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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44563 ***</div>
+
+<div class="tnbox">
+<p class="center"><b>Transcriber's Note:</b></p>
+<p>Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
+Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation in the original
+document have been preserved.</p>
+
+<p>On page 204, "couch" should possibly be "conch".</p>
+<p>On page 345, the quote should probably read "ut melior vir"...</p>
+</div>
+
+<h1>THACKERAYANA.</h1>
+
+<p class="center s08 p6">
+LONDON: PRINTED BY<br />
+SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE<br />
+AND PARLIAMENT STREET</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6">
+<img src="images/i-004.jpg" width="550" height="360" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center b15 p6">
+THACKERAYANA</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><i>NOTES AND ANECDOTES</i></p>
+
+<p class="center p2">Illustrated by Hundreds of Sketches<br />
+<br />
+<span class="s08">BY</span><br />
+<br />
+WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY</p>
+
+<p class="center p2 s08"><i>Depicting Humorous Incidents in his School Life, and Favourite Scenes and
+Characters in the Books of his Every-day Reading</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p2">
+<img src="images/logob.jpg" width="169" height="232" alt="Logo" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>A NEW EDITION</i></p>
+
+<p class="center p2">London<br />
+CHATTO &amp; WINDUS, PICCADILLY</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_VII" id="Page_VII">vii</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+
+<div>
+<img class="drop-cap" src="images/i-007.jpg" width="146" height="230" alt="A" />
+</div>
+<p class="drop-cap">A LARGE portion of the public, and
+especially that smaller section of the
+community, the readers of books, will
+not easily forget the shock, as universal
+as it was unexpected, which
+was produced at Christmas, 1863, by
+the almost incredible intelligence of
+the death of William Makepeace
+Thackeray. The mournful news was
+repeated at many a Christmas table,
+that he, who had led the simple
+Colonel Newcome to his solemn and touching end, would
+write no more. The circumstance was so startling from
+the suddenness of the great loss which society at large had
+sustained, that it was some time before people could
+realise the dismal truth of the report.</p>
+
+<p>It will be easily understood, without elaborating on so
+saddening a theme, with how much keener a blow this
+heavy bereavement must have struck the surviving relatives
+of the great novelist. It does not come within our
+province to speak of the paralysing effect of such emotion;
+it is sufficient to recall that Thackeray's death, with its
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_VIII" id="Page_VIII">viii</a></span>
+overwhelming sorrow, left, in the hour of their trial, his
+two young daughters deprived of the fatherly active mind
+which had previously shielded from them the graver
+responsibilities of life, with the additional anxiety of being
+forced to act in their own interests at the very time such
+exertions were peculiarly distracting.</p>
+
+<p>It may be remembered that the author of 'Vanity
+Fair' had but recently erected, from his own designs, the
+costly and handsome mansion in which he anticipated
+passing the mellower years of his life; a dwelling in
+every respect suited to the high standing of its owner,
+and, as has been said by a brother writer, 'worthy of one
+who really represented literature in the great world, and
+who, planting himself on his books, yet sustained the
+character of his profession with all the dignity of a gentleman.'</p>
+
+<p>In such a house a portion of Thackeray's fortune might
+be reasonably invested. To the occupant it promised the
+enjoyment he was justified in anticipating, and was a solid
+property to bequeath his descendants when age, in its
+sober course, should have called him hence. But little
+more than a year later, to those deadened with the effects
+of so terrible a bereavement as their loss must have
+proved when they could realise its fulness, this house must
+have been a source of desolation. Its oppressive size, its
+infinitely mournful associations, the hopeful expectations
+with which it had been erected, the tragic manner in which
+the one dearest to them had there been stricken down;
+with all this acting on the sensibilities of unhealed grief,
+the building must have impressed them with peculiar
+aversion; and hence it may be concluded that their first
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_IX" id="Page_IX">ix</a></span>
+desire was to leave it. The removal to a house of dimensions
+more suitable to their requirements involved the
+sacrifice of those portions of the contents of the larger
+mansion with which it was considered expedient to dispense;
+and thus Messrs. Christie, Manson, and Woods
+announced for sale a selection from the paintings, drawings,
+part of the interesting collection of curious porcelain,
+and such various objects of art or furniture as would otherwise
+have necessitated the continuance of a house as large
+as that at Palace Green. These valuable objects were
+accordingly dispersed under the hammer, March 16 and 17,
+1864, and on the following day the remainder of Thackeray's
+library was similarly offered to public competition.
+To anyone familiar with Thackeray's writings, and more
+especially with his Lectures and Essays, this collection of
+books must have been both instructive and fascinating;
+seeing that they faithfully indicated the course of their
+owner's readings, and through them might be traced many
+an allusion or curious fact of contemporaneous manners,
+which, in the hands of this master of his craft, had been
+felicitously employed to strengthen the purpose of some
+passage of his own compositions.</p>
+
+<p>Without converting this introduction into a catalogue
+of the contents of Thackeray's library it is difficult to particularise
+the several works found on his book-shelves. It
+is sufficient to note that all the authorities which have been
+quoted in his Essays were fitly represented; that such
+books, in many instances obscure and trivial in themselves,
+as threw any new or curious light upon persons or
+things&mdash;on the private and individual, as well as the public
+or political history of men, and of the events or writings to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_X" id="Page_X">x</a></span>
+which their names owe notoriety, of obsolete fashions or of
+the changing customs of society&mdash;were as numerous as the
+most ardent and <i>dilettanti</i> of Thackeray's admirers could
+desire.</p>
+
+<p>The present volume is devised to give a notion, necessarily
+restricted, of certain selections from these works,
+chiefly chosen with a view of further illustrating the bent
+of a mind, with the workings of which all who love the
+great novelist's writings may at once be admitted to the
+frankest intercourse. It has been truly said that Thackeray
+was 'too great to conceal anything.' The same candour is
+extended to his own copies of the books which told of
+times and company wherein his imagination delighted to
+dwell; for, pencil in hand, he has recorded the impressions
+of the moment without reserve, whether whimsical or
+realistic.</p>
+
+<p>A collection of books of this character is doubly interesting.
+On the one hand were found the remnants of
+earlier humourists, the quaint old literary standards which
+became, in the hands of their owner, materials from which
+were derived the local colouring of the times concerning
+which it was his delightful fancy to construct romances, to
+philosophise, or to record seriously.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, the present generation was fitly
+represented. To most of the writers of his own era it was
+an honour that a presentation copy of their literary offspring
+should be found in the library of the foremost
+author, whose friendship and open-handed kindness to the
+members of his profession was one of many brilliant traits
+of a character dignified by innumerable great qualities, and
+tenderly shaded by instances uncountable of generous
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XI" id="Page_XI">xi</a></span>
+readiness to confer benefits, and modest reticence to let the
+fame of his goodness go forth.</p>
+
+<p>Presentation copies from his contemporaries were therefore
+not scarce; and whether the names of the donors were
+eminent, or as yet but little heard of, the creatures of their
+thoughts had been preserved with unvarying respect. The
+'Christmas Carol,' that memorable Christmas gift which
+Thackeray has praised with fervour unusual even to his
+impetuous good-nature, was one of the books. The copy,
+doubly interesting from the circumstances both of its
+authorship and ownership, was inscribed in the well-known
+hand of that other great novelist of the nineteenth century,
+'W. M. Thackeray, from Charles Dickens (<i>whom he made
+very happy once a long way from home</i>).' Competition was
+eager to secure this covetable literary memorial, which
+may one day become historical; it was knocked down at
+25<i>l.</i> 10<i>s.</i>, and rumour circulated through the press, without
+foundation, we believe with regret, that it had been secured
+for the highest personage in the State, whose desire to
+possess this volume would have been a royal compliment
+to the community of letters.</p>
+
+<p>Nor were books with histories wanting. George Augustus
+Sala, in the introduction to his ingenious series of
+'Twice Round the Clock,' published in 1862, remarks with
+diffidence: 'It would be a piece of sorry vanity on my part
+to imagine that the conception of a Day and Night in London
+is original. I will tell you how I came to think of the
+scheme of "Twice Round the Clock." Four years ago, in
+Paris, my then master in literature, Mr. Charles Dickens,
+lent me a little thin octavo volume, which I believe had
+been presented to him by another master of the craft, Mr.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XII" id="Page_XII">xii</a></span>
+Thackeray.' A slight resemblance to this opuscule was
+offered in 'A View of the Transactions of London and
+Westminster from the Hours of Ten in the Evening till
+Five in the Morning,' which was secured at Thackeray's
+sale for forty-four shillings.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, without presuming to any special privileges, we
+account for the selection of literary curiosities which form
+settings for the fragments gathered in 'Thackerayana,'
+The point of interest which rendered this dispersion of certain
+of Thackeray's books additionally attractive to us may
+be briefly set forth.</p>
+
+<p>In looking through the pages of odd little volumes, and
+on the margins and fly-leaves of some of the choicest
+works, presentation copies or otherwise, it was noticed that
+pencil or pen-and-ink sketches, of faithful conceptions suggested
+by the texts, touched in most cases with remarkable
+neatness and decision, were abundantly dispersed through
+various series.</p>
+
+<p>It is notorious that their owner's gift of dexterous
+sketching was marvellous; his rapid facility, in the minds
+of those critics who knew him intimately, was the one great
+impediment to any serious advancement in those branches
+of art which demand a lengthy probationship; and to this
+may be referred his implied failure, or but partial success,
+in the art which, to him, was of all cultivated accomplishments
+the most enticing. The fact has been dwelt on
+gravely by his friends, and was a source of regret to certain
+eminent artists best acquainted with his remarkable
+endowments.</p>
+
+<p>The chance of securing as many of these characteristic
+designs as was in our power directed the selection of books
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XIII" id="Page_XIII">xiii</a></span>
+which came into our possession in consequence of the sale
+of Thackeray's library; it was found they were richer in
+these clever pencillings than had been anticipated.</p>
+
+<p>An impulse thus given, the excitement of increasing
+the little gathering was carried further; many volumes
+which had been dispersed were traced, or were offered
+spontaneously when the fact of the collection became
+known. From books wherein, pencil in hand, passages had
+been noted with sprightly little vignettes, not unlike the
+telling etchings which the author of 'Vanity Fair' caused
+to be inserted in his own published works, we became
+desirous of following the evidence of this faculty through
+other channels; seeing we held the Alpha, as it were,
+inserted in the Charterhouse School books, and the later
+pencillings, which might enliven any work of the hour
+indifferently, as it excited the imagination, grotesque or
+artist-like, as the case might be, of the original reader,
+whether the book happened to be a modest magazine in
+paper or an <i>édition de luxe</i> in morocco.</p>
+
+<p>A demand created, the supply, though of necessity
+limited, was for a time forthcoming. The energy, which
+fosters a mania for collecting, was aided by one of those
+unlooked-for chances which sustain such pursuits, and,
+from such congenial sources as the early companions of
+the author, sufficient material came into our possession to
+enable us to trace Thackeray's graphic ambition throughout
+his career with an approach to consistency, following
+his efforts in this direction through his school days, in
+boyish diversions, and among early favourites of fiction; as
+an undergraduate of Cambridge; on trips to Paris; as a
+student at Weimar and about Germany; through magazines,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XIV" id="Page_XIV">xiv</a></span>
+to Paris, studying in the Louvre; to Rome, dwelling
+among artists; through his contributions to 'Fraser's,' and
+that costly abortive newspaper speculation the 'Constitutional;'
+through the slashing Bohemian days, to the
+period of 'Vanity Fair;' through successes, repeated and
+sustained&mdash;Lectures and Essays; through travels at home
+and abroad&mdash;to America, from Cornhill to Grand Cairo, to
+Scotland, to Ireland, 'Up the Rhine,' Switzerland, Italy,
+Belgium, Holland, and wherever Roundabout 'sketches by
+the way' might present themselves.</p>
+
+<p>The study which had attracted an individual, elicited
+the sympathy of a larger circle. The many who preserve
+mementos similar to those dispersed through 'Thackerayana'
+enlarged on the general interest of the materials,
+and especially upon the gratification which that part of the
+public representing Thackeray's admirers would discover
+in such original memorials of our eminent novelist; and
+which, from the nature of his gifts, and the almost unique
+propensity for their exercise, would be impossible in the
+case of almost any other man of kindred genius.</p>
+
+<p>Selections from the sketches were accordingly produced
+in <i>facsimile</i>, only such subjects being used as, from their
+relation to the context, derived sufficient coherence to be
+generally appreciable.</p>
+
+<p>The writer is aware that many such memorials exist,
+some of them unquestionably of greater worth in themselves
+than several that are found in the present gathering;
+but it is not probable, either from their private nature, the
+circumstances of their ownership, or from the fact that, in
+their isolated condition, they do not illustrate any particular
+stage of their author's progress, that the public will ever
+become familiar with them.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XV" id="Page_XV">xv</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'Thackerayana' is issued with a sense of imperfections;
+many more finished or pretentious drawings might have
+been offered, but the illustrations have been culled with a
+sense of their fitness to the subject in view. It is the
+intention to present Thackeray in the aspect his ambition
+preferred&mdash;as a sketcher; his pencil and pen bequeath us
+matter to follow his career; we recognise that delightful
+gift, a facility for making rapid little pictures on the inspiration
+of the moment; it is an endless source of pleasure to
+the person who may exercise this faculty, and treasures up
+the most abundant and life-like reminiscences for the delectation
+of others. It will be understood as no implied
+disparagement of more laboured masterpieces if we observe
+that the composition of historical works, the conception
+and execution of <i>chefs-d'&oelig;uvre</i>, are grave, lengthy, and
+systematic operations, not to be lightly intruded on; they
+involve much time and preparation, many essays, failures,
+alterations, corrections, much grouping of accessories,
+posing of models, and setting of lay-figures; they become
+oppressive after a time, and demand a strain of absorption
+to accomplish, and an effort of mind to appreciate, which
+are not to be daily exerted; long intervals are required to
+recruit after such labours; but the bright, ready <i>croquis</i> of
+the instant, if not profound, embalms the life that is passing
+and incessant; the incident too fleeting to be preserved on
+the canvas, or in a more ambitious walk of the art, lives in
+the little sketch-book; it is grateful to the hand which jots
+it down, and has the agreeable result of being able to
+extend that pleasure to all who may glance therein. If it
+was one of Thackeray's few fanciful griefs that he was not
+destined for a painter of the grand order, it doubtless consoled
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XVI" id="Page_XVI">xvi</a></span>
+him to find that the happier gift of embodying that
+abstract creation&mdash;an idea&mdash;in a few strokes of the pencil
+was his beyond all question; and this graceful faculty he
+was accustomed to exercise so industriously, that myriads of
+examples survive of the originality of his invention as an
+artist, in addition to the brilliant fancy and sterling truth
+to be found in his works as an author.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-016.jpg" width="263" height="364" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XVII" id="Page_XVII">xvii</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER I.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdpg" colspan="2"><span class="s08">PAGE</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdh">Voyage from India&mdash;Touching at St. Helena&mdash;School days at the Charterhouse&mdash;Early
+Reminiscences&mdash;Sketches in School Books&mdash;Boyish
+Scribblings&mdash;Favourite Fictions&mdash;Youthful Caricatures&mdash;Souvenirs of
+the Play</td>
+<td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER II.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdh">Early Favourites&mdash;The 'Castle of Otranto'&mdash;Rollin's 'Ancient History'</td>
+<td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER III.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdh">Thackeray's last visit to the Charterhouse&mdash;College days&mdash;Pendennis at
+Cambridge&mdash;Sketches of Universities&mdash;Sporting subjects&mdash;Etchings at
+Cambridge&mdash;Pencillings in old authors&mdash;Pictorial Puns&mdash;The 'Snob,'
+a Literary and Scientific Journal&mdash;'Timbuctoo,' a Prize Poem</td>
+<td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER IV.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdh">Early Favourites&mdash;Fielding's 'Joseph Andrews'&mdash;Imitators of Fielding&mdash;The
+'Adventures of Captain Greenland'&mdash;'Jack Connor'&mdash;'Chrysal;
+or, the Adventures of a Guinea'</td>
+<td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER V.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdh">Continental Rambles&mdash;A Stolen Trip to Paris&mdash;Residence at Weimar&mdash;Contributions
+to Albums&mdash;Burlesque State&mdash;German Sketches and
+Studies&mdash;The Weimar Theatre&mdash;Goethe&mdash;Souvenirs of the Saxon city&mdash;'Journal
+kept during a Visit to Germany'</td>
+<td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_89">89</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XVIII" id="Page_XVIII">xviii</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER VI.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdh">Thackeray's Predilections for Art&mdash;A Student in Paris&mdash;First Steps in
+the Career&mdash;An Art Critic&mdash;Introduction to Marvy's 'English Landscape
+Painters'&mdash;Early Connection with Literature&mdash;Michael Angelo
+Titmarsh, a contributor to 'Fraser's Magazine'&mdash;French Caricature
+under Louis Philippe&mdash;Political Satires&mdash;A Young Artist's life in Paris&mdash;Growing
+Sympathy with Literature</td>
+<td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER VII.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdh">'Elizabeth Brownrigge: a Tale,' 1832&mdash;'Comic Magazine,' 1832-4&mdash;'National
+Standard and Literary Representative,' 1833-4&mdash;'Flore et
+Zéphyr, Ballet Mythologique,' 1836&mdash;On the Staff of 'Fraser's Magazine'&mdash;Early
+Connection with Maginn and his Colleagues&mdash;The Maclise
+Cartoon of the Fraserians&mdash;Thackeray's <i>Noms de Plume</i>&mdash;Charles
+Yellowplush as a Reviewer&mdash;Skelton and his 'Anatomy of Conduct'&mdash;Thackeray's
+Proposal to Dickens to illustrate his Novels&mdash;Gradual
+Growth of Thackeray's Notoriety&mdash;His Genial Admiration for 'Boz'&mdash;Christmas
+Books and Dickens's 'Christmas Carol'&mdash;Return to Paris&mdash;Execution
+of Fieschi and Lacénaire&mdash;Daily Newspaper Venture&mdash;The
+'Constitutional' and 'Public Ledger'&mdash;Thackeray as Paris Correspondent&mdash;Dying
+Speech of the 'Constitutional'&mdash;Thackeray's Marriage&mdash;Increased
+Application to Literature&mdash;The 'Shabby Genteel Story'&mdash;Thackeray's
+Article in the 'Westminster' on George Cruikshank&mdash;First
+Collected Writings&mdash;The 'Paris Sketch-Book'&mdash;Dedication to M. Aretz&mdash;'Comic
+Tales and Sketches,' with Thackeray's original Illustrations&mdash;The
+'Yellowplush Papers'&mdash;The 'Second Funeral of Napoleon,'
+with the 'Chronicles of the Drum'&mdash;The 'History of Samuel Titmarsh
+and the great Hoggarty Diamond'&mdash;'Fitzboodle's Confessions'&mdash;The
+'Irish Sketch-Book,' with the Author's Illustrations&mdash;The 'Luck of
+Barry Lyndon'&mdash;Contributions to the 'Examiner'&mdash;Miscellanies&mdash;'Carmen
+Lilliense'&mdash;'Notes on a Journey from Cornhill to Grand
+Cairo,' with the Author's Illustrations&mdash;Interest excited in Titmarsh&mdash;Foundation
+of 'Punch'&mdash;Thackeray's Contributions&mdash;His comic Designs&mdash;The
+'Fat Contributor'&mdash;'Jeames's Diary'</td>
+<td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER VIII.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdh">Increasing reputation&mdash;Later writings in 'Fraser'&mdash;'Mrs. Perkins's Ball,'
+with Thackeray's Illustrations&mdash;Early Vicissitudes of 'Pencil Sketches
+of English Society'&mdash;Thackeray's connection with the Temple&mdash;Appearance
+of 'Vanity Fair,' with the Author's original Illustrations&mdash;Appreciative
+notice in the 'Edinburgh Review'&mdash;The impression produced&mdash;'Our
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_IXX" id="Page_IXX">ixx</a></span>
+Street,' with Titmarsh's Pencillings of some of its Inhabitants&mdash;The
+History of Pendennis,' illustrated by the Author&mdash;'Dr.
+Birch and his Young Friends,' with illustrations by M. A. Titmarsh&mdash;'Rebecca
+and Rowena'&mdash;The Dignity of Literature and the 'Examiner'
+and 'Morning Chronicle' newspapers&mdash;Sensitiveness to Hostile Criticism&mdash;The
+'Kickleburys on the Rhine,' with illustrations by M. A.
+Titmarsh&mdash;Adverse bias of the 'Times' newspaper&mdash;Thackeray's reply&mdash;An
+'Essay on Thunder and Small Beer'</td>
+<td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER IX.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdh">Commencement of the Series of Early Essayists&mdash;Thackeray as a Lecturer&mdash;The
+'English Humourists of the Eighteenth Century'&mdash;Charlotte
+Brontë at Thackeray's Readings&mdash;The Lectures repeated in Edinburgh&mdash;An
+invitation to visit America&mdash;Transatlantic popularity&mdash;Special
+success attending the reception of the 'English Humourists' in the
+States&mdash;'Week-day Preachers'&mdash;Enthusiastic Farewell&mdash;Appleton's
+New York edition of Thackeray's Works; the Author's introduction,
+and remarks on International Copyright&mdash;Thackeray's departure&mdash;Cordial
+impression bequeathed to America&mdash;The 'History of Henry
+Esmonde, a story of Queen Anne's Reign'&mdash;The writers of the Augustan
+Era&mdash;The 'Newcomes'&mdash;An allusion to George Washington
+misunderstood&mdash;A second visit to America&mdash;Lectures on the 'Four
+Georges'&mdash;The series repeated at home&mdash;Scotch sympathy&mdash;Thackeray
+proposed as a candidate to represent Oxford in Parliament&mdash;His liberal
+views and impartiality</td>
+<td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER X.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdh">Curious Authors from Thackeray's Library, indicating the course of his
+Readings&mdash;Early Essayists illustrated with the Humourist's Pencillings&mdash;Bishop
+Earle's 'Microcosmography; a piece of the World Characterised,'
+1628&mdash;An 'Essay in Defence of the Female Sex,' 1697&mdash;Thackeray's
+Interest in Works on the Spiritual World&mdash;'Flagellum Dæmonum,
+et Fustis Dæmonum. Auctore R. P. F. Hieronymo Mengo,' 1727&mdash;'La
+Magie et L'Astrologie,' par L. F. Alfred Maury&mdash;'Magic, Witchcraft,
+Animal Magnetism, Hypnotism, and Electro Biology,' by James
+Baird, 1852</td>
+<td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER XI.<br />
+<span class="s08">ENGLISH ESSAYISTS OF THE GEORGIAN ERA.</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdh">Early Essayists whose Writings have furnished Thackeray with the Accessories
+of Portions of his Novels and Lectures&mdash;Works from the
+Novelist's Library, elucidating his Course of Reading for the Preparation
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XX" id="Page_XX">xx</a></span>
+of his 'Lectures'&mdash;'Henry Esmond,' 'The Virginians,' &amp;c.&mdash;Characteristic
+Passages from the Lucubrations of the Essayists of the
+Augustan Era illustrated with original Marginal Sketches, suggested by
+the Text, by Thackeray's hand&mdash;The 'Tatler'&mdash;Its History and Influence&mdash;Reforms
+introduced by the purer Style of the Essayists&mdash;The
+Literature of Queen Anne's Reign&mdash;Thackeray's Love for the Writings
+of the Period&mdash;His Gift of reproducing their masterly and simple style
+of Composition; their Irony, and playful Humour&mdash;Extracts from
+notable Essays; illustrated with original Pencillings from the Series of
+the 'Tatler,' 1709</td>
+<td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER XII.<br />
+<span class="s08">THACKERAY'S RESEARCHES AMONGST THE WRITINGS OF THE
+EARLY ESSAYISTS&mdash;<i>Continued.</i></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdh">Extracts of Characteristic Passages from the Works of the 'Humourists,'
+from Thackeray's Library, illustrated with Original Marginal Sketches
+by the Author's hand&mdash;The Series of <span class="smcap">The 'Guardian,'</span> 1713&mdash;Introduction&mdash;Steele's
+Programme&mdash;Authors who contributed to the 'Guardian'&mdash;Paragraphs
+and Pencillings</td>
+<td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER XIII.<br />
+<span class="s08">THACKERAY'S RESEARCHES AMONGST THE WRITINGS OF THE
+EARLY ESSAYISTS&mdash;<i>Continued.</i></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdh">Characteristic passages from the Works of Humorous Writers of the 'Era
+of the Georges,' from Thackeray's Library, illustrated with original
+Marginal Sketches by the Author's hand&mdash;<span class="smcap">The 'Humourist,'</span> 1724&mdash;Extracts
+and Pencillings</td>
+<td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER XIV.<br />
+<span class="s08">THACKERAY'S RESEARCHES AMONGST THE WRITINGS OF THE
+EARLY ESSAYISTS&mdash;<i>Continued.</i></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdh">Characteristic Passages from the Works of the 'Humourists,' from
+Thackeray's Library, illustrated by the Author's hand, with Marginal
+Sketches suggested by the Text&mdash;<span class="smcap">The 'World,'</span> 1753&mdash;Introduction&mdash;Its
+Difference from the Earlier Essays&mdash;Distinguished Authors who
+contributed to the 'World'&mdash;Paragraphs and Pencillings</td>
+<td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_318">318</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XXI" id="Page_XXI">xxi</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER XV.<br />
+<span class="s08">THACKERAY'S FAMILIARITY WITH THE WRITINGS OF THE
+SATIRICAL ESSAYISTS&mdash;<i>Continued.</i></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdh">Characteristic Passages from the compositions of the 'Early Humourists,'
+from Thackeray's Library, illustrated by the Author's hand with original
+Marginal Sketches suggested by the Text&mdash;The '<span class="smcap">Connoisseur</span>,'
+1754&mdash;Introduction&mdash;Review of Contributors&mdash;Paragraphs and Pencillings</td>
+<td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_357">357</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER XVI.<br />
+<span class="s08">THACKERAY'S RESEARCHES AMONGST THE WRITINGS OF THE
+EARLY ESSAYISTS&mdash;<i>Continued.</i></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdh">Characteristic Passages from the Works of the 'Humourists,' from Thackeray's
+Library; illustrated by the Author's hand with Marginal Sketches
+suggested by the Text&mdash;<span class="smcap">The 'Rambler,'</span> 1749-50&mdash;Introduction&mdash;Its
+Author, Dr. Johnson&mdash;Paragraphs and Pencillings</td>
+<td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_370">370</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER XVII.<br />
+<span class="s08">THACKERAY'S FAMILIARITY WITH THE WRITINGS OF THE
+SATIRICAL ESSAYISTS&mdash;<i>Continued.</i></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdh">Characteristic Passages from the Works of the 'Early Humourists,' from
+Thackeray's Library, illustrated by the Author's hand with original
+Marginal Sketches suggested by the Text&mdash;The '<span class="smcap">Mirror</span>,' Edinburgh,
+1779-80&mdash;Introduction&mdash;The Society in which the '<span class="smcap">Mirror</span>,' and
+'Lounger' originated&mdash;Notice of Contributors&mdash;Paragraphs and Pencillings</td>
+<td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_408">408</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER XVIII.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdh">Thackeray as an Illustrator&mdash;The 'North British Review' on Thackeray&mdash;Illustrations
+to 'Men of Character'&mdash;'The Whitey-brown Paper
+Magazine'&mdash;'Comic Tales,' illustrated by Thackeray&mdash;Allusions to
+Caricature Drawing found throughout his writings&mdash;Skits on Fashion&mdash;Titmarsh
+on 'Men and Clothes'&mdash;Bohemianism in youth&mdash;Hatred of
+Conventionality&mdash;Sketches of Contemporary Habits and Manners&mdash;Imaginative
+Illustrations to Romances&mdash;Skill in Ludicrous Parody&mdash;Burlesque
+of the 'Official Handbook of Court and State'</td>
+<td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_436">436</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XXII" id="Page_XXII">xxii</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER XIX.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdh">Thackeray as a Traveller&mdash;Journey in Youth from India to England&mdash;Little
+Travels at Home&mdash;Sojourn in Germany&mdash;French Trips&mdash;Residence
+in Paris&mdash;Studies in Rome&mdash;Sketches and Scribblings in Guide-Books&mdash;Little
+Tours and Wayside Studies&mdash;Brussels&mdash;Ghent and the
+Béguines&mdash;Bruges&mdash;<i>Croquis</i> in Murray's 'Handbooks to the Continent'&mdash;Up
+the Rhine&mdash;'From Cornhill to Grand Cairo'&mdash;Journeys to
+America&mdash;Switzerland&mdash;'A Leaf out of a Sketch-Book'&mdash;The Grisons&mdash;Verona&mdash;'Roundabout
+Journeys'&mdash;Belgium and Holland</td>
+<td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_465">465</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER XX.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdh">Commencement of the 'Cornhill Magazine'&mdash;'Roundabout Papers'&mdash;'Lovel
+the Widower'&mdash;The 'Adventures of Philip on his Way through
+the World'&mdash;Lectures on the 'Four Georges'&mdash;Editorial Penalties&mdash;The
+'Thorn in the Cushion'&mdash;Harass from disappointed Contributors&mdash;Vexatious
+Correspondents&mdash;Withdrawal from the arduous post of Editor&mdash;Building
+of Thackeray's House in Kensington Palace Gardens&mdash;Christmas
+1863&mdash;Death of the great Novelist&mdash;The unfinished Work&mdash;Circumstances
+of the Author's last Illness&mdash;His Death</td>
+<td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_488">488</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">1</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p6 b20">THACKERAYANA.</p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<p class="ch_summ">
+Voyage from India&mdash;Touching at St. Helena&mdash;School days at the Charterhouse&mdash;Early
+Reminiscences&mdash;Sketches in School Books&mdash;Boyish Scribblings&mdash;Favourite
+Fictions&mdash;Youthful Caricatures&mdash;Souvenirs of the Play.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-023.jpg" width="225" height="308" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">View of Life as seen through the Charterhouse Gates</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The fondness of Thackeray for lingering
+amidst the scenes of a boy's daily life in a
+public grammar school, has generally been
+attributed to his early education at the
+Charterhouse, that celebrated monastic-looking
+establishment in the neighbourhood
+of Smithfield, which he scarcely disguised
+from his readers as
+the original of the familiar
+'Greyfriars' of his works
+of fiction. Most of our
+novelists have given us in
+various forms their school
+reminiscences; but none
+have produced them so
+frequently, or dwelt upon
+them with such manifest
+bias towards the subject,
+as the author of 'Vanity
+Fair,' 'The Newcomes,'
+and 'The Adventures of
+Philip.' It is pleasing to think that this habit, which Thackeray
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">2</a></span>
+was well aware had been frequently censured by his critics as
+carried to excess, was, like his partiality for the times of Queen
+Anne and the Georges, in some degree due to the traditional reverence
+of his family for the memory of their great-grandfather,
+Dr. Thomas Thackeray, the well-remembered head-master of
+Harrow.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 160px;">
+<img src="images/i-024.jpg" width="160" height="251" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">An Exile</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 138px;">
+<img src="images/i-024-copy.jpg" width="138" height="351" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A Sentry</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Sketches of Indian life and Anglo-Indians generally are abundantly
+interspersed through Mr. Thackeray's writings, but he left
+India too early to have profited much by Indian experiences. He
+is said, however, to have retained so strong an impression of the
+scene of his early childhood, as to have wished in later life to revisit
+it, and recall such things as were still
+remembered by him. In his seventh
+year he was sent to England, and when
+the ship touched at St. Helena, he was
+taken up to have a glimpse of Bowood,
+and there saw that great Captain at
+whose name the rulers of the earth had so often trembled. It is
+remarkable that in his little account of the second funeral of Napoleon,
+which he witnessed in Paris in 1840, no allusion to this
+fact appears; but he himself has described it in one of his latest
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">3</a></span>
+works&mdash;the lectures on 'The Four Georges,' first delivered in
+the United States in 1855-56, and afterwards described by the
+<i>Athenæum</i> as 'an airy, humorous, and brilliant picture of English
+life and manners, produced by honest reading out of many books,
+and lighted with the glow of individual sympathy and intellect.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 99px;">
+<img src="images/i-025-copy.jpg" width="99" height="298" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A highly respectable Member of Society</p>
+</div>
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 120px;">
+<img src="images/i-025.jpg" width="120" height="337" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A Master of Arts</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>We fancy that Thackeray was placed under the protection of
+his grandfather, William Makepeace Thackeray, who had settled
+with a good fortune, the fruit of his industry in India, at Hadley,
+near Chipping Barnet, a little village, in the churchyard of which
+lies buried the once-read Mrs. Chapone, the authoress of the
+'Letters on the Improvement of the Mind,' the correspondent
+of Richardson, and the intimate friend of the learned Mrs. Carter
+and other blue-stocking ladies of that time.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-026.jpg" width="129" height="329" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A Man of Letters</p>
+</div>
+<p>In the course of time&mdash;we believe in his twelfth year&mdash;Thackeray
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span>
+was sent to the Charterhouse School, and remained there as
+a boarder in the house of Mr. Penny. He appears in the Charterhouse
+records for the year 1822 as a boy on the tenth form. In
+the next year we find him promoted to the
+seventh form; in 1824 to the fifth; and in
+1828, when he had become a day-boy, or
+one residing with his friends, we find him in
+the honourable positions of a first-form boy
+and one of the monitors of the school. He
+was, however, never chosen as one of the
+orators, or those who speak the oration on the
+Founder's Day, nor does he appear among the
+writers of the Charterhouse odes, which have
+been collected and printed from time to time
+in a small volume. We need feel no surprise
+that Thackeray's ambition did not lead him
+to seek this sort of distinction; like most
+keen humorists, he preferred exercising his
+powers of satire in burlesquing these somewhat
+trite compositions to contributing
+seriously to swell their numbers. Prize
+poems ever yielded the novelist a delightful
+field for his sarcasms.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-026-copy.jpg" width="221" height="150" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Early efforts at Drawing</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>While pursuing his studies at 'Smiffle,'
+as the Carthusians were pleased to style
+'Greyfriars,' Thackeray gave abundant evidences
+of the gifts that were in him. He scribbled juvenile verses,
+towards the close of his school days, displaying taste for the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span>
+healthy sarcasm which afterwards became one of his distinctive
+qualities, at the expense of the prosaic compositions set down as
+school verses. In one of his class books, 'Thucydides,' with his
+autograph, 'Charter House, 1827,' are scribbled two verses in
+which the tender passion is treated somewhat realistically:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Love 's like a mutton chop,</p>
+<p class="i1">Soon it grows cold;</p>
+<p>All its attractions hop</p>
+<p class="i1">Ere it grows old.</p>
+<p>Love 's like the cholic sure,</p>
+<p>Both painful to endure;</p>
+<p>Brandy 's for both a cure,</p>
+<p class="i1">So I've been told.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>When for some fair the swain</p>
+<p class="i1">Burns with desire,</p>
+<p>In Hymen's fatal chain</p>
+<p class="i1">Eager to try her,</p>
+<p>He weds as soon as he can,</p>
+<p>And jumps&mdash;unhappy man&mdash;</p>
+<p>Out of the frying pan</p>
+<p class="i1">Into the fire.</p>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-027.jpg" width="86" height="121" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-027-copy.jpg" width="86" height="130" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>As to the humorist's pencil, even throughout these early days, it
+must have been an unfailing source of delight, not only to the owner
+but to the companions of his form. 'Draw us some pictures,' the
+boys would say; and straightway
+down popped a caricature of a
+master on slate or exercise paper.
+Then school books were brought
+into requisition, and the fly-leaves
+were adorned with whimsical
+travesties of the subjects of their
+contents. Abbé Barthélemy's
+'Travels of Anacharsis the
+Younger' suggested the figure of a wandering minstrel, with battered
+hat and dislocated flageolet, piping his way through the world in
+the dejected fashion in which those forlorn pilgrims might have
+presented themselves to the charitable dwellers in Charterhouse
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span>
+Square; while Anacharsis, Junior, habited in classic guise, was sent
+(pictorially) tramping the high road from Scythia to Athens, with
+stick and bundle over his back, a wallet
+at his side, sporting a family umbrella
+of the defunct 'gingham' species as a
+staff, and furnished with lace-up hob-nailed
+boots of the shape, size, and
+weight popularly approved by navvies.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-028-copy.jpg" width="144" height="127" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">'A Gingham'</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Then Ainsworth's Latin Dictionary
+was turned into a sketch book, and supplemented
+with studies of head-masters,
+early conceptions of Roman warriors,
+primitive Carthusians indulging disrespectful gestures, known as
+'sights,' at the rears of respectable governors, and boys of the
+neighbouring 'blue coat' foundation, their costume completed
+with the addition of a fool's or dunce's long-eared cap.</p>
+
+<p>Fantastic designs, even when marked by the early graphic
+talent which Thackeray's rudest scribblings display, are apt to entail
+unpleasant consequences when discovered in school-books,
+and greater attractions were held
+out by works of fiction.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-028.jpg" width="175" height="230" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">In a state of suspense</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Pages of knight-errantry were
+the things for inspiration: Quixote,
+Orlando Furioso, Valentine
+and Orson, the Seven Champions,
+Cyrus the Grand (and interminable),
+mystic and chivalrous legends,
+quite forgotten in our
+generation, but which, in Thackeray's
+boyhood, were considered
+fascinating reading;&mdash;quaint romances,
+Italian, Spanish, and Persian
+tales, familiar enough in those
+days, and oft referred to, with accents
+of tender regret, in the reminiscences
+of the great novelist.
+What charms did the 'Arabian Nights' hold out for his kindling
+imagination,&mdash;how frequently were its heroes and its episodes
+brought in to supply some apt allusion in his later writings! It
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span>
+seems that Thackeray's pencil never tired of his favourite stories
+in the 'Thousand and One Nights,' precious to him for preserving
+ever green the impressions of boyhood. How numerous his unpublished
+designs from these tales, those who treasure his numberless
+and diversified sketches can alone tell. We see the thrilling
+episode of 'Ali Baba' perched among the branches, while the
+robbers bear their spoil to the mysterious cave, repeated with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span>
+unvarying interest, and each time with some fresh point of humour
+to give value to the slight tracings.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-029a.jpg" width="316" height="269" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 121px;">
+<img src="images/i-029-copy-3.jpg" width="121" height="165" alt="" />
+<div class="caption">Fancy sketch</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 94px;">
+<img src="images/i-029-copy.jpg" width="94" height="103" alt="" />
+<div class="caption">A worthy Cit</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 117px;">
+<img src="images/i-029.jpg" width="117" height="134" alt="" />
+<div class="caption">A Grey Friar</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-030-copy.jpg" width="333" height="217" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-030.jpg" width="156" height="291" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Blueskin</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>'Make us some faces,' his school-companions would cry.
+'Whom will you have? name your friends,' says the young artist.
