frames in the mills for +spinning yarns, and 500 looms for weaving fabrics; but the number +of looms has been reduced to 300, and they are not always at +work. After the erection of the mills, weaving sheds were +built adjoining. The floors are now occupied as +follows;—No. 1. Messrs. Skelton and Co; No. 2. Messrs. +Towler, Rowling, and Allen, who also hire two of the weaving +sheds; No. 3. Messrs. Willett, Nephew, and Co.; No. 4. Messrs. +Skelton and Co.: Nos. 5 and 6. Mr. Park, for spinning woollen +yarns. Women and girls are chiefly employed in this +factory. About 1000 have been at work at a time, when trade +has been good; but of late, not half the number have been +engaged. The average earnings have been about 7s. +weekly.</p> +<p>In 1838, trade was in a very dull declining state, and some +differences arose between masters and men, in consequence of a +proposed reduction in the rate of payment. This was +resisted by the men, who appealed to Colonel Harvey to mediate +between them, which he consented to do. A meeting was held, +and the delegates who had been sent on the part of the weavers to +the north to inquire into the state of the camlet trade, reported +that they had seen no camlets at all to compare with those in +Norwich. The north had, however, got the trade. The +question remained unsettled; but on August 27th, that year, +several camlet weavers applied to the magistrates for protection +from <a name="page584"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 584</span>the +violence of those on strike. Mr. Robberds was willing to +give out work, but would not do so unless his men were +protected. The application was granted, and a strong body +of police was sent to the premises of Mr. Robberds, where the +weavers received their work, and they were protected in conveying +it to their homes. On the Tuesday following, the house of a +man named Wells was broken open and his work cut out of the +loom. The city was much disturbed by these differences, +which ultimately produced great injury to its trade.</p> +<p>According to Mr. Mitchell’s report in 1839, there were +in the city and its vicinity 5,075 looms, of which 1,021 were +unemployed; and of the 4,054 looms then at work, there were 3,398 +in the houses of the weavers, and 650 in shops and +factories. Indeed, by far the greater part of the looms +belonged to families having only one or two. The operatives +at these looms comprised 2,211 men, and 1,648 women, with 195 +children. In that year two silk mills employed 731 hands; +three worsted mills, 385 hands; two woollen mills, 39 hands; and +one cotton mill, 39 hands, making eight mills, employing 1,285 +persons.</p> +<p>An abstract of a census of the Norwich weavers, furnished by a +report of the commissioners on handloom weavers, published in +1840, will best show the nature and the relative amount of the +fabrics then made by hand. Bombazines employed 1,205 +workers, of whom 803 were men; challis, Yorkshire stuffs, +fringes, &c., 1,247, of whom 510 were men; gauzes, 500, +chiefly women; princettas, 242, nearly all men; <a +name="page585"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 585</span>silk +shawls, 166, of whom 74 were men; bandana, 158, of whom 86 were +men; silk, 38, including 16 men; jacquard, 30; worsted shawls, +26; woollen and couch lace, 22 each; camletees, 20; horsehair +cloth, 17; lustres, 3; sacking, 45. Total of weavers 4,054, +including 2,211 men, 1,648 women, 108 boys, 77 girls, and 10 +apprentices. Their gross wages, when fully employed, have +ranged from 8s. to 25s. weekly; those engaged on fillovers, +challis, and fine bombazines, earning from 15s. to 25s. weekly; +but deducting “play time” and expenses, the net wages +did not amount to 8s. weekly. Mr. Mitchell reported that +the industry and morals of the operatives had suffered much from +party spirit, riots, and strikes. Of late years the workers +at their looms have been very industrious and quiet, while they +have endured great privations. Since 1840 a large number of +the operatives have gone into the boot and shoe trade, which +offered better prospect of at least a decent livelihood.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">Present State of the Trade</span>.</h4> +<p>Most of the old worsted fabrics formerly made in such large +quantities have become obsolete, and lighter mixed fabrics are +now produced in great variety, in silk, wool, mohair or cotton, +or composed of three or four kinds of yarns. The goods are +known under the names of cloths, kerseys, linseys, winseys, +coburgs, crapes, gauzes, nets, paramattas, camlets, bareges, +balzarines, grenadines, challis, llamas, poplins, poplinettes, +tamataves, optimes, crinolines, cloakings, and <a +name="page586"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 586</span>shawls in +great variety. Wool, mohair, and cotton yarns are chiefly +used in most of the fabrics, except crapes and gauzes. The +larger proportion of the woollen yarns are made here from English +wool. Poplins are made of silk and worsted; poplinettes, of +silk and cotton; bareges, of silk and worsted; tamataves, of +worsted and cotton; grenadines, of twisted worsted and silk; +coburgs, of cotton and worsted; paramattas and bombazines, of +worsted and silk; llamas, of an inferior kind of wool with cotton +warp; thibet cloths, of worsted warp and weft; winseys and +linseys, of worsted with cotton warp; balzarines, with cotton +warps and worsted shoot; malabars, of cotton warp and woollen +shoot, thirty-two inches wide. All the fabrics, however, +may be included under the three classes of tammies, tamataves, +and nets. The tammies are woven fabrics, in which the warp +and the weft simply cross, but in the nets there is a twist in +the warp. The tamataves are partly the tammy woven and +partly the net. In former times the trade was comparatively +steady, because plain fabrics in single colours were more in +demand than any other; but of late years, this branch of business +has been very fluctuating, owing to the changes of fashion and +the desire for novelty, both in the fabric and in the pattern of +every article. New patterns are now, therefore, constantly +being produced. All preparations and processes are only for +the coming season, and it is found necessary to alter the +pattern, the colouring, the finishing, and even the names of the +goods, to suit the markets.</p> +<p><a name="page587"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 587</span>Mr. +G. Jay is the largest manufacturer of mohair yarns in this city; +and in the years 1867 and 1868 he could not execute all the +orders he received. This arose from the great care bestowed +on the preparation of the material at the Albion Mills, in King +Street, and from the softness of the water which imparts a +glossy, silky appearance to the yarns. Mohair fabrics came +suddenly into use, and for some years prior to 1860, elegant +tissues were produced here. These, however, soon went out +of fashion. All the yarns spun here are now sent to France +and Germany, where they are woven, with silk, into velvets, and +then imported into this country. The velvet jackets which +are now in fashion have caused a great demand for these yarns, +and sixty-five frames at the Albion Mills are constantly at +work. We are only surprised that the yarns are not used in +the city in the manufacture of velvets, large quantities of which +are imported every year.</p> +<p>Norwich was the first place in all England where the +manufacture of fillover shawls was carried on to any great +extent. For a long time the weaving of these shawls was a +tedious, slow process. A great improvement in the mode of +weaving was, however, discovered by a straw-hat maker of Lyons, +named Jacquard, in the year 1802, by which means the drawboys +were entirely dispensed with and the tackle simplified. The +new invention was received as a boon in England, and at length +was introduced into this city, where it has been applied to the +production of splendid fillover shawls, by Clabburn, Sons, and +Crisp. <a name="page588"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +588</span>We regret, however, that these elegant articles of +ladies attire have recently gone almost entirely out of +fashion.</p> +<p>The Late Mr. T. O. Springfield carried on the wholesale silk +business to a very large extent, having almost a monopoly of the +market, and he supplied with dressed silk almost all the +manufacturers in this city. This silk was very largely used +by Grout and Co., in the manufacture of crape, gauzes, +aerophanes, &c., and by others in the working up of mixed +fabrics, especially bareges, grenadines, and various light +tissues. The same wholesale business is now continued by +Mr. O. Springfield, in Norwich and London. It is estimated +that the annual value of dressed silk used in this city is over +£100,000.</p> +<p>Messrs. Middleton, Answorth, and Co., have a large factory in +Calvert Street, another in Bradford, and a wholesale warehouse in +London. They formerly made all kinds of mixed fabrics in +this city, and now they produce large quantities of paramattas, +grenadines, opera cloakings, and fancy cloakings, hair cloth for +crinolines, and curled hair for stuffing sofas. Crinolines +have been made in great quantities by this firm, the warp being +cotton and the weft horsehair. The demand for them has, +however, somewhat abated. This firm has largely increased +their trade in hair-cloth, which is used for general stiffening +purposes. In the southern states of America, the gentlemen +wear large trousers, which require to be expanded like +ladies’ dresses; and, therefore, the larger portion of +these goods are sent to the southern states of <a +name="page589"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +589</span>America. The same firm has also introduced +haircloth in many patterns and colours for covering furniture, in +sofas, chairs, &c. There is an enormous importation of +horse-hair into England from Russia, and from the continent of +South America, where horses run wild in the great plains called +“Pampas.” The horses are caught and divested of +their tails, which are brought into this country in a very rough +state; the hair is dressed and woven into a variety of fabrics +which are in great demand. The trade in horse-hair cloth is +almost a new trade in the city and might be greatly +extended. Some fabrics are made all horse-hair, and some +mixed with spun silk, in stripes, and colours, and very pleasing +patterns.</p> +<p>Mr. J. Burrell has built a small mill near the Dereham Road, +where he carries on the manufacture of horse-hair cloth by means +of peculiar looms and machinery. He imports horse hair, and +prepares it for stuffing seats of chairs, sofas, &c. He +also weaves horse hair into cloth for various purposes. Mr. +Gunton also carries on the same kind of manufacture in St. +Miles’; but the trade is yet on a small scale in this +city.</p> +<p>Messrs. Clabburn, Sons, and Crisp, in Pitt Street, manufacture +shawls in every variety, and also paramattas, bareges, tamataves, +balzarines, poplins, fancy robes, ophines, grenadines, and mixed +fabrics generally. The fillover long shawls produced by +this firm, on a Jacquard loom, gained the gold medal at the first +Paris Exhibition, and also at the London Exhibition in +1862. No description could convey an adequate <a +name="page590"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 590</span>idea of +these splendid fillover shawls, which are made by a patented +process, so as to display a self colour and a perfect design on +each side. They were on view at the Paris Exhibition, in +1867, but not for a prize, Mr. W. Clabburn being selected as one +of the judges, so that his firm could not compete.</p> +<p>Messrs. Willett and Nephew, of Pottergate Street, are +manufacturers on a large scale. The factory itself is not +very extensive, for most of the weavers work for the firm at +their own houses; and there, in humble dwellings, produce the +beautiful fancy fabrics, which are destined to adorn the +daintiest ladies in the land. The extent of the operations +of this firm enables them to introduce a great variety of +novelties in every season, and thus to compete successfully with +the manufacturers of France. They were the first to +introduce the manufacture of paramattas, which superseded the +bombazines, at one time in such great demand. They produce +superior poplins, (plain, figured, and watered) bareges, +balzarines, tamataves, coburgs, camlets, challis, crinoline, +crêpe de Lyons, grenadines, shawls, scarfs, robes, and also +a great variety of plain fabrics. They exhibited a large +assortment of goods at the London Exhibition of 1851, and +received a certificate of “honourable mention” for +their paramattas, being the only award made for that +article. Messrs. Willett and Co. also received a silver +medal at the last Exhibition in Paris. In 1867, the same +firm supplied some rich poplins, which were selected for the +queen and royal family, from the stock of Mr. Caley, in London +Street. Mr. Caley has always <a name="page591"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 591</span>on hand a large stock of Norwich +goods, including shawls and fancy fabrics of the newest +designs. Visitors to Norwich should not fail to call at his +establishment, if they wish to carry away any idea of the +productions of the old city.</p> +<p>Messrs. C. and F. Bolingbroke and Jones, manufacturers of all +kinds of textile fabrics, carry on a large business in a building +which was formerly the city residence of the priors of +Ixworth. On an old door, which formerly opened into the +prior’s hall, is the following inscription in black letter +on the transoms which divide the panels:—</p> +<blockquote><p>Maria plena, mater mic<br /> +Remembyr Wyllyá Lowth, Prior 18.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>William Louth was the 18th Prior of Walsingham, from 1505 to +1515. This door has been noticed by Blomefield and others, +but not correctly; Mr. H. Harrod gave an engraving with +description in his “Gleanings Among the Castles and +Convents of Norfolk,” (1857). John Aldrich, a grocer, +resided here prior to 1549. He was elected an alderman in +1544, sheriff in 1551, mayor in 1558 and 1570, and member of +parliament for Norwich in 1555, 1558, and 1572. He was +buried inside of St. Clement’s church, on the north side of +the chancel, June 12th, 1582. His wife, Elizabeth Aldrich, +was buried there April 3rd, 1587. Messrs. C. and F. +Bolingbroke and Jones have almost rebuilt the house. They +produce large quantities of textile fabrics, including poplins +(plain, figured, and watered) paramattas, bareges, winseys, +linseys, grenadines, <a name="page592"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 592</span>and a variety of fancy goods for +dresses, which are in great demand. At the first Great +Exhibition of 1851 a medal was awarded to this firm for poplins, +and at the Great Exhibition of 1862 for poplins and +poplinettes. In addition to the old extensive premises, the +firm, some time since, purchased the steam-power mills in Calvert +Street, and they also occupy a steam-power shed at St. +James’ factory.</p> +<p>Messrs. Towler, Rowling, and Allen, of Elm Hill, occupy large +rooms in the new buildings adjoining St. James’ factory, +where they produce large quantities of plain and fancy goods, +which have been in great demand. They make also large +quantities of plain fabrics, for wholesale houses only. At +the London Exhibition of 1862, honourable mention was made of the +shawls of this firm.</p> +<p>Mr. J. L Barber has a large establishment in St. +Martin’s Lane, where he carries on business, making reels +and winding cotton on them. He supplies great quantities of +cotton-thread to wholesale and retail houses.</p> +<p>Messrs. Sultzer and Co. carry on the manufacture of crapes to +a considerable extent in premises built for the purpose in St. +Augustine’s.</p> +<p>Messrs. F. Hindes and Sons, who have a warehouse in Botolph +Street, manufacture paramattas, bareges, tamataves, grenadines, +poplins, shawls, and cloakings. They hire a floor also in +the steam-power factory.</p> +<p>Messrs. French and Co. formed a Limited Liability Company, and +built a new factory in the Mill Yard Lane, where they manufacture +crapes, which are in great demand.</p> +<p><a name="page593"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +593</span>Messrs. Grout and Co., manufacturers of gauzes, crapes, +aerophanes, &c., in addition to their mills in Norwich, have +other mills at Yarmouth and Ditchingham, and at Ponder’s +End near London. Theirs is, in fact, the greatest concern +in the world in the production of crapes and other silk +goods. In their several mills they employ about 2000 +hands.</p> +<p>Mr. George Allen erected a large factory in 1857 in St. +Stephen’s Back Street, for the manufacture of elastic +cloths for table covers, gloves, shawls, and other clothing +purposes, and for the production also of silk and lisle +webs. The elastic cloths, which are made upon warp frames, +are considered to be a great improvement on “Hooper’s +Elastics,” made in the west of England, and for wear they +are believed to be unsurpassed. The manufacture gives +employment to a considerable number of hands.</p> +<p>About 500 power looms are at work in the city, when trade is +good, weaving a great variety of mixed fabrics, and no doubt each +loom does double the work of the old hand-loom. Supposing +each loom to produce one piece of goods weekly, there would be +500 pieces weekly, or 26,000 pieces yearly. The prices vary +in value from £1 to £10 per piece, and may be +averaged at £5, so that the annual value would be about +£130,000. But at least 500 hand-looms are also at +work, and supposing that they produce half the quantity of goods, +the total annual value would be £195,000, or in round +numbers £200,000. We are sorry to state, however, as +already intimated, that the manufacture of textile fabrics in +Norwich has for some time past <a name="page594"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 594</span>been declining, and cannot compare +with former years. The depression has arisen from various +causes, among which may be mentioned war, which has deprived the +city of its best markets. The introduction of cotton and +silk goods too has nearly superseded the old stuff fabrics of the +city. Machinery in Norwich is also behind that in the +north. The wool grown in Norfolk and Suffolk has, moreover, +been sent to Yorkshire to be spun, and has been repurchased as +yarn for Norwich goods; and lastly, Norwich weavers have not the +energy of those in Bradford. Fashion also has been one of +the causes of the loss of trade, for the fashions are continually +changing, and Norwich firms have to compete with all England, +Scotland, and France; and it is not to be expected that a few +houses in this city will produce as many novelties as all the +rest of the world. A School of Art has been established, +but it has not yet produced many practical designers.</p> +<h3><a name="page595"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +595</span>CHAPTER II.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">Having</span> given an account of the +textile manufactures in this city, we proceed to furnish some +particulars of the more important of other classes of business, +which go to make up the sum total of the trade and commerce of +the city.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">The Banking Business</span>.</h4> +<p>Banking, as now understood, was not carried on till the +eighteenth century. Before the American war of Independence +very few country banks were established. Norwich +manufactures were in their most prosperous state in the middle of +last century, and then it was that some banks were established in +this city. On January 31st, 1756, a bank was opened in the +Upper Market by Charles Weston, who carried on business till the +end of the century. In 1768, Mr. Thomas Allday’s bank +was opened; afterwards Sir R. Kerrison and Son were proprietors, +and in 1808 the bank failed. The debts amounted to +£460,000, and the dividends paid amounted to 16s. 4d. in +the pound. This was the <a name="page596"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 596</span>first bank failure in Norwich of any +importance, and it shook public confidence in banks.</p> +<p>Messrs. Gurney’s bank was established in Norwich in 1775 +as a bank of deposit and issue. This was at a period the +most flourishing in the commercial annals of Norwich. The +annual value of textile fabrics produced in the city was over a +million sterling, a trade which was of course a great source of +business to the bank. Henry Gurney, and his son Bartlett +Gurney, were the first proprietors. On the death of the +father, the son associated himself with his three brothers, +Richard, Joseph, and John Gurney; so the firm continued till the +deaths of the different parties. About 1825, Mr. H. +Birkbeck, of Lynn, and Mr. Simon Martin were taken in as +partners. The firm then comprised R. H. Gurney, J. J. +Gurney, D. Gurney, Simon Martin, and H. Birkbeck. After J. +J. Gurney and S. Martin died, the firm comprised D. Gurney, J. H. +Gurney, H. Birkbeck, F. H. Gurney, and C. H. Gurney; and W. +Birkbeck came in after the death of his father. The bank at +Norwich has in its connection branches at North Walsham, Aylsham, +Holt, Dereham, Fakenham, and Attleborough. At Yarmouth the +firm, until lately, comprised D. Gurney, J. H. Gurney, H. +Birkbeck, T. Brightwen, and J. H. Orde. This branch has in +its connection other branches at Lowestoft, Beccles, Bungay, +Halesworth, Saxmundham, Eye, and Stowmarket. At Lynn the +firm, until lately, comprised D. Gurney, J. H. Gurney, H. Gurney, +H. Birkbeck, S. Gurney, and F. G. Cresswell, and this bank +extends to Downham and Swaffham.</p> +<p><a name="page597"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 597</span>The +members of the several firms are now as follow:</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Norwich and Norfolk Bank</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Henry Birkbeck.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Francis Hay Gurney.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>William Birkbeck.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Ford Barclay.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Samuel Gurney Buxton.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Gurney.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Yarmouth and Suffolk Bank</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Henry Birkbeck.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry F. Barclay.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>S. G. Buxton.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Gurney.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Thomas Brightwen.</p> +</td> +<td><p>James Henry Orde.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Lynn and Lincolnshire Bank</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Daniel Gurney.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Birkbeck.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Somerville Arthur Gurney.</p> +</td> +<td><p>H. F. Barclay.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>S. G. Buxton.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Francis Joseph Cresswell.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The Crown Bank, in King Street, Norwich, was opened on January +2nd, 1792, as a bank of deposit, discount, and issue. The +original proprietors were Messrs. Hudson and Hatfield, and the +first bank was in the Haymarket. About forty years since +the proprietors were Charles Saville Onley, Sir Robert John +Harvey, Anthony Hudson, and Thomas Hudson. They then +employed only seven clerks, and now thirty clerks are employed at +the new bank. On January 13th, 1820, a circular was issued +by A. and T. Hudson, stating that it was with great regret that +they announced the death of their friend and partner, Mr. Robert +Harvey. Owing to his death, his brother, Mr. Charles +Harvey, and Sir Robert John Harvey, his nephew, were added to the +firm. Before 1820, Mr. Onley withdrew. Mr. T. Hudson +and Mr. A. Hudson died, and before the <a +name="page598"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 598</span>end of the +Russian war, Sir Robert John Harvey died. The present +proprietors are Sir Robert John Harvey Harvey, Bart., Crown +Point, and Roger Allday Kerrison, Esq., who lives at +Ipswich. They have lately built a very handsome bank in the +Corinthian style of architecture, on the Castle Meadow, and it +was opened in January, 1866. At first the Crown Bank had +only three agents in the eastern counties, but the number has +gradually increased to thirty. The firm purchased the large +business of Messrs. Taylor and Dyson at Diss. This was an +important addition, the Diss bank having extensive connections in +Norfolk and Suffolk.</p> +<p>In 1806, Messrs. Starling Day and Sons were bankers, in +Pottergate Street, afterwards in the Market Place, in the court +adjoining the Chronicle Office; and on December 16th, 1825, the +bank stopped. In 1806, T. Bignold, Son, and Co. were +bankers in Briggs’ Street, but did not long continue in +business. The Norfolk and Norwich Joint Stock Bank was +established in 1820, in Surrey Street. This bank consisted +of a small proprietary, and the business, after the loss of the +whole share capital, was disposed of to the East of England Joint +Stock Company, in 1836. That company carried on business in +the Haymarket till 1864, when the bank failed. The sad +event was the cause of much misery in the city and county; and +many persons who had been in comfortable circumstances were +entirely ruined and left destitute. The proprietors lost +all their capital, and were called upon to liquidate heavy +liabilities besides. <a name="page599"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 599</span>There has not been much over trading +in the eastern counties, and the failure of the East of England +Bank should be a warning to other joint stock banks, which ought +to be the safest if well managed. The business of the East +of England Bank and the premises were purchased by the Provincial +Banking Corporation, limited, and that company now carries on +business in the Haymarket.</p> +<p>About 1838, Mr. Balls opened a bank for deposits, in the Upper +Market. He carried on his business through the house of +Sanderson in London. Sanderson failed for £365,000, +but afterwards paid 20s. in the pound, and had £20,000 to +spare. Mr. Balls gave up his bank in Norwich, in 1847.</p> +<p>The Consolidated Bank arose from a union of the banks of +Hankey and Co., and Hayward, Kennard, and Co., London, and the +bank of Manchester. They were amalgamated in 1863, under +the name of the Consolidated Bank, with a branch in London +Street, Norwich. The Company gave up this branch, and the +handsome new premises in London Street were taken by the National +Provincial Bank, which has been established since 1833.</p> +<p>Country banks are all of them banks of deposit and discount; +they act as agents for the remittance of money to and from +London, and for effecting payments between different parts of the +kingdom. Nearly all of them are also banks of issue, and +their notes are, in most cases, made payable to some bank in +London, as well as at the place where they are issued. A +moderate rate of interest, from 2 to 2½ per cent, is <a +name="page600"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 600</span>allowed by +country bankers on deposits which remain with them for any period +beyond six months. Some make this allowance for shorter +periods. Where a depositor has also a drawing account, the +balance is struck every six months, and the interest due on the +average is placed to his credit. On drawing accounts, a +commission, usually an eighth per cent, is charged on all +payments. The country banker on his part pays his London +agent for the trouble which he occasions, either by keeping a +certain sum of money in his hands without interest, or by +allowing a commission on the payments made for his account, or by +a fixed annual payment in lieu of the same. The portion of +funds in their hands arising from deposits and issues, which is +not required for discounting bills and making advances in the +country, is invested in government or mercantile securities in +London, which in the event of a contraction of deposits, can be +made immediately available.</p> +<p>The agriculture of the eastern counties, the most productive +in England, is the foundation of their industrial prosperity, and +the chief source of business to the banks in the market +towns. It is well known that since the commencement of this +century, by means of an improved system of husbandry, the +agricultural resources of the district have greatly increased, as +has also the annual value of the produce in cattle, sheep, +horses, pigs, and corn. The various branches of industry +and manufactures carried on in Norwich and the county are also, +of course, to be reckoned amongst the sources of the banking +business.</p> +<h4><a name="page601"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +601</span><span class="smcap">Wholesale Clothiers</span>.</h4> +<p>Mr. Dyer, in White Lion Street; Messrs. Riches and Skoyles, +Davey Place; Mr. Womack, Dove Street and Lobster Lane; and +Messrs. Steward and Son, Tombland; occupy extensive premises, +where garments are made for men and boys by the use of machines, +and are disposed of wholesale to retail clothiers all over the +district. The introduction of sewing machines has given a +great impulse to this trade, and garments of all kinds and sizes +are produced here as good in quality and as low in price as they +can be obtained in any part of the kingdom.</p> +<p>A minute’s walk from the Market Place, in Bethel Street, +are the steam clothing works and warehouses of Messrs. F. W. +Harmer and Co. Between 200 and 300 persons are employed by +this firm in the manufacture of boys’ and men’s +clothing; their goods are sold wholesale only, and are made for +what is technically called the “home trade.” In +this establishment the different processes of cutting, sewing, +making button holes, &c., which a few years since were +performed by hand labour, are now principally done by machinery +worked by steam power, to the advantage both of the hands +employed and the consumers of the goods.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">Wholesale Boot and Shoe +Trade</span>.</h4> +<p>This trade dates from the commencement of the present century; +and for some time it was confined to goods for the home +market. In 1800, Mr. James <a name="page602"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 602</span>Smith began the trade, which was +afterwards enlarged by the late Mr. Charles Winter, who carried +on a great business, both for the home market and for exportation +to the colonies. On the death of that gentleman the concern +passed into the hands of Messrs. Willis and Southall, under whose +able management the reputation of the old house is fully +sustained, and whose goods command a ready sale both at home and +abroad. The quality of the goods is now much improved, and +large quantities are exported to the colonies.</p> +<p>Formerly, all boots and shoes were made by hand only, and +consequently there was a great difference in the quality of the +work. The operatives used to take their work to their +homes. They received so many dozen uppers from the +warehouses and returned them finished, and were paid according to +quality and quantity. The late Mr. C. Winter first made use +of sewing machines, for the uppers of boots and shoes, about +1856. Afterwards American machines were introduced, to sew +the soles to the uppers.</p> +<p>About eighteen years since, the manufacturers began to make +goods for exportation to Canada, to the Cape of Good Hope, to +India, and Australia. This export trade was carried on to a +large extent, from 1856 till 1866. Mr. C. Winter sent large +quantities of goods to Canada and India, and the other +manufacturers to Australia. A number of emigrants, however, +went into the trade in Australia, and the local parliament +imposed a duty of 25 per cent. on English-made goods, which +stopped the trade, so that <a name="page603"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 603</span>of late, very few Australian orders +have been received in this city. Notwithstanding this +drawback, the boot and shoe trade has become a very extensive and +important branch of industry in Norwich, and about 3000 hands are +employed in the manufacture. Hitherto it has been confined +chiefly to women and children’s goods, but men’s +boots have been made to some extent, and there is no reason why +the trade should not be greatly increased. Machines, as we +have said, have been introduced in the various processes of +manufacture, and steam power has been applied to the machines in +two large factories, where vast quantities of goods are +produced. The result has been not to diminish but to extend +the number of hands, and to increase the rate of payment.</p> +<p>The hand machines now in use are chiefly those of Thomas, +Singer, or Howes. About 400 machines are at work daily in +the warehouses, and 200 in private houses. In two +factories, large American machines are used for attaching the +soles to the uppers at the rate of a pair per minute. By +means of these machines, a pair of boots may be cut out, and the +uppers, after fitting, sewn together and finished in an hour; and +the work, moreover, is better done by the use of machines than it +usually is by hand. Three operatives are required for each +machine, two fitters and one machinist.</p> +<p>When trade is good, about 3000 men, women, and children, are +employed in the manufacture, either in the warehouses or in their +own homes. The operatives may be divided into one-third +men, one-third women, <a name="page604"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 604</span>and one-third children. They +will produce, with the aid of machines, about 1000 dozen pairs of +boots and shoes daily. The quantity will therefore be 6000 +dozen weekly, and taking the average price at 40s. per dozen, the +value would be £12,000 weekly. Supposing the trade to +continue brisk for fifty weeks in the year, the annual value +would be £600,000.</p> +<p>During the year, 1868, trade was very prosperous, and +manufacturers received more orders than they could execute. +The quantities before stated may be doubled for that year; and at +least 6000 men, women, and children, were employed. Their +production, with the aid of machines, has been about 2000 dozen +pairs of boots and shoes daily, or 12,000 dozen pairs weekly, so +that the weekly value has been £24,000, or £1,200,000 +yearly. Norwich does not transact a hundredth part of this +branch of trade in England, and, therefore, it may be increased +to an indefinite extent.</p> +<p>The principal firms in the trade in 1868, were Messrs. +Tillyard and Howlett, on St. George’s Plain; Mr. Kemp, in +Pitt Street; Messrs. Willis and Southall, who occupy very +extensive premises in the Upper Market; Mr. Hotblack, St. +Faith’s Lane; Mr. Lulham, Fishgate Street; Mr. Ford, St. +George Colegate; Mr. Homan, Theatre Street; Mr. Bostock, Swan +Lane; Mr. Steadman, Bethel Street; Messrs. Barker and Gostling, +Wensum Street; Mr. Haldenstein, Queen Street; Messrs. Gamble and +Davis, Calvert Street; Mr. Smith, Calvert Street; Mr. D. Soman, +Calvert Street; Mr. Base, in Prince’s Street; Mr. Copeman, +<a name="page605"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 605</span>St. +Stephen’s; Mr. Horne, Charing Cross; Mr. Worledge, Magdalen +Street.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">Mustard, Starch, and Blue +Works</span>.</h4> +<p>The Carrow Works have been greatly extended since the brief +notice in the first part of this history was written, and we are +now enabled to give a fuller description. Messrs. J. and J. +Colman employ about 1200 men and boys in the production of +mustard, starch, blue, paper, and flour. By the use of +machinery of the most improved construction, and by selecting +seed of the finest quality, the firm produces mustard which +cannot be surpassed in purity and flavour. This mustard +obtained the only prize medals awarded for the article at the +Great Exhibition in London, 1862, and Dublin, 1865, and the only +silver medal at Paris, 1868. The firm also obtained medals +for starch at the Great Exhibitions in London, 1851 and 1862; +Dublin, 1865; York, 1866; and Paris, 1868.</p> +<p>Carrow Works are situated just outside of the King Street +Gates of the city, on the banks of the river Wensum, which is +navigable for vessels of about 120 tons. Lines of railway +are laid down in various directions through the premises +connecting all the principal warehouses with the Great Eastern +Railway at Trowse. Thus Messrs. Colman have every facility +for receiving the raw material, and for disposing of the +manufactured goods by land or water conveyance. The +machinery used is very extensive, and sixteen engines are now +employed, amounting altogether to 1000-horse power.</p> +<p><a name="page606"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 606</span>On +entering the works we pass the timekeeper’s office, and +observe on the right hand a large range of brick buildings. +Here is the mustard mill, and amid all the noise within we are +shewn the process by which the well-known condiment, mustard, is +produced in such immense quantities, and in the greatest +perfection. The mustard seed, which is grown extensively in +some parts of this country, is crushed between iron rollers, and +is then pounded in large mortars, a long row of which stand on +one side of the mill. The pestles consist of long wooden +rods with heavy balls of iron. They are set in rapid motion +by means of steam power, and the mustard seed is speedily reduced +to the condition of flour and bran. These are readily +separated, and the flour is brought to the requisite quality by +means of silk sieves, which vary in fineness according to the +quality of the mustard to be produced. These sieves are +loosely arranged in frames, and set in motion by means of +revolving shafts. Two kinds of seed, the brown and the +white, are thus crushed, pounded, and sifted. The brown is +far more pungent than the white; but in order to produce a +flavour relished by consumers, it is necessary to mix these two +kinds, and it is the judicious mixture which gives the fine +aromatic flavour of the mustard for which the firm is +celebrated.</p> +<p>Adjoining the mustard mill is the packing floor, where a great +number of men and boys are employed in putting the mustard into +tins of various shapes and sizes, and adorning them with the +handsome labels which are so generally exhibited in +grocers’ windows <a name="page607"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 607</span>everywhere, for the demand for this +mustard is universal.</p> +<p>Leaving the mustard mill we enter the starch works, which seem +to be still more extensive. The process of making starch is +carefully explained to us. After the grain has been +moistened with a solution of caustic soda, it is passed into the +mill, where it is mixed with water and ground in its wet state +between mill stones; from each pair of which continually runs a +stream of pure white liquid, resembling thin paste. This +liquid is placed in large iron tanks called +“separators,” a considerable quantity of water is +added, and the whole is well stirred for some time. It is +then allowed to settle, and the various particles of husk, +gluten, &c., sink slowly and form a thick deposit at the +bottom. The water with the starch in solution is then drawn +off and pumped up into immense shallow vats, several sets of +which, placed over one another, occupy the whole of the upper +part of the building. In the course of two or three days +the liquid in the shallow vats gradually deposits the starch held +in solution, when the water is drawn off, and the starch is taken +out and placed in long narrow boxes filled with holes and lined +with cloth. It remains in these boxes for some time in +order that the moisture may gradually drain out and the starch +consolidate. As soon as it is sufficiently hardened, the +starch is taken out and divided into blocks, each about six +inches square, and put into stoves and exposed to a temperature +of about 140 degrees; after which it is cleaned, papered, and +again placed in stoves, where it remains till it is <a +name="page608"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 608</span>gradually +crystallized, when the process of manufacture is complete, and +the starch is ready for sale.</p> +<p>We now walk across to the other side of the premises and enter +a long row of workshops, where a great number of men and boys are +employed in making tin-packages for the mustard. Passing by +long ranges of coopers and carpenters’ shops, we soon come +to a large square block of buildings called the “blue +factory.” Here the indigo is mixed with the finest +starch, water is added, and the whole is ground in a moist state +by large heavy mill stones, till it resembles a very thick, dark +blue paste. It is transferred by means of a steam hoist to +the upper part of the building, where it is received and quickly +manipulated by a number of girls, who divide it into small cakes +and stamp it with wooden stamps of various devices, from which it +is called “Stamp Title,” “Lion,” &c.; +or they work it into balls, on which they leave the impressions +of their finger and thumb, when it is called “Thumb +Blue.” We learn from the workers that the great art +of blue making consists in drying it carefully, so that the lumps +or cakes may harden without cracking. We walk through many +rooms, almost in the dark, for the window shutters, which are +closed, are so constructed as to regulate the temperature, and we +have just room to pass between large tiers of racks filled with +wooden trays, on which the lumps and cakes of blue are placed in +order that they may dry gradually.</p> +<p>We next take a peep at the paper mill, and admire the +beautiful machinery which rapidly transforms any <a +name="page609"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 609</span>quantity of +dirty rags into a thin milk-like pulp, and then into solid quires +and reams of paper, all cut and ready for use. As we pass +we look into the engineers’ shop and wonder at the variety +of the machinery there, capable of operating on the hardest +steel, and of planing, cutting, punching, or drilling it with the +greatest apparent ease; and we learn that most of the machinery +is made and repaired on the premises.</p> +<p>We are at last taken to the luncheon kitchen, in which a good +lunch or dinner is provided, consisting of as much hot meat and +potatoes as any man can eat, for threepence. Many of the +men and boys gladly avail themselves of this kitchen, and obtain +a good meal without leaving the works.</p> +<p>On leaving the yard we ascend the hill and observe a handsome +school-house, built in the Gothic style, and we learn that it was +built by Messrs. J. and J. Colman for the children of the +working-people in their service. The school comprises +several class-rooms, and is fitted up with every convenience.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">The Iron Trade</span>.</h4> +<p>Coal and iron form the basis of our industrial system in this +island, but neither of them are produced in the eastern counties, +which are, for the most part, purely agricultural. Iron +manufactures have, however, arisen since the commencement of the +present century, chiefly for agricultural purposes. Norwich +cannot boast of concerns so extensive as Messrs. Ransome and +Sims, of Ipswich; or Messrs. <a name="page610"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 610</span>Garrett, of Leiston, in Suffolk; but +several firms here employ large numbers of mechanics in the +construction of engines, machines, and implements of every +sort.</p> +<p>Dr. William Fairbairn, in his “History of Iron,” +mentions five distinct epochs: the first dating from the +employment of an artificial blast, to accelerate combustion; the +second marked by the use of coke in the reduction, about the year +1750; the third dating from the introduction of the steam engine, +on account of the facilities which that invention has given for +raising the ores, pumping the mines, supplying the furnace with a +copious and regular blast, and moving the powerful forge, and +rolling machinery; while the fourth is indicated by the +introduction of the system of puddling and rolling; and the fifth +and last—though not the least important epoch in the +history of iron, is marked by the application of the hot blast, +an invention which has increased the production of iron +four-fold, and has enabled the iron-master to smelt otherwise +useless and unreducible ores. It has abolished the +processes of coking and roasting, and has afforded facilities for +a large and rapid production, far beyond the most sanguine +anticipations of its inventors. Some manufacturers, taking +advantage of so powerful an agent, have used improper materials, +such as cinder heaps and impure ores, and by unduly hastening the +process, have produced an inferior kind of iron.</p> +<p>Nearly all the iron manufacturers in Norwich, Norfolk, and +Suffolk, are founders, and make their own <a +name="page611"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 611</span>castings +for engines, girders, and machines of every kind. The +principal firms in this district are Messrs. Ransome and Sims, +before named; Messrs. Garrett, of Leiston; Mr. Turner, Ipswich; +Messrs. Woods, Cocksedge, and Warner, Stowmarket; Mr. C. Burrell, +of Thetford; and Messrs. Barnard, Bishop, & Barnard, Mr. W. +S. Boulton, Mr. Smithdale, and Messrs. Holmes and Sons, of +Norwich. These great firms send their productions all over +the civilised world.</p> +<p>The important works of Messrs. Barnard, Bishop, and Barnard, +of Norwich, are situate in St. Michael’s Coslany, and cover +an area of one acre, next the river Wensum. Entering from +Coslany Street, the new counting house is joined on the right by +a suite of offices, and on the left by the smith’s shop, +which is backed by fire-proof workshops, seventy-five feet in +length, and five stories in height. The large foundry is at +the east end of the works. A tramway runs from Coslany +Street into the interior, permeating the premises. About +400 men and boys are employed in the production of wire-netting, +fencing, garden chairs, stands, machines, lawn mowers, gates, and +every kind of horticultural implements. A glance at the +operations of the firm will, doubtless, be interesting to our +readers. One of the most important is the production daily +of many miles of wire-netting, made by curious machinery. +The strained wire fencing is made on the best principle, the +bases of both the straining pillars and standards being entirely +of iron; and after a test of more than thirty years, it has been +found very superior, both as regards durability and +appearance. Messrs. Barnard, <a name="page612"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 612</span>Bishop, and Barnard are also makers, +on a large scale, of bedsteads, mangles, cooking ranges, +kitcheners, &c., &c., &c.</p> +<p>This firm, the founder of which was Mr. Charles Barnard, a man +of modest demeanour, but possessed of considerable inventive +genius, will live in history as the manufacturers of the +celebrated “Norwich Gates,” exhibited in 1862. +These were designed by Mr. Thomas Jekyll of this city, and by a +county subscription were, in November, 1864, placed at the +entrance to the park at Sandringham, the residence of the Prince +of Wales. During the Exhibition of 1862, these marvellous +productions attracted great attention. The <i>Times</i>, of +April 7th, after alluding to works of a similar character, +said:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“In our judgment, however, the design of +these latter is scarcely equal to that of the beautiful +wrought-iron park gates, which are being erected, as a principal +nave trophy, by Messrs. Barnard, Bishop, and Barnard.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>These were adjudged to be the best in the Exhibition. +The same firm also produced very elegant gates, which were +exhibited at the Paris Exhibition, in 1867, and greatly admired +for the beauty of the design and perfect workmanship. These +gates were only thirteen feet wide, and seven feet in height, but +they occupied forty of the best workmen from morning till night +for three months, at a cost of £750 in wages. These +gates were quite unique in design and workmanship. There +was not a touch of the chisel. The hammer did all the work +in the most perfect manner.</p> +<p><a name="page613"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 613</span>In +conclusion, we may state, that after a minute examination of the +productions at these works, we feel convinced that articles can +now be executed in metal, which surpass the doings of past ages; +and that the labour, combined with the intelligence of this 19th +century, when skilfully directed, is quite equal to that of the +mediæval period.</p> +<p>Mr. W. S. Boulton, who occupies extensive premises in Rose +Lane, is a manufacturer of agricultural and horticultural +implements; also of strained wire fencing, iron hurdles, park +gates, garden chairs, iron bedsteads, kitchen ranges, hot-water +appuratus, &c. He produces every kind of railing and +palisading in great variety, and he put up the iron palisading +round Chapel Field, which is a great ornament as well as +protection to the ground. He also supplies a great variety +of useful machines, such as mincing and sausage machines, and +almost all articles made of iron.</p> +<p>Messrs. Riches and Watts are engineers and machine makers, at +Duke’s Palace Iron Works. They are builders of +condensing engines, vertical cylinder engines, and steam +thrashing machines; and are also makers of American grist mills, +corn mills, mills for grinding linseed, &c., cultivators, +pumping machinery, iron field rollers, and all kinds of +implements.</p> +<p>Messrs. Holmes and Sons, engineers, on the Castle Hill, are +makers of a great variety of machines and implements which have +gained many prizes at different Agricultural Exhibitions. +The firm have also been very extensively engaged for thirty-five +years in the manufacture of drills. During this period, +every <a name="page614"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +614</span>practical improvement has been introduced, adapting +them to every description of soil, simplifying the different +parts, and decreasing the working expenses for the renewal of +wearing parts. These drills stand unequalled for +simplicity, durability, and efficiency, and are of lighter draft +than others, owing to the position of the coulters and +levers. More than 4000 of these drills have been sent +out. The premises of this firm are well situated close to +the cattle market, and have been considerably enlarged. The +new show rooms in the Market are nearly opposite to the entrance +to the Castle. Entering the works from the high road, we +may first inspect the foundry, containing an enormous crane and +three cupolas. Adjoining the foundry are the stoves for +small castings, and above it the pattern-makers’ +shop. Returning to the yard, we may enter the erecting and +fitting shop. The drill-fitting shop and the +thrashing-machine shops are admirably adapted for their intended +purposes. About a hundred hands are employed in the +works.</p> +<p>Mr. Thomas Smithdale has a very large establishment at St. +Ann’s Staithe, King Street, on the site of an ancient +monastery, remains of which still exist next the river. In +the large foundry, castings of iron are made, up to ten tons; and +the workshops contain the heaviest machinery in Norwich. +Mr. Smithdale builds engines from three to a hundred horse power; +and he makes also hydraulic presses, cranes, crabs, mill works, +planing, shaping, and drilling machines, and boilers of all +sizes.</p> +<p>Mr. Reeve, in Pitt Street, is a manufacturer of improved <a +name="page615"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 615</span>kitchen +ranges of various sizes, which have been in great demand.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">Manufacturing Publishers</span>.</h4> +<p>Messrs. Jarrold and Sons have, for the last twenty years, been +engaged in the production of first-class educational books, in +science, history, and penmanship, which are used in schools in +Great Britain and her Colonies. They also produced the +well-known Household Tracts and other works, bearing on social, +moral, and sanitary subjects. All are printed and bound in +their recently-erected workshops in Little London Street. +They have also a publishing house at No. 12, Paternoster Row, +London.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">Wine</span>, <span +class="smcap">Spirits</span>, <span class="smcap">and +Beer</span>.</h4> +<p>Norwich merchants carry on a great wholesale business in wines +and spirits. The principal firms are Messrs. Barwell and +Sons, London Street and St. Stephen’s; Messrs. Norgate and +Son, St. Stephen’s; Messrs. Geldart, in Wensum Street; the +Wine Company, in St. Giles’ Street; Mr. P. Back, Market +Place; Mr. R. J. Morley, Post Office Street; and Mr. J. +Chamberlin, Post Office Street; all of whom keep large stocks of +wines and spirits.</p> +<p>The brewing business is greatly extending in Norwich. +Norwich brewers produce pale ales, which claim to be equal to the +Burton, and dispose of 100,000 barrels of London porter +yearly. Messrs. Seaman and Grimmer, though not producers, +do an enormous trade, and bring in, through Yarmouth, <a +name="page616"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 616</span>about +14,000 barrels of London porter yearly, and send them all over +the city and county.</p> +<p>Messrs. Patteson and Co. produce 100,000 barrels of ale and +beer yearly; Messrs. Bullard, 60,000 barrels; Messrs. Morgan, +30,000; Messrs. Young and Co., and other brewers, about +40,000. The annual value of their productions is at least +£500,000.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">Wholesale Drapery</span>.</h4> +<p>This trade is largely carried on by Messrs. Chamberlin & +Sons, Mr. G. L. Coleman, Mr. Rackham, Mr. Henry Snowdon, and a +branch house of Messrs. Copestake and Moore, of London. +Their trade is in cotton, linen, woollen, and silk goods, plain +and fancy fabrics, which are supplied to shopkeepers all over the +eastern counties. They bring goods from all the +manufacturing districts, and supply them on terms quite as +advantageous as the London houses. These goods are chiefly +of Scotch, Yorkshire, or Lancashire manufactures, and not +produced in Norwich.</p> +<p>Messrs. Chamberlin and Sons, a few years since, rebuilt their +premises in the Market Place, which are an ornament to the +city. This is the largest establishment for drapery in the +eastern counties. On entering the premises from the Market +Place, the retail department presents, in all its arrangements, a +thoroughly complete place of business. The wholesale and +other departments above are very extensive. In the basement +of the premises is the wholesale Manchester room, 180 feet in +length, for linen goods, blankets, and <a +name="page617"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +617</span>flannels. There is a separate entrance, in Dove +Street, to the extensive woollen cloth department. The +carpet room is 44 feet long and 40 feet wide.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">Wholesale Grocery</span>.</h4> +<p>The wholesale grocery trade is carried on to a large extent by +Messrs. Bream and Bennett, Mr. W. Belding, Messrs. Butcher and +Nephew, Messrs. Copeman and Sons, Mr. H. Freeman, Mr. R. Fisher, +Messrs. Newson and Co., and Messrs. Pratt and Hancock. This +trade disposes of the bulk of the heavy goods brought to the city +and sent away from it. The following is the return of the +goods, inwards and outwards, for the year ending June, +1867:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Goods inwards by river</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">60,000 tons</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Thorpe Station</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">30,000 ,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Victoria ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">22,661 ,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Trowse ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">17,616 ,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">130,277 tons</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Goods outwards by river</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">100,000 tons</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, at Thorpe</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">53,000 ,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, at Trowse</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">20,434 ,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, at Victoria</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7,534 ,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h4><span class="smcap">Cigars and Tobacco</span>.</h4> +<p>The manufacture of tobacco was introduced into Norwich in 1815 +by Mr. Curr, formerly of St. Andrew’s. <a +name="page618"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 618</span>Since then +the trade has gradually increased, and the various kinds of shag, +twist, and cavendish, are now produced to the extent of between +100,000 and 200,000 lbs. yearly, by Mr. Newbegin of Bridewell +Alley, and Mr. Kitton on the Dereham Road.</p> +<p>The only cigar manufacturers are Messrs. Adcock and Denham, of +Post Office Street, and Mr. Stevens, Back of the Inns. +Messrs. Adcock and Denham, are the largest makers in the Eastern +Counties, and employ a considerable number of hands. At +their establishment may be seen tobacco from various countries, +and the curious enquirer will learn, no doubt with surprise, how +many distant spots of the earth are laid under contribution to +supply the demand which exists for the fragrant weed in the form +of cigars—the importations being, amongst other places, +from Columbia, Cuba, Havanna (in Cuba), Japan, Latakia, Manilla, +Mexico, Paraguay, Porto Rico, &c. The operations, too, +are interesting, though not easily described. From the case +or bale in which the tobacco arrives, it passes into the hands of +the person whose duty it is to soften it—a process which +requires great skill and care; for the leaf is generally dry and +brittle, and has to be shaken and well separated before the +softening can be properly effected. The leaf, having been +rendered sufficiently pliable, is next passed over to the +“strippers,” whose work is to draw out the thick stem +which traverses it from end to end. Then it has to be +sorted—the light from the dark, the coarse from the +fine—and laid in proper order for the “makers,” +who with almost magical rapidity, and <a name="page619"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 619</span>by the exercise of great nicety of +judgment and manipulation, convert it into cigars of any required +size, shape, and weight.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">Upholstery</span>.</h4> +<p>There are several large workshops in this city, for the +manufacture of every kind of furniture and cabinet work; and in +these, some hundreds of skilled artisans are employed. +Among the principal establishments may be mentioned those of +Messrs. Trevor & Page, Post Office Street; Mr. C. J. Freeman, +in London Street; Messrs. John Crowe and Sons, in St. +Stephen’s Street; Messrs. Robertson and Sons, Queen Street; +and Messrs. Drew and Corrick, in St. George’s Middle +Street. All these establishments supply the best articles +for furnishing a house or mansion. The historian who might +wish to describe the familiar habits and usages of the present +times, could not do better than spend a few hours in our large +upholstery warehouses, where may be seen every kind of furniture, +from articles which contribute to our homeliest comforts, to +others which please the eye by their beauty and good taste. +These may be found grouped together in profusion, making the +impression on the mind that this must be a wealthy district to +require the vast stores of goods kept in Norwich warehouses; but +so it is, as every one knows who has visited the dwellings of +many of our rich citizens. Luxuries are enjoyed by the +well-to-do classes of to-day, which could not be found in +baronial halls a few centuries ago.</p> +<h4><a name="page620"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +620</span><span class="smcap">Carriage Manufactures</span>.</h4> +<p>There are several large builders of carriages, gigs, carts, +phaetons, &c., in this city, including Messrs. Jolly and Son, +St. Stephen’s Street; Mr. Thorn, St. Giles’ Gates; +Messrs. Howes, Chapel Field; Mr. Harcourt, Chapel-Field Road; +Messrs. J. and J. Howes, Red Lion Street; Mr. W. H. Howes, Prince +of Wales’ Road; Mr. Rudling, St. Martin’s at +Palace. Mr. Thorn’s “Norwich Car” and +“Norfolk Shooting Cart” are well known all over +England. Messrs. Jolly build every sort of useful and fancy +vehicle in the best possible style. We cannot here pretend +to tell how much the construction of carriages has been improved +in the present century, as compared with the old lumbering +vehicles formerly in use. Suffice it to say, that by the +application of science, English carriages have become the best in +all the world.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">Brushes and Paper Bags</span>.</h4> +<p>Messrs. S. D. Page and Sons have built a large warehouse in +the Haymarket, where they employ upwards of 100 hands in the +manufacture of brushes for wholesale trade. They are also +extensively engaged in the paper trade and in the manufacture of +paper bags by very interesting and curious machinery worked by +steam power, and by which each bag is pasted, folded, cut, and +completed in the machine with astonishing rapidity. Three +such machines, and several hands, are employed. The bags +are made of various sizes and qualities of paper, adapted for the +general use of grocers, drapers, confectioners, &c.</p> +<h4><a name="page621"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +621</span><span class="smcap">Flour Mills</span>.</h4> +<p>Besides the steam flour mills at Carrow works, which produce +about 1500 sacks of flour weekly, there are mills in St. +Swithin’s and Hellesdon, which also produce enormous +quantities. Messrs. Barber and Sons are the owners of the +water mills at Hellesdon, and the steam flour mills in St. +Swithin’s. The old water mills in St. +Swithin’s, the property of the corporation, are in the +occupation of Mr. Wells, and are in active operation. There +are also many wind mills in the neighbourhood, and water mills +abound.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">Paper Manufacture</span>.</h4> +<p>This business is carried on, as before stated, at Carrow +works, but the largest mills are at Taverham, a few miles from +Norwich. At these mills, vast quantities of paper are +produced yearly, of various kinds and qualities, including broad +sheets for several influential newspapers. The trade has +been greatly increased since the repeal of the duty on paper; but +the increase here is nothing to what it has been elsewhere, since +the daily newspapers have reached a circulation of hundreds of +thousands per day.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">The Soap Trade</span>.</h4> +<p>Another branch of business, arising from productive industry, +is that in soap, of which Mr. Andrews, of Fishgate Street, is a +large manufacturer. Within the Norwich Excise Collection, +there are several soap makers, who produce immense quantities of +an article <a name="page622"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +622</span>which is used in the silk, woollen, linen, and cotton +manufactures, as well as for domestic purposes. About +300,000,000 lbs. are produced yearly in the Norwich Excise +district. The repeal of the duty upon this useful article +must have greatly increased the consumption.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">The Coal Trade</span>.</h4> +<p>About a dozen Norwich merchants carry on a considerable trade +in coal. They receive coal inward by river 70,000 tons, by +railway 62,000 tons; in all, 132,000 tons annually. The +conveyance, at 6s. 8d. per ton, will be £44,000; and the +total value, at 20s. per ton, will be £132,000. The +principal merchants are Messrs. J. and H. Girling, Mr. Dawbarn, +Mr. Pointer, Mr. Coller, Mr. Jewson, and others, who now bring +coal by railway from the central coal fields.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">Cattle Food and Manure</span>.</h4> +<p>A very extensive business in artificial food for cattle has +sprung up of late years, but as yet there are only two or three +firms engaged in the trade in Norwich. Mr. John Ketton has +mills near Foundry Bridge, where he produces about 200 tons of +cake weekly, for fattening cattle. The linseed or other +seed is crushed by immense circular stones, turned by ingenious +machinery. The oil, thus squeezed out, is of great value, +and the refuse is made into cake for fattening cattle, and sold +at £8 per ton. The oil is of equal value. +Messrs. Gayford, Kitton, and Co., have mills at St. Ann’s +<a name="page623"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 623</span>Staithe, +King Street, and produce 100 tons of cake weekly. These two +firms, therefore, produce about 300 tons of cake weekly, or +15,600 tons yearly, the whole value being £124,800. +The oil being of equal value, the total trade amounts to +£250,000 a year. Other city merchants, not producers, +send away about 100 tons a-week.</p> +<p>The late Mr. William Stark, of this city, was an eminent +chemist, and the first who produced bone manures. His son, +Mr. M. I. Stark, continues the same manufacture of manures, made +from steamed bones under a process by which all their gelatinous +and fertilizing properties are converted into the most suitable +form for application to the land. He also produces large +quantities of cake, made from linseed and beans. This new +article of artificial food has given great satisfaction. +The mills are at Duke’s Palace Bridge, Norwich, and +Rockland St. Mary. Mr. Reynolds and Mr. Parker also produce +other kinds of artificial manure in large quantities.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">Cattle and Corn</span>.</h4> +<p>These trades properly belong to the county, but the +transactions in the city are on a large scale. The cattle +trade is the great trade in the eastern counties, and more +especially of Norfolk. A vast amount of it is transacted on +the Castle Hill, greatly to the benefit of the city, as it gives +employment to a large number of poor people, and brings custom to +many inns, taverns, and business establishments. Norwich +Cattle Market is now one of the largest in England, taking <a +name="page624"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 624</span>the whole +year round, and it is rapidly increasing. The following +returns show the extent of the trade in the city and +county. The traffic at Trowse Station, from June 1866 to +June 1867, was as follows:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Cattle inwards</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">57,058</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sheep ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">76,154</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Pigs ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9,855</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">Total 143,067</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Cattle outwards</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">35,083</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sheep ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">59,063</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Pigs ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12,493</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">Total 106,639</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>Most of these animals are brought to or sent away from Norwich +Market.</p> +<p>There are twenty acres of layers belonging to the railway +company round Trowse Station, and about one hundred acres of +layers close by belonging to private parties. These layers +are generally covered with cattle and sheep during the season, +from August till November. The valleys of the Yare, the +Bure, and the Waveney, afford almost unlimited pastures for any +number of cattle and sheep, and the greater part of the lean +stock sold on Norwich Hill are brought to be fattened on those +pastures. In short, the cattle trade on the Great Eastern +lines has been greatly increasing, and is now the largest on any +system of railways in England.</p> +<p>Norfolk ranks the fourth in extent, as compared with other +counties in England, and eighth as regards population; and it is +well known, that since the commencement of this century, the +resources of the county, in regard to the production of corn, +have <a name="page625"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +625</span>been greatly increased by an improved system of +husbandry. Over a million acres are under cultivation, +including 200,000 acres of commons and sandy heaths, which have +been inclosed of late years. In 1831, the average yield of +wheat was three quarters per acre; but there has been an increase +of thirty per cent, since that period.</p> +<p>According to the inspector’s returns of sales of corn in +the Norwich Exchange, the quantities and prices have varied +greatly in different years, since 1845. In the year ending +October 11th, 1845, the quantity of wheat sold was 150,226 qrs., +but after the repeal of the corn laws, the quantity was gradually +reduced to the year ending October 3rd, 1868, when it was 65,903 +qrs. Since 1855, the quantity of barley sold yearly has +varied from 120,000 to 177,000 qrs.; and in the year ending +October 3rd, 1868, it was 166,796 qrs. Average prices per +qr. for 1868. Wheat, 66/9½. Barley, +42/8¼.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">The Carrying Trade</span>.<br /> +(<i>By water</i>.)</h4> +<p>The river Wensum flows for a distance of 30 miles from Rudham +to Norwich, and winding round the city, flows into the Yare at +Trowse. The Yare winds through the eastern division of the +county for 36 miles to Yarmouth. The Waveney flows into the +Yare at Reedham, and the Bure at Yarmouth. The three +rivers, Yare, Bure, and Waveney, are 200 miles in length, and +afford means of water conveyance from the city and all parts of +East Norfolk to Yarmouth <a name="page626"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 626</span>haven. The inhabitants of that +town have made no fewer than seven havens, one after the other, +at a cost of millions of money,—enough to have formed the +piers and quays of solid granite.</p> +<p>We have already given an account of the proceedings of the +corporation of Norwich respecting the improvement of the +navigation from this city to Yarmouth and Lowestoft, between 1820 +and 1840, and, therefore, will not go over the same ground +again. We need only add that the improvement has been +continued both by the authorities of Yarmouth and Lowestoft, that +the channel over Breydon has been deepened to seven feet at low +water, and that a handsome bridge has been built at Yarmouth, +allowing of the free ebb and flow of the tidal waters. The +harbour at Lowestoft has also been kept open, and the navigation +from that port to the city is still carried on by means of +wherries and other vessels. These wherries are peculiar to +the rivers of Norfolk and Suffolk, and those used on the Yare +carry from fifteen to forty tons, drawing from three to four feet +of water. The mast is balanced by means of lead, so that +one man can raise and lower it, and on this the sail is hoisted, +being extended by a gaff. These vessels are well adapted +for the windings of the stream, and are generally navigated by +two hands, one of them being often a boy, or the wife of a +waterman. The corporation has jurisdiction on the river +from Hellesdon Bridge to Hardley Cross, a distance of twenty-four +miles. This, however, does not interfere with the rights of +landowners on the banks, all of whom have <a +name="page627"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 627</span>their +respective free fisheries, &c. Ten bridges cross the +river in its passage through the city and its suburbs.</p> +<p>Norwich and Yarmouth must ever be united in the carrying trade +by water, as the river Yare flows into the sea. From the +statements already made, it will be seen that for centuries past +Yarmouth has been the chief port of the city and county; that +from the city, and various towns in East Norfolk, vast quantities +of goods have been annually conveyed along the Yare, Bure, and +Waveney, to that port, to be thence shipped to all parts of +England; and that Norwich merchants have brought in the larger +proportion of their goods <i>viâ</i> Yarmouth.</p> +<p>In 1866, an act, the 29 and 30 Victoria, c 242, was passed for +“the conservanity and improvement of the port and haven of +Great Yarmouth, and the rivers connected therewith, also for the +levying and abolishing of tolls and duties, and for other +purposes.” This was the last Yarmouth Port and Haven +Act, and under it, the tolls have been increased on all vessels +coming to Norwich. By clause 144, it was enacted that, +“From and after the 25th day of March, 1867, all monies +received from time to time by the Norwich corporation in respect +of the Norwich tolls, shall be applied by that corporation as +follows:—First, in payment of interest on the £4000 +secured on the Norwich tolls, or so much thereof as from time to +time remains secured thereon; and after and subject to that +payment. Secondly, in payment of a compensation to the +Norwich corporation for the abandonment and cesser of the Norwich +tolls, during the term of seven years, <a +name="page628"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 628</span>commencing +on the 25th day of March, 1867, in sums decreasing £100 +yearly, from £700 to £100. Thirdly, on payment +of the principal of the mortgage debts of £4000, or of so +much thereof as from time to time remains secured on the Norwich +tolls.”</p> +<p>Thus, the Norwich tolls will be extinguished in seven years +from March, 1867; in 1874.</p> +<h4>(<i>By Road and Rail</i>.)</h4> +<p>Roads and railways are as necessary as rivers for the carrying +trade, and even more so. Formerly, roads were the chief +means of transit, and the great roads in the eastern counties +were among the best in England. The Romans made all the +great roads from Norwich to Ipswich, Colchester, and London; also +from Norwich to Newmarket and London; and many others.</p> +<p>After the commencement of the railway system, the merchants of +Norwich and other towns felt that they must be placed on an +equality with other parts of the kingdom. Various lines of +railways were therefore projected; acts of parliament were +obtained; and the Eastern Counties from London to Colchester, the +Eastern Union from Colchester to Ipswich and thence to Norwich; +the Norfolk from Yarmouth; Norwich to Brandon and thence to +London; and the East Anglian lines, were made and opened. +Afterwards the East Suffolk line was opened from Yarmouth to +Beccles, Bungay, and Ipswich. The Norfolk line was opened +in 1845, and caused an entire change in the carrying trade of the +district. The quantity of goods <a name="page629"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 629</span>sent along the line to London was +soon 100,000 tons yearly, and great quantities were sent by way +of Ely and Peterborough to the large towns in the north of +England, from which also goods are brought to Norwich. It +is evident, therefore, that a vast amount of traffic, by sea or +land, was transferred to the railway. Goods which, prior to +the opening of the line were forwarded by road from Norwich into +the interior of the county, were sent by railway as far as +Thetford, and thus escaped the tonnage dues; and when the branch +lines were opened from Lowestoft to Beccles and Reedham, and from +Wymondham to Dereham, Fakenham and Wells, there was a still +greater diversion of the traffic. Large quantities of coal +were sent by railway direct to Dereham, which soon became a +depôt for central Norfolk. From all the towns along +its course, the new line took the greater part of the carrying +trade. It was soon a prosperous line, and proved to be of +great commercial advantage to the city.</p> +<p>The opening of all the new lines immediately caused coaches to +be discontinued, and threw a deal of shipping out of employment +at Yarmouth, Lynn, and Wells. By railways large quantities +of corn and malt were sent to various towns that used to be sent +by sea. Goods, too, from all parts of the north of England +were brought by railway into Norfolk and Norwich. For a +long time the chief part of the salt of England was produced in +Cheshire and sent down the river Weaver, which flows into the +Mersey at Liverpool, whence it was transhipped to Yarmouth, <a +name="page630"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 630</span>where the +consumption is immense, not less than 10,000 tons yearly being +used for curing fish. The greater part of the salt then +used in the eastern district was sent from Yarmouth through +Norfolk and Suffolk by river conveyance; but since the opening of +the line from Ely to Peterborough, large quantities have been +sent by railway from Stoke Works, in Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, +to any station along the lines at the rate of a penny per ton per +mile. Thus large supplies of salt have been brought to the +city and county. What has taken place in regard to the +trade in salt is only one example of what has occurred in +reference to the trade in any other kind of heavy goods. +The Norfolk main line was not laid out so much with a view to the +through traffic from any town to London, as to catch the traffic +from the city and county to the Midland and Northern Counties, by +way of Ely and Peterborough; and this object was completely +attained, greatly to the advantage of the city and county.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p>We subjoin a summary of the carrying trade for +1866–7.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Goods carried by river inward</p> +</td> +<td><p>60,000 tons</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Coal ,, ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p>70,000 ,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Goods ,, Thorpe Station</p> +</td> +<td><p>30,000 ,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Coal ,, ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p>17,000 ,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Goods ,, Victoria Station</p> +</td> +<td><p>22,661 ,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Coal ,, ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p>25,349 ,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Goods ,, Trowse Station</p> +</td> +<td><p>17,616 ,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Coal ,, ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p>16,706 ,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>259,322 ,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page631"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +631</span>Goods outward by river</p> +</td> +<td><p>100,000 tons</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, at Thorpe</p> +</td> +<td><p>53,000 ,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, at Trowse</p> +</td> +<td><p>20,434 ,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, at Victoria</p> +</td> +<td><p>7,534 ,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>180,968 ,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Cattle inward at Trowse</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">57,058</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sheep ,, ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">76,154</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Pigs ,, ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9,855</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">143,067</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Cattle outward at Trowse</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">35,083</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sheep ,, ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">59,063</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Pigs ,, ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12,493</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">106,639</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>Tonnage return of goods, coal, and fish, received at and +forwarded from Southtown Station, East Suffolk railway, from July +1866, to July 1867.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Tons</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Goods outwards</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8,965</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, inwards</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10,306</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Fish outwards</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">15,207</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Coal ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">122</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">Total outwards</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">24,294</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">Total inwards</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10,306</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">34,600</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The return for Vauxhall Station at Yarmouth, Norfolk railway, +for the corresponding period, gives the following results.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page632"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +632</span></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Tons</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Goods outwards</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">23,116</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, inwards</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">14,817</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Fish outwards</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8,014</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, inwards</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">148</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Coal outwards</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8,423</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, inwards</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">910</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">32,328</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>Tonnage return for Lowestoft, for the year ending June 30th, +1867.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Tons</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Goods inwards</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">11,513</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, outwards</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9,069</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">20,582</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Fish inwards</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">42</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, outwards</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9,561</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9,603</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Coal inwards</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,179</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, outwards</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">13,979</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">16,158</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">Total received</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">13,736</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">Total forwarded</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">39,036</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">Total traffic</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">52,772</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>Thus, it appears that a large proportion of the carrying trade +of Norfolk and Suffolk is through the ports of Yarmouth and +Lowestoft.</p> +<p><a name="page633"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 633</span>The +goods sent away from Norwich by river, roads, and railways, +consist of yarns, which are produced here in large quantities, +textile fabrics of every description, boots and shoes to the +extent of 12,000 dozen pairs weekly, brushes, manufactured goods +of every sort, corn, malt, beer, oil cake, cotton cake, linseed +oil, mustard, starch, flour, paper, general drapery, grocery, and +printed books. About 15,000 tons of cake for fattening +cattle are sent away yearly, and distributed over the eastern +counties. The goods brought into Norwich consist of raw +materials of every kind, stone, timber, iron, coal, corn, vast +quantities of grocery and drapery, wines, spirits, ales, porter, +fruits, fish, game, &c., &c.</p> +<h2><a name="page634"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 634</span>PART +IV.<br /> +POLITICAL, ECCLESIASTICAL, RELIGIOUS, & EDUCATIONAL</h2> +<h3>CHAPTER I.<br /> +Political History.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">We</span> have already recorded the chief +political events of the last century, and we shall now proceed to +connect it with the present period by a brief review of political +meetings and elections. An account of all the contested +elections, in full detail, would be highly interesting if it +could be written, but unfortunately the local records are very +imperfect and unreliable. The public journals have been, of +course, biassed by party considerations, and from them it is +impossible to derive an impartial account.</p> +<p>The English parliament has now attained the patriarchal age of +600 years. The latest researches confirm the conclusions of +the earlier historians, that <a name="page635"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 635</span>the year 1265 is the date of the +first regal summons convoking the great council of the nation, at +least in its complete form, on a muster of lords, spiritual and +temporal, knights of the shire, and representatives of cities and +boroughs; and throughout the whole sexcentenary period which has +elapsed, the estates of the realm have been convened at frequent +intervals to advise the sovereign on national affairs. +Parliament gradually effected great advances in the cause of +liberty; for, at the time of granting taxes and aids, they +generally coupled such concessions with important provisions for +the good of their fellow-citizens and the community at large.</p> +<p>Henry IV. directed a writ to the bailiffs by which four +citizens of Norwich were ordered to be returned to Parliament; +but, the attendance of members being then <i>paid for by their +constituents</i>, the expense was an object, and they therefore +made interest to get the members reduced to two only. Under +the old charters of the city the freemen were entitled to vote +for members of parliament and members of the corporation; and +householders were not included in the list of voters till the +Reform Act of 1832. The old freemen, therefore, formed the +greater part of the constituency, and in the course of time +became a very corrupt body here, as well as in all other +corporate towns. By the act of 1729, it was provided +“that at every election for burgesses in parliament, every +one that votes must swear that he hath been admitted to his +freedom twelve calendar months before that election, and that he +hath not been polled at that <a name="page636"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 636</span>election before, or in case of an +election of two members, but for one person.” The +Reform Act of 1832, however, extended the franchise to £10 +householders in towns, and gave them a preponderating power in +parliament.</p> +<p>For many centuries the House of Commons represented only the +landed interest, and nearly all laws were in favour of the +land-owners, who, under pretence of protecting native industry, +enacted laws to prevent or to limit the importation of foreign +corn. The great land-owners in the House of Lords had their +nominees, too, in the House of Commons, and ruled the entire +country.</p> +<p>The first Revolution in France produced a wonderful effect on +the political and religious worlds. In the year 1790 +commenced those great and important events in France, which laid +the foundation of the long war that afterwards raged between that +unfortunate empire and this country, and which almost ruined +Norwich. Party spirit here began to rage with increased +violence. The Tories were vehemently against the +Revolution, and the Whigs were equally earnest in its +favour. It is well known, indeed, that the unparalleled +convulsions on the continent extended their influence to England +and Scotland, and raised a storm, although not so disastrous, yet +scarcely less permanent. The jealousies of government had +been excited to an unreasonable height, and the suspension of the +Habeas Corpus Act furnished the ministers with an opportunity of +gratifying all their revenge on political opponents. +England, in short, by the base, <a name="page637"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 637</span>suspicious, and mean conduct of her +rulers, became for a short time the land of persecution and +oppression. Many of the most respectable men were +imprisoned on frivolous charges, while others were accused of +high treason; and though acquitted by juries, yet imprisonment +injured their health, distressed their families, and exhausted +their property. These disgraceful transactions continued +for some time, and roused a strong feeling of indignation against +the government of the day.</p> +<p>Mr. Mark Wilks, a Baptist preacher in this city, of whose +history we have already given some extensive details (see p. +482), made himself very prominent as an advocate of the +Revolution, and of radical principles. On July 14th, 1791, +he preached two political discourses, before crowded +congregations, in defence of the Revolution in France, and these +discourses had a marked effect in the city; and he became a very +active political partizan, both in the city and county. He +took a great interest in Hardy and his associates, who had become +involved in debt by the great expenses of their trial. He +instituted a subscription in all parts of the kingdom to assist +the sufferers; and on April 19th, 1795, he preached two sermons +in Norwich, in which he exposed with great severity the injustice +of the measures adopted against them, and vindicated their +characters and conduct. The collections, after the sermons, +amounted to a large sum. In one of his sermons, he +said:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“In favour of Mr. Windham’s acquitted +felons, (Thomas Hardy, John Horne Tooke, Bonney, Kidd, Joyce, +Holcroft, <a name="page638"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +638</span>Richton, and Baxter, and all their supposed associates +in guilt), we may adduce their peaceable and orderly demeanour in +all their public and private transactions. By whatever +names men are called, whether loyalists or republicans, whether +Reevites or Jacobins, I will venture to say that friends of +anarchy are foes of society, and ought to be considered as wolves +scattering the shepherd’s flock, and dealt with +accordingly. But have we seen one atom of licentious +wantonness, one spark of civil discord in these friends of +reform? No! the peaceable and orderly deportment of these +societies has been sufficient to convince every unprejudiced mind +how much they have acted under the influence of that wisdom which +cometh from above, which is in its nature peaceable, and +productive of good fruits.</p> +<p>“The Jacobins in this city—and except at Paris +there can have been none greater—have given repeated +demonstrations of their love of peace. At a time when the +starving poor felt an iniquitous disposition to riot; when the +friends of freedom were represented as having formed a design of +regulating markets, dividing farms, and equalising property; and +when the imbecile farmer credulously imbibed the representation, +the affiliated societies in this city published this resolve, +‘<i>That if any member should break the peace by the +violation of existing laws</i>, <i>he should not only be +excluded</i>, <i>but delivered up into the hands of +justice</i>.’ No exclusion, however, has taken place +in consequence of this resolution; and the reason has been +obvious—there has been no offence. The traitorous +conspirators (so called) in this city can call upon the Right +Hon. W. Windham to bear testimony to their love of peace. +The opposition he experienced last July, he very well knows arose +from no personal disrespect, nor from any view of incompetency on +his part in point of talents, but from a love of peace and an +inveterate hatred of <a name="page639"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 639</span>this accursed war. Mr. Windham +very well knows, that when he appeared in the character of a true +patriot, when it was his creed that ‘The influence of the +crown had <i>increased</i>, was <i>increasing</i>, and ought to +be <i>diminished</i>;’ when he avowedly acted as a spy on +the executive government; when he was found to be the vigilant +guardian of the life, liberty, and property of his constituents; +when no horrid imprecation from his all-erring lips had blasted +our commercial interests; when he had not learned to calumniate +his constituents and to impute the blackest crimes to the friends +of his country; when he had not apostatized from the sacred path +marked out by a Hampden’s and a Sydney’s blood; when +he had not frowned on freedom and preached the doctrine of +extermination, he was respected—yes, loved; at least by +one, who has offended his best friends, sacrificed his interest, +and endangered his life to procure his present elevation. +Mr. Windham knows that he was never despised by the Whig interest +in the city, till he appeared in the character of a war minister, +and the enthusiastic abettor of the most disgraceful and perilous +measures ever pursued by weak and wicked men. Perhaps Mr. +Windham may boast that his friends in Norwich are not diminished, +that he found as many last July as he was wont to find. +True, but where did he find them? Where public money had +paved his way! At the Back of the Inns, among +flannel-waistcoat manufacturers, in the precincts of the +Cathedral, and in many places and connexions where, on former +occasions, he would have been ashamed to have sought them. +Here are those who by the possession of places, contracts, +promises, expectations, and anticipations, are influenced to vote +for all the measures of government, right or wrong; and those +who, connected with the above description, are pleased with their +prosperity and rejoice to see them fatten, though on the public +spoil.</p> +<p><a name="page640"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +640</span>“Those, too, are to be met with here, who under +the influence of superstition and prejudice tremble for the +safety of <i>Church and King</i>. Nor are we without those +brainless Gallios, by whom men and measures are never weighed; +who, devoid of sense and negligent of the means which might make +them wise, always see with the eyes of others, and bow obsequious +to their lordly wills. To the credit of the nation, +however, at the late election, a fifth class of citizens was +found, a class of freemen who, though called Jacobin levellers, +could not countenance a man of blood. These, averse to +coercive measures, averse to violence, averse to war, averse to +the annihilation of commerce, and alike averse to a +nation’s ruin, turned their eyes to a friend of peace; and +in the person of Mr. Mingay found an unsullied blank, on which +770 freemen wrote their protest against the measures of the +administration, the commencement and continuance of a dreadful +war. Let me ask Mr. Windham, let me ask the world, who are +the best men, the advocates of negociation, who wish to overcome +evil with good, or those who destroy the world by casting about +firebrands, arrows, and death? If the former, I will then +assert that the reputed conspirators are of that description, and +deserve the character of the best of men.</p> +<p>“When the friends of freedom met to celebrate the +deliverance of the acquitted felons, had the duke of Portland +known their character, our present worthy mayor would have +received no orders from his grace’s office to parade the +streets with constables to preserve the peace. Had no +curry-favour sycophant, no worthless candidate for the receiver +generalship, endeavoured to excite the jealousy of his grace, the +mayor would not have been necessitated to do what to him was +unpleasant, or of vindicating in his letter to the duke, which to +his honour he did, the injured character of his +fellow-citizens.</p> +<p><a name="page641"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +641</span>“Thank God! the traitorous conspirators need no +militia, no barracks, no standing army, no royal proclamations, +no suspension of the Habeas Corpus, to keep them quiet. Men +of principle detest tumult; and in their love of order and of +peace, they find a restraint more powerful than any government +can impose. From their peaceful habitations the savage +whoop has not been heard; they have not assailed their quiet +neighbours, nor burnt the dwellings of God or man. But can +this be fairly said of their accusers? Have no anarchists, +rioters, and levellers been found among them? (alluding to events +at Birmingham). Ah! had that been happily the case, thy +streets, O Birmingham, had never been lighted by the +rioter’s torch! nor Thy temples, blessed God, reduced to +ruins! Bigotry and persecution had not deprived us of the +most splendid talents, nor had philosophy been forced to seek an +asylum under calmer skies! Had the vain, the greedy, the +ambitious candidates for honour and emoluments in the army, the +navy, and the church been under the same influence that has +governed the hearts and directed the conduct of the friends of +freedom, the destroying sword had been lodged in its peaceful +scabbard, there to have slept an eternal sleep.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The preacher proceeded in the same eloquent manner to denounce +the war and its advocates, and to defend the friends of freedom +and peace, who it appears were numerous in this city, and who +formed various associations of, what was deemed, a radical +character. The Tories also had their political clubs under +various names, and held weekly or monthly meetings at different +hotels or taverns. The Eldon Club, formed and named in +honour of Lord Eldon, is the only one that now remains, and the +members have long held <a name="page642"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 642</span>their meeting at the Bell Inn, on +the Castle Hill. For some years the growing feeling here in +favor of various pluses of reform, manifested itself chiefly in +contests for the representation of the city; but gradually, +public meetings and petitions to parliament became more and more +frequent, and during the few years which preceded the great +Reform Bill, were very numerous and often very excited. +Amongst the first subjects which called forth the indignant +protests of the citizens was that of the corn-laws. On Jan. +12th, 1815, a county meeting was held at the Shirehall, when it +was unanimously resolved to petition parliament to take the +corn-laws into consideration, on account of the depressed prices +of agricultural produce. The bill, fixing the protecting +price of wheat imported at 80s. per qr. and barley at 20s. per +coomb, was this session enacted. On February 8th, at a +numerous meeting held at the Guildhall, the mayor, (J. W. +Robberds,) presiding, it was resolved to petition the House of +Lords against the bill, which had then passed the House of +Commons. The petition was signed by 13,000 citizens, but it +passed the House of Lords, and received the royal assent. +Great excitement prevailed, and on March 17th, Thomas William +Coke, Esq. and Lord Albemarle, both Liberals, were attacked by +the populace, at the cattle show, and pelted with stones, in +consequence of the support which they had given to the +corn-laws. Fortunately, they escaped to the Angel Inn (now +the Royal Hotel), and afterwards from the city, but the tumult +raged so highly, that the riot act was read, and the Brunswick +Hussars were called out to quell the disturbance.</p> +<p><a name="page643"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 643</span>In +the following year (1816) the attention of the citizens was +turned to the question of Parliamentary Reform, and on the 14th +October, a common hall was held for the adoption of a petition in +its favour. Mr. Edward Taylor moved the adoption of the +petition, and after congratulating the meeting on having a +representative, in the person of Mr. Smith, who was an able and +constant friend of the liberties of the people and of +Parliamentary Reform, he reminded the audience that it was in +vain for members of parliament to attempt to stem the torrent of +corruption, unless the people supported them. The people +had been long inactive, but he hoped to see the spirit of zeal +and energy on behalf of this great cause revived, and extend +itself to the verge of the island; and that petitions on the same +principle as that about to be adopted by the present meeting +would be sent to the legislature from every part of the +kingdom. Mr. Firth had objected to the time as +inappropriate. This he (Mr. Taylor) regarded as the old +Pitt cant, according to which it always appeared that there were +two seasons when any attempt to reform parliament was improper; +the former of these was a state of war, when it was said that the +ministers had something else to do besides redressing public +grievances; the other was a state of peace, when the objection +was that, all things being quiet, it was best not to disturb +them. He (Mr. Taylor), however, affirmed that it was no +less the duty than the right of the people of this country to +call loudly for reform, especially at a time when their burdens +and distresses <a name="page644"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +644</span>were so great. Surely they were justified in +asking for retrenchment in the public expenditure, when Lord +Bathurst alone took more of the nation’s money, than was +sufficient to maintain the poor of Norwich for a year. +There was a long black list exhibiting many more such; while, at +the same time, our trade was stagnant, and our poor rates +increasing; and, therefore, he asked boldly whether such persons +as these, who were taking the public money, ought not to be +called on to disgorge some of the plunder. The petition was +adopted by acclamation, and then Mr. William Smith, M.P., for +Norwich, addressed the audience, approving of its prayer.</p> +<p>Mr. E. Taylor attended many meetings elsewhere in favor of +Reform in Parliament. He took a very active part in local +politics and was the life and soul of his party at contested +elections, whether for the city or the council. He never +connived at bribery or any improper practices. On one +occasion, during the excitement of a parliamentary election, a +man named Bradfield, a working brazier, was offered £30 to +vote “orange and purple.” Though sadly in want +of money, he steadily refused the tempting offer, which was +repeatedly pressed upon him, and he voted +“blue-and-white!” The result was that he lost +his employment, and fell into great distress. Mr. Taylor +having heard of the circumstance, interested himself on behalf of +the honest voter, and promoted a subscription, by means of which +he was furnished with tools, and enabled to begin successfully on +his own account. Many years afterwards, Mr. Taylor, meeting +him in <a name="page645"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +645</span>the street, offered him the usual greeting of a friend; +but Bradfield, fresh from his work, excused himself on the ground +that his hands were “dirty.” His generous +benefactor, however, would not allow the force of the apology, +declaring that the man’s hands could not be very +“dirty,” his conduct had shown that his heart and +conscience were so pure. Mr. Taylor, in short, was so much +respected for his rectitude, both political and religious, that +it was no matter of surprise when he was seen walking arm in arm +with a political opponent. Mr. Taylor’s +electioneering labors were chiefly confined to serving on +committees, visiting clubs, canvassing voters, and haranguing the +people. He was a good speaker and always popular. On +the platform, his strong good sense and nervous eloquence +rendered his speeches effective, and they derived great weight +from the known integrity of his character. If elections +could have been gained by arguments alone, his addresses would +have been more formidable to his opponents than they were. +But there was often a majority, which could be won to either side +by “golden” arguments.</p> +<p>So matters went on till 1822, when many political meetings +were held, at which Mr. Edward Taylor took an active part. +On January 12th, he moved and carried a resolution for +Parliamentary Reform at a county meeting, convened for the avowed +object of considering “agricultural distress.” +On March 5th, he attended a Reform meeting at Bungay. On +April 24th, he attended another “agricultural +distress” meeting, and carried a resolution in favor of +Parliamentary <a name="page646"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +646</span>Reform. On May 11th, a county meeting was held +with the express object of petitioning for reform, and +resolutions were carried in favor of it. On Nov. 5th, Mr. +Taylor presided at the annual dinner of the Norwich Reform +Club.</p> +<p>The agitation for the repeal of the corn laws was continued in +1825, and on April 18th a public meeting was held in St. +Andrew’s Hall, where a petition was adopted for a revision +of the corn laws, which afterwards received 14,385 signatures, +and was forwarded on the 26th to be presented to the House of +Commons. Meetings were also held in the same year to +promote the abolition of slavery, a question which excited a good +deal of interest in this city; while the years from 1826 to 1829 +were devoted chiefly to agitations for the abolition of slavery +and Roman Catholic emancipation, counter petitions being sent to +parliament in regard to the latter by the Whig and Tory sections +of the clergy.</p> +<p>On June 29th, 1830, King William IV. was proclaimed, on the +Castle Hill, by the High Sheriff, the bells ringing in honour of +the event. Next day the king was proclaimed in the city, +amid the cheers of the citizens; and the mayor presided at a +dinner, in celebration of His Majesty’s accession, at the +Norfolk Hotel. This king was believed to be in favour of +Reform and Retrenchment, and the liberal party always made him +appear to be so. But the correspondence of the late Earl +Grey with his Majesty, recently published, proves that the king +entertained the question of Reform with great reluctance, which +was <a name="page647"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +647</span>shared even by some of the Whig ministers. Lord +Grey himself wrote, January 16th, 1831,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“It has often been my wish to find the means +of postponing it, but the result of all my consideration has been +that an attempt to do so would be fatal to the character of the +government, and would lead to its dissolution under circumstances +still more disastrous than those which would follow such a +result, if his Majesty were unfortunately compelled, by a sense +of duty, to withhold his assent from the measure which may be +submitted to him by his ministers. And other members of the +government itself interposed difficulties. Even Lord +Brougham objected, after the measure was drawn up, to the +abolition of the close boroughs, urging the argument that there +would be no means for getting seats for persons in the +government,” &c.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>And Lord Grey seriously feared that on this point his lord +chancellor might “throw us over with the king!” +The king would not hear of the ballot, and he strongly objected +to shortening the duration of parliament to five years as +proposed. At last all obstacles were removed, and on March +4th, 1831, the bill was introduced by Lord John Russell into the +House of Commons. After a prolonged debate it was read a +second time by only a majority of one. It was defeated in +committee on an amendment against diminishing the number of +English representatives. Then the cabinet, by a minute, +called on the king for a distinct answer to the request for a +dissolution. He yielded, avowing that the perils to follow +at home and abroad from a change of ministry were greater than +could arise from a dissolution. But he took occasion <a +name="page648"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 648</span>to recur to +some of his old objections, and to urge that the bill should be +remodelled before being re-introduced; and he pressed the +condition, above all, of resistance to extreme change.</p> +<p>In consequence of the dissolution on the defeat of ministers +on the Reform Bill, an election took place in this city on April +29th, 1831. The polling commenced next morning, Saturday, +and was continued on the following Monday and Tuesday. The +numbers were for R. H. Gurney, Esq., (<span +class="GutSmall">L.</span>) 2158; the Right Hon. Robert Grant, +(<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>) 2163; Sir Charles Wetherell, +(<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>) 977; and Mr. M. T. Sadler, +(<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>) 964. The two former +gentlemen were declared duly elected. On the Monday evening +the Tory polling booths were pulled down and afterwards +burned.</p> +<p>On February 29th, 1832, Lord Viscount Sidmouth presented an +address to the king, signed by 2300 of the gentry, clergy, +freemen, freeholders, and other inhabitants of the city, praying +his Majesty to “withhold his royal sanction from any +measure which might compromise the independence of either branch +of the legislature, and expressing their fullest confidence in +his paternal regard for his faithful people to preserve the +fundamental principles of the British constitution.” +This petition was in reference to a threatened creation of new +peers in the House of Lords. On May 14th, ministers having +been again defeated on the Reform Bill, (by a majority of +thirty-five in the House of Lords,) a requisition was presented +to the mayor, Sir J. H. Yallop, to call a public meeting in +support of the bill. The mayor complied, and the meeting <a +name="page649"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 649</span>was +called. A procession was formed on the Castle Meadow, and +being joined by a very large body from Wymondham, carrying many +banners and accompanied by bands of music, proceeded to St. +Andrew’s Hall, which was quite filled. The mayor +presided, and a petition was adopted praying the House of Commons +to stop all supplies till the bill was passed. The cry was +for “the bill—the whole bill, and nothing but the +bill.” On June 5th, the “Telegraph” coach +arrived in the city with the news of the passing of the Reform +Bill, by a majority of eighty-four. A large number of +people were in waiting, and the moment the coach entered the top +of St. Stephen’s Street, the people on hearing the news +loudly cheered, and the cheering was continued along the whole +line of the street into the Market Place. A large party +perambulated the city with a band playing lively airs, all the +evening, and on the following night a bonfire was kindled on the +Castle Ditches. During the month several public dinners +were held to celebrate the passing of the Reform Bill; and the +5th of the following month was devoted to a special +demonstration. The morning was ushered in by the firing of +cannon and the ringing of bells, and a procession having been +previously arranged, about 11 a.m. a large body of horsemen took +up their position on the Castle Ditches whence, headed by three +mounted trumpeters, and followed by the Norwich Political Union +and electors of the different wards, and accompanied by an +immense concourse of spectators, they passed through the +principal streets of the city. The electors afterwards <a +name="page650"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 650</span>proceeded +to the Old Cricket Ground, where they were regaled with roast +beef, plum-pudding, and ale, and spent the rest of the day in +rural sports.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">The Reformed Parliament</span>.</h4> +<p>The first election for the city, after the passing of the +Reform Bill, took place on December 10th, 11th, and 12th, 1832, +with the following result.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Lord Viscount Stormont (<span +class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2016</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir James Scarlett (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1962</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>R. H. Gurney, Esq. (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1809</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>H. B. Ker, Esq. (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1765</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The contest was a severe one, and the total number polled was +3807, including 2283 freemen, 834 freeholders, and 690 +occupiers. Gross bribery prevailed, and a committee of +investigation was at once appointed, meetings were held, and +subscriptions were collected from house to house throughout the +several parishes, in support of a petition to parliament against +the return of the sitting members. The petition was +presented by Mr. Grote on the 18th of Feb., 1833, and on the 4th +of April, intelligence reached the city by mail that a committee +of the House had declared the members duly elected, but that they +had decided that the petition was neither frivolous nor +vexatious. At page 396 we have already given some of the +evidence afterwards taken in Norwich on the subject, by the +commissioners appointed to enquire into the state of the +municipal corporation. The decision of the parliamentary +committee was received with great <a name="page651"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 651</span>surprise. On June 19th of the +same year, the Conservative ladies of Norwich, having previously +subscribed for two banners to be presented to Lord Stormont and +Sir James Scarlett, the presentation took place in the Council +Chamber, in the presence of 150 ladies, with several members of +the corporation. Lord Viscount Stormont attended, and Mr. +Robert Scarlett was present on behalf of his father, Sir James +Scarlett. Mrs. Bignold, the mayoress, and Mrs. Preston +presented the banners amid great applause.</p> +<p>The first Reformed Parliament assembled January 29th, +1833. It lasted barely two years, for the dismissal of the +Whig ministry by the king, and the placing of Sir Robert Peel at +the head of a Conservative government, caused its dissolution on +December 10th, 1834.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Election of January</i> +6<i>th</i> <i>and</i> 7<i>th</i>, 1835.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Lord Viscount Stormont (<span +class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">1892</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hon. Robert C. Scarlett (<span +class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">1878</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hon. Edward V. Harbord (<span +class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">1592</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Frank Offley Martin, Esq. (<span +class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">1585</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The second Reformed Parliament assembled, Feb. 19th, 1835, and +on the 26th an amendment on the address led to a division with +the following result:—for the amendment 309; against 302; +majority against ministers, 7. This led to the resignation +of the Peel administration; and Lord Melbourne was recalled to +the head of the government. The death of the king led to a +dissolution, on July 17th, 1837, and then followed the most +severe and costly contest that <a name="page652"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 652</span>ever took place for the +representation of Norwich; bribery, intimidation, and treating, +being carried on to a most shameful extent; £40,000 is said +to have been spent in the demoralization of the electors.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>The Election of July</i> +25<i>th</i>, 1837.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Marquis of Douro (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1863</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Honorable R. C. Scarlett (<span +class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1865</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Benjamin Smith (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1843</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>W. Mountford Nurse (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1831</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>A petition was presented against the return of Lord Douro and +Mr. Scarlett, and the result was, that by arrangement the poll +was reduced—Douro, 1842; Smith, 1841; Scarlett, 1840; +Nurse, 1829. Consequently, Lord Douro and Mr. Smith were +declared duly elected.</p> +<p>The third Reformed Parliament assembled on Nov. 15th, 1837, +and continued till June 23rd, 1841. Another election took +place on June 28th, 1841, when the former members were again +candidates. No polling took place at this election, but it +was rendered remarkable in consequence of the Chartists and other +electors being much opposed to the compromise, which the +exhausting contest of 1837 had induced the leaders of the Liberal +and Conservative parties to enter into, and an opposition of some +kind was resolved upon. Accordingly, after Lord Douro and +Mr. Smith had been nominated at the Guildhall, John Dover, a +stalwart Chartist freeman, proposed as a candidate, Mr. William +Eagle, a barrister of Lakenheath, in Suffolk. John Whiting, +a £10-occupier, <a name="page653"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 653</span>seconded the nomination, and a show +of hands was taken, which the sheriff declared to be in favor of +Lord Douro and Mr. Smith. Then Dover demanded a poll for +Mr. Eagle, who was not present. The under-sheriff thereupon +required a guarantee for the expenses, and some delay +occurred. Many persons were applied to in the emergency, +but declined to give the guarantee required. Dover +ultimately withdrew the nomination on receiving £50 from +certain parties, as he alleged, for expenses which had been +incurred. This soon became known to the crowd of Chartists +outside of the Guildhall, and a riot ensued. When Dover +came out they surrounded him, took his money from him, and tore +the clothes off his back. He escaped for the time, but on +the following day the mob found him again, and threatened to +throw him into the river, but he was rescued by the police. +A petition was subsequently presented, by Mr. Duncombe, to the +House of Commons, signed by 6000 inhabitants of Norwich, +complaining of the return of Lord Douro and Mr. Smith, but it led +to no result, and they sat in the house till the next +election.</p> +<p>The fourth Reformed Parliament assembled Aug. 19th, 1841, and +was dissolved July 23rd, 1847. Another election took place +on July 29th, 1847. A very great effort was made at this +election, by a large body of voters, to break down the compromise +which had been entered into in 1841; and though not successful, +it proved the difficulty of maintaining such an arrangement in a +large constituency. Mr. Parry, a Barrister of the Home +Circuit, was nominated by <a name="page654"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 654</span>the extreme Liberal party. The +result of the poll was as follows:—</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>The Election of July</i> +29<i>th</i>, 1847.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Samuel Morton Peto (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2448</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Marquis of Douro (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1727</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Humfreys Parry (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1572</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The fifth Reformed Parliament assembled on Sept. 21st, 1847, +and its dissolution took place in consequence of the accession to +office of Lord Derby’s ministry, on July 1st, 1852. A +severe contest took place between the Liberals and Conservatives, +on July 8th, 1852, with the following result.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>The Election of July</i> +8<i>th</i>, 1852.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Samuel Morton Peto (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2190</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Edward Warner (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2145</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Marquis of Douro (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1592</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Col. Lothian S. Dickson (<span +class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1465</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The sixth Reformed Parliament assembled on Nov. 4th, 1852, and +an election took place here in Dec., 1854. The vacancy in +the representation which caused this election, arose in +consequence of Mr. Peto having, in conjunction with his partners, +undertaken to construct a railway from Balaclava to Sebastopol, +to assist the British army in bringing the siege of that place to +a successful conclusion. Though no contract had been +entered into by Mr. Peto with the government, he had to resign +his seat. Sir S. Bignold became a candidate in the +Conservative interest, and Anthony Hamond, Esq., for the +Liberals. The contest ended as follows:—</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><a name="page655"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 655</span><i>The Election of Dec.</i>, +1854.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir S. Bignold (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1901</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Anthony Hamond (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1635</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The sixth Reformed Parliament was dissolved on March 21st, +1857, in consequence of a resolution having been proposed by Mr. +Cobden, in condemnation of the proceedings of the ministry with +regard to the Chinese war. A division took place at an +early hour, on March 4th—For Mr. Cobden’s motion, +263; against, 247; majority against the government, 16. +This caused an election here on March 28th, 1857.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>The Election of March</i>, +1857.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Lord Viscount Bury (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2238</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Henry Wm. Schneider (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2247</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir S. Bignold (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1636</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The seventh Reformed Parliament assembled April 30th, +1857. On Feb. 19th, 1858, Lord Palmerston, who commenced +the session with a large majority in his favour, was defeated on +the Conspiracy to Murder Bill, by 234 to 215 votes. Lord +Palmerston accordingly resigned, and was succeeded by Lord +Derby. An election took place on April 30th, 1859, and +another severe contest ensued between the Liberals and +Conservatives, with the following result:—</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>The Election of April</i>, +1859.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Lord Viscount Bury (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2154</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Henry Wm. Schneider (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2138</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir S. Bignold (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1966</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>C. M. Lushington (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1900</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><a name="page656"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 656</span>The +eighth Reformed Parliament assembled May 31st, 1859; and Lord +Derby, being defeated on an amendment to the address, +resigned. Lord Palmerston again came into power, and Lord +Bury was appointed Treasurer of the Household. This +occasioned a vacancy in the representation, and the election took +place on June 29th, 1859.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>The Election of June</i>, +1859.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Lord Viscount Bury (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1922</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir S. Bignold (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1561</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Colonel Boldero (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">39</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The election of Lord Bury and Mr. Schneider, on April 30th, +1859, having been declared void on the ground of bribery (which +had been shamefully resorted to on both sides) by a committee of +the House of Commons, on July 30th, 1859, and the subsequent +election of Lord Bury, on June 29th, having been also declared +void, writs were ordered, on March 23rd, 1860, to be issued for +the election of two members. This led to a grand trial of +the strength of the two parties here on March 29th, 1860, with +the following result:—</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>The Election of March</i>, +1860.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Edward Warner (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2083</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Col. Sir Wm. Russell (<span +class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2045</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Wm. David Lewis (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1631</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Wm. Forlonge (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1636</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The eighth Reformed Parliament, during the existence of which +Lord Palmerston continued premier, <a name="page657"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 657</span>was dissolved on Thursday, July 6th, +1865. The nomination for this city was appointed to take +place on Tuesday, July 11th.