+Perhaps one young rogue, with a
+schoolboy's taste for personalities,
+will cry, 'Old Buggins;' and the
+junior Buggins blushes and fidgets
+as the ideal presentment of his progenitor
+is rapidly dashed off and
+held up to the appreciation of a
+circle of rapturous critics. 'Now,'
+says the wounded youngster, glad to
+retaliate, 'you remember old Figgins'
+pater when he brought Old
+Figs back and forgot to tip&mdash;draw
+him!' and a faithful portraiture of
+that economic civic ornament is
+produced from recollection.</p>
+
+<p>The gallery of family portraits
+is doubtless successfully exhausted,
+and each of the boys who love
+books, calls for a different favourite
+of fiction, or the designer exercises
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span>
+his budding fancy in summoning monks, Turks, ogres, bandits,
+highwaymen, and other
+heroes, traditional or imaginary,
+from that wonderful
+well of his, which,
+in after years, was to pour
+out so frankly from its
+rich reservoirs for the
+recreation, and improvement
+too, of an audience
+more numerous, but
+perhaps less enthusiastic,
+than that which surrounded
+him at Greyfriars.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 193px;">
+<img src="images/i-031-copy-2.jpg" width="193" height="328" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Virtue triumphant</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 225px;">
+<img src="images/i-031-copy.jpg" width="225" height="348" alt="" />
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-031.jpg" width="236" height="215" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Early Recreations&mdash;Marbles</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Holidays came, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span>
+with them the chance of visiting the theatres. Think of the
+plays in fashion between 1820 and '30; what juvenile rejoicings
+over the moral drama, over the wicked earl unmasked in the
+last Act, the persecuted maiden triumphant, and virtue's defenders
+rewarded. Recall the pieces in vogue in those early days, to
+which the novelist refers with constant pleasure; how does he
+write of nautical melodramas, of 'Black Ey'd Seusan,' and such
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span>
+simply constructed pieces as he has parodied in the pages of
+'Punch:' such as Theodore Hook is described hitting off on
+the piano after dinner. Think of Sadler's Wells, and the real
+water, turned on from the New River adjacent. Remember Astley's,
+and its gallant stud of horses. How faded are all these glories in
+our time, yet they were gorgeous subjects for young Thackeray's
+hand to work out; and we can well conceive eager little Cistercians,
+in miniature black gowns and breeches, revelling over the splendid
+pictures, perhaps made more glorious with the colour box. How
+many of these scraps have been treasured to this day, and are now
+gone with the holders, heaven knows where?</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-032.jpg" width="393" height="443" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-033.jpg" width="384" height="313" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Then there was 'Shakespeare,' always a favourite with 'Titmarsh.'
+Think of the obsolete, conventional trappings in which the
+characters of the great playwright were then condemned to strut
+about to the perfect satisfaction of the audience, before theatrical
+'costume' became a fine art! And then there were Braham, and
+Incledon, and the jovial rollicking tuneful 'Beggar's Opera.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span>
+Behold the swaggering Macheath, reckless in good fortune, and
+consistently light-hearted up to his premature exit.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-034.jpg" width="172" height="206" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">The Captain</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="o1">'<i>Since laws were made for ev'ry degree,</i></p>
+<p><i>To curb vice in others, as well as me,</i></p>
+<p><i>I wonder we han't better company</i></p>
+<p class="i5"><i>Upon</i> Tyburn <i>tree!</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><i>But gold from law can take out the sting:</i></p>
+<p><i>And if rich men like us were to swing,</i></p>
+<p><i>'Twould thin the land, such numbers to string</i></p>
+<p class="i5"><i>Upon</i> Tyburn <i>tree!</i>'</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="l15" />
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>'<i>The charge is prepar'd, the Lawyers are met;</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>The Judges all rang'd (a terrible show!)</i></p>
+<p><i>I go undismay'd&mdash;for death is a debt,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>A debt on demand,&mdash;so take what I owe.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><i>Then, farewell, my love&mdash;dear charmers, adieu;</i></p>
+<p><i>Contented I die&mdash;'tis the better for you;</i></p>
+<p><i>Here ends all dispute the rest of our lives,</i></p>
+<p><i>For this way at once I please all my wives.</i>'</p>
+</div></div></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-035.jpg" width="610" height="406" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>In his 'English Humorists of the Eighteenth Century,' our
+author does not forget to pay his honest tribute to Gay, some
+of whose verses we have just quoted.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-036.jpg" width="138" height="242" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">'<i>At the tree I shall suffer with pleasure,</i></p>
+<p><i>At the tree I shall suffer with pleasure,</i></p>
+<p class="i3"><i>Let me go where I will,</i></p>
+<p class="i3"><i>In all kinds of ill,</i></p>
+<p><i>I shall find no such Furies as these are.</i>'</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Thackeray's predilections for the stage survived the first flush of
+enthusiasm, and, like most of his pleasures, flourished vigorously
+almost throughout his career.</p>
+
+<p>It may be fresh in the recollections of most of his admirers
+how in 1848 he describes, in his great work, <i>Vanity Fair</i>, a visit
+to Drury Lane Theatre&mdash;the vivid colouring of which picture outshines
+his entire gallery of theatrical sketches.</p>
+
+<p>The stout figure and slightly Mosaic cast of countenance of
+Braham will be recognised opposite, gorgeous in stage trappings, as
+he appeared in the opera of the 'Lion of Judah;' Thackeray also
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span>
+dedicated to him another portrait, with a copy of mock laudatory
+verses, in the 'National Standard,' to which engaging production
+some allusion will be found under the notice of the author's earlier
+contributions to periodical literature.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-037-copy.jpg" width="287" height="299" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Mr. Braham</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-037.jpg" width="194" height="193" alt="" />
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-038-copy-2.jpg" width="325" height="247" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Speculation</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 144px;">
+<img src="images/i-038-copy.jpg" width="144" height="223" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Quixote</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 181px;">
+<img src="images/i-038.jpg" width="181" height="189" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A formidable foe</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 133px;">
+<img src="images/i-039-copy-2.jpg" width="133" height="294" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A Roman sentry</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 173px;">
+<img src="images/i-039.jpg" width="173" height="335" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A Spanish Don</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-039-copy.jpg" width="291" height="229" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Rouge et Noir</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<p class="ch_summ center">
+Early Favourites&mdash;The Castle of Otranto&mdash;Rollin's Ancient History.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-040.jpg" width="197" height="192" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The references made by
+Thackeray to the romances
+which thrilled the sympathies
+of novel-readers in his
+youth are spread throughout
+his writings. In the 'Roundabout
+Paper' devoted to
+reminiscences of fictions
+which delighted his schooldays,
+he whimsically deplores
+that Time, among other insatiable
+propensities, should
+devour the glories of novels,
+and especially of those which have befriended his youth; that
+no friendly hand should take the volumes down from their long
+rest on the library shelves; that the profits of the forlorn novelists
+should dwindle infinitesimally as the popularity of their bantlings
+fades, until limbo finally takes them into indefinite keeping.</p>
+
+<p>In another paper, 'De Juventate,' he makes an earlier record
+of his partiality for the imaginary companions of his boyhood.
+After alluding to the games of his time, which he finds little
+changed, Mr. Roundabout reverts to his favourite old novels,
+and challenges the present day to rival their attractions, as far as
+his boyish imagination was concerned. 'O "Scottish Chiefs,"
+didn't we weep over you? O "Mysteries of Udolpho," didn't I
+and Briggs minor draw pictures out of you, as I have said?'</p>
+
+<p>On the title-page of one of his old class-books, 'The Eton
+Latin Grammar,' we find fanciful scribblings, in the manner of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span>
+Skelt's once famous theatrical characters, of schoolboy versions
+of Sir William Wallace triumphing over the fallen Sir Aymer
+de Valence, while Thaddeus of Warsaw, attired in a square Polish
+cap, laced jacket, tights, and Hessian boots, his belt stuck round
+with pistols, is gallantly flourishing a curly sabre.</p>
+
+<p>Sketches of this picturesque nature seem to have held a
+certain charm over the novelist's fancy through life; the impressions
+of his boyhood are jotted down in all sorts of melodramatic
+fragments.</p>
+
+<p>Similar reminiscences, applying to different stages of our
+writer's career, and forming portions of the illustrations to
+'Thackerayana,' will be recognised throughout this work.</p>
+
+<p>We endeavour to trace sufficient of the thread of the once
+familiar story of 'The Castle of Otranto' (published in 1782, the
+fourth edition), enlivened with highly droll marginal pencillings,
+to assist our readers in a ready appreciation of the point and character
+of the little designs, as it is more than probable that, by
+this time, the interest and incidents of the original fiction are
+somewhat obscured in the memories of our readers. We follow
+the words of the author as closely as possible.</p>
+
+<p>'Manfred, Prince of Otranto, had one son and one daughter.
+The latter, a most beautiful virgin, aged eighteen, was called
+Matilda. Conrad, the son, was only fifteen, and of a sickly constitution;
+he was the hope of his father, who had contracted a
+marriage for him with the Marquis of Vicenza's daughter, Isabella.
+The bride elect had been delivered by the guardians into Manfred's
+hands, that the marriage might take place as soon as Conrad's
+infirm health would permit it. The impatience of the prince
+for the completion of this ceremonial was attributed to his
+dread of seeing an ancient prophecy accomplished, which pronounced&mdash;"that
+the Castle and Lordship of Otranto should pass
+from the present family, whenever the real owner should be
+grown too large to inhabit it."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-042.jpg" width="274" height="396" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Young Conrad's birthday was fixed for the marriage; the
+company were assembled in the chapel of the castle, everything
+ready,&mdash;but the bridegroom was missing! The prince, in alarm,
+went in search of his son. The first object that struck Manfred's
+eyes was a group of his servants endeavouring to raise something
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span>
+that appeared to him a mountain of sable plumes. "What are
+ye doing?" he cried, wrathfully; "where is my son?" A volley of
+voices replied, "Oh! my lord! the prince! the helmet! the
+helmet!" Shocked with these lamentable sounds, and dreading
+he knew not what, he advanced hastily,&mdash;but what a sight for a
+father's eyes! He beheld his child dashed to pieces, and almost
+buried under an enormous helmet, a hundred times larger than
+any casque ever made for human being, and shaded with a proportionable
+quantity of black feathers.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-043.jpg" width="99" height="117" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-043-copy.jpg" width="102" height="139" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-043-copy-2.jpg" width="199" height="131" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'The consternation produced by this murderous apparition did
+not diminish. Isabella was, however, relieved at her escape from
+an ill-assorted union. Manfred continued to
+gaze at the terrible casque. No one could explain
+its presence. In the midst of their senseless
+guesses, a young peasant, whom rumour had
+drawn thither from a neighbouring village, observed
+that the miraculous helmet was like that
+on the figure in black marble, in the church
+of St. Nicholas, of Alonzo the Good (the original
+Prince of Otranto, who died without leaving an ascertained heir,
+and whose steward, Manfred's grandfather, had illegally contrived
+to obtain possession of the castle, estates, and title). "Villain!
+what sayest thou?" cried Manfred, starting from
+his trance in a tempest of rage, and seizing the
+young man by the collar. "How darest thou
+utter such treason? Thy life shall pay for it!"
+The peasant was secured, and confined, as a
+necromancer, under the gigantic helmet, there
+to be starved to death. Manfred retired to his
+chamber to meditate in solitude over the blow
+which had descended on his house. His gentle
+daughter, Matilda, heard his disordered footsteps.
+She was just going to beg admittance, when Manfred suddenly opened
+the door; and as it was now twilight, concurring with the disorder of
+his mind, he did not distinguish the person, but asked angrily who
+it was. Matilda replied, trembling,
+"My dearest father, it
+is I, your daughter." Manfred,
+stepping back hastily,
+cried, "Begone, I do not want
+a daughter;" and flinging back
+abruptly, clapped the door
+against the terrified Matilda.
+His dejected daughter returned
+to her mother, the pious Hippolita, who was being comforted
+by Isabella. A servant, on the part of Manfred, informed the
+latter that Manfred demanded to speak with her. "With me!"
+cried Isabella. "Go," said Hippolita, "console him, and tell
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span>
+him that I will smother my own anguish rather than add to
+his."</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-044.jpg" width="195" height="137" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-044-copy.jpg" width="170" height="135" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'As it was now evening, the servant, who conducted Isabella,
+bore a torch before her. When they came to Manfred, who was
+walking impatiently about the
+gallery, he started, and said
+hastily, "Take away that light,
+and begone." Then, shutting
+the door impetuously, he flung
+himself upon a bench against
+the wall, and bade Isabella sit
+by him. She obeyed trembling.
+The iniquitous Manfred
+then proposed, that as his son
+was dead, Isabella should espouse him instead, and he would
+divorce the virtuous Hippolita. Manfred, on her refusal, resorted
+to violence, when the plumes of the
+fatal helmet suddenly waved to and
+fro tempestuously in the moonlight.
+Manfred, disregarding the portent,
+cried&mdash;"Heaven nor hell shall impede
+my designs," and advanced to
+seize the princess. At that instant
+the portrait of his grandfather, which
+hung over the bench where they had
+been sitting, uttered a deep sigh,
+and heaved its breast. Manfred was distracted between his pursuit
+of Isabella and the aspect of the picture, which quitted its
+panel and stepped on the floor with a grave and melancholy air.
+The vision sighed and made a sign to Manfred to follow him.
+"Lead on!" cried Manfred; "I will follow thee to the gulph of
+perdition." The spectre marched sedately, but dejected, to the end
+of the gallery. Manfred followed, full of anxiety and horror, but
+resolved. The spectre retired. Isabella had fled to a subterranean
+passage leading from the Castle to the Sanctuary of St. Nicholas.
+In this vault she encountered the young peasant who had provoked
+the animosity of Manfred. He lifted up a secret trap-door, and
+Isabella made her escape; but Manfred and his followers prevented
+the flight of the daring stranger. The prince, who expected to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span>
+secure Isabella, was considerably startled to discover this youth in
+her stead. The weight of the helmet had broken the pavement
+above, and he had thus alighted in time to assist Isabella, whose
+disappearance he denied. A noise of voices startled Manfred, who
+was alarmed by fresh indications of hostile evidences. Jacques
+and Diego, two of his retainers, detailed the fresh cause of alarm.
+It was thus: they had heard a noise&mdash;they opened a door and ran
+back, their hair standing on end with terror.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-045.jpg" width="326" height="116" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-045-copy.jpg" width="69" height="96" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'"It is a giant, I believe," said Diego; "he is all clad in armour,
+for I saw his foot and part of his leg, and they are as large as the
+helmet below in the court. We heard a violent motion, and the
+rattling of armour, as if the giant was rising. Before we could get
+to the end of the gallery we heard the door of the great chamber
+clap behind us; but for Heaven's sake, good my lord, send for
+the chaplain and have the place exorcised, for it is certainly
+haunted." The attendants searched for Isabella in vain. The
+next morning father Jerome arrived, announcing that she had
+taken refuge at the altar of St. Nicholas. He came to inform
+Hippolita of the perfidy of her husband. Manfred prevented him,
+saying, "I do not use to let my wife be acquainted
+with the affairs of my state; they are not within
+a woman's province." "My Lord," said the holy
+man, "I am no intruder into the secrets of families.
+My office is to promote peace and teach mankind
+to curb their headstrong passions. I forgive
+your highness's uncharitable apostrophe; I know
+my duty, and am the minister of a mightier Prince than Manfred.
+Hearken to Him who speaks through my organs." The good
+father&mdash;to divert Manfred by a subterfuge from his unhallowed designs&mdash;suggested
+that there might, perhaps, be an attachment between
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span>
+the peasant and his recluse. Manfred was so enraged that he
+ordered the youth who defied him to be executed forthwith. The
+removal of the peasant's doublet disclosed the mark of a bloody arrow.
+"Gracious Heaven!" cried the priest, starting, "what do I see? it
+is my child! my Theodore!" Manfred was deaf to the prayers of
+the father and friar, and ordered the tragedy to proceed. "A
+saint's bastard may be no saint himself," said the prince sternly.
+The friar exclaimed, "His blood is noble; he is my lawful son, and
+I am the Count of Falconara!" At this critical
+juncture the tramp of horses was heard, the
+sable plumes of the enchanted helmet were
+again agitated, and a brazen trumpet was sounded
+without. "Father," said Manfred, "do you go to
+the wicket and demand who is at the gate." "Do
+you grant me the life of Theodore?" replied
+the friar. "I do," said the prince. The new
+arrival was a herald from the Knight of the
+Gigantic Sabre, who requested to speak with the Usurper of Otranto.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-046.jpg" width="88" height="120" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Manfred was enraged at this message; he ordered Jerome to
+be thrust out, and to reconduct Isabella to the castle, and commanded
+Theodore to be confined in the black tower. He then
+directed the herald to be admitted to his presence.</p>
+
+<p>'"Well! thou insolent!" said the prince, "what wouldst thou
+with me?" "I come," replied he, "to thee, Manfred, usurper of
+the principality of Otranto, from the renowned and invincible
+knight, the Knight of the Gigantic Sabre: in the name of his Lord,
+Frederic, Marquis of Vicenza, he demands the Lady Isabella,
+daughter of that prince whom thou hast basely and treacherously
+got into thy power, by bribing her false guardians during his
+absence; he requires thee to resign the principality of Otranto,
+which thou hast usurped from the said Lord Frederic, the nearest
+of blood to the last rightful Lord Alonzo the Good. If thou dost
+not instantly comply with these just demands, he defies thee to
+single combat to the last extremity." And so saying, the herald
+cast down his warder. Manfred knew how well founded this claim
+was; indeed, his object in seeking an alliance with Isabella had
+been to unite the claimants in one interest.</p>
+
+<p>'The herald was despatched to bid the champions welcome, and
+the prince ordered the gates to be flung open for the reception of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span>
+the stranger knight and his retinue. In a few minutes the cavalcade
+arrived. First came two harbingers with wands. Next a
+herald, followed by two pages and two trumpets. Then a hundred
+foot-guards. These were attended by as many horse. After them
+fifty foot-men clothed in scarlet and black, the colours of the
+knight. Then a led horse. Two heralds on each side of a gentleman
+on horseback bearing a banner with the arms of Vicenza and
+Otranto quarterly&mdash;a circumstance that much offended Manfred,
+but he stifled his resentment. Two more pages. The knight's
+confessor telling his beads. Fifty more foot-men clad as before.
+Two knights habited in complete armour, their beavers down,
+comrades to the principal knight. The squires of the two knights,
+carrying their shields and devices. The knight's own squire. A
+hundred gentlemen bearing an enormous sword, and seeming to
+faint under the weight of it. The knight himself on a chestnut steed,
+in complete armour, his lance in the rest, his face entirely concealed
+by his vizor, which was surmounted by a large plume of scarlet and
+black feathers. Fifty foot-guards, with drums and trumpets,
+closed the procession. Manfred invited the train to enter the great
+hall of his castle. He proposed to the stranger to disarm, but the
+knight shook his head in token of refusal. "Rest here," said Manfred;
+"I will but give orders for the accommodation of your train,
+and return to you." The three knights bowed as accepting his
+courtesy. Manfred directed the stranger's retinue to be conducted
+to an adjacent hospital, founded by the Princess Hippolita for the
+reception of pilgrims. As they made the circuit of the court, the
+gigantic sword burst from the supporters, and falling to the ground
+opposite the helmet, remained immovable.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-047.jpg" width="383" height="143" alt="" />
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-048.jpg" width="161" height="151" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-048-copy.jpg" width="161" height="122" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Manfred, almost hardened to supernatural appearances, surmounted
+the shock of this new prodigy; and returning to the hall,
+where by this time the feast was
+ready, he invited his silent guests to
+take their places. Manfred, however
+ill at ease was his heart, endeavoured
+to inspire the company with mirth.
+He put several questions to them,
+but was answered only by signs.
+They raised their vizors but sufficiently
+to feed themselves, and that
+sparingly. During the parley Father
+Jerome hurried in to report the disappearance of Isabella. The
+knights and their retinue dispersed to search the neighbourhood,
+and Manfred, with his vassals, quitted the castle to confuse their
+movements. Theodore was still confined in the black tower, but
+his guards were gone. The gentle Matilda came to his assistance;
+she carried him to her father's armoury, and having equipped
+him with a complete suit, conducted him to the postern-gate.
+"Avoid the town," said the princess, "but hie thee to the opposite
+quarter; yonder is a chain of rocks, hollowed into a labyrinth of
+caverns that lead to the sea-coast. Go! Heaven be thy guide!
+and sometimes, in thy prayers, remember Matilda!" Theodore
+flung himself at her feet, and seizing
+her lily hand, which with struggles
+she suffered him to kiss, he vowed
+on the earliest opportunity to get
+himself knighted, and fervently intreated
+her permission to swear himself
+eternally her champion. He
+then sighed and retired, but with
+eyes fixed on the gate, until Matilda,
+closing it, put an end to an interview, in which the hearts of both
+had drunk so deeply of a passion which both now tasted for the
+first time.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-049.jpg" width="346" height="386" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>We must now crowd the sequel of this remarkable story into
+the smallest possible space. In the caverns Theodore recovered
+the distracted Isabella; but a knight arrived at the moment of his
+happy discovery, and mistrusting her deliverer, while Theodore
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span>
+deceived himself as to the intentions of the stranger, a desperate
+combat ensued, and the younger champion gained the victory. The
+stranger knight explained his mistake, and revealed himself as the
+missing Marquis of Vicenza, father to Isabella, and nearest heir
+to Alonzo. He anticipated his wounds were fatal, but he recovered
+at the castle. Manfred artfully pursued his unholy designs for a
+union with Isabella. He gave a great feast, with this object, but
+Theodore withdrew from the revelry to pray with Matilda at the
+tomb of Alonzo. Manfred followed him to the chapel, believing
+his companion was Isabella, and struck his dagger through the
+heart of his daughter. He was overwhelmed with remorse for his
+error, on discovering that he had murdered his child. Theodore
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span>
+revealed to Frederic that he was the real and rightful successor to
+Alonzo. This declaration was confirmed by the apparition of
+Alonzo. Thunder and a clank of more than mortal armour was
+heard. The walls of the
+castle behind Manfred
+were thrown down with
+a mighty force, and the
+form of Alonzo, dilated
+to an immense magnitude,
+appeared in the
+centre of the ruins. 'Behold
+in Theodore the true
+heir of Alonzo!' said the
+vision, and, ascending solemnly
+towards heaven, the
+clouds parted asunder, and
+the form of St. Nicholas
+received Alonzo's shade.
+Manfred confessed, in his
+terror, that Alonzo had
+been poisoned by his grandfather,
+and a fictitious will
+had accomplished his treacherous
+end. Jerome further
+revealed that Alonzo had secretly
+espoused Victoria, a Sicilian virgin.
+After the good knight's decease a daughter
+was born. Her hand had been bestowed
+on him, the disguised Count of
+Falconara. Theodore was the fruit of
+their marriage, thus establishing his direct
+right to the principality. Manfred
+and his virtuous wife, Hippolita, retired
+to neighbouring convents. Frederic
+offered his daughter to the new prince,
+but 'it was not until after frequent discourses
+with Isabella of dear Matilda that he was persuaded he
+could know no happiness but in the society of one with whom
+he could for ever indulge the melancholy that had taken possession
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span>
+of his soul,' with which cheerful prospect the 'Castle of
+Otranto' is brought to an appropriate conclusion.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-050.jpg" width="482" height="228" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>On the fly-leaf at the end of this worthy novel follows a sketch
+suggestive of the out-of-door sports alluded to earlier.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">An instance of the felicitous parodies to which the works of
+grave historians are liable at the hands of a budding satirist is supplied
+by 'Rollin's Ancient History,' one of the books of which we
+feel bound to give more than a passing notice; we therefore select
+the more tempting passages of the eight volumes forming the particular
+edition in question, to which a fresh interest is contributed
+by certain slight but pertinent pencillings probably referable to a
+somewhat later period.</p>
+
+<h3>SKETCHES ILLUSTRATIVE OF 'ROLLIN'S ANCIENT
+HISTORY.'</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Ancient History of the Egyptians, etc. etc.</span></h4>
+
+<p>'... In the early morning and at daybreak, when their
+minds were clearest and their thoughts were most pure, the
+Egyptians would read the letters they had received,
+the better to obtain a just and truthful
+impression of the business on which they had to
+decide.'&mdash;Vol. I. p. 60.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-051.jpg" width="101" height="255" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-051-copy.jpg" width="129" height="95" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'... In addition to the adoration practised
+by the Egyptians of
+Osiris, Iris, and the
+higher divinities, they
+worshipped a large
+number of animals,
+paying an especial respect
+to the cat.'&mdash;Vol.
+I. p. 73.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-052.jpg" width="266" height="460" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">The Historic Muse supported by the veracious historians.<br />
+<span class="i10"><i>Frontispiece to Vol. I.</i></span></p>
+<p class="caption">In this sketch Monsieur Rollin is archly classed among the ranks of the
+writers of fiction&mdash;a position to which he is entitled from the remarkable nature
+of the facts he gravely puts on record.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-053.jpg" width="185" height="128" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Until the reign of Psammeticus the Egyptians
+were believed to be the most ancient
+people on the earth. Wishing to assure themselves
+of this antiquity, they employed a most
+remarkable test, if the statement is worthy of credit. Two children,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span>
+just born of poor parents, were shut up in two separate
+cabins in the country, and a shepherd was directed to feed them
+on goat's milk. (Others state that they were nourished by nurses
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span>
+whose tongues had been cut out.) No one was permitted to enter
+the cabins, and no word was ever allowed to be pronounced in
+their presence. One day,
+when these children arrived at
+the age of two years, the shepherd
+entered to bring them
+their usual food, when each of
+them, from their different divisions,
+extending their hands
+to the keeper, cried, "Beccos,
+beccos." This word, it was
+discovered, was employed by the Phrygians to signify bread; and
+since that period this nation has enjoyed, above all other peoples,
+the honour of the earliest antiquity.'&mdash;Vol. I. p. 162.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-053-copy.jpg" width="118" height="342" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Triumphant Statue of Scipio Africanus.&mdash;End of Vol. I.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span></p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">History of the Carthaginians, etc. etc.</span></h4>
+
+<p>'... Virgil has greatly altered many facts in his "History of
+the Carthaginians," by the supposition that his hero, Æneas, was a
+contemporary of Dido, although there
+is an interval of about three centuries
+between the two personages; Carthage
+having been built nearly three hundred
+years before
+the Fall of
+Troy.'&mdash;Vol. I.
+p. 241.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-054.jpg" width="143" height="126" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-054-copy.jpg" width="317" height="341" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'... By the
+order of Hannibal a road was excavated
+through the bed of the rocks, and this
+labour was carried on with astonishing
+vigour and perseverance. To open and
+enlarge this pathway they felled all the
+trees in the adjoining parts, and as soon
+as the timber was cut down the soldiers
+arranged the trunks on all sides of the
+rocks, and the wood was then set on fire.
+Fortunately, there being a high wind, an ardent flame was quickly
+kindled, until the rock glowed with heat as fiery as the furnace burning
+round it. Hannibal&mdash;if we may credit Titus Livius (for Polybius<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
+does not mention the circumstance)&mdash;then caused a great quantity
+of vinegar to be poured upon the heated stone, which ran into
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span>
+the fissures of the rocks (already cracked by the heat of the fire),
+and caused them to soften and calcine to powder. By this contrivance
+he prepared a road through the heart of the mountains,
+giving easy passage to his troops, their baggage, and even their
+elephants.'&mdash;Vol. I. p. 406.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-055.jpg" width="264" height="94" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Battle of Cannes.&mdash;Vol. I. p. 439.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">History of the Lydians.</span></h4>
+
+<p>'Cr&oelig;sus, wishing to assure himself of the veracity of the different
+oracles, sent deputies to consult the most celebrated soothsayers
+both in Africa and in Greece, with orders to inform themselves
+how Cr&oelig;sus was engaged at a certain hour on a day that
+was pointed out to them.</p>
+
+<p>'His instructions were exactly carried out. The oracle of
+Delphi returned the only correct reply. It was given in verses of
+the hexameter metre, and was in substance:
+"I know the number of grains
+of sand in the sea, and the measure of
+the vast deep. I understand the dumb,
+and those who have not learned to
+speak. My senses are saluted with the
+savoury odour of a turtle stewed with
+the flesh of lambs in a brazier, which
+has copper on all sides, above and
+below!"</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-055-copy.jpg" width="142" height="185" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'In fact the king, desiring to select
+some employment which it would be
+impossible to divine, had occupied himself
+at the hour appointed for the revelation
+in preparing a turtle and a lamb in a copper stewpan,
+which had also a lid of copper.'&mdash;Vol. II. p. 129.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span></p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">History of Cyrus.</span></h4>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-056.jpg" width="218" height="151" alt="" />
+</div>
+<p>'... When the people of Ionia and Æolia learnt that Cyrus
+had mastered the Lydians, they despatched ambassadors to him
+at Sardis, proposing to be received into his empire, under the same
+conditions as he had accorded to the Lydians. Cyrus, who before
+his victories had vainly solicited them to
+unite in his cause, and who now found
+himself in a position to constrain them by
+force, gave as his only answer the apologue
+of a fisherman, who, having tried to lure
+the fish with the notes of his flute, without
+any success, had recourse to his net as the
+shortest method of securing them.'&mdash;Vol.
+II. p. 232.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-056-copy.jpg" width="330" height="480" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Herodotus, and after him Justinian, recounts
+that Astyages, King of the Medes,
+on the impressions of an alarming dream,
+which announced that a child his daughter
+was to bear would dethrone him, gave
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span>
+Mandane, his daughter, in marriage to a Persian of obscure birth
+and condition, named Cambyses. A son being born of this marriage,
+the king charged Harpagus, one of his principal officers, to
+put the child to death. Harpagus gave him to one of his shepherds
+to be exposed in a forest. However, the infant, being
+miraculously preserved, and afterwards nourished in secret by the
+herd's wife, was at last recognised by his royal grandfather, who
+contented himself by his removal to the centre of Persia, and
+vented all his fury on the unhappy officer, whose own son he
+caused to be served up, to be eaten by him at a feast. Some
+years later the young Cyrus was informed by Harpagus of the
+circumstances of his birth and position; animated by his counsels
+and remonstrances, he raised an army in Persia, marched against
+Astyages, and challenged him to battle. The sovereignty of the
+empire thus passed from the hands of the Medes to the Persians.'&mdash;Vol.
+II. p. 315.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Ancient History of Greece.</span></h4>
+
+<p>'The wealthy and luxurious members of the Lacedemonians
+were extremely irritated against Lycurgus on account of his
+decree introducing public repasts
+as the means best suited to enforce
+temperance.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-057.jpg" width="165" height="96" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'It was on this occasion that
+a young man, named Alcandres,
+put out one of Lycurgus's eyes
+with his staff, during a popular
+tumult. The people, indignant
+at so great an outrage, placed the youth in his hands. Lycurgus
+permitted himself a most honourable vengeance, converting him,
+by his kindness, and the generosity of his treatment, from violence
+and rebellion to moderation and wisdom.'&mdash;Vol. II. p. 526.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span></p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Ancient History of the Persians and the Greeks.</span></h4>
+
+<p>'The Greek historians gave to Artaxerxes the surname of
+"Longhand," because, according to Strabo, his hands were so long
+that, when he stood erect, he was able to touch
+his knees; according to Plutarch, because his
+right hand was longer than the left'&mdash;Vol. III.
+p. 347.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-058.jpg" width="107" height="236" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-058-copy.jpg" width="89" height="134" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'The stories related of the
+voracity of the Athletes are
+almost incredible. The appetite
+of Milo was barely appeased
+with twenty "mines"
+(or pounds) of meat, as much
+bread, and three "conges" (fifteen
+pints) of wine daily.
+Athenes relates that Milo,
+after traversing the entire length of the state&mdash;bearing
+on his shoulders an ox of four years'
+growth&mdash;felled the beast with one blow of his
+fist, and entirely devoured it in one day.</p>
+
+<p>'I willingly admit other exploits attributed to Milo, but is it in
+the least degree probable that a single man could eat an entire ox
+in one day?'&mdash;Vol. III. p. 516.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-058-copy-2.jpg" width="283" height="94" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'... While Darius was absent, making war in Egypt and
+Arabia, the Medes revolted against him; but they were overpowered
+and forced into submission. To chastise this rebellion,
+their yoke, which had until that date been very easy to bear, was
+made more burdensome. This fate has never been spared to
+those subjects who, having revolted, are again compelled to submit
+to the power they wished to depose.'&mdash;Vol. III. p. 613.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span></p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Ancient History of the Persians and the Greeks.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Death of Alcibiades.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-059.jpg" width="321" height="342" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Frontispiece to Vol. IV.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>'... Alcibiades was living at that time in a small town of
+Phrygia, with Timandra, his mistress (it is pretended that Lais,
+the celebrated courtesan&mdash;known as "the Corinthian"&mdash;was a
+daughter of this Timandra). The ruffians who were engaged to
+assassinate him had not the courage to enter his house; they
+contented themselves by surrounding it and setting it on fire.
+Alcibiades, sword in hand, having passed through the flames,
+these barbarians did not dare to await a hand-to-hand combat
+with him, but sought safety in flight; but, in their retreat, they
+overcame him with showers of darts and arrows. Alcibiades fell
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span>
+down dead in the place. Timandra secured the remains, and
+draped the body with her finest vestments; she gave him the
+most magnificent funeral the state of her fortune would permit.'&mdash;Vol.
+IV. p. 110.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-060.jpg" width="354" height="123" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Retreat of the Greeks from Babylon.</span></h4>
+
+<p>'... The troops put themselves in marching order; the
+battalions forming one large square, the baggage being in the
+centre. Two of the oldest
+colonels commanded the
+right and left wings.'&mdash;Vol.
+IV. p. 190.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-060-copy.jpg" width="100" height="190" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-060-copy-2.jpg" width="104" height="181" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Agesilaus was in B&oelig;otia,
+ready to give battle, when
+he heard the distressing
+news of the destruction of
+the Lacedemonian fleet by
+Conon, near Cnidus. Fearing
+the rumour of this defeat
+would discourage and
+intimidate his troops, who
+were then preparing for battle, he reported throughout the army
+that the Lacedemonians had gained a considerable naval victory;
+he also appeared in public, wearing his castor crowned with flowers,
+and offered sacrifices for the good news.'&mdash;Vol. IV. p. 287.</p>
+
+<p>'... Artaxerxes resorted to treason unworthy of a prince to
+rid himself of Datames, his former favour and friendship for whom
+were changed into implacable hatred.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He employed assassins to destroy him, but Datames had the
+good fortune to escape their ambuscades.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-061.jpg" width="196" height="103" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-061-copy.jpg" width="234" height="154" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'At last Mithridates, influenced by the splendid rewards promised
+by the king if he succeeded
+in destroying so redoubtable
+an enemy, insinuated
+himself into his friendship;
+and having afforded
+Datames sufficient evidences
+of fidelity to gain his confidence,
+he took advantage of a favourable moment when he happened
+to be alone, and
+pierced him with his
+sword before he was in a
+condition to defend himself.'&mdash;Vol.
+IV. p. 345.</p>
+
+<p>'... Socrates took
+the poisoned cup from
+the valet without changing
+colour, or exhibiting
+emotion. "What say
+you of this drink?" he
+asked; "is it permitted to take more than one draught?" They
+replied that it was but for one libation. "At
+least," continued he, "it is allowable to supplicate
+the gods to render easy my departure beneath
+the earth, and my last journey happy. I
+ask this of them with my whole heart." Having
+spoken these words, he remained silent for some
+time, and then drank the entire contents of the
+cup, with marvellous tranquillity and irresistible
+gentleness.</p>
+
+<hr class="l15" />
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-061-copy-2.jpg" width="85" height="230" alt="" />
+
+</div>
+<p>'"Cito," said he&mdash;and these were his last
+words&mdash;"we owe a cock to Esculapius; acquit
+yourself of this vow for me, and do not forget!"'&mdash;Vol.
+IV. p. 439.</p>
+
+<p>'... The Greek dances prescribed rules for
+those movements most proper to render the figure free and the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span>
+carriage unconstrained; to form a well-proportioned frame, and to
+give the entire person a graceful, noble, and easy air; in a word,
+to obtain that politeness of exterior, if the expression is admissible,
+which always impresses us in favour of those who have had the
+advantage of early training.'&mdash;Vol. IV. p. 538.</p>
+
+<p>'... After these observations on the government of the principal
+peoples of Greece, both in peace and in war, and on their
+various characteristics, it now remains for me to speak of their
+religion.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-062.jpg" width="127" height="207" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">End of Vol. IV.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">History of the Successes of Alexander.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Battle of Lamia.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-062-copy.jpg" width="329" height="104" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'... The cavalry amounted to 3,500 horse, of which 2,000
+were from Thessaly; this constituted the chief force of the army,
+and their only hope of success. In fact, battle being given, it
+was this cavalry which obtained the victory, under the leadership
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span>
+of Menon. Lennatus, covered with mortal wounds, fell on the
+field of battle, and was borne to the camp by his followers.'&mdash;Vol.
+VII. p. 55.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Battle of Cappadocia.</i></p>
+
+<p>'Neoptolemus and Eumenes (the generals in command of the
+hostile forces) cherished a personal hatred of each other. They
+came to a hand-to-hand encounter, and
+their horses falling into collision, they
+seized each other round the body, and
+their chargers escaping from under them
+they fell to the ground together. Like enraged
+athletes, they fought in that position
+for a long time, with a species of maddened fury, until
+Neoptolemus received a mortal blow and expired. Eumenes then
+remounted his horse and continued the battle.'&mdash;Vol. VII. p. 89.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-063.jpg" width="114" height="79" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'The reign of Seleucus was described by the Arabs as the era
+of the "Double-horned," sculptors generally representing him decorated
+thus, wearing the horns of a bull on his head; this prince
+being so powerful that he could arrest the course of a bull by
+simply seizing it by the horns.'&mdash;Vol. VII. p. 189.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-063-copy.jpg" width="265" height="117" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'... Democles, surnamed the Beautiful, in order to escape the
+violence of Demetrius, threw himself, while still a youth, into a
+vessel of boiling water, which was being prepared to heat a bath,
+and was scalded to death; preferring to sacrifice his life rather
+than lose his honour.'&mdash;Vol. VII. p. 374.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The Engagement of Pyrrhus with the Consul Ævinus.</span></p>
+
+<p>'... Pyrrhus exerted himself without any precaution for his
+own security. He overthrew all that opposed him; never losing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span>
+sight of the duties of a general, he preserved perfect coolness,
+giving orders as if he were not exposed to peril; hurrying from
+post to post to re-establish the troops who wavered, and supporting
+those most assailed.'&mdash;Vol. VII. p. 404.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-064.jpg" width="338" height="120" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Death of Pyrrhus at Argos, etc. etc.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-064-copy.jpg" width="307" height="377" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'... Placing confidence in the swiftness
+of his charger, Pyrrhus threw himself into the
+midst of his pursuers. He was fighting desperately
+when one of the enemy approached
+him, and penetrated his javelin through his
+armour. The wound was neither deep nor
+dangerous, and Pyrrhus immediately attacked
+the man who had struck him, a mere common
+soldier, son of a poor woman of Argos.
+Like the rest of the townswomen, his mother
+was observing the conflict from the roof of a
+house, and, seeing her son, who chanced to be
+beneath her, engaged with Pyrrhus, she was
+seized with fright at the great danger to which
+her child was exposed, and raising a heavy
+tile, with both hands, she hurled it on Pyrrhus.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span>
+It struck him on the head with its full force, and his helmet being
+powerless to resist the blow, he became unconscious instantly.
+The reins dropped from his hands, and he fell from his horse without
+recognition. Soon after a soldier who knew Pyrrhus observed
+his rank, and completed the work by cutting off the king's head.'&mdash;Vol.
+VII. p. 460.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-065.jpg" width="64" height="203" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'... A few days after Ptolemy had refused the
+peace proposals of the Gauls, the armies came to
+an engagement, in which the Macedonians were
+completely defeated and cut to pieces. Ptolemy,
+covered with wounds, was made prisoner, his head
+was cut off, and, mounted on the point of a lance,
+was shown in derision to the soldiers of the enemy.'&mdash;Vol.