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>The Election of July</i>, +1865.</p> +<p>Mr. Warner and Sir William Russell offered themselves for +re-election. The Conservatives, however, undismayed by past +defeats, determined again to contest the representation. At +a large meeting of the party, held at the Norfolk Hotel on +Saturday evening, July 1st, Sir S. Bignold, who presided, after +opening the proceedings, introduced Robert Edmond Chester Waters, +Esq., of Upton Park, Dorsetshire, to the electors present, who +resolved unanimously to support him as one of the Conservative +candidates. At a meeting subsequently held in the third +ward, Augustus Goldsmid, Esq., was introduced and accepted as the +second candidate. The electors knew very little about the +antecedents of either gentlemen, and never supposed that Mr. +Waters had been a candidate in the Liberal interest, and a member +of the Reform Club. He was a young man and a good speaker, +and by his eloquence and address greatly pleased his numerous +supporters. On the Friday following, however, in the two +local Liberal newspapers, the <i>Norfolk News</i> and the +<i>Norwich Mercury</i>, and at a large meeting of Liberal +electors in St. Andrew’s Hall, certain serious charges were +made affecting the character of Mr. Waters, which charges, it was +alleged, had led to his “retirement” from the Reform +Club, of which he had once been a member; and the Conservatives +<a name="page658"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 658</span>were +challenged to investigate the truth of the charges. Mr. +Waters himself indignantly denied them, and issued a circular +stating that he had ordered legal proceedings to be instituted +against the authors of the slanders. He also addressed a +great meeting in St. Andrew’s Hall in his own defence, and +vehemently denounced his calumniators. The challenge of the +Liberals was accordingly accepted, and Mr. H. S. Patteson and Mr. +E. Field were appointed on behalf of the Conservative committee +to accompany Dr. Dalrymple and Mr. J. H. Tillett to London, to +examine the books of the Reform Club, and make other +investigations. In the meantime the Conservative committee +issued an appeal to the electors, expressing themselves satisfied +with the proofs Mr. Waters had submitted to them of his position +in society, and asking them to suspend their judgment until the +return of the deputation from London. On the Monday, the +gentlemen forming the deputation proceeded to London, and in the +course of the day, a telegram, unfavourable to Mr. Waters, was +received by the committee in the city, which resulted in the +following notice being issued:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“<span class="smcap">Fellow Citizens</span>; +in consequence of a telegram just received, we feel it our duty +to withdraw our support from Mr. Waters, as one of the candidates +for the city. The other gentlemen who signed the previous +paper are absent from Norwich. Signed, Fred. Brown, J. B. +Morgan, F. E. Watson, Henry Ling. Norwich, 10th July, +1865.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>As may be supposed, this telegram caused great consternation +among the Conservatives, many of whom <a name="page659"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 659</span>resolved to support Mr. Waters +notwithstanding. Indignation meetings of a large section of +the party were held at various taverns in the city, and Mr. +Waters was received with greater enthusiasm than ever. At a +meeting held in the evening, Mr. Waters addressed his friends, +and the Hon. Major Augustus Jocelyn also spoke, bearing testimony +to the high personal character of Mr. Waters. This only +confirmed the gentlemen of his committee in their previous +decision, whereupon Mr. Waters declared his determination to +stand independently, and he continued his candidature.</p> +<p>The nomination took place on Tuesday, July 11th, in the +Guildhall, which was crowded by partisans. The sheriff (C. +Jecks, Esq.) presided as returning officer. Sir William +Foster, Bart., nominated Edward Warner, Esq., of Higham Hall, +Woodford, Essex, as a fit and proper person to represent the city +of Norwich in parliament. Mr. E. Willett seconded and Mr. +J. J. Colman supported the nomination, amid much applause. +Dr. Dalrymple nominated Sir William Russell, Bart., C.B., of +Charlton Park, Gloucestershire; Mr. J. H. Tillett seconded and +Mr. Donald Steward supported the nomination. Mr. J. G. +Johnson nominated Augustus Goldsmid, Esq., Barrister-at-law; Mr. +Patteson seconded and Mr. J. B. Morgan supported the +nomination. Mr. R. P. Wiseman nominated Robert Edmond +Chester Waters, Esq., of Upton Park, Dorsetshire; Mr. J. Allen +(surgeon) seconded and Mr. John Hardy supported the +nomination. The sheriff then called for a show of hands, +and declared it to be in favour of Mr. Warner and Sir William <a +name="page660"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +660</span>Russell. Mr. J. G. Johnson demanded a poll on +behalf of Mr. Goldsmid, and Mr. Wiseman for Mr. Waters. The +polling took place on Wednesday and was kept up with great +spirit; at the close the numbers were:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir William Russell (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1845</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Edward Warner (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1838</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Augustus Goldsmid (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1466</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>R. E. Chester Waters (<span +class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1363</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The House of Commons, as organised in 1832, performed, during +the thirty-five years of its existence, a work of the first +magnitude, the repealing of the old and bad corn laws. It +also swept away the navigation laws, the paper and newspaper +taxes, the window duties, and every restriction which impeded the +progress of industry. But a new House of Commons was +needed, a House that should represent not only the middle but +also the working classes, not only capital but labour. For +this purpose, a new Reform Bill became necessary, to lower and +extend the franchise to all householders, to give at least every +rate-payer a vote, to enable working-men to help in returning +members to Parliament. After Lord Palmerston’s death +a new government was formed; and in 1866, Mr. Gladstone brought +in another Reform Bill, which was not accepted, and on an adverse +division, respecting a rating clause, the ministry +resigned. Lord Derby came into office, and Mr. Disraeli +introduced a Bill for Household Suffrage, on terms based on +rate-paying by the occupiers. This Bill, which swept away +all “compounding” for rates, <a +name="page661"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 661</span>was passed +in 1867, and under it the number of voters in Norwich was +increased from five to twelve thousand. In 1868, ministers +were defeated by a majority of more than sixty, on a motion by +Mr. Gladstone for the dis-establishment and dis-endowment of the +Irish church, and the government determined to appeal to the new +constituency.</p> +<h3><a name="page662"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +662</span>CHAPTER II.<br /> +Political History—(<i>Continued</i>.)</h3> +<h4><i>The Election of Nov.</i>, 1868.</h4> +<p><span class="smcap">In</span> consequence of the passing of +the New Reform Bill in 1867, this election had been long +anticipated, and preparations for it had been for some months in +progress by the re-organisation of the three parties—the +Conservatives, the Whigs, and the Radicals, the last of which was +now numerically the strongest of the three. At the +commencement of the year, a general committee of forty delegates, +five from each of the eight wards, was formed in the Tory +interest, in order to be prepared for the coming struggle. +This general committee, consisting of middle-class and +working-men, was intended to supersede a junta of the more +influential men of the party, who were accused of having +mis-managed every election for the last twenty years; and they +set to work at once to form a general Conservative Association, +and to some extent, succeeded, while the old leaders kept aloof +from all the proceedings, Mr. G. Johnson, Mr. E. Field, Mr. F. E. +Watson, Mr. J. S. Skipper, <a name="page663"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 663</span>Mr. F. Brown, Mr. J. B. Morgan, Mr. +H. Morgan, and others, who had been active partisans, seldom +putting in an appearance at any political meetings. After +re-organising their party, the new committee of forty cast about +for a popular candidate, and fixed upon Sir R. J. H. Harvey, +Bart., the late member for Thetford, which had just been +disfranchised, but after a long consideration of the matter he +politely declined, and though again and again solicited, he still +refused to come forward. After various fruitless +negociations with other parties, the new committee however at +last requested Sir Henry Stracey, Bart., of Rackheath, to contest +the representation of the city; and though he hesitated for some +time, at last he consented to do so, and issued a short +address. He attended many ward meetings of his party at +different places, and one great meeting in St. Andrew’s +Hall. Sir S. Bignold presided and spoke strongly in favour +of the hon. baronet, who declared himself to be a Protestant +churchman; a friend of church and state, and of all the +time-honoured institutions of the country; a supporter of +Disraeli’s ministry; and an opponent of all radical +changes. Sir Henry also, by request, attended a meeting of +the Licensed Victuallers, at the Hop-Pole Gardens, and having +promised to oppose the Permissive Bill and to vote for a redress +of their grievances, the meeting passed a resolution to support +him at the coming election.</p> +<p>During the autumn, the Whigs held several meetings at the +Royal Hotel, and after much discussion resolved to support the +old members, Sir William <a name="page664"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 664</span>Russell and Mr. Edward Warner. +Those gentlemen accordingly came to Norwich by the invitation of +the Whigs and addressed the electors, but were not favourably +received by the meeting, most of those present being advanced +Liberals. In consequence of this, they retired till the +Liberals should be more united. The working-men, in fact, +had also held many previous meetings, and were resolved to have +their own candidate, and they nominated Jacob Henry Tillett, who +had laboured for them for so many years. To achieve their +end, they formed a very extensive Organization, embracing all the +wards in the city; canvassed the electors, and registered every +one in every parish who promised to vote for their candidate; and +in a short time they registered 4000 voters for Mr. Tillett, and +were very confident of success. The consequence was that +when Sir Henry Stracey came forward, the Whigs, in view of a +strong contest, agreed to combine with the advanced section of +the Liberals, and a meeting was held of both sections, who +resolved to support Sir William Russell and Mr. Tillett—Sir +William Foster, presiding. Those two gentlemen accordingly +issued a joint address, promising to support the same Liberal +principles and measures. The Conservatives too, in view of +the coming contest, forgot their past differences, and worked +together most energetically.</p> +<p>The nomination took place on November 16th. As soon as +the sheriff (J. Robison, Esq.) had taken his seat, the Guildhall +was filled with a roaring, shouting, and groaning crowd, who +exercised their <a name="page665"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +665</span>lungs most vigorously, to express their approval or +disapprobation of the views of the different prominent members of +either party, as they made their appearance by twos and threes at +the magistrates’ entrance to the court. For aught +that could be said to the contrary by those a few feet distant, +the reading of the writ and the administering of the oath to the +sheriff seemed to be but dumb show.</p> +<p>After the sheriff had opened the proceedings, Mr. H. Birkbeck +nominated Colonel Sir William Russell, Baronet.</p> +<p>Mr. John Youngs seconded and Mr. S. Daynes supported the +nomination.</p> +<p>Sir S. Bignold said he begged to nominate Sir Henry Josias +Stracey, Baronet, of Rackheath, their opulent neighbour and +brother elector.</p> +<p>Mr. W. J. U. Browne seconded and Mr. J. G. Johnson supported +the nomination.</p> +<p>Mr. J. J. Colman said he had great pleasure in nominating +Jacob Henry Tillett, Esq., of the city of Norwich.</p> +<p>Mr. A. M. F. Morgan seconded and Mr. C. J. Bunting supported +the nomination.</p> +<p>The sheriff, having read aloud the names of the candidates, +put them in the order of their nomination, and after taking the +show of hands on each, declared that it was in favor of Sir +William Russell and Jacob Henry Tillett, Esq.</p> +<p>Sir S. Bignold then demanded a poll on behalf of Sir H. J. +Stracey, and the proceedings terminated with a vote of thanks to +the sheriff for presiding, <a name="page666"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 666</span>moved by Mr. J. G. Johnson, and +seconded by Mr. J. J. Colman.</p> +<p>The departure of the candidates from the Hall was witnessed by +some two thousand persons, who warmly greeted their respective +favorites. A very large crowd followed Mr. J. J. Colman and +Mr. Donald Steward to the Liberal head-quarters—the Royal +Hotel—cheering most enthusiastically for the Liberal +candidates.</p> +<p>The polling took place on the next day, and the following +shows the state of the poll as issued at intervals by the +Conservatives, from which it will be seen that, though Mr. +Tillett was at the bottom at four o’clock, they themselves +show him to have had a majority of forty-seven votes, even so +late as half-past three, and that the Tory poll was increased in +the last half-hour by no fewer than 561!</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">9 <span +class="GutSmall">O’CLOCK</span>.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">9.30 <span +class="GutSmall">O’CLOCK</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Stracey (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">804</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Stracey</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1249</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Russell (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">775</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Russell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1233</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tillett (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">797</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Tillett</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1225</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">10 <span +class="GutSmall">O’CLOCK</span>.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">10.30 <span +class="GutSmall">O’CLOCK</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Stracey</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1624</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Stracey</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1981</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Russell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1686</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Russell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2125</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tillett</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1656</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Tillett</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2071</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">11 <span +class="GutSmall">O’CLOCK</span>.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">11.30 <span +class="GutSmall">O’CLOCK</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Stracey</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2364</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Stracey</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2601</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Russell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2628</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Russell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2892</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tillett</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2569</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Tillett</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2816</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><a +name="page667"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 667</span>12 <span +class="GutSmall">O’CLOCK</span>.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">12.30 <span +class="GutSmall">O’CLOCK</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Stracey</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2787</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Stracey</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2965</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Russell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3057</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Russell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3165</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tillett</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2974</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Tillett</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3084</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">1 <span +class="GutSmall">O’CLOCK</span>.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">1.30 <span +class="GutSmall">O’CLOCK</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Stracey</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3116</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Stracey</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3239</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Russell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3326</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Russell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3430</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tillett</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3217</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Tillett</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3327</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">2 <span +class="GutSmall">O’CLOCK</span>.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">2.30 <span +class="GutSmall">O’CLOCK</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Stracey</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3383</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Stracey</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3578</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Russell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3550</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Russell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3744</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tillett</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3443</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Tillett</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3637</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">3 <span +class="GutSmall">O’CLOCK</span>.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">3.30 <span +class="GutSmall">O’CLOCK</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Stracey</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3760</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Stracey</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3960</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Russell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3930</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Russell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4203</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tillett</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3812</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Tillett</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4007</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="5"><p style="text-align: center">4 <span +class="GutSmall">O’CLOCK</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p>Stracey</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>4521</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p>Russell</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>4509</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p>Tillett</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>4364</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The following are the numbers polled in each ward:</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Russell.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Tillett.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Stracey.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>First Ward</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">273</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">260</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">507</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Second Ward</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">284</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">242</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">281</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Third Ward</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1269</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1249</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1163</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Fourth Ward</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">140</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">118</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">207</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Fifth Ward</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">314</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">281</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">450</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sixth Ward</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">855</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">883</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">665</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Seventh Ward</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">886</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">864</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">879</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Eighth Ward</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">488</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">467</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">369</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4509</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4364</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4521</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><a name="page668"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 668</span>The +result of the polling was of course a terrible disappointment to +the Liberal candidates, and especially to Mr. Tillett’s +friends, who had reckoned upon his return as certain. They +had not, however, anticipated the corrupt means which were +adopted to secure the return of Sir Henry Stracey. As soon, +however, as the contest was at an end, Mr. Tillett resolved to +petition against the hon. baronet’s return, and the trial +took place in the Shirehall, before Mr. Baron Martin, on Friday, +Saturday, and Monday, the 15th, 16th, and 18th of January, and +ended in Sir Henry Stracey’s election being declared void +on the ground of bribery by his agents.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>The appeal to the country was made, it will be remembered, on +Mr. Gladstone’s declared policy of dis-establishing the +Irish church, and the result of the general election showed so +decided a majority in Mr. Gladstone’s favor, that before +the new House of Commons assembled, Mr. Disraeli resigned, and +Mr. Gladstone assumed the reins of government. The House +met for the swearing in of members on the 10th of December; and +adjourned to February 16th, 1869, for the despatch of +business.</p> +<h4><a name="page669"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +669</span><span class="smcap">Members for Norwich</span>.</h4> +<p>The following is a list of the burgesses who served in +parliament for this city, according to the earliest +accounts. The figures set before the names denote the year +of each king or queen’s reign.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center"><i>Edward +I.</i> 1272.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">26.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Adam de Toftes</p> +</td> +<td><p>John le Graunt</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">27.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert de Holveston</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger de Tudenham</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">28.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert de Holveston</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger de Tudenham</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">30.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger de Tudenham</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert de Weston</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">31.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John le Graunt</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Morle</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">32.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John le Graunt</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Morle</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">33.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jeff. de Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p>Ralph de Burewode</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">34.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William de Wichingham</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Gare</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center"><i>Edward +II.</i> 1307.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Morle</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Sparrowe</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Tho. Butt</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas de Hakeford</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Morle</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Benediscite</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Morle</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Sparowe</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Morle</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Sparowe</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Corpesty</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Butt</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William de Wichingham</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Ellingham</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William de Wichingham</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Ellingham</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger de St. Austin</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de la Salle</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Sparrowe</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger Fitz Hugh</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Morle</p> +</td> +<td><p>Peter de Scothow</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">15.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Flynt</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas de Byntree</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">16.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Morle, jun.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert de Hakeford</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">19.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wm. de Strumpsawe</p> +</td> +<td><p>William de Wichingham</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">20.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Bateman</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Butt</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><a name="page670"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 670</span>In +the next reign the members for the city were paid £7 6s. +8d. for their attendance in parliament.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center"><i>Edward +III.</i> 1327.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Morle</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Butt</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Butt</p> +</td> +<td><p>Reginald de Gurmuncestre</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Arundel</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Morle</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Butt</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Ymme</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Butt</p> +</td> +<td><p>William de Horsford</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Butt</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Snyterton</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Butt</p> +</td> +<td><p>Peter de Hakeford</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Butt</p> +</td> +<td><p>Peter de Hakeford</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Morle</p> +</td> +<td><p>Peter de Hakeford</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Butt</p> +</td> +<td><p>Peter de Hakeford</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Berney</p> +</td> +<td><p>Peter de Hakeford</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Butt</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Butt</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">11.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas de la Rokele</p> +</td> +<td><p>John le Grey</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Bendish</p> +</td> +<td><p>William de Wichingham</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas de la Rokele</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edmund Cosyn</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">14.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert de Wyleby</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Fitz John</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">15.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard de Bytering</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert de Bumpstede</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">17.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Ymme</p> +</td> +<td><p>Peter de Hakeford</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">17.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Ymme</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Morle</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">20.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert de Poleye</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Plumstede</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">21.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edmund Cosyn</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Hakeford</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">22.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert de Poleye</p> +</td> +<td><p>Peter de Hakeford</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">24.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard de Bytering</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert de Bumpstede</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">26.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger Hardegray</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">27.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard de Bytering</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert de Bumpstede</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">28.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert de Bumpstede</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edmund Sturmere</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">29.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger Hardegray</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert de Bumpstede</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">31.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger Hardegray</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Sky</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><a name="page671"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 671</span>33.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Morle</p> +</td> +<td><p>John le Grant</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">34.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger Hardegray</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard de Bytering</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">36.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert de Bumpstede</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter de Bixton</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">42.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Knateshall</p> +</td> +<td><p>William de Blickling</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">45.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Latymer</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">46.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Fishe</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jeffery Seawale</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">47.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Stoke</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Gerrard</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">49.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Bartho. de Appelyard</p> +</td> +<td><p>William de Blickling</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">50.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Popingeay</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Spynk.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>Many of the foregoing list are evidently Norman names. +The members, returned almost every year and paid for their +services, had little to do except to vote supplies to the +reigning sovereign.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Richard II.</i> 1377.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William de Bixton</p> +</td> +<td><p>Peter de Alderford</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter de Bixton</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Lomynour</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter de Bixton</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Spynk</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Latymer</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert de Bernham</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Well</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter de Bixton</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Well</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Gerrard</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Blickling</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter de Bixton</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter de Bixton</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Appleyard, jun.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Gerrard</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Parlet</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Appleyard</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Gerrard</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Clement Hereward</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Appleyard</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter Niche</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter de Bixton</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter de Bixton</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Spynk</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">11.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Appleyard</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter de Bixton</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter de Bixton</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Multon</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">13.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Lomynour</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter de Bixton</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">14.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter de Bixton</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Everard</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><a name="page672"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 672</span>14.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Appleyard</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Gerrard</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">15.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter de Bixton</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Gerrard</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">16.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Everard</p> +</td> +<td><p>John de Multon</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">17.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Lomynour</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Everard</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">18.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Appleyard</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Lomynour</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">19.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Appleyard</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Gerrard</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">20.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Appleyard</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Lomynour</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">21.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter de Bixton</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard White</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">22.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Lomynour</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger de Blickling</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Henry IV.</i> 1399.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Lomynour</p> +</td> +<td><p>William de Blickling</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edmund Warner</p> +</td> +<td><p>William de Crakeford</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edmund Warner</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter de Eton</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Appleyard</p> +</td> +<td><p>William de Crakeford</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Everard</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter de Eton</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter de Eton</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Dunston</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Dunston</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Ampulford</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">13.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Gerrard</p> +</td> +<td><p>Bartholomew Appleyard</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">14.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Bartholomew Appleyard</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Alderford</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">14.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Sedeman</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Biskelee</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Henry V.</i> 1413.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Brasier</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Dunston</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Brasier</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Alderford</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Sedeman</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Spurdance</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Biskelee</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Dunston</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Rafman</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Sedeman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Biskelee</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Appleyard <a name="citation672"></a><a +href="#footnote672" class="citation">[672]</a></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Brasier</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Dunston</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter Eton</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Alderford</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Appleyard</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Biskelee</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><a name="page673"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 673</span>8.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Baxter</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Dunston</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Dunston</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Pekyng</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Henry VI.</i> 1422.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Dunston</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Moneslee</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Gerrard</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Moneslee</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter Eton</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Gerrard</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Simon Cocke</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Diverose</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Ingham</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Alderford</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7. + 8.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Wetherby</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Ingham</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Moneslee</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Chappeleyn</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Gerrard</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Moneslee</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">11.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Moneslee</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Ashwell</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Moneslee</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Ashwell</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">13. + 14.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Gerrard</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Ashwell</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">15.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Wetherby</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Toppys</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">20.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Gerrard</p> +</td> +<td><p>Gregory Draper</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">23.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Ingham</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Toppys</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">25.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Gerrard</p> +</td> +<td><p>Gregory Draper</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">27.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Toppys</p> +</td> +<td><p>Ralph Segryme</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">28.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Ashwell</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Hempstede</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">29.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Ashwell</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Damme</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">31.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Barley</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Jenny</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">33.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Ashwell</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Drolle</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">38.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Browne</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Chyttock</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">38.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Cutler</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Burton</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Edward IV.</i> 1461.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Toppys</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Cutler</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Elys</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Skippewith</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Spelman</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Hoste</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><a name="page674"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 674</span>12.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Aubrey</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Bokenham</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">17.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Jenny</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Wilton</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Richard III.</i> 1483.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Thorp</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Marleburgh</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Henry VII.</i> 1485.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Paston</p> +</td> +<td><p>Philip Curzon</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Thorp</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Caus</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Jenny</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Thorp</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Pyncheamore</p> +</td> +<td><p>Philip Curzon</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">11.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Stephen Bryan</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Thorp</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12.</p> +</td> +<td><p>James Hobart</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Caus</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Thorp</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Burgh</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">19.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Burgh</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Rightwise</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Henry VIII.</i> 1509.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Clerk</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Harrydance</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Pyncheamore</p> +</td> +<td><p>Philip Curzon</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">33.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Rogers</p> +</td> +<td><p>Augustine Steward</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Edward VI.</i> 1547.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Marsham</p> +</td> +<td><p>Alexander Mather</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Marsham</p> +</td> +<td><p>Alexander Mather</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Mary</i>. 1553.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Gawdy</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Catlyn</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Ward</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Ball</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Corbet</p> +</td> +<td><p>Alexander Mather</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Aldrich</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Grey</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Gawdy</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Sotherton</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Elizabeth</i>. 1558.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Flowerdew</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Aldrich</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Mitchels</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Parker</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><a name="page675"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 675</span>13.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Blenerhasset</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Suckling</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">14.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Aldrich</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Beaumont</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">27.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Christopher Layer</p> +</td> +<td><p>Simon Bowde</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">28.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Suckling</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Layer</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">31.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Francis Rugge</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Gleane</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">35.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Houghton</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Yarrum</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">39.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Sotherton</p> +</td> +<td><p>Christopher Layer</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">43.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Alexander Thurston</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Pettus</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>James I.</i> 1603.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir Henry Hobart, Knt.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Pettus</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir Thomas Hyrne, Knt.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Rice Gwynne</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">18.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir Richard Rosse, Knt.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Denny</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">21.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir Thomas Hyrne, Knt.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Denny</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Charles I.</i> 1625.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir Thomas Hyrne, Knt.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Denny</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Suckling, Knt.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Hyrne, Knt.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Peter Gleane, Knt.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Debney</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">15.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Harman</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Catlyn</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>The Commonwealth</i>. +1649.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Harman</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Catlyn</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Bernard Church</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Hobart</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Hobart</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Barnham</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Charles II.</i> 1660.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Barnham</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Rant</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Christopher Jay</p> +</td> +<td><p>Francis Corey</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">18.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Paston</p> +</td> +<td><p>Augustine Briggs</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">19.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Paston</p> +</td> +<td><p>Augustine Briggs</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">20.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Paston</p> +</td> +<td><p>Augustine Briggs</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">22.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Paston</p> +</td> +<td><p>Augustine Briggs</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><a name="page676"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 676</span><i>James II.</i> 1685.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Paston</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir Nevil Catlyn, Knt.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir Nevil Catlyn, Knt.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Davy</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The following is a list of the members of parliament from the +Revolution in 1688 to the passing of the Reform Bill, and the +state of the poll at each contested election in all cases where a +record of the figures could be found.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>James II.</i></p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">January 7th, +1688.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir Nevil Catlyn, Knt.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Davy, Esq., Recorder</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">December 11th, +1688. Convention Parliament</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir Nevil Catlyn, Knt.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Blofield, Esq., Alder.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>William and Mary</i>.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">February, 1689.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Thomas Blofield, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Hugh Bokenham, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">December 3rd, +1694.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>John Ward, Esq., in the room of Hugh Bokenham, +deceased.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>William III.</i></p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">1695.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>T. Blofield, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Francis Gardiner, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">July, 1698.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>Robert Davy, Esq., Recorder</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Thomas Blofield, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">1700.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>Robert Davy, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Thos. Blofield, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">Nov. 19th, +1701.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Edward Clarke, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1142</p> +</td> +<td><p>Peter Thacker, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1041</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robert Davy, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1042</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Blofield, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">759</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><a name="page677"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 677</span>Mr. +Sheriff Nall alone returned Mr. Clarke and Mr. Davy (the other +sheriff dissenting), and after a scrutiny the House of Commons +declared them duly elected, by deciding that the choice of the +electors of any candidate, not being a freeman, renders him a +free citizen or burgess to all intents and purposes.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Queen Anne</i>.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">1702.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robert Davy, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1318</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Clarke, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">955</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Thos. Blofield, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1260</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charles Lord Paston</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">933</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">1703.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p>Captain Thomas Palgrave <i>vice</i> Mr. Davy, +deceased.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">1704.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Waller Bacon, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1281</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Blofield, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1136</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Chambers, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1267</p> +</td> +<td><p>Capt. Thos. Palgrave</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1074</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">May 19th, 1708.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Waller Bacon, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1521</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Blofield, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1189</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Chambers, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1412</p> +</td> +<td><p>James Brogden, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">289</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">Oct. 18th, +1710.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robt. Bene, Esq., mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1315</p> +</td> +<td><p>Waller Bacon, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1107</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>R. Berney, Esq., steward</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1298</p> +</td> +<td><p>S. Gardner, Esq., recor.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1078</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>George I.</i></p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">Aug. or Sept. +1713.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robert Bene, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1282</p> +</td> +<td><p>Waller Bacon, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1141</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Richard Berney, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1272</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Britiffe, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1170</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">Feb. 2nd, 1715.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Walter Bacon, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1662</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Bene, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1326</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robert Britiffe, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1652</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Berney, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1319</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center"><a +name="page678"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 678</span>April 3rd, +1722.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>Waller Bacon, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Robert Britiffe, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>George II.</i></p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">Aug. 30th, +1727.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robert Britiffe, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1628</p> +</td> +<td><p>Miles Branthwayt, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1265</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Waller Bacon, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1542</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Berney, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1188</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">May 19th, 1734.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Horatio Walpole, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1785</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir Ewd. Ward, Bart.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1621</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Waller Bacon, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1749</p> +</td> +<td><p>Miles Branthwayt, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1567</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">February 19th, +1735.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>In the room of W. Bacon, deceased, Thomas Vere, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1820</p> +</td> +<td><p>Miles Branthwayt, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1486</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">May 6th, 1741.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Horatio Walpole, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1771</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Clarke, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">829</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Thomas Vere, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1621</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">1747.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rt. Hon. Horatio Walpole</p> +</td> +<td colspan="3"><p>Rt. Hon. John Lord Hobart</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">April 15th, +1754.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rt. Hon. Horatio Walpole</p> +</td> +<td colspan="3"><p>Rt. Hon. John Lord Hobart</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">Dec. 29th, +1755.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p>Lord Hobart having accepted the office of +Comptroller of His Majesty’s Household, was re-elected.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">June 25th, +1756.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p>Edward Bacon, Esq. <i>vice</i> H. Walpole, +created Lord Walpole.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">Dec. 8th, 1756.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p>Harbord Harbord, Esq. <i>vice</i> Lord Hobart, +who succeeded his father as Earl of Buckinghamshire, September +22nd.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center"><a +name="page679"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 679</span>July 2nd, +1760.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p>Edward Bacon, Esq., having accepted the office +of one of the Commissioners of Trade, was re-elected.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>George III.</i></p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">March 27th, +1761.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Harbord Harbord, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1729</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nockold Tompson, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">718</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Edward Bacon, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1507</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Harvey, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">499</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">March 18th, +1768.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Harbord Harbord, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1812</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Beevor, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1136</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Edward Bacon, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1596</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">October, 1774.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir Harbord Harbord, Bart.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Bacon, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">September 11th, +1780.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir Harbord Harbord</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1382</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Windham, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1069</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Edward Bacon, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1199</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Thurlow, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1103</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">April 5th, +1784.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir Harbord Harbord</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2305</p> +</td> +<td><p>Hon. Henry Hobart</p> +</td> +<td><p>1233</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>William Windham, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1297</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">September 15th and +16th, 1786.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p>Sir Harbord Harbord, Bart., called up to the +House of Peers, being created Lord Suffield.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hon. Henry Hobart</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1450</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert John Buxton, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir Thos. Beevor, Bart.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1383</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p>A select committee of the House of Commons +determined this to be a void election, March 9th, 1787.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">March 15th, +1787.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hon. Henry Hobart</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1393</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir Thos. Beevor Bart.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1313</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center"><a +name="page680"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 680</span>June 8th, +1790.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hon. Henry Hobart</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1492</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir Thos. Beevor, Bart.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">656</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>William Windham, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1361</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">July 12th, +1794.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p>Mr. Windham having vacated his seat by +accepting the office of Secretary at War.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rt. Hon. W. Windham</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1236</p> +</td> +<td><p>James Mingay, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">770</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">May 25th, 1796.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hon. Henry Hobart</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1622</p> +</td> +<td><p>Bartlett Gurney, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1076</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rt. Hon. W. Windham</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1159</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">May 27th, 1799.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>In the room of Mr. Hobart deceased, John Frere, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1345</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Fellowes, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1186</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">July 5th, 1802.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robert Fellowes, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1532</p> +</td> +<td><p>Rt. Hon. W. Windham</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1356</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>William Smith, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1439</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Frere, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1328</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">November 3rd and +4th, 1806.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Patteson, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1733</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Smith, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1333</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robert Fellowes, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1370</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">May 4th, 1807.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Patteson, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1474</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Fellowes, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">546</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>William Smith, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1156</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">October 7th, +1812.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>William Smith, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1544</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Patteson, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1221</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Charles Harvey, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1349</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">June 17th and 18th, +1818.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>William Smith, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2089</p> +</td> +<td><p>Hon. Edward Harbord</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1475</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>R. H. Gurney, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2032</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><a name="page681"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 681</span><i>George IV.</i></p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">March 7th, +1820.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>William Smith, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>R. H. Gurney, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">June 9th, 1826.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>William Smith, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jonathan Peel, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>William IV.</i></p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">July 29th and 30th, +1830.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>R. H. Gurney, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2363</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jonathan Peel, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1912</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robert Grant, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2279</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir Charles Ogle, Bart.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1762</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">November 30th, +1830.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p>The Rt. Hon. Robert Grant having accepted the +office of Judge Advocate General, was re-elected.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">April 29th and +30th, May 2nd and 3rd, 1831.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>R. H. Gurney, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2158</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir Charles Wetherell</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">977</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rt. Hon. Robt. Grant</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2163</p> +</td> +<td><p>M. T. Sadler, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">964</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>This was the last election under the old law, before the +passing of the Reform Bill.</p> +<h4><span class="smcap">Elections under the Reform Act of</span> +1832</h4> +<p style="text-align: center">Population 1831—61,110; +1861—74,891.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">Electors 1832—4,238; +1864—5,506.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Polls</i>.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">December, 1832.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Viscount Stormont (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2016</p> +</td> +<td><p>R H. Gurney (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1809</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir James Scarlett (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1962</p> +</td> +<td><p>C. H. B. Ker (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1765</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">January, 1835.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Viscount Stormont (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1892</p> +</td> +<td><p>Hon. E. V. Harbord (L.)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1592</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hon. R. C. Scarlett (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1878</p> +</td> +<td><p>F. O. Martin (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1585</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center"><a +name="page682"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 682</span>August, +1837.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hon. R. C. Scarlett (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1865</p> +</td> +<td><p>Benjamin Smith (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1843</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Marquis of Douro (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1863</p> +</td> +<td><p>Montford Nurse (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1831</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>Mr. Scarlett, having been petitioned against, retired, and +there was another election.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">1838.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Benjamin Smith (<span +class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">June, 1841.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>Marquis of Douro (<span +class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Benjamin Smith (<span +class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">August, 1847.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Saml. Morton Peto (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2448</p> +</td> +<td><p>John H. Parry (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1572</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Marquis of Douro (<span class="GutSmall">L.C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1727</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">July, 1852.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Samuel M. Peto (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2190</p> +</td> +<td><p>Marquis of Douro (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1592</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Edward Warner (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2145</p> +</td> +<td><p>Lieut. Col. Dickson (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1465</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>On Sir M. Peto accepting the Chiltern Hundreds, there was +another election.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">December, 1854.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir S. Bignold (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p>1901</p> +</td> +<td><p>Anthony Hamond (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p>1635</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p>Sir S. Bignold continued to sit as member till +the next election.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">March, 1857.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>H. W. Schneider (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2247</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir S. Bignold (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1636</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Viscount Bury (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2238</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">April, 1859.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Viscount Bury (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2154</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir S. Bignold (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1966</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>H. W. Schneider (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2138</p> +</td> +<td><p>C. M. Lushington (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1900</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><a name="page683"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 683</span>On +Lord Bury being appointed Treasurer of the Household, an election +took place.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">June, 1859.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Viscount Bury (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1922</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir S. Bignold (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1561</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Col. H. G. Boldero (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">39</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>On petition, this election and the election of April, 1859, +were declared void, and another took place in</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">March, 1860.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Edward Warner (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2083</p> +</td> +<td><p>W. Forlonge (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1636</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir Wm. Russell (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2045</p> +</td> +<td><p>W. D. Lewis (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1631</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>In 1865, Sir Wm. Russell and E. Warner were again +returned. The poll closed as follows:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir Wm. Russell (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1845</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mr. Goldsmid (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1466</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Edward Warner (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1838</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mr. Waters (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1393</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>First election under the New Reform Act Nov., 1868.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir H. J. Stracey (<span class="GutSmall">C.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4521</p> +</td> +<td><p>J. H. Tillett (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4364</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir Wm. Russell (<span class="GutSmall">L.</span>)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4509</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>On petition, Sir H. J. Stracey was, in January, 1869, unseated +for bribery.</p> +<h3><a name="page684"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +684</span>CHAPTER II.<br /> +The Mayors and Sheriffs of Norwich.</h3> +<p>A <span class="GutSmall">LARGE</span> parchment book in the +Guildhall contains the names of all the mayors and sheriffs since +1403 when the first mayor was elected. The subjoined list +has been verified by that official document, and is the most +complete record ever published. We give also a few +particulars as to the residences of some of the most +distinguished of these civic dignitaries.</p> +<p>William Appleyard was the first mayor of Norwich, in +1403. He resided in an old flint building in Bridewell +Alley, St. Andrew’s, which came afterwards into the hands +of Thomas Cambridge, who, in 1454, conveyed it to John Paston, +from whom it passed to the Hobarts, the Cursons, the Brownes, the +Codds, and the Sothertons. It was afterwards used as a +prison, and is now occupied by Mr. James Newbegin.</p> +<p>John Cambridge was elected to the office of mayor four times, +in 1430, 1437, 1438, 1439. He resided in one of the +old-fashioned houses on St. Andrew’s hill.</p> +<p><a name="page685"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 685</span>Roger +Best, grocer, was elected mayor in 1467 and 1472. He +occupied a house in King Street, near St. Ethelred’s +church. Afterwards, in the same house, lived Sir Robert de +Salle, who was killed by the rebels in Kett’s +rebellion.</p> +<p>John Rightwise was elected mayor in 1501, and in 1504 was +chosen to represent the city in parliament. In 1513 he was +again elected mayor. He lived in the house in London Street +now occupied by Mr. Boulton, the ironmonger. During his +mayoralty he rebuilt the Market Cross, which formerly stood in +the Market Place. The cross contained an oratory +inside. At the time of the Commonwealth it was assigned to +dealers in leather, but was entirely demolished in 1732.</p> +<p>William Ramsey was sheriff in 1498, and mayor in 1502, and +again in 1508. He built a portion of St. Michael at Coslany +Church, and his tomb is on the north side with a merchant’s +mark, and the initials “W. R.” on it.</p> +<p>John Clarke, mayor in 1515 and 1520, resided in a house on St. +Andrew’s hill, occupied in 1561 by Mr. Suckling, merchant, +and sheriff of Norwich. The Suckling arms and many curious +carvings are still to be seen on the gateway.</p> +<p>Robert Jannys, whose portrait is in the Guildhall, was mayor +in 1517 and 1524.</p> +<p>Robert Browne, mayor in 1522, had his coat of arms painted on +the window of the Guildhall.</p> +<p>Augustine Steward was elected mayor in 1534, and represented +the city in parliament in 1541. He also <a +name="page686"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 686</span>served as +mayor in 1546 and 1556. He lived in a house on +Tombland. His portrait was placed in the Guildhall.</p> +<p>William Layer, mayor in 1537, occupied one of the large houses +on the north side of St. Andrew’s Street.</p> +<p>Heny Bacon, grocer, was mayor in 1557 and 1566, and lived in a +flint house at the east end of the church of St. George’s +Colegate; his mark and initials are over the door. Fifty +years ago, a large room on the first floor was lined with fine +oak panelling, and the chimney piece was elaborately +carved. These curiosities were removed to the mansion of G. +Kett Tompson, Esq., of Witchingham. The building is now a +boot and shoe warehouse.</p> +<p>Mr. Codd was mayor of Norwich in the year of Kett’s +rebellion. He took an active part in suppressing the +rebellion, and at his death bequeathed a large sum of money to +the hospital in St. Helen’s, where so many old men have +found an asylum. He was buried in the nave of the church of +St. Peter’s per Mountergate, and the heads of his will are +read in the church annually on the Sunday before St. +Thomas’ Day.</p> +<p>William Mingay, mayor in 1561, entertained the Duke and +Duchess of Norfolk, and the Earls of Huntingdon and +Northumberland, with many of the nobility and gentry, at a grand +banquet in St. Andrew’s Hall, which, in subsequent years, +was the scene of many mayors’ feasts.</p> +<p>Alexander Thurston was mayor in 1600, and M.P. for Norwich in +1601. He lived in a large old-fashioned house in St. +Clement’s churchyard, formerly occupied <a +name="page687"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 687</span>by the +priors of Ixworth. Some carved work in the house exhibits +the initials “A. T.” and the arms of Hester Aldrich, +his wife. In the adjoining house lived John Aldrich, +grocer, who took an active part in suppressing Kett’s +rebellion.</p> +<p>John Pettus, mayor in 1608, was afterwards knighted. The +house at the north-west corner of St. Simon’s churchyard +was long the residence of the Pettus family. The date 1608 +is on the door with the arms of Pettus in one spandrel and his +wife’s on the other. His monument is in St. +Simon’s church.</p> +<p>Thomas Anguish, mayor in 1611, lived in a house at the north +end of Tombland. In a court there, on an old door, is the +date 1594 with the initials of himself and his wife, T. E. +A. He founded the Boys’ Hospital School in St. +Edmund’s. He bequeathed a house and estate in +Fishgate Street to the corporation for the use and endowment of a +hospital, or a convenient place for keeping, bringing up, and +teaching very poor children born in the city.</p> +<p>Mr. John Harvey, manufacturer in 1709, was sheriff in 1720, +alderman in 1722, and mayor in 1727. He died on September +28th, 1742, and was buried in the family vault, which now +contains about forty leaden coffins, in the church of St. +Clement’s. The family held an estate in that parish +for more than a century. Some of their portraits adorn the +walls of St. Andrew’s Hall.</p> +<p>John Patteson, mayor in 1788 and M.P. in 1806–7, resided +in a house on the right-hand side of a court adjoining the Crown +and Angel in St. Stephen’s Street; afterwards he resided in +Surrey Street.</p> +<h4><a name="page688"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +688</span><span class="smcap">A List of the Mayors</span>, <span +class="smcap">Sheriffs</span>, <span class="smcap">etc</span>.<br +/> +<i>From the Year</i> 1403 <i>to</i> 1869.</h4> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="GutSmall">MAYORS.</span></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="GutSmall">SHERIFFS.</span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1403.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wm. Appleyard</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Brasier, John Daniel</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1404.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wm. Appleyard</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sampson Baxter, John Skye</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1405.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wm. Appleyard</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jhn. Harleston, Rich. Spurdaunce</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1406.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter Daniel</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edmund Warner, Richard Drue</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1407.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Daniel</p> +</td> +<td><p>Tho. Garrard, John Warlich</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1408.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edmund Warner</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Parlet, John Bixley</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1409.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter Daniel</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter Monslee, John Mannyng</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1410.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Brasier</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Shotesham, Jeffrey Audley</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1411.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wm. Appleyard</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard White, Jhn. Crownthorpe</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1412.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wm. Appleyard</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Leverich, John Wake</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1413.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Drue</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wm. Sedeman, Robert Suffield</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1414.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Bixley</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Cock, Henry Raffman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1415.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Mannyng</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Moneslee, Thos. Ocle</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1416.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Raffman</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Asgar, John Mitchel</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1417.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Daniel</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wm. Roose, Henry Jakys</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1418.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wm. Appleyard</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Baxter, John Cambridge</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1419.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter Daniel</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Pykynge, John Shotesham</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1420.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Rich. Spurdaunce</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Ingham, Robert Asgar</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1421.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Sedeman</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wm. Nyche, Simon Cooke</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1422.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Mannyng</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Gerrard, Tho. Daniel</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1423.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter Daniel</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Wright, John Hodgekins</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1424.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Baxter</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Grey, Peter Brasier</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1425.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Ingham</p> +</td> +<td><p>Tho. Wetherby, Robert Chapelyn</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1426.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Asgar</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Copping, John Gleder</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1427.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Tho. Wetherby</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Welby, Richard Steynes</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1428.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Mozeley</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Alderford, Gregory Draper</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1429.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Baxter</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Isleham, John Sipater</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1430.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Cambridge</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Toppys, John Penning</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page689"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +689</span>1431.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Ingham</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Ashwell, Tho. Grafton</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1432.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Wetherby</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Dunnyng, Augustine Bang</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1433.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Rich. Spurdaunce</p> +</td> +<td><p>R. Londesdale, Wm. Hempstede</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1434.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Gerard</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger Booton, Thomas Ball</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1435.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Toppys</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edmund Bretton, Peter Roper</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1436.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Chapelyn</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Braser, Chr. Crumpe, to March 1st.</p> +<p>Walter Eaton, John Lynford, by the king’s writ.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1437.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Cambridge</p> +</td> +<td><p>Simon Walsoken, Clement Rayshe</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center"><i>The Liberties +Seized</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p>John Welles, Warden, acted single to March the +1st, and then appointed the mayor to act under him.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1438.</p> +</td> +<td><p>J. Welles, Warden J. Cambridge, Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1439.</p> +</td> +<td><p>J. Welles, Warden J. Cambridge, Mayor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter Eaton, John Lynford, to July 17th.</p> +<p>Simon Walsoken, Clement Rayshe the rest of the year.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center"><i>The Liberties +Restored</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1440.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Toppys</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Brosyerd, John Spicer</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1441.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wm. Ashwell</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Gosleyn, Henry Sturmyn</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1442.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wm. Hempstede</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Alleyn, Ralph Segryme, to March 18th.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center"><i>The Liberties +Seized</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir J. Clifton, Gov.</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1443.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir J. Clifton, Gov.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Intwood, Robert Alleyn</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page690"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +690</span>1444.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir J. Clifton, Gov.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Intwood, Robert Alleyn</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1445.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir J. Clifton, Gov.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Intwood, Robert Alleyn</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1446.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir J. Clifton, Gov. to April 20th.</p> +<p>T. Catworth, War.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Intwood, Robert Alleyn</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1447.</p> +</td> +<td><p>T. Catworth, Warden to Dec. 1st.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Intwood, Robert Alleyn, to December 1st.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center"><i>The Liberties +Restored</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1448.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wm. Hempstede</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Alleyn, Ralph Segryme</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1448.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wm. Ashwell</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Furbusher, John Wighton</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1449.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Gregory Draper</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Brown, John Drolle</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1450.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Alleyn</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Chittock, Robert Machone</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1451.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Ralph Segryme</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Barley, John Gilbert</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1452.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Toppys</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Ellis, Robert Syrede</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1453.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Drolle</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Cutler, John Clarke</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1454.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Brown</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Bear, Jeffery Quinch</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1455.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Gregory Draper</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Norwich, John Albone</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1456.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Brasier</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Bokenham, John Butt</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1457.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Chittock</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jeffery Joye, John Hunworth</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1458.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Toppys</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Owdolfe, William Reyner</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1459.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Gilbert</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter Godfrey, Edm. Coleman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1460.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Ellis</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger Best, John Aubery</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1461.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Norwich</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Northal, John Cook</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1462.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Butte</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Burton, Richard Hoste</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1463.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Brasier</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Spencer, William Willis</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1464.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Gilbert</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Swaine, Robert Portland</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1465.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Ellis</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter Thornfield, Rich. Daniel</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1466.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Chittock</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Rose, John Beccles</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1467.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger Best</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Laws, Robert Hickling</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1468.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Walter Thornfield</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Ferrour, Thomas Veyle</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1469.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Aubery</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Bokenham, Wm. Pepper</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page691"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +691</span>1470.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Cutler</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Harvey, Henry Owdolfe</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1471.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Butt</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Wellys, Robert Aylmer</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1472.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger Best</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edmund Staley, Thomas Storme</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1473.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Ferrour</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Cocke, William London</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1474.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Ellis</p> +</td> +<td><p>James Goldbeater, John Burghe</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1475.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Swaine</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Cambridge, Robt. Lounde</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1476.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Wellys</p> +</td> +<td><p>Hammond Claxton, Robt. Cooke</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1477.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Portland</p> +</td> +<td><p>Gregory Clarke, Phillip Curson</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1478.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Rich. Ferrour</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Osborne, Thos. Bewfield</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1479.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Bokenham</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Wellys, Thos. Phillips</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1480.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Aubery</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Gardiner, Thos. Woorts</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1481.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Aylmer</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Belton, John Denton</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1482.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William London</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Ballys, Ralph Est</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1483.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Rich. Ferrour</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Rose, William Ferrour</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1484.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Cook</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Ebbs, William Curtis</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1485.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Ham. Claxton</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Tills, John Swaine</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1486.</p> +</td> +<td><p>J. Aubery, died T. Bokenham</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Wilkins, John Jowelle</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1487.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Wellys</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Pyncheamore, John Caster</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1488.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Bewfield</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Rede, Richard Howard</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1489.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Ballys</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Caus, Nicholas Davie</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1490.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Gardiner</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nicholas Cowlitch, Wm. Gogeoa</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1491.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William London</p> +</td> +<td><p>Stephen Bryan, John Cooke</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1492.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Aylmer</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Warnes, John Rightwise</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1493.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Ferrour</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Long, Bartholomew King</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1494.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Stephen Bryan</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Horsley, Robert Burghe</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1495.</p> +</td> +<td><p>J. Wellys, died T. Caus</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Brasier, Robert Best</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1496.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Rede</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Francis, John Pethood</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1497.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nicholas Cowlitch</p> +</td> +<td><p>Gregory Clarke, Thomas Aldrich</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1498.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Ferrour</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Ramsey, Thos. Henning</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1499.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robt. Gardiner</p> +</td> +<td><p>J. Randolph, R. Pyncheamore</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page692"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +692</span>1500.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Warnes</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jefferey Steward, John Crome</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1501.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Rightwise</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Aylmer, William Drake</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1502.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Ramsey</p> +</td> +<td><p>Simon Rede, John Smith</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1503.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Caus</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Warnes, Thomas Gaunt</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1504.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Burghe</p> +</td> +<td><p>W. Hart, J. Hendry d., J. Walters</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1505.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Gregory Clarke</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Large, William Godfrey</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1506.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robt. Gardiner</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Clarke, John Swaine</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1507.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Aldrich</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Clarke, William Ferrour</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1508.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wm. Ramsey</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Rede, Robert Brown</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1509.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Long</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Attemere, Robert Jannys</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1510.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Brasier</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Marsham, Ralph Wilkins</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1511.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Aylmer</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Pell, John Stalone</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1512.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Hart</p> +</td> +<td><p>Stephen Stalone, Rich. Corpesty</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1513.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Rightwise</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Busting, Thomas Pickerel</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1514.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Gregory Clarke</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Scholehouse, John Terry</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1515.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Clarke</p> +</td> +<td><p>R. Barker, died, R. Ferrour, died, Wm. Boone, Thos. +Wilkins</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1516.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Aldrich</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Bauberg, Gregory Caus</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1517.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Jannys</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Green, Thomas Cory</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1518.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Marsham</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robt. Hemming, Ham. Linstead</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1519.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Hart</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Brown, Barth. Springal</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1520.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Clarke</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nicholas Sywhat, John Westgate</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1521.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Rede</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Moore, Robert Hall</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1522.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Brown</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Russel, John Watts</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1523.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Terry</p> +</td> +<td><p>Reg. Littleprow, Wm. Norfolk</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1524.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Jannys</p> +</td> +<td><p>S. Raynbow, W. Crane, died., H. Salter</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1525.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Pickerel</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Leech, John Swaine</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1526.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Ferrour</p> +</td> +<td><p>Augustine Steward, W. Layer</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1527.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Ralph Wilkins</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Grewe, John Clarke</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1528.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Boone</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Crank, Henry Fuller</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1529.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Green</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Curat, John Corbet</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page693"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +693</span>1530.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Bauburgh</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Necton, Nicholas Sotherton</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1531.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Rede</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Catlyn, Wm. Rogers</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1532.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Reg. Littleprow</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Groote, William Haste</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1533.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Pickerel</p> +</td> +<td><p>Adam Lawes, Roger Cooper</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1534.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Augustine Steward</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Lynn, Thos. Greenwood</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1535.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nicholas Sywhat</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Brown, Henry Crook</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1536.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robt. Ferrour</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edmund Wood, Thos. Thetford</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1537.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Layer</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Rugge, Robert Palmer</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1538.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Pickerel</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nich. Osborn, John Humberston</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1539.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nich. Sotherton</p> +</td> +<td><p>J. Marsham, T. Walter, J. Trace</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1540.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Grewe</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Codd, John Spencer</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1541.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Leech</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Quash, Felix Puttock</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1542.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Rogers</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Cocke, Richard Davy</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1543.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Rede</p> +</td> +<td><p>R. Lee, W. Morant, T. Marsham</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1544.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Fuller</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edmund Warren, Robt. Marlyng</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1545.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Rugge</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Suckling, Robert Lyng</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1546.</p> +</td> +<td><p>August Steward</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Mitchell, Bernard Utber</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1547.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Leech</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Dowsing, William Hede</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1548.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edm. Wood, died William Rogers</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Bacon, John Atkins</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1549.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Codde</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Fletcher, Wm. Ferrour</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1550.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Rugge</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Morley, John Walters</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1551.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Davy</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Aldrich, Thomas Grey</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1552.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Cocke</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Norman, John Bungay</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1553.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Crooke</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nicholas Norgate, John Howes</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1554.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Marsham</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Malbye, Wm. Mingay</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1555.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Felix Puttock, died Thomas Codd</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Greene, John Bloome</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1556.</p> +</td> +<td><p>August. Steward</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Sotherton, Leon. Sotherton</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1557.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Bacon</p> +</td> +<td><p>E. Woolsey, T. Lynn, J. Benjamin</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1558.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Aldrich</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Parker, Andrew Quash</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1559.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Fletcher</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Cully, Thos. Tesmond</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page694"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +694</span>1560.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Mychell</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Whale, Richard Hede</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1561.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Mingay</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Wood, Thomas Pecke</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1562.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Farrour</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Farrour, Thos. Beamond</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1563</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Davy</p> +</td> +<td><p>Christopher Some, Ellis Bate</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1564.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nicholas Norgate</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Suckling, John Gibbs</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1565.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Sotherton</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Sotherton, Thomas Winter</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1566.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Bacon</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Pettus, John Suckling</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1567.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Whall</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Worsley, Thomas Layer</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1568.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Parker</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Rede, Simon Bowde</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1569.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Wood</p> +</td> +<td><p>Christopher Layer, Richard Bate</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1570.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Aldrich</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Gleane, Robert Gostling</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1571.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Green</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Greenwood, Edward Pye</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1572.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Suckling</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nich. Sotherton, Francis Rugge</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1573.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Pecke</p> +</td> +<td><p>George Bowgeon, Thos. Stokes</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1574.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Christopher Some</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nicholas Baker, Thomas Gooch</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1575.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Farrour</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Baker, Clement Hyrne</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1576.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Layer</p> +</td> +<td><p>Cut. Brereton, Francis Morley</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1577.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Cully</p> +</td> +<td><p>Rich. Howes, Rich. Bange</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1578.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir R. Wood, Kt.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Elwin, Thomas Secker</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1579.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Simon Bowde</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Davy, John Pye</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1580.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Chris. Some</p> +</td> +<td><p>Laur. Wood, Nich. Bradford</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1581.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Christopher Layer</p> +</td> +<td><p>Rich. Ferrour, Thomas Pye</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1582.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Suckling</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robt. Yarham, John Wilkinson</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1583.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Gleane</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Pye, Ed. Johnson</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1584.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Suckling</p> +</td> +<td><p>Laur. Watts, Titus Norris</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1585.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Layer</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger Weld, John Tesmond</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1586.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Pecke</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Davy, Joshua Cully</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1587.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Francis Rugge</p> +</td> +<td><p>Alex. Thurston, Greg. Houlton</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1588.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Simon Bowde</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robt. Rooke, Wm. Ramsey</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1589.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Chris. Layer</p> +</td> +<td><p>Randolph Smith, John Sylver</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1590.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Pettus</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Hall, Wm. Peters</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1591.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Yarham</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nich. Layer, Thos. Lane</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page695"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +695</span>1592.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Gleane</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Sotherton, Roger Ramsey</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1593.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Clement Hyrne</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robt. Blackburne, Aug. Whall</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1594.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Chris. Some</p> +</td> +<td><p>Rich. Tolye, Wm. Johnson</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1595.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Layer</p> +</td> +<td><p>E. Browne, died, R. Sadler, R. Gaywood</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1596.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Farrour</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Anguish, Robt. Gybson</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1597.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Pye</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Hyrne, Peter Barker</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1598.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Francis Rugge</p> +</td> +<td><p>J. Pettus, George Downing</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1599.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger Weld</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robt. Garshead, Henry Galliard</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1600</p> +</td> +<td><p>Alex. Thurstone</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Pettus, Robt. Debney</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1601.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Tesmond</p> +</td> +<td><p>J. Chapman, Spencer Peterson</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1602.</p> +</td> +<td><p>T. Gleane, died Francis Rugge</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Mingay, William Drake</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1603.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Lane</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Nutting, John Symonds</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1604.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Hyrne</p> +</td> +<td><p>George Birch, George Cocke</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1605.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Sotherton</p> +</td> +<td><p>Michael Aldrich, Fras. Smallpiece</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1605.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Joshua Culley</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Blosse, John Shovell</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1607.</p> +</td> +<td><p>George Downing</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Craske, James Allen</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1608.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir Jn. Pettus, Knt.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Hornsey, Henry Fawcett</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1609.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir T. Hyrne, Knt.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Bassingbourn Throckmorton, Thomas Doughty</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1610.