+VII. p. 376.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-065-copy.jpg" width="354" height="307" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'... The Colossus of Rhodes remained as it
+fell, without being disturbed for 894 years, at the
+expiration of which time (in the year 672
+of the Christian era) the Sixth Caliph, or
+Emperor of the Saracens, having conquered
+Rhodes, he sold the remains of
+the Colossus to a Hebrew merchant,
+who carried it off in 500 camel loads; thus&mdash;reckoning
+eight quintals to one load&mdash;the bronze of this
+figure, after the decay, by rust, of so many years, and
+after the probable loss of some portion by pillage, still
+amounted to a weight of 720,000 pounds, or 7,200 quintals.'&mdash;Vol.
+VII. p. 650.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-066.jpg" width="70" height="191" alt="" />
+</div>
+<p>'Philip returned to the Peloponnesus shortly
+after his defeat. He directed all his exertions
+to deceive and surprise the Messenians. His
+stratagems being discovered, however, he raised
+the mask, and ravaged the entire country.'&mdash;Vol.
+VIII. p. 121.</p>
+
+<p>'Philammon (the assassin who had been employed
+to murder Queen Arsinoe) returned to
+Alexandria (from Cyrene) two or three days before
+the tumult. The ladies of honour, who
+had been attached to the unfortunate queen,
+had early information of his arrival, and they
+determined to take advantage of the disorder
+then prevailing in the city to avenge the death
+of their mistress. They accordingly broke into
+the house where he had sought refuge, and
+overcame him with showers of blows from stones
+and clubs.'&mdash;Vol. VIII. p. 215.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-066-copy.jpg" width="380" height="143" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-066-copy-2.jpg" width="84" height="217" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'... Scopas, finding himself at the head of
+all the foreign troops&mdash;of whom the principal
+portions were Aetolians like himself&mdash;believed
+that as he held the command of such a formidable
+body of veterans, so thoroughly steeled
+by warfare, he could easily usurp the crown
+during the minority of the king.'&mdash;Vol. VIII.
+p. 327.</p>
+
+<p>'... The arrival of Livius, who had commanded
+the fleet, and who was now sent to
+Prusias (King of Bithynia), in the quality of an ambassador,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span>
+decided the resolutions of that monarch. He assisted the king
+to discover on which side victory might be reasonably expected
+to turn, and showed him how much safer it would be to trust
+to the friendship of the Romans rather than rely on that of
+Antiochus.'&mdash;Vol. VIII. p. 426.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-067.jpg" width="296" height="162" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Funeral Obsequies of Philop&oelig;men.</span></p>
+
+<p>'... When the body had been burned, and the ashes were
+gathered together and placed in an urn, the cortége set out to
+carry the remains to Megalopolis. This ceremonial resembled a
+triumphal celebration rather than a funeral procession, or at least
+a mixture of the two.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-067-copy.jpg" width="338" height="133" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'The urn, borne by the youthful Polybius, was followed by the
+entire cavalry, armed magnificently and superbly mounted. They
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span>
+followed the procession without exhibiting signs of dejection for
+so great a loss, or exultation for so great a victory.'&mdash;Vol. VIII.
+p. 537.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Attempted Sacking of the Sanctuary.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-068.jpg" width="196" height="178" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'... Heliodorus, with his guards, entered the temple, and he
+was proceeding to force the treasures, when a horse, richly clad,
+suddenly appeared, and threw himself on Heliodorus, inflicting
+several blows with his hoofs. The rider had a terrible aspect,
+and his armour appeared to be of gold. At the same moment
+two celestial-looking youths were observed on each side of the
+violator of the sanctuary dealing chastisement without cessation,
+and giving him severe lashes from the whips they held in their
+hands.'&mdash;Vol. VIII. p. 632.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<p class="ch_summ">
+Thackeray's last visit to the Charterhouse&mdash;College days&mdash;Pendennis at Cambridge&mdash;Sketches
+of University worthies&mdash;Sporting subjects&mdash;Etchings at
+Cambridge&mdash;Pencillings in old authors&mdash;Pictorial Puns&mdash;'The Snob,' a
+Literary and Scientific Journal&mdash;'Timbuctoo,' a prize poem.
+</p>
+
+<p>In Thackeray's schooldays the Charterhouse enjoyed considerable
+reputation under the head-mastership of Dr. Russell, whose death
+happened in the same year as that of his illustrious pupil. No
+one who has read Thackeray's novels can fail to know the kind
+of life he led here. He has continually described his experiences
+at this celebrated school&mdash;with the venerable archway into
+Charterhouse Square, which still preserves an interesting token
+of the old monkish character of the neighbourhood. Only a fortnight
+before his death he was there again, as was his custom, on
+the anniversary of the death of Thomas Sutton, the munificent
+founder of the school. 'He was there,' says one who has
+described the scene, 'in his usual back seat in the quaint old
+chapel. He went thence to the oration in the Governor's room;
+and as he walked up to the orator with his contribution, was
+received with such hearty applause as only Carthusians can give
+to one who has immortalised their school. At the banquet afterwards
+he sat at the side of his old friend and artist-associate in
+"Punch," John Leech; and in a humorous speech proposed, as a
+toast, the noble foundation which he had adorned by his literary
+fame, and made popular in his works.' 'Divine service,' says
+another describer of this scene, for ever memorable as the last
+appearance of Thackeray in public life, 'took place at four
+o'clock, in the quaint old chapel; and the appearance of the
+brethren in their black gowns, of the old stained glass and carving
+in the chapel, of the tomb of Sutton, could hardly fail to give a
+peculiar and interesting character to the service. Prayers were
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span>
+said by the Rev. J. J. Halcombe, the reader of the house. There
+was only the usual parochial chanting of the <i>Nunc Dimittis</i>; the
+familiar Commemoration-day psalms, cxxii. and c., were sung
+after the third collect and before the sermon; and before the
+general thanksgiving the old prayer was offered up expressive
+of thankfulness to God for the bounty of Thomas Sutton, and of
+hope that all who enjoy it might make a right use of it. The
+sermon was preached by the Rev. Henry Earle Tweed, late Fellow
+of Oriel College, Oxford, who prefaced it with the "Bidding
+Prayer," in which he desired the congregation to pray generally for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span>
+all public schools and colleges, and particularly for the welfare of
+the house "founded by Thomas Sutton for the support of age
+and the education of youth."'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-070.jpg" width="246" height="185" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">First Term</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-070-copy.jpg" width="270" height="160" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Second Term</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-071.jpg" width="407" height="307" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">'O crikey, father, there's a jolly great what's-a-name!'</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>From Charterhouse School Thackeray went to Trinity College,
+Cambridge, about 1828, the year of his leaving the Charterhouse,
+and among his fellow-students there had Mr. John Mitchell
+Kemble, the great Anglo-Saxon scholar, and Mr. Tennyson.
+With the latter&mdash;then unknown as a poet&mdash;he formed an acquaintance
+which he maintained to the last, and no reader of
+the Poet Laureate had a more earnest admiration for his productions
+than his old Cambridge associate, Thackeray. At college,
+Thackeray kept seven or eight terms, but took no degree; though
+he was studious, and his love of classical literature is apparent in
+most of his writings, either in his occasional apt two words from
+Horace, or in the quaint and humorous adoption of Latin idioms
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span>
+in which, in his sportive moods, he sometimes indulged. A
+recent writer tells us that his knowledge of the classics&mdash;of Horace
+at least&mdash;was amply sufficient to procure him an honourable place
+in the 'previous examination.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-072.jpg" width="162" height="334" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A University Tradesman</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>To the reader who would gain an insight into Thackeray's
+doings at Cambridge, we say, 'Glance through the veracious
+pages in which he records the University career of Mr. Arthur
+Pendennis; you will there at least seize the spirit of his own
+college days, if perchance you do not find the facts of the author's
+own residence circumstantially stated. Take his studies, for example.'</p>
+
+<p>Pen's circumstances, tastes, and disposition generally, presuming
+the resemblance to be merely accidental, present a tolerably
+faithful reflection of those of his biographer at this period.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 96px;">
+<img src="images/i-073.jpg" width="96" height="115" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A Mathematical Lecturer</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 136px;">
+<img src="images/i-073-copy.jpg" width="136" height="127" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A Classman</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 107px;">
+<img src="images/i-073-copy-2.jpg" width="107" height="129" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A Grinder</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 122px;">
+<img src="images/i-073-copy-3.jpg" width="122" height="150" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A Plodder</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-073-copy-4.jpg" width="339" height="187" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Horsemanship</p>
+</div>
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">University Characters</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The entire narrative occupies but scant space; and the chronicler
+premises that he shall not describe his hero's academical
+career very minutely. He is reticent, for he candidly declares
+that this portion of a man's life does not bear telling without
+certain reservations.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-074.jpg" width="356" height="245" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Vingt-et-un</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Riding, tandem-driving, and four-in-hands enjoyed in those days
+the patronage more largely transferred by the present generation
+to boating, cricket, billiards, &amp;c. It was probably at the University
+that Thackeray began to take an interest in equestrianism: he
+made numberless pictures of horses; indeed, he never hesitated
+to draw them in every attitude. There is a certain rude fitness and
+grotesque vigour about the animals which he sketched at the period
+of life we are describing; but his skill in this respect certainly advanced
+with practice, and the horses he had occasion to introduce
+into his cuts when his fun was at its height&mdash;such, for example, as
+the burlesque illustrations which we find scattered about the inimitable
+pages of Mr. Punch&mdash;were really very original and
+spirited; although perhaps they are barely the steeds which would
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span>
+be selected by timid riders, but are rather the tremendous creatures
+which occur to the imagination.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-075.jpg" width="183" height="158" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">'Well on'</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-075-copy.jpg" width="266" height="266" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">'Ill off'</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is possible that Thackeray's
+bill to his livery stable keeper
+kept pace with his other expenses;
+but his experience in this respect
+was not fruitless. When he had
+occasion to mix with the world,
+and especially while studying
+society abroad, it embittered his
+judgment against the University
+to realise how little return, beyond
+that indefinite and somewhat
+bumptious quality known as
+'tone,' he had really obtained in return for the expenses of a college
+career. The youth of the Continent, with whom he had the fortune
+to associate for some time, made him conscious, by their own
+accomplishments, of those parts of a gentleman's education which
+are ignored at our Universities, and which form, it must be confessed,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54"></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span>
+the standard by which men are chiefly measured beyond
+the college walls. His early papers in 'Fraser,' and especially those
+supposed to be contributed by the respectable Fitz-Boodle, drawing
+upon the experiences he had gained while sojourning amidst
+the society of the minor German principalities, speak the truth on
+these short-comings in a manner both forcible and unflinching.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-076.jpg" width="391" height="541" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A few University Favourites</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-077.jpg" width="434" height="303" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">'Just a little playful'</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Besides his fancy for etching plates of horses and men of ultra
+and parodied fashion, for designing plates of the modern rake's
+progress at the Universities, and punning cuts, we may assume that
+Thackeray shared with his ideal Pendennis most of those tastes
+indulged by lucky youths when life is opening, and reflection does
+not trouble them. Like his hero, he enjoyed a fine amateur perception
+for rare editions, and had a fancy for the glories of costly
+bindings: we are told that the tall copies, the gilding, marbling, and
+blind-tooling put on his book-shelves were marvellous to behold.
+The same just appreciation of true art which, later on, directed
+Thackeray's criticisms of the picture galleries, taught Pen to despise
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span>
+the tawdry and meretricious pictures of horses and opera dancers
+which often captivate the judgment of fledglings, and gifted him
+with a love for fine prints, for Rembrandt etchings, line-engravings
+after Strange, and Wilkie's before the letter; with which he hung his
+rooms, to the admiration of those who were capable of understanding
+his good taste. His mind did not despise the allurements
+of dress; and Pen was elaborately attired. It was a repeated
+axiom of Thackeray's, that it was good for a youth at one period
+to indulge in this vanity of fine apparel as a preliminary stage
+to more developed ambitions of standing well with the world.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-078.jpg" width="235" height="161" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">'Sport in earnest'</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It will be recollected that eventually Pendennis was plucked;
+and a feeling, in some degree morose, and unequivocally indignant,
+seems to have taken possession of Thackeray's mind
+whenever he dwells on the college careers of the creations of
+his fancy. In the 'Shabby Genteel Story,' which he first gave
+to the world in the columns of 'Fraser' (1840), he lashes the
+system for the defects of the individuals who may have been
+perverted by its more injurious influences; nor does he credit the
+Universities with conferring any solid advantages. He enquires,
+somewhat vengefully, the amount of ruin that has been inflicted
+by the temptations to which youths are exposed in such a course of
+training as is understood in England by 'the education of a gentleman.'
+The 'learning to fight for oneself,' he argues, implants
+an early habit of selfishness. With 'a pretty knack of Latin
+hexameters, and a decent smattering of Greek plays,' the neophyte
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57"></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span>
+has learned, from his forced attendance at chapel, 'to consider the
+religious service performed there as the
+vainest parade in the world.' He has
+learned to forget the gentle affections of
+home, and, under certain conditions, to
+despise his belongings. If naturally endowed
+with an open hand, he has learned
+to compete with associates infinitely
+wealthier than himself, to despise money
+on its own merits perhaps, but to respect it
+as a means to the questionable advantage
+of gaining admission to the company of
+those whose social positions may chance
+to be a source of envy to weaker minds.
+In return for the two thousand pounds or
+so which had been spent in acquiring 'the
+tone,' he brings George Brandon&mdash;who is
+certainly as black a sheep as any University
+can produce&mdash;abruptly away from his
+college, ruined in heart and principle;
+boasting a small quantity of classics and
+mathematics; with an utter contempt
+for his inferiors, an enmity against his
+equals; a fulsome desire to be reckoned one of those above him,
+and to copy the extravagances
+incident
+to high position; an
+easy, confident address;
+sybarite habits,
+utter heartlessness,
+and tastes which must
+be gratified without
+scruple as to the
+means: 'pretty compensation,'
+writes the
+author, 'for all he had
+lost in gaining them.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-079.jpg" width="400" height="638" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Occasional Canters from 'Childe Harold's (first and last) Pilgrimage'</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-080.jpg" width="126" height="326" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-080-copy.jpg" width="245" height="203" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Taking in toe</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>His pencil would
+seem to have been a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span>
+recreation of Thackeray's college days as well as of his later
+career. His first efforts in etching on copper were probably produced
+about the period of which we treat; the subjects of nearly
+all of these plates&mdash;none of which, we believe, were ever published&mdash;were
+evidently suggested by incidents in the career of an undergraduate.</p>
+
+<p>The margins and fly-leaves of a copy of Ovid's 'Opera omnia,'
+one of Black's editions of the Classics (1825), offer various whimsical
+illustrations of certain portions of the poems; we incline to
+the impression, however, that although some of these parodies
+may be referred to Thackeray's college days, to others must be
+assigned a considerably later date.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-081.jpg" width="196" height="120" alt="" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">P. Ovidii Nasonis Opera omnia.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-081-copy.jpg" width="161" height="169" alt="" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">P. Ovidii Nasonis</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">'Remediorum Amoris,' 'Medicaminum Faciei,' et 'Halieutici
+Fragmenta.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-082.jpg" width="220" height="175" alt="" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Epigramma Nasonis in Amores suos.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Qui modo Nasonis fueramus quinque libelli,</p>
+<p class="i1">Tres sumus: hoc illi prætulit auctor opus,</p>
+<p>Ut iam nulla tibi nos sit legisse voluptas:</p>
+<p class="i1">At levior demtis p&oelig;na duobus erit.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-082-copy.jpg" width="120" height="166" alt="" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Artis Amatoriæ.</span> (Lib. II.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Ecce! rogant teneræ, sibidem præcepta, puellæ.</p>
+<p class="i1">Vos eritis chartæ proxima cura meæ.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-083.jpg" width="128" height="154" alt="" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Remedia Amoris.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Hoc opus exegi: fessæ date serta carinæ</p>
+<p class="i1">Contigimus portum, quo mihi cursus erat.</p>
+<p>Postmodo reddetis sacro pia vota poëtæ,</p>
+<p class="i1">Carmine sanati femina virque meo.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-083-copy.jpg" width="378" height="250" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Death mowing down the Loves</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another amusement at this period was the designing of pictorial
+puns, after the manner introduced by Cruikshank, which was
+so successfully practised
+by Alken, Seymour, and
+Tom Hood.</p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 82px;">
+<img src="images/i-084.jpg" width="82" height="99" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Indian Ink</p>
+</div>
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 221px;">
+<img src="images/i-084-copy.jpg" width="221" height="257" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Chalk</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-084-copy-2.jpg" width="352" height="57" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A full length</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Among the sketches
+by the hand of the novelist,
+which we attribute
+to these earlier days, are
+a number of humorous
+designs, many of them equal to the most grotesque efforts of the
+well-known artists we have mentioned.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">LEGAL DEFINITIONS.<br />
+<br />
+BY A GENTLEMAN WHO MAY BE CALLED TO THE BAR.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-085.jpg" width="266" height="192" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Fee Simple</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-085-copy.jpg" width="231" height="178" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">On freeholds&mdash;A general clause</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-086.jpg" width="330" height="234" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A declaration</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-086-copy.jpg" width="254" height="206" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A rejoinder</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-087.jpg" width="222" height="288" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Possession.&mdash;With remarks on assault and battery</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-087-copy.jpg" width="308" height="296" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">An ejectment</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-088.jpg" width="176" height="198" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Fives</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The earliest of Thackeray's literary efforts are associated with
+Cambridge. It was in the year 1829 that he commenced, in conjunction
+with a friend and fellow-student, to edit a series of
+humorous papers, published in
+that city, which bore the title of
+'The Snob: a Literary and Scientific
+Journal.' The first number
+appeared on April 9 in that
+year, and the publication was continued
+weekly. Though affecting
+to be a periodical, it was not
+originally intended to publish
+more than one number; but the
+project was carried on for eleven
+weeks, in which period Mr. Lettsom
+had resigned the entire
+management to his friend. The
+contents of each number&mdash;which consisted only of four pages&mdash;were
+scanty and slight, and were made up of squibs and
+humorous sketches in verse and prose, many of which, however,
+show some germs of that spirit of wild fun which afterwards distinguished
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span>
+the 'Yellowplush Papers' in 'Fraser.' A specimen of
+the contents of this curious publication cannot but be interesting
+to the reader. The parody we have selected, a clever skit upon
+the 'Cambridge Prize Poem,' appeared as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-088-copy.jpg" width="222" height="230" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Beauty is but skin deep</p>
+</div>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-089.jpg" width="295" height="202" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Prisoners' base</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Timbuctoo.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>To the Editor of 'The Snob.'</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Sir,&mdash;Though your name be 'Snob,' I trust you will not refuse
+this tiny 'Poem of a Gownsman,' which was unluckily not finished
+on the day appointed for delivery of the several copies of verses
+on Timbuctoo. I thought, Sir, it would be a pity that such a
+poem should be lost to the world; and conceiving 'The Snob' to
+be the most widely-circulated periodical in Europe, I have taken
+the liberty of submitting it for insertion or approbation.</p>
+
+<p class="left45">
+I am, Sir, yours, &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">TIMBUCTOO.&mdash;PART I.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="center"><i>The situation.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="i1">In Africa (a quarter of the world)</p>
+<p>Men's skins are black, their hair is crisp and curl'd,</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span>
+<p>And somewhere there, unknown to public view,</p>
+<p>A mighty city lies, called Timbuctoo.</p>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-090.jpg" width="406" height="271" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Bambooz-ling</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="center"><i>The natural history.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="i1">There stalks the tiger,&mdash;there the lion roars,
+<span class="sidenote">5</span></p>
+<p>Who sometimes eats the luckless blackamoors;</p>
+<p>All that he leaves of them the monster throws</p>
+<p>To jackals, vultures, dogs, cats, kites, and crows;</p>
+<p>His hunger thus the forest monarch gluts,</p>
+<p>And then lies down 'neath trees called cocoa nuts<span class="sidenote">10</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="center"><i>The lion hunt.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="i1">Quick issue out, with musket, torch, and brand,</p>
+<p>The sturdy blackamoors, a dusky band!</p>
+<p>The beast is found&mdash;pop goes the musketoons&mdash;</p>
+<p>The lion falls covered with horrid wounds.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="center"><i>Their lives at home.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>At home their lives in pleasure always flow,<span class="sidenote">15</span></p>
+<p>But many have a different lot to know!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="center"><i>Abroad.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>They're often caught, and sold as slaves, alas!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="center"><i>Reflections on the foregoing.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Thus men from highest joys to sorrow pass.</p>
+<p>Yet though thy monarchs and thy nobles boil</p>
+<p>Rack and molasses in Jamaica's isle;<span class="sidenote">20</span></p>
+<p>Desolate Afric! thou art lovely yet!!</p>
+<p>One heart yet beats which ne'er thee shall forget.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span></p>
+<p>What though thy maidens are a blackish brown,</p>
+<p>Does virtue dwell in whiter breasts alone?</p>
+<p>Oh no, oh no, oh no, oh no, oh no!<span class="sidenote">25</span></p>
+<p>It shall not, must not, cannot e'er be so.</p>
+<p>The day shall come when Albion's self shall feel</p>
+<p>Stern Afric's wrath, and writhe 'neath Afric's steel.</p>
+<p>I see her tribes the hill of glory mount,</p>
+<p>And sell their sugars on their own account;<span class="sidenote">30</span></p>
+<p>While round her throne the prostrate nations come,</p>
+<p>Sue for her rice, and barter for her rum!<span class="sidenote">32</span></p>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<p>The burlesque prize poem concludes with a little vignette in
+the 'Titmarsh' manner, representing an Indian smoking a pipe,
+of the type once commonly seen in the shape of a small carved
+image at the doors of tobacconists' shops.</p>
+
+<hr class="l15" />
+<div class="s09">
+<p>Lines 1 and 2.&mdash;See 'Guthrie's Geography.'</p>
+
+<p>The site of Timbuctoo is doubtful; the Author has neatly expressed this
+in the poem, at the same time giving us some slight hints relative to its situation.</p>
+
+<p>Line 5.&mdash;So Horace: '<i>leonum arida nutrix.</i>'</p>
+
+<p>Line 8.&mdash;Thus Apollo:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="i6"><span class="greek" title="helôria teuche kynessin">ἑλωρία τεῦχε κύνεσσιν</span></p>
+<p><span class="greek" title="Oiônoisi te pasi">Οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι</span>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Lines 5-10.&mdash;How skilfully introduced are the animal and vegetable productions
+of Africa! It is worthy to remark the various garments in which the
+Poet hath clothed the lion. He is called, 1st, the 'Lion;' 2nd, the 'Monster'
+(for he is very large); and 3rd, the 'Forest Monarch,' which undoubtedly
+he is.</p>
+
+<p>Lines 11-14.&mdash;The author confesses himself under peculiar obligations to
+Denham's and Clapperton's Travels, as they suggested to him the spirited
+description contained in these lines.</p>
+
+<p>Line 13.&mdash;'Pop goes the musketoons.' A learned friend suggested 'Bang'
+as a stronger expression, but as African gunpowder is notoriously bad, the
+author thought 'Pop' the better word.</p>
+
+<p>Lines 15-18.&mdash;A concise but affecting description is here given of the
+domestic habits of the people. The infamous manner in which they are
+entrapped and sold as slaves is described, and the whole ends with an appropriate
+moral sentiment. The Poem might here finish, but the spirit of the
+bard penetrates the veil of futurity, and from it cuts off a bright piece for the
+hitherto unfortunate Africans, as the following beautiful lines amply exemplify.</p>
+
+<p>It may perhaps be remarked that the Author has here 'changed his hand.'
+He answers that it was his intention to do so. Before, it was his endeavour
+to be elegant and concise, it is now his wish to be enthusiastic and magnificent.
+He trusts the Reader will perceive the aptness with which he has
+changed his style; when he narrated facts he was calm, when he enters on
+prophecy he is fervid.</p>
+
+<p>The enthusiasm which he feels is beautifully expressed in lines 25 and 26.
+He thinks he has very successfully imitated in the last six lines the best manner
+of Mr. Pope; and in lines 12-26, the pathetic elegance of the author of
+'Australasia and Athens.'</p>
+
+<p>The Author cannot conclude without declaring that his aim in writing this
+Poem will be fully accomplished if he can infuse into the breasts of Englishmen
+a sense of the danger in which they lie. Yes&mdash;Africa! If he can awaken
+one particle of sympathy for thy sorrows, of love for thy land, of admiration for
+thy virtue, he shall sink into the grave with the proud consciousness that he
+has raised esteem, where before there was contempt, and has kindled the flame
+of hope on the mouldering ashes of despair!</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<p class="ch_summ">
+Early Favourites&mdash;Fielding's 'Joseph Andrews'&mdash;Imitators of Fielding&mdash;'The
+Adventures of Captain Greenland'&mdash;'Jack Connor'&mdash;'Chrysal, or the Adventures
+of a Guinea.'
+</p>
+
+<p>Thackeray's references to his favourite novels, and his liking,
+which assumed a sort of personal regard, for the authors who
+had given him pleasure, especially in youth, occur constantly
+throughout his writings, both early and late.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-093.jpg" width="234" height="160" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Blind man's buff</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>He has told us how in the boyish days spent in the Charterhouse
+he began to cultivate an acquaintance with the sterling
+English humorists whose works had a deeply-marked influence
+on his own literary training. 'Peregrine Pickle' was familiar to
+him at Greyfriars; later on, Fielding's masterpieces came into his
+possession. The buoyant spirit, vigorous nature, and absence of
+affectation which are peculiarly the property of that great novelist,
+must have highly delighted the budding author. Not only did
+Thackeray treasure up 'Tom Jones' and 'Joseph Andrews,' but
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span>
+by some means he managed to get possession of various novels
+now completely obsolete, the productions of less brilliant contemporaries
+of Fielding, who were tempted by the success of his
+frankly penned novels to attempt to reach a similar success by
+walking servilely in the footsteps of the inaugurator of what may
+be considered the natural order of English novel writing.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-094.jpg" width="388" height="299" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Bambooz-ling</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Of 'Joseph Andrews' he has registered his belief that novel-readers
+should like this work best, and it is stated by Dr. Warton
+that Fielding gave the preference to this early history above his
+other writings. The hero, though but dressed in Lady Booby's
+cast-off livery, Thackeray declares to be as polite as Tom Jones
+in his fustian, or Captain Booth in his regimentals. 'Joseph,' in
+his opinion, 'shares the elements of success with those worthies:'
+he has large calves, broad shoulders, high courage, and a handsome
+face; qualities apparently deemed by the novelist sure passes to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span>
+popularity, and sufficiently certain to win the hearts of the impressionable.</p>
+
+<p>In the confidentially chatty Roundabout Essays we are favoured
+with frequent introductions to the favourites of their author: no
+opportunity is lost of making the reader acquainted with his friends.
+Let us now turn to one of them&mdash;introducing Thackeray's graphic
+illustrations.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-095.jpg" width="224" height="231" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Pitch and toss</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>THE HISTORY OF 'JOSEPH ANDREWS.'</h3>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-096.jpg" width="215" height="253" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The edition (1742) of
+Fielding's earliest novel
+which formed a portion
+of Mr. Titmarsh's library
+has been enriched by
+certain characteristic illustrations
+of the drollest
+incidents.</p>
+
+<p>But few of Thackeray's
+readers can fail
+to remember his sincere
+appreciation of the works
+of his brilliant predecessor,
+Justice Fielding, the
+founder of that unaffected
+school of novel-writing
+which has since been
+rendered illustrious by many masterpieces of genius.</p>
+
+<p>It is singularly appropriate that 'Joseph Andrews' happens to
+form one of the series distinguished with Thackeray's pencillings,
+as no one acquainted with his writings can fail to recall his tenderly
+affectionate allusions to the author of 'Tom Jones.'</p>
+
+<p>On the fly-leaf of 'Joseph Andrews' occurs the group of Lady
+Booby tempting the Joseph of the Georgian era, which is engraved
+above: the cut gives, without effort, a key to the wittiest of sly
+satires; for we cannot easily forget that merry mischievous
+Fielding projected this work as a ludicrous contrast to the exemplary
+'Pamela,' whose literary success brought its well-meaning
+prosy author so much fame, profit, and flattery. The wicked
+irony of Fielding was peculiarly shocking to sensitive Richardson;
+and it is certain that the persecuted Pamela appears shorn of
+much of her dignity when associated with the undignified temptations
+suffered by her unexceptionable brother 'Joseph.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The substance of this novel is so generally familiar that the
+merest reference will refresh the memories of our readers so
+far as the incidents illustrated by these slight pencillings are
+concerned.</p>
+
+<p>Parson Adams, it may be remembered, endeavoured to raise a
+loan on a volume of manuscript sermons to assist Joseph Andrews,
+when Tow-mouse (the landlord), who
+mistrusted the security, offered excuses.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-097.jpg" width="102" height="165" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Poor Adams was extremely dejected at
+this disappointment. He immediately applied
+to his pipe, his constant friend and
+comfort in his afflictions; and leaning over
+the rails, he devoted himself to meditation,
+assisted by the inspiring fumes of tobacco.</p>
+
+<p>He had on a night-cap drawn over his
+wig, and a short great coat, which half covered
+his cassock; a dress which, added to something
+comical enough in his countenance, composed a figure
+likely to attract the eyes of those who were not over-given to
+observation.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-097-copy.jpg" width="307" height="125" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Joseph Andrews and Parson Adams arrived at the inn in no
+cheery plight, the hero's leg having been injured by a propensity
+for performing unexpected genuflections, the pride of a horse borrowed
+by the parson for the occasion. The host, a surly fellow,
+treated the damaged Joseph with roughness, and Parson Adams
+briskly resented the landlord's brutality by 'sending him sprawling'
+on his own floor. His wife retaliated by seizing a pan of hog's-blood,
+which unluckily stood on the dresser, and discharging its
+contents in the good parson's face. Mrs. Slipshod entered the
+kitchen at this critical moment, and attacked the hostess with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span>
+a skill developed by practice, tearing her cap, uprooting handfuls
+of hair, and delivering a succession of dexterous facers.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-098.jpg" width="308" height="169" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Parson Adams, when he required a trifling loan, ventured to
+wait on the swinish Parson Trulliber, whose wife introduced
+Adams in error, as 'a man come for some of his hogs.' Trulliber
+asserted that his animals were all pure fat, and upwards of twenty
+score apiece; he then dragged the parson into his stye, which
+was but two steps from his parlour-window, insisting that he
+should examine them before he would speak one word with him.
+Adams, whose natural complacence was beyond any artifice, was
+obliged to comply before he was suffered to explain
+himself, and laying hold of one of their tails, the
+wanton beast gave such a sudden spring that he
+threw poor Adams full length in the mire. Trulliber,
+instead of assisting him to get up, burst into laughter,
+and, entering the stye, said to Adams, with some
+contempt, 'Why, dost not know how to handle a
+hog?'</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-098-copy.jpg" width="71" height="207" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>To those writers whose heroes are of their own
+creation, and whose brains are the chaos whence all
+their materials are collected&mdash;one may apply the
+saying of Balzac regarding Aristotle, that they are
+a second nature, for they have no communication
+with the first, by which authors of an inferior
+class, who cannot stand alone, are obliged to support themselves
+as with crutches; but these of whom I am now speaking
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span>
+seem to be possessed of those stilts which the excellent Voltaire
+tells us, in his letters, <i>carry the genius far off, but with an irregular
+pace</i>. Indeed, far out of the sight of the reader&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p><i>Beyond the realm of chaos and old night.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-099.jpg" width="263" height="221" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The pedlar, introduced in these adventures, while relating to
+Joseph Andrews and Parson Adams the early history of Fanny
+(then returned from Lady Booby's), proceeded thus: 'Though I
+am now contented with this humble way of getting my livelihood,
+I was formerly a gentleman; for so all those of my profession are
+called. In a word, I was drummer in an Irish regiment of foot.
+Whilst I was in this honourable station, I attended an officer of our
+regiment into England, a recruiting.' The pedlar then described
+meeting a gipsy-woman, who confided to him, on her death-bed,
+that she had kidnapped a beautiful female infant from a family
+named Andrews, and sold her to Squire Booby for three guineas.
+In Fanny he professed to recognise the stolen infant.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>'THE ADVENTURES OF CAPTAIN GREENLAND.'</h3>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-100.jpg" width="225" height="237" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'The Adventures of Captain
+Greenland,' an anonymous
+novel published
+in 1752, is avowedly
+'written in imitation
+of all those wise, learned,
+witty, and humorous
+authors who either have
+or hereafter may write
+in the same style and
+manner.'</p>
+
+<p>The story, divided
+over a tedious number
+of books&mdash;like the high-flown
+romances of the
+'Grand Cyrus' order&mdash;also
+resembles those antiquated and unreal elaborations in the
+astonishing intrepidity of its professed hero, Sylvius, who, however,
+engages, like his model 'Joseph Andrews,' in situations generally
+described as menial. Captain Greenland himself, denuded of his
+powerful swearing propensities, might be regarded at this date as
+an interesting curiosity, a British commander of the true-blue
+salt type. A parson, and other characters suggestive of the acquaintances
+we make in 'Joseph Andrews,' contribute to swell
+the 'dramatis personæ.' A portion of the adventures, which are
+neither new nor startling, consists of escapes from Spanish convents,
+and complications connected with the Romanist faith, not
+unlike somewhat kindred allusions in Richardson's 'Sir Charles
+Grandison.'</p>
+
+<p>A stage-coach journey occupies ten chapters of one book; and
+the travellers relieve this lengthy travel (from Worcester to London)
+by unfinished anecdotes. Captain Greenland relates an
+adventure with a highwayman who once stopped his coach. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span>
+'gentleman of the road' bade the driver 'unrein.' The captain
+seized his blunderbuss and 'jumped ashore,' thinking it a scandal
+that a gentleman who had the honour of commanding one of His
+Majesty's ships of war should suffer himself to be boarded and
+plundered by a single fellow. Being a little warm and hasty, he
+salutes his enemy with, '"Blank my heart, but you are a blank
+cowardly rascal, and a blank mean-spirited villain! You scoundrel,
+you! you lurk about the course here to plunder every poor
+creature you meet, that have nothing at all to defend themselves;
+but you dare not engage with one that is able to encounter with
+you. Here, you rascal! if you dare fight for it, win it and wear
+it." With that I pulled out my purse and money, and flung it to
+the ground between us; but the faint-hearted blank durst as well
+be blank'd as come near me. So after I had swore myself pretty
+well out of wind (judging from the captain's ordinary vernacular,
+the strongest lungs could not have held out long), I ran towards
+him with my cock'd blunderbuss ready in my hand; but he
+at that very moment tacked about, and sheer'd off. I now
+picked up my purse, and went aboard the coach; but, blank my
+heart! I can't forgive myself for not saluting the rascal with one
+broadside.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-101.jpg" width="277" height="127" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>At the conclusion of ten chapters of stage-coach journeying,
+the author brilliantly observes, 'He has cooped up his readers for
+a considerable time,' and the captain swears the coach is somewhat
+'over-manned.'</p>
+
+<p>'At night they were all exceedingly merry and agreeable;
+and the generous captain again insisted upon paying the bill himself,
+which he found no matter of fault with, but in the customary
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span>
+article (at that place) of sixpence a head for firing; which he
+swore was as much as could have been demanded if they had
+supp'd at an inn in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-102.jpg" width="255" height="220" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-102-copy.jpg" width="278" height="206" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The next day's journey being happily concluded, without any
+extraordinary occurrences, they arrived about six o'clock in the
+afternoon at the 'Blue Boar Inn, in Holborn, where they all
+agreed to sup together, and to lie that night.'</p>
+
+<p>Rosetta the heroine, and her brother, Sir Christopher, attended
+by the faithful Sylvius as steward, embark at Portsmouth for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span>
+Lisbon. After some thirty hours' sea-sickness, Rosetta resumed
+her usual cheerfulness by making merry over her late incapacity.
+'Sylvius was yet as bad as any of them. The knight (her brother)
+was also in the same helpless condition, and continued in the
+same manner till he was eased of the lofty tosses which were so
+plentifully bestowed on them by the restless Biscaian Bay.' They
+all recover at last, and are diverted by the shoals of wanton porpoises.
+'By and by their remarks turned on their "little bark's
+climbing so wonderfully over the vast ridges of the mountainous
+waves, which formed perpetual and amazing prospects of over-rolling
+hills and vales, as could scarcely meet belief from those
+who had never been at sea."'</p>
+
+<h3>'JACK CONNOR.'</h3>
+
+<p>'Jack Connor' is another instance of the novels written by
+imitators of Fielding. Aiming to produce an unaffected and easy
+style of fiction, enlivened by incidents of every-day interest, it falls
+far short of the standard to which it aspires, as one would reasonably
+suppose. The book is anonymous, and is dedicated to
+Henry Fox, 'Secretary at War,' and was published in 1752; it is
+founded on a rambling plot, detailing the adventures of a 'waif'
+thrown on the world by his Irish parents. The first volume is
+mostly occupied by youthful 'amours,' and ends with the 'Story
+Of Polly Gunn,' which unfortunately bears a certain resemblance
+to De Foe's 'Moll Flanders,' in a condensed form.</p>
+
+<p>'Jack Connor' had a patron, a marvellously proper man,
+the 'model of righteous walking,' and the dispenser of admirable
+precepts, over which the hero grew eminently sentimental; but
+directly after acted in direct opposition to the teaching of this
+worthy guardian. The pencilling we have selected from the
+margin of vol. i. illustrates a passage describing the scandals of
+the kitchen, which affixed to Jack Connor's benefactor, Mr. Kindly,
+the questionable honour of being father to his protégé.</p>
+
+<p>'I hope,' said Tittle, 'your la'ship won't be angry with me,
+only they say that the boy is as like Mr. Kindly as two peas; but
+they say, "Mem"&mdash;&mdash;'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'Hold your impertinent tongue,' said my lady; 'is this the
+occasion of so much giggle? You are an ungrateful pack. I
+am sure 'tis false,' &amp;c.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-104.jpg" width="192" height="214" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Indeed,' said Tittle, 'if
+I've said anything to offend
+your la'ship&mdash;&mdash;'</p>
+
+<p>'Yes, madam,' said my
+lady, 'you have greatly offended
+me; and so you all
+have,' &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Poor Mrs. Tittle was not
+only vastly disappointed, but
+greatly frightened. She informed
+the rest of the reception
+she had met with. The
+servants were quite surprised
+at the oddity of her ladyship's
+temper, and quoted many examples diametrically opposite.</p>
+
+<p>'I'm sure,' said Mrs. Tittle, 'had I told as much to Squire
+Smart's lady, we should have laughed together about it the livelong
+night!'</p>
+
+<p>'Ay, ay,' said Mrs. Matthews, 'God bless the good Lady
+Malign! When I waited on her in Yorkshire, many a gown, and
+petticoat, and smock have I gotten for telling her half so much;
+but, to be sure, some people think themselves wiser than all the
+world!'</p>
+
+<p>'Hold, hold,' said Tom Blunt, the butler. 'Now, d'ye see, if
+so be as how my lady is wrong, she'll do you right; and if so be
+as how my lady is right, how like fools and ninnihammers will
+you all look!'</p>
+
+<p>In vol. ii. we find Jack Connor resorting to the reputable profession
+of 'gentleman of the road;' he plans his first 'stand-and-deliver'
+venture in company with two experienced highwaymen.
+Hounslow is the popular spot selected for his <i>début</i>. Thither he
+proceeds in a post-chaise from Piccadilly, having arranged for his
+horse in advance. Two circumstances favour him; he knows a
+family in the neighbourhood, and he wears a surtout of a cloth
+that is blue on one side and red on the other, and that has no other
+lining. In a blue coat with scarlet cuffs he orders wine, arranges for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span>
+a return post-chaise, and enquires the address of the people whose
+name he knows. He then departs, secures his horse, and turns
+his coat; he is behind-hand,
+and the coach just then
+coming up, the two highwaymen
+lead the attack:
+one is shot, and the other
+disabled and captured.