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger Ramsey</p> +</td> +<td><p>Peter Gleane, Richard Goldman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1611.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Anguish</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Rosse, Simon Davy</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1612.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Blosse</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Bussey, John Norris</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1613.</p> +</td> +<td><p>George Cocke</p> +</td> +<td><p>Lionel Claxton, Michael Parker</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1614.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Pettus</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Spendlove, Matt. Peckover</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1615.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Peter Gleane</p> +</td> +<td><p>Christopher Baret, Francis Cocke</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1616.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir T. Hyrne, Knt.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Brown, Thomas Cory</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1617.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Mingay</p> +</td> +<td><p>Alex. Anguish, Edmund Cocke</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1618.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Rosse</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Anguish, John Ward</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1619.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger Gaywood</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nat. Remington, Lucian Laws</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1620.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Tooley</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Shipdam, Thomas Baker</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page696"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +696</span>1621.</p> +</td> +<td><p>George Birch</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Ramsey, John Lyng</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1622.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Francis Smallpiece</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nicholas Emms, Robert Sumpter</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1623.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Craske</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Green, Robert Sedgewick</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1624.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Debney</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Loveland, Robert Powle</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1625.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Michael Parker</p> +</td> +<td><p>Niclas. Osborn, Step. Leverington</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1626.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Bassingbourn Throckmorton</p> +</td> +<td><p>Augustine Scottow, Rich. Harman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1627.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Francis Cocke</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Lane, Thomas Atkins</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1628.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Cory</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Symonds, John Daniel</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1629.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Alexander Anguish</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Thacker, William Gostlin</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1630.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Browne</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Tooley, Robert Palgrave</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1631.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Shipdam</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Tompson, Thos. Carver</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1632.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Hornsey</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edm. Burman, Adrian Parmenter</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1633.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Bussey</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Ward, Richard Keepis</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1634.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Christopher Baret</p> +</td> +<td><p>Samuel Puckle, Matt. Peckover</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1635.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Anguish</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Barber, John Croshold</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1636.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Baker</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Freeman, John Utting</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1637.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Sumpter</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Lombe, Matthew Sotherton</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1638.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Tooley</p> +</td> +<td><p>Livewell Sherwood, John Gray</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1639.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Harman</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Watts, John Salter</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1640.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Lane</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Osborne, John Dethick</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1641.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Carver, d. Adrian Parmenter</p> +</td> +<td><p>Matthew Lindsey, Robert Baron</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1642.</p> +</td> +<td><p>W. Gostlin, <i>impris.</i> A. Parmenter, <i>deputy</i></p> +</td> +<td><p>John Greenwood, John Rayley</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1643.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Thacker</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Toft, Richard Bateman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1644.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Tooley</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Baret, Bernard Church</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1645.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Matthew Peckover</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Cory, William Rye</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1646.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Watts</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Wenman, Robt. Holmes</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1647.</p> +</td> +<td><p>J. Utting, <i>impris.</i> Christ. Baret, <i>deputy</i></p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Ashwell, William Davy</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1648</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edmund Burman</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Barnham, Robert Allen</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page697"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +697</span>1649.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Baron died, John Rayley</p> +</td> +<td><p>A. Peckover died, S. Brewster, John Mann</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1650.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Matt. Lindsey died, Thomas Baret</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Tuck, Nehemiah Bond</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1651.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Bernard Church</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Johnson, John Knights</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1652.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Barnham</p> +</td> +<td><p>Clement Parnell, Roger Whistler</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1653.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Mann</p> +</td> +<td><p>Christopher Jay, Roger Mingay</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1654.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Toft</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Andrews, Joseph Paine</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1655.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Salter</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Wood, Richard Coldham</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1656.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Samuel Puckle</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Powle, James Long</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1657.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Christopher Jay</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Gooch, William Heyward</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1658.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger Mingay</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger Hawes, Matthew Marcon</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1659.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Davy</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Wisse, John Lawrence</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1660.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir Jos. Paine, Knt.</p> +</td> +<td><p>E. Browne died, Aug. Briggs, George Steward</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1661.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Osborne</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Sidnor, Henry Herne</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1662.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Wenman</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Manser, George Mirris</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1663.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Croshold</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Bendish, Thomas Thacker</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1664.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Heyward</p> +</td> +<td><p>Hy. Watts, jun., Thos. Chickering</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1665.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Matthew Marcon</p> +</td> +<td><p>James Denew, F. Norris died, John Richer</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1666.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Wood</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Crowe, John Wigget</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1667.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Wisse</p> +</td> +<td><p>Rich. Wenman, Jehosaphat Davy</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1668.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger Hawes</p> +</td> +<td><p>Isaac Decele, Rowland Cockey</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1669.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Lawrence</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Wrench, Mark Cockey</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1670.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Augustine Briggs</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Crowe, Adrian Paine</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1671.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Thacker</p> +</td> +<td><p>Daniel Palmer died, John Lowe, John Toll died, Peter +Wigget</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1672.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Bendish</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Leverington, R. Clayton died, R. Freeman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1673.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Herne</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Dersley, Hugh Bokenham</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1674.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Watts, jun.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Cooke, Thomas Cooke</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page698"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +698</span>1675.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Manser</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Drake, John Todd</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1676.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Chickering</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Helwys, Wm. Permenter</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1677.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Richer</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jeremiah Vynne, Nich. Helwys</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1678.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jehosaphat Davy</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Brady, Simon Wissiter</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1679.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Crowe</p> +</td> +<td><p>James Brogden, Thomas Seaman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1680.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Freeman</p> +</td> +<td><p>Leonard Osborn, Fras. Gardiner</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1681.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Hugh Bokenham</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Westhorp, William Salter</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1682.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Lowe</p> +</td> +<td><p>Philip Stebbing, Laur. Goodwin</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1683.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Helwys</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Lowe, Samuel Warkehouse</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1684.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nicholas Helwys</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nicholas Morley, Mic. Beverley</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1685.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Francis Gardiner</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Blofeld, Augustine Briggs</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1686.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Salter</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Guybon, Rich. Brogden</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1687.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Philip Stebbing</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nic. Bickerdyde, disp., Tim. Wenn, John Ward</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1688.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Wrench</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Postle, John Atkinson</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1689.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Cook</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Yallop, John Drake</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1690.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jeremiah Vynne</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Albrew, Thomas Turner</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1691.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Blofeld</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Freeman, Roger Salter</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1692.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Michael Beverley</p> +</td> +<td><p>Gamaliel Sugden, Peter Thacker</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1693.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Cook</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Clark, John Hall</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1694.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Ward</p> +</td> +<td><p>Christopher Stallon, Robert Bene</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1695.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Augustine Briggs</p> +</td> +<td><p>Samuel Moulton, Richard Pitcher</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1696.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nich. Bickerdyke</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Blithe, Christopher Gibbs</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1697.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Laurence Goodwin</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Cook, Augustine Metcalfe</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1698.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Saml. Warkehouse</p> +</td> +<td><p>George Gynn, William Cook</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1699.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Turner</p> +</td> +<td><p>Peter Seaman, Thomas Palgrave</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1700.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Clarke</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Covel, Thomas Dunch</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1701.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Hall</p> +</td> +<td><p>Matthew Nall, Thomas Havers</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1702.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Atkinson</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nicholas Helwys, John Goose</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1703.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Freeman</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Bayspool, Wm. Cockman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1704.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Blithe</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Riseborough, Ben. Austin</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1705.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Peter Thacker</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Brereton, John Norman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page699"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +699</span>1706.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Cooke</p> +</td> +<td><p>Peter Attlesey, Anthy. Parmenter</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1707.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Peter Seaman</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Chickering, James Daniel</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1708.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Havers</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Monsey, William Rogers</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1709.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Matthew Nall</p> +</td> +<td><p>George Vertue, Thomas Bubbin</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1710.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Bene</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Shardelow, George Gobbet</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1711.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Cockman</p> +</td> +<td><p>Anthony Ransom, Rich. Manby</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1712.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Goose</p> +</td> +<td><p>Joseph Wasey, Jehosaphat Postle</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1713.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nicholas Helwys</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Vere, Thomas Harwood</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1714.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Norman</p> +</td> +<td><p>Joseph Burton, Richard Lubbock</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1715.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Peter Attlesey</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jacob Robins, Samuel Freemoult</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1716.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Augustine Metcalfe</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Newton, Richard Mott</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1717.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Rich. Lubbock d., Thos Bubbin died, Anthony Parmenter</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edmund Hunton, Edw. Colebourn</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1718.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Mott</p> +</td> +<td><p>Benjamin Nuthall, J. Osborn died, D. Meadows</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1719.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Hall</p> +</td> +<td><p>Daniel Fromanteel, Robert Marsh</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1720.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Coleburn</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Croshold, John Harvey</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1721.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Benjamin Nuthall</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Harmer, Tim. Balderstone</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1722.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Newton</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Pell, Nathaniel Paul</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1723.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edmund Hunton</p> +</td> +<td><p>Francis Arnam, T. Tawell died, J. Custance</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1724.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Croshold</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Black, Philip Meadows</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1725.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Daniel Fromanteel</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Clarke, John Langley</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1726.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Custance</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jeremiah Ives, Abraham Yestis</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1727.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Harvey</p> +</td> +<td><p>S. Morgan died, W. Pearce, Robert Harvey</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1728.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Harwood</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Press, John Spurrell</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1729.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Black</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Maltby, Edward King</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1730.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Pell</p> +</td> +<td><p>S. Eakins died, J. Nuthall, Samuel Lillington</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1731.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Marsh</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Blyford, Joseph Brittan</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page700"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +700</span>1732.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Francis Arnam</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jn. Brown, Barthmw. Balderstone</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1733.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jeremiah Ives</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Fromow, John Simpson</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1734.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Philip Meadows</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Stileman, James Nasmith</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1735.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Vere</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Humphry, Wm. Wigget</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1736.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Tim. Balderstone</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Johnson, Simeon Waller</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1737.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Spurrell</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charles Maltby, Nathaniel Roe</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1738.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Harvey</p> +</td> +<td><p>James Barnham, John Black</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1739.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Clarke</p> +</td> +<td><p>Abraham Larwood, H. S. Patteson</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1740.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Nuthall</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charles Lay died, Thos. Harvey John Wood</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1741.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward King</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Calver, William Crowe</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1742.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Wiggett</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Greenaway, Thos. Wigg</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1743.</p> +</td> +<td><p>James Nasmith</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Ward, Robert Rogers</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1744.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Black</p> +</td> +<td><p>Benjamin Lewis, Edmund Hooke</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1745.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Simeon Waller</p> +</td> +<td><p>Joseph Hammont, James Smith</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1746.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Wood</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jos. Hammont, jun., John Gay</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1747.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Crowe</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charles Wace, Philip Stannard</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1748.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Harvey</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Dyball, Jeremiah Ives</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1749.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Benjamin Nuthall</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wm. Woolbright, Thos. Hurnard</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1750.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Custance</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Smith, John Cooper</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1751.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Tim. Balderstone</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Goodman, Peter Colombine</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1752.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Hurnard</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Tompson, Samuel Harvey</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1753.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Press</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nockold Tompson, J. Fromow died, P. Fromow</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1754.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Gay</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charles Weston, Isaac Lillington</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1755.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Peter Colombine</p> +</td> +<td><p>Isaac Houghton, John Simpson</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1756.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jeremiah Ives</p> +</td> +<td><p>Ralph Smith, John Scott</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1757.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Goodman</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wm. Lovick, Thos. Churchman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1758.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Rogers</p> +</td> +<td><p>Barth. Harwood, Daniel Ganning</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1759.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nockold Tompson</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mark Addey, John Dersley</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1760.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Barth. Harwood</p> +</td> +<td><p>Chas. Fearman, Jermy Harcourt</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1761.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir T. Churchman, Kt.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Patteson, Ben. Hancock</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page701"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +701</span>1762.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jermy Harcourt</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Cady, John Day</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1763.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Ben. Hancock</p> +</td> +<td><p>J. Adcock died, J. Ives, jun., James Poole</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1764.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Dersley</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Brettingham, John Aldred</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1765.</p> +</td> +<td><p>James Poole</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Barrett, Thomas Starling</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1766.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Patteson</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Harvey, jun., John Addey</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1767.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Starling</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nathaniel Roe, John Ives</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1768.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Day</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charles Codd, Knipe Gobbett</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1769.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jeremiah Ives, jun.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Hewett Rand, Francis Colombine</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1770.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Rob. Harvey, jun.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Ives, James Fisher</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1771.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Knipe Gobbett</p> +</td> +<td><p>John L. Watts, James Crowe</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1772.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charles Weston</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Peete, David Colombine</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1773.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Addey</p> +</td> +<td><p>R. Matthews died, B. Day, Timothy Matthews</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1774.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John L. Watts, d. James Crow</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Thurlow, Roger Kerrison</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1775.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Peete</p> +</td> +<td><p>Andrew Chamber, Starling Day</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1776.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Francis Colombine</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Troughton, John Bringloe</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1777.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nathaniel Roe</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Rust, Thomas Nasmith</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1778.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Roger Kerrison</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Primrose, Richard Clarke</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1779.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Thurlow</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Morse, J. Ives Harvey</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1780.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Benjamin Day</p> +</td> +<td><p>Andrew Sieley, Robert Partridge</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1781.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Morse</p> +</td> +<td><p>Elias Norgate, Thomas Colman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1782.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Starling Day</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Day, Jeremiah Ives, jun.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1783.</p> +</td> +<td><p>J. Ives Harvey</p> +</td> +<td><p>Gilbert Brownsmith, John Day</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1784.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Partridge</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robt. Harvey, jun., John Harvey</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1785.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Elias Norgate</p> +</td> +<td><p>T. Emerson, d. C. Weston, jun., John Patteson</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1786.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jeremiah Ives, jun.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Herring, John Herring</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1787.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robt Harvey, jun.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Buckle, Thomas Watson</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1788.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Patteson</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Woodrow, James Hudson</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1789.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Chas. Weston, jun.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Star. Day, jun., John G. Baseley</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page702"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +702</span>1790.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Watson</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Cutting, John Tuthill</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1791.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John G. Baseley</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Herring, W. Wilcocks</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1792.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Harvey</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Robinson, James Chase</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1793.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Buckle</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Wells, Charles Reynolds</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1794.</p> +</td> +<td><p>James Hudson</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Browne, John Ives</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1795.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jeremiah Ives</p> +</td> +<td><p>Ed. Colman, Peter Chamberlin</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1796.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Herring</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Reynolds, Edmund Reeve</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1797.</p> +</td> +<td><p>James Crowe</p> +</td> +<td><p>Hewett Rand, John Stoddart</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1798.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Browne</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Tawell, Thos. A. Kerrison</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1799.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Herring</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Stevenson, John H. Cole</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1800.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Harvey</p> +</td> +<td><p>James Hardy, Jonathan Davey</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1801.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jeremiah Ives, jun.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Back, jun., Robert Ward</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1802.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir R. Kerrison, Kt.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Black, James Marsh</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1803.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Morse</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Rigby, Joseph Clarke</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1804.</p> +</td> +<td><p>James Marsh</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Wright, Barnabas Leman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1805.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Rigby</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Oxley, John H. Yallop</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1806.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. A. Kerrison</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Matthews, John Ansell</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1807.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Herring</p> +</td> +<td><p>John W. Robberds, Joseph Scott</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1808.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Starling Day, jun.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Steward, Joseph Fitch</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1809.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Back, jun.</p> +</td> +<td><p>James Wade, Phillip Jas. Knights</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1810.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Steward</p> +</td> +<td><p>Francis Morse, Thos. Troughton</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1811.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John H. Cole</p> +</td> +<td><p>John S. Patteson, William Hankes</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1812.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Starling Day</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Ownsworth, Mar. Fountain</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1813.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Barnabas Leman</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Aldis, Christopher Higgin</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1814.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John W. Robberds</p> +</td> +<td><p>Crisp Brown, William Burt</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1815.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John H. Yallop</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Thurtell, William Foster</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1816.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Hankes</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nath. Bolingbroke, W. Willement</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1817.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Crisp Brown</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Burrows, John Lovick</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1818.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Barnabas Leman</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Rackham, Richard Shaw</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1819.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nath. Bolingbroke</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Hawkes, Edward Taylor</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1820.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Burt</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Francis, Edward T. Booth</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1821.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wm. Rackham</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jerem. Graves, Jos. Gibson, jun.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page703"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +703</span>1822.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Hawkes</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Star. Day, Arthur Beloe</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1823.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John S. Patteson</p> +</td> +<td><p>Hammond Fisk, William Moore</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1824.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Francis</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Angell, Charles Turner</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1825.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Star. Day</p> +</td> +<td><p>Peter Finch, James Brooks</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1826.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edw. Tem. Booth</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Herring, James Bennett</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1827.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Peter Finch</p> +</td> +<td><p>J. P. Cocksedge, T. O. Springfield</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1828.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Thurtell</p> +</td> +<td><p>Seth. Wm. Stevenson, Geo. Grout</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1829.</p> +</td> +<td><p>T. O. Springfield</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wm. Rye, Sam. Shalders Beare</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1830.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Angell</p> +</td> +<td><p>Samuel Bignold, Isaac Wiseman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1831.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John H. Yallop</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Herring, John Cozens</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1832.</p> +</td> +<td><p>S. W. Stevenson</p> +</td> +<td><p>John P. Oxley, William Foster</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1833.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Samuel Bignold</p> +</td> +<td><p>W. J. U. Browne, Edw. Steward</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1834.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charles Turner</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wm. Chambers, John Marshall</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1835.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Moore</p> +</td> +<td><p>Ditto to December 31st, 1835</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>Alderman Moore was the last mayor, under the old corporation, +by the charter of which the chief magistrate was chosen out of +the twenty-four aldermen, by the freemen, on the first of May; +and sworn into office, on the Tuesday before the eve of New +Midsummer-day.</p> +<p>There were two sheriffs, one chosen by the court of +aldermen—the other by the freemen, on the last Tuesday in +August, and both sworn into office on New Michaelmas-day.</p> +<p>Under the Municipal Corporation Reform Act, the mayor and +sheriff are chosen by the sixteen aldermen and forty-eight +councillors, the former from amongst themselves, on the ninth of +November, and they enter upon their office on that day.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>1836.</p> +</td> +<td><p>T. O. Springfield (Jan.)</p> +</td> +<td><p>Horatio Bolingbroke</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1836.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thos. Brightwell (Nov.)</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Bateman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1837.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Samuel Shalders Beare</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Francis</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1838.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Marshall</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Woodcock</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1839.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Philip J. Money</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Barwell</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1840.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Willett</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Coaks</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1841.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Marshall</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Storey</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1842.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Samuel Mitchell</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Freeman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page704"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +704</span>1843.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Freeman</p> +</td> +<td><p>George L. Coleman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1844.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir Wm. Foster, Bart.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Betts</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1845.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Betts</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jeremiah Colman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1846.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jeremiah Colman</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charles Winter</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1847.</p> +</td> +<td><p>George L. Coleman</p> +</td> +<td><p>James Watson</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1848.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Samuel Bignold</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Chamberlin</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1849.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Woodcock</p> +</td> +<td><p>James Colman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1850.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Woodcock</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Blakely</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1851.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charles Winter</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Wiffen Blake</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1852.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Coaks</p> +</td> +<td><p>George Womack</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1853.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir Samuel Bignold, Kt.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Birkbeck</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1854.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Chamberlin</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert John Harvey Harvey</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1855.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John G. Johnson</p> +</td> +<td><p>Timothy Steward</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1856.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Chamberlin</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Seaman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1857.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Field</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charles Crawshay</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1858.</p> +</td> +<td><p>George Middleton</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Staniforth Patteson</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1859.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jacob Henry Tillett</p> +</td> +<td><p>J. Underwood</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1860.</p> +</td> +<td><p>W. J. Utten Browne</p> +</td> +<td><p>Donald Dalrymple</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1861.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Oddin Taylor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Arthur J. Cresswell</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1862.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Stan. Patteson</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jeremiah James Colman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1863.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Osborn Springfield</p> +</td> +<td><p>Frederick Brown</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1864.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charles Edw. Tuck</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charles Jecks</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1865.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wm. Peter Nichols</p> +</td> +<td><p>William J. Cubitt</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1866.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Frederick E. Watson</p> +</td> +<td><p>W. H. Clabburn</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1867.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Jeremiah Jas. Colman</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Fitch</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1868.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward K. Harvey</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Robison</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Recorders of +Norwich</span></p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>1521.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Elys</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1522.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Spelman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1563.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Gawdy, sen.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1576.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Francis Windham</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1582.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Coke</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1595.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Houghton</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1603.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Silver (<i>Deputy</i>)</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1612.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Gwynne</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1648.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Samuel Smith</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1649.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Erasmus Earl</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page705"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +705</span>1663.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Francis Cory</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1677.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Francis Bacon</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1680.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Norris</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1683.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Earl of Yarmouth</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1684.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Warkehouse, (<i>Deputy</i>)</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1688.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Davy</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1703.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Stephen Gardiner</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1727.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Berney</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1737.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Britiffe</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1743.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Brooke</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1752.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Bacon</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1783.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Chambers</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1788.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Partridge</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1801.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charles Harvey</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1826.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Alderson</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1831.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Isaac Preston Jermy</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1848.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Michael Prendergast</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1859.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Peter F. O’Malley</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The Recorder, whose office is held for life, must be a +Barrister; he formerly assisted as Chief Judge in the +Mayor’s Court, and was one of the council for the city.</p> +<p>By the Corporation Reform Act the Recorder is sole judge at +the Quarter Sessions for the borough and city, and is no longer a +member of the corporate body.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Stewards of +Norwich</span>.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>1521.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Francis Moundford</p> +</td> +<td><p>1691.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Arthur Branthwayt</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1536.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edmund Grey</p> +</td> +<td><p>1703.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Berney</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1555.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Richard Catlyn</p> +</td> +<td><p>1727.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Brooke</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1563.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Bleverhasset</p> +</td> +<td><p>1743.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Francis Larwood</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1585.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Houghton</p> +</td> +<td><p>1750.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Bacon</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1595.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Hobart</p> +</td> +<td><p>1752.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charles Buckle</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1618.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Denny</p> +</td> +<td><p>1781.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Chambers</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1648.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Erasmus Earl</p> +</td> +<td><p>1783.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charles Harvey</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1650.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charles Geo. Cocke</p> +</td> +<td><p>1803.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Firth</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1663.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Watts</p> +</td> +<td><p>1807.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Alderson</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1677.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Norris</p> +</td> +<td><p>1826.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Isaac Preston</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1680.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Mingay</p> +</td> +<td><p>1831.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Fitzroy R. Kelly</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1688.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Ward</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The Steward, who must have been a barrister, was appointed for +life; he assisted as Chief Judge in the Sheriffs’ Court, +and was one of the council for the city. By the Corporation +Reform Act the office of Steward was abolished in 1835.</p> +<h3><a name="page706"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +706</span>CHAPTER III.<br /> +Ecclesiastical.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> origin of the See of Norwich is +attached to Sigebert, king of the East Angles, who, being in +France about the year 630, brought over Felix, a priest of +Burgundy, and constituted him bishop, fixing his seat at Dunwich, +in Suffolk. About forty years afterwards the diocese was +divided, Dunwich and North Elmham having each a bishop, and this +continued till the year 870, when the two sees were again united +under Wybred at Elmham. Owing to the devastations of the +piratical Danes the see remained vacant nearly one hundred years, +but was restored by Theodored, in 995 according to the common +account; but there is evidence which tends to prove that he was +bishop in 945, if not before. During the reign of William +I. the see was removed to Thetford, and in the year 1094 it was +finally settled in Norwich. This added greatly to the +importance of the city, and made it the capital of East +Anglia.</p> +<p>The diocese, as to its seat, has continued unchanged since +1094, and as to its extent and government has been but slightly +modified. The most prominent <a name="page707"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 707</span>bishops have been Losinga, who +established the see at Norwich and founded the cathedral, and +John Grey or Gray, who governed Ireland, divided it into +counties, placed it under English laws, fought in France, and +captured fortresses there,—for bishops were fighting men in +those days; Pandulph, who excommunicated King John Lackland; W. +Middleton, who acted as Guardian of the Kingdom; John Salmon and +William de Ermine, who were Lord Chancellors; and Bateman, who +founded Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Others less noted were +Henry le Spencer, who fought as a soldier for the pope on shore, +and as an English admiral at sea; Richard Courtenay, who died at +the siege of Harfleur; John de Wakering, who was Lord Privy Seal; +Nykke, known as the blind bishop, who conducted a traitorous +correspondence with the pope; William Rugge, who deprived the see +of its barony; Parkhurst, who was famous for entertaining Oxford +scholars; Scambler, called “the scandalous;” John +Jeggon, called “the wag;” Montague, called “the +excellent;” Corbet, called the “merry wit;” +Hall, “the saintly;” Overall and Sparrow, “the +learned;” and Bathurst, “the good,” who pleaded +for Catholic emancipation. Three of the dignitaries, J. +Harpsfield, H. Prideaux, and T. Sherlock, became cardinals; one, +John, became archbishop of Smyrna; and one, Montgomery, became +bishop of Meath.</p> +<p>The cathedral establishment includes the bishop, the dean, +three archdeacons, four canons, twenty-four hon. canons, four +minor canons, and a chancellor. The income of the bishop is +£4,500; that of each of <a name="page708"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 708</span>the archdeacons is £200; and +that of the other archdeacon is £184. The diocese +comprises all Norfolk except the parishes of Emneth and Brandon, +and all Suffolk except the deaneries of Thedwaster and Thingoe, +and parts of the deaneries of Clare, Fordham, and Sudbury; and it +is divided into the archdeaconries of Norwich, Norfolk, and +Suffolk. Population, 743,000; acres, 1,994,535; deaneries, +41; benefices, 908; curates, 253; church sittings, 294,177. +A few more particulars may be stated respecting some of the +earlier prelates.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Herbert de Losinga</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1094.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Founder of the diocese and +builder of the greater part of the Cathedral.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Eborard or Everard</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1121.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Divided the archdeaconry of +Suffolk into two, founded the hospital and church of St. Paul in +Norwich. He either resigned or was deposed.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>William Turbus</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1146.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">A friend and advocate of +Thomas à Becket, who induced him to excommunicate the Earl +of Norfolk and some other nobles, for which he was forced to take +sanctuary till he had appeased the wrath of the King, Henry +II.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>John of Oxford</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1175.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Took part with Henry II. +against Becket, and built the church of the Holy Trinity at +Ipswich.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>John de Grey</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1200.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Built a palace at Gaywood, +near Lynn, made that town a free borough, and lent large sums to +King John, for which he received in pledge the royal <a +name="page709"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +709</span>regalia. After him the see was vacant seven +years.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Pandulphus</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1222.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Obtained a grant of the +whole of the <i>first fruits</i> of the clergy in his diocese for +himself and his successors, which was not revoked till the time +of Henry VIII.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Thomas de Blandevill</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1226.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Ralfo</i> (died soon after)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1239.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>William de Raleigh</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1244.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated to +Winchester.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Walter de Suthfield</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1244.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Obtained for the bishopric a +charter of free warren to himself and successors, erected and +endowed the hospital of St. Giles, and made a valuation of all +the ecclesiastical revenues for Pope Innocent.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Simon de Walton</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1258.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Roger de Skernyng</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1265.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>William de Middleton</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1278.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Ralph de Walpole</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1288.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated to Ely.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>John Salmon</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1299.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Enlarged the Palace and +founded the Charnel House School (now the Grammar House +School).