+Connor escapes in the confusion,
+ties up his horse,
+turns his coat, and walks
+back to the inn for his post-chaise, which is delayed, one horse
+being wanting. The landlord enters. 'There, now,' said he, 'is
+two fine gentlemen that have made a noble kettle of fish of it this
+morning!'</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-105.jpg" width="207" height="125" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Bless me, my dear,' said his wife, 'what's the matter?'</p>
+
+<p>'Not much; only a coach was stopped on the heath by
+three highwaymen, and two of 'em is now taken, and at the next
+inn.'</p>
+
+<p>'Dear sirs,' said the landlady, ''tis the most preposteroustest
+thing in life that gentlefolks won't travel in post-chaises; and then
+they're always safe from these fellows.'</p>
+
+<p>'Well,' said the husband, 'I must send after the third, who
+escaped; I'll engage to find out his scarlet coat before night.'</p>
+
+<p>Connor, recollecting his situation, chimed in with the hostess,
+and spoke greatly against the disturbers of the public. At last he
+took leave, mounted his chaise, and got safe to London; but
+often thought the horses very bad.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-105-copy.jpg" width="143" height="98" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Jack Connor, after various vicissitudes, was at last reduced to
+service, and was employed as secretary
+by Sir John Curious, an infirm compound
+of wealth and avarice, married, in his last
+days, to a young wife. Connor became
+unpopular with the ladies of the establishment,
+on account of his over-correct
+behaviour. One day he was busy reading
+to Sir John, when Mr. Sampson, a wine merchant, entered.
+The knight had a great regard for this gentleman, and was extremely
+civil to him. 'Well, friend Sampson,' said he, 'time was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">84</a></span>
+when we used to meet oftener; but this plaguy gout makes me
+perform a tedious quarantine, you see.'</p>
+
+<p>'Ah, Sir John,' replied Mr. Sampson, 'you are at anchor in a
+safe harbour; but I have all your ailments, and am buffeted about
+in stormy winds.'</p>
+
+<p>'Not so, not so,' answered the knight; 'I hope my old friend
+is in no danger of shipwreck. No misfortunes, I hope.'</p>
+
+<p>'None,' said Mr. Sampson, 'but what my temper can bear. I
+have lost my only child, just such a youth as that (pointing to
+Jack). I have lost the best part of my substance by the war, and
+I have found old age and infirmities.'</p>
+
+<p>Sir John regretted that he could not assist his friend with a
+loan, but he paid his account for wine, and handed over Connor
+to assist Mr. Sampson in his business.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-106.jpg" width="231" height="80" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>After a long letter on the state of Ireland&mdash;which appeared even
+in 1744 a question beyond the wisdom of legislation to dispose of
+satisfactorily&mdash;the author apologises for his digressions with considerable
+novelty. 'I am afraid I have carried my reader too far
+from the subject-matter of this history, and tried his patience;
+but I assure him that my indulgence has been very great, for,
+at infinite pains, I have curtailed the last chapter (the Irish question)
+at least sixty pages. Few know the difficulty of bridling the
+imagination, and reining back a hard-mouthed pen. It sometimes
+gets ahead, and, in spite of all our skill, runs away with us into
+mire and dirt; nay, at this minute I find my quill in a humour to
+gallop, so shall stop him short in time.'</p>
+
+<p>The life of Connor is chequered. He finally figures as a captain
+of dragoons in the campaign in Flanders, under the 'Culloden'
+Duke. He performs deeds of valour with the army, and
+rescues a Captain Thornton from three assailants, preserves his life
+and secures his gratitude. He next appears at Cadiz, on a commercial
+errand, and he regains his long-lost mother in Mrs. Magraph, a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span>
+wealthy widow, to whom he had made love. This lady, who had
+saved thirty thousand pounds, was very communicative; she finally
+recognised him as her son, and acquainted him that Sir Roger Thornton,
+the life of whose son he had preserved, was in reality his father,
+and not Connor, as he had previously believed. The hero then set
+out for Paris. The ship was ready to sail. All were concerned at
+losing so polite a companion, and he was loaded with praises and
+caresses. His mother could not bear it with that resignation she
+at first thought; but, however,
+she raised her spirits,
+and with many blessings
+saw him set sail.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-107.jpg" width="215" height="153" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The voyage was prosperous,
+and he arrived at
+Marseilles, safe and in good
+health. He took post for
+Paris, and embraced his dear
+friend Captain Thornton, as
+indicated in the marginal
+illustration. Jack Connor marries a lord's daughter, and becomes
+an Irish landed gentleman. The author concludes with the regret
+that he has not the materials to reveal his hero's future.</p>
+
+<h3>'CHRYSAL, OR THE ADVENTURES OF A GUINEA.'</h3>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-107-copy.jpg" width="141" height="188" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>We gather from the copy of this work,
+which was formerly on the shelves of
+Thackeray's library, that 'Chrysal' had
+reached seven editions in 1771, having
+been originally published in 1760,
+with a highly laudatory dedication to
+William Pitt.</p>
+
+<p>The bookseller's prefix to the first
+edition is slightly imaginative. To describe
+its nature briefly, the publisher,
+while taking a country stroll in Whitechapel,
+then an Arcadian village, was
+overtaken by a shower, and sought shelter in a cottage where a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span>
+humble family were breakfasting. His eye was caught by a sheet
+of manuscript which had done duty for a butter-plate. Its contents
+interested him, and he learnt that the chandler next door wrapped
+up her commodities in such materials. He made an experimental
+purchase, which was done up in another leaf of
+the paper. Cautious enquiries elicited that
+brown paper being costly, and a quantity of old
+'stuff' having been left by a long deceased
+lodger of her departed mother's, the manuscript
+was thus turned into use. The enterprising
+publisher invested 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> for brown paper, and
+secured the entire remaining sheets in exchange.
+Finding, on perusal, that he had secured matter
+of some literary value, he pursued his investigations
+with the same lady, and learned that the author was an
+unfortunate schemer, who, after wasting his entire fortune in seeking
+the philosopher's stone, perceived his folly too late, wrote the story
+of 'Chrysal' in ridicule of the fallacy of golden visions, and expired
+before he could realise any profit by the publication of his
+papers. The bookseller secretly resolved to admit the good
+woman to a half share of the profits of her 'heirship,' and 'Chrysal'
+appeared. It excited some attention, and had various charges
+laid to its account.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-108.jpg" width="88" height="134" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-108-copy.jpg" width="107" height="68" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The scheme is ingenious, tracing the guinea from its projection,
+and giving an account of the successive stages of its changing
+existence. We are admitted to contemplate
+the influence of gold in various situations;
+with dissertations on 'traffic,' and, in short,
+follow the history of a guinea through the
+possession of numerous owners, male and
+female, while the reader is by these means introduced to
+some very curious situations.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-108-copy-2.jpg" width="49" height="90" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The little design in the margin occurs in the history
+of a horned cock, a parody on collectors of curiosities,
+describing the manner in which a noble 'virtuoso' was
+imposed upon by a cunning vendor of wonderful productions.
+There was considerable competition to secure the
+composite phenomenon, and when his lordship obtained it, a convocation
+of 'savants' was summoned to report on the marvel. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">87</a></span>
+bird, a game-cock, had unfortunately taken offence at an owl in
+a neighbouring cage, and when the company arrived it had rubbed
+off one of the horns and disturbed the other. While arguing that
+the bird had shed its horn in the course of nature, one of the company
+dropped some snuff near the bird's eye, who thereupon shook
+his head with sufficient violence to dislodge the remaining
+horn; exposing the imposture, and overwhelming the virtuoso
+with such vexation that the cock was sacrificed to Æsculapius
+forthwith.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-109.jpg" width="126" height="92" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The guinea gets into the hands of a justice of the peace, in
+the shape of a bribe, and a very remarkable state of corruption
+and traffic in iniquity is displayed. The little pencilling of a
+quaint figure holding the scales occurs on the margin of a paragraph
+which records a warm dispute
+between the justice and his clerk on
+the proportioning of their plunder, the
+clerk revolting against an arrangement
+by which it is proposed to confine him
+to a bare third! The dispute is checked
+by the arrival of some customers, matrons
+dwelling within the justice's district, who come to compound with
+him in regular form 'for the breach of those laws he is appointed
+to support.'</p>
+
+<p>The sketches pencilled in 'Chrysal' do not follow the story
+very closely; indeed, they can hardly be intimately associated
+with the text they accompany. This, however, is quite an exceptional
+case; the drawings found in Mr. Thackeray's books being,
+in nearly every instance, very felicitous embodiments of the
+subject-matter of the works they illustrate.</p>
+
+<p>On a fly-leaf of 'Chrysal' is a jovial sketch of light-hearted
+and nimble-toed tars, forming a realistic picture of the good
+cheer a guinea may command, and immediately suggestive of
+bags of prize-money, apoplectically stored with the yellow boys
+which, in the good old days, were supposed to profusely line the
+pockets of true salts when they indulged in the delights of a
+spell on shore: this was the time when sailors experimented in frying,
+as the story represents them, superfluous watches in bacon-fat, as a
+scientific relaxation, when the ships were paid off at Portsmouth,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span>
+and 'jolly tars' had invested in more timekeepers than the exigencies
+of punctuality strictly demanded.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-110.jpg" width="419" height="290" alt="" />
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<p class="ch_summ">
+Continental Ramble&mdash;A Stolen Trip to Paris&mdash;Residence at Weimar&mdash;Contributions
+to Albums&mdash;Burlesque State&mdash;German Sketches and Studies&mdash;The
+Weimar Theatre&mdash;Goethe&mdash;Souvenirs of the Saxon city&mdash;'Journal
+kept during a visit to Germany.'
+</p>
+
+<p>We cannot take leave of Thackeray's college days without
+referring to the first trip he made to Paris during a vacation, on
+his own responsibility, and, indeed, without consulting his pastors
+and masters on the subject. This little episode occurred when
+he was nineteen years old; and, excepting for considerable remorse
+at the subterfuge by which he had got away, he seems
+to have enjoyed himself very much.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 148px;">
+<img src="images/i-111-copy.jpg" width="148" height="309" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">1828</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 69px;">
+<img src="images/i-111.jpg" width="69" height="206" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Coachee, 1830</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 141px;">
+<img src="images/i-112-copy-2.jpg" width="141" height="229" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">1828</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 191px;">
+<img src="images/i-112-copy.jpg" width="191" height="325" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A dowager</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 156px;">
+<img src="images/i-112.jpg" width="156" height="173" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A German court chaplain</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 109px;">
+<img src="images/i-112-copy-3.jpg" width="109" height="133" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A postilion</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91</a></span></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-113.jpg" width="529" height="387" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Apollo surrounded by his tuneful band. (Sketched in a music-book.)</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">92</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-114.jpg" width="396" height="108" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-114-copy.jpg" width="178" height="254" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Rara avis in terris, nigroque simillima cigno.<br />
+(Album oddities. Weimar, 1830)</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-114-copy-2.jpg" width="136" height="312" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Weimar, 1830</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-115.jpg" width="593" height="389" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A Royal banquet</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-116.jpg" width="391" height="263" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A Weimar sketch</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-116-copy.jpg" width="254" height="227" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Schiller's plays. Weimar, 1830</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Soon afterwards Thackeray seems to have repaired to Weimar,
+in Saxony, where, as he describes it, he lived with a score of
+young English lads, 'for study, or sport, or society.' Mr. G. H.
+Lewes, in his 'Life of Goethe,' tells us that Weimar albums still
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93"></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">94</a></span>
+display with pride the caricatures which the young artist sketched
+at that period. 'My delight in those days,' says Mr. Thackeray,
+'was to make caricatures for children'&mdash;a habit, we may add,
+which he never forgot. Years afterwards, in the fulness of his fame,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span>
+revisiting Weimar, he found, to his great delight, that these were
+yet remembered, and some even preserved still; but he was much
+more proud to be told, as a lad, that the great Goethe himself
+had looked at some of them. In a letter to his friend Mr. Lewes,
+inserted by the latter in the work referred to, Thackeray has given
+a pleasing picture of this period of his life, and of the circle in
+which he found himself.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-117.jpg" width="189" height="180" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Church militant</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-117-copy.jpg" width="318" height="249" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Triumphal march of the British forces</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-118.jpg" width="251" height="400" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Opera at Weimar</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Readers familiar with the 'Rose and the Ring,' Thackeray's
+popular Christmas book, will recognise in the sketch on <a href="#Page_93">page 93</a>
+the artist's fondness for playing with royalty&mdash;especially with
+pantomimic royalty. The Weimar court was full of old ceremony,
+and yet most pleasant and homely withal. Thackeray and his
+friends were invited in turns to dinners, balls, and assemblies there.
+Such young men as had a right appeared in uniforms, diplomatic
+and military. Some invented gorgeous clothing: the old Hof
+Marschall, M. de Spiegel, who had two of the most lovely daughters
+ever looked on, being in nowise difficult as to the admission of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span>
+these young Englanders. On winter nights they used to charter
+sedan chairs, in which they were carried through the snow to these
+court entertainments. Here young Thackeray had the good luck
+to purchase Schiller's sword, which formed a part of his court
+costume, and which hung in
+his study till the day of his
+death, to put him (as he said)
+in mind of days of youth the
+most kindly and delightful.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-119.jpg" width="181" height="320" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Shakspeare at Weimar</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-119-copy.jpg" width="191" height="408" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Operatic reminiscences at Weimar</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Here, too, he had the advantage of the society of his friend
+and fellow-student at Cambridge, Mr. W. G. Lettsom, later Her
+Majesty's Chargé-d'Affaires at Uruguay, but who was at the
+period referred to attached to the suite of the English Minister at
+Weimar. To the kindness of this gentleman he was indebted in a
+considerable degree for the introductions he obtained to the best
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98"></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span>
+families in the town. Thackeray was always fond of referring to
+this period of his life.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-120.jpg" width="590" height="387" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A German fencing bout</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The spirited sketch of a German Fencing Bout given on the
+preceding page, was probably drawn on the spot during the progress
+of the combat. The collegians enable us to construct a
+realistic picture of the student of a generation ago.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-121.jpg" width="187" height="383" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">German student of the period. (Weimar, 1830)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The object of the combatants being to inflict a prick or scratch
+in some conspicuous part of the face, the rest of the person is
+carefully padded and protected. In our days the loose cap with
+its pointed peak has disappeared before its gay muffin-shaped substitute;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">100</a></span>
+but the traditional pride in a scarred face is still observable.
+Even at the present day we find the youths of German
+University towns rejoicing in a seam down the nose, or swaggering
+in the conscious dignity of a slashed cheek, as outward and
+visible evidence of the warlike soul within.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-122.jpg" width="139" height="203" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Goethe. A sketch from the Fraser portrait</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-122-copy.jpg" width="135" height="366" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Goethe<br />
+(Sketched at Weimar, 1830)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Devrient, who appeared some years
+since at the St. James's Theatre in German
+versions of Shakspeare, was performing at
+Weimar at that period, in 'Shylock,'
+'Hamlet,' 'Falstaff,' and the 'Robbers;'
+and the beautiful Madame Schröder was
+appearing in 'Fidelio.'</p>
+
+<p>The young English students at Weimar
+spent their evenings in frequenting the
+performances at the theatres, or attending the levées of the
+Court ladies.</p>
+
+<p>After an interval of nearly a quarter of a century, Thackeray
+passed a couple of days in the well-remembered place, where he
+was fortunate enough to find still some of the friends of his youth.
+With his daughters he was received by Madame de Goethe with
+the kindness of old days; the little party once again drank tea
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101"></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">102</a></span>
+in that famous cottage in the park which had been a favourite
+resort of the illustrious poet.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-123.jpg" width="548" height="291" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A souvenir</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-124.jpg" width="245" height="348" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Album sketches</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>During his residence at Weimar in 1831 Thackeray saw and
+shared a great deal of pleasant life; and although the world of the
+little German capital was one in miniature, the experience he gained
+in it was turned to good account in after years. It was at this
+visit he had the happiness of meeting the great Goethe, who had
+then withdrawn from society: he would, nevertheless, receive
+strangers with marked cordiality; and the tea-table of his daughter-in-law
+was always spread for the entertainment of these favoured
+young sojourners.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">103</a></span></p>
+
+<div>
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-125.jpg" width="145" height="355" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A swell</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-125-copy.jpg" width="141" height="387" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A buck</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In October 1830, we find Thackeray writing from Weimar to a
+bookseller in Charterhouse Square, for a liberal supply of the Bath
+post paper on which he wrote his verses and drew his countless
+sketches. On certain sheets of this paper, after his memorable
+interview with Goethe, we find the young artist trying to trace from
+recollection the features of the remarkable face which had deeply
+impressed his fancy (see <a href="#Page_100">p. 100</a>). There are portraits in pen and
+ink, and others washed with colour to imitate more closely the complexion
+of the study he was endeavouring to work out. The letter
+to which we here refer contains an order of an extensive character,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">104</a></span>
+for the current literature, which throws some light on his tastes at
+this period:&mdash;'Fraser's <i>Town and Country Magazine</i> for August,
+September, October, and November. The four last numbers of
+the <i>Examiner</i> and <i>Literary Gazette</i>, <i>The Comic Annual</i>, <i>The Keepsake</i>,
+and any others of the best annuals, and <i>Bombastes Furioso</i>,
+with Geo. Cruikshank's illustrations. The parcel to be directed
+to Dr. Frohrib, Industrie Comptoir, Weimar.'</p>
+
+<p>Among the ingenuous confessions of Fitz-Boodle in 'Fraser,' we
+are admitted to three romantic episodes, all of them being directed
+as warnings to over-fervent young men&mdash;'Miss Löwe' (Oct. 1842),
+'Dorothea' (Jan. 1843), 'Ottilia' (Feb. 1843): none of these tender
+records of his early German experiences are reprinted with
+Thackeray's 'Miscellanies.' We learn incidentally in 'Ottilia' the
+delightful fee accorded to gallant drivers on the occasion of sledging
+parties, which formed a leading amusement of a Saxon winter.
+A large company of a score or more sledges was formed. Away
+they went to some pleasure-house previously fixed upon as a
+<i>rendezvous</i>, where a ball and supper were ready prepared, and
+where each <i>cavalier</i>, as his partner descended, has the 'delicious
+privilege of saluting her.'</p>
+
+<p>Thackeray has turned the observations he made during his residence
+in the Saxon city to famous satirical account in the construction
+of his typical Court of Pumpernickel, situated on the
+Pump rivulet. We meet the most effective sarcastic sketches of
+the mimic court in various parts of his writings, great and small.
+It was in these sister Duchies that Pitt Crawley served as an
+<i>attaché</i> to the British representative. It was while dining at the table
+of Tapeworm, the Secretary of our Legation there, that the author
+declares he first learnt the sad particulars of the career of Mrs.
+Rawdon Crawley, <i>née</i> Rebecca Sharp. It was here, too, in the theatre
+that he describes first meeting with Amelia, then Mrs. Osborne,
+attended by her brother Jos. Sedley, with her son George, and his
+guardian, faithful Major Dobbin; when the little party were sojourning,
+as favoured visitors, in the famous dominions (stretching
+nearly ten miles) of his Transparency Victor Aurelius XVIII. The
+reader will remember being presented, in one of the later chapters
+of 'Vanity Fair,' with a humorous burlesque of the entire Grand
+Ducal Court&mdash;its belongings, society, administration, foreign
+legations, politics, fêtes, and what not; with a detailed description
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">105</a></span>
+of the noble bridge thrown across the Pump by his renowned
+Transparency Victor Aurelius XIV., whose effigy rises above the
+erection; his foot calmly resting on the neck of a prostrate Turk,
+and surrounded by water-nymphs and emblems of victory, peace,
+and plenty. The prince is smiling blandly, and directing with his
+outstretched truncheon the attention of the passer to the Aurelian
+Platz, where this great-souled hero had commenced a palace that
+would have been the wonder of the age, if the funds for its completion
+had not been exhausted. A previous introduction to the
+splendours of Kalbsbraten-Pumpernickel had been afforded the
+readers of 'Fraser,' where we are informed that it contained a population
+of two thousand inhabitants, and a palace (<i>Monblaïsir</i>, the
+rival of Versailles) which would accommodate about six times that
+number. The Principality furnished a contingent of three and a
+half men to the Germanic Confederation; only three of whom returned
+from the field of Waterloo. This army corps was commanded
+by a General (Excellency), two major-generals, and sixty-four
+officers of lower grades; all noble, all knights of the order of
+Kartoffel, and almost all chamberlains to his Highness the Grand
+Duke. A band of eighty performers led the troops to battle in
+time of war; executed selections daily, in more peaceful intervals,
+for the admiration of the neighbourhood; and at night did duty
+on the stage.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-127.jpg" width="176" height="198" alt="" />
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">106</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There was supposed to be a chamber of representatives, who
+were not remembered to have ever sat, home and foreign ministers,
+residents from neighbouring courts, law-presidents, town councils,
+&amp;c., and all the usual great government functionaries. The Court
+had its chamberlains and marshals; the Grand Duchess her noble
+ladies-in-waiting, and beauteous maids of honour. Besides the
+sentries at the palace, there were three or four men on duty,
+dressed as hussars; but the historian could not discover that they
+ever rode on horseback.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-128.jpg" width="131" height="184" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A German peasant maiden</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Prime Minister had lodgings in a second floor, and the
+other great officers were similarly accommodated: their titles were,
+however, a distinction in themselves&mdash;Otho Sigismond Freyherr
+von Schlippenschlopps, for instance, Knight Grand Cross of the
+Ducal Order of the Two Necked Swan of Pumpernickel, of the
+Porc-et-Sifflet of Kalbsbraten, Commander of the George and
+Blue Boar of Dummerland, Excellency and High Chancellor of
+the United Duchies, is described as enjoying, with his private
+income and the revenues of his offices, a total of nearly three
+hundred pounds per annum, and, in consequence of this handsome
+provision, being able to display such splendour as few officers of
+the Grand Ducal Crown could afford.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-129.jpg" width="594" height="265" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Sleighing</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>These high-sounding titles were not confined to the military
+and diplomatic bodies: the memorable town pump had been designed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107"></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">108</a></span>
+by <i>Herr Oberhof und bau Inspektor von Speck</i>; whose wife
+was honourably referred to as 'The Grand-ducal Pumpernickelian-court-architectress,
+and Upper-palace-and-building-inspectress,
+Von Speck.'</p>
+
+<p>The preceding sketch of sleighing, which has all the life and
+spirit of a drawing executed whilst the recollection of its subject
+is still fresh, was evidently made at the period of Thackeray's residence
+at Weimar. He has left various pen-and-ink dottings of
+the quaint houses in this town, which correspond with the little
+buildings in the landscape on <a href="#Page_101">p. 101</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Among the volumes originally in Thackeray's possession was a
+book, privately printed, containing portions of the diaries of Mrs.
+Colonel St. George, written during her sojourn among the German
+courts, 1799 and 1800. As the margins of the book are pencilled
+with slight but graphic etchings illustrative of the matter, we insert
+a few extracts while treating of Thackeray's early experience of
+Weimar, as harmonising with this part of our subject. It may be
+premised that the actual sketches belong to a considerably later
+date.</p>
+
+<h3>'JOURNAL KEPT DURING A VISIT TO GERMANY IN
+1799, 1800.'</h3>
+
+<p>'<i>Vienna, July 18, 1800.</i>&mdash;Dined at La Gardie's; read "Les
+Mères Rivales" aloud, while she made a <i>couvre-pied</i> for her approaching
+confinement; her mother worked a cap for the babe,
+and he sat down to his netting: it was a black shawl for his wife.
+A fine tall man, a soldier, too, with a very martial appearance,
+netting a shawl for his wife amused me.</p>
+
+<p>'<i>Dresden, Oct. 2.</i>&mdash;Dined at the Elliots'.<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>
+ While I was playing
+at chess with Mr. Elliot, came the news of Lord Nelson's arrival,
+with Sir William and Lady Hamilton, Mrs. Cadogan, mother of
+the latter, and Miss Cornelia Knight, famous for her "Continuation
+of Rasselas" and her "Private Life of the Romans."<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-131.jpg" width="190" height="153" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A fancy portrait</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>'<i>Oct. 3.</i>&mdash;Dined at Mr. Elliot's, with only the Nelson party.
+It is plain that Lord Nelson thinks of nothing but Lady Hamilton,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">109</a></span>
+who is totally occupied by the same object. She is bold, forward,
+coarse, assuming, and vain. Her figure is colossal, but, excepting
+her feet, well shaped. Her bones are large, and she is
+exceedingly <i>embonpoint</i>. She resembles the bust of Ariadne: the
+shape of all her features is fine, as is the form of her head, and
+particularly her ears; her teeth are a little irregular, but tolerably
+white; her eyes light blue, with a brown spot in one, which, though
+a defect, takes nothing away from her beauty and expression. Her
+eyebrows and hair are dark, and her complexion coarse. Her
+expression is strongly marked, variable, and interesting; her
+movements in common life ungraceful; her voice loud, yet not
+disagreeable. Lord Nelson is a little man, without any dignity;
+who, I suppose, must resemble what Suwarrow was in his youth,
+as he is like all the pictures I have seen of that general. Lady
+Hamilton takes possession of him, and he is a willing captive, the
+most submissive and devoted I have seen. Sir William is old,
+infirm, all admiration of his wife, and never spoke to-day but to
+applaud her. Miss Cornelia Knight seems the decided flatterer
+of the two, and never opens her mouth but to show forth their
+praise; and Mrs. Cadogan, Lady Hamilton's mother, is what one
+might expect. After dinner we had several songs in honour of
+Lord Nelson, written by Miss Knight, and sung by Lady Hamilton.
+She puffs the incense full in his face; but he receives it
+with pleasure and sniffs it up very cordially. The songs all
+ended in the sailor's way, with "Hip, hip, hip, hurra!" and a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">110</a></span>
+bumper with the last drop on the nail, a ceremony I had never
+heard of or seen before.</p>
+
+<p>'<i>Oct. 4.</i>&mdash;Accompanied the Nelson party to Mr. Elliot's box at
+the opera. She and Lord Nelson were wrapped up in each
+other's conversation during the chief part of the evening.</p>
+
+<p>'<i>Oct. 5.</i>&mdash;Went, by Lady Hamilton's invitation, to see Lord
+Nelson dressed for court. On his hat he wore the large diamond
+feather, or ensign of sovereignty, given him by the Grand Signior;
+on his breast the order of the Bath, the order he received as Duke
+of Bronte; the diamond star, including the sun or crescent, given
+him by the Grand Signior; three gold medals, obtained by three
+different victories; and a beautiful present from the King of
+Naples. On one side is His Majesty's picture, richly set, and
+surrounded with laurels, which spring from two united laurels
+at bottom, and support the Neapolitan crown at top; on the
+other is the Queen's cipher, which turns so as to appear within
+the same laurels, and is formed of diamonds on green enamel.
+In short, Lord Nelson was a perfect constellation of stars and
+orders.</p>
+
+<p>'<i>Oct. 7.</i>&mdash;Breakfasted with Lady Hamilton, and saw her represent
+in succession the best statues and paintings extant. She
+assumes their attitude, expression, and drapery with great facility,
+swiftness, and accuracy. Several Indian shawls, a chair, some
+antique vases, a wreath of roses, a tambourine, and a few children
+are her whole apparatus. She stands at one end of the room,
+with a strong light on her left, and every other window closed.
+Her hair is short, dressed like an antique, and her gown a simple
+calico chemise, very easy, with loose sleeves to the wrist. She
+disposes the shawls so as to form Grecian, Turkish, and other
+drapery, as well as a variety of turbans. Her arrangement of the
+turbans is absolutely sleight-of-hand; she does it so quickly, so
+easily, and so well. It is a beautiful performance, amusing to the
+most ignorant, and highly interesting to the lovers of art. The
+chief of her imitations are from the antique. Each representation
+lasts about ten minutes. It is remarkable that, though coarse and
+ungraceful in common life, she becomes highly graceful, and even
+beautiful, during this performance. After showing her attitudes,
+she sang, and I accompanied. Her voice is good and very
+strong, but she is frequently out of tune; her expression strongly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">111</a></span>
+marked and various; but she has no flexibility, and no sweetness.
+She acts her songs....</p>
+
+<p>'Still she does not gain upon me. I think her bold, daring,
+vain even to folly, and stamped with the manners of her first situation
+much more strongly than one would suppose, after having
+represented majesty, and lived in good company fifteen years.
+Her ruling passions seem to me vanity, avarice, and love for the
+pleasures of the table. Mr. Elliot says, "She will captivate the
+Prince of Wales, whose mind is as vulgar as her own, and play a
+great part in England."</p>
+
+<p>'<i>Oct. 8.</i>&mdash;Dined at Madame de Loss's, wife to the Prime
+Minister, with the Nelson party. The Electress will not receive
+Lady Hamilton, on account of her former dissolute life. She
+wished to go to court, on which a pretext was made to avoid
+receiving company last Sunday, and I understand there will be no
+court while she stays. Lord Nelson, understanding the Elector
+did not wish to see her, said to Mr. Elliot, "Sir, if there is any
+difficulty of that sort, Lady Hamilton will knock the Elector down,
+and &mdash;&mdash; me, I'll knock him down too!"</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-133.jpg" width="278" height="103" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'<i>Oct. 9.</i>&mdash;A great breakfast at the Elliots', given to the Nelson
+party. Lady Hamilton repeated her attitudes with great effect.
+All the company, except their party and myself, went away before
+dinner; after which Lady Hamilton, who declared she was passionately
+fond of champagne, took such a portion of it as astonished
+me. Lord Nelson was not behindhand, called more
+vociferously than usual for songs in his own praise, and after many
+bumpers proposed the Queen of Naples, adding, "She is my
+queen; she is queen to the backbone." Poor Mr. Elliot, who
+was anxious the party should not expose themselves more than
+they had done already, and wished to get over the last day
+as well as he had done the rest, endeavoured to stop the effusion
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">112</a></span>
+of champagne, and effected it with some difficulty, but not till the
+lord and lady, or, as he calls them, Antony and Moll Cleopatra,
+were pretty far gone. I was so tired, I returned home soon after
+dinner; but not till Cleopatra had talked to me a great deal of
+her doubts whether the queen would receive her, adding, "I care
+little about it. I had much sooner she would settle half Sir
+William's pension on me." After I went, Mr. Elliot told me she
+acted Nina intolerably ill, and danced the <i>Tarantula</i>. During her
+acting, Lord Nelson expressed his admiration by the Irish sound
+of astonished applause, and by crying every now and then, "Mrs.
+Siddons be &mdash;&mdash;!" Lady Hamilton expressed great anxiety to
+go to court, and Mrs. Elliot assured her it would not amuse her,
+and that the Elector never gave dinners or suppers. "What?"
+cried she, "no guttling!" Sir William also this evening performed
+feats of activity, hopping round the room on his backbone,
+his arms, legs, star and ribbon all flying about in the air.</p>
+
+<p>'<i>Oct. 10.</i>&mdash;Mr. Elliot saw them on board to-day. He heard,
+by chance, from a king's messenger, that a frigate waited for them
+at Hamburg, and ventured to announce it formally. He says:
+"The moment they were on board, there was an end of the fine
+arts, of the attitudes, of the acting, the dancing, and the singing.
+Lady Hamilton's maid began to scold, in French, about some
+provisions which had been forgot. Lady Hamilton began bawling
+for an Irish stew, and her old mother set about washing the
+potatoes, which she did as cleverly as possible. They were
+exactly like Hogarth's actresses dressing in the barn."'</p>
+
+<p>At Berlin, the fair diarist was introduced to Beurnonville, the
+French minister, who had gained notoriety for his services at
+Valmy and Gemappes. He was one of the commissioners
+despatched by the convention to arrest Dumouriez, who, it may
+be remembered, treated him with marked cordiality; the special
+envoy of the republic was, however, arrested, with his companions,
+and delivered by the general into the hands of the Austrians.</p>
+
+<p>'<i>Nov. 18-23.</i>&mdash;I have been to a great supper at Count Schulenberg's.
+As usual, I saw Beurnonville, who was very attentive.
+He looks like an immense cart-horse, put by mistake in the finest
+caparisons; his figure is colossal and ungainly; and his uniform
+of blue and gold, which appears too large even for his large
+person, is half covered with the broadest gold lace. His <i>ton</i> is
+that of a <i>corps-de-garde</i> (he was really a corporal), but when he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">113</a></span>
+addresses himself to women, he affects a softness and <i>légèreté</i>,
+which reminds one exactly of the "Ass and the Spaniel," and his
+compliments are very much in the style of M. Jourdain. It
+is said, however, he is benevolent and well-meaning.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-135.jpg" width="351" height="163" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'<i>Nov. 30.</i>&mdash;Supped at Mad. Angeström's,
+wife of the Swedish Minister, who is perfectly
+indifferent to all the interests of Europe, provided nothing interrupts
+her reception of the Paris fashions, for which she has an uncommon
+avidity. "<i>N'est-ce pas, ma chère, que
+ceci est charmant? C'est copié fidèlement d'un
+journal de Paris, et quel journal délicieux!</i>"</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-135-copy.jpg" width="98" height="295" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'She wears very little covering on her person,
+and none on her arms of any kind (shifts being
+long exploded), except sleeves of the finest cambric,
+unlined and <i>travaillé au jour</i>, which reach
+only half way from the shoulder to the elbow.
+She seems to consider it a duty to shiver in
+this thin attire, for she said to Lady Carysfort,
+"<i>Ah, Milédi, que vous êtes heureuse, vous portez
+des poches et des jupes!</i>" I conversed chiefly with
+Beurnonville and Pignatelli. Beurnonville says,
+"<i>Mon secrétaire est pour les affaires, mon aide-de-camp
+pour les dames, et moi pour la représentation.</i>"
+The people about him are conscious he
+is <i>peu de chose</i>, but say, "<i>Qu'importe? on est si bon
+en Prusse, et si bien disposé pour nous.</i>" A person
+asked Vaudreuil, aide-de-camp to Beurnonville,
+if the latter was a <i>ci-devant</i>. "<i>Non," dit-il, "mais
+il voudroit l'être</i>"&mdash;a reply of a good deal of <i>finesse</i>, and plainly
+proving how unconquerable the respect for rank, and wish among
+those who have destroyed the substance to possess the shadow.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">114</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<p class="ch_summ">
+Thackeray's Predilections for Art&mdash;A Student in Paris&mdash;First Steps in the
+Career&mdash;An Art Critic&mdash;Introduction to Marvy's English Landscape
+Painters&mdash;Early Connection with Literature&mdash;Michael Angelo Titmarsh, a
+contributor to 'Fraser's Magazine'&mdash;French Caricature under Louis Philippe&mdash;Political
+Satires&mdash;A Young Artist's life in Paris&mdash;Growing Sympathy
+with Literature.
+</p>
+
+<p>The Weimar reminiscences show how early Thackeray's passion
+for art had developed itself. One who knew him well affirms
+that he was originally intended for the Bar; but he had, indeed,
+already determined to be an artist, and for a considerable period
+he diligently followed his bent. He visited Rome, where he
+stayed some time, and subsequently, as we shall see, settled
+for some time in Paris, 'where,' says a writer in the 'Edinburgh
+Review' for January 1848, 'we well remember, ten or
+twelve years ago, finding him, day after day, engaged in copying
+pictures in the Louvre, in order to qualify himself for his intended
+profession. It may be doubted, however,' adds this writer,
+'whether any degree of assiduity would have enabled him to excel
+in the money-making branches, for his talent was altogether of the
+Hogarth kind, and was principally remarkable in the pen-and-ink
+sketches of character and situation which he dashed off for the
+amusement of his friends.' This is just criticism; but Thackeray,
+though caring little himself for the graces of good drawing or
+correct anatomy, had a keen appreciation of the beauties of
+contemporary artists. Years after&mdash;in 1848&mdash;when, as he says,
+the revolutionary storm which raged in France 'drove many
+peaceful artists, as well as kings, ministers, tribunes, and socialists
+of state for refuge to our country,' an artist friend of his early
+Paris life found his way to Thackeray's home in London. This
+was Monsieur Louis Marvy, in whose <i>atelier</i> the former had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">115</a></span>
+passed many happy hours with the family of the French artist&mdash;in
+that constant cheerfulness and sunshine, as his English friend
+expressed it, which the Parisian was now obliged to exchange for
+a dingy parlour and the fog and solitude of London. A fine and
+skilful landscape-painter himself, M. Marvy, while here, as a
+means of earning a living, made a series of engravings after the
+works of our English landscape-painters. For some of these his
+friend obtained for M. Marvy permission to take copies in the
+valuable private collection of Mr. Thomas Baring. The publishers,
+however, would not undertake the work without a series
+of letter-press notices of each picture from Mr. Thackeray; and
+the latter accordingly added some criticisms which are interesting
+as developing his theory of this kind of art. The artists whose
+works are engraved are Calcott, Turner, Holland, Danby, Creswick,
+Collins, Redgrave, Lee, Cattermole, W. J. Müller, Harding,
+Nasmyth, Wilson, E. W. Cooke, Constable, De Wint, and Gainsborough.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-137.jpg" width="262" height="263" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>It was, we believe, in 1834, and while residing for a short
+period in Albion Street, Hyde Park, the residence of his mother
+and her second husband, Major Carmichael Smyth, that Mr.
+Thackeray began his literary career as a contributor to 'Fraser's
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">116</a></span>
+Magazine.' The pseudonyms of 'Michael Angelo Titmarsh,'
+'Fitz Boodle,' 'Yellowplush,' or 'Lancelot Wagstaff,' under which
+he afterwards amused the readers of the periodicals, had not
+then been thought of. His early papers related chiefly to the
+Fine Arts; but most of them had some reference to his French
+experiences. He seems to have had a peculiar fancy for Paris,
+where he resided, with brief intervals, for some years after coming
+of age, and where most of his magazine papers were written.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-138.jpg" width="335" height="389" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">The Two-penny Post-bag</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-139.jpg" width="599" height="398" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">LE DECES POIRE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The drawing on p. 117 represents the despair (<i>désespoir</i>) of
+the Orleans family at the threatened political decease (<i>décès</i>) of
+Louis Philippe, familiar to Parisians as the 'Pear' (<i>Poire</i>), from
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117"></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">118</a></span>
+the well-known resemblance established by the caricaturists
+between the shape and appearance of the king's head and a
+Burgundy pear. Thackeray resided in
+Paris during the contests of the king with
+the caricaturists (under the banner of
+Phillipon), and he was much impressed
+by their wit and artistic power. If the
+reader will turn to the 'Paris Sketch Book,'
+he will see Mr. Thackeray's own words
+upon the subject.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-140.jpg" width="126" height="159" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Under the Second Empire</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>We may state, for the assistance of
+the reader unacquainted with the French
+caricatures of that period, that the figure
+to the right with an elongated nose is M.
+d'Argout; the gentleman at the foot of the bed, astride a huge
+squirt (the supposed favourite implement with every French physician),
+is Marshal Lobau. Queen Marie Amélie, the Duc
+d'Orléans, and other members of the royal family, are in the background.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-140-copy.jpg" width="105" height="132" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>One of Thackeray's literary associates has given some amusing
+particulars of his Paris life, and his subsequent interest in the city,
+where he had many friends and was known to a wide circle of
+readers. 'He lived,' says this writer, 'in Paris "over the water,"
+and it is not long since, in strolling about the Latin Quarter with
+the best of companions, that we visited his lodgings, Thackeray
+inquiring after those who were already forgotten&mdash;unknown. Those
+who may wish to learn his early Parisian life and associations
+should turn to the story of "Philip on his Way through the World."
+Many incidents in that narrative are reminiscences
+of his own youthful literary struggles
+whilst living modestly in this city.