</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Robert de Baldock</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1325.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Resigned the same year.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>William de Ayrminne</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1325.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Enclosed and fortified the +Cathedral and Palace with stone walls.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Thomas Hemenhale</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1337.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated to Worcester same +year.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page710"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +710</span><i>Anthony de Beck</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1337.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Being of a quarrelsome +disposition, was poisoned either by the monks or his own +servants.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>William Bateman</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1343.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Was a native of Norwich, and +founded Trinity Hall, Cambridge.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Thomas Percy</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1355.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Youngest brother of the Earl +of Northumberland; was only twenty-two years of age when he +obtained the prelacy.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Henry le Spencer</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1370.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Was consecrated by the pope +in person. He took an active part in the warfare between +the Urbanites and Clementines. He was an enthusiastic +zealot, and a fierce persecutor of the Lollards.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Alexander de Tottington</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1407.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Richard de Courtenay</i>, <i>LL.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1413.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>John Wareryng</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1416.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>William Alnwick</i>, <i>LL.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1426.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated to Lincoln.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Thomas Browne</i>, <i>LL.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1436.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated from Rochester; +he left money to pay the city tax, and founded exhibitions at the +Universities for poor scholars in the diocese.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>John Stanbery</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1445.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Chosen but never +consecrated.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Walter Lyhart</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1446</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">He repaired the Cathedral, +and made many ornamental additions to the edifice.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>James Goldwell</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1472.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Granted twelve years and +forty days pardon to all who assisted him in beautifying the +Cathedral.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page711"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +711</span><i>Thomas Jan</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1499.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Richard Nykke or Nix</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1500.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Alienated the revenues of +his diocese for the Abbacy of Holme, by agreement with Henry +VIII., and was a cruel persecutor of the reformers, who, at this +period, begun to be numerous.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>William Rugg D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1535.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Resigned the See for an +annuity of £200 per annum.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Thomas Thirlby</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1550.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated from Westminster, +of which he was the first and last bishop; and afterwards removed +to Ely.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>John Hopton</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1554.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">A sanguinary persecutor of +the reformers, and is supposed to have died through fear of +retaliating vengeance on the accession of Queen Elizabeth. +“Thus conscience cloth make cowards of us all.”</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>After the Reformation the following were the bishops of +Norwich in the 16th century:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Richard Cox</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1558.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated to Ely.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>John Parkhurst</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1560.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">A friend of Oxford +scholars.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Edmund Freke</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1575.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated from Rochester +and afterwards removed to Worcester.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Edmund Scambler</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1584.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated from +Peterborough.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>William Redman</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1594.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><a name="page712"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 712</span>The +following were bishops of Norwich in the 17th century:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p><i>John Jeggon</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1602.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">In his time a fire broke out +in the palace at Ludham and consumed the whole of the library, +and many valuable documents respecting the diocese.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>John Overall</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1618.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated from Lichfield +and Coventry.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Samuel Harsnett</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1619.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated from Chichester, +and afterwards became archbishop of York.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Francis White</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1628.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated from Carlisle, +afterwards removed to Ely.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Richard Corbet</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1631.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Matthew Wren</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1635.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated from Hereford and +afterwards removed to Ely. He was father of the celebrated +architect, Sir Christopher Wren.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Richard Montague</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1636.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">A distinguished scholar, +translated from Chichester.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Joseph Hall</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1641.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated from +Exeter. During the civil wars he was sent to the tower for +asserting his right to vote in the house of peers; and parliament +deprived him of his temporalities, and prohibited him from +exercising any spiritual jurisdiction. The See was vacant +four years.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Edward Reynolds</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1660.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Was a liberal benefactor to +the city of Norwich, and paid much attention to the comforts of +the parochial clergy.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page713"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +713</span><i>Anthony Sparrow</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1676.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated from Exeter.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>William Lloyd</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1686.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated from +Peterborough. On the accession of William III., refusing to +take the oath of abjuration against James II., he was deprived of +his bishopric.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>John Moore</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1691.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated to Ely. He +collected a large library of rare books, which, at his death, was +purchased by George I. and presented to the University of +Cambridge.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The following were the bishops of Norwich in the 18th +century:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Charles Trimnell</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1707.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated to +Winchester. He was a native of Norwich, and greatly +assisted the Protestant emigrants who fled to his diocese from +the Palatinate on the Rhine, through the irruptions and exactions +of the French. Many of these emigrants were artisans, and +greatly increased the general welfare of the city and county.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Thomas Green</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1721.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated to Ely.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>John Leng</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1723.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>William Baker</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1727.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated from Bangor.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Robert Butts</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1732.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated to Ely.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Sir Thomas Gooch</i>, <i>Bart.</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1738.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated from Bristol and +afterwards removed to Ely.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page714"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +714</span><i>Samuel Lisle</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1748.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated from St. +Asaph.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Thomas Hayter</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1749.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated to London.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Philip Yonge</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1761.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Lewis Bagot</i>, <i>LL.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1783.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Translated from Bristol and +afterwards removed to St. Asaph.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>George Horne</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1790.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Author of a +“Commentary on the Psalms,” and other works of +considerable merit, more especially an “Introduction to the +Study of the Bible.”</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>During the present century the following eminent divines have +been bishops of Norwich:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Rt. Hon. C. M. Sutton</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1792.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Prelate of the Order of the +Garter. Translated to the archbishopric of Canterbury.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Henry Bathurst</i>, <i>LL.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1805.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">He died in the 94th year of +his age.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Edward Stanley</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1837.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">We have already given a +sketch of the life of this estimable bishop, and also of those of +his immediate predecessor and successor, at pages 520 to 524, in +our notices of the eminent citizens of the 19th century.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Samuel Hinds</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1850.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">Resigned in 1857, and lives +in retirement</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Hon. John Thos. Pelham</i>, <i>D.D.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>A.D.</i> 1857</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p class="gutindent">The second son of the late +earl of Chichester, and brother of the present earl; was born in +1811, and <a name="page715"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +715</span>graduated at Oxford. In 1845, he married a +daughter of Thomas William Tatten, Esq., and was appointed +chaplain to the queen in 1847. After this he was collated +to the rectory of Bergh Apton, in Norfolk, by the earl of +Abergavenny, which he held till 1852, when he was appointed to +Christ Church, Hampstead, and in 1854 he was nominated by the +crown to the rectory of St. Marylebone, Middlesex. He +fulfilled the arduous duties of minister of that populous parish +for three years. He was installed at the Cathedral church, +Norwich, on June 26th, 1857, and since then he has ruled the +diocese with satisfaction to the great body of the clergy.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h4><span class="smcap">Deans of Norwich</span>.</h4> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>William Castleton, the last Prior, was made the first dean +of the Cathedral</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1538.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Salisbury, suffragan bishop of Thetford, was made +dean on the resignation of William Castleton, and deprived about +1553</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1539.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Christopherson; afterwards bishop of Chichester</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1554.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Boxall. Resigned</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1557.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Harpsfield (Archdeacon of London.) Deprived +1560</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1558.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Salisbury, restored. Buried in the +Cathedral</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1560.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>George Gardiner. Buried in the Cathedral</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1573.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Thomas Dove: afterwards bishop of Peterborough</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1589.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><a name="page716"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +716</span>John Jeggon: afterwards bishop</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1601.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>George Montgomery (bishop of Meath). Resigned</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1603.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Edmund Suckling. Buried in the Cathedral</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1614.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Hassall. Died 1654: buried at North Creake</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1628.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><i>Void till after +the Restoration</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Crofts. Buried in the Cathedral</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1660.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Herbert Astley. Buried in the Cathedral</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1670.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Sharp. Removed to Canterbury</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1681.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Henry Fairfax. Buried in the Cathedral</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1689.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Humphrey Prideaux. Author of a learned work entitled +“Connection of the Old and New Testament.” +Buried in the Cathedral</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1702.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Thomas Cole. Buried in the chancel of East Raynham +church</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1724.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robert Butts: afterwards bishop</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1731.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Baron (Archdeacon of Norfolk). Buried at +Saxlingham</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1733.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Thomas Bullock. Died May, 1760. Buried in the +Cathedral, at the extreme east end</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1739.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Edward Townshend</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1761.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Philip Lloyd. Buried in the choir of the +Cathedral</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1765.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Joseph Turner. Buried in the choir of the +Cathedral</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1790.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The Honourable George Pellew. Buried at Great +Chart</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1828.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Edward Meyrick Goulburn</span>, D.D., +Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1866.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h4><a name="page717"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +717</span><span class="smcap">Dignitaries</span>, <span +class="smcap">etc</span>., <span class="smcap">of the +Diocese</span>.</h4> +<p style="text-align: center">Bishop.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">The Hon. and Rt. Rev. JOHN THOMAS +PELHAM, D.D. 1857.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Chancellor of the +Diocese</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">Worshipful E. Howes, Esq., M.A., +M.P., 1868.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Archdeacons</i>.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Norwich</i>, Ven. A. M. Hopper, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1868</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Norfolk</i>, Ven. W. Arundell Bouverie, B.D.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1850</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Suffolk</i>, Right Rev. Bishop Ryan, D.D.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1868</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Examining Chaplains</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">Rev. J. J. S. Perowne, B.D., and +Rev. T. T. Perowne, B.D.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Registrars</i>: Rev. E. S. +Bathurst and John Kitson, Esq.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Deputy Registrar</i>: W. T. +Bensly, Esq.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Secretaries to the +Bishop</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">J. Kitson, Esq., <i>Norwich</i>; J. +B. Lee, Esq., <i>Dean’s Yard</i>, <i>Westminster</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Assistant Secretary</i>; W. T. +Bensly, Esq., <i>Norwich</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Registrars of the +Archdeaconries</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Norwich</i>, Edward Steward, +Esq., <i>Norwich</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Norfolk</i>, Henry Hansell, +Esq., <i>Norwich</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Suffolk</i>, C. R Steward, Esq., +<i>Ipswich</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Proctor for the Chapter</i>, +Rev. Canon Heaviside, M.A.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Proctor for the Archdeaconries +of Norfolk & Norwich</i>, Rev. H. Howell, M.A.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Proctor for the Archdeaconry of +Suffolk</i>, Rev. W. Potter, M.A.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><a name="page718"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 718</span>The Dean and Chapter.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">DEAN.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">The Very Rev. EDWARD MEYRICK +GOULBURN, D.D., 1866.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Canons</i>.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>A. Sedgwick, LL.D.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1834</p> +</td> +<td><p>C. K. Robinson, D.D.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1861</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>J. W. L. Heaviside, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1860</p> +</td> +<td><p>J. M. Nisbet, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1867</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>High Steward of the +Cathedral</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">The Right Hon. the Earl of +Kimberley 1866.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Honorary Canons</i>.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Hon. E. S. Keppel, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1844</p> +</td> +<td><p>Hon. K. H. Digby, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1858</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Archdn. Bouverie, B.D.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1847</p> +</td> +<td><p>R. H. Groome, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1858</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bishop of Columbia, D.D.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1850</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Mills, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1859</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Edw. J. Moor, B.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1850</p> +</td> +<td><p>W. F. Patteson, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1860</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>W. H. Parker, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1852</p> +</td> +<td><p>H. R. Nevill, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1861</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robert Eden, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1852</p> +</td> +<td><p>W. Howorth, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1863</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Wm. Potter, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1853</p> +</td> +<td><p>S. Everard, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1863</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Wm. Jackman, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1853</p> +</td> +<td><p>J. Lee-Warner, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1863</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Archdn. Hopper, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1854</p> +</td> +<td><p>E. F. E. Hankinson, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1863</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>W. R. Colbeck, B.D.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1856</p> +</td> +<td><p>R. Blakelock, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1864</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>R. Collyer, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1856</p> +</td> +<td><p>W. Blyth, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1868</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hinds Howell, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1856</p> +</td> +<td><p>G. King, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>1868</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Minor Canons</i>.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>J. C. Matchett, M.A., <i>Sacrist</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1824</p> +</td> +<td><p>E. Bulmer, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1865</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>H. Symonds, M.A., <i>Precentor</i></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1844</p> +</td> +<td><p>J. S. Müller, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1865</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Chapter Clerk</i>, John Kitson, +Esq.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Organist</i>, Dr. Z. Buck.</p> +<h4><a name="page719"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +719</span><span class="smcap">The Clergy of Norwich</span>.</h4> +<p>The following is a list of the clergy of Norwich, revised to +the time of our going to press.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Rural Dean</i>—<i>Rev.</i> +W. F. <span class="smcap">Patteson</span>, Vicar of St. +Helen.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Benefice.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Pop.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Incumbent.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Wh. Inst.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Curate.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Ch. Acc.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>All Saints St. Julian, R.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">667</p> +</td> +<td><p>Kant W.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1868</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">150</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Andrew, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">978</p> +</td> +<td><p>Copeman A. C.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1857</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">700</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Augustine, R.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1890</p> +</td> +<td><p>Rackham M. J.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1848</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">240</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Benedict, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1381</p> +</td> +<td><p>Dombrain J.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1865</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">300</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Clement, R.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3961</p> +</td> +<td><p>Rigg R.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1842</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">350</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Christ Church, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Wade R.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1852</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">629</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Edmund, R.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">753</p> +</td> +<td><p>Taylor T.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1864</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">425</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Etheldred, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">614</p> +</td> +<td><p>Bishop W.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1865</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">100</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. George Colegate, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1607</p> +</td> +<td><p>Durdin A. W.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1852</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">380</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. George Tombland, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">687</p> +</td> +<td><p>Trimmer K.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1842</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">400</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Giles, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1586</p> +</td> +<td><p>Ripley W. N.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1859</p> +</td> +<td><p>Brownjohn J.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">600</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Gregory, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">934</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wortley J.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1864</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">500</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Helen, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">507</p> +</td> +<td><p>Patteson W. F.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1824</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">289</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. James, V. Pockthorpe and Barracks</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3408</p> +</td> +<td><p>Pringle A. D.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1865</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">340</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. John Maddermkt, R.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">537</p> +</td> +<td><p>Price G. F.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1863</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">461</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. John Sepulchre, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2219</p> +</td> +<td><p>Moore W. T.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1865</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">300</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. John Timberhill, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1302</p> +</td> +<td><p>Titlow S.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1831</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">400</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Julian, R.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1361</p> +</td> +<td><p>See All Saints</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">150</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Lawrence, R.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">877</p> +</td> +<td><p>Hillyard E. A.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1861</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">600</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Margaret, R.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">664</p> +</td> +<td><p>Cobb J. W.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1848</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">500</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Martin at Palace, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1085</p> +</td> +<td><p>Barker R. W.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1866</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">360</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Martin at Oak, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2546</p> +</td> +<td><p>Caldwell C.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1858</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">300</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Mary Coslany, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1498</p> +</td> +<td><p>Morse C.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1851</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">250</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Mary in the Marsh, V. (Bishop’s Chapel)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">451</p> +</td> +<td><p>Matchett J. C.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1824</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">120</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Michael Coslany, R.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1365</p> +</td> +<td><p>Kidd R. H.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1867</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">600</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Michael at Plea, R.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">379</p> +</td> +<td><p>Morse C.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1839</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">200</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Michael at Thorn.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2121</p> +</td> +<td><p>Davies A.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1865</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">379</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Paul, R.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2907</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1826</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">430</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Peter Hungate, R.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">399</p> +</td> +<td><p>Titlow S.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1839</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">200</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Peter Mancroft, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2575</p> +</td> +<td><p>Turner C.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1848</p> +</td> +<td><p>Ram E.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Peter per Mountergate, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2868</p> +</td> +<td><p>Durst J.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1862</p> +</td> +<td><p>Hull B.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">400</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Peter Southgate, R.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">457</p> +</td> +<td><p>Bishop W.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1865</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">120</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Saviour, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1532</p> +</td> +<td><p>Cooke W. H.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1856</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">400</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Simon & St. Jude, R.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">283</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Osborne J. F.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">450</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Stephen, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4191</p> +</td> +<td><p>Baldwin C.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1863</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">700</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Swithin, R.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">699</p> +</td> +<td><p>Slipper W. A.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1865</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">350</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><a name="page720"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 720</span>The +following are the clergy of the Hamlets not included in the +Deanery of Norwich.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Benefice.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Pop.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Incumbent.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Wh. Inst.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Curate.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Ch. Acc.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Earlham, V. with Bowthorpe (no church)</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">195</p> +</td> +<td><p>Payne J. H.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1849</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">120</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Eaton, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">930</p> +</td> +<td><p>Weston F.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1865</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">200</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Heigham, R.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">13894</p> +</td> +<td><p>Dixon J. G.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1868</p> +</td> +<td><p>Rust J. C.</p> +<p>Sharley G.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">250</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, Holy Trinity, R.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Rust C. T.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1865</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1100</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, St. Philip, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Nash T. A.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1868</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hellesdon, R.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">496</p> +</td> +<td><p>Howell H.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1855</p> +</td> +<td><p>Cornford J.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">100</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Lakenham St. Mark, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3808</p> +</td> +<td><p>Garry N. T.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1861</p> +</td> +<td><p>Morse A. S.</p> +<p>Leach J.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">840</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Thorpe St. Matthew, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2388</p> +</td> +<td><p>Owen J. S.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1869</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">518</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Trowse, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1404</p> +</td> +<td><p>Pownall A.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1860</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">300</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> with Lakenham, V.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2079</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">200</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h4><span class="smcap">Nonconformists</span>.</h4> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p><i>Baptist</i>.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Acc.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. Geo. Gould</p> +</td> +<td><p>St. Mary’s Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">900</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. Thos. Foston</p> +</td> +<td><p>St. Clement’s Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">900</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. R. B. Clare</p> +</td> +<td><p>Priory Yard Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">400</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. C. H. Hosken</p> +</td> +<td><p>Gildencroft Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">500</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. W. Hawkins</p> +</td> +<td><p>Cherry Lane Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">250</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. J. Brunt</p> +</td> +<td><p>Orford Hill Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">500</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. R. Govett</p> +</td> +<td><p>Surrey Road Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1100</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. H. Trevor</p> +</td> +<td><p>Pottergate Street Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">100</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: +center"><i>Independent</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. J. Hallett</p> +</td> +<td><p>Old Meeting Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">700</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. Philip Colborne</p> +</td> +<td><p>Chapel in the Field</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">900</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. G. S. Barrett</p> +</td> +<td><p>Prince’s Street Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center"><i>Countess of +Huntingdon’s Connexion</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. Burford Hooke</p> +</td> +<td><p>The Tabernacle Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. J. J. J. Kempster</p> +</td> +<td><p>Dereham Road Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">100</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center"><i>Wesleyan +Methodist</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. Hugh Jones</p> +<p>Rev. Wesley Butters</p> +<p>Rev. George Boggis</p> +</td> +<td><p>Lady’s Lane Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center"><a +name="page721"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +721</span><i>Methodist Free Church</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. J. Schofield</p> +</td> +<td><p>Calvert Street and New City Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1200</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. R. Abercrombie, M.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">900</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center"><i>Primitive +Methodist</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. J. Scott</p> +</td> +<td><p>St. Catherine’s Plain Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">600</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. R. Betts</p> +</td> +<td><p>Cowgate Street Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">300</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. B. Bell</p> +</td> +<td><p>Dereham Road Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">700</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center"><i>Free +Church</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. J. Crompton</p> +</td> +<td><p>Dutch Church</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">600</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: +center"><i>Unitarian</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. J. D. H. Smyth</p> +</td> +<td><p>Octagon Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">750</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: +center"><i>Presbyterian</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. W. A. Mc Allan</p> +</td> +<td><p>St. Peter’s Hall</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">800</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center"><i>Catholic +Apostolic Church</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. A. Inglis, B.A.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Clement Court, Redwell Street</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">200</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center"><i>Roman +Catholics</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. P. Costello / Rev. R. Sumner</p> +</td> +<td><p>Willow Lane Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">400</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. Canon Dalton</p> +</td> +<td><p>St. John’s Chapel</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">600</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center"><i>Jews</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rev. S. Caro</p> +</td> +<td><p>The Synagogue, St. Faith’s Lane</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">150</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h3><a name="page722"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +722</span>CHAPTER IV.<br /> +Religious, Educational, & Benevolent.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">Nearly</span> all of the Religious +Institutions in Norwich have arisen during the present century, +and annual meetings are held on their behalf. But the Bible +Society, the most important of them all, has been supported by +both Churchmen and Dissenters. It was founded in 1811, +since which year it has distributed 323,000 bibles in the city +and county, and remitted to the Parent Society more than +£120,000. The late J. J. Gurney was an ardent +supporter of this society, and delivered his last great speech on +its behalf at an annual meeting in St. Andrew’s Hall.</p> +<p>Of the other societies the Church Missionary Society has taken +the lead, and the Lord Bishop of the diocese has generally +presided. This society was instituted here in 1813, and it +has raised more than £70,000. The Rev. Edward +Bickersteth, one of its founders and its first secretary, was +partner with Thomas Bignold, Esq., solicitor of this city +(brother to Sir Samuel Bignold), whose sister he married. +At the first meeting in St. Andrew’s Hall, upwards of +£700 was collected. Mr. Bickersteth was ordained in +1815 by Bishop Bathurst, and after visiting Africa on <a +name="page723"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 723</span>behalf of +the mission, became secretary of the Parent Society.</p> +<p>The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts +is, however, the oldest missionary society of the Church of +England, and annual meetings on its behalf have been held here +all through the present century. It has two objects in +view—first, by carrying the gospel to our colonists to +prevent christians from becoming heathens in faith and practice; +second, to make heathens christians. The work of the +society has been chiefly in our colonies. In following the +direction of its original charter, the society has been +vindicated by the practice of other more recent missionary +societies of the Church of England.</p> +<p>The Church Pastoral Aid Society was instituted in the year +1835, for the purpose of supplying assistance to the incumbents +of large and populous parishes, to enable them to obtain the help +of additional curates and lay agents. Aid is now afforded +to 548 incumbents, and the grants of the society, when all +occupied, are for 502 curates and 181 lay assistants. +Meetings are held here every year in support of the parent +institution. The total receipts for the year ending March +31st, 1868, were £57,019 16s. 7d., and the expenditure +£64,065 16s. 3d.</p> +<p>The Norwich Diocesan Church Association was established in +1862. Its object was to combine, as far as possible, +Churchmen of every shade of political and religious opinion in +the support of the established church, particularly as regards +all questions affecting its welfare, likely to become the subject +of legislation, <a name="page724"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +724</span>and generally in the promotion of measures calculated +to increase its stability and usefulness; but points of doctrine +are never brought under discussion. Annual meetings are +held every year on the second Thursday after Easter, when reports +are read, and the officers and committee elected. This +society comprises 800 members, one half of whom are laymen.</p> +<p>The Norwich Diocesan Church Building Association was +established on October 20th, 1836. It is in union with the +Incorporated Society for promoting the enlargement, building, and +repairing of churches and chapels in England and Wales. The +patron is the Earl of Leicester, and the president the Lord +Bishop of the diocese. Grants have been made to many +parishes in this county.</p> +<p>The Norfolk Book Hawking Association was established in +December, 1855, for the sale, throughout the county of Norfolk, +by the agency of licensed hawkers, of bibles, prayer books, +tracts, and prints of a religious and instructive +character. In the year ending August 31st, 1868, the number +of bibles, testaments, prayer books, church services, tracts, and +prints sold, amounted to 11,449, the receipts being £523 +1s. 11½d. The receipts for the year (including a +balance of £56 2s. 5d.,) were £759 18s. 4d., and the +expenditure amounted to £722 9s. 1½d., leaving a +balance in hand of £37 9s. 2½d. President, the +Lord Bishop of the diocese.</p> +<p>The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge was founded in +the year 1698. The Norwich Auxiliary is of later +date. During the year 1868 the committee <a +name="page725"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 725</span>forwarded +to the Parent Society contributions amounting to £154, in +addition to donations of £30 from the local fund; and the +sale of books at the depository realised £350, viz., for +bibles and testaments, 1,489; prayer books, 3,731; other books, +16,993; total, 22,213. By the rules of this society all its +members must be of the established church. Its principal +object is the distribution of the Holy Scriptures at home and +abroad, and other religious books which are calculated to diffuse +christian knowledge.</p> +<p>The Norwich Churchman’s Club was instituted in the early +part of the year 1868, mainly through the exertions of the Rev. +F. Meyrick, for the moral and mental improvement of young men in +the city. For these purposes a reading room has been +established, supplied with books, periodicals, and +newspapers. Lectures are delivered and classes have been +formed for secular and religious instruction. About 100 +honorary, and 200 reading-room members have been enrolled.</p> +<p>Annual meetings have also been held here on behalf of the +London Missionary Society, which is chiefly supported by +Independents; on behalf of the Baptist Missions, the Wesleyan +Missions, and other missions to the heathen; the Society for +Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews; and also on behalf of +the Norwich City Mission, a society which has been of great +benefit in improving the spiritual condition of the poor. A +full account of the operations of this mission would exhibit the +social state of the city far better than any elaborate +description.</p> +<p><a name="page726"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +726</span>Turning our attention now to the question of Education, +it will not be too much to say that Norwich has always been the +head quarters of education in the eastern counties, on account +both of the number and the character of the schools, some of +which have produced very eminent men. The Grammar School is +a far-famed ancient institution. It was originally founded +and endowed by the bishops of the See who collated the masters, +and the archdeacon of Norwich inducted them. The Singing +and Grammar Schools belonging to the Convent were kept in the +Almonry, the masters of which were frequently collated by the +bishop on the Convent’s nomination, and as soon as inducted +they generally published the bishop’s inhibition, +prohibiting all other persons from teaching grammar or singing in +the city. At the Reformation they were dissolved; and the +present Free Grammar School was appointed, and took the name of +Edward VI. It is divided into the upper and lower schools, +has considerable endowments, and an interest in fifteen +scholarships at Cambridge. It has afforded instruction to +many distinguished scholars, including Archbishop Parker, Bishops +Cousin, T. Green, Maltby, and Monk, Dr. Caius, the founder of +Caius College at Cambridge, Wild, the learned tailor, Admiral +Lord Nelson, Coke, Rajah Brooke, and many others. The +Commercial School, in Bridge Street, shares the same endowments, +and affords instruction to more than 200 boys.</p> +<p>The report of the Schools Inquiry Commission, which was issued +in March, 1868, and is the most comprehensive on the subject of +the education of the <a name="page727"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 727</span>upper and middle classes that has +yet appeared, is very favourable as regards the Norwich Grammar +and Commercial Schools, but quite the reverse respecting the +schools in the county. Norwich Grammar School is stated to +have been established in 1547. The gross income of the +charity is £1558. The endowment of the school is +£662. The course of instruction is classical, under a +head master and competent teachers. This is no doubt the +best school for the classics, but the Commercial School is the +most useful to the citizens.</p> +<p>Mr. Hammond, the assistant commissioner, in the report upon +endowed schools says, that no education, preparatory to the +University, is supplied in Norfolk, except at the Grammar Schools +of Norwich, Holt, and King’s Lynn, in none of which does +it, except in Norwich, “engross very much of the +teacher’s time and attention, nor is it anywhere carried +out to the same perfection as at such schools as Marlborough +College and the City of London School. In Norfolk, Latin, +so far as it went, was in the endowed schools generally +satisfactory. But hardly any boy could have been set to +write five consecutive lines of Latin, not taken from the +exercise book. It is fair to add that Norwich sacrifices +nothing to it. In mathematics, modern languages, and +general literature, the school has few equals; and certainly none +superior in the county. French is in Norfolk a recognised +study in classical schools, as well as in most of the +semi-classical schools; is very good, and in all but one +satisfactory. In the non-classical schools, French, <a +name="page728"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 728</span>when +attempted, is worthless. Arithmetic is in the great +majority of Norfolk schools practically, and perhaps +educationally, the most important subject taught, and a large +portion of time and attention is assigned to it.”</p> +<p>Only at a few schools is any useful knowledge of Algebra +given, and only at Norwich Grammar School does it extend beyond +the solution of quadratic equations. Euclid is not learnt +in a very satisfactory manner; it is taught too exclusively by +papers in Norfolk. Of natural science no real or +substantial knowledge is imparted. Of English subjects, +history is the least taught and the worst learnt. English +literature is hardly taught at all, yet it is the noblest +literature in the world.</p> +<p>Mr. Hammond says that in Norfolk it is simply impossible to +establish a classical day school without boarders. At +Norwich, Yarmouth, and possibly Kings Lynn, semi-classical day +schools might, under very favourable circumstances, remunerate an +able certificated teacher, but no private day school in these +towns is any better than a national school; <i>a fortiori</i>, +this is true of smaller towns and villages.</p> +<p>The Boys’ and Girls’ Hospital Schools were +founded, in 1618, by Thomas Anguish; admit on the foundation +sixty-nine boys and fifty girls; allow to each boy £10 +yearly for board with parents or friends; the girls are boarded +and lodged at the new School Rooms in Lakenham. The schools +have an endowed income of £2,097 in the boys’ +department, and £1,012 in the girls’ +department. Baron’s School has an endowed income <a +name="page729"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 729</span>of +£536. Scott’s School has £137; +Balderstone’s School has also £137; Norman’s +School has £650, and maintains thirty boys; and several +other schools have endowments. The Lancasterian School, in +College Court, has room for 300 children, and is supported by +Nonconformists. The School for the Blind, in Magdalen +Street, was founded in 1805 at a cost of £1,000, and has an +income of £1,300 yearly, and is open to the blind from +every part of the kingdom.</p> +<p>The Norwich Diocesan National School Society, established in +1812, has contributed £250 per annum towards the support of +schools in the city and county, and has supported an institution +for training mistresses for the charge of schools. These +trained teachers have been in great demand all over the +diocese. The Norwich charity schools are church schools, +nine in number, and they have afforded instruction to a large +number of boys and girls. But the education of the poor in +this city has not been left entirely to the church, as there are +many British schools supported by all classes of +Nonconformists.</p> +<p>In early times the monks or the clergy were the +schoolmasters. Their schools, when not carried on within +the walls of a monastery, were, and have been called, Grammar +Schools, up to the present time. Other similar schools have +also been established from time to time in various parts of the +district, some for educating the sons of the poor, and others for +the middle classes. The population of the country, however, +increased so rapidly, and the people were so <a +name="page730"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 730</span>ignorant, +that no comparison can be made with the present state of +society. Dr. Bell introduced the monitorial system, in +1796, and warmly advocated its adoption as the most effectual +means of rapidly extending popular instruction. It was as +warmly received, and he was chiefly instrumental in establishing +the National Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor in +the principles of the Established Church. This society was +started in 1811, and has been very successful. The British +and Foreign Society was established shortly before upon the +principles advocated by Lancaster, of allowing the bible to be +read in the schools without note or comment.</p> +<p>A great change has taken place as regards the intelligence and +morals of the people, and this may be attributed to the vast +increase in the number of day and Sunday schools. Popular +education is almost the creation of the present century, although +the day-school epoch may be dated from the year 1796, when the +youthful quaker, Joseph Lancaster, began to teach children in his +father’s house at Southwark. Lancaster was an +enthusiast in his calling, and acted as much in the character of +a guardian to his scholars as a master, and whilst often charging +nothing for his instruction, he fed his pupils as well. No +wonder that he had at one time 1000 scholars.</p> +<p>According to the census of 1851, the city contained then 45 +public day schools, with 5,207 scholars; 10 private day schools, +with 2,553 scholars; and 55 Sunday schools, with 6,859 scholars, +which number <a name="page731"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +731</span>has since been very greatly increased. About +twenty-nine of the Sunday schools, with 2,650 scholars, belonged +to the Church of England; and twenty-six Sunday schools with more +scholars belonged to the Dissenters. Five schools with 534 +scholars were endowed schools; thirteen with 1,915 scholars were +church schools; ten with 712 scholars were national schools; five +with 546 scholars were dissenting British schools. All the +rest belonged to the Non-conformists.</p> +<p>According to the census of 1861, the Norwich Parochial Charity +Schools afforded instruction, on the national system, to more +than 700 boys and 400 girls. The Model School for boys +numbered 400, and that for girls 300 scholars. New +schoolrooms had been built in Heigham, Lakenham, Thorpe, and +various parts of the city; and the bishops, the clergy, and +ministers of all denominations zealously promoted the educational +movement. A great change has, as might consequently have +been expected, taken place for the better as regards the morals +and intelligence of the mass of the citizens, and this may be +attributed in a great measure to the number of day and Sunday +schools. Crimes are not now of so frequent occurrence as +formerly. The magistrates and police have less to do; and +churches and chapels are more numerous, and better filled and +supported.</p> +<p>While the population has been increasing and schools becoming +more numerous in this city, some means of continuing the +education of young men seemed to be required, and this want has +been in a measure <a name="page732"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +732</span>supplied by the establishment of popular literary +institutions. Of these there have been several at various +periods, including the Mechanics’ Institution, the +Athenæum, the People’s College, and the Young +Men’s Institute, all of which are now defunct, and in their +places we have a Young Men’s Christian Association, and a +Church of England Young Men’s Association; the former +having about 400 and the latter 200 members. Of both of +these the object is to promote the religious, moral, social, and +intellectual well-being of young men, and we are happy to be able +to say that their work is most energetically and efficiently +accomplished. There are also a School of Art and a Free +Library, both of which we have already noticed at pages 431 and +432.</p> +<p>As might also be expected, the growth of education and the +spread of religion have led to that which always, sooner or +later, comes out of the improved intellectual and moral condition +of society—the establishment of a large number of +benevolent institutions with various noble purposes. +Perhaps it would be quite within the bounds of the strictest +truth to say that there is hardly a city or town in the kingdom, +of the same population and extent as Norwich, in which a greater +amount of genuine charity exists, and where institutions for the +relief and comfort of the sick and the poor are more +abundant. In fact these are so numerous in Norwich that we +cannot even mention them. We may say, however, that amongst +them are the Norwich District Visiting Society for relieving the +sick poor at their own houses, established at a <a +name="page733"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 733</span>public +meeting held on January 16th, 1815; the Norwich Public +Dispensary, instituted in the year 1804, for the purpose of +giving advice, medicine, and attendance free of expense to +indigent persons unable to pay for the same; the Jenny Lind +Infirmary for sick children, established on May 30th, 1853, by +the proceeds of a concert, when the Swedish Nightingale was the +principal vocalist; the Benevolent Association for the relief of +decayed tradesmen, their widows and orphans, established here on +November 16th, 1790; the Norwich Magdalen or Female Home, +established in 1826, for the reclamation of females who have +deviated from the paths of virtue; the Orphans’ Home, +established in 1849, for training orphan girls for domestic +service; the Soup Charity, established in 1840, for supplying the +poor with a nutritious soup at a low price in winter; the Bethel +Hospital, erected in 1713, for the support and treatment of poor +lunatics at a very moderate charge; the Blind Hospital, founded +in 1805 by Thomas Tawell, a blind gentleman, for teaching the +blind to read and work; the Old Man’s or St. Giles’ +Hospital in Bishopgate Street, founded by Edward VI. as an +almshouse; Doughty’s Hospital in Calvert Street, founded by +William Doughty, gentleman, in 1687, for twenty-four poor men and +eight poor women; and, most valuable of all, the Norfolk and +Norwich Hospital for the relief of sick and lame poor. This +last, in fact, is an institution of such importance, and is +accomplishing so important a use, that we deem it deserving of a +more extended notice. This noble institution is an +extensive brick <a name="page734"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +734</span>building situated on St. Stephens Road. It was +erected in 1771 at a cost of more than £21,000, including +about £8,000 expended on subsequent additions and +improvements. It has been considerably enlarged at +different times, and it is fitted up with all the latest +improvements. It was commenced by the voluntary +contributions of the benevolent, and has received many donations +and legacies. It has been well supported by a long list of +annual subscribers. In 1867 the annual subscriptions +amounted to £2038 14s. 0d.; benefactions, £422 3s. +4d.; collections, £313 1s. 7d.; legacies, £124 4s. +10d.; dividends and interest, £745 15s. 1d.; sundries, +£62 0s. 4d.; total, £3785 19s. 2d. The +expenditure in that year amounted to £4935 9s. 3d. +The stock purchased since 1770 amounts to £23,976 12s. +7d. The stock sold since 1770, £4890 4s. 4d. +Present stock, £22,091 9s. 5d.