+Latterly, fortune and fame enabled the author
+of "Vanity Fair" to visit imperial Paris in
+imperial style, and Mr. Thackeray put up
+generally at the Hôtel de Bristol, in the
+Place Vendôme. Never was increase of
+fortune more gracefully worn or more generously
+employed. The struggling artist and small man of letters,
+whom he was sure to find at home or abroad, was pretty safe to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">119</a></span>
+be assisted if he learned their wants. I know of many a kind act.
+One morning, on entering Mr. Thackeray's bedroom in Paris, I
+found him placing some napoleons in a pill-box, on the lid of
+which was written, "One to be taken occasionally." "What are
+you doing?" said I. "Well," he replied, "there is an old person
+here who says she is very ill and in distress, and I strongly suspect
+that this is the sort of medicine she wants. Dr. Thackeray intends
+to leave it with her himself. Let us walk out together."<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>
+ Thackeray
+used to say that he came to Paris for a holiday and to revive
+his recollections of French cooking. But he generally worked
+here, especially when editing the "Cornhill Magazine."'<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-141.jpg" width="368" height="294" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">The political Morgiana</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-142.jpg" width="225" height="440" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">One of the ornaments of Paris</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Thackeray's affection for Paris, however, appears to have been
+founded upon no relish for the gaieties of the French metropolis,
+and certainly not upon any liking for French institutions. His
+papers on this subject are generally criticisms upon political,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">120</a></span>
+social, and literary failings of the French, written in a severe spirit
+which savours more of the confident judgment of youth than of
+the calm spirit of the citizen of the world. The reactionary rule
+of Louis Philippe, the Government of July, and the boasted Charter
+of 1830, were the objects of his especial dislike; nor was he less
+unsparing in his views of French morals as exemplified in their law
+courts, and in the novels of such writers as Madame Dudevant.
+The truth is, that at this Period Paris was, in the eyes of the art-student,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">121</a></span>
+simply the Paradise of young painters. Possessed of a
+good fortune&mdash;said to have amounted, on his coming of age in
+1832, to 20,000<i>l.</i>&mdash;the young Englishman passed his days in the
+Louvre, his evenings with his French artist acquaintances, of whom
+his preface to Louis Marvy's sketches gives so pleasant a glimpse;
+or sometimes in his quiet lodgings in the Quartier Latin in dashing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">122</a></span>
+off for some English or foreign paper his enthusiastic notices of the
+Paris Exhibition, or a criticism on French writers, or a story of
+French artist life, or an account of some great <i>cause célèbre</i> then
+stirring the Parisian world. This was doubtless the happiest period
+of his life. In one of these papers he describes minutely the life
+of the art student in Paris, and records his impressions of it at
+the time.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-143.jpg" width="221" height="237" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A decorated artist</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-143-copy.jpg" width="227" height="259" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-144.jpg" width="341" height="264" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Back to the past</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The painter's trade in France, he discovers, is a good one;
+it is more appreciated, respected, and even more liberally patronised
+than with us. While in England there is no school but the
+'Academy' open to the young student&mdash;in those days South
+Kensington did not exist, and our artists are not accustomed to
+grant young beginners admission to their studios at pleasure, as has
+long been the practice abroad&mdash;in France excellent schools abound,
+where, under the eye of a practised master, a young man can
+learn the rudiments of his art for about ten pounds a year, including
+all kinds of accessory instruction, models, &amp;c.; while he
+can, out of doors, obtain all sorts of incentives to study for 'just
+nothing at all.'</p>
+
+<p>The life of the young artist in France, we are told, is the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">123</a></span>
+merriest, most slovenly existence possible. He comes to Paris
+with some forty pounds a year settled on him to keep him and pay
+all his expenses. He lives in a quarter where all his surroundings
+are of the same order&mdash;art and artists; from morning till night,
+he is in an atmosphere of painting; he arrives at his <i>atelier</i> very
+early, and often gains a good day's study before
+the doors of our Academy are unbolted.
+He labours, without a sense of drudgery,
+among a score of companions as merry and
+poor as himself.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-145.jpg" width="92" height="180" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>It is certain that Thackeray had developed
+a talent for writing long before he had abandoned
+his intention of becoming a painter, and
+that he became a contributor to magazines at
+a time when there was at least no necessity for
+his earning a livelihood by his pen. It is probable,
+therefore, that it was his success in the
+literary art, rather than his failure, as has been
+assumed, in acquiring skill as a painter, which gradually drew him
+into that career of authorship, the pecuniary profits of which became
+afterwards more important to him.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">124</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<p class="ch_summ">
+'Elizabeth Brownrigge: a Tale,' 1832&mdash;'Comic Magazine,' 1832-4&mdash;'National
+Standard and Literary Representative,' 1833-4&mdash;'Flore et Zephyr, Ballet
+Mythologique,' 1836&mdash;On the Staff of 'Fraser's Magazine'&mdash;Early Connection
+with Maginn and his Colleagues&mdash;The Maclise Cartoon of the Fraserians&mdash;Thackeray's
+<i>Noms de Plume</i>&mdash;Charles Yellowplush as a Reviewer&mdash;Skelton
+and his 'Anatomy of Conduct'&mdash;Thackeray's Proposal to Dickens to illustrate
+his Novels&mdash;Gradual Growth of Thackeray's Notoriety&mdash;His genial Admiration
+for 'Boz'&mdash;Christmas Books and Dickens' 'Christmas Carol'&mdash;Return
+to Paris&mdash;Execution of Fieschi and Lacénaire&mdash;Daily Newspaper
+Venture&mdash;The 'Constitutional' and 'Public Ledger'&mdash;Thackeray as Paris
+Correspondent&mdash;Dying Speech of the 'Constitutional'&mdash;Thackeray's Marriage&mdash;Increased
+Application to Literature&mdash;The 'Shabby Genteel Story'&mdash;Thackeray's
+Article in the 'Westminster' on George Cruikshank&mdash;First
+Collected Writings&mdash;The 'Paris Sketch Book'&mdash;Dedication to M. Aretz&mdash;'Comic
+Tales and Sketches,' with Thackeray's original Illustrations&mdash;The
+'Yellowplush Papers'&mdash;The 'Second Funeral of Napoleon,' with the
+'Chronicle of the Drum'&mdash;'The History of Samuel Titmarsh and the great
+Hoggarty Diamond'&mdash;'Fitzboodle's Confessions'&mdash;'The Irish Sketch
+Book,' with the Author's Illustrations&mdash;'The Luck of Barry Lyndon'&mdash;Contributions
+to the 'Examiner'&mdash;Miscellanies&mdash;'Carmen Lilliense'&mdash;'Notes
+of a Journey from Cornhill to Grand Cairo,' with the Author's Illustrations&mdash;Interest
+excited in Titmarsh&mdash;Foundation of 'Punch'&mdash;Thackeray's
+Contributions&mdash;His comic Designs&mdash;'The Fat Contributor'&mdash;'Jeames's
+Diary.'
+</p>
+
+<p>Before proceeding to the well-known productions from the pen
+of our great novelist, which are familiar enough to all, it may interest
+the reader to glance at his juvenile efforts in literature and
+art. It will be found that we dwell more minutely upon the consideration
+of these early sketches than is absolutely warranted by
+their importance in comparison with his great works; but we are
+tempted to enlarge on the papers which illustrate the outset of the
+author's career, under the conviction that they are but little known
+to the majority of his admirers.</p>
+
+<p>We have already noticed Thackeray's characteristic hand in the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">125</a></span>
+pages of 'The Snob,' where his native skill in parody was first
+evidenced in print. We have incidentally cited the satirical force
+of his observant powers at the age of twenty and during his residence
+in Germany; though, it must be confessed, these early
+impressions may owe much of their strength to the training he had
+gone through during the interval between the time he actually spent
+in the scenes described, and the period at which the sketches were
+first given to the public.</p>
+
+<p>From the date of its establishment the columns of 'Fraser'
+abound in sly satires directed against the school of fiction which
+then happened to find favour with the romance-reading public.
+Ainsworth and Bulwer had made daring experiments with new and
+startling materials for exciting the imagination of their believers;
+and the encouragement held out by the unequivocal success of the
+unwholesome order of novels was sufficient to excite the wrath of
+those writers and critics who strove to lead the popular taste back
+to healthier literature. Thackeray's keen appreciation of the
+genuine humour of Fielding, Scott, and similar authors, who founded
+the interest of their stories on such sounder principles as were
+dictated by intelligent study of human nature, and who mainly
+relied for their incidents on the probable occurrences, the actions
+and passions, of actual life, was sufficient to qualify him as a subtle
+opponent of the unnatural style; and he appears to have early enlisted
+his pen on the side of the Fraserians, who were, perhaps,
+the bitterest antagonists which the apostles of these unlikely
+anomalies were fated to encounter in the development of their
+novel theories.</p>
+
+<p>In the August and September numbers of 'Fraser' for 1832
+appeared the forerunner of those burlesque romances for which
+Thackeray's name became afterwards famous. The sketch was
+published when the budding satirist was little over twenty-one years
+of age; and the just and scarifying criticism which it contains is
+sufficiently remarkable in so youthful a writer. But there is the
+strongest internal evidence that the travestie of 'Elizabeth Brownrigge:
+a Tale,' proceeds from the author who afterwards narrated
+the 'Story of Catharine;' who interrupted the early chapters of
+'Vanity Fair' to introduce certain felicitous parodies; and who,
+in the pages of 'Punch,' produced the irresistible series of 'Prize
+Novelists' which remain unsurpassed.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">126</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'Elizabeth Brownrigge' was dedicated to the author of 'Eugene
+Aram;' and its writer described himself as a young man who
+had for a length of time applied himself to literature, but had
+hitherto entirely failed to derive any emolument from his exertions.
+His tragedies, comedies, operas and farces, his novels, poems, and
+romances, had already accumulated into an alarming pile of unacceptable
+and unprofitable MSS. On examining the grounds of
+their refusal, he was surprised to find one identical phrase occurring
+in every letter rejecting his talented productions: the poems are
+all pronounced 'classical, pure in taste, and perfect in diction;' the
+novels are acknowledged to be 'just in character, interesting in plot,
+pathetic, unexceptionable in sentiment;' but unhappily they have
+all one glaring defect in common&mdash;they are '<i>not of a popular description</i>.'
+Enlightened by the reflection that those who write to
+live must write to please, he determined to master the popular
+taste; the otherwise faultless papers were put by until fashions
+should change in the reading world; and his laundress was sent to
+the circulating library for the last most popular novel&mdash;the author,
+disappointed but not discouraged, being resolved to study its style
+and manner, investigate the principles on which it was written, to
+imbibe its spirit, and to compose his next new work as nearly as
+possible upon the same model. The popular novel brought was
+'Eugene Aram.'</p>
+
+<p>From its pages the hitherto unsuccessful writer caught a complete
+solution of the errors and defects of his former productions.
+From the frequent perusal of older works of imagination, he had
+learned the unfashionable practice of endeavouring so to weave the
+incidents of his stories as to interest his readers in favour of virtue
+and to increase their detestation of vice. By the study of 'Eugene
+Aram' he was taught to mix vice and virtue up together in
+such an inextricable confusion as to render it impossible that any
+preference should be given to either, or that one, indeed, should
+be at all distinguishable from the other.</p>
+
+<p>'I am inclined,' continues the writer, in his dedication, 'to
+regard the author of "Eugene Aram" as an original discoverer in
+the world of literary enterprise, and to reverence him as the father
+of a new <i>lusus naturæ</i> school.' There is no other title by which his
+manner could be so aptly designated. Being in search of a tender-hearted,
+generous, sentimental, high-minded hero of romance,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">127</a></span>
+he turned to the 'Newgate Calendar,' and looked for him in the
+list of men who have cut throats for money, among whom a
+person in possession of such qualities could never have been met
+with at all.</p>
+
+<p>'In "Elizabeth Brownrigge" it will be the author's sole ambition
+to impart to his efforts some portion of the intense interest
+that distinguishes the works of Mr. Bulwer, and to acquire the fame
+which the skilful imitation of so great a master may hope to receive
+from the generosity of an enlightened and delighted public.
+In taking his subject from that walk of life to which "Eugene
+Aram" had directed his attention, many motives conspired to fix
+the writer's choice on the heroine of the ensuing tale: she is a
+classic personage&mdash;her name has been already "linked to immortal
+verse" by the muse of Canning. Besides, it is extraordinary that,
+as Mr. Bulwer had commenced a tragedy under the title of "Eugene
+Aram," the dedicator had already sketched a burletta with the
+title of "Elizabeth Brownrigge." In his dramatic piece he had
+indeed been guilty of an egregious and unpardonable error: he
+had attempted to excite the sympathies of his audience in favour
+of the murdered apprentices; but the study of Mr. Bulwer disabused
+him of so vulgar a prejudice, and, in the present version of
+her case, all the interest of the reader and all the pathetic powers
+of the author will be engaged on the side of the murderess. He
+has taken a few slight liberties with the story, but such alterations
+have the sanction of Bulwer's example and the recommendation of
+his authority. As he has omitted any mention of the wife of his
+Eugene, his imitator has not thought it necessary to recall the
+reader's attention to the husband and sixteen children of his Elizabeth.
+As the hero of "Eugene Aram" is endowed with more learning
+and virtue than he possessed, and is converted from the usher
+of a grammar school at Hayes into the solitary student of a lone
+and romantic tower in a distant county; the author of "Elizabeth"
+presumed to raise the situation of his heroine, and, instead of
+portraying her as the wife of a saddler in Fleur-de-lis Court, and
+midwife of the poor-house, he has represented her in his tale as a
+young gentlewoman of independent fortune, a paragon of beauty, a
+severe and learned moral philosopher, and the Lady Bountiful of
+the village of Islington.'</p>
+
+<p>The first book opens with a sample of the MS. Burletta: the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">128</a></span>
+contents of chapter i. are sufficiently descriptive of the spirit of
+the whole&mdash;<i>Islington: the Red Cabbage</i> (so called from a very imperfect
+representation of a red rose on its sign-board)&mdash;<i>Specimen of
+Lusus Naturæ</i>&mdash;<i>Philosophers of the Porch</i>&mdash;<i>Who is she?</i></p>
+
+<p>According to a richly worked out principle of opposites, this
+droll conception proceeds with incidents and even names taken
+directly from the 'Newgate Calendar,' but rivalling 'Eugene
+Aram' itself in magnificence of diction, absurdity of sentiment,
+and pomp of Greek quotation. The trial scene and Elizabeth's
+speech in her own defence abound in clever points&mdash;indeed, the
+humour of the whole composition is original and striking; although
+the later burlesques from presumably the same hand have made
+us familiar with similar features brought to maturity.</p>
+
+<p>During the intervals of his residence in London&mdash;for Paris may
+be considered to have been almost his head-quarters at this period&mdash;Thackeray
+had made the acquaintance of most of the brilliant
+writers and rising artists of the day. It is certain that before he
+became popularly known as a contributor to 'Fraser,' where his
+papers contributed in no inconsiderable degree to the success of
+the magazine, he was concerned in more than one literary venture.
+Between 1832 and 1834 appeared a small miscellany, the 'Comic
+Magazine,' now tolerably obscure: in its duodecimo pages may be
+found the writings of several authors whose names have since become
+famous. It was profusely illustrated: the major part of
+the cuts, some of them of particular excellence, were by the hand
+of the gifted and unfortunate Seymour. It seems that Thackeray
+was to some extent interested in this publication, to which he
+probably supplied both drawings and verses; although, at this
+date, it is difficult to distinguish his individual contributions, especially
+as they happen to be less characteristic than the average of
+his works; the cuts, although full of fun, having suffered from the
+necessity of reducing the cost of engraving, as the expenses of the
+publication became onerous.</p>
+
+<p>There existed in 1833 a critical journal, 'devoted to literature,
+science, music, theatricals, and the fine arts,' rejoicing in the
+slightly high-flown title of the 'National Standard:' it was one of
+the early enterprises in the way of cheap publication, and, in spite
+of its name, conscientiously aimed at supplying a want that has
+never yet been adequately filled up&mdash;namely, the circulation of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">129</a></span>
+sterling independent criticism. We are not informed how Thackeray
+first became interested in this publication, but, from the hints
+thrown out in his later writings, it seems that he was induced to
+become, in some part, proprietor of the venture. In his sketch of
+'Mr. Adolphus Simcoe,' who is introduced into the pages of
+'Punch' (1842) as a typical ex-owner of a miscellany, the 'Lady's
+Lute,' which came to a disastrous end, we are informed that, presuming
+a person of literary tastes should, from some unfortunate
+combination of circumstances, conceive a passion to become
+the editor of a magazine, to assemble about him 'the great spirits
+of the age,' and to be able to communicate his own contributions
+direct to the public, a paper is sure to be for sale&mdash;'indeed, if a
+gentleman has a mind to part with his money, it is very hard if he
+cannot find some periodical with a broom at its mast-head.'</p>
+
+<p>In the eighteenth number of the 'National Standard' (May 4)
+we recognise Thackeray's pencil in a very fair cut of Louis Philippe&mdash;quite
+in the style of his contributions to 'Punch' some ten
+years later. The likeness is undoubtedly good and characteristic.
+<i>Le roi des Français</i> is straddling in an undignified attitude&mdash;the
+fair lily of France is trodden under one of his clumsy feet; he
+wears an ill-fitting plain citizen suit; one hand is in his pocket,
+'counting his money;' the other rests on his redoubtable umbrella,
+the favourite target of satirists.</p>
+
+<p>In his beaver he sports the tricolor badge, 'like an overgrown
+pancake,' as the verses below declare. His face wears a truculent,
+soured, dissatisfied twist; 'no huzzas greet his coming,' we are
+informed.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">'<i>He stands in París as you see him before ye,</i></p>
+<p><i>Little more than</i> a snob. <i>There's an end of the story.</i>'</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Number 19 of the journal opens with an address of decidedly
+Titmarshian turn, which tells the story of the new state of things
+pretty lucidly, and with a fine flush of spirits.</p>
+
+<p>Under the heading of this 'National Standard' of ours there
+originally appeared the following: 'Edited by F. W. N. Bayley,<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">130</a></span>
+Esq., the late Editor and Originator of "The National Omnibus,"
+the first of the cheap Publications: assisted by the most eminent
+Literary Men of the Day.'</p>
+
+<p>'Now we have <i>changé tout cela</i>: no, not exactly <i>tout cela</i>, for we
+still retain the assistance of a host of literary talent; but Frederick
+William Naylor Bayley has gone. We have got free of the Old
+Bailey and changed the governor. Let it not be imagined for a
+moment that we talk in the slightest disparagement of our predecessor
+in office; on the contrary, we shall always continue to
+think him a clever fellow, and wish him all kinds of success in the
+war he is carrying on against Baron Dimsdale. He apparently
+has exchanged the pen for the sword.</p>
+
+<p>'Having the fear of the fate of Sir John Cam Hobhouse before
+our eyes, we give no pledges, expressed or understood, as to the
+career which it is our intention to run. We intend to be as free
+as the air. The world of books is all before us where to choose
+our course. Others boast that they are perfectly independent of
+all considerations extraneous to the sheet in which they write, but
+none we know of reduce that boast to practice: we therefore
+boast not at all. We promise nothing, and if our readers expect
+nothing more, they will assuredly not be disappointed.'</p>
+
+<p>A remarkably well-executed portrait of Braham, the singer,
+appears in the number. The eminent vocalist's rotund figure is
+dressed in stage-nautical fashion, with a tremendously striped shirt,
+rolling collar, sailor's knot, no waistcoat, jacket and short trousers,
+hose, and pumps with buckles; his somewhat coarse Israelitish <i>caput</i>
+is hit off with truth and spirit; over his head is a glory formed of a
+jew's-harp encircled in bays; he is before a theatrical background.
+A dealer in old clo', of the singer's nationality, crowned with triple
+hats, and carrying the professional bag, is introduced beneath
+a feudal castle. Below the portrait is a sonorous parody of one
+of Wordsworth's sonnets, attributing to Braham the 'majesty and
+loveliness' by which he originally captivated the world and the ears
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">131</a></span>
+of Sovereign Anne, in whose benign reign, according to a footnote,
+this 'Lion of Judah' 'made his first appearance in England.'
+The jew's-harp, circled with blooming wreath, is seen of
+verdant bays; and thus are typified&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">'<i>The pleasant music and the baize of green,</i></p>
+<p><i>Whence issues out at eve Braham with front serene!</i>'</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Certain picture criticisms in the same number bear evidence of
+the hand afterwards well known in the galleries of paintings.</p>
+
+<p>'<i>Fine Arts.</i>&mdash;<i>Somerset House Exhibition.</i>&mdash;(140) Portrait of His
+Majesty King William IV. in the uniform of the Grenadier Guards,
+by D. Wilkie. His Majesty stands in a dun fog, and wears a
+pair of dirty boots; his cocked-hat is in his hand, and his crown
+is in a corner. This large picture, in spite of the great name
+attached to it, seems to us a failure; Mr. Wilkie has not at all
+succeeded in the attempt to give an expression of intelligence to
+the physiognomy of our reverend sovereign.'</p>
+
+<p>In the following week this verdict is modified; it is stated that
+the late critic has been dismissed as clearly incompetent for his
+office. The picture, it is acknowledged, is a good work, and it
+was utterly unreasonable to expect any painter could succeed in
+throwing an intelligent expression into the royal countenance.</p>
+
+<p>The writer also extravagantly praises the portrait of an alderman,
+on the grounds that his address at Clapham, inscribed on a
+letter held in the hand of the picture, is 'painted as natural as
+though it had been written.'</p>
+
+<p>To No. 20, Thackeray contributed a portrait of Baron Nathan
+Rothschild, in which the satirist does not flatter the 'pillar of
+change.' Some verses below the woodcut are not more complimentary
+to 'the first Baron Juif; by the grace of his pelf, not the
+King of the Jews, but the Jew of the Kings. The taste of
+Plutus is censured, in that he has selected as prime favourite 'a
+greasy-faced compound of donkey and pig.' After propitiating
+the great financier in this fashion, the satirist leaves his subject
+what he vainly wishes the Baron would leave him&mdash;'a<i>lone</i> in his
+glory!'</p>
+
+<p>In an appreciative review of Sarah Austin's translation of
+Falk's 'Characteristics of Goethe' the readers of the 'National
+Standard' are admitted to a glimpse of personal reminiscences:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">132</a></span>
+'The fountain opposite Goethe's house is not particularly picturesque,
+and the people who frequent it are not remarkable for their
+beauty. But there are beauties disclosed to the poetic eye which
+the common observer will endeavour in vain to discover; and the
+philosopher can make sermons on running brooks, such as the
+fountain at Weimar, which, we confess, appeared to us a most
+ordinary waterspout.</p>
+
+<p>'Appended to the work is a portrait of its hero, which, however,
+does not bear the slightest resemblance to him.'</p>
+
+<p>In No. 21 occurs the first (and last) of our 'London Characters'&mdash;the
+sketch of an advertising medium of Chartism; a
+wretched, terror-stricken boardsman of the dispersed 'National
+Convention;' bearing the legends&mdash;'No Taxes,' 'Victory or
+Death,' and 'Britons, be firm!' but his placards interfere with his
+escape from the police by tripping up their bearer. It is worthy of
+note that this cut, with slight alterations, appeared later in the
+'Comic Magazine' already mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>In No. 22 Thackeray has produced a good <i>croquis</i> of Manager
+Bunn, who is displayed with his toupee and well-brushed, heavy-jowled
+mutton-cutlet whiskers, with a wig-bag seen over the shoulder
+of his court coat; an elaborately embroidered satin waistcoat;
+'stuck to his side a shining sword;' 'all in his velvet breeches,'
+silk stockings and buckled shoes; just as, ten years later, the 'Punch'
+wags were wont to picture the 'poet Alfred.' Handsome tall
+candlesticks are held in either hand: these imposing dips are
+sparkling with the names of Schr&oelig;der and Malibran respectively:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">'<i>What gallant cavalier is seen</i></p>
+<p><i>So dainty set before the queen,</i></p>
+<p class="i2"><i>Between a pair of candles?</i></p>
+<p><i>Who looks as smiling and as bright,</i></p>
+<p><i>As oily and as full of light,</i></p>
+<p class="i2"><i>As is the wax he handles.</i>'</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Another cut&mdash;the person of a corpulent but dejected Cupid, his
+fat feet resting on conventional clouds, while his chubby wrists and
+ankles are confined in heavy irons&mdash;forms the headpiece to some
+easy lines: a burlesque poem entitled 'Love in Fetters, a Tottenham
+Court Road Ditty,' showing how dangerous it is for a
+gentleman to fall in love with an 'Officer's Daughter,' an 'Ower
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">133</a></span>
+True Tale.' The narrator describes his passion for a fair Israelite,
+to whom he has sent a 'letter full of love;' and he is roused out
+of his slumbers by a mysterious stranger, who inquires if he is the
+writer. The gentleman in bed admits the fact; says the visitor,
+'an answer's sent.' But alas! 'by a parchment slip he could discern
+that by him stood a bailiff stern, fair Rosamunda's sire!' and
+the romantic victim dolefully concludes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">'<i>I served the daughter with verse and wit,</i></p>
+<p><i>And the father served me with a writ;</i></p>
+<p><i>So here in iron bars I sit</i></p>
+<p class="i4"><i>In quod securely stowed,</i></p>
+<p class="i3"><i>Being captivated by a she,</i></p>
+<p class="i3"><i>Whose papa captivated me;</i></p>
+<p class="i6"><i>All at the back</i></p>
+<p class="i6"><i>Of the Tabernac</i></p>
+<p class="i4"><i>In Tottenham Court Road.</i>'</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Besides the cuts mentioned is a burlesque group of chorus-singers
+from 'Zauberflöte,' produced when Manager Bunn was lessee of
+both Covent Garden and Drury Lane Theatres.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Peter Laurie is also favoured with a portrait, sketched
+from his appearance on the civic chair: spectacles, gold chain,
+and all complete, surrounded with a wreath of full-blown laurels.
+Some punning verses to 'Sir Peter' are inscribed with the likeness.</p>
+
+<p>After this Thackeray seems to have gone back to Paris, from
+whence he writes, as 'Foreign Correspondent,' in June of the same
+year, sending a drawing of a brace of figures characteristic of the
+new and old <i>régimes</i>.</p>
+
+<p>'The costume of Jeune France is as extraordinary as its literature.
+I have sent a specimen, which I discovered the other day
+in the Tuileries. It had just been reading the "Tribune," and was
+leaning poetically against a tree: it had on a red neckcloth and a
+black flowing mane; a stick or club, intended for ornament as
+well as use; and a pair of large though innocent spurs, which had
+never injured anything except the pantaloons of the individual
+who wore them. Near it was sitting an old gentleman, in knee-breeches
+and a cocked-hat, who is generally to be seen of a sunny
+day in the Tuileries, reading his Crébillon or his prayer-book: a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">134</a></span>
+living illustration of times past&mdash;a strange contrast with times
+present!'</p>
+
+<p>A week later arrives a review of the dramatic pieces then
+performing at the Paris Theatres, with a sketch of Ligier in the
+character of Richard in 'Les Enfants d'Édouard;' a wonderful
+stagey figure, not unlike some of the theatrical souvenirs in the
+early part of this volume. The sinister monarch wears the traditional
+ermine-bound cloak, with a fierce feather in his hat; he
+sports trunks (on the left knee is the order of the garter) and pointed
+shoes; his right hand grasps a dagger; his lank locks are turned
+over his ears, giving his face a sufficiently ruffianly character,
+which is intensified by a scowling eye, and a set mouth in Kean's
+best manner.</p>
+
+<p>The young artist also paid a visit to some savages, the
+'Charruas,' South American Indians, who were then lionising in
+Paris. The correspondent sends his readers a translation of an
+extravagant article of the flowery order, written by Jules Janin,
+under the inspiration of having been to see the noble aborigines,
+concerning whom the English journalist romantically adds, 'They
+play cards all day, laugh, eat raw beef, and drink all they can
+get.'</p>
+
+<p>In the July following it was determined by the French ministry
+to throw a sop to popularity by crowning the column in the Place
+Vendôme with the new statue of Napoleon&mdash;the very figure which
+has since known such vicissitudes. Their Paris correspondent
+sent the 'National Standard' a sketch of the figure of the Emperor;
+and in the same number occurs a spirited article, describing
+the first interview of the statue with his gallant countrymen.</p>
+
+<p>'The Little Corporal, in his habit of war, puts his bronze glass to
+his bronze eye, and after some usual preliminaries, proceeds to
+address <i>la grande nation</i>: "I thank you for having placed me in a
+situation so safe, so commanding, and so salubrious: from this
+elevation I can look on most parts of your city. I see the
+churches empty, the prisons crowded, the gambling-houses overflowing.
+Who, with such sights before him as these, gentlemen,
+and you, would not be proud of the name of Frenchmen?" (Great
+cheers.) "I apprehend that the fat man with the umbrella, whom
+I see walking in the gardens of the Tuileries, is the present proprietor.
+May I ask what he has done to deserve such a reward
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">135</a></span>
+from you? Does he found his claim on his own merits, or on
+those of his father?" (A tremendous row in the crowd; the police
+proceed to <i>empoigner</i> several hundred individuals.) "Go your
+ways" (said the statue, who was what is vulgarly called a dab at
+an <i>impromptu</i>), "go your ways, happy Frenchmen! You have
+fought, you have struggled, you have conquered: for whom? for
+the fat man with the umbrella!"' The Emperor, in continuation
+of his speech, observes: 'I perceive by your silence that his
+words carry conviction;' when he stops to make the discovery that
+there is not a single person left in the Place Vendôme, his entire
+audience having been carried off by the police.</p>
+
+<p>Later on, the journal seems to languish; the portraits still
+occur at intervals. Mr. Crockford, of gaming reputation, was
+flattered with a cut of his effigy, just about the time a paper-raid
+was raised against the 'play-hells' in the sweeping columns of
+'Fraser;' 'Crock' is complimented with some lines, 'more free than
+welcome,' alluding to 'his eye of a whiting, and mouth of a cod,'
+and referring to his old trade of fishmonger; the lines, which are
+signed L. E. U., add, 'he now sticks to poultry, to pigeons, and
+rooks.'</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">'<i>Yet he still makes a cast, and not seldom a haul,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Still angles for flats, and still nets what he can,</i></p>
+<p><i>And shows, every night, 'mid his shoal great and small,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>The trick how a gudgeon is made of a man.</i>'</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>It is presumable that the Paris correspondent did not abandon
+his paper; he sends more cuts, and foreign letters from all
+parts, full of the most interesting private intelligence; and notably
+one from 'Constantinople,' supplying an imaginative gossiping exposure
+of all the complicated intrigues discernible to those who
+may be behind the scenes at the Porte; and last, but by no means
+least, he sends them one of the capital stories which he afterwards
+reprinted, with fresh illustrations, in the 'Paris Sketch Book,'&mdash;even
+the 'Devil's Wager,' with a strikingly original sketch of Sir
+Rollo in his desperate travels to redeem his soul, borne through
+the clouds with, for greater security, the tail of Mercurius unpleasantly
+curled round the apoplectic throttle of his deceased highness
+the late Count of Chauchigny, &amp;c. &amp;c. The moral of this veracious
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">136</a></span>
+tale was promised 'in several successive numbers;' but the
+wonderful story and its excellent illustration, superior we fancy to
+those in the collected series, were ineffectual to establish the
+success of the 'National Standard,' on which they were partially
+thrown away.</p>
+
+<p>A flourishing and facetious leader, in the thirty-sixth number,
+placed the circulation at the astonishing figures of 84,715; and
+particularly advertised that the price, in spite of the unprecedented
+arrangements that had been perfected for rendering their paper
+the leading feature of the age, would continue 'only twopence.' A
+few numbers later it was confessed that the journal would henceforth
+appear at threepence, as it was found impossible to successfully
+carry out all their great programme of improvements at a lesser
+price. Thackeray's contributions after this are either missing, or
+his spirits were possibly dashed by the pecuniary responsibilities
+of the undertaking. After a time the 'National Standard'
+was forced to haul down its colours: it lasted from January 5,
+1833, to February 1, 1834, when it not improbably left a neat
+train of liabilities for at least one of its contributaries to discharge.
+It is certain that its failure entailed disagreeable consequences.</p>
+
+<p>We all remember that Mr. Adolphus Simcoe's little fortune
+went down in the 'Lady's Lute,' while its versatile proprietor
+completed his misery in Her Majesty's Asylum of the Fleet.</p>
+
+<p>Still fresher must it be in the minds of Thackeray's readers,
+that the narrator of 'Lovel the Widower,' in the character of Mr.
+Batchelor, relates how, having these same literary aspirations, and
+a certain command of ready money withal, he too was persuaded
+that to be part proprietor of a periodical was rather a fine thing.
+It may not be forgotten that in his first venture, coming to
+London, blushing with his college experiences, he had emulated
+the bargain of Moses Primrose, and the memorable gross of spectacles
+in shagreen cases. A college acquaintance, with a smooth
+tongue, and sleek, sanctified exterior, and a queer bill-discounter
+(no one indeed but our old friends, the Rev. C. Honeyman, M.A.,
+and Mr. Sherrick, wine-merchant, &amp;c., to whom we were early
+introduced in the 'Newcomes'), had somehow got hold of that neat
+literary paper the 'Museum,' of which eligible property this innocent
+gentleman became the purchaser.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">137</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The failure of the 'National Standard and Literary Representative'
+seems for a time to have damped Thackeray's enthusiasm
+so far as fresh adventures on his own account were concerned;
+but in the March of 1836 his first attempt at independent
+authorship appeared simultaneously in London and Paris.</p>
+
+<p>'This publication,' it was observed in the 'North British
+Review,' shortly after the humourist's death, 'at the time when
+he still hoped to make his bread by art, is, like indeed everything
+he either said or did, perfectly characteristic;' and it has been so
+utterly forgotten that we are encouraged to describe the plates
+<i>seriatim</i>. We may add that it was published in Paris by Ritter
+and Goupil, and by Mitchell in London; though it is now so scarce
+that we were unsuccessful in tracing a copy in the Catalogue of
+the British Museum.</p>
+
+<p>It is a small folio, in a tinted wrapper, and consists of nine
+subjects in all, which are printed on India paper. Like all
+Thackeray's satires, his fun is directed to a purpose; and by the
+very realism of his pencil he successfully turns to ridicule one of
+his pet aversions&mdash;the dancing man, so frequently assailed in his
+writings.</p>
+
+<p>The series bears the title of 'Flore et Zephyr, Ballet Mythologique,
+par Théophile Wagstaff,' and is dedicated to Flora, who
+herself figures in place of her name upon the cover. In a rose-bedizened
+stage bower, where the foliage is evidently cut out by the
+stage-carpenter, stands the exquisite <i>première danseuse</i>, looking
+as ancient, self-satisfied, and repulsive as some of these heroines
+occasionally appear. She is all alone in the centre of the stage,
+but the old faded smirk and the eyelids modestly drooped express
+her consciousness that she is the object of attraction to a full
+house. Her fascinating smile is tempered with the air of bashful
+modesty, conveyed by crossing her bony and sinewy arms and
+large hands upon her lean chest; her throat is particularly camel-like,
+and the muscles are unmistakably prominent; her nose is
+long, and has a pendulous droop, which divides, by its shadow, her
+ample semicircular mouth, and gives an effect of sentimental
+absurdity; a blonde wreath of ample dimensions and indefinite
+design surrounds her raven locks; a few straggling hairs are in
+places plastered on her forehead in unpremeditated love-locks;
+her dress, of simple uncreased muslin, stands out like a white
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">138</a></span>
+tulip, and is carelessly girt by a wreath of flowers. Beneath the
+skirts appear her professional legs, arranged of course in an attitude
+perfectly at variance with nature or grace, the heels touching,
+and the long white feet pointing to precisely opposite poles of the
+compass. In maiden meditation, she is sighing for her Zephyr
+before some thousand eyes, the focus of all the double-barrelled
+lorgnettes in the theatre.</p>
+
+<p>In the following plate, <i>La Danse fait ses offrandes sur l'autel de
+l'Harmonie</i>, the faithful Zephyr has come to rejoin his Flora; and
+the happy pair trip down the footlights, set smiles on their faces, with
+gracious gestures of salutation, to propitiate the unseen but perfectly
+understood 'house.' As to the Altar of Harmony, their backs
+are turned on the supposed object of their offerings&mdash;represented
+by a pile of musical instruments mounted on a pillar, and topped
+by a laurel-wreathed fiddle, the expression of which ('the face of a
+fiddle') wears a dreary resemblance to a dolefully-long human
+countenance. Zephyr is as remarkable as his fair companion: his face
+is, if possible, more faded, his smile more set and weary; you feel
+that his perpetual grin is the grimmest sight in the world, and that
+no effort of his livid face could express a natural smile. He too
+sports a huge pair of impossibly arched eyebrows, beneath which
+the heavy lids droop with a worn-out look which is certainly
+unaffected. His wig, you recognise, is no part of himself, although
+much of his expression is conferred by it: it is a tremendous erection,
+of obviously artificial construction, and sufficiently portentous
+to make its <i>début</i> alone. This gentleman's nose is large and
+pear-shaped; his mouth and lips large and coarse; and his Hebrew
+descent is sufficiently characterised. He is clad in a simple tunic;
+his naked arms are strongly developed and ugly; his legs are
+large, and the muscles stand out with the prominence observable
+in members of his profession: his shoulders, of course, are tipped
+with gauzy wings.</p>
+
+<p>The third plate, <i>Jeux innocens de Zéphyr et Flore</i>, introduces
+us to the altar of Cupid&mdash;a sweet little deity in plaster, who is
+drawing his stringless bow, and aiming an imaginary arrow (the
+shaft is wanting) at the tripping and artless Flora, who, with outstretched
+hands, is guarding her tender bosom; meanwhile it is
+only pantomimically she is conscious of Cupid's aims; her eyes
+are riveted on the audience. Zephyr is ogling up behind the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">139</a></span>
+altar, his frightful smile more set than ever, his wig more independent
+of himself, his graces more fantastic; he is advancing,
+with one foot pointed about a yard or so in advance of its fellow,
+anxious to bind the fair sharer in these simple diversions in a
+wreath of stage-flowers.</p>
+
+<p>In the next plate <i>Flora is deploring the absence of her Zephyr</i>,
+who has left her an opportunity to execute a <i>pas seul</i>. We are
+presented with the back of the engaging <i>coryphée</i>: she is balanced
+on one foot; the left is raised at an angle of considerably over
+forty-five degrees&mdash;a touching and perfectly natural method of
+expressing her disconsolate situation.</p>
+
+<p>In this drawing we are favoured with a view of the front of the
+'house;' the faces of the men in the orchestra are treated expressively.
+One musician's eye is peculiarly roguish, while another
+performer is endeavouring to combine business with pleasure; to
+play his flageolet, follow his score, and yet not lose sight of the
+deploring one.</p>
+
+<p>Zephyr's turn for individual display occurs in the next plate.
+<i>Dans un pas seul il exprime son extrême désespoir</i>; and accordingly,
+without in any degree altering the cast of the mask of a face he
+wears, he proceeds to express the intensity of his desolation, by
+convincing the audience of the strength and activity of his lower
+members, in a succession of horizontal bounds which give him the
+aspect of a flying man. In the corner of the picture a Cupid&mdash;a
+plump-faced little boy, decked out as Cupid&mdash;and his elder sister
+(the likeness between the pair is evidently intentional) are opening
+their eyes and mouths with stupid astonishment at Zephyr's grief-inspired
+agility.</p>
+
+<p>Fresh actresses arrive on the scene.</p>
+
+<p>Zephyr has struck a stage attitude expressing the unconsolable
+state of his affections; his legs crossed, and one arm resting on
+the now vacant pedestal. <i>Triste et abattu, les séductions des
+Nymphes le tentent en vain.</i> The ladies of the ballet flit vainly
+around him, his eyes are cast down; even the fascinations which
+are held out by a clumsy theatrical lyre, held in a melting <i>pose</i> by
+one fair creature reposing on one knee, are insufficient to tempt
+him to forget the charms of the absent.</p>
+
+<p>Such fidelity can be only recompensed by the '<i>Reconciliation
+of Flora and Zephyr</i>,' which is displayed in the succeeding plate.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">140</a></span>
+The triumphant Zephyr, his smile, if possible, expressing less meaning
+than usual, is now kneeling; his arms are folded, and his head
+is supported at an angle by a rigid throat&mdash;for he has a weight to
+sustain. The faithful Flora has bounded into his arms; and, in
+the picture, the last triumphant tableau is before the audience.
+One foot of the <i>danseuse</i> lightly rests on Zephyr's outstretched
+thigh, the other is on a level with her shoulder; her arms are
+gracefully clasped around her companion, to preserve her balance,
+and her head and throat are also at a studied angle, for the sake
+of the equilibrium of the group. On this rapturous scene of
+fidelity rewarded with boundless happiness the curtain descends;
+but we have not seen the last of the performers.</p>
+
+<p>In, presumably, the Green Room we witness '<i>The Retreat of
+Flora</i>.' The fair creature, who is in every way decidedly French,
+is there with her mother and two admirers: Zephyr, of course,
+does not figure in this category. The two latter pictures of the
+series are in Thackeray's most forcible style; and indeed, for truth,
+expressiveness, and character, compare quite favourably with
+Hogarth's finer satires. One lover is a young dandy of the
+period: his intellectual capacities are conspicuously absent; it
+may be said he has neither forehead nor chin. He is sitting imbecilely
+astride his chair, vacantly leaning his elbows on the back,
+and gazing at nothing in particular; he is probably a trifle vexed at
+Flora's indifference, or is jealous of his elder rival. The smiles
+and leers of Flora's mamma are thrown away at present: the old
+lady is no less painted, and is possibly more artificially made up
+than her daughter; her eyebrows owe much to art, her cheeks are
+evidently high in colour, her faded smirks and glittering eyes are
+by no means inviting, and a band of velvet across her forehead
+suggests a suspicion of 'false fronts;' her bonnet is of the
+gaudiest, a very pinnacle of bows, ribands, and artificial flowers.
+This venerable creature is heavily cloaked, and carries a huge
+muff, having evidently walked to the theatre to rejoin her fair
+darling, who is standing on the hearth-rug, her toes still attitudinising;
+she is slightly wrapped in a shawl, ready for her <i>fiacre</i>.
+The gentleman on whom Flora is smiling, and evidently at something
+just a little wicked, is a big, burly, coarse, self-satisfied,
+elderly man, whose hands are in the pockets of his awkward
+straddling trousers: his face is a study of downright unflinching
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">141</a></span>
+grinning baseness; he is probably doing a good business on the
+Bourse, and his wife and family are no doubt at home in their
+beds.</p>
+
+<p>The last plate, '<i>Les Délassements de Zéphyr</i>,' is perhaps the
+most refreshing to contemplate; for in it we see labour rejoicing
+over those little comforts which are its reward. Poor old Zephyr,
+who is after all a very homely, estimable, and hard-worked personage,
+who probably gives lessons, drills the <i>ballet</i> all day, and
+capers without intermission till midnight all the year round, is
+resting his arm on the chimney-piece, whereon his attitude is still
+a set <i>pose</i>: the preposterous wig is in the hands of the <i>perruquier</i>,
+a nobly curled barber, who, as he brushes the monstrous <i>toupée</i>, is
+complacently admiring what <i>he</i> evidently considers a triumph of
+art. Zephyr, we can now realise, is of no particular age, or race;
+he retains his jaded old sprightliness as he favours his capacious
+nose with a copious pinch of snuff, supplied to that organ from
+the ball of his thumb, with much apparent gratification. The
+gentleman who is offering this hero the courtesy of his huge snuff-box
+is a jolly, jaunty-looking person enough, a compound of splendour
+and shabbiness; probably himself attached to one of the
+theatres as low comedian. His jowl beams with good temper,
+and is ensconced in a pair of huge gills and a voluminous neckcloth;
+his hat and waistcoat are showy of their kind; his greatcoat
+has evidently suffered by wear, though still an imposing and
+comfortable garment. The impression of his respectability becomes
+fainter below; his trousers and boots are evidently out of
+shape and unequivocally seedy, and his old umbrella is a study of
+itself. An innocent-faced chubby pot-boy, with a smile of recognition
+for the visitor, is holding, on a tray from the nearest tavern,
+a foaming pot of porter for Zephyr after his saltatory exertions,
+and a glass of brandy-and-water to revive his friend, who has come
+in from the cold.</p>
+
+<p>These drawings, which are certainly equal to anything Thackeray
+has produced, have been drawn on stone by Edward Morton,
+son of 'Speed the Plough,' who has, if anything, contributed to
+their excellence: they are remarkably well-executed examples of
+lithography, and are delineated with that delicate strength, truth,
+and thoughtful effect for which the works of this able but little-known
+artist are always to be praised. Each plate bears the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">142</a></span>
+monogram WT, which, with the M added, afterwards became
+tolerably familiar to the world.</p>
+
+<p>It is worthy of remark that in this, as always, Thackeray ridicules
+the ugly and the absurd without departing from truth, or
+trenching on impropriety. The quality he praised highest in Cruikshank
+and Leech&mdash;that of never raising a blush or offending
+modesty&mdash;is perhaps most remarkable in himself, in treating a subject
+like <i>Flora and Zephyr</i>, where a young artist, and especially
+one whose training had been in Paris, might be tempted to imply
+a certain freedom of manners. 'The effect of looking over these
+<i>juvenilia</i>, these shafts from a mighty bow, is good, is moral; you
+are sorry for the hard-wrought slaves; perhaps a little contemptuous
+towards the idle people who go to see them.'</p>
+
+<p>Thackeray had scarcely attained the age of three-and-twenty
+when the young literary art-student in Paris was recognised as an
+established contributor to 'Fraser,' worthy to take a permanent
+place among the brilliant staff which then rendered this periodical
+famous both in England and on the Continent. It was at that
+time under the editorship of the celebrated Maginn, one of the
+last of those compounds of genius and profound scholarship with
+reckless extravagance and loose morals, who once flourished under
+the encouragement of a tolerant public opinion. There can be no
+doubt that the editor and Greek scholar who is always in difficulties,
+who figures in several of his works, is a faithful picture of
+this remarkable man as he appeared to his young contributor.
+His friend, the late Mr. Hannay, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'Certain it is that he lent&mdash;or in plainer English, gave&mdash;five
+hundred pounds to poor old Maginn when he was beaten in the
+battle of life, and like other beaten soldiers made a prisoner&mdash;in
+the Fleet. With the generation going out&mdash;that of Lamb and
+Coleridge&mdash;he had, we believe, no personal acquaintance.
+Sydney Smith he met at a later time; and he remembered with
+satisfaction that something which he wrote about Hood gave
+pleasure to that delicate humorist and poet in his last days.<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>
+
+Thackeray's earliest literary friends were certainly found among the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">143</a></span>
+brilliant band of Fraserians, of whom Thomas Carlyle, always
+one of his most appreciative admirers, is probably the solitary
+survivor. From reminiscences of the wilder lights in the "Fraser"
+constellation were drawn the pictures of the queer fellows connected
+with literature in "Pendennis"&mdash;Captain Shandon, the
+ferocious Bludyer, stout old Tom Serjeant, and so forth. Magazines
+in those days were more brilliant than they are now, when
+they are haunted by the fear of shocking the Fogy element in
+their circulation; and the effect of their greater freedom is seen
+in the buoyant, riant, and unrestrained comedy of Thackeray's
+own earlier "Fraser" articles. "I suppose we all begin by being
+too savage," is the phrase of a letter he wrote in 1849; "<i>I know
+one who did.</i>" He was alluding here to the "Yellowplush Papers"
+in particular, where living men were very freely handled. This
+old, wild satiric spirit it was which made him interrupt even the
+early chapters of "Vanity Fair," by introducing a parody which
+he could not resist of some contemporary novelist.'<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>But we have a proof of the fact of how fully he was recognised
+by his brother Fraserians as one of themselves, in Maclise's
+picture of the contributors, prefixed to the number of 'Frasers
+Magazine' for January 1835&mdash;a picture which must have been
+drawn at some period in the previous year. This outline cartoon
+represents a banquet at the house of the publisher, Mr.
+Fraser, at which, on some of his brief visits to London, Thackeray
+had doubtless been present, for it is easy to trace in the juvenile
+features of the tall figure with the double eyeglass&mdash;Thackeray
+was throughout life somewhat near-sighted&mdash;a portrait of the
+future author of 'Vanity Fair.' Mr. Mahony, the well-known
+'Father Prout' of the magazine, in his account of this picture,
+written in 1859, tells us that the banquet was no fiction. In the
+chair appears Dr. Maginn in the act of making a speech; and
+around him are a host of contributors, including Bryan Waller
+Procter (better known then as Barry Cornwall), Robert Southey,
+William Harrison Ainsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, James
+Hogg, John Galt, Fraser the publisher, having on his right, Crofton
+Croker, Lockhart, Theodore Hook, Sir David Brewster, Thomas
+Carlyle, Sir Egerton Brydges, Rev. G. R. Gleig, Mahony, Edward
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">144</a></span>
+Irving, and others, numbering twenty-seven in all&mdash;of whom, in
+1859, eight only were living.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-166.jpg" width="334" height="237" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>This celebrated cartoon of the Fraserians appears to place
+Thackeray's connection with the magazine before 1835; but
+we have not succeeded in tracing any contribution from his hand
+earlier than November 1837. Certainly, the afterwards well-used
+<i>noms de plume</i> of Michael Angelo Titmarsh, Fitzboodle, Charles
+Yellowplush, and Ikey Solomons, are wanting in the earlier
+volumes.</p>
+
+<p>It is in the number for the month and year referred to that we
+first find him contributing a paper which is not reprinted in his
+'Miscellanies,' and which is interesting as explaining the origin of
+that assumed character of a footman in which the author of the
+'Yellowplush Papers' and 'Jeames's Diary' afterwards took delight.
+A little volume had been published in 1837, entitled, 'My
+Book; or, The Anatomy of Conduct, by John Henry Skelton.'
+The writer of this absurd book had been a woollendraper in the
+neighbourhood of Regent Street. He had become possessed of
+the fixed idea that he was destined to become the instructor of
+mankind in the true art of etiquette. He gave parties to the best
+company whom he could induce to eat his dinners and assemble
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">145</a></span>
+at his conversaziones, where his amiable delusion was the frequent
+subject of the jokes of his friends. Skelton, however, felt them
+little. He spent what fortune he had, and brought
+himself to a position in which his fashionable
+acquaintances no longer troubled him with their
+attentions; but he did not cease to be, in his own
+estimation, a model of deportment. He husbanded
+his small resources, limiting himself to
+a modest dinner daily at a coffee-house in the
+neighbourhood of his old home, where his perfectly
+fitting dress-coat&mdash;for in this article he
+was still enabled to shine&mdash;his brown wig and
+dyed whiskers, his ample white cravat of the
+style of the Prince Regent's days, and his well-polished
+boots, were long destined to raise the character of the
+house on which he bestowed his patronage. In the days of his
+prosperity Skelton was understood among his acquaintances to
+be engaged on a work which should hand down to posterity the
+true code of etiquette&mdash;that body of unwritten law which regulated
+the society of the time of his favourite monarch. In the enforced
+retirement of his less prosperous days, the ex-woollendraper's
+literary design had time to develop itself, and in the year 1837
+'My Book; or, The Anatomy of Conduct, by John Henry Skelton,'
+was finally given to the world.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-167.jpg" width="98" height="160" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-167-copy.jpg" width="106" height="113" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Inspector of Anatomy</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was this little volume which fell in the way of Thackeray,
+who undertook to review it for 'Fraser's Magazine.' In order to do
+full justice to the work, nothing seemed more
+proper than to present the reviewer in the
+assumed character of a fashionable footman.
+The review, therefore, took the form of a
+letter from Charles Yellowplush, Esq., containing
+'Fashionable fax and polite Anny-goats,'
+dated from 'No. &mdash;&mdash;, Grosvenor
+Square (N.B.&mdash;Hairy Bell),' and addressed
+to Oliver Yorke, the well-known pseudonym
+of the editor of 'Fraser.' To this accident may be attributed those
+extraordinary efforts of cacography which had their germ in the
+Cambridge 'Snob,' but which attained their full development in
+the Miscellanies, the Ballads, the 'Jeames's Diary,' and other
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">146</a></span>
+short works, and also in some portions of the latest of the author's
+novels. The precepts and opinions of 'Skelton,' or 'Skeleton,'
+as the reviewer insisted on calling the author of the 'Anatomy,'
+were fully developed and illustrated by Mr. Yellowplush. The
+footman who reviewed the 'fashionable world' achieved a decided
+success. Charles Yellowplush was requested by the editor to
+extend his comments upon society and books, and in January
+1838 the 'Yellowplush Papers' were commenced,
+with those vigorous though crude
+illustrations by the author, which appear
+at first to have been suggested by the light-spirited
+style of Maclise's portraits in the
+same magazine, a manner which afterwards
+became habitual to him.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-168.jpg" width="128" height="339" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">The rejected one</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was in the year 1836 that Thackeray,
+according to an anecdote related by himself,
+offered Dickens to undertake the task
+of illustrating one of his works. The story
+was told by the former at an anniversary
+dinner of the Royal Academy a few years
+since, Dickens being present on the occasion.
+'I can remember,' said Thackeray,
+'when Dickens was a very young man,
+and had commenced delighting the world
+with some charming humorous works in
+covers, which were coloured light green, and
+came out once a month, that this young
+man wanted an artist to illustrate his writings;
+and I recollect walking up to his
+chambers in Furnival's Inn, with two or
+three drawings in my hand, which, strange
+to say, he did not find suitable. But for the unfortunate blight
+which came over my artistical existence, it would have been my
+pride and my pleasure to have endeavoured one day to find a
+place on these walls for one of my performances.' The work referred
+to was the 'Pickwick Papers,' which was commenced in
+April of that year, as the result of an agreement with Dickens
+and Mr. Seymour, the comic artist&mdash;the one to write, and the
+other to illustrate a book which should exhibit the adventures
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">147</a></span>
+of cockney sportsmen. As our readers know, the descriptive
+letterpress, by the author of the 'Sketches by Boz,' soon attracted
+the attention of the world; while the clever illustrations by Seymour,
+which had the merit of creating the well-known pictorial characteristics
+of Mr. Pickwick and his friends, became regarded only as
+illustrations of the new humorist's immortal work. Unhappily,
+only two or three monthly numbers had been completed, when
+Seymour destroyed himself in a fit of derangement. A new artist
+was wanted, and the result was the singular interview between the
+two men whose names, though representing schools of fiction so
+widely different, were destined to become constantly associated in
+the public mind. Dickens was then acquiring the vast popularity
+as a writer of fiction which never flagged from that time: the
+young artist had scarcely attempted literature, and had still before
+him many years of obscurity. The slow growth of his fame presents
+a curious contrast to the career of his fellow-novelist. Hard
+as Thackeray subsequently worked in contributing to 'Fraser,'
+in co-operating with others on daily newspapers, in writing for
+'Cruikshank's Comic Almanack,' for the 'Times' and the 'Examiner,'
+for 'Punch,' and for the 'Westminster' and other
+Reviews, it could not be said that he was really known to the
+public till the publication of 'Vanity Fair,' when he had been an
+active literary man for at least ten years, and had attained the age
+of thirty-seven. The 'Yellowplush Papers' in 'Fraser' enjoyed a
+sort of popularity, and were at least widely quoted in the newspapers;
+but of their author few inquired. Neither did the two
+volumes of the 'Paris Sketch Book,' though presenting many good
+specimens of his peculiar humour, nor the account of the second
+funeral of Napoleon, nor even the 'Irish Sketch Book,' do much
+to make their writer known. It was his 'Vanity Fair' which,
+issued in shilling monthly parts, took the world of readers as it
+were by storm; and an appreciative article from the hand of a
+friend in the 'Edinburgh Review,' in 1848, for the first time
+helped to spread the tidings of a new master of fiction among us,
+destined to make a name second to none, in its own field.</p>
+
+<p>Thackeray was in Paris in March 1836, at the time of the
+execution of Fieschi and Lacénaire, upon which subject he wrote
+some remarks in one of his anonymous papers which it is interesting
+to compare with the more advanced views in favour of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">148</a></span>
+abolition of the punishment of death, which are familiar to the
+readers of his subsequent article, 'On Going to see a Man Hanged.'
+He did not witness the execution either
+of Fieschi or Lacénaire, though he made
+unsuccessful attempts to be present at
+both events.</p>
+
+<p>The day for Fieschi's death was purposely
+kept secret; and he was executed
+at a remote quarter of the town. But
+the scene on the morning when his execution
+did not take place was never
+forgotten by the young English artist.</p>
+
+<p>It was carnival time, and the rumour
+had pretty generally been carried abroad
+that the culprit was to die on that day.
+A friend who accompanied Thackeray
+came many miles through the mud and
+dark, in order to be 'in at the death.'
+They set out before light, floundering
+through the muddy Champs Elysées,
+where were many others bent upon the
+same errand. They passed by the
+Concert of Musard, then held in the
+Rue St. Honoré; and round this, in the wet, a number of coaches
+were collected: the ball was just up; and a crowd of people,
+in hideous masquerade, drunk, tired, dirty, dressed in horrible
+old frippery and daubed with filthy rouge, were trooping out of
+the place; tipsy women and men, shrieking, jabbering, gesticulating,
+as Frenchmen will do; parties swaggering, staggering forwards,
+arm in arm, reeling to and fro across the street, and yelling
+songs in chorus. Hundreds of these were bound for the show,
+and the two friends thought themselves lucky in finding a vehicle
+to the execution place, at the Barrière d'Enfer. As they crossed
+the river, and entered the Rue d'Enfer, crowds of students, black
+workmen, and more drunken devils from carnival balls, were
+filling it; and on the grand place there were thousands of these
+assembled, looking out for Fieschi and his <i>cortége</i>. They waited,
+but no throat-cutting that morning; no august spectacle of satisfied
+justice; and the eager spectators were obliged to return, disappointed
+of the expected breakfast of blood.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-170.jpg" width="149" height="293" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Somewhat sanguinary</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">149</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The other attempt was equally unfortunate. The same friend
+accompanied him, but they arrived too late on the ground to be
+present at the execution of Lacénaire and his co-mate in murder,
+Avril. But as they came to the spot (a gloomy round space,
+within the barrier&mdash;three roads led to it&mdash;and, outside, they saw
+the wine-shops and restaurateurs of the barrier looking gay and
+inviting), they only found, in the midst of it, a little pool of ice,
+just partially tinged with red. Two or three idle street boys were
+dancing and stamping about this pool; and when the Englishmen
+asked one of them whether the execution had taken place, he
+began dancing more madly than ever, and shrieked out with a
+loud fantastical theatrical voice, '<i>Venez tous, Messieurs et Dames;
+voyez ici le sang du monstre Lacénaire et de son compagnon le
+traître Avril</i>;' and straightway all the other gamins screamed out
+the words in chorus, and took hands and danced round the little
+puddle.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-171.jpg" width="261" height="187" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Thackeray returned to London in March 1836, and resided
+for a few months in the house of his step-father, Major Henry
+Carmichael Smyth. The principal object of his return was to
+concert with the Major, who was a gentleman of some literary
+attainments, a project for starting a daily newspaper. The time
+was believed to be remarkably opportune for the new journal; the
+old oppressive newspaper stamp being about to be repealed, and
+a penny stamp, giving the privilege of a free transmission through
+the post, to be substituted. Their project was to form a small
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">150</a></span>
+joint-stock company, to be called the Metropolitan Newspaper
+Company, with a capital of 60,000<i>l.</i>, in shares of 10<i>l.</i> each. The
+Major, as chief proprietor, became chairman of the new company;
+Laman Blanchard was appointed editor, Douglas Jerrold the dramatic
+critic, and Thackeray the Paris correspondent. An old and
+respectable, though decaying journal, entitled the 'Public Ledger,'
+was purchased by the company; and on September 15, the first
+day of the reduced stamp duty, the newspaper was started with
+the title of the 'Constitutional and Public Ledger.' The politics
+of the paper were ultra-liberal. Its programme was entire freedom
+of the press, extension of popular suffrage, vote by ballot, shortening
+of duration of parliaments, equality of civil rights and religious
+liberty. A number of the most eminent of the advanced
+party, including Mr. Grote, Sir William Molesworth, Mr. Joseph
+Hume, and Colonel Thompson, publicly advertised their intention
+to support the new journal, and to promote its circulation.
+Thackeray's Paris letters, signed 'T. T.,' commenced on September
+24, and were continued at intervals until the spring of the
+following year. They present little worth notice. At that time
+the chatty correspondent who discourses upon all things save the
+subject of his letter was a thing unknown. Bare facts, such as
+the telegraph-wire now brings us, with here and there a <i>soupçon</i> of
+philosophical reflection, were the utmost that the readers of newspapers
+in those days demanded of the useful individual who kept
+watch in the capital of civilisation for events of interest. Generally,
+however, the letters are characterised by a strong distaste for
+the Government of July, and by an ardent liberalism which had
+but slightly cooled down when, at the Oxford election in 1857, he
+declared himself an uncompromising advocate of vote by ballot.
+Writing from Paris on October 8, he says: 'We are luckily too
+strong to dread much from open hostility, or to be bullied back
+into Toryism by our neighbours; but if Radicalism be a sin in
+their eyes, it exists, thank God! not merely across the Alps, but
+across the Channel.' The new journal, however, was far from
+prosperous. After enlarging its size and raising its price from
+fourpence-halfpenny to fivepence, it gradually declined in circulation.
+The last number appeared on July 1, 1837, bearing black
+borders for the death of the king. 'We can estimate, therefore,'
+says the dying speech of the 'Constitutional,' 'the feelings of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">151</a></span>
+gentleman who once walked at his own funeral,' and the editor, or
+perhaps his late Paris correspondent, adds: 'The adverse circumstances
+have been various. In the philosophy of ill-luck it may
+be laid down as a principle that every point of discouragement
+tends to one common centre of defeat. When the Fates do concur
+in one discomfiture their unanimity is wonderful. So has it happened
+in the case of the "Constitutional." In the first place, a
+delay of some months, consequent upon the postponement of the
+newspaper stamp reduction, operated on the minds of many who
+were originally parties to the enterprise; in the next, the majority
+of those who remained faithful were wholly inexperienced in the
+art and mystery of the practical working of an important daily
+journal; in the third, and consequent upon the other two, there
+was the want of those abundant means, and of that wise application
+of resources, without which no efficient organ of the interests
+of any class of men&mdash;to say nothing of the interests of that first
+and greatest class whose welfare has been our dearest aim and
+most constant object&mdash;can be successfully established. Then
+came further misgivings on the part of friends, and the delusive
+undertakings of friends in disguise.' The venture proved in every
+way a disastrous one. Although nominally supported by a joint-stock
+company, the burden of the undertaking really rested upon
+the original promoters, of whom Major Smyth was the principal,
+while his step-son, Thackeray, also lost nearly all that remained of
+his fortune.</p>
+
+<p>It was shortly after the failure of the 'Constitutional' that
+Thackeray married in Paris a Miss Shaw, sister of the Captain
+Shaw, an Indian officer, who was one of the mourners at his
+funeral, an Irish lady of good family, who bore him two daughters,
+the elder of whom first gave, during her illustrious father's life-time,
+indications of inheriting his talents, in the remarkable story of 'Elizabeth,'
+written by her, and published in the 'Cornhill Magazine.' In
+1837 he left Paris with his family, and resided for two years in Great
+Coram Street, London, when he began to devote himself seriously
+to literary labour, adding, we believe, occasional work as an illustrator.
+We are told that he contributed some papers to the
+'Times' during the late Mr. Barnes's editorship&mdash;an article on
+'Fielding' among them. He is believed to have been connected
+with two literary papers of his time&mdash;the 'Torch,' edited by Felix
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">152</a></span>
+Fax, Esq., and the 'Parthenon,' which must not be confounded
+with a literary journal with the same name recently existing. The
+'Torch,' which was started on August 26, 1837, ran only for six
+months, and was immediately succeeded by the 'Parthenon,' which
+had a longer existence. In neither paper, however, is it possible
+to trace any sign of that shrewd criticism and that overflowing
+humour which distinguish the papers in 'Fraser.' For the latter
+publication he laboured assiduously, and it was at this time that
+the 'Yellowplush Papers' appeared, with occasional notices of the
+Exhibitions of Paintings in London. Among his writings of this
+period (1837-1840) we also find 'Stubbs's Calendar, or the Fatal
+Boots,' contributed to his friend Cruikshank's 'Comic Almanack'
+for 1839, and since included in the 'Miscellanies;' 'Catherine, by
+Ikey Solomons, jun.,' a long continuous story, founded on the
+crime of Catherine Hayes, the celebrated murderess of the last
+century, and intended to ridicule the novels of the school of Jack
+Sheppard, and illustrated with outline cartoons by the author;
+'Cartouche' and 'Poinsonnet,' two stories, and 'Epistles to the
+Literati.' In 1839 he visited Paris again, at the request of the
+proprietor of 'Fraser,' in order to write an account of the French
+Exhibition of Paintings, which appeared in the December
+number.</p>
+
+<p>On his return he devoted himself to writing the 'Shabby
+Genteel Story,' which was begun in 'Fraser' for June, and continued
+in the numbers for July, August, and October, when it
+stopped unfinished at the ninth chapter. The story of this strange
+failure is a mournful one. While busily engaged in working out this
+affecting story, a dark shadow descended upon his household,
+making all the associations of that time painful to him for ever.
+The terrible truth, long suspected, that the chosen partner of his
+good and evil fortunes could never participate in the success for
+which he had toiled, became confirmed. The mental disease
+which had attacked his wife rapidly developed itself, until the
+hopes which had sustained those to whom she was most dear
+were wholly extinguished. Thackeray was not one of those who
+love to parade their domestic sorrows before the world. No explanation
+of his omission to complete his story was given to his
+readers; but, years afterwards, in reprinting it in his 'Miscellanies,'
+he hinted at the circumstances which had paralyzed his hand, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">153</a></span>
+rendered him incapable of ever resuming the thread of his story,
+with a touching suggestiveness for those who knew the facts. The
+tale was interrupted, he said, 'at a sad period of the writer's own
+life.' When the republication of the 'Miscellanies' was announced,
+it was his intention to complete the little story&mdash;but the colours
+were long since dry, the artist's hand had changed. It 'was
+best,' he said, 'to leave the sketch as it was when first designed
+seventeen years ago. The memory of the past is renewed as he
+looks at it.'<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>It was in 1840 that Thackeray contributed to the 'Westminster'
+a kindly and appreciative article upon the productions
+of his friend George Cruikshank, illustrated&mdash;an unusual thing for
+the great organ of the philosophers of the school of Bentham, J.
+Mill, and Sir W. Molesworth&mdash;with numerous specimens of the
+comic sketches of the subject of the paper. His defence of
+Cruikshank from the cavils of those who loved to dwell upon his
+defects as a draughtsman is full of sound criticism, and his claim
+for his friend as something far greater, a man endowed with that
+rarest of all faculties, the power to create, is inspired by a generous
+enthusiasm which lends a life and spirit to the paper not often
+found in a critical review. This long paper, signed with the Greek
+letter Theta, is little known, but Thackeray frequently referred to
+it as a labour in which he had felt a peculiar pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1840 Thackeray collected some of his original
+sketches inserted in 'Fraser' and other periodicals, English and
+foreign, and republished them under the title of the 'Paris Sketch
+Book.' This work is interesting as the first independent publication
+of the author, but of its contents few things are now remembered.
+The dedicatory letter prefixed, however, is peculiarly characteristic
+of the writer. It relates to a circumstance which had occurred to
+him some time previously in Paris. The old days when money
+was abundant, and loitering among the pictures of the Paris galleries
+could be indulged in without remorse, had gone. The <i>res angusta
+domi</i> with which genius has so often been disturbed in its
+day-dreams began to be familiar to him. The unfortunate failure
+of the 'Constitutional'&mdash;a loss which he, years afterwards, occasionally
+referred to as a foolish commercial speculation on which
+he had ventured in his youth&mdash;had absorbed the whole of his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">154</a></span>
+patrimony. At such a time a temporary difficulty in meeting a
+creditor's demand was not uncommon. On one such occasion, a
+M. Aretz, a tailor in the Rue Richelieu, who had for some time
+supplied him with coats and trousers, presented him with a
+small account for those articles, and was met with a statement
+from his debtor that an immediate settlement of the bill would be
+extremely inconvenient to him. To Titmarsh's astonishment the
+reply of his creditor was, 'Mon Dieu, sir, let not that annoy you.
+If you want money, as a gentleman often does in a strange country,
+I have a thousand-franc note at my house which is quite at your
+service.' The generous offer was accepted. The coin which, in
+proof of the tailor's esteem for his customer, was advanced without
+any interest, was duly repaid together with the account; but the
+circumstance could not be forgotten. The person obliged felt
+how becoming it was to acknowledge and praise virtue, as he slily
+said, wherever he might find it, and to point it out for the admiration
+and example of his fellow-men. Accordingly, he determined
+to dedicate his first book to the generous tailor, giving at full
+length his name and address. In the dedicatory letter, he accordingly
+alludes to this anecdote, adding&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>'History or experience, sir, makes us acquainted with so few
+actions that can be compared to yours; a kindness like yours,
+from a stranger and a tailor, seems to me so astonishing, that you
+must pardon me for thus making your virtue public, and acquainting
+the English nation with your merit and your name. Let me
+add, sir, that you live on the first floor; that your clothes and fit
+are excellent, and your charges moderate and just; and, as a
+humble tribute of my admiration, permit me to lay these volumes
+at your feet.</p>
+
+<p class="left45">
+'Your obliged, faithful servant,<br />
+<span class="i6">'<span class="smcap">M. A. Titmarsh</span>.'</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-177.jpg" width="218" height="347" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">General Bonaparte</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A second edition of the 'Paris Sketch Book' was announced
+by the publisher, Macrone&mdash;the same publisher who had a few
+years before given to the world the 'Sketches by Boz,' the first of
+Dickens' publications; but the second edition was probably only
+one of those conventional fictions with which the spirits of young
+authors are sustained. Though containing many flashes of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">155</a></span>
+Titmarsh humour, many eloquent passages, and much interesting
+reading of a light kind, the public took but a passing interest in
+it. Years after, in quoting its title, the author good-humouredly
+remarked, in a parenthesis, that some copies, he believed, might
+still be found unsold at the publisher's; but the book was forgotten
+and most of its contents were rejected by the writer when
+preparing his selected miscellanies for the press. A similar couple
+of volumes, published by Cunningham in 1841, under the title of
+'Comic Tales and Sketches, edited and illustrated by Mr. Michael
+Angelo Titmarsh,' and an independent republication, also in two
+volumes, of the 'Yellowplush Papers,' from 'Fraser,' were somewhat
+more successful. The former contained 'Major Gahagan'
+and the 'Bedford-row Conspiracy,' reprinted from the 'New
+Monthly;' 'Stubbs's Calendar, or the Fatal Boots,' from Cruikshank's
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">156</a></span>
+'Comic Almanack;' some amusing criticisms on the 'Sea
+Captain,' and 'Lady Charlotte Bury's Diary,' and other papers
+from 'Fraser.' The illustrations to the volumes were tinted etchings
+of a somewhat more careful character than those unfinished
+artistic drolleries in which he generally indulged. A brace of
+portraits of Dr. Lardner and Bulwer may be reckoned in the great
+humourist's happiest caricature vein.</p>
+
+<p>In December 1840 he again visited Paris, and remained there
+until the summer of the following year. He was in that city on
+the memorable occasion of the second funeral of Napoleon, or the
+ceremony of conveying the remains of that great warrior, of whom,
+as a child, he had obtained a living glimpse, to their last resting-place
+at the Hôtel des Invalides. An account of that ceremony, in
+the form of a letter to Miss Smith, was published by Macrone. It
+was a small square pamphlet, chiefly memorable now as containing
+at the end his remarkable poem of the 'Chronicle of the Drum.'
+About this time he advertised, as preparing for immediate publication,
+a book entitled 'Dinner Reminiscences, or the Young Gourmandiser's
+Guide at Paris, by Mr. M. A. Titmarsh.' It was to be
+issued by Hugh Cunningham, the publisher, of St. Martin's Place,
+Trafalgar Square, but we believe was never published.</p>
+
+<p>It was in the September number of 'Fraser,' for 1841, that he
+commenced his story of the 'History of Samuel Titmarsh, and the
+Great Hoggarty Diamond,' which, though it failed to achieve
+an extraordinary popularity, first convinced that select few who
+judge for themselves in matters of literature and art, of the great
+power and promise of the unknown 'Titmarsh.' Carlyle, in his
+'Life of John Sterling,' quotes the following remarkable passage
+from a letter of the latter to his mother, written at this period:&mdash;'I
+have seen no new books, but am reading your last. I got hold
+of the two first numbers of the "Hoggarty Diamond," and read
+them with extreme delight. What is there better in Fielding or
+Goldsmith? The man is a true genius, and with quiet and comfort
+might produce masterpieces that would last as long as any we have,
+and delight millions of unborn readers. There is more truth and
+nature in one of these papers than in all &mdash;&mdash;'s novels put together.'
+'Thackeray (adds Carlyle), always a close friend of the Sterling
+House, will observe that this is dated 1841, not 1851, and will
+have his own reflections on the matter.' The 'Hoggarty Diamond'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">157</a></span>
+was continued in the numbers for October and November, and
+completed in December 1841. In the number for June of the
+following year, 'Fitzboodle's Confessions' were commenced, and
+were continued at intervals down to the end of 1843. The 'Irish
+Sketch Book,' in two volumes, detailing an Irish tour, was also
+published in the latter year. The 'Sketch Book' did not at the
+time attract much attention. The 'Luck of Barry Lyndon,' by
+many considered the most original of his writings, was begun and
+finished at No. 88, St. James Street, previously known as the Conservative
+Club, where at this time he occupied chambers. The first
+part appeared in 'Fraser' for January 1844, and was continued
+regularly every month, till its completion in the December number.
+He was engaged a short time before this as assistant editor of the
+'Examiner' newspaper, to which journal he contributed numerous
+articles; and among his papers in 'Fraser' and other magazines
+of the same period, we find, 'Memorials of Gourmandising;' 'Pictorial
+Rhapsodies on the Exhibitions of Paintings;' 'Bluebeard's
+Ghost;' a satirical article on Grant's 'Paris and the Parisians;' a
+'Review of a Box of Novels' (already quoted from); 'Little
+Travels and Roadside Sketches' (chiefly in Belgium); 'The
+<i>Partie Fine</i>, by Lancelot Wagstaff'&mdash;a comic story, with a sequel
+entitled 'Arabella, or the Moral of the <i>Partie Fine</i>;' 'Carmen
+Lilliense;' 'Picture Gossip;' more comic sketches, with the titles
+of 'The Chest of Cigars, by Lancelot Wagstaff;' 'Bob Robinson's
+First Love;' and 'Barmecide Banquets,' and an admirable satirical
+review entitled 'A Gossip about Christmas Books.'</p>
+
+<p>The 'Carmen Lilliense' will be well remembered by the
+readers of the 'Miscellanies,' published in 1857, in which it was
+included. Thackeray was in the north of France and in Belgium
+about the period when it is dated (2nd September, 1843);
+and the ballad describes a real accident which befell him, though
+doubtless somewhat heightened in effect. It tells how, leaving
+Paris with only twenty pounds in his pocket, for a trip in Belgium,
+he arrived at Antwerp, where, feeling for his purse, he found it had
+vanished with the entire amount of his little treasure. Some
+rascal on the road had picked his pocket, and nothing was left but
+to borrow ten guineas of a friend whom he met, and to write a
+note to England addressed to 'Grandmamma,' for whom we may
+probably read some other member of the Titmarsh family. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">158</a></span>
+ten guineas, however, were soon gone, and the sensitive Titmarsh
+found himself in a position of great delicacy. What was to be
+done? 'To stealing,' says the ballad, 'he could never come.'
+To pawn his watch he felt himself 'too genteel;' besides, he had
+left his watch at home, which at once put an end to any debates
+on this point. There was nothing to do but to wait for the remittance,
+and beguile the time with a poetical description of his woes.
+The guests around him ask for their bills. Titmarsh is in agonies.
+The landlord regards him as a 'Lord Anglais,' serves him with the
+best of meat and drink, and is proud of his patronage. A sense of
+being a kind of impostor weighs upon him. The landlord's eye
+became painful to look at. Opposite is a dismal building&mdash;the
+prison-house of Lille, where, by a summary process, familiar to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">159</a></span>
+French law, foreigners who run in debt without the means of paying
+may be lodged. He is almost tempted to go into the old Flemish
+church and invoke the saints there after the fashion of the country.
+One of their pictures on the walls becomes, in his imagination,
+like the picture of 'Grandmamma,' with a smile upon its countenance.
+Delightful dream! and one of good omen. He returns
+to his hotel, and there to his relief finds the long-expected letter,
+in the well-known hand, addressed to 'Mr. M. A. Titmarsh,
+Lille.' He obtains the means of redeeming his credit, bids farewell
+to his host without any exposure, takes the diligence, and is
+restored to his home that evening. Such are the humorous exaggerations
+with which he depicts his temporary troubles at Lille, in
+the shape of a ballad, originally intended, we believe, for the
+amusement of his family, but finally inserted in 'Fraser.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-180.jpg" width="255" height="344" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Memorials of gourmandising</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was in July 1844 that Thackeray started on a tour in the
+East&mdash;the result of a hasty invitation, and of a present of a free
+pass from a friend connected with the Peninsular and Oriental
+Steam Navigation Company. His sudden departure, upon less
+than thirty-six hours' notice, is pleasantly detailed in the preface to
+his book, published at Christmas, 1845, with the title of 'Notes of
+a Journey from Cornhill to Grand Cairo by way of Lisbon, Athens,
+Constantinople, and Jerusalem: performed in the steamers of the
+Peninsular and Oriental Company. By M. A. Titmarsh, author of
+the "Irish Sketch Book," &amp;c.'</p>
+
+<p>The book was illustrated with coloured drawings by the author,
+treating, in a not exaggerated vein of fun, the peculiarities of the
+daily life of the East. The little book was well received, and in
+the reviews of it there is evidence of the growing interest of the
+public in the writer. For the first time it presented him to his
+readers in his true name, for though the 'Titmarsh' fiction is preserved
+on the title-page, the prefatory matter is signed 'W. M.
+Thackeray.'</p>
+
+<p>'"Who is Titmarsh?" says one of his critics at this time.
+Such is the ejaculatory formula in which public curiosity gives vent
+to its ignorant impatience of pseudonymous renown. "Who is
+Michael Angelo Titmarsh?" Such is the note of interrogation
+which has been heard at intervals these several seasons back,
+among groups of elderly loungers in that row of clubs, Pall Mall;
+from fairy lips, as the light wheels whirled along the row called
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">160</a></span>
+"Rotten;" and oft amid keen-eyed men in that grandfather of
+rows which the children of literature call Paternoster....</p>
+
+<p>'This problem has been variously and conflictingly solved, as
+in the parallel case of the grim old <i>stat nominis umbra</i>. There is
+a hint in both instances of some mysterious connection with the
+remote regions of Bengal, and an erect old pigtail of the E.I.C.S.