—3 per cents. +Bank stock, £166 13s. 4d. From 1824 to 1864 the +institution received £6018 1s. 9d. from the profits of the +Triennial Festivals in St. Andrew’s Hall. From the +opening of the hospital in 1772 to January 1st, 1868, in-door +patients 56,828, out-door 52,387. Daily average number of +in-patients, 133; average number of days of each, 43. The +physicians and surgeons attend in turn to take in-patients every +Saturday at 11 a.m., and every Wednesday at the same hour to +prescribe for the out-patients, gratuitously.</p> +<p>The affairs of the institution are superintended by a board of +management, selected annually from the governors, who consist of +persons who have contributed thirty guineas or upwards at one +time; and that the <a name="page735"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +735</span>institution is managed well is sufficiently attested by +the vast amount of good which, through a long series of years, it +has successfully effected, and the cordial support which it has +uniformly received from the nobility, gentry, and trading +community of both city and county. Doubtless it is a noble +exemplification of true Christian Charity, and it is earnestly to +be hoped that as years pass on its means of usefulness will be +more and more extended by the increasing sympathy and support of +an appreciative public.</p> +<h4><a name="page736"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 736</span>CITY +AUTHORITIES, OFFICIALS, <i>&c.</i></h4> +<p style="text-align: center">JUSTICES.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Nath. Palmer (Barrister-at-Law)</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Copeman, M.D.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Horatio Bolingbroke, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir Robert. J. H. Harvey</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Edward Willett, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>C. E. Bignold, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir Samuel Bignold</p> +</td> +<td><p>William J. Utten Browne, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Godwin Johnson, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Frederick Brown, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Osborn Springfield, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>W. H. Clabburn, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Abel Towler, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Colonel Cockburn</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Betts Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>E. K. Harvey, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robert W. Blake, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>J. M. Venning, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Sultzer, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Fitch, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robert Chamberlin, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Willett, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Henry Woodcock, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The following Gentlemen hold the Commission but do not +act—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>H. Browne, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>J. H. Gurney, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The following Gentlemen hold the Commission bat do not reside +within the city—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>William Freeman, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Seaman, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>G. Middleton, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h4>CORPORATION OF NORWICH, 1869.</h4> +<p>Elected under the Municipal Act of 5th and 6th of William IV., +cap. 76, passed September 9th, 1835, and the Acts amending the +same.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Mayor</i>—E. K. <span +class="smcap">Harvey</span>, <span class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Deputy Mayor</i>—<span +class="smcap">Jeremiah James Colman</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Sheriff</i>—<span +class="smcap">John Robison</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Recorder</i>—<span +class="smcap">Peter Frederick O’Malley</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>., Q.C.</p> +<h4>ALDERMEN.</h4> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>William Boswell</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Ferra Watson</p> +</td> +<td><p>John M. Croker</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robert Fitch</p> +</td> +<td><p>J. G. J. Bateman</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Pymar</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Henry S. Patteson</p> +</td> +<td><p>Philip Back</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charles Edw. Tuck</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Oddin Taylor</p> +</td> +<td><p>E. Copeman, M.D.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Francis G. Foster</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Jacob Henry Tillett</p> +</td> +<td><p>James Dawbarn</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Underwood</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Hall</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h4><a name="page737"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +737</span>COUNCILLORS.</h4> +<p><span class="smcap">First Ward</span>—The parishes of +Sts. Helen, Martin at Palace, Simon and Jude, Michael at Plea, +Peter at Hungate, George of Tombland, and Peter per Mountergate, +and the Precincts of the Cathedral, and the Liberty of the +Bishop’s Palace.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>John B. Morgan</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Hotblack</p> +</td> +<td><p>Joseph H. Allen</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>E. K. Harvey (May.)</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robt. P. Wiseman</p> +</td> +<td><p>James Steward</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><span class="smcap">Second Ward</span>—The parishes of +Sts. Andrew, John of Maddermarket, Gregory, Lawrence, Margaret, +and Swithin.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Simms Reeve</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Boyce</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Copeman</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robert Thorns</p> +</td> +<td><p>Harry Bullard</p> +</td> +<td><p>A. M. F. Morgan</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><span class="smcap">Third Ward</span>—The parishes of +Sts. Benedict and Giles, and the hamlets of Heigham and +Earlham.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>George Gedge</p> +</td> +<td><p>Samuel Grimmer</p> +</td> +<td><p>Joseph Stanley</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Charles S. Gilman</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charles Thorn</p> +</td> +<td><p>Robert Daws</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><span class="smcap">Fourth Ward</span>—The parish of +Sts. Peter Mancroft.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Isaac Bugg Coaks</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir Wm. Foster, Bt.</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Youngs</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Carlos Cooper</p> +</td> +<td><p>J. J. Colman (Deputy Mayor)</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Wild</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><span class="smcap">Fifth Ward</span>—The parishes of +Sts. Stephen, John’s Timberhill, and All Saints, the Town +Close, and the hamlet of Eaton.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>G. C. Stevens</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Field</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sir S. Bignold, Kt.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Thomas Priest</p> +</td> +<td><p>Fred. E. Watson</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Thompson</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><span class="smcap">Sixth Ward</span>—The parishes of +Sts. Julian, Etheldred, Michael at Thorn, Peter Southgate, and +John Sepulchre, and the hamlets of Lakenham, Trowse, Carrow, and +Bracondale, and the Precincts of the Castle and Storehouse.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Henry Hindes</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas W. Crosse</p> +</td> +<td><p>John G. Johnson</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Henry Lovett</p> +</td> +<td><p>James S. Skipper</p> +</td> +<td><p>John Ballard Pitt</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><span class="smcap">Seventh Ward</span>—The parishes of +Sts. Clement, Edmund, Saviour, Paul, and James, and the hamlets +of Pockthorpe, Thorpe, and that part of Sprowston which is within +the boundary of the City of Norwich and County of the same.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>A. F. C. Bolingbroke</p> +</td> +<td><p>Thomas Hancock</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charlie Bullard</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>W. P. Nichols</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Sadd, jun.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charles Havers</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><a name="page738"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 738</span><span +class="smcap">Eighth Ward</span>—The parishes of Sts. +Michael at Coslany, Mary, Martin at Oak, George of Colegate, and +Augustine, and the hamlet of Hellesdon.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>George Chaplin</p> +</td> +<td><p>George Claxton</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Hunter</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Hewitt</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Wilde</p> +</td> +<td><p>Edward Bugden</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><i>Town Clerk</i>—Mr. W. L. Mendham; <i>Clerk to Board +of Health</i>—Mr. H. B. Miller; <i>Under +Sheriff</i>—Mr. F. G. Foster; <i>Clerk of the +Peace</i>—Mr. E. C. Bailey; <i>City Surveyor</i>—Mr. +Morant; <i>Coroner</i>—Mr. E. S. Bignold.</p> +<h4><span class="GutSmall">1ST</span> NORFOLK RIFLE +VOLUNTEERS.<br /> +(City of Norwich)</h4> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Lieut. Colonel</i>—GEORGE +WILSON BOILEAU.<br /> +(Late Bengal Staff Corps.)</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Major</i>—<span +class="smcap">Henry Staniforth Patteson</span>.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: +center"><i>Captains</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Charles Foster</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p><span class="smcap">John B. Morgan</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Edward Field</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Donald Steward</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Henry Morgan</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Peter Edward Hansell</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: +center"><i>Lieutenants</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="smcap">John Barwell</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Clement P. Hart</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Henry Pulley</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Frederick S. Brown</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Samuel Asker</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Philip Back</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>A. F. C. <span class="smcap">Bolingbroke</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><i>Ensigns</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Beaumont W. Jolly</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Edward A. Field</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="smcap">John B. Bridgman</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Alfred Mottram</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Robert Blake</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Haynes S. Robinson</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Adjutant</i>—<span +class="smcap">George N. Micklethwait</span>, <i>Captain</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Hon. Assistant Quarter +Master</i>—<span class="smcap">William Norgate</span>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Surgeon</i>—<span +class="smcap">Thomas W. Crosse</span>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Assist. Surgeon</i>—<span +class="smcap">Edward R. Gibson</span>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Hon. Chaplain</i>—<span +class="smcap">Rev. Frederick Meyrick</span>.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Finis.</b></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h2><a name="page739"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +739</span>ADVERTISEMENTS.</h2> +<h3>NORWICH SHAWL WAREHOUSE.</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p739b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Picture of crown" +title= +"Picture of crown" +src="images/p739s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>I. W. CALEY,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>By Special Appointment</i></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Silk Mercer and Shawlman</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">To Her Majesty +the Queen</span>, H.R.H. <span class="smcap">the Princess +of</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Wales</span>, <span class="smcap">and</span> +H.R.H. <span class="smcap">the Princess Christian</span>,</p> +<p style="text-align: center">NORWICH,</p> +<p>Desires most respectfully to invite attention to the beautiful +Manufactures of this ancient City, well-known as the earliest, +and long the most important, seat of Textile industries in this +country.</p> +<p>Especial excellence of Design, Colouring, and Quality have +been attained in the production of</p> +<p style="text-align: center">SHAWLS, POPLINS, CAMLETS,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">AND FANCY +MATERIALS FOR WALKING AND EVENING DRESSES,</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center">In the Manufacture of which +Fabrics, Norwich continues to sustain<br /> +its long-established pre-eminence.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">THE CHOICEST +DESIGNS IN</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center">NORWICH SHAWLS</p> +<p>Are always on view, including those Specially Designed and +Manufactured for this Establishment, and those supplied by +command to Her Majesty the Queen.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">NORWICH PARAMATTAS</p> +<p>And other Materials for Deep Mourning are confidently +recommended as being better in quality and dye than are produced +in any other place.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">PATTERNS FREE BY POST.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>On receipt of an Order</i>, +<i>with reference</i>, <i>a selection of Shawls or other +Goods</i><br /> +<i>will be forwarded for choice</i>, <i>carriage free</i>.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page740"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 740</span>THE +ORWELL WORKS, IPSWICH.</h3> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Orwell Works, Ipswich, where +from 1000 to 1100 men and boys are constantly employed, are +situated on the edge of the Wet Dock, to which they have a +frontage of 935 feet, the largest dock frontage in the possession +of any private trading company in the United Kingdom. The +Great Eastern Railway runs into the yards, and goods may be +packed in the Orwell Works yard and delivered at any place having +railway communication with London without unloading.</p> +<p>The works occupy twelve acres of ground, of which about +two-thirds is roofed over, and the demand for covered space +continually increases. From 5,000 to 6,000 tons of complete +machinery, chiefly for agricultural uses, annually leave the +works. These, if placed side by side and close together, +would cover at least ten acres. These machines go to all +parts of the world. Orders have been executed for almost +every country in Europe, for North and South America, for Persia, +India, the Spice Islands, Australia, Africa, and other +countries. The catalogues and price currents of the firm +have been printed in many languages of the Old and the New +World.</p> +<p>The factory is divided into two parts by a road leading direct +into the Quay. On the southern side are situated the +Foundry, Smith Shops, Plough Shops, and Stores. Whilst on +the northern side are the Engine-Erecting Shop, Thrashing Machine +Shop, and other shops for the construction of Mills and smaller +agricultural machines, such as Screens, Grinding Mills, +Chaff-Cutters, Turnip-Cutters, &c.</p> +<p>The foundry is large and well furnished with cranes and the +other appliances of the moulders’ art—especially with +patent machinery for moulding, by which an extraordinary rate of +production and of accuracy is secured. The smithy contains +73 forges, and nearly in the centre there is fixed one of +Nasmyth’s large steam hammers.</p> +<p>Ploughs, for which this firm have so long been famous, are +fitted up in a large shop, after the forgings and castings have +been prepared in the smithy and foundry. Every plough +turned out, and which are numbered by thousands in the course of +one year, come under the eye of the foreman or inspector, and are +thoroughly examined, to see that every part is correct. +Here also are made Horse Rakes, Haymakers, and other field +implements.</p> +<p>In the northern block are fixed the valuable engineers’ +tools, lathes, stoking machines, &c., necessary for the +turning, shaping, and fashioning all the component parts of a +steam-engine or other complex machine. Here also the +patterns are made, and here the produced machine receives its +final perfection. At the extreme <a +name="page741"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 741</span>northern +end of the factory are the shops where are made the steam +thrashing and other agricultural machines, of which wood is a +principal component, the wood-work being conveniently introduced +into this shop from a detached timber yard, where is fixed all +the wood-working machinery by which the frameworks of the steam +thrashers and other machines are completely fashioned.</p> +<p>In between the northern and southern parts of the Works the +Offices are situated, and it will give <i>some</i> idea of the +magnitude of the business when we say that last year upwards of +34,000 letters were received and answered. The Commercial +Office is 100 feet long, and the manufacturing office 40 feet +long.</p> +<p>Our remaining space must be devoted to the productions of the +firm.</p> +<p>Everyone knows that the name of Ransome has been associated +with the plough from the earliest period of its improvement until +its present highly perfected condition, and that in many a +well-contested struggle in England and abroad, before all kinds +of tribunals, the Ransome plough has been eminently successful, +and is manufactured in annually increasing numbers.</p> +<p>The first great improvement in the plough, viz., the Patent +Chilled Plough Share was the invention of Robert Ransome, the +founder of the firm, and was patented in 1803. <i>Now</i> +these patent shares are in universal use. Indeed to the +improvement of the plough and the unwearied energy of the founder +and his two sons, James and Robert Ransome, the firm may be said +to owe its origin and subsequent success.</p> +<p>Messrs. Ransomes were also one of the earliest makers of the +portable steam engine, and are at the present time amongst the +largest producers of this very important machine in the +kingdom. Within the last ten years, engines of this class, +to the aggregate power of 10,000 horses nominal, have left the +Orwell Works.</p> +<p>The steam thrashing machines made by the firm, which possess +peculiar advantages of construction, are also produced in very +large numbers, and have carried off a large number of prizes.</p> +<p>To the merits of these and other inventions developed and +manufactured by the firm, the long line of prize diplomas in the +commercial office, the large box of medals, gold, silver, and +bronze, the decorations bestowed on partners of the firm by the +Sultan of Turkey and the King of Portugal, and, recently, the +gold medal of the Paris Exhibition, bear abundant testimony and +need no confirmation of ours.</p> +<p>We may just add that the manufacture of railway material, +which has formed part of the business hitherto conducted at the +Orwell Works, will shortly be transferred to a branch of the old +firm, who are building a new factory on the banks of the +Orwell. This will give Messrs. Ransomes, Sims, and Head, +increased space, and facilities for the manufacture of +agricultural machinery, to which they will henceforth give their +exclusive attention.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page742"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +742</span><i>PRINTING OFFICES</i>,</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">LONDON STREET, NORWICH.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">JARROLD & SONS</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Have recently added to the +Printing Department of their business</i></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Lithographic Steam Power +Machinery</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>of the newest and most approved +construction</i>,<br /> +<i>adapted to the rapid completion of the usual business</i><br +/> +<i>requirements</i>, <i>as</i></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Bills</span>, +<span class="smcap">Invoice</span>, <span +class="smcap">Note</span> & <span class="smcap">Memorandum +Headings</span>,<br /> +<span class="smcap">Cards</span>, <span +class="smcap">Circulars</span>, <span class="smcap">etc</span>., +<span class="smcap">etc</span>.,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>and also to the production of +First-Class and</i><br /> +<i>Elaborate Designs in Prospectuses and Ornamental</i><br /> +<i>Show-Cards</i>.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page743"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +743</span>HOUSEHOLD TRACTS FOR THE PEOPLE.</h3> +<p><b>THREE MILLIONS</b> of these Popular Tracts are now in +circulation in Great Britain and the Colonies, and the demand is +increasing. They are adapted for gifts or loan; are eagerly +listened to at Public Readings at Lecture Halls and School-Rooms; +and are worthy the attention of all who seek to promote the +moral, sanitary, and religious improvement of the people. +<i>Price Twopence each</i>.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><i>By Mrs. Sewell</i>.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>FOR GIRLS.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Mother’s Last Words.</p> +</td> +<td><p>The Happy Life.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Our Father’s Care.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Daughters from Home.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The Lost Child.</p> +</td> +<td><p>The Dangerous Way.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Children at Home.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>FOR BOYS.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Children at School.</p> +</td> +<td><p>The Starting in Life.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Happy Schoolfellows.</p> +</td> +<td><p>How to “Get On” in Life.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sister’s Love.</p> +</td> +<td><p>A Mother’s Legacy.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>FOR MOTHERS.</b></p> +</td> +<td><p>Beware! or the Effects of Gambling.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Cottage Homes.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>FOR CHILDREN.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The Mother’s Trials and Triumphs.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Household Rhymes.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sick Child’s Cry: Household Verses.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Work and Play: Household Verses.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The Good Mother.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Dear Children.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>FOR PARENTS.</b></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>FOR SERVANTS.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>How to Manage the Young Ones.</p> +</td> +<td><p>My First Place.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>How to Make the Most of Things.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Kind Words for the Kitchen.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Peace in the Household.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>FOR EVERYBODY.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Household Management.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Straightforwardness.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Whose Fault is it?</p> +</td> +<td><p>Scandal, Gossip, Tittle-Tattle, &c.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Never Despair: Household Verses.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Temptation.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Something Homely.</p> +</td> +<td><p>The Gain of a Well-trained Mind.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Household Troubles.</p> +</td> +<td><p>A Tale of the Irish Famine.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Household Happiness.</p> +</td> +<td><p>A Picture from the World’s History.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>FOR WORKING MEN.</b></p> +</td> +<td><p>Perils in the Mine.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>When to Say “No.”</p> +</td> +<td><p>A Tale of a Dark Alley.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Working-Men’s Hindrances.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sunday Excursions.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The Day of Rest.</p> +</td> +<td><p>What shall I do with my Money?</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>“Paddle your own Canoe!”</p> +</td> +<td><p>Kind Turns.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>A True Briton.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Margery, the Martyr.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>FOR SAILORS.</b></p> +</td> +<td><p>Home! Sweet Home!</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>A Short Yarn.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Lost Days.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>FOR YOUNG MEN.</b></p> +</td> +<td><p>Two Ways of Going to Market.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sons from Home.</p> +</td> +<td><p>What can be done with Ten Shillings.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>How to Take Care of Number One.</p> +</td> +<td><p>“God Always Hears.”</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>How to Rise in the World.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>ON HEALTH.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Life’s Battles.</p> +</td> +<td><p>The Worth of Fresh Air.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Men who have Fallen.</p> +</td> +<td><p>The Use of Pure Water.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Company.</p> +</td> +<td><p>The Value of Good Food.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The Odds Against Betting.</p> +</td> +<td><p>The Influence of Wholesome Drink.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>FOR YOUNG MEN AND +WOMEN.</b></p> +</td> +<td><p>The Advantage of Warm Clothing.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Are You Thinking of Getting Married?</p> +</td> +<td><p>How do People Hasten Death?</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Going a-Courting, Sweethearting, Love, and Such Like.</p> +</td> +<td><p>The Secret of a Healthy Home.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Marriage Bells.</p> +</td> +<td><p>How to Nurse the Sick.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>The Black Ditch.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center">LONDON: JARROLD & SONS, 12, +<span class="smcap">Paternoster Row</span>.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page744"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +744</span>JARROLD & SONS’ SELECT LIST.</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>FAMILY STATIONERY.</b></p> +<p><b>Note Papers</b>.</p> +<p class="gutindent">Five-Quire Packet Cream Laid Note, 6d.</p> +<p class="gutindent">Five-Quire Packet Useful Thick ditto, +9d.</p> +<p class="gutindent">Five-Quire Packet Extra Satin ditto, 1s.</p> +<p class="gutindent">Extra Superfine Highly-finished Note Paper, +1s. 6d., 1s. 9d., 2s. the 5-quire Packet.</p> +<p><b>Envelopes</b>.</p> +<p class="gutindent">Common Cream Laid for Circulars, &c., +4d. per 100.</p> +<p class="gutindent">Useful Thick Cream Laid, 6d. per 100.</p> +<p class="gutindent">Extra Thick, 7d. and 9d. per 100.</p> +<p class="gutindent">Extra Satin Double Thick, 1s. per 100.</p> +<p><b>Jarrolds’ Celebrated Steel Pens</b>,</p> +<p class="gutindent">For every Class of Writers, Professional, +Students, and Ladies, 1s. 6d. per gross, or in neat Sixpenny +Boxes.</p> +<p><b>Jarrolds’ Jet Black Registration Ink</b>,</p> +<p class="gutindent">In Bottles, 6d., 1s., and 1s. 6d. +Smaller Bottles, 1d., 2d. & 4d.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>MERCANTILE STATIONERY.</b></p> +<p><b>Papers</b>.</p> +<p class="gutindent">Large Commercial Note Paper, Blue Wove or +Laid, or Cream Laid, in 5-quire Packets, 1s.</p> +<p class="gutindent">Extra Quality ditto, 1s. 6d. per Packet; a +Reduction made for Quantities.</p> +<p class="gutindent">Straw Foolscap, 4d. per quire, 5s. 6d. per +ream.</p> +<p class="gutindent">Ruled Foolscap Bill Paper, 3 widths, from +6d. per quire.</p> +<p class="gutindent">Blotting Paper, Red, White, Blue, or +Buff.</p> +<p><b>Account Books</b>.</p> +<p class="gutindent">Jarrold and Sons’ Finest Make, +Unmatched for Durability, reasonable in price.</p> +<p class="gutindent">A Good Variety always in Stock, and every +size made to order with despatch and punctuality.</p> +<p class="gutindent">A Second Quality is kept where Cheapness is +desired, which will be found Useful for Ordinary Purposes.</p> +<p><b>Ledgers</b>.</p> +<p class="gutindent">Jarrold and Sons’ Patent, in Foril, +Grained Basil, Rough Calf, Vellum, Vellum-Laced Russia Bands, +Single or Double Ruled. A Good Variety of Seasoned Books +constantly kept in Stock, or Ruled and Bound to any Pattern with +accuracy and despatch.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>JARROLD & SONS, +NORWICH.</b></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page745"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +745</span>ELEGANT AND USEFUL ARTICLES<br /> +<i>SUITABLE FOR</i><br /> +WEDDING PRESENTS.</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">The best variety of the newest and +choicest patterns and at the lowest<br /> +possible prices at</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>S. NEWMAN’S</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center">GENERAL JEWELLERY +ESTABLISHMENT,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Near the Norfolk Hotel</i>,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>ST. GILES’ STREET, +NORWICH.</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Gold</span> and +<span class="smcap">Silver Watches</span> from the best +makers. <span class="smcap">Gold Alberts</span><br /> +and <span class="smcap">Long Chains</span>, <span +class="smcap">Lockets</span>, <span class="smcap">Rings</span>, +<span class="smcap">Brooches</span>, and</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>JEWELLERY OF EVERY +DESCRIPTION</b>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Vases</span>, +<span class="smcap">Toilet Bottles</span>, and <span +class="smcap">Centre Ornaments</span>, in the richest<br /> +Bohemian and other glass. <span class="smcap">Clocks</span> +and <span class="smcap">Drawing-Room Timepieces</span>.<br /> +<span class="smcap">Silver</span>, <span +class="smcap">Electro-Plated Forks</span>, <span +class="smcap">Spoons</span>, &c., from the best makers.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>FINEST GOLD WEDDING RINGS. +JEWELLERY REPAIRED.</b></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p745b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Drawing of Eagle, Estab. 1769" +title= +"Drawing of Eagle, Estab. 1769" +src="images/p745s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p style="text-align: center">ETHERIDGE & ELLIS,<br /> +<span class="smcap">Goldsmiths</span>, <span +class="smcap">Jewellers</span>, <span class="smcap">and +Watchmakers</span>,<br /> +<b>ELECTRO PLATERS & GILDERS, &c.,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center">Have the <span +class="smcap">Largest Stock</span> of <span +class="smcap">Watches</span>, <span class="smcap">Plate</span>, +<span class="smcap">Jewellery</span>, &c., in<br /> +the Eastern Counties, and sell at Prices of the London +Houses.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Repairs in every Branch by +Skilful Workmen on the Premises</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">A LIBERAL +PRICE ALLOWED FOR OLD ARTICLES IN EXCHANGE.</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center">10, MARKET PLACE, NORWICH.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page746"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +746</span>THE<br /> +National Provident Institution<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">FOR MUTUAL LIFE ASSURANCE, +&c.</span></h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Head Office</i>—48, +<i>Gracechurch Street</i>, <i>London</i>, <i>E.C.</i></p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p>THE NATIONAL PROVIDENT INSTITUTION was established in 1835, on +the principle of Mutual Assurance, to enable its members to +assure their lives <i>at the lowest rate of charge consistent +with the security of the Society</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>The Number of Members</b></p> +<p>of the Institution on the 20th of November, 1867, was 15,338, +and the number of Policies then existing 18,965, assuring the sum +of £9,223,907, and producing a Gross Annual Income from +Premiums of £301,238 0s. 10d.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>The Accumulated Fund</b></p> +<p>of the Institution amounted then to £2,789,648, invested +in mortgage of real property, in Government and other first-class +securities, the annual interest on which is £114,807 7s. +9d.</p> +<p>The Total Gross Annual Income £416,035 8s. 7d.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>The Entire Profits</b></p> +<p>of the Institution are divided amongst the members, who are +expressly exempted from personal liability.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>The Profits are Divided every +Five Years,</b></p> +<p>and are appropriated, at the option of the members, either in +the shape of a reduction of the future premiums paid, or of a +Bonus added to the sum assured.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>The Success of the +Society</b></p> +<p>during the whole period of its existence may be best exhibited +by recapitulating the declared Surpluses at the Six +Investigations made up to this time:</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>For the 7 years ending 1842 the surplus was</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">£32,074</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">11</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>5 years ,, 1847 ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">86,122</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>5 years ,, 1852 ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">232,081</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">18</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>5 years ,, 1857 ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">345,034</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">11</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>5 years ,, 1862 ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">531,965</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>5 years ,, 1867 ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">559,229</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">17</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Total profits realised, divided amongst members</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">£1,786,488</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall"><b>AGENT FOR +NORWICH—</b></span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>MR. HENRY LUDLOW,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>The National Provincial Bank of +England</i>.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page747"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 747</span>J. +W. JEWSON,<br /> +COAL MERCHANT,<br /> +IMPORTER OF DEALS AND TIMBER,<br /> +<i>NORWICH AND YARMOUTH</i>.</h3> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><b>COALS.</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">NORWICH +DEPOT:</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Staveley Coal Wharf</i>, +<i>Thorpe Station</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">HEAD +OFFICE:</span><br /> +<i>Colegate Street</i>, <i>St. Clement’s</i>.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>WOOD GOODS.</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">TIMBER +YARDS;</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center">ST. CLEMENT’S, NORWICH;</p> +<p style="text-align: center">SOUTHTOWN, YARMOUTH.</p> +<p>A well-assorted Stock from St. Petersburgh, Wyburgh, Riga, +Memel Gothenburg, & other Swedish ports, consisting of Timber +Culters—4 by 11, 4 by 9, 3 by 11, 3 by 9, 3 by 8, 3 by 7, +2½ by 7, 2½ by 6¼, 1½ by 7, 1¼ +by 7, 1 by 7. Prepared Floor Boards, Scantling, Lath, +&c., &c. Also a stock of dry-seasoned cut Deals, +from ½ by 11 to 1½ by 11.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>5000 BUNDLES OF GOOD LATH, AT +ONE SHILLING PER BUNDLE.</b></p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p><i>Prices</i>, <i>which will be found very low</i>, <i>and +every information may be obtained on application at the +Yards</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>BEST WALLSEND—A choice description of Coal from +Durham coal fields; quality cannot be surpassed.</p> +</td> +<td><p>22/-</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>WALLSEND—A very excellent Housekeepers’ Coal, +of the usual seaborne quality, but larger and freer from +dust.</p> +</td> +<td><p>21/-</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>COALS FROM DERBYSHIRE AND SOUTH YORKSHIRE—The finest +quality of inland Coals, remarkable for cheerful burning; these +Coals are generally approved.</p> +</td> +<td><p>20/-</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>GOOD HOUSE COAL</p> +</td> +<td><p>17/-</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>NUTS</p> +</td> +<td><p>15/-</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Coal delivered Free to any part +of the City for Cash</i>. <i>One</i><br /> +<i>Shilling per Ton extra for Booking</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">SPECIAL PRICES FOR CONTRACTS ON +APPLICATION.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">Coals, suitable for Bakers, Smiths, +Engineers, and Manufacturers, from<br /> +12s. 6d. per Ton at wharves, or 11s. in truck loads.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Every description of Coal +supplied to any Station by the truck at wholesale prices</i></p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>TIMBER TRADE.</b></p> +<p>A large and increasing business is done in Timber and Deals, +imported to Norwich <i>via</i> Yarmouth and Lowestoft.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>PRINCIPAL IMPORTERS.</b></p> +<p>JNO. ORFEUR, ESQ., St. Edmund’s; MESSRS. JECKS AND +RANSON, St. Faith’s Lane; WM. BLYTH, St. Faith’s +Lane; and J. W. JEWSON, St. Clement’s.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page748"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 748</span>T. +C. R. KING,<br /> +<i>PRINCE OF WALES’ ROAD</i>, <i>NORWICH</i>,</h3> +<p>Plumber, Glazier, General and Decorative Painter. +Wholesale and Retail Glass, Lead (in sheets and pipe); Zinc, Oil, +Color, and Varnish Warehouse. English and Belgian Glass; +Rough, Sheet, and Cast Glass (Plain and Ornamental), in cases, +boxes, and crates, or cut to size. Pumps, Water-Closets, +Brass-work, &c., kept in Stock.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>HOUSES COMPLETELY +DECORATED. ESTIMATES GIVEN.</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Note the Address! +</b><span class="smcap"><b>Prince of Wales’ +Road</b></span><b>.</b></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><span class="smcap">Mr</span>. C. J. ROBINSON,<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">ACCOUNTANT,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Arbitrator</span>, <span +class="smcap">Assurance and Financial Agent</span>.</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Accounts Kept and +Adjusted</i>. <i>Loans</i>, <i>Mortgages</i>, <i>and other +General</i><br /> +<i>Financial Business Negotiated</i>. <i>Rents and Debts +Collected</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>AGENT </b><span +class="GutSmall"><b>TO THE</b></span><b> GENERAL ACCIDENT & +GUARANTEE COMPANY, </b><span +class="smcap"><b>Limited</b></span><b>.</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span +class="GutSmall"><b>OFFICES:—1, DOVE STREET, +NORWICH.</b></span></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><span class="GutSmall">TO AGRICULTURISTS.</span><br /> +WILLIAM PRATT, Fish Manure Manufacturer,<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">1, </span><span class="GutSmall"><i>FISH +MARKET</i></span><span class="GutSmall">, </span><span +class="GutSmall"><i>NORWICH</i></span><span +class="GutSmall">,</span></h3> +<p>In returning thanks to his Friends, the Agriculturists of +Norfolk and Suffolk, for their patronage since the introduction +of his <b>AMMONIACAL AND PHOSPHATE MANURE</b>, begs to inform +them that he has a large quantity of Manure of a superior +quality, adapted for Mangold and Turnips.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>,—I take this +opportunity of thanking you for the increased patronage bestowed +upon me for past years by the extended use of my Ammoniacal and +Phosphate Fish Manure. In soliciting your orders I do so +with confidence, being assured, from the success which has +attended its use, that it is a good Manure, as testified by +numerous Testimonials, which are a satisfactory proof of its +usefulness.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">PRICE PER TON, +<b>£5</b>—<i>Delivered Free to the Nearest Railway +Station</i>.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><span class="GutSmall">ESTABLISHED 1818.</span><br /> +113 & 114, POTTERGATE STREET,<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">ST. JOHN’S MADDERMARKET, +NORWICH.</span><br /> +THOMAS SELF,<br /> +Gas Fitter, Bell Hanger, Brass Founder & Worker,<br /> +<i>LOCK AND GENERAL SMITH</i>.</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Has on hand a Large Stock of +Chandeliers, Pendants, Pillars,</b><br /> +<b>Brackets, Gas Globes, &c., &c.</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">RE-BRONZING +AND LACKERING. REPAIRS NEATLY EXECUTED.</span></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page749"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +749</span>Important Sale of First-Class Cabinet and Upholstery +Furniture.<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">37, LONDON STREET, NORWICH.</span></h3> +<p>In consequence of the early termination of the lease of the +above premises,</p> +<p style="text-align: center">C. J. FREEMAN, JUNR.</p> +<p>has determined to discontinue the trade, and has commenced to +sell off the whole of his valuable and extensive stock of</p> +<p style="text-align: center">CABINET FURNITURE,</p> +<p>Chimney Glasses, Brussels and other Carpets, Druggetts, +Hearthrugs, Mattings, Damasks, Table Covers, Velvets, Wool and +other Mats, Bedding, Chintzes, Floor Cloths, Paper Hangings, +Pictures, Wood Stuff, Brass Work Materials, Trimmings of every +kind, etc., which are offered at a very large Reduction in order +to ensure an immediate Sale.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>The Prices are marked in plain +figures for Cash</i>.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>NORWICH EQUITABLE<br /> +FIRE ASSURANCE COMPANY.</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Established 1829. CAPITAL, +£250,000, in 50,000 Shares of £5 each.</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Incorporated under Deed of +Settlement and by special Statute</i>, 17 <i>Vic.</i> <i>c.</i> +7.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">CHIEF OFFICES:—15, LONDON +STREET, NORWICH.<br /> +<span class="GutSmall"><b>BRANCH OFFICES IN LONDON, LIVERPOOL, +AND GLASGOW.</b></span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Trustees.</b></p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="smcap">The Right Hon. Lord</span> SONDES.</p> +</td> +<td><p>HENRY NEGUS BURROUGHES, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sir HANSON BERNEY, <span class="smcap">Bart</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p>JOHN GARNHAM, <span class="smcap">Esq</span>., R.N.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Directors.</b></p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>PETER DAY, <span class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p>JOHN BETTS, <span class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>JOSEPH DAVEY, <span class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p>R. CHAMBERLIN, <span class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>CUBITT STANNARD, <span class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p>A. M. F. MORGAN, <span class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>ROBERT FITCH, <span class="smcap">Esq</span>., F.S.A, +F.G.S.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Rev. JOSEPH CROMPTON.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center">Registrar and +Secretary.—WILLIAM SKIPPER, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">Manager.—JAMES S. SKIPPER, +<span class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +<p>This Society has been 39 years in active business—a fact +in itself affording some claim to public confidence, and some +assurance that the practice of the Company has been Liberal in +Terms as regards the Insurer, and Prompt in Settlement as regards +the sufferer from Fire.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>The Company is in alliance with +the Tariff System</i>. <i>Damage from</i><br /> +<i>Gas or Lightning covered</i>.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>PROVINCIAL INSURANCE COMPANY.</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">AGENT:<br /> +<span class="smcap">Mr</span>. BENJAMIN BATEMAN,<br /> +<i>HEIGHAM GROVE TERRACE</i>,<br /> +<span class="smcap"><b>Norwich</b></span><b>.</b></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page750"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +750</span>COLMAN’S<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">PRIZE MEDAL</span></h3> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p750b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Five medals" +title= +"Five medals" +src="images/p750s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>STARCH.</b></p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Medals awarded at the following +Exhibitions</i>:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>LONDON,</b></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>1851.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center">,,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>1862.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>DUBLIN,</b></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>1865.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>PARIS,</b></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>1867.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>JURORS’ REPORTS.</b></p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>1867.</p> +</td> +<td><p>SILVER MEDAL FOR RICE STARCH.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1865.</p> +</td> +<td><p>“Finest Starch was exhibited by J. & J. +Colman.”</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1862.</p> +</td> +<td><p>“Superior quality, with large production.”</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1851.</p> +</td> +<td><p>“The samples exhibited by Messrs. Colman are +excellent.”</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>J. & J. COLMAN, +LONDON.</b></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page751"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +751</span>BURGESS & GRIMWOOD,<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">PHOTOGRAPHERS,</span><br /> +Queen Street, Norwich.</h3> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>First-Class Photography in all +branches.</b></p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p>Specialité—Burgess’ Eburneum Process, of +which the <i>Photographic News</i> says, “The most +charmingly delicate pictures we have ever seen produced;” +and the <i>Norfolk News</i>, “In point of artistic beauty, +they are incomparably superior to any hitherto +produced.”</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>F. LLOYD,<br /> +ST. GEORGE’S COLEGATE,<br /> +<span class="smcap">Norwich</span>,</h3> +<p>Begs respectfully to inform the Nobility and Gentry, that +having made an arrangement with a first-class London House, he is +prepared to execute all orders entrusted to his care in the best +manner possible.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Moire-Antique Re-dyed and +Watered as New.</b></p> +<p>Silk, Satin, Cashmere, China Crape, and Lace of every +description Dyed, Cleaned, and Dressed.</p> +<p>Brocatelle, Tapestry, Merino, and Silk Damask Curtains Cleaned +and Dressed.</p> +<p>French Patent Metallic Printing, by which process a Plain Silk +or Moire may have the appearance of a costly and richly +embroidered Robe, removing all the objections to Dyed Silks.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>British and Foreign Shawls of +every description Cleaned</i>.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page752"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 752</span>W. +HOWLETT AND SONS,</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">Patronized by their Royal +Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">EXTENSIVE ALTERATION IN +PREMISES.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">An inspection is invited of more +than 200 first-class</p> +<p style="text-align: center">PIANOFORTES AND HARMONIUMS</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>FOR SALE OR HIRE</i>,</p> +<p>For the purchase of which special arrangements can be made by +Quarterly Instalments, on the Two or Three Years Purchase System, +the most Economic and Judicious mode of purchasing a +Pianoforte. Terms and Prices on application.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Full Compass Pianofortes Let +from One Guinea per Quarter.</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center">All the Newest Publications +Half-price. Instruments of all kinds Tuned<br /> +and Repaired by skilful Mechanics. Music Copied.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">HOWLETTS’ ROYAL QUADRILLE +BAND, FOR BALLS & ASSEMBLIES.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">SPECIAL +ARRANGEMENTS FOR CONCERTS, ETC.</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>AGENTS FOR THE NEW MUSICAL +GAME</i>.</p> +<p>Drums, Harps, Triangles, Violins, Accordions, Bugles, +Metronomes, Saxhorns, Musical Boxes, Tambourines, Violoncellos, +Flageolets, Harmoniums by Alexandre, Banjoes, Guitars, Trumpets, +Concertinas, First-Class Finger and Barrel Organs, Church Organs, +Harps, Trombones, Violin Strings, Tuning Forks.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>MUSIC HALL, 2, MARKET PLACE, +NORWICH.</b></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>WM. RALFS,</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">Gold and Silversmith, Watchmaker, +Electroplater, and Optician, &c.,<br /> +invites attention to his superior</p> +<p style="text-align: center">GOLD AND SILVER WARRANTED +WATCHES,</p> +<p style="text-align: center">And offered at very moderate +prices,</p> +<p>W. R. also wishes to refer to a new and most tasteful variety +of articles adapted for presents in <span +class="smcap">Jewellery</span> of all kinds, <span +class="smcap">Silver</span> and <span class="smcap">Electro +Silver</span> articles perfect in design and quality. +Clocks of all kinds, best movements, warranted. Experienced +workmen in all departments.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Clocks +Regulated and Wound by the Year</span>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">9, LONDON STREET, NORWICH.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>E. SAMUEL,</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">DEALER IN PLATE, OLD CHINA, ANTIQUE +FURNITURE,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>ARTICLES OF VERTU & +BIJOUTERIE,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>PICTURES</i>, <i>ETC.</i>,</p> +<p style="text-align: center">2, TIMBERHILL, NORWICH;</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span +class="GutSmall">AND</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center">73, TOP OF EAST HILL, +COLCHESTER.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page753"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +753</span><span class="GutSmall">THOMAS ULPH,</span><br /> +MERCER & LEATHER SELLER,<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">110, POTTERGATE STREET,</span></h3> +<p style="text-align: center">ST. JOHN’S MADDERMARKET, +NORWICH.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Agent for Sewing +Machines.</b></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>LONDON<br /> +FOREIGN WINE<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">AND</span><br /> +SPIRIT<br /> +<i>ESTABLISHMENT</i>,</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">WHOLESALE +AND RETAIL,</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center">POST OFFICE STREET, NORWICH.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>JAMES CHAMBERLIN,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center">PROPRIETOR.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>ICES.</h3> +<p>CREAM AND FRUIT ICES in every variety packed for the Country, +with Printed Directions for turning them out of the Moulds, and +keeping them in a frozen state.</p> +<p>CRYSTALLINE BLOCK ICE of the utmost purity for cooling Wine +and general culinary purposes.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>WEDDING CAKES WITH ALMOND +ICEING.</b></p> +<p>A large supply of Wedding Cakes of all sizes always on hand, +and ornamented to order in the most elegant designs of the same +superior quality which has obtained for them such an extended and +well deserved celebrity.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Wedding Breakfasts</i>, +<i>Pic-nic Supper</i>, <i>and ether Parties supplied with +every</i><br /> +<i>requisite in Ornamental Confectionery</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>GEO. WILSON, QUEEN STREET, +NORWICH.</b></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page754"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +754</span>NORWICH UNION FIRE INSURANCE SOCIETY.<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">INSTITUTED 1821.</span></h3> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>DIRECTORS.</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Sir</span> R. +J. H. <span class="smcap">Harvey</span>, <span +class="smcap">Bart</span>., <i>President</i>.<br /> +<span class="smcap">Edward Steward</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>., <i>Vice-President</i>.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="smcap">George Durrant</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p><span class="smcap">D. Dalrymple</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>., M.P.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>H. S. <span class="smcap">Patteson</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p>W. R. <span class="smcap">Clarke</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Henry Browne</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p><span class="smcap">George E. Simpson</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>W. C. <span class="smcap">Hotson</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Col. James Cockburn</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Charles E. Tuck</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Thomas Beevor</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Secretary</i>, <span +class="smcap">Sir Samuel Bignold</span>.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p>The Rates of this Society are the same as other offices, +whilst Periodical Returns have been made to the parties insured +amounting to £392,430.</p> +<p>This Office is distinguished by its liberality and promptness +in the settlement of claims, £2,379,334 having been paid to +Insurers for losses by Fire.</p> +<p>In proof of the public confidence in the principles and +conduct of this Establishment, it will suffice to state that the +total business now exceeds £80,000,000. No charge is +made for Policies.</p> +<p>A Bonus of nearly 50 per cent. on Current Premiums will be +paid to Insurers (whether losses have been incurred on their +Policies or not) at Michaelmas and Christmas, 1868, and Lady-day +and Midsummer, 1869.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>NORWICH UNION<br /> +Life Insurance Society.</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">A MUTUAL INSTITUTION, INSTITUTED +1808.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">With which has been Amalgamated the +<span class="smcap">Amicable Society</span>, Established<br /> +by Royal Charter in the reign of Queen Anne.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">The Aggregate Capital amounts to +upwards of £2,300,000.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>DIRECTORS.</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Thomas +Beevor</span>, <span class="smcap">Esq</span>., +<i>President</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">C. M. <span +class="smcap">Gibson</span>, Esq., F.R.C.S. Hon. F. <span +class="smcap">Walpole</span>, M.P., <i>Vice President</i>.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>W. R. <span class="smcap">Clarke</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p>W. H. <span class="smcap">Clabburn</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Robt. Fitch</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>., F.S.A., F.G.S.</p> +</td> +<td><p><span class="smcap">George Forrester</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Arthur Preston</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p>I. B. <span class="smcap">Coaks</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Secretary</i>—<span +class="smcap">Sir Samuel Bignold</span>.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">THE ENTIRE PROFITS ARE DIVISIBLE +AMONG THE ASSURED.<br /> +Amount of Assurances Accepted, and Bonuses Declared Thereon, +Exceed<br /> +<b>£18,110,000</b>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">Amount Paid to the Representatives +of 8,719 Deceased Members,<br /> +<b>£7,313,000</b>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">AMOUNT ASSIGNED BY WAY OF BONUS, +£1,620,000.<br /> +<i>NUMBER OF POLICIES ASSUED</i>, <b>37,400</b>.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page755"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +755</span>TEA.<br /> +LADYMAN & <span class="smcap">Co</span>.,<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">TEA DEALERS,</span><br /> +6, <i>The Walk</i>, <i>Norwich</i>,</h3> +<p>Have a large and well-selected Stock of the Finest Teas +imported, and respectfully solicit the patronage of the Nobility, +Gentry, and Clergy, and all large consumers, feeling assured that +in price and quality they offer every advantage which can be +obtained at the best London Houses.</p> +<p>Teas packed in 4, 6, and 12-lb. Canisters, convenient for +sending any distance. Chests of about 80 lbs., and +Half-chests of 50 lbs., at a Reduction in Price. Carriage +paid on all Teas sold to the amount of £2 and upwards.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>An Allowance made to Clergymen +purchasing for Charitable Purposes</b>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>LADYMAN & Co.,</b><br /> +6, THE WALK, NORWICH.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>ROBERTSON & SONS,<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">UPHOLSTERERS,</span><br /> +Cabinet & Chair Manufacturers,</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Queen +Street</span>, <span class="smcap">Norwich</span>.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p>R. and S. call special attention to their Bedroom Furniture in +light woods, for which they are unequalled both as regards price +and quality.</p> +<h3><a name="page756"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 756</span>G. +SMITH,<br /> +<span class="smcap">St</span>. STEPHEN’S ROAD, +NORWICH,</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Established</i> 20 +<i>years</i>,</p> +<p>Respectfully informs his Friends and the Clergy and Gentry in +general, that he continues to manufacture Carriages of every +description, and of the lightest and best construction, on the +lowest terms.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>STOCK FEEDING IMPLEMENTS</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>A NECESSITY THIS SEASON</i>.</p> +<p>The <span class="smcap">Gold Medal Horse Gear</span> is the +Strongest, Lightest, and Cheapest, with smallest amount of +Friction. Awarded Gold Medal this year at Toulouse, and +Silver Medal by the Royal Agricultural Society last season, and +upwards of Fifty First Prizes and Silver Medals. Sold, +complete, with intermediate motion, £11 11s. Made +solely by</p> +<p style="text-align: center">WOODS, COCKSEDGE, & WARNER,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>STOWMARKET</i>.