+boasts in the "horizontal" jungle off Hanover Square, of having
+had the dubious advantage of his personal acquaintanceship in
+Upper India, where his I O U's were signed
+Major Goliah Gahagan; and several specimens
+of that documentary character, in good
+preservation, he offers at a low figure to
+amateurs.'</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-182.jpg" width="113" height="234" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">The Major</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The foundation in 1841 of a weekly periodical,
+serving as a vehicle for the circulation
+of the lighter papers of humourists,
+had unquestionably an important influence
+in the development of his talents and fame.
+From an early date he was connected with
+'Punch,' at first as the 'Fat Contributor,'
+and soon after as the author of 'Jeames's
+Diary' and the 'Snob Papers.' If satire
+could do aught to check the pride of the
+vulgar upstart, or shame social hypocrisy into
+truth and simplicity, these writings would
+accomplish the task. In fact, Thackeray's name was now becoming
+known, and people began to distinguish and enquire for
+his contributions; his illustrations in 'Punch' being as funny as
+his articles were. The series called 'Jeames's Diary' caused
+great amusement and no little flutter in high polite circles, for the
+deposition from the throne of railwaydom of the famous original
+of 'Jeames de la Pluche' had hardly then begun, though it was
+probably accelerated by the universal titters of recognition which
+welcomed the weekly accounts of the changing fortunes of
+'Jeames.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">161</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="ch_summ">
+Increasing reputation&mdash;Later writings in 'Fraser'&mdash;'Mrs. Perkins's Ball,' with
+Thackeray's illustrations&mdash;Early Vicissitudes of 'Pencil Sketches of English
+Society'&mdash;Thackeray's connection with the Temple&mdash;Appearance of 'Vanity
+Fair' with the Author's original illustrations&mdash;Appreciative notice in the
+'Edinburgh Review'&mdash;The impression produced&mdash;'Our Street,' with Titmarsh's
+Pencillings of some of its Inhabitants&mdash;The 'History of Pendennis,'
+illustrated by the Author&mdash;'Dr. Birch and his Young Friends,' with illustrations
+by M. A. Titmarsh&mdash;'Rebecca and Rowena'&mdash;The Dignity of
+Literature and the 'Examiner' and 'Morning Chronicle' newspapers&mdash;Sensitiveness
+to Hostile Criticism&mdash;The 'Kickleburys on the Rhine,' with
+illustrations by M. A. Titmarsh&mdash;Adverse bias of the 'Times' newspaper&mdash;Thackeray's
+reply&mdash;An 'Essay on Thunder and Small Beer.'
+</p>
+
+<p>The great work, however, which was to stamp the name of
+Thackeray for ever in the minds of English readers was yet to
+come. Hitherto all his writings had been brief and desultory, but
+in contributing to magazines his style had gradually matured itself.
+That ease of expression, and that repose which seems so full of
+power, were never more exemplified than in some of his latest
+essays in 'Fraser,' before book writing had absorbed all his time.
+His articles on Sir E. B. Lytton's 'Memoir of Laman Blanchard,'
+his paper on 'Illustrated Children's Books,' his satirical proposal
+to Mons. Alexandre Dumas for a continuation of 'Ivanhoe,' all
+contributed to 'Fraser' in 1846, and his article&mdash;we believe the
+last which he wrote for that periodical&mdash;entitled 'A Grumble
+about Christmas Books,' published in January 1847, are equal to
+anything in his later works. The first-mentioned of these papers,
+indeed&mdash;the remonstrance with Laman Blanchard's biographer&mdash;is
+unsurpassed for the eloquence of its defence of the calling of
+men of letters, and for the tenderness and manly simplicity with
+which it touches on the history of the unfortunate subject of the
+memoir.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">162</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'Mrs. Perkins's Ball,' a Christmas book, was published in
+December 1846. But its author had long been preparing for a
+more serious undertaking. Some time before, he had sketched
+some chapters entitled 'Pencil Sketches of English Society,' which
+he had offered to Colburn for insertion in the 'New Monthly
+Magazine.' It formed a portion of a continuous story, of a
+length not yet determined, and was rejected by Colburn after
+consideration. The papers which Thackeray had previously
+contributed to the 'New Monthly' were chiefly slight comic
+stories&mdash;perhaps the least favourable specimens of his powers.
+They were, indeed, not superior to the common run of magazine
+papers, and were certainly not equal to his contributions to
+'Fraser.' In fact, as a contributor to the 'New Monthly' he
+had achieved no remarkable success, and his papers appear to
+have been little in demand there. Whether the manuscript had
+been offered to 'Fraser'&mdash;the magazine in which 'Titmarsh' had
+secured popularity, and where he was certainly more at home&mdash;we
+cannot say. Happily, the author of 'Pencil Sketches of English
+Society,' though suspending his projected work, did not abandon
+it. He saw in its opening chapters&mdash;certainly not the best portions
+of the story when completed&mdash;the foundations of a work
+which was to secure him at last a fame among contemporary
+writers in his own proper name. The success of Dickens's shilling
+monthly parts suggested to him to make it the commencement
+of a substantive work of fiction, to be published month by
+month, with illustrations by the author. The work grew up by
+degrees, and finally took shape under the better title of 'Vanity
+Fair.' It was during this time, the latter part of 1846, that he
+removed to his house at No. 13 Young Street, Kensington, a
+favourite locality with him, in which house he resided for some
+years. He also at this time occupied chambers at No. 10 Crown-office
+Row, Temple, the comfortable retirement which, 'up four
+pair of stairs,' with its grand view, when the sun was shining, of
+the chimney-pots over the way, he has himself described. His
+friend Tom Taylor, the well-known dramatist and biographer,
+had chambers in the same house; and we believe, on the demolition
+of No. 10 Crown-office Row, wrote a poem, published in the
+pages of 'Punch,' in which, if we remember rightly, mention is
+made of the fact of Thackeray's having resided there. Thackeray
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">163</a></span>
+was called to the bar by the Honourable Society of the Middle
+Temple in 1848, though he never practised, and probably never
+intended to do so. The Benchers, however, were not insensible
+to the addition to the numerous literary associations with their
+venerable and quiet retreat which they thus gained. After his
+death there was some proposition to bury him in the Temple, of
+which he was a member, amid (as Spenser says)&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="i5">Those bricky towers</p>
+<p>The which on Thames' broad back do ride,</p>
+<p>Where now the student lawyers have their bowers,</p>
+<p>Where whilom wont the Templar Knights to bide,</p>
+<p>Till they decayed through pride.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>There Goldsmith is buried, and Thackeray's ashes would have
+been fitly laid near those of the author of the 'Vicar of Wakefield,'
+whose brilliant genius he so heartily eulogised, and whose many
+shortcomings he so tenderly touched upon, in the 'Lectures on
+the Humourists.' But, after consultation with his relations, it was
+deemed better that he should rest with his own family in Kensal
+Green. Pending this decision, the sanction of the Benchers to
+interment within the precincts of the Temple Church had been
+asked and cheerfully accorded; and when the Kensal Green
+Cemetery was finally decided upon, the Benchers were requested
+to permit the erection of a memorial slab in their church. Their
+reply to this was, that not only should they be honoured by such
+a memento, but that, if allowed, they would have it erected at
+their own cost.<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>
+</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-185.jpg" width="137" height="89" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">The Order of the Bath</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The first monthly portion of 'Vanity Fair' was published on
+February 1, 1847, in the yellow wrapper which served to distinguish
+it from Charles Dickens's stories, and
+which afterwards became the standard
+colour for the covers of Thackeray's
+serial stories. The work was continued
+monthly, and finished with the number
+for July of the following year. Thackeray's
+friends, and all those who had
+watched his career with special interest,
+saw in it at once a work of greater promise than any that had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">164</a></span>
+appeared since the dawn of his great contemporary's fame; but
+the critical journals received it somewhat coldly. There were
+indeed few tokens of its future success in the tone of its reception
+at this early period.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-186.jpg" width="160" height="243" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">The British Army</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is generally acknowledged that to the thoughtful and appreciative
+article in the 'Edinburgh Review' of January 1848, which
+dealt with the first eleven numbers of the work only, is due the
+merit of authoritatively calling attention
+to the great power it displayed.
+The writer was evidently one who
+knew Thackeray well; for he gives
+a sketch of his life, and mentions
+having met him some years before,
+painting in the Louvre in Paris. 'In
+forming,' says this judicious critic,
+'our general estimate of this writer,
+we wish to be understood as referring
+principally, if not exclusively, to
+"Vanity Fair" (a novel in monthly
+parts), which, though still unfinished,
+is immeasurably superior, in our
+opinion, to every other known production
+of his pen. The great charm
+of this work is its entire freedom
+from mannerism and affectation both
+in style and sentiment&mdash;confiding frankness with which the
+reader is addressed&mdash;the thoroughbred carelessness with which
+the author permits the thoughts and feelings suggested by the
+situations to flow in their natural channel, as if conscious that
+nothing mean or unworthy, nothing requiring to be shaded, gilded,
+or dressed up in company attire, could fall from him. In a word,
+the book is the work of a gentleman, which is one great merit,
+and not the work of a fine (or would-be fine) gentleman, which is
+another. Then, again, he never exhausts, elaborates, or insists
+too much upon anything; he drops his finest remarks and happiest
+illustrations as Buckingham dropped his pearls, and leaves
+them to be picked up and appreciated as chance may bring a discriminating
+observer to the spot. His effects are uniformly the
+effects of sound, wholesome, legitimate art; and we need hardly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">165</a></span>
+add, that we are never harrowed up with physical horrors of the
+Eugène Sue school in his writings, or that there are no melodramatic
+villains to be found in them. One touch of nature makes
+the whole world kin, and here are touches of nature by the dozen.
+His pathos (though not so deep as Dickens's) is exquisite; the
+more so, perhaps, because he seems to struggle against it, and to
+be half ashamed of being caught in the melting mood; but the
+attempt to be caustic, satirical, ironical, or philosophical, on such
+occasions, is uniformly vain; and again and again have we found
+reason to admire how an originally fine and kind nature remains
+essentially free from worldliness, and, in the highest pride of intellect,
+pays homage to the heart.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-187.jpg" width="211" height="272" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Sir Hector</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was at this time, his friend Hannay tells us, that he first
+had the pleasure of seeing him. '"Vanity Fair,"' he adds, 'was
+then unfinished, but its success was made; and he spoke frankly
+and genially of his work and his career. "Vanity Fair" always,
+we think, ranked in his own mind as best in story of his greater
+books; and he once pointed out to us the very house in Russell
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">166</a></span>
+Square where his imaginary Sedleys lived&mdash;a curious proof of the
+reality his creations had for his mind.' The same writer tells us
+that when he congratulated Thackeray, many years ago, on the
+touch in 'Vanity Fair' in which Becky admires her husband when
+he is giving Lord Steyne the chastisement which ruins <i>her</i> for life,
+the author answered with that fervour as well as heartiness of
+frankness which distinguished him: 'Well, when I wrote the sentence,
+I slapped my fist on the table, and said, "That is a touch
+of genius!"' 'Vanity Fair' soon rose rapidly in public favour, and
+a new work from the pen of its author was eagerly looked for.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-188.jpg" width="258" height="178" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Sensitive to a point</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>During the time of publication of 'Vanity Fair' he had found
+time to write and publish the little Christmas book entitled 'Our
+Street,' which appeared in December 1847, and reached a second
+edition soon after Christmas. 'Vanity Fair' was followed in 1849
+by another long work of fiction, entitled the 'History of Pendennis;
+his Fortunes and Misfortunes, his Friends and his Greatest
+Enemy; with Illustrations by the Author;' which was completed
+in two volumes. In this year, too, he published 'Dr. Birch' and
+'Rebecca and Rowena.' It was during the publication of 'Pendennis'
+that a criticism in the 'Morning Chronicle' and in the
+'Examiner' newspapers drew from him a remarkable letter on the
+'Dignity of Literature,' addressed to the editor of the former
+journal.</p>
+
+<p>It was a peculiarity of Thackeray to feel annoyed at adverse
+criticism, and to show his annoyance in a way which more cautious
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">167</a></span>
+men generally abstain from. He did not conceal his feeling
+when an unjust attack was levelled at him in an influential journal.
+He was not one of those remonstrators who never see anything
+in the papers, but have their attention called to them by friends.
+If he had seen, he frankly avowed that he had seen the attack, and
+did not scruple to reply if he had an opportunity, and the influence
+of the journal or reviewer made it worth while. With the 'Times'
+he had had very early a bout of this kind. When the little account
+of the funeral of Napoleon in 1840 was published, the 'Times,' as
+he said, rated him, and talked in 'its own great roaring way about
+the flippancy and conceit of Titmarsh,' to which he had replied by
+a sharp paragraph or two. In 1850 a very elaborate attack in the
+chief journal roused his satirical humour more completely. The
+article which contained the offence was on the subject of his
+Christmas book, entitled the 'Kickleburys on the Rhine,' published
+in December 1850, upon which a criticism appeared in that
+journal, beginning with the following passage:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-189.jpg" width="147" height="244" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A Rhinelander</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-190.jpg" width="210" height="265" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Over-weighted</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>'It has been customary, of late years, for the purveyors of
+amusing literature&mdash;the popular authors of the day&mdash;to put forth
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">168</a></span>
+certain opuscles, denominated "Christmas Books," with the ostensible
+intention of swelling the tide of exhilaration, or other expansive
+emotions, incident upon the exodus of the old and the
+inauguration of the new year. We have said that their ostensible
+intention was such, because there is another motive for these productions,
+locked up (as the popular author deems) in his own breast,
+but which betrays itself, in the quality of the work, as his principal
+incentive. Oh! that any muse should be set upon a high stool
+to cast up accounts and balance a ledger! Yet so it is; and
+the popular author finds it convenient to fill up the declared deficit
+and place himself in a position the more effectually to encounter
+those liabilities which sternly assert themselves contemporaneously
+and in contrast with the careless and free-handed tendencies of the
+season by the emission of Christmas books&mdash;a kind of literary
+<i>assignats</i>, representing to the emitter expunged debts, to the
+receiver an investment of enigmatical value. For the most part
+bearing the stamp of their origin in the vacuity of the writer's
+exchequer rather than in the fulness of his genius, they suggest by
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">169</a></span>
+their feeble flavour the rinsings of a void brain after the more
+important concoctions of the expired year. Indeed, we should as
+little think of taking these compositions as examples of the merits
+of their authors as we should think of measuring the valuable
+services of Mr. Walker the postman, or Mr. Bell the dust-collector,
+by the copy of verses they leave at our doors as a provocative
+of the expected annual gratuity&mdash;effusions with which they may
+fairly be classed for their intrinsic worth no less than their ultimate
+purport.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-191.jpg" width="210" height="295" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Too much for his horse</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Upon this, and upon some little peculiarities of style in the
+review, such as a passage in which the learned critic compared the
+author's satirical attempts to 'the sardonic divings after the pearl
+of truth whose lustre is eclipsed in the display of the diseased
+oyster,' Thackeray replied in the preface to a second edition
+of the little book, published a few days later, and entitled an
+'Essay on Thunder and Small Beer.' The style of the 'Times'
+critique, which was generally attributed to Samuel Phillips,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">170</a></span>
+afforded too tempting a subject for the satirical pen of the author
+of 'Vanity Fair,' to be passed over. The easy humour with
+which he exposes the pompous affectation of superiority in his
+critic, the tawdry sentences and droll logic of his censor, whom
+he likened not to the awful thunderer of Printing House Square,
+but to the thunderer's man, 'Jupiter Jeames, trying to dazzle and
+roar like his awful employer,' afforded the town, through the
+newspapers which copied the essay, an amount of amusement
+not often derived from an author's defence of himself from adverse
+criticism.</p>
+
+<p>The essay was remembered long after, when work after work of
+the offending author was severely handled in the same paper; and
+the recollection of it gave a shadow of support to the theory
+by which some persons, on the occasion of Thackeray's death,
+endeavoured to explain the fact that the obituary notice in the
+'Times,' and the account of his funeral, were more curt than those
+of any other journal; while the 'Times' alone, of all the daily
+papers, omitted to insert a leading article on the subject of the
+great loss which had been sustained by the world of letters.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">171</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
+
+<p class="ch_summ">
+Commencement of the Series of Early Essayists&mdash;Thackeray as a Lecturer&mdash;The
+'English Humourists of the Eighteenth Century'&mdash;Charlotte Brontë at
+Thackeray's readings&mdash;The Lectures repeated in Edinburgh&mdash;An invitation
+to visit America&mdash;Transatlantic popularity&mdash;Special success attending the
+reception of the 'English Humourists' in the States&mdash;'Week-day Preachers'&mdash;Enthusiastic
+Farewell&mdash;Appleton's New York edition of Thackeray's
+works; the Author's introduction, and remarks on International Copyright&mdash;Thackeray's
+departure&mdash;Cordial impression bequeathed to America&mdash;The
+'History of Henry Esmond, a story of Queen Anne's Reign'&mdash;The writers of
+the Augustan Era&mdash;The 'Newcomes'&mdash;An allusion to George Washington
+misunderstood&mdash;A second visit to America&mdash;Lectures on the 'Four Georges'&mdash;The
+series repeated at home&mdash;Scotch sympathy&mdash;Thackeray proposed as
+a candidate to represent Oxford in Parliament&mdash;His liberal views and
+impartiality.
+</p>
+
+<p>In 1851 Thackeray appeared in an entirely new character, but
+one which subsequently proved so lucrative to him, that to
+this cause, even more than to the labours of his pen, must be attributed
+that easy fortune which he had accumulated before he died.
+In May he commenced the delivery of a series of lectures on the
+English Humourists. The subjects were&mdash;Swift, Congreve and
+Addison; Steele; Prior, Gay and Pope; Hogarth, Smollett and
+Fielding, and Sterne and Goldsmith. The lectures were delivered
+at Willis's Rooms. The price of admission was high, and the
+audience was numerous, and of the most select kind. It was
+not composed of that sort of people who crowd to pick up information
+in the shape of facts with which they have been previously
+unacquainted, but those who, knowing the eminence of
+the lecturer, wished to hear his opinion on a subject of national
+interest. One of the two great humourists of the present age was
+about to utter his sentiments on the humourists of the age now
+terminated, and the occasion was sufficient to create an interest
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">172</a></span>
+which not even the attractive power of the Great Exhibition, then
+open, could check. The newspapers complained slightly of the low
+key in which the lecturer spoke, from which cause many of his best
+points were sometimes lost to the more distant of his auditors.
+'In other respects,' says a newspaper report, 'we cannot too highly
+praise the style of his delivery.' Abstaining from rant and gesticulation
+he relied for his effect on the matter which he uttered, and
+it was singular to see how the isolated pictures by a few magic
+touches descended into the hearts of his hearers. Among the
+most conspicuous of the literary ladies at this gathering was Miss
+Brontë, the authoress of 'Jane Eyre.' She had never before seen
+the author of 'Vanity Fair,' though she had dedicated the second
+edition of her own celebrated novel to him, with the assurance
+that she regarded him 'as the social regenerator of his day&mdash;as the
+very master of that working corps who would restore to rectitude
+the warped state of things.' Mrs. Gaskell tells us that, when the
+lecture was over, the lecturer descended from the platform, and
+making his way towards her, frankly asked her for her opinion.
+'This,' adds Miss Brontë's biographer, 'she mentioned to me not
+many days afterwards, adding remarks almost identical with those
+which I subsequently read in "Villette," where a similar action on
+the part of M. Paul Emanuel is related.' The remarks of this
+singular woman upon Thackeray and his writings, and her accounts
+of her interviews with him, are curious, and will be found
+scattered through Mrs. Gaskell's popular biography. Readers of
+the 'Cornhill Magazine' will not have forgotten Thackeray's affectionate
+and discriminating sketch of her, which appeared some
+years later in that periodical.</p>
+
+<p>The course was perfectly successful, and the Lectures, subsequently
+reprinted, rank among the most masterly of his writings.
+They were delivered again soon afterwards in some of the provincial
+cities, including Edinburgh. A droll anecdote was related
+at this period in the newspapers, in connection with one of these
+provincial appearances. Previously to delivering them in Scotland,
+the lecturer bethought himself of addressing them to the rising
+youth of our two great nurseries of the national mind; and it was
+necessary, before appearing at Oxford, to obtain the licence of the
+authorities&mdash;a very laudable arrangement, of course. The Duke of
+Wellington was the Chancellor, who, if applied to, would doubtless
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">173</a></span>
+have understood at once the man and his business. The Duke
+lived in the broad atmosphere of the every-day world, and a copy
+of 'Vanity Fair' was on a snug shelf at Walmer Castle. But his
+deputy at Oxford, on whom the modest applicant waited, knew
+less about such trifles as 'Vanity Fair' and 'Pendennis.' 'Pray
+what can I do to serve you, sir?' enquired the bland functionary.
+'My name is Thackeray.' 'So I see by this card.' 'I seek permission
+to lecture within the precincts.' 'Ah! you are a lecturer;
+what subjects do you undertake&mdash;religious or political?' 'Neither;
+I am a literary man.' 'Have you written anything?'
+'Yes; I am the author of "Vanity Fair."' 'I presume a dissenter&mdash;has
+that anything to do with John Bunyan's book?'
+'Not exactly; I have also written "Pendennis."' 'Never heard
+of these works; but no doubt they are proper books.' 'I have
+also contributed to "Punch."' '"Punch!" I have heard of
+<i>that</i>; is it not a ribald publication?'</p>
+
+<p>An invitation to deliver the lectures in America speedily followed.
+The public interest which heralded his coming in the
+United States was such as could hardly have been expected for a
+writer of fiction who had won his fame by so little appeal to the
+love of exciting scenes. His visit (as an American critic remarked
+at the time) at least demonstrated that if they were unwilling to
+pay English authors for their books, they were ready to reward
+them handsomely for the opportunity of seeing and hearing them.</p>
+
+<p>At first the public feeling on the other side of the Atlantic had
+been very much divided as to his probable reception. 'He'll
+come and humbug us, eat our dinners, pocket our money, and go
+home and abuse us, like Dickens,' said Jonathan, chafing with the
+remembrance of that grand ball at the Park Theatre, and the Boz
+tableaux, and the universal speaking and dining, to which the
+author of 'Pickwick' was subject while he was their guest. 'Let
+him have his say,' said others, 'and we will have our look. We
+will pay a dollar to hear him, if we can see him at the same time;
+and as for the abuse, why it takes even more than two such cubs
+of the roaring British lion to frighten the American eagle. Let
+him come, and give him fair play.' He did come, and certainly
+had fair play; and as certainly there was no disappointment with
+his lectures. Those who knew his books found the author in the
+lecturer. Those who did not know the books, says one enthusiastic
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">174</a></span>
+critic, 'were charmed in the lecturer by what is charming in
+the author&mdash;the unaffected humanity,
+the tenderness, the sweetness, the genial
+play of fancy, and the sad touch of truth,
+with that glancing stroke of satire which,
+lightning-like, illumines while it withers.'
+He did not visit the West, nor Canada.
+He went home without seeing Niagara
+Falls. But wherever he did go, he found
+a generous social welcome, and a respectful
+and sympathetic hearing. He
+came to fulfil no mission; but it was
+felt that his visit had knit more closely
+the sympathy of the Americans with
+Englishmen. Heralded by various romantic
+memoirs, he smiled at them,
+stoutly asserted that he had been always
+able to command a good dinner, and to
+pay for it, nor did he seek to disguise
+that he hoped his American tour would
+help him to command and pay for more.
+He promised not to write a book about
+the Americans, and he kept his word.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-196.jpg" width="154" height="308" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">An old English gentleman</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>His first lecture was delivered to a crowded audience: on
+November 19 he commenced his lectures before the Mercantile
+Library Association, in the spacious
+New York church belonging to the
+congregation presided over by the
+Rev. Dr. Chapin.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-196-copy.jpg" width="155" height="190" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Another 'Spectator'</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Before many days the publishers
+told the world that the subject of
+Thackeray's talk had given rise to
+a Swift and Congreve and Addison
+furore. The booksellers were
+driving a thrifty trade in forgotten
+volumes of 'Old English Essayists;'
+the 'Spectator' found its way again
+to the parlour tables; old Sir Roger
+de Coverley was waked up from his long sleep. 'Tristram
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">175</a></span>
+Shandy' even was almost forgiven his lewdness, and the Ass
+of Melun and Poor Le Fevre were studied wistfully, and placed
+on the library table between 'Gulliver' and the 'Rake's Progress.'
+Girls were working Maria's pet lamb upon their samplers, and
+hundreds of Lilliput literary ladies were twitching the mammoth
+Gulliver's whiskers.</p>
+
+<p>The newspaper gossipers were no less busy in noting every
+personal characteristic of the author. One remarks: 'As for the
+man himself who has lectured us, he is a stout, healthful, broad-shouldered
+specimen of a man, with cropped greyish hair, and
+keenish grey eyes, peering very sharply through a pair of spectacles
+that have a very satiric focus. He seems to stand strongly
+on his own feet, as if he would not be easily blown about or upset,
+either by praise or pugilists; a man of good digestion, who takes
+the world easy, and scents all shams and humours (straightening
+them between his thumb and forefinger) as he would a pinch
+of snuff.' A London letter of the time says: 'The New York
+journalists preserve, on the whole, a delicate silence (very creditable
+to them) on the subject of Mr. Thackeray's
+nose; but they are eloquent about his
+legs; and when the last mail left a controversy
+was raging among them on this matter,
+one party maintaining that "he stands very
+firm on his legs," while the opposition asserted
+that his legs were decidedly "shaky."'</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-197.jpg" width="111" height="269" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>These, however, were light matters compared
+with the notices in other newspapers,
+which unscrupulously raked together, for the
+amusement of their readers, details which
+were mostly untrue, and where true, were of
+too private a character for public discussion.
+This led to a humorous remonstrance, forwarded
+by Thackeray to 'Fraser's Magazine,'
+where it appeared with the signature
+of 'John Small.' In this he gave a droll
+parody of his newspaper biographers' style,
+which caused some resentment on the part of the writers
+attacked. One Transatlantic defender of the New York
+press said that 'the two most personal accounts of Thackeray
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">176</a></span>
+published appeared in one of the Liverpool papers, and in
+the London "Spectator;"' adding, 'the London correspondents
+of some of the provincial papers spare nothing of fact or comment
+touching the private life of public characters. Nay, are there not
+journals expressly devoted to the contemporary biography of
+titled, wealthy, and consequential personages, which will tell you
+how, and in what company, they eat, drink, and travel; their
+itinerary from the country to London, and from the metropolis to
+the Continent; the probable marriages, alliances, &amp;c.? No
+journal can be better acquainted with these conditions of English
+society than the classical and vivacious "Fraser." Why, then,
+does John Small address that London editor from New York,
+converting some paltry and innocent-enough penny-a-liner notice
+of the author of "Vanity Fair" into an enormous national sin and
+delinquency?' Among the lectures delivered at New York, before
+he quitted the gay circles of the 'Empire City' for Boston, was
+one in behalf of a charity; and the charity lecture was stated to
+be a <i>mélange</i> of all the others, closing very appropriately with an
+animated tribute to the various literary, social, and humane
+qualities of Charles Dickens. 'Papa,' he described his daughter
+as exclaiming, with childish candour; 'papa, I like Mr. Dickens's
+book much better than yours.'</p>
+
+<p>The remonstrance of John Small in 'Fraser,' however, did not
+conclude without a warm acknowledgment of the general kindness
+he had received in America, thus feelingly expressed in his last
+lecture of the series, delivered on April 7. 'In England,' he said,
+'it was my custom, after the delivery of these lectures, to point
+such a moral as seemed to befit the country I lived in, and to protest
+against an outcry which some brother authors of mine most
+imprudently and unjustly raise, when they say that our profession
+is neglected and its professors held in light esteem. Speaking in
+this country, I would say that such a complaint could not only not
+be advanced, but could not even be understood here, where your
+men of letters take their manly share in public life; whence
+Everett goes as minister to Washington, and Irving and Bancroft
+to represent the Republic in the old country. And if to English
+authors the English public is, as I believe, kind and just in the
+main, can any of us say, will any who visit your country not
+proudly and gratefully own, with what a cordial and generous
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">177</a></span>
+greeting you receive us? I look around on this great company.
+I think of my gallant young patrons of the Mercantile Library
+Association, as whose servant I appear before you, and of the
+kind hand stretched out to welcome me by men famous in letters,
+and honoured in our own country as in their own, and I thank
+you and them for a most kindly greeting and a most generous
+hospitality. At home and amongst his own people it scarce
+becomes an English writer to speak of himself; his public estimation
+must depend on his works; his private esteem on his character
+and his life. But here, among friends newly found, I ask
+leave to say that I am thankful; and I think with a grateful heart
+of those I leave behind me at home, who will be proud of the
+welcome you hold out to me, and will benefit, please God, when
+my days of work are over, by the kindness which you show to
+their father.'</p>
+
+<p>A still more interesting paper was his Preface to Messrs.
+Appleton and Co.'s New York edition of his minor works.
+Readers will remember Thackeray's droll account, in one of
+his lectures, of his first interview with the agent of Appleton and
+Co., when holding on, sea-sick, to the bulwarks of the New York
+steam-vessel on his outward voyage. The preface referred to
+contains evidence that the appeal of the energetic representative
+of that well-known publishing house was not altogether fruitless.
+It is as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'On coming into this country I found that the projectors of
+this series of little books had preceded my arrival by publishing
+a number of early works, which have appeared under various
+pseudonyms during the last fifteen years. I was not the master to
+choose what stories of mine should appear or not; these miscellanies
+were all advertised, or in course of publication; nor have I
+had the good fortune to be able to draw a pen, or alter a blunder
+of author or printer, except in the case of the accompanying
+volumes which contain contributions to "Punch," whence I have
+been enabled to make something like a selection. In the
+"Letters of Mr. Brown," and the succeeding short essays and
+descriptive pieces, something graver and less burlesque was
+attempted than in other pieces which I here publish. My friend,
+the "Fat Contributor," accompanied Mr. Titmarsh in his "Journey
+from Cornhill to Cairo." The prize novels contain imitations of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">178</a></span>
+the writings of some contemporaries who still live and flourish in
+the novelists' calling. I myself had scarcely entered on it when
+these burlesque tales were begun, and I stopped further parody
+from a sense that this merry task of making fun of the novelists
+should be left to younger hands than my own; and in a little
+book published some four years since, in England,
+by my friends Messrs. Hannay and Shirley
+Brooks, I saw a caricature of myself and writings
+to the full as ludicrous and faithful as the prize
+novels of Mr. Punch. Nor was there, had I desired
+it, any possibility of preventing the re-appearance
+of these performances. Other publishers,
+besides the Messrs. Appleton, were ready to
+bring my hidden works to the light. Very
+many of the other books printed I have not seen since their
+appearance twelve years ago, and it was with no small feelings of
+curiosity (remembering under what sad circumstances the tale
+had been left unfinished) that I bought the incomplete "Shabby
+Genteel Story," in a railway car, on my first journey from Boston
+hither, from a rosy-cheeked, little peripatetic book merchant, who
+called out "Thackeray's Works" in such a kind, gay voice, as
+gave me a feeling of friendship and welcome.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-200.jpg" width="91" height="126" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'There is an opportunity of being either satiric or sentimental.
+The careless papers written at an early period, and never seen
+since the printer's boy carried them away, are brought back and
+laid at the father's door; and he cannot, if he would, forget or
+disown his own children.</p>
+
+<p>'Why were some of the little brats brought out of their
+obscurity? I own to a feeling of anything but pleasure in reviewing
+some of these misshapen juvenile creatures, which the publisher
+has disinterred and resuscitated. There are two performances
+especially (among the critical and biographical works of the
+erudite Mr. Yellowplush) which I am very sorry to see reproduced;
+and I ask pardon of the author of the "Caxtons" for a lampoon,
+which I know he himself has forgiven, and which I wish I could
+recall.</p>
+
+<p>'I had never seen that eminent writer but once in public
+when this satire was penned, and wonder at the recklessness of
+the young man who could fancy such personality was harmless
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">179</a></span>
+jocularity, and never calculate that it might give pain. The
+best experiences of my life have been gained since that time of
+youth and gaiety, and careless laughter. I allude to them, perhaps,
+because I would not have any kind and friendly American
+reader judge of me by the wild performances of early years. Such
+a retrospect as the sight of these old acquaintances perforce occasioned
+cannot, if it would, be gay. The old scenes return, the
+remembrance of the bygone time, the chamber in which the stories
+were written, the faces that shone round the table.</p>
+
+<p>'Some biographers in this country have been pleased to depict
+that homely apartment after a very strange and romantic fashion;
+and an author in the direst struggles of poverty, waited upon by a
+family domestic in "all the splendour of his menial decorations,"
+has been circumstantially described to the reader's amusement as
+well as to the writer's own. I may be permitted to assure the
+former that the splendour and the want were alike fanciful, and
+that the meals were not only sufficient but honestly paid for.</p>
+
+<p>'That extreme liberality with which American publishers have
+printed the works of English authors has had at least this beneficial
+result for us, that our names and writings are known by
+multitudes using our common mother tongue, who never had
+heard of us or our books but for the speculators who have sent
+them all over this continent.</p>
+
+<p>'It is of course not unnatural for the English writer to hope
+that some day he may share a portion of the profits which his
+works bring at present to the persons who vend them in this
+country; and I am bound gratefully to say myself, that since
+my arrival here I have met with several publishing houses who
+are willing to acknowledge our little claim to participate in the
+advantages arising out of our books; and the present writer
+having long since ascertained that a portion of a loaf is more
+satisfactory than no bread at all, gratefully accepts and acknowledges
+several slices which the book-purveyors in this city have
+proffered to him of their own free-will.</p>
+
+<p>'If we are not paid in full and in specie as yet, English writers
+surely ought to be thankful for the very great kindness and friendliness
+with which the American public receives them; and if in
+hope some day that measures may pass here to legalise our right
+to profit a little by the commodities which we invent and in which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">180</a></span>
+we deal, I for one can cheerfully say that the good-will towards us
+from publishers and public is undoubted, and wait for still better
+times with perfect confidence and good-humour.</p>
+
+<p>'If I have to complain of any special hardship, it is not that
+our favourite works are reproduced, and our children introduced
+to the American public&mdash;children whom we have educated with
+care, and in whom we take a little paternal pride&mdash;but that ancient
+magazines are ransacked, and shabby old articles dragged out,
+which we had gladly left in the wardrobes where they have lain
+hidden many years. There is no control, however, over a man's
+thoughts&mdash;once uttered and printed, back they may come upon us
+on any sudden day; and in this collection which Messrs. Appleton
+are publishing I find two or three such early productions of my
+own that I gladly would take back, but that they have long since
+gone out of the paternal guardianship.</p>
+
+<p>'If not printed in this series, they would have appeared from
+other presses, having not the slightest need of the author's own
+imprimatur; and I cannot sufficiently condole with a literary gentleman
+of this city, who (in his voyages of professional adventure)
+came upon an early performance of mine, which shall be nameless,
+carried the news of the discovery to a publisher of books, and
+had actually done me the favour to sell my book to that liberal
+man; when, behold, Messrs. Appleton announced the book in
+the press, and my <i>confrère</i> had to refund the prize-money which
+had been paid to him. And if he is a little chagrined at finding
+other intrepid voyagers beforehand with him in taking possession
+of my island, and the American flag already floating there, he will
+understand the feelings of the harmless but kindly-treated aboriginal,
+who makes every sign of peace, who smokes the pipe of submission,
+and meekly acquiesces in his own annexation.</p>
+
+<p>'It is said that those only who win should laugh: I think, in
+this case, my readers will not grudge the losing side its share of
+harmless good-humour. If I have contributed to theirs, or provided
+them with means of amusement, I am glad to think my
+books have found favour with the American public, as I am proud
+to own the great and cordial welcome with which they have
+received me.</p>
+
+<p class="left45">
+'<span class="smcap">W. M. Thackeray.</span></p>
+
+<p class="i2">'New York, December 1852.'</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">181</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Such words could not fail to be gratifying to the American
+people, as an evidence of Thackeray's sense of the reception he
+had received; and in spite of
+a subsequent slight misunderstanding
+founded on a mistake
+and speedily cleared up, it
+may be said that no English
+writer of fiction was ever more
+popular in the United States.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-203-copy.jpg" width="195" height="116" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A mere accident</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-203.jpg" width="190" height="279" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The publication of the
+'Adventures of Henry Esmond,'
+which appeared just as its
+author was starting for America in 1852, marked an important
+epoch in his career. It was a continuous story, and one worked
+out with closer attention to the thread of the narrative than he
+had hitherto produced&mdash;a fact due, no doubt, partly to its appearance
+in three volumes complete, instead of in detached monthly
+portions. But its most striking feature was its elaborate imitation
+of the style and even
+the manner of thought of the
+time of Queen Anne's reign,
+in which its scenes were laid.
+The preparation of his Lectures
+on the Humourists had
+no doubt suggested to him the
+idea of writing a story of this
+kind, as it afterwards suggested
+to him the design of writing a
+history of that period which he
+had long entertained, but in
+which he had, we believe, made
+no progress when he died. But
+his fondness for the Queen
+Anne writers was of older date.
+Affectionate allusions to Sir
+Richard Steele&mdash;like himself a
+Charterhouse boy&mdash;and to Addison,
+and Pope, and Swift, may be found in his earliest magazine
+articles. That the style with which the author of 'Vanity
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">182</a></span>
+Fair' and 'Pendennis' had so often delighted his readers was to
+some degree formed upon those models so little studied in his
+boyhood, cannot be doubted
+by anyone who is familiar
+with the literature
+of the 'Augustan age of
+English authorship.' The
+writers of that period were
+fond of French models, as
+the writers of Elizabeth's
+time looked to Italy for
+their literary inspiration;
+but there was no time when
+English prose was generally
+written with more purity
+and ease; for the translation
+of the Scriptures, which is
+generally referred to as an
+evidence of the perfection
+of our English speech in
+Elizabeth's time, owed its
+strength and simplicity chiefly to the rejection by the pious translators
+of the scholarly style most in vogue, in favour of the homely
+English then current among the people. If we except the pamphlet
+writers of earlier reigns, the Queen Anne writers were the
+first who systematically wrote for the people in plain Saxon
+English, not easy to imitate in these days. 'Esmond' was from
+the first most liked among literary men who can appreciate a style
+having no resemblance to the fashion of the day; but there was a
+vein of tenderness and true pathos in the story which, in spite of
+some objectionable features in the plot, and of a somewhat wearisome
+genealogical introduction, has by degrees gained for it a
+high rank among the author's works. 'Esmond' was followed by
+the 'Newcomes,' in 1855, a work which revealed a deeper pathos
+than any of his previous novels, and showed that the author could,
+when he pleased, give us pictures of moral beauty and exquisite
+tenderness. In this work he returned to the yellow numbers in the
+old monthly form.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-204.jpg" width="205" height="259" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>An incident in connection with the publication of the 'Newcomes'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">183</a></span>
+may here be mentioned. Thackeray's fondness for irony
+had frequently brought him into disgrace with people not so
+ready as himself in understanding that dangerous figure. A
+passage in one of his chapters of this story alluding to 'Mr. Washington,'
+in a parody of the style of the 'British Patriot' of the
+time of the War of Independence, was so far misunderstood in
+America that the fact was alluded to by the New York correspondent
+of the 'Times.' Upon which the
+author felt it worth his while to explain the
+real sense of the offending paragraph in a letter
+to that journal, and, in the concluding paragraph,
+he very explicitly sets forth his own
+sincere convictions in regard to the hero of
+American Independence, and his belief in the
+justice of the cause for which he conquered.<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-205.jpg" width="227" height="196" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">An embarrassing situation</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-205-copy.jpg" width="107" height="181" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">1780</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another journey to the United States,
+equally successful, and equally profitable in
+a pecuniary sense, was the chief event in his
+life in 1856. The lectures delivered were
+those admirable anecdotal and reflective discourses
+on the 'Four Georges,' made familiar
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">184</a></span>
+to readers by their publication in the 'Cornhill Magazine,'
+and since then in a separate form. The subject was not favourable
+to the display of the author's more genial qualities. But
+where in English literature could we find anything more solemn
+and affecting than his picture of the old king, the third of that
+name? When 'all light, all reason, all sound of human voices,
+all the pleasures of this world of God were taken from him'&mdash;concluding
+with the affecting appeal to his American audience&mdash;'O
+brothers! speaking the same dear mother tongue&mdash;O comrades!