</p> +<p>New Improved <span class="smcap">Steam Engines</span> for +small Factories and Farms, One-horse, £40; Two-horse, +&c., complete with Boiler. First Prize <span +class="smcap">Grinding Mills</span> and <span +class="smcap">Crushing Mills</span>, by Royal Agricultural +Society, 1867. The “New Prix de Perfection” +<span class="smcap">Root Pulper</span>. £3 5s., +£4 10s. A lad will cut into fine mince 4 to 7 cwt. +per hour. Awarded Six Silver Medals and First Prizes this +year on the Continent, and the New High Prize at Brussels. +The “Prix de Perfection.”</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Agent for Norwich—G. C. +STEVENS, ORFORD HILL.</b></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>G. NOBLE,<br /> +CARRIAGE BUILDER,<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">DUKE’S PALACE,</span></h3> +<p style="text-align: center">(<span class="GutSmall">ADJOINING +THE FREE LIBRARY</span>),<br /> +<i>NORWICH</i>.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page757"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 757</span>TIME +AND MONEY SAVED!</h3> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">Great difficulty is often +experienced by the Public in obtaining</p> +<p style="text-align: center">GENERAL & USEFUL ARTICLES,</p> +<p style="text-align: center">Which may be obviated by reading +the undermentioned<br /> +Lists and purchasing</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>AT Z. W. WARMAN’S,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center">BEDFORD STREET, ST. +ANDREW’S,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>NEAR THE NEW CORN HALL.</b></p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Crinolines</p> +</td> +<td><p>Machine Needles</p> +</td> +<td><p>Braces</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Ditto Steel</p> +</td> +<td><p>Sack ditto</p> +</td> +<td><p>Belts</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hair Nets</p> +</td> +<td><p>Packing ditto</p> +</td> +<td><p>Men’s Collars</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Stay Clasps</p> +</td> +<td><p>Glover’s ditto</p> +</td> +<td><p>Ladies’ ditto</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Combs, various</p> +</td> +<td><p>London Straws</p> +</td> +<td><p>Whalebone</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hair Brushes</p> +</td> +<td><p>Ground downs</p> +</td> +<td><p>Falls</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tooth ditto</p> +</td> +<td><p>Betweens, &c.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Goloshes & Cork Soles</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Nail ditto</p> +</td> +<td><p>Purse Twists</p> +</td> +<td><p>Antimacassars</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Dress Holders</p> +</td> +<td><p>Tailors’ ditto</p> +</td> +<td><p>D’Oyleys</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Dress and Bonnet Preservers</p> +</td> +<td><p>Shoemakers’ ditto, every shade</p> +</td> +<td><p>Side and Back Pads</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Quilled Braid Ruches</p> +</td> +<td><p>Russian Braids in Silks and Mohair</p> +</td> +<td><p>Fancy Wool Work</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Plain and Stamped Velvets</p> +</td> +<td><p>Dress Braids</p> +</td> +<td><p>Coventry Frillings</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Stocking Laces</p> +</td> +<td><p>Rifle ditto</p> +</td> +<td><p>Head Dresses</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Stay and Boot ditto</p> +</td> +<td><p>Silk ditto</p> +</td> +<td><p>Cloth Slippers for Braiding</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Elastics</p> +</td> +<td><p>Ditto Cords</p> +</td> +<td><p>Stamped and Traced Embroidery</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Berlin Wools</p> +</td> +<td><p>Ditto Tassels of every kind</p> +</td> +<td><p>Buttons</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Scotch Wools</p> +</td> +<td><p>Toilet Fringes</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wave Braids</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Norwich Yarns</p> +</td> +<td><p>Ditto Cloths</p> +</td> +<td><p>Book Markers</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Fleecys</p> +</td> +<td><p>Brooches</p> +</td> +<td><p>Pins</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Wheel Spun</p> +</td> +<td><p>Bracelets</p> +</td> +<td><p>Tape</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Carpet ditto</p> +</td> +<td><p>Eardrops</p> +</td> +<td><p>Cottons</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Netting Threads</p> +</td> +<td><p>Scented Lockets</p> +</td> +<td><p>Angolas</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bleach ditto</p> +</td> +<td><p>Belt Clasps</p> +</td> +<td><p>Scissors</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Carpet ditto</p> +</td> +<td><p>Scent Bottles</p> +</td> +<td><p>Worked Collars</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Machine ditto</p> +</td> +<td><p>Fans</p> +</td> +<td><p>Steel Chains</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Ditto Cottons</p> +</td> +<td><p>Purses</p> +</td> +<td><p>Hooks and Eyes</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Ditto Silks</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Beads</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Machine Twists</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>And 1,000 other Useful Articles +in Stock.</b></p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page758"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 758</span>J. +C. BEACH,<br /> +FELLMONGER,<br /> +Globe and Gaiter Manufacturer,<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">AND</span><br /> +LEATHER DRESSER,</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Near the Silk Mills</i>,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Heigham +Street</span>, <span class="smcap">Norwich</span>,</p> +<p>Respectfully informs the trade that he continues to supply +goods in his line of business to wholesale houses.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>R. MARRISON,<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">BREECH-LOADING,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Air</span>, & <span class="smcap">Rifle +Gun Manufacturer</span>,<br /> +<i>GREAT ORFORD STREET</i>, <i>NORWICH</i>.</h3> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p>For fifty years and upwards the most experienced shots have +patronized Marrison’s Guns. The shooting powers, +building up, and finish of these guns, are well known to be first +class.</p> +<p>Forgers, barrel-borers, machinists, stockers, engravers, and +finishers being constantly employed on the premises. The +best workmanship can be guaranteed.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Accessories of Breech-loader +supplied.</b></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page759"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +759</span><span class="GutSmall">LA MODE.</span><br /> +LADIES’ PIQUE DRESSES, JACKETS,<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">SEASIDE AND COUNTRY COSTUMES,</span></h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Braided in a Superior Style from +Original Designs.</b></p> +<p>A large assortment of Children’s Dresses, Jackets, +Capes, Babies’ Robes, Ladies’ Skirts, Drawlets, +Garibaldi, Camisoles, Toilet Sets, Bed Bags, Antimacassars, +&c., for Braiding or Working, to select from; any Article +required to Special Design or Size can be Manufactured to Order +at a few hours’ notice.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>J. GANLY,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center">Designer and Manufacturer of +Embroidery and Braiding Patterns,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">WHOLESALE +AND RETAIL DEALER IN</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>TOYS, BERLIN WOOLS, +HABERDASHERY, FANCY GOODS, ETC.,</b><br /> +<b>29, </b><span class="smcap"><b>London Street</b></span><b>, +</b><span class="smcap"><b>Norwich</b></span><b>.</b></p> +<p>J. G. has just received a large stock of FANCY GOODS and other +articles connected with his trade, and respectfully informs his +Friends, Visitors to the City, and the Public, that, for variety, +quality, and economical charges, they will find no establishment +competent to offer them the same advantages.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>THOMAS COTT,<br /> +<i>POTTERGATE STREET</i>,</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">ST. GREGORY’S, NORWICH,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>PAWNBROKER.</b></p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Money Lent on +Plate</span>.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Advances made of</i> £10 +<i>and upwards upon</i> <span class="smcap">Plate</span><br /> +<i>and</i> <span class="smcap">Valuable Goods</span> <i>on +reasonable terms</i>.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page760"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 760</span>JAS. +BLAZEBY,<br /> +Animal Portrait Painter,</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">16, BETHEL STREET,</p> +<p style="text-align: center">NORWICH,</p> +<p>Respectfully informs the Nobility, Clergy, and Gentry of the +Eastern Counties, and Citizens of Norwich, that he continues to +execute any orders entrusted to his care with promptitude and +accuracy, and he has been patronized by the following Ladies and +Gentlemen:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Dowager Lady Suffield</i></p> +</td> +<td><p><i>G. E. Beauchamp</i>, <i>Esq.</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Lady Affleck</i></p> +</td> +<td><p><i>G. S. Kett</i>, <i>Esq.</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Lady Banbury</i></p> +</td> +<td><p><i>Rev. J. Holmes</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Lady Henriette Harvey</i></p> +</td> +<td><p><i>J. T. Mott</i>, <i>Esq.</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>The Hon. Mr. Burroughes</i></p> +</td> +<td><p><i>E. Beare</i>, <i>Esq.</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>The Hon. Mr. A. Wodehouse</i></p> +</td> +<td><p><i>C. Crawshay</i>, <i>Esq.</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>H. N. Burroughes</i>, <i>Esq.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p><i>J. Cann</i>, <i>Esq.</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><i>Hay Gurney</i>, <i>Esq.</i></p> +</td> +<td><p><i>G. Durrant</i>, <i>Esq.</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="GutSmall">AND</span><br /> +<i>THE MEMBERS OF THE SMITHFIELD CLUB</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page761"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 761</span>W. +S. BOULTON,</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Patentee +of</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center">LAWN MOWING MACHINES,</p> +<p style="text-align: center">And Manufacturer of all kinds of<br +/> +WIRE NETTING FOR GAME, SHEEP, AVIARIES, &<span +class="GutSmall">C</span>.<br /> +STRAINED WIRE FENCING,<br /> +IRON HURDLES, ENTRANCE GATES,<br /> +AGRICULTURAL & HORTICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS,<br /> +CONSERVATORIES AND GREENHOUSES<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">IN WOOD OR IRON,</span><br /> +GARDEN CHAIRS, WATER BARROWS, WATER AND<br /> +LIQUID MANURE CARTS, GARDEN ENGINES,<br /> +KITCHEN RANGES, HOT WATER APPARATUS, &c., &c.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>ROSE LANE IRON & WIRE +WORKS,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>NORWICH.</b></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>To be Published in Four +Quarterly Parts</i>. <i>Royal Folio</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Part</span> +I. <span class="smcap">Now Ready</span>, <span +class="smcap">Price</span> 6/-. <span +class="smcap">Separate Sheets</span> 1/6 <span +class="smcap">each</span>.<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">POST FREE, TWO STAMPS EXTRA.</span></p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">WINTER’S<br /> +<b>FOLIO OF DROLLERY,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Containing Comical</i>, +<i>Curious</i>, <i>and Quaint Subjects</i>.<br /> +<i>Drawn and Lithographed in a superior Style</i>, <i>from +Designs by</i><br /> +<i>C. J. W. WINTER</i>, <i>and the early humorous +artists</i>.</p> +<p>To be had wholesale and retail of the Artist and Publisher, +22, Bethel Street, Norwich.</p> +<p>As there will be but a limited number of Copies printed, an +early application is respectfully solicited from the trade, +&c.</p> +<p style="text-align: right"><span class="smcap">Coloured Copies +to Order Only</span>.</p> +<p><b>Portraits</b> painted from Life; also faithfully copied and +enlarged to any size, and in any style, from <i>small</i> or +faded Photographs.</p> +<p><b>Portraits of Animals</b> correctly painted in a style not +to be equalled by any Artist in the County.</p> +<p><b>Artistic and Antiquarian Subjects</b> of every kind for +book and other Illustrations accurately drawn and lithographed, +in the best way only.</p> +<p><b>Old Paintings</b> cleaned and altogether restored.</p> +<p><i>March</i>, 1669.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>OBSERVE: 22, BETHEL STREET, +NORWICH.</b></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><a name="page762"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 762</span> +<a href="images/p762b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Chamberlin and Sons" +title= +"Chamberlin and Sons" +src="images/p762s.jpg" /> +</a></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page763"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +763</span>CHAMBERLIN, SONS, & CO.,</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">SILK MERCERS,<br /> +LINEN AND WOOLLEN DRAPERS,<br /> +HABERDASHERS, CARPET FACTORS,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span +class="GutSmall">AND</span><br /> +Wholesale Manchester Warehousemen,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">IMPORTERS +OF</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center">FRENCH AND OTHER CONTINENTAL +MANUFACTURES.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>FAMILY MOURNING.</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center">NORWICH.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page764"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 764</span>J. +DYER,</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p764b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"J. Dyer’s establishment in Norwich" +title= +"J. Dyer’s establishment in Norwich" +src="images/p764s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p style="text-align: center">(<span class="GutSmall">LATE +WOMACK</span>)</p> +<p style="text-align: center">10, 11, & 12, WHITE LION +STREET, NORWICH,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>MERCHANT TAILOR,</b><br /> +<b>Wholesale & Retail Clothier, Hatter, & General +Outfitter</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">TO ALL PARTS +OF THE WORLD.</span></p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">THE ORDER DEPARTMENT,</p> +<p>The largest and most attractive out of London, is presided +over by a careful foreman of extensive experience and first-class +talent, assisted by four eminent practical cutters; a perfect and +graceful fit can be fully relied upon.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">THE READY-MADE DEPARTMENT.</p> +<p>Spacious Show and Fitting Rooms are here provided, comprising +stock of upwards of 30,000 Garments to select from, suited for +every class of society.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Ladies’ Riding Habits, +Gipsy Cloaks, Jackets, &c.</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Clerical and Professional +Attire</i>. <i>Clergymen’s Surplices and Gowns to +order</i>.<br /> +SERVANTS’ LIVERIES.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page765"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +765</span>BARNARD, BISHOP, & BARNARDS’<br /> +PATENT NOISELESS LAWN MOWER</h3> +<p>The advantages possessed by this Machine over all others +are,—perfect silence when in use, great ease in working, +extreme durability, certainly of action, simplicity of +construction, cheapness.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><i>Width of Cutter</i>.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center"><i>Prices</i>.</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>8-inch Machine</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">£2</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p>Easily worked by a Child</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>10 ,, ditto</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p>Easily worked by a Lady</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>12 ,, ditto</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>14 ,, ditto</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p>Easily worked by a Man</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>16 ,, ditto</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>18 ,, ditto</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p>Easily worked by Man & Boy</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>20 ,, ditto</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>22 ,, ditto</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p>Easily worked by Two Men</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>FOR DONKEY OR PONY</i>.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>To cut 22 inches</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">£8</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p>To cut 27 inches</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">£10</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>,, 24 ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p>,, 30 ,,</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Improved Extra Strong Lawn +Mower, with Gear Wheels for a Horse.</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center">To cut 30 inches £16 | To cut +36 inches £19 | To cut 42 inches £22</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Packed and Delivered Carriage +Free to the principal Railway Stations in England</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">Guaranteed to give satisfaction, +and if not approved can be returned.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><span +class="GutSmall">MANUFACTURERS OF</span><br /> +MACHINE-MADE GALVANIZED WIRE NETTING,<br /> +<span class="GutSmall"><b>FOR GAME, AVIARIES, PHEASANTRIES, +SHEEP, &c.</b></span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Of Every Description</i>, +<i>from</i> ½-<i>inch to</i> 6-<i>inch Mesh</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">ALL NETTINGS GALVANIZED AFTER +MADE.</p> +<p><b>Strained Wire Fencing, Iron Hurdles and Gates, Iron Chairs, +for Garden or Camp, Patent and Cottage Mangles, Garden Rollers, +with Single and Double Cylinders, Universal Kitchen Ranges, +Stable Fittings, &c.</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Illustrated +Lists Forwarded on Application</span>.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>BARNARD, BISHOP, AND +BARNARDS,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Wire Drawers, Galvanisers, and +Malleable Iron Founders,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center">NORFOLK IRON WORKS, NORWICH.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">RETAIL ESTABLISHMENT—MARKET +PLACE.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page766"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 766</span>J. +and J. King</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p766b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Graphic advert for J. and J. King, painters, glaziers, and +decorators and glass stainers, No. 1 Princess St. Norwich" +title= +"Graphic advert for J. and J. King, painters, glaziers, and +decorators and glass stainers, No. 1 Princess St. Norwich" +src="images/p766s.jpg" /> +</a></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>GLAZED SANITARY TUBE DEPÔT.</h3> +<p>Glazed Drain Pipes of every description, Fire Bricks, Chimney +Pots, Metallic Tiles all colours, Adamatine Clinkers, Cement, and +every article connected with the building trade at</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>GEORGE LING’S,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center">ALL SAINTS’ GREEN, +NORWICH.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>N.B.</i>—<i>The Largest +Stock in the Eastern Counties</i>.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>THE GOLDEN PLOUGHSHARE.</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>G. C. STEVENS,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Wholesale and Retail +Ironmonger,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>ORFORD HILL</i>, +<i>NORWICH</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Howard’s Prize Ploughs +& Harrows. Long’s Sheep Dressing +Compositions.</b><br /> +<b>Agent for Ransomes and Sims’ Agricultural +Implements.</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center">GOODS UPON SALE OR HIRE.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><i>The Cheapest House in the Eastern Counties for MARBLE +CHIMNEY</i><br /> +<i>PIECES</i>, <i>&c.</i>, <i>is</i><br /> +J. R. CHILDS’<br /> +MARBLE, STONE, & CEMETERY WORKS.</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">Manufacturer of TABLETS, FONTS, +MONUMENTAL TOMBS,<br /> +SLABS FOR CABINET WORK, &c.,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>ST. GILES’ GATES, +NORWICH.</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Every description of Marble and +Stone Work Executed at the</i><br /> +<i>Lowest possible Prices</i>.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page767"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +767</span>ROBERT MORLEY,</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">(Late Wiseman & Co.)</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Importer & Dealer in Wines +& Spirits,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>POST OFFICE STREET</i>,<br /> +NORWICH.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>E. CUNNINGHAM.<br /> +PHOTOGRAPHIC ARTIST,</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">ST. BENEDICT’S GATES, +NORWICH.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>CARTE DE VISITE, 1s.,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>EXTRA COPIES SIXPENCE EACH</i>, +<i>OR FIVE SHILLINGS PER DOZEN</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>COPYING AND ENGRAVING.</b></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>THOMAS WORLEDGE,</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><span +class="GutSmall"><b>WHOLESALE</b></span></p> +<p style="text-align: center">Boot, Shoe, Upper Manufacturer,</p> +<p style="text-align: center">MAGDALEN STREET, ST. +SAVIOUR’S,</p> +<p style="text-align: center">NORWICH.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>BAKER’S<br /> +REGISTER OFFICE FOR SERVANTS,<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">THE BATH HOUSE, BANK STREET, +NORWICH.</span></h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Servants of Good Character +constantly in demand</i>.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">THE BATHS IN BANK STREET</p> +<p style="text-align: center">Are Open Daily (Sundays excepted) +from 7 a.m. till 10 p.m.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>First Class, 1s. 6d. +Second Class, 1s. Third Class, 6d. Male or +Female.</b></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page768"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +768</span>HOWES & SONS,</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">Carriage & Harness +Manufacturers,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>CHAPEL FIELD</i>, +<i>NORWICH</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p768ab.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Howes & Sons’ Light Boat-Shaped Barouche" +title= +"Howes & Sons’ Light Boat-Shaped Barouche" +src="images/p768as.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Howes & Sons’ Light +Boat-Shaped Barouche.</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p768bb.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Howes & Sons’ Circular Fronted Miniature Brougham" +title= +"Howes & Sons’ Circular Fronted Miniature Brougham" +src="images/p768bs.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Howes & Sons’ Circular +Fronted Miniature Brougham.</b></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page769"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +769</span><span class="GutSmall">THE LARGEST STOCK OF CARRIAGES +IN THE EASTERN COUNTIES.</span><br /> +CARRIAGE, HARNESS, AND SADDLERY WORKS,<br /> +NORWICH.</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Established</i> 1750.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">JOLLY AND SON</p> +<p>Solicit inspection of their Varied Assortment of NEW and +SECOND-HAND CARRIAGES, particularly their Sefton Barouche Landaus +and Barouches, Waggonettes, Extra Light American Carriages, Park +Phaetons, Alexandra Cars, Gem Miniature Broughams—the +lightest ever constructed, Fulcrum-Shaft Dog Carts, Game Carts, +Norwich Cars, &c., &c.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Miniature Landulet Broughams</span>, with +circular fronts, just invented and perfected (<i>after much +trouble and expence</i>) by <span class="smcap">Jolly</span> +& <span class="smcap">Son</span>. The most unique Open +and Close Carriages for a Cob—light, low, easy of +access—the metallic parts of steel, and hickory wheels; the +weight reduced to the minimum. The roof and glasses fall +quite flat, as the Sefton Landaus. From 6½ Cwt.</p> +<p>Carriages and Harness Jobbed, with option of purchase, or +furnished for stated periods, on annual payments, afterwards +becoming the property of the Hirer.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">“<i>Improved Patent Conical +Axles</i>” <i>and Hickory Wheels</i>, <i>fitted to +any</i><br /> +<i>description of Vehicle</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>IMPROVED BICYCLE VELOCIPEDES, +OWN MAKE, £10.</b></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><i>THE GREATEST NOVELTY OF THE DAY IS</i><br /> +THE PICTURE MUSIC BOOK.<br /> +<span class="smcap">By</span> T. H. BROWN, A.C.P.</h3> +<p>This work consists of a Book containing the Rudiments of +Music, together with more than 20 Coloured Engravings, 47 Tinted +Cards, Ivory Pegs, and a handsome Music Board,—with which +can be played several <span class="smcap">Amusing Games</span> +which will ensure a thorough knowledge of the Rudiments of +Music. Eminent Musicians have pronounced it to be a Great +Boon to Children. <span class="smcap">Price Five +Shillings</span>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>W. Howlett & Sons, 2, Market +Place, Norwich.</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Registered under the Copyright +Act</i>.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>T. W. STEVENS,<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">THE WELL-KNOWN CITY TAILOR.</span></h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Near CASTLE HOTEL</i>,<br /> +<b>CASTLE MEADOW, NORWICH.</b></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>ROYAL HOTEL,</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">MARKET +PLACE, NORWICH.</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>FAMILY AND COMMERCIAL +HOTEL,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>MISS DENNIS</i>, +<i>MANAGER</i>.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page770"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +770</span>WEBB’S PRACTICAL FARMER’S ACCOUNT +BOOK.</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">Foolscap folio, half-bound, 6s.; +Post folio, for Large Farms, 7s. 6d. 29th Edition.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">“THE VERY BEST FARM BOOK WE +HAVE EVER SEEN.”—<i>Mark Lane Express</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>LONDON: JARROLD AND SONS, 12, +PATERNOSTER ROW.</b></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>R. A. MARGETSON,<br /> +Cemetery, Ecclesiastical and General<br /> +STONE WORKS,<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">BANK STREET, AND BISHOP BRIDGE,</span><br +/> +NORWICH.</h3> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>ESTABLISHED 1811.</h3> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>BIRD & CO.,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center">BREWERS,</p> +<p style="text-align: center">WINE & SPIRIT MERCHANTS,<br /> +<i>ST. MILES’ COSLANY</i>, <i>NORWICH</i>.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>W. NORTH,<br /> +BRICKLAYER & PLASTERER,<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">ARTIFICIAL STONE WORKS,</span></h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>RISING SUN ROAD, +NORWICH.</b></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>WILLIAM WATTS’</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><span +class="GutSmall">(</span><span class="GutSmall"><i>LATE J. +LINCOLN’S</i></span><span class="GutSmall">)</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Pipe, Match, Blacking and Ink +Works,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center">SYNAGOGUE STREET, KING STREET, +NORWICH.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page771"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +771</span>BOOKS FOR THE HOUSEHOLD<br /> +AND FOR PRESENTS.</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Attractive Volumes</i>, +<i>handsomely bound in cloth</i>, <i>with</i><br /> +<i>Frontispiece</i>, <i>in Colours by Dickes</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>AT ONE SHILLING & SIXPENCE +EACH.</b></p> +<p>MOTHER’S TRIALS AND TRIUMPHS, and other Tales. For +Fathers and Mothers.</p> +<p>HOME HAPPINESS, and other Tales.</p> +<p>WHEN TO SAY “NO!” and other Tales. For +Working Men.</p> +<p>THE HAPPY LIFE, and other Tales. For Young Women.</p> +<p>HOW TO RISE IN THE WORLD, and other Tales. For Young +Men.</p> +<p>POPULAR READINGS.</p> +<p>STARTING IN LIFE, and other Tales. For Boys and +Girls.</p> +<p>THE POETRY OF HOME AND SCHOOL LIFE.</p> +<p>THE PATHWAY OF HEALTH.</p> +<p>MARRIAGE BELLS, and other Tales. For Young Men and +Women.</p> +<p>HOME! SWEET HOME! and other Tales.</p> +<p>TALES IN RHYME.</p> +<p>The whole in Box with Glass Front, including Lending Library +Catalogue, for One Guinea. Should be in every Family. +An admirable present to a Clergyman or District Visitor. +Any volume may be had separately, post free, for the amount in +Stamps.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">JARROLD & SONS, 12, PATERNOSTER +ROW, LONDON;<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">AND LONDON STREET, NORWICH.</span></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page772"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +772</span>EDWARD S. BIGNOLD, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>.,</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">SOLICITOR, SURREY STREET,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>AGENT AT NORWICH FOR THE</i></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>ROYAL-EXCHANGE ASSURANCE</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Incorporated A.D.</i> 1720, +<i>by Royal Charter</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>CHIEF OFFICE, IN THE ROYAL +EXCHANGE,</b><br /> +<span class="smcap"><b>London</b></span><b>.</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center">Branch Office, 29, Pall Mall.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Octavius +Wigram</span>, <span class="smcap">Esq</span>., +<i>Governor</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">James Stewart +Hodgson</span>, <span class="smcap">Esq</span>., +<i>Sub-Governor</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Charles John +Manning</span>, <span class="smcap">Esq</span>., +<i>Deputy-Governor</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>DIRECTORS.</b></p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Henry Bainbridge, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Tetlow Hibbert, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robert Barclay, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wilmot Holland, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>John Garratt Cattley, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Nevile Lubbock, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Mark Currie Close, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>G. Forbes Malcolmson, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Edward Jas. Daniell, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Henry Nelson, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>William Davidson, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Lord Josceline Wm. Percy.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Thomas Dent, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charles Robinson, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Alexander Druce, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Samuel Leo Schuster, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Frederick J. Edlmann, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Eric Carrington Smith, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>C. Hermann Göschen, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Joseph Somes, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Riversdale W. Grenfell, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>William Wallace, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Robt. Amadeus Heath, Esq.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Charles Baring Young, Esq.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Secretary</i>, <span +class="smcap">Robert</span> P. <span class="smcap">Steele</span>, +<span class="smcap">Esq</span>.<br /> +<i>Manager of Marine Insurances</i>, <span class="smcap">John +Leatherdale</span>, <span class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Actuary</i>, <span +class="smcap">Thos</span>. B. <span class="smcap">Winser</span>, +<span class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Superintendent of Fire +Department</i>, <span class="smcap">Charles P. Ball</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Cashier and Accountant</i>, +<span class="smcap">John Hooper</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Consulting Surgeon</i>, <span +class="smcap">Samuel Solly</span>, <span +class="smcap">Esq</span>., F.R.S., 6, <i>Savile Row</i>, +<i>W.</i></p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p>This office was founded by the leading Merchants of London in +the year 1717, and was incorporated by Charters of His Majesty +George the First, dated the 22nd June, 1720, and the 29th April, +1721, respectively, for granting <b>SEA</b>, <b>FIRE</b>, <b>AND +LIFE ASSURANCES</b>. The powers conferred by these Charters +have been confirmed by <span class="smcap">Special Acts of +Parliament</span>.</p> +<p>Persons assured with this Corporation incur <span +class="smcap">no mutual Liability</span> as Partners, nor do they +depend upon an uncertain Fund; the large <b>invested +Capital-Stock</b> of the Corporation affords unquestionable +Security for the fulfilment of its engagements.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page773"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +773</span>PATENT FOUNTAIN PUMP WORKS,<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">NORWICH.</span></h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>The best Pumps that are</i>: +<i>Dispute it who dare</i>!!</p> +<p style="text-align: center">Forty years’ <span +class="GutSmall">PRACTICAL</span> and <span +class="GutSmall">UNPARALLELED</span> experience has <span +class="GutSmall">PROVED</span> that</p> +<p style="text-align: center">SHALDERS’ PUMPS</p> +<p>are the most effective, durable, and economical in the world, +for all the requirements of civilized life. They yield 98 +per cent. of the power applied; no other Pump or Machine returns +50, and seldom more than 30 per cent.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF THE +PRINCE OF WALES</i>.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>A. AUSTRIN’S<br /> +Baby Linen and<br /> +LADIES’ OUTFITTING ESTABLISHMENT,<br /> +5, ORFORD HILL,<br /> +<i>NORWICH</i>.</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">ESTABLISHED 1830.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>C. LAMB,<br /> +Tailor, Vestment Maker, Church Furnisher, &c.</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">2, <i>WENSUM STREET</i>, +<i>TOMBLAND</i>,<br /> +(<span class="GutSmall">FROM ELM HILL</span>)<br /> +NORWICH.</p> +<p>Chasubles, Dalmatics, Copes, Albs, Surplices, Stoles, Hoods, +Cassocks, Literate’s Tippets, Birettas, Stocks, Collars, +Altar and Pulpit Antependia, Altar Linen, Vases, Candlesticks, +Crosses, Altars, Pulpits, Prayer Desks, Altar Rails, and every +description of Church Work executed at the shortest notice and at +the lowest possible prices.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>IMPORTANT TO AGRICULTURISTS.</h3> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">THOMAS PARKER,<br /> +<i>Artificial Manure Manufacturer and Bone Crusher</i>,<br /> +SAINT STEPHEN’S STREET, NORWICH.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Parker’s Mangold Manure</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">£7</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">per Ton</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Parker’s Turnip ditto</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Mineral Superphosphate</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">,,</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>WORKS.—THORPE, NEAR +NORWICH.</b></p> +<p>Orders received at his Stands at the Corn Halls, Norwich, +Bury, Ipswich, Eye, Lynn, Diss, Fakenham, Dereham, Halesworth, +Bungay, Beccles, Harleston, or of his Agents.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page774"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +774</span>ESTABLISHED UPWARDS OF TWO CENTURIES.</h3> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>JAMES HARDY,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center">FAMILY GROCER, TEA DEALER,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">FRUITERER, +ETC.</span></p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">FRENCH & ITALIAN WAREHOUSE.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Oilman, Wax and Tallow +Chandler,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center">Nos. 2 & 3, RAMPANT HORSE +STREET,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>NORWICH</i>.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">British and +Foreign Wines</span>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Families waited upon for +Orders</i>, <i>or Samples sent if requested</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">A <span class="smcap">Daily +Delivery of Goods in the Suburbs</span>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Carriage Paid on general +Orders</i>.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page775"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +775</span><i>Ladies and the Public are respectfully</i><br /> +<i>invited to inspect</i></h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>R. E. GARLAND’S</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">NEW, USEFUL, +AND CHEAP</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center">SILKS, MANTLES, DRESSES, +BONNETS,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>ETC.</i>, <i>ETC.</i></p> +<p style="text-align: center">17 & 18, LONDON STREET,</p> +<p style="text-align: center">NORWICH.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>ROBERT S. MASON,</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Successor to Mr. J. W. +Crisp</i>,)</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>WOOLLEN DRAPER, TAILOR,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span +class="GutSmall">ETC.,</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Castle Meadow</i>, +<i>Norwich</i>,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">NEAR THE +CASTLE HOTEL.</span></p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>Frederick Taf,</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">Lithography Artist<br /> +Ornamental and General<br /> +Engraver, Designer, Draughtsman, & Printer,<br /> +3, Lower Goat Lane, Norwich.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page776"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +776</span>PROSPECT PLACE WORKS, NORWICH, ENGLAND.</h3> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">HOLMES & SONS,<br /> +ENGINEERS, MILLWRIGHTS,<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">GENERAL MACHINE AND DRILL +MANUFACTURERS,</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center">Have received at the</p> +<p style="text-align: center">ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY’S +SHOW at Bury St. Edmund’s,</p> +<p style="text-align: center">The FIRST PRIZE of £20</p> +<p style="text-align: center">For the Best Finishing Thrashing +Machine;</p> +<p style="text-align: center">The PRIZE of £5</p> +<p style="text-align: center">(All the amount offered) for Barley +Hummeller;</p> +<p style="text-align: center">SILVER MEDAL for Traction Engine; +and</p> +<p style="text-align: center">The FARMERS’ CUP, value +£10 10s., at Fakenham;</p> +<p style="text-align: center">They have also been awarded by the +<span class="smcap">Royal Agricultural Society</span>,</p> +<p style="text-align: center">at Worcester; The PRIZE</p> +<p style="text-align: center">For their Eight-Horse Power +Portable Engine; and</p> +<p style="text-align: center">SILVER MEDAL</p> +<p style="text-align: center">For Patent Combined Thrashing +Machine, to Complete for Market,<br /> +and Cleanse and Bag the Chaff.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">At the <span class="smcap">Great +International Exhibition</span>, 1862, they had the honour<br /> +of receiving The PRIZE MEDAL</p> +<p style="text-align: center">For Thrashing Machines and Sowing +Machines, the highest award that was<br /> +given; and at the <span class="smcap">Great Exhibition</span>, +1851,</p> +<p style="text-align: center">The FIRST PRIZE MEDAL</p> +<p style="text-align: center">For Thrashing Machine; and by the +<span class="smcap">Royal Agricultural Society</span>,<br /> +at Leeds and Salisbury, the highest</p> +<p style="text-align: center">PRIZE of £10,</p> +<p style="text-align: center">For the best Seed and Manure Drill, +Flat or Ridge;</p> +<p style="text-align: center">The FIRST PRIZE for Corn and Seed +Drill;</p> +<p style="text-align: center">PRIZES for their Improved Manure +Distributor, making</p> +<p style="text-align: center">NINE +PRIZES +PRIZE</p> +<p style="text-align: center">to this Machine; +also +To their Small Seed Drill.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p>H. & SONS have had thirty-seven years’ practical +experience in the Manufacture of Drills, and in Steam Engines and +Thrashing Machinery they have neither spared trouble nor expense +in working out on correct principles the best and most economical +arrangement. The success obtained over all others at the +recent severe trials at Bury St. Edmund’s, satisfactorily +proves it to have been no idle boast that <span +class="smcap">Holmes</span> & <span +class="smcap">Sons</span>’ Steam Thrashing Machinery is the +best before the public. Careful selection of Materials, and +strict attention to Mechanical principles, have enabled them in +so short a time to attain to that very eminent position they now +occupy, having now received upwards of</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>ONE HUNDRED AWARDS</b></p> +<p>For Superiority in their Portable Steam Engines, Combined +Portable Thrashing Machines, Seed Shellers, with Dressing +Apparatus, Corn & Seed Drills, Seed and Manure Drills, Manure +Distributors and Saw Tables.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page777"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +777</span>BOOKS FOR PRESENTS,<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">AND FOR LIBRARIES.</span></h3> +<h4>ONE SHILLING BOOKS.</h4> +<p><span class="smcap">Happy Half-Hours with the Bible</span>; +or, Mary Jane and Bertie. By Aunt Emily. +Frontispiece, 18mo, cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">My Teacher’s Gift</span>. For +Girls. On Toned Paper, with Frontispiece, 18mo, +cloth. Also in Paper Covers, 6d.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">My Teacher’s Gift</span>. For +Boys. On Toned Paper, with Frontispiece, 18mo, cloth. +Also in Paper Covers, 6d.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Children of Summerbrook</span>: Scenes of +Village Life in Simple Verse. By Mrs. Sewell, Author of +“Mother’s Last Words.” Frontispiece, +12mo, cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Homely Ballads for the Working Man’s +Fireside</span>. By Mrs. Sewell. 16mo, cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Stories in Verse for the Street and +Lane</span>. By Mrs. Sewell. 16mo, cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Rose Bryant</span>: Passages in her Maiden +and Married Life. By Emma Marshall. Frontispiece, +12mo, cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">The New Home</span>: or, Wedded Life; its +Duties, Cares, and Pleasures. Frontispiece, 12mo, +cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">The Peace Maker and the Mischief +Maker</span>. Frontispiece, Foolscap 8vo, cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Tales of the Workroom</span>:—<span +class="smcap">The Sisters</span>. By Mrs. Curtis. +Frontispiece, 18mo, cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Consideration</span>; or, How we can Help +one Another. By Emma Marshall. Frontispiece, 18mo, +cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Lessons about God</span>: for very Little +Children. By Sophia Sinnett. 18mo, cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Katie’s Work</span>. By Emma +Marshall. Frontispiece, 18mo, cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Things of Every-Day Use</span>: What they +Are, Where they Come From, and How they are Made. 12mo, +cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Lyrics for Little Ones</span>. 18mo, +cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Kirton’s Temperance Tales</span>, +including “Buy Your Own Cherries.” 12mo.</p> +<h4>ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENNY BOOKS.</h4> +<p><span class="smcap">Roger’s Apprenticeship</span>; or, +Five Years of a Boy’s Life. By Emma Marshall. +Foolscap 8vo, embossed cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Fred Williams</span>. A Tale for +Boys. Frontispiece, embossed cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Hints on Self-Help for Young +Women</span>. By Jessie Boucherett. 12mo, embossed +cloth.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page778"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +778</span><i>JARROLD AND SONS’ PUBLICATIONS</i>.</h3> +<h4>ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENNY BOOKS.</h4> +<p><span class="smcap">Do it with thy Might</span>; or, Our Work +in the World. Addressed to those who ask, “What shall +we Do?” Cloth elegant.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Sayings about Friendship</span>. By +the Author of “Do it with thy Might.” Cloth +elegant.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Rural Scenes</span>; a Peep into the +Country. New Edition, profusely illustrated, demy 18mo, +embossed cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Picture Story Book of London</span>; or, +City Scenes. New Edition, profusely illustrated, royal +18mo, embossed cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">The Earth and its Garment of Water and +Air</span>. 12mo, cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">The Atoms and Electric Forces of the +Earth</span>. 12mo, cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Health for the Household</span>. +Frontispiece, 12mo, cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Here a Little and There a Little</span>; +or Daily Manna for the Lambs of Christ’s Fold. By a +Mother. Frontispiece, 18mo, cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">The Life of a Plant</span>; “Science +for the Household.” 12mo, cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Household Truths for Young +Men</span>. Frontispiece. 12mo, cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Household Truths for Working +Men</span>. Frontispiece. 12mo, cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Household Truths for Mothers and +Daughters</span>. Frontispiece, 12mo, cloth.</p> +<h4>TWO SHILLING BOOKS.</h4> +<p><span class="smcap">Mrs. Sewell’s Ballads for +Children</span>: Including “Mother’s Last +Words,” “Our Father’s Care,” and +“Children of Summerbrook.” Coloured +Frontispiece and Illustrations on Wood. Foolscap 8vo, +cloth, bevelled boards.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Ellen French</span>: Passages from the +Life of a Worker. By Aunt Evergreen. Cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Patience Hart’s First Experience in +Service</span>. By Mrs. Sewell, Author of +“Mother’s Last Words.” Seventh +Edition. Twentieth Thousand. Handsome cloth +boards.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">The Mother’s Manual</span>: How to +Train our Children. By Mrs. Reed; with a Preface by her +Sons, the Authors of “The Life of Dr. Andrew +Reed.” With Frontispiece.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Our World</span>; <span class="smcap">its +Rocks and Fossils</span>. By the Author of “The +Observing Eye,” &c. Numerous Illustrations.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Caterpillars</span>, <span +class="smcap">Butterflies</span>, <span class="smcap">and +Moths</span>: their Manners, Habits, and Transformations. +By Mary and Elisabeth Kirby. Illustrations, 18mo, embossed +cloth.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page779"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +779</span><i>JARROLD AND SONS’ PUBLICATIONS</i>.</h3> +<h4>TWO SHILLING BOOKS.</h4> +<p><span class="smcap">The Illustrated Geology</span>. By +F. C. Bakewell. Many Illustrations, embossed cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">What Mean ye by this Service</span>? or, +Old Testament Sacrifices Explained; shewing their Typical Meaning +and Fulfilment in Our Lord Jesus Christ. Illustrations, +12mo, cloth.</p> +<h4>HALF-CROWN BOOKS.</h4> +<p><span class="smcap">The Heir of Hazlewood</span>; Or All +Things Work together for Good to them that Love God. +Coloured frontispiece, cloth, bevelled boards.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">The Little Gardeners</span>. An +Allegory of Christian Life for Young Persons. With +Frontispiece. Foolscap 8vo, handsomely bound in cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Julio</span>: <span class="smcap">a Tale +of the Vaudois</span>. For Young Persons. By Mrs. J. +B. Webb, Author of “Naomi.” With Full-Page +Illustrations, foolscap 8vo, cloth, bevelled boards.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">The Dawn of Life</span>: or, +Mildred’s Story told by Herself. By Emma +Marshall. 12mo, cloth, elegant.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Aunt Annie’s Tales</span>.—The +Water Lily—The Druid’s Retreat—Santa +Claus—Mistletoe Bough. Cloth, elegant.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Stories of the Reformation in England and +Germany</span>. By the Rev. B. C. Johns. +Frontispiece, 12mo, cloth, elegant.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Ernest and Kate</span>; or, Love a +Reality, not Romance. By Mrs. Thomas Geldart. 12mo, +cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Historical Tales of Illustrious British +Children</span>. By Agnes Strickland. Tinted +Illustrations.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Stories of England</span> and Her Forty +Counties. By Mrs. Thomas Geldart. Frontispiece in +colours, and woodcuts, 12mo, cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Stories of Ireland</span> and its Four +Provinces. By Mrs. Thomas Geldart. Frontispiece in +colours, and woodcuts, 12mo, cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Stories of Scotland</span> and its +Adjacent Islands. By Mrs. Thomas Geldart. +Frontispiece in colours, and woodcuts, 12mo, cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Sunday Thoughts</span>; or Great Truths in +Plain Words. An Interesting Sunday Book for Young +People. By Mrs. Geldart.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Plants of the Land and Water</span>; Short +and Entertaining Chapters on the Vegetable World. By Mary +and Elizabeth Kirby. Fine Coloured Frontispiece and +Woodcuts.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">The Observing Eye</span>; Letters to +Children on the Three Lower Divisions of Animal +Life—Radiated, Articulated, and Molluscous. +Frontispiece in colours, and woodcuts, thick 18mo, cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">What is a Bird</span>? the Forms of Birds, +their Instincts, and Use in Creation Considered. By the +Author of “The Observing Eye.” Woodcuts, thick +18mo, cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Stories and Pictures from Grecian +History</span>. By Maria Hack. With Thirty +Illustrations by J. Gilbert.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3><a name="page780"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +780</span><i>JARROLD AND SONS’ PUBLICATIONS</i>.</h3> +<h4>HALF-CROWN BOOKS.</h4> +<p><span class="smcap">Stories from the Old and New +Testaments</span>. By Miss Lawrence. With Twenty +whole-page Illustrations.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">The Little Forester and His +Friend</span>. A Ballad of the Olden Time. By Mrs. +Sewell.</p> +<h4>THREE SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE EACH.</h4> +<p><span class="smcap">Mother’s Last Words</span>. By +Mrs. Sewell. With Fourteen beautiful Illustrations, on +wood, by some of the first artists of the day. Handsomely +bound in cloth, with gilt edges.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Ishmael</span>: a Tale of Syrian +Life. By Mrs. J. B. Webb. Author of +“Naomi,” &c. With Eight full-page +Illustrations. Cloth, elegant.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Thy Poor Brother</span>: Letters to a +Friend on Helping the Poor. By Mrs. Sewell. Ninth +Thousand. Embossed cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Patrick Murphy on Popery in +Ireland</span>: a Narrative of Facts. Edited by the Rev. W. +Adams. Crown 8vo, cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Conversations on the Bible and +Science</span>: Shewing that the Language of Scripture is in +unison with the Settled Discoveries of Modern Science. By +the Rev. Edwin Sidney, M.A. Foolscap 8vo, cloth, bevelled +boards.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Scientific Knowledge of Things +Familiar</span>. By Dr. Brewer. Interesting and +Instructive for the Family Fireside.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Guide to Astronomical +Science</span>. By Dr. Mann.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Vegetable and Animal Life</span>: a +Handbook of Physiological Science. By Dr. Mann. Third +Edition, embossed cloth.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Religion in Science</span>. By Dr. +Brewer. Illustrations.</p> +<h4>FIVE SHILLINGS EACH.</h4> +<p><span class="smcap">The Mother of the Wesleys</span>: an +Interesting Biography. By the Rev. John Kirk. Fourth +Edition.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Brewer’s History of +France</span>: an Interesting Vade Mecum of French History, +brought down to the Present Time. A most useful Book for +every Family.</p> +<h4>TWELVE SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE.</h4> +<p><span class="smcap">A Cyclopædia of Illustrations of +Moral and Religious Truths</span>:</p> +<p>Consisting of Definitions, Metaphors, Similes, Emblems, +Contrasts, Analogies, Statistics, Synonymes, Anecdotes, &c. +&c. By <span class="smcap">John Bate</span>. +Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged, 8vo. cloth, bevelled +boards.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>The best thoughts of the best +minds</i>—<i>ancient and modern</i>.</p> +<blockquote><p>“<i>It is no hyperbole to say that such a +production has never before been given to the public as the +unaided effort of a single brain</i>. <i>It is the very +hand-book for clergymen</i>, <i>editors</i>, <i>tutors</i>, +<i>Academicians</i>, <i>and private +students</i>.”—Church Standard.</p> +</blockquote> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h4><a name="page781"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +781</span><i>Price</i> <span class="smcap">Twopence</span> +<i>each</i>, <i>or in Packets containing Six</i>,<br /> +<span class="smcap">One Shilling</span> <i>each</i>.</h4> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>STORIES IN VERSE,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">WITH +ILLUSTRATIONS.</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center">BY MRS. SEWELL,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Author of</i> +“<i>Mother’s Last Words</i>,” “<i>Our +Father’s Care</i>,” <i>etc.</i></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">IN NEAT +COLOURED WRAPPERS,</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>SUITABLE FOR REWARDS & +PRESENTS.</b></p> +<p>FAITH, HOPE, and CHARITY.</p> +<p>ISABEL GRAY; or, “MISTRESS DIDN’T KNOW.”</p> +<p>ABEL HOWARD and HIS FAMILY—The YOUNG NURSE GIRL.</p> +<p>The THIEVES’ LADDER—The GUILTY CONSCIENCE.</p> +<p>The LADY’S DILEMMA.</p> +<p>MIRIAM.</p> +<p>MRS. GODLIMAN—The GREEN HILL SIDE—The POOR LITTLE +BOY.</p> +<p>The PRIMROSE GATHERERS—The LITTLE SCHISMATICS—THE +FUNERAL BELL.</p> +<p>WIDOW HAYE—A GHOST STORY.</p> +<p>A SAD STORY—CRAZED.</p> +<p>The TWO NOBLEMEN—The YOUNG ENGLISH GENTLEMAN.</p> +<p>The DRUNKARD’S WIFE, &c.</p> +<p>The WORKING WOMAN’S APPEAL—SIXTY YEARS AGO.</p> +<p>The LONDON ATTIC—MARRIAGE AS IT MAY BE—THE BAD +MANAGER.</p> +<p>BOY GOING TO SERVICE—A RELIGIOUS WOMAN.</p> +<p>The MILLER’S WIFE.</p> +<p>The BAD SERVANT—The CHAFFINCH’S NEST.</p> +<p>The BOY and the ROOKS—The COMMON—The TRAVELLER and +the FARMER.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Mrs. Sewell’s Six Popular +Ballads.</b></p> +<p>MOTHER’S LAST WORDS. 514th Thousand,</p> +<p>OUR FATHER’S CARE. 407th Thousand.</p> +<p>CHILDREN AT HOME.</p> +<p>CHILDREN AT SCHOOL.</p> +<p>THE HAPPY SCHOOLFELLOWS.</p> +<p>THE LOST CHILD.</p> +<p><i>The Twenty-four Books are done up in</i> <b>Four +Packets</b>, <i>in beautiful</i> <b>Illuminated Envelopes</b>, +<i>at</i> <b>One Shilling</b> <i>each Packet</i>.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">LONDON: JARROLD & SONS, 12, +PATERNOSTER ROW.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h4><a name="page782"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +782</span>VALUABLE BOOKS RELATING TO THE COUNTY<br /> +OF NORFOLK & THE CITY OF NORWICH.</h4> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p>ACCOUNT of a Manuscript Genealogy of the Paston Family, in the +Possession of His Grace the Duke of Newcastle: communicated to +the Norfolk and Norwich Archæological Society by Francis +Worship, Esq. Frontispiece, <i>large paper</i>, 4to, sewed, +1s.</p> +<p>ACCOUNT of the Company of St. George in Norwich (<span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1324–1732), from +Mackerell’s History of Norwich, MSS. 1737, 8vo, +sewed, 1s.</p> +<p>AN OUTLINE of the Geology of Norfolk. By Samuel +Woodward. Coloured Geological Map. 8vo, cloth, +3s.</p> +<p>CASTLEACRE. Notes, Historical and Antiquarian, of the +Castle and Priory at Castleacre, in the County of Norfolk. +By the Rev. J. H. Bloom, B.A. With twenty-three +illustrations, <i>on India paper</i>, by Sly, Vizetelly, and +Ninham, from original drawings by Mr. Charles Wright. Royal +8vo, cloth, 6s.</p> +<p>COOKE’S Topographical and Statistical Description of the +County of Norfolk Map and steel frontispiece. Thick 18mo, +sewed, 9d. (published at 2s.)</p> +<p>DAWSON Turner’s Guide to the Historian, the Biographer, +the Antiquary, the Man of Literary Curiosity, and the Collector +of Autographs towards the Verification of Manuscripts, by +reference to Engraved Facsimiles of Handwriting. Royal 8vo, +cloth, 2s. (published at 6s. 6d.)</p> +<p>HISTORY and Antiquities of Norwich Castle. By the Late +Samuel Woodward. Edited by his son, B. B. Woodward, Esq., +Librarian to Her Majesty. Numerous maps and illustrations +on stone, 4to, sewed, 6s.</p> +<p>KETT’S Rebellion; Jack and the Tanner of +Wymondham. A Tale of Kett’s Rebellion. By the +Author of “Mary Powell,” &c. 12mo, stiff cover, +9d. (published at 2s. 6d.)</p> +<p>NORFOLK in the Eighteenth Century; Twenty-four Views of the +most considerable Mansions and Seats of the Nobility in the +County. Taken about the year 1780, imperial 4to, stiff +cover, 12s. 6d.</p> +<p><a name="page783"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +783</span>RAMBLES in an Old City; comprising Antiquarian, +Historical, Biographical, and Political Associations of +Norwich. By S. S. Madders. Frontispiece, post 8vo, +cloth, 3s. 6d. (published at 10s. 6d.)</p> +<p>THE ECCLESIOLOGIST’S Guide to the Deaneries of Sparham +and Taverham, in the County of Norfolk; with the Deanery of +Ingworth. 12mo, cloth, 2s. 6d. (published at 4s. 6d.)</p> +<p>THE NORFOLK Topographer’s Manual: being a Catalogue of +the Books and Engravings hitherto Published in Relation to the +County. By the late Samuel Woodward; revised and augmented +by W. C. Ewing, Esq.; to which are appended, a Catalogue of the +Drawings, Prints, and Deeds, collected by Dawson Turner, Esq.; +and a List of the Norfolk Chartularies, and of the MSS. and +Drawings relating to Norfolk, in the British Museum. Royal +8vo, cloth, 6s.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p>EIGHT ORIGINAL ETCHINGS by the late <span class="smcap">John +Sell Cotman</span>, also TEN ETCHINGS by M. E. <span +class="smcap">Cotman</span>. Large paper, imperial folio, +in wrapper, Fifteen Shillings.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>JARROLD & SONS</i>, +<i>London Street</i>, <i>Norwich</i>.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h3>HISTORY OF NORWICH.<br /> +BY A. D. BAYNE.</h3> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">EDITION ON LARGER PAPER,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span +class="GutSmall">WITH</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Twenty-one +Photographic Views</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span +class="GutSmall">BY</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>BURGESS AND GRIMWOOD</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>PRICE ONE GUINEA.</b></p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>A very limited number only have +been printed</i>.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<h2>FOOTNOTES.</h2> +<p><a name="footnote53"></a><a href="#citation53" +class="footnote">[53]</a> Duke of Norfolk.</p> +<p><a name="footnote126"></a><a href="#citation126" +class="footnote">[126]</a> Since the above was written, the +house at St. Giles’ Gates has been demolished.</p> +<p><a name="footnote527"></a><a href="#citation527" +class="footnote">[527]</a> Gentleman’s Magazine.</p> +<p><a name="footnote672"></a><a href="#citation672" +class="footnote">[672]</a> First Mayor of Norwich.</p> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY OF NORWICH***</p> +<pre> + + +***** This file should be named 44568-h.htm or 44568-h.zip****** + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/4/5/6/44568 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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