+enemies no more, let us take a mournful hand together as
+we stand by this royal corpse, and call a truce to battle! Low he
+lies to whom the proudest used to kneel once, and who was cast
+lower than the poorest&mdash;dead whom millions prayed for in vain.
+Hush, Strife and Quarrels, over the solemn grave! Sound, Trumpets,
+a mournful march. Fall, Dark Curtain, upon his pageant, his
+pride, his grief, his awful tragedy!'</p>
+
+<p>These lectures were successfully repeated in England. Thackeray,
+indeed, was now recognised as one of the most attractive
+lecturers of the day. His presence, whether in lecturing
+on the 'Georges' for his own profit, or on 'Week-day Preachers,'
+or some other topic for the benefit of the families of deceased
+brother writers, such as he delivered to assist in raising monuments
+to the memories of Angus B. Reach and Douglas
+Jerrold, always attracted the most cultivated classes of the
+various cities in which he appeared; but an attempt to draw
+together a large audience of the less-educated classes by giving a
+course of lectures at the great Music Hall was less happy. In
+Edinburgh his reception was always in the highest degree successful.
+He was more extensively known and admired among the
+intellectual portion of the people of Scotland than any living
+writer, not excepting Thomas Carlyle. There was something in
+his peculiar genius that commended him to the Northern temperament.
+Thackeray delivered his essays on the 'Four Georges'
+in Scotland to larger and more intellectual audiences than have
+probably flocked to any other lecturer, and he, later on, lectured
+there for the benefit of Angus B. Reach's widow. Nearly all the
+men of Edinburgh, with any tincture of literature, had met him
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">185</a></span>
+personally, and a few knew him well. He was almost the only
+great author that the majority of the lovers of literature in it had
+seen and heard, and his form and figure and voice, with its tragic
+tones and pauses, well entitled him to take his place in any ideal
+rank of giants. He was much gratified (says James Hannay) by
+the success of the 'Four Georges' (a series which superseded an
+earlier scheme for as many discourses on 'Men of the World')
+in Scotland. 'I have had three per cent. of the whole population
+here,' he wrote from Edinburgh in November 1856. 'If I could
+but get three per cent. out of London!'</p>
+
+<p>Most of Thackeray's readers will remember that in 1857 he
+was invited by some friends to offer himself as a candidate for
+the representation in Parliament of the city of Oxford.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-207.jpg" width="378" height="151" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Champions of order</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A characteristic anecdote was told in the newspapers relating
+to the Oxford election by one who was staying with Thackeray
+at his hotel during his contest with Mr. Cardwell. Whilst
+looking out of window a crowd passed along the street, hooting
+and handling rather roughly some of his opponent's supporters.
+Thackeray started up in the greatest possible excitement, and,
+using some strong expletive, rushed down stairs, and notwithstanding
+the efforts of numerous old electioneerers to detain him,
+who happened to be of opinion that a trifling correction of the
+opposite party might be beneficial <i>pour encourager les autres</i>, he
+was not to be deterred, and was next seen towering above the
+crowd, dealing about him right and left in defence of the partisans
+of his antagonist and in defiance of his own friends.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">186</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER X.</h2>
+
+<p class="ch_summ">
+Curious Authors from Thackeray's Library, indicating the Course of his Readings&mdash;Early
+Essayists illustrated with the Humourist's Pencillings&mdash;Bishop
+Earle's 'Microcosmography; a piece of the World Characterised,' 1628&mdash;An
+'Essay in Defence of the Female Sex,' 1697&mdash;Thackeray's Interest in
+Works on the Spiritual World&mdash;'Flagellum Dæmonum, et Fustis Dæmonum.
+Auctore R. P. F. Hieronymo Mengo,' 1727&mdash;'La Magie et L'Astrologie,'
+par L. F. Alfred Maury&mdash;'Magic, Witchcraft, Animal Magnetism, Hypnotism,
+and Electro Biology,' by James Baird, 1852.
+</p>
+
+<h3>MICROCOSMOGRAPHY (1628),<br />
+
+<span class="s08">OR A PIECE OF THE WORLD DISCOVERED IN ESSAYS AND CHARACTERS.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By JOHN EARLE, D.D., Bishop of Salisbury.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Preface to the Edition of 1732.</i></p>
+
+<p>This little book had six editions between 1628 and 1633, without
+any author's name to recommend it. An eighth edition is spoken
+of in 1664. The present is reprinted from the edition of 1633,
+without altering anything but the plain errors of the press, and the
+old printing and spelling in some places.</p>
+
+<p>The language is generally easy, and proves our English
+tongue not to be so very changeable as is commonly supposed.
+The change of fashions unavoidably casts a shade upon a few
+places, yet even those contain an exact picture of the age wherein
+they were written, as the rest does of mankind in general; for
+reflections founded upon nature will be just in the main, as long
+as men are men, though the particular instances of vice and folly
+may be diversified. Perhaps these valuable essays may be as
+acceptable to the public as they were at first; both for the entertainment
+of those who are already experienced in the ways of
+mankind, and for the information of others who would know the
+world the best way, that is&mdash;without trying it.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">187</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><i>Advertisement to the Edition of 1786.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>'This entertaining little book is become rather scarce, and is
+replete with so much good sense and genuine humour, which,
+though in part adapted to the times when it first appeared, seems
+on the whole by no means inapplicable to any era of mankind.'
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Earle's 'Microcosmography' is undoubtedly a favourable
+example of the quaint epigrammatic wisdom of the early English
+writers, and few could question the appropriateness of the pencil
+which has lightly margined the settings of these terse and sterling
+essays, to the wisdom and humour of which the happiest productions
+of later essayists can but be appreciatively likened. Concerning
+the profoundly accomplished and eminently modest author,
+'a most eloquent and powerful preacher, a man of great piety and
+devotion; and of a conversation so pleasant and delightful, so very
+innocent, and so very facetious, that no man's company was more
+desired and more loved; no man was more negligent in his
+dress, habit, and mien, no man more wary and cultivated in his
+behaviour and discourse; insomuch as he had the greater advantage
+when he was known, by promising so little before,' we may
+accept the testimony of Lord Clarendon's 'Account of his own
+Life.' The observations of the great Chancellor are supplemented
+by the character which honest Isaac Walton has sketched of this
+estimable prelate in his 'Life of Hooker.'</p>
+
+<p>'... Dr. Earle, now Lord Bishop of Salisbury,<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>
+ of whom I
+may justly say (and let it not offend him, because it is such a
+truth as ought not to be concealed from posterity, or those that
+now live and yet know him not) that since Mr. Hooker died,
+none have lived whom God hath blessed with more innocent
+wisdom, more sanctified learning, or a more pious, peaceable,
+primitive temper; so that this excellent person seems to be only
+like himself, and our venerable Richard Hooker.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">188</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-210.jpg" width="306" height="369" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">A Child</span></p>
+
+<p>Is a man in a small letter, yet the best copy of Adam before he
+tasted of Eve or the apple; and he is happy whose small practice
+in the world can only write his character. He is nature's fresh
+picture newly drawn in oil, which time, and much handling, dims
+and defaces. His soul is yet a white paper unscribbled with observations
+of the world, wherewith at length it becomes a blurred notebook.
+He is purely happy because he knows no evil, nor hath
+made means by sin to be acquainted with misery. He arrives not
+at the mischief of being wise, nor endures evils to come by foreseeing
+them. He kisses and loves all, and, when the smart of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">189</a></span>
+rod is past, smiles on his beater. Nature, and his parents alike,
+dandle him, and 'tice him on with a bit of sugar to a draught of
+wormwood. He plays yet like a young 'prentice the first day, and
+is not come to his task of melancholy.</p>
+
+<p>All the language he speaks yet is tears, and they serve him well
+enough to express his necessity. His hardest labour is his tongue,
+as if he were loth to use so deceitful an organ, and he is best company
+with it when he can but prattle. We laugh at his foolish
+sports, but his game is our earnest, and his drums, rattles, and
+hobby-horses, but the emblems and mocking of man's business.
+His father hath writ him as his own little story, wherein he reads
+those days of his life that he cannot remember, and sighs to see
+what innocence he hath outlived. The older he grows, he is a star
+lower from God; and, like his first father, much worse in his
+breeches. He is the Christian's example, and the old man's
+relapse; the one imitates his pureness, and the other falls into his
+simplicity. Could he put off his body with his little coat, he had
+got eternity without a burden, and exchanged but one heaven for
+another.</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">An Upstart Knight.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-211.jpg" width="117" height="229" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>An upstart country knight is a holiday
+clown, and differs only in the stuff of
+his clothes, not the stuff of himself,
+for he bare the king's sword before
+he had arms to wield it; yet being
+once laid o'er the shoulder with a
+knighthood, he finds the herald his
+friend. His father was a man of
+good stock, though but a tanner or
+usurer; he purchased the land, and
+his son the title. He has doffed off
+the name of a country lout, but the
+look not so easy, and his face still
+bears a relish of churn milk. He is
+guarded with more gold lace than all
+the gentlemen of the country, yet his
+body makes his clothes still out of fashion. His housekeeping
+is seen much in the distinct families of dogs, and serving-men
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">190</a></span>
+attendant on their kennels, and the deepness of their throats is
+the depth of his discourse.</p>
+
+<p>A justice of peace he is to domineer in his parish, and do his
+neighbour wrong with more right. He will be drunk with his
+hunters for company, and stain his gentility with drippings of ale.
+He is fearful of being sheriff of the shire by instinct, and dreads
+the assize week as much as the prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>In sum, he's but a clod of his own earth, or his land is the
+dunghill, and he the cock that crows over it; and commonly his
+race is quickly run, and his children's children, though they 'scape
+hanging, return to the place from whence they came.</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">A Plain Country-Fellow.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-212.jpg" width="338" height="159" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>A plain country-fellow is one that manures his ground well,
+but lets himself lie fallow and untilled. He has reason enough to
+do his business, and not enough to be idle and melancholy.
+He seems to have the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar, for his
+conversation is among beasts, and his talons none of the shortest,
+only he eats not grass because he loves not salads. His hand
+guides the plough, and the plough his thoughts, and his ditch and
+landmark is the very mound of his meditations. He expostulates
+with his oxen very understandingly, and speaks gee, and ree,
+better than English. His mind is not much distracted with
+objects, but if a good fat sow come in his way, he stands dumb
+and astonished, and though his haste be never so great, will fix
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">191</a></span>
+here half an hour's contemplation. His habitation is some poor
+thatched roof, distinguished from his barn by the loop-holes that
+let out smoke, which the rain had long since washed through, but
+for the double ceiling of bacon on the inside, which has hung there
+from his grandsire's time, and is yet to make rashers for posterity.
+His dinner is his other work, for he sweats at it as much as at his
+labour; he is a terrible fastener on a piece of beef, and you may
+hope to stave the guard off sooner. His religion is part of his
+copyhold, which he takes from his landlord, and refers it wholly to
+his discretion. Yet if he give him leave he is a good Christian to
+his power&mdash;that is, comes to church in his best clothes, and sits
+there with his neighbours, where he is capable only of two prayers,
+for rain, and fair weather. He apprehends God's blessings only in
+a good year, or a fat pasture, and never praises Him but on <i>good
+ground</i>. Sunday he esteems a day to make merry in, and thinks a
+bagpipe as essential to it as evening prayer, when he walks very
+solemnly after service with his hands coupled behind him, and
+censures the dancing of his parish. His compliment with his
+neighbour is a good thump on the back, and his salutation commonly
+some blunt curse. He thinks nothing to be vices, but pride
+and ill husbandry, from which he will gravely dissuade the youth,
+and has some thrifty hob-nail proverbs to clout his discourse. He
+is a niggard all the week, except only market days, when, if his corn
+sell well, he thinks he may be drunk with a good conscience. He
+is sensible of no calamity but the burning of a stack of corn, or the
+overflowing of a meadow, and thinks Noah's flood the greatest
+plague that ever was, not because it drowned the world, but
+spoiled the grass. For death he is never troubled, and if he get
+in but his harvest before, let it come when it will, he cares not.</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">A Pot Poet.</span></p>
+
+<p>A pot poet is the dregs of wit, yet mingled with good drink
+may have some relish. His inspirations are more real than others,
+for they do but feign a god, but he has his by him. His verse runs
+like the tap, and his invention as the barrel ebbs and flows at the
+mercy of the spiggot. In thin drink he aspires not above a ballad,
+but a cup of sack inflames him, and sets his muse and nose a-fire
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">192</a></span>
+together. The press is his mint, and stamps him now and then a sixpence
+or two in reward of the baser coin, his pamphlet. His works
+would scarce sell for three halfpence, though they are given oft for
+three shillings, but for the pretty title that allures the country gentleman;
+for which the printer maintains him in ale for a fortnight.
+His verses are, like his clothes, miserable stolen scraps and
+patches, yet their pace is not altogether so hobbling as an almanac's.
+The death of a great man, or the burning of a house,
+furnish him with an argument, and the nine muses are out strait in
+mourning gowns, and Melpomene cries 'Fire! fire!' His other
+poems are but briefs in rhyme, and, like the poor Greek's collections,
+to redeem from captivity.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-214.jpg" width="248" height="164" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>His frequentest works go out in single sheets, and are chanted
+from market to market to a vile tune and a viler throat; whilst the
+poor country wench melts like her butter to hear them. And these
+are the stories of some men of Tyburn, or of a strange monster
+broken loose; or sitting in a tap-room he writes sermons on
+judgments. He drops away at last, and his life, like a can too
+full, spills upon the bench. He leaves twenty shillings on the
+score, which his hostess loses.</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">A Bowl Alley.</span></p>
+
+<p>A bowl alley is the place where there are three things thrown
+away besides bowls&mdash;to wit, time, money, and curses, and the last
+ten for one. The best sport in it is the gamesters, and he enjoys
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">193</a></span>
+it that looks on and bets not. It is the school of wrangling, and
+worse than the schools, for men will cavil here for a hair's breadth,
+and make a stir where a straw would end the controversy. No
+antic screws men's bodies into such strange flexures, and you
+would think them here senseless, to speak sense to their bowl, and
+put their trust in entreaties for a good cast. It is the best discovery
+of humours, especially in the losers, where you have fine
+variety of impatience, whilst some fret, some rail, some swear, and
+others more ridiculously comfort themselves with philosophy. To
+give you the moral of it, it is the emblem of the world, or the
+world's ambition; where most are short, or over, or wide, or wrong-biassed,
+and some few justle in to the mistress of fortune. And it
+is here as in the court, where the nearest are most spited, and all
+blows aimed at the toucher.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-215.jpg" width="398" height="143" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">A Handsome Hostess.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-215-copy.jpg" width="112" height="137" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>A handsome hostess is the fairer commendation
+of an inn, above the fair sign, or
+fair lodgings. She is the loadstone that
+attracts men of iron, gallants and roarers,
+where they cleave sometimes long, and are
+not easily got off. Her lips are your welcome,
+and your entertainment her company,
+which is put into the reckoning too,
+and is the dearest parcel in it. No citizen's
+wife is demurer than she at the first greeting, nor draws in
+her mouth with a chaster simper; but you may be more familiar
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">194</a></span>
+without distaste, and she does not startle at a loose jest. She is the
+confusion of a pottle of sack more than would have been spent
+elsewhere, and her little jugs are accepted to have her kiss excuse
+them. She may be an honest woman, but is not believed so in her
+parish, and no man is a greater infidel in it than her husband.</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">A Poor Fiddler.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-216.jpg" width="109" height="132" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>A poor fiddler is a man and a fiddle out of
+case, and he in worse case than his fiddle.
+One that rubs two sticks together (as the
+Indians strike fire), and rubs a poor
+living out of it; partly from this, and
+partly from your charity, which is more
+in the hearing than giving him, for he
+sells nothing dearer than to be gone.
+He is just so many strings above a
+beggar, though he have but two; and yet he begs too. Hunger
+is the greatest pain he takes, except a broken head sometimes.
+Otherwise his life is so many fits of mirth, and 'tis some mirth
+to see him. A good feast shall draw him five miles by the nose,
+and you shall track him again by the scent. His other pilgrimages
+are fairs and good houses, where his devotion is great to
+the Christmas; and no man loves good times better. He is in
+league with the tapsters for the worshipful of the inn, whom he
+torments next morning with his art, and has their names more
+perfect than their men. A new song is better to him than a
+new jacket, especially if it be lewd, which he calls merry;
+and hates naturally the puritan, as an enemy to this mirth. A
+country wedding and Whitsun-ale are the two main places he
+domineers in, where he goes for a musician, and overlooks the
+bagpipe. The rest of him is drunk, and in the stocks.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">195</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">A Coward.</span></p>
+
+<p>A coward is the man that is commonly most fierce against the
+coward, and labouring to take off this suspicion from himself; for
+the opinion of valour is a good protection to those that dare not
+use it. No man is valianter than he is in civil company, and
+where he thinks no danger may come of it, and is the readiest
+man to fall upon a drawer and those that must not strike again;
+wonderfully exceptious and choleric where he sees men are loth to
+give him occasion, and you cannot pacify him better than by quarrelling
+with him. The hotter you grow, the more temperate man
+is he; he protests he always honoured you, and the more you rail
+upon him, the more he honours you, and you threaten him at last
+into a very honest quiet man. The sight of a sword wounds him
+more sensibly than the stroke, for before that come, he is dead
+already. Every man is his master that dare beat him, and every
+man dares that knows him. And he who dare do this is the only
+man that can do much with him; for his friend he cares not, as
+a man that carries no such terror as his enemy, which for this
+cause only is more potent with him of the two; and men fall out
+with him on purpose to get courtesies from him, and be bribed
+again to a reconcilement. A man in whom no secret can be
+bound up, for the apprehension of each danger loosens him, and
+makes him betray both the room and it. He is a Christian merely
+for fear of hell fire; and if any religion could frighten him more,
+would be of that.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-217.jpg" width="210" height="144" alt="" />
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">196</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2">(<i>APPENDIX.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+CHARACTERS FROM THE 'FRATERNITY OF VAGABONDS.'</p>
+
+<p class="center">WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE CRAFTY COMPANY OF CUSONERS AND SHIFTERS,
+WHEREUNTO IS ADDED THE TWENTY-FIVE ORDERS OF KNAVES. 1565.</p>
+
+<p>'A <span class="smcap">Ruffler</span> goeth with a weapon to seek service, saying he hath been a
+servitor in the wars, and beggeth for relief. But his chiefest trade is to rob
+poor wayfaring men and market-women.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-218.jpg" width="114" height="174" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'An <span class="smcap">Upright Man</span> is one that goeth with the truncheon of a staff. This
+man is of so much authority, that, meeting with any of his profession, he may
+call them to account, and command a share or "snap" unto himself of all
+that they have gained by their trade in one month.</p>
+
+<p>'A <span class="smcap">Whipiake</span>, or fresh-water mariner, is a person who travels with a
+counterfeit license in the dress of a sailor.</p>
+
+<p>'An <span class="smcap">Abraham Man</span> (hence to "<i>Sham-Abraham</i>") is he that walketh
+bare-armed and bare-legged, and feigneth himself mad, and carryeth a pack of
+wool, or a stick with a bauble on it, or such-like toy, and nameth himself
+"Poor Tom."'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">197</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>AN ESSAY IN DEFENCE OF THE FEMALE SEX.</h3>
+
+<p class="center">DEDICATED TO THE PRINCESS ANNE OF DENMARK.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-219.jpg" width="207" height="243" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>As this book does not bear
+the reputation of being
+generally familiar, we give
+a slight sketch of its contents.
+The vitality of a
+work depends in so large
+a degree on the estimation
+which its subject happens
+to secure at the date
+of publication, that, as
+a rule, it may be held
+when a book is forgotten,
+or extinguished before its
+first spark of life has time
+to catch popular attention,
+the fault is its own,
+and, being buried, it is a charity to allow its last rest to remain
+undisturbed. We are inclined to believe, however, that this little
+treatise forms an exception. The 'Essay in Defence of the
+Female Sex' is written by a lady. The third edition, which
+now comes under our consideration as having formed one of the
+works in Thackeray's library (illustrated with original little sketches
+of the characters dealt with by their authors), was published in 1697,
+at the signs of the 'Black Boy' and the 'Peacock,' both in Fleet
+Street. The authoress disclaims any participation in a brace of
+verses which appear on its title:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">'<i>Since each is fond of his own ugly face,</i></p>
+<p><i>Why should you, when we hold it, break the glass?</i>'</p>
+
+<p class="i10">Prol. to 'Sir F. Flutter.'</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The second couplet appears under an engraving of the
+'Compleat Beau,' an elaborate creation adjusting his curls with a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">198</a></span>
+simper, whilst a left-handed barber bestows a finishing puff from
+his powder-box:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">'<i>This vain gay thing set up for man,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>But see what fate attends him,</i></p>
+<p><i>The powd'ring Barber first began,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>The barber-Surgeon ends him!</i>'</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The paragraphs distinguished with little drawings, which we
+have extracted, may give an impression that the 'defence' consists
+of an attack on the male, rather than a vindication of the fair sex.
+The arguments of the gentle champion are, however, temperate
+and sensible, in parts; they are stated in a lively, quaint manner,
+and the general quality of the book may be considered superior to
+the average of its class and date. The preface, which discourses of
+vanity as the mainspring of our actions, deals with the characters
+it is designed to introduce in the work as with the mimic actors of
+a puppet-show; this coincidence with a similar assumption in the
+preface to the great novel of our century, from the pen of the gifted
+author who at one time possessed this little treatise, is worthy of
+a passing remark.</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Preface.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-220.jpg" width="127" height="208" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Prefaces to most books are like prolocutors
+to puppet-shows; they come first
+to tell you what figures are to be presented,
+and what tricks they are to play.
+According, therefore, to ancient and
+laudable custom, I thought fit to let you
+know, by way of preface or advertisement
+(call it which you please), that
+here are many fine figures within to be
+seen, as well worth your curiosity as
+any in Smithfield at Bartholomew-tide.
+I will not deny, reader, but that you may
+have seen some of them there already;
+to those that have I have little more to
+say, than that if they have a mind to see
+them again in effigy, they may do it here. What is it you would
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">199</a></span>
+have? Here are St. Georges, Batemans, John Dories, Punchinelloes,
+and the "Creation of the World," or what's as good, &amp;c.
+The bookseller, poor man, is desirous to please you at firsthand,
+and therefore has put a fine picture in the front to invite you in.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><i>Character of a Pedant.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>(The Authoress alludes to scholars 'falling short' of certain qualifications.
+The expression is literally illustrated.)
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-221.jpg" width="141" height="278" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'For scholars, though by their acquaintance
+with books, and conversing much
+with old authors, they may know perfectly
+the sense of the learned dead, and be
+perfect masters of the wisdom, be thoroughly
+informed of the state, and nicely
+skilled in the policies of ages long since
+past, yet by their retired and inactive
+life, their neglect of business, and constant
+conversation with antiquity, they
+are such strangers to, and so ignorant
+of, the domestic affairs and manners of
+their own country and times, that they
+appear like the ghosts of old Romans
+raised by magic. Talk to them of the
+Assyrian or Persian monarchies, the
+Grecian or Roman commonwealths,
+they answer like oracles; they are such
+finished statesmen, that we should scarce take them to have been
+less than confidants of Semiramis, tutors to Cyrus the Great, old
+cronies of Solon and Lycurgus, or privy councillors at least to
+the twelve Cæsars successively. But engage them in a discourse
+that concerns the present times, and their native country, and
+they hardly speak the language of it, and know so little of the
+affairs of it, that as much might reasonably be expected from an
+animated Egyptian mummy.</p>
+
+<p>'They are much disturbed to see a fold or plait amiss in the
+picture of an old Roman gown, yet take no notice that their own
+are threadbare, out at the elbows, or ragged; or suffer more if
+Priscian's head be broken than if it were their own. They are excellent
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">200</a></span>
+guides, and can direct you to every alley and turning
+in old Rome, yet lose their way at
+home in their own parish. They are
+mighty admirers of the wit and eloquence
+of the ancients, and yet had
+they lived in the time of Cicero and
+Cæsar, would have treated them with
+as much supercilious pride and disrespect
+as they do now with reverence.
+They are great hunters of ancient manuscripts,
+and have in great veneration
+anything that has escaped the teeth of
+time and rats, and if age has obliterated
+the characters 'tis the more valuable
+for not being legible. But if by chance
+they can pick out one word, they rate
+it higher than the whole author in print,
+and would give more for one proverb
+of Solomon under his own hand, than for all his wisdom.'</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-222.jpg" width="131" height="242" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2"><i>Extracts from the Character of a Country Gentleman.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-222-copy.jpg" width="149" height="128" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Contrasting the picture of a pedant
+with that of a country gentleman,
+the writer states these two characters
+are presented to show 'that
+men may, and do often, baffle and
+frustrate the effects of a liberal
+education as well by industry as
+negligence. For my part I think
+the learned and unlearned blockhead pretty equal, for 'tis all
+one to me, whether a man talk nonsense or unintelligible sense.'</p>
+
+<p>After describing the relief experienced by the country squire
+on his release from the bondage of learning, the authoress continues
+her sketch:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'Thus accomplished and finished for a gentleman, he enters
+the civil list, and holds the scales of Justice with as much blindness
+as she is said to do. From henceforward his worship becomes as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">201</a></span>
+formidable to the ale-houses as he was before familiar; he sizes an
+ale-pot, and takes the dimensions of bread with great dexterity and
+sagacity. He is the terror of all the deer and poultry stealers in the
+neighbourhood, and is so implacable a persecutor of poachers that
+he keeps a register of all the guns and dogs in the hundred, and is
+the scare-beggar of the parish. Short pots, and unjustifiable dogs
+and nets, furnish him with sufficient matter of presentments to
+carry him once a quarter to the sessions, where he says little, eats
+and drinks much, and after dinner, hunts over the last chase, and
+so rides, worshipfully drunk, home again.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><i>Extracts from the Character of a Scowler.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-223.jpg" width="215" height="95" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'These are your men of
+nice honour, that love
+fighting for the sake of
+blows, and are never
+well but when they are
+wounded; they are severe
+interpreters of looks, are
+affronted at every face that don't please them, and like true cocks
+of the game, have a quarrel with all mankind at first sight. They
+are passionate admirers of scarred faces, and dote on a wooden
+leg. They receive a challenge like a "billet-doux," and a home-thrust
+as a favour. Their common adversary is the constable,
+and their usual lodging "the counter." Broken heads are a
+diversion, and an arm in a scarf is a high satisfaction. They are
+frugal in their expenses with the tailor, for they have their
+doublets pinked on their backs; but they are as good as an
+annuity to the surgeon, though they need him not to let them
+blood.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><i>Extracts from the Character of a Beau.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-224.jpg" width="134" height="142" alt="" />
+</div>
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-224-copy.jpg" width="151" height="129" alt="" />
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-224-copy-2.jpg" width="143" height="133" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'A beau is one that has more learning in his heels than his
+head, which is better covered than filled. His tailor and his barber
+are his cabinet council, to whom he is more beholden for what he
+is than to his Maker. He is one that has travelled to see fashions,
+and brought over with him the newest cut suits and the prettiest
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">202</a></span>
+fancied ribands for sword-knots. He should be a philosopher,
+for he studies nothing but himself, yet every one knows him better
+that thinks him not worth knowing.
+His looks and gestures are his constant
+lesson, and his glass is the oracle that
+resolves all his mighty doubts and
+scruples. He examines and refreshes
+his complexion by it, and is more dejected
+at a pimple than if it were a
+cancer. When his eyes are set to a
+languishing air, his motions all prepared
+according to art, his wig and his coat
+abundantly powdered, his gloves essenced, and his handkerchief
+perfumed, and all the rest of his bravery adjusted rightly, the
+greatest part of the day, as well as
+the business of it at home, is over;
+'tis time to launch, and down he
+comes, scented like a perfumer's
+shop, and looks like a vessel with all
+her rigging under sail without ballast.' ...
+'He first visits the chocolate-house,
+where he admires himself in
+the glass, and starts a learned argument
+on the newest fashions. From
+hence he adjourns to the play-house, where he is to be met again
+in the side box, from whence he makes his court to all the ladies
+in general with his eyes, and is particular
+only with the orange wench.
+After a while he engages some neighbouring
+vizor, and altogether they run
+over all the boxes, take to pieces every
+face, examine every feature, pass their
+censure upon every one, and so on to
+their dress; but, in conclusion, sees
+nobody complete, but himself, in the
+whole house. After this he looks down
+with contempt upon the pit, and rallies all the slovenly fellows and
+awkward "beaux," as he calls them, of the other end of the town;
+is mightily offended at their ill-scented snuff, and, in spite of all his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">203</a></span>
+"pulvilio" and essences, is overcome with the stink of their Cordovant
+gloves. To close all, Madam in the mask must give him
+an account of the scandal of the town, which she does in the
+history of abundance of intrigues, real or feigned, at all of which
+he laughs aloud and often, not to show his
+satisfaction, but his teeth. His next stage
+is Locket's, where his vanity, not his stomach,
+is to be gratified with something that is little
+and dear. Quails and ortolans are the
+meanest of his diet, and a spoonful of green
+peas at Christmas is worth more to him than
+the inheritance of the field where they grow
+in summer. His amours are all profound
+secrets, yet he makes a confidence of them
+to every man he meets with. Thus the show
+goes forward, until he is beaten for trespasses
+he was never guilty of, and shall be damned
+for sins he never committed. At last, with
+his credit as low as his fortune, he retires
+sullenly to his cloister, the King's Bench or
+the Fleet, and passes the rest of his days in
+privacy and contemplation. Here, if you
+please, we will give him one visit more, and
+see the last act of the farce; and you shall
+find him (whose sobriety was before a vice, as being only the
+pander to his other pleasures, and who feared a lighted pipe as
+much as if it had been a great gun levelled at him) with his
+nose flaming, and his breath stinking of spirits worse than a Dutch
+tarpaulin's, and smoking out of a short pipe, that for some months
+has been kept hot as constantly as a glass-house, and so I leave
+him to his meditation.'</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-225.jpg" width="101" height="274" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2"><i>Extracts from the Character of a 'Poetaster.'</i></p>
+
+<p>After commencing his education in a shop or counting-house,
+the poetaster sets up as a manufacturer of verse.</p>
+
+<p>'He talks much of Jack Dryden, and Will Wycherley, and the
+rest of that set, and protests he can't help having some respect for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">204</a></span>
+them, because they have so much for him and his writings; otherwise
+he could prove them to be mere sots and blockheads that
+understand little of poetry in comparison with
+himself. He is the oracle of those who want
+wit, and the plague of those that have it, for he
+haunts their lodgings, and is more terrible to
+them than their duns. His pocket is an inexhaustible
+magazine of rhyme and nonsense, and
+his tongue, like a repeating clock with chimes,
+is ready upon every touch to sound them. Men
+avoid him for the same reason they avoid the
+pillory, the security of their ears, of which he is
+as merciless a prosecutor. He is the bane to society,
+a friend to the stationers, the plague of the press, and the
+ruin of his bookseller. He is more profitable to the grocers and
+tobacconists than the paper manufacturer; for his works, which
+talk so much of fire and flame, commonly expire in their shops in
+vapour and smoke.'</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-226.jpg" width="83" height="141" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2"><i>Extracts from the Character of a Virtuoso.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-226-copy.jpg" width="90" height="143" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'The virtuoso is one who has sold his estate in
+land to purchase one in scallop, couch, and
+cockle shells, and has abandoned the society
+of men for that of insects, worms, grubs,
+lizards, tortoises, beetles, and moths. His
+study is like Noah's ark, the general rendezvous
+of all creatures in the universe, and the
+greatest part of his movables are the remainders
+of the deluge. His travels are not designed
+as visits to the inhabitants of any place,
+but to the pits, shores, and hills; and from whence he fetches
+not the treasure but the trumpery. He is ravished at finding an
+uncommon shell or an odd-shaped stone, and is desperately enamoured
+at first sight of an unusual marked butterfly, which he
+will hunt a whole day to be master of. He traffics to all places,
+and has his correspondents in every part of the world. He preserves
+carefully those creatures which other men industriously destroy,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">205</a></span>
+and cultivates sedulously those plants which others root up
+as weeds. His cash consists much in old coins, and he thinks
+the face of Alexander on one of them worth more than all his
+conquests.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><i>Character of a City Militiaman.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-227.jpg" width="134" height="131" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>After describing the contests in Flanders
+being re-fought by the newsmongers in
+the coffee-houses, the sketch proceeds:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'Our greatest actions must be buffooned
+in show as well as talk. Shall
+Namur be taken and our heroes of the
+city not show their prowess upon so
+great an occasion? It must never be
+said that the coffee-houses dared more
+than Moorfields. No; for the honour of London, out comes the
+foreman of the shop, very formidable in buff and bandoleers, and
+away he marches, with feather in cap, to the general rendezvous
+in the Artillery Ground. There these terrible mimics of Mars
+are to spend their fury in noise and smoke upon a Namur erected
+for that purpose on a molehill, and by the help of guns and drums
+out-stink and out-rattle Smithfield in all its bravery, and would
+be too hard for the greatest man in all France, if they had him
+but amongst them. Yet this is but skirmishing, the hot service
+is in another place, when they engage the capons and quart pots;
+never was onset more vigorous, for they come to handy blows
+immediately, and now is the real cutting and slashing, and tilting
+without quarter: were the towns in Flanders all walled with beef,
+and the French as good meat as capons, and dressed the same way,
+the king need never beat his drums for soldiers; and all these
+gallant fellows would come in voluntarily, the meanest of which
+would be able to eat a marshal.'</p>
+
+<p>These descriptions of character are concluded by contrasts
+drawn between the virtues and vices of the respective sexes, and
+the authoress remarks that if the masses are to be measured by
+the instances of either Tullia, Claudia, or Messalina, by Sardanapalus,
+Nero, or Caligula, the human race will certainly be found
+the vilest part of the creation.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">206</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The essayist records that she has gained one experience by
+her treatise:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'I find when our hands are in 'tis as hard to stop them as our
+tongues, and as difficult not to write as not to talk too much. I
+have done wondering at those men that can write huge volumes
+upon slender subjects, and shall hereafter admire their judgment
+only who can confine their imaginations, and curb their wandering
+fancies.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-228.jpg" width="318" height="231" alt="" />
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">207</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>WORKS ON DEMONOLOGY AND MAGIC.</h3>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-229.jpg" width="202" height="291" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Among the books which
+formed part of Thackeray's
+library are one or two treating
+on the subject of the
+'Black Arts.' The most curious
+and valuable example,
+H. Mengo's 'Flagellum Dæmonum,'
+appears to have
+been purchased in Paris; in
+addition to the book-stamp
+usually employed by the author
+of 'Vanity Fair,' there
+is an autograph, and the remark,
+'a very rare and curious
+volume,' in his own
+hand-writing. As the work
+is seldom met with, we give
+the title-pages of the two
+volumes entire, for the benefit of those readers who may have a
+taste for 'Diablerie':&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+FLAGELLUM DÆMONUM.</p>
+
+<p class="center">EXORCISMOS, TERRIBILES, POTENTISSIMOS, ET EFFICACES.</p>
+
+<p class="center">REMEDIAQUE PROBATISSIMA, AC DOCTRINAM SINGULAREM IN MALIGNOS<br />
+SPIRITUS EXPELLENDOS, FACTURASQUE, ET MALESICIA FUGANDA<br />
+DE OBSESSIS CORPORIBUS COMPLECTENS, CUM SUIS BENEDICTIONIBUS,<br />
+ET OMNIBUS REQUISITIS AD<br />
+EORUM EXPULSIONEM.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Accessit postremo Pars Secunda, quæ Fustis Dæmonum inscribitur.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">QUIBUS NOVI EXORCISMI, ET ALIA NONNULLA, QUÆ PRIUS<br />
+DESIDERABANTUR, SUPER ADDITA FUERUNT</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Auctore R. P. F. Hieronymo Mengo</span>,<br />
+VITELLIANENSI, ORDINIS MINORUM REGULARIS OBSERVANTIÆ.<br />
+ANNO 1727.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">208</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The fly-leaf is illustrated with the following animated design in
+pencil, possibly drawn from a vivid recollection existing in the
+artist's mind of a similar subject, by the magic etching-needle of
+that fantastic creator of demons and imaginative devices, Jacques
+Callot; found in the 'Capricci,' dedicated to Lorenzo Medici.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-230.jpg" width="372" height="371" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>We are unable, in the limits of the present volume, to offer
+more than a brief summary of the contents of this singular work.
+The first volume (309 pages) contains three indexes, a 'dedicatoria'
+to 'D.D. Lotharia a Metternich,' and a list of authors who
+have been consulted in the composition of the book.</p>
+
+<p>We are inclined to believe that this list of authorities, on a subject
+which presents a large field for exploration, will be of value to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">209</a></span>
+investigators, and not altogether without interest to the general
+reader. Their names are arranged alphabetically:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-231.jpg" width="184" height="157" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Alexander Papa Sanctus. Alexander de Ales Doctor. Alphonsus
+Castrensis. Ambrosius Doctor S. Athanasius Doctor S.
+August. de Ancona. Bartholomæus
+Sybilla. Beda Venerabilis.
+Bernardus Abbas S. Bernardinus
+de Bustis. Boetius Severinus.
+Bonaventura Doctor S. Concilia
+diversa. Dionysius Cartusianus.
+Fulgentius Doctor S. Glossa ordinaria.
+Gregorius Papa Doctor
+Sanctus. Haymo Episcopus.
+Henricus Arphius. Hieronymus
+Doctor S. Hilarius Doctor S.
+Hugo de Sancto Victore. Joachim
+Abbas. Johannes Crysostomus S. Joannes Cassianus Abb.
+Joann. Damascenus S. Johannes Gerson Doctor. Joannes
+Scotus Doctor. Josephus de Bello Judaico. Isidorus Doctor S.
+Leo Papa Doctor S. Ludovicus Blosius. Magister Sententiarum.
+Magister Historiarum. Malleus Malesicarum. Michael Psellus.
+Nicolaus de Lira Doct. Paulus Ghirlandus. Petrus Galatinus.
+Richardus Mediavilla Doctor. Rupertus Abbas. Silvester Prierius.
+Thomas Aquinas Doctor Sanctus.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-231-copy.jpg" width="321" height="197" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Forty-five pages are devoted to 'Doctrina pulcherrima in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">210</a></span>
+malignos Spiritus.' One hundred and seventy-two pages are occupied
+with 'Exorcismus I. ad VII.' An 'Exorcismus' consists of
+various 'Oratio,' 'Adjuratio,' and 'Conjuratio;' the latter, in
+Exor. VI., graduating through the 'Conjuratio æris&mdash;terræ&mdash;aquæ&mdash;ignis&mdash;omnium
+elementalium&mdash;Inferni&mdash;&amp;c.' Vol. I. concludes
+with 'Remedia Efficacissima in
+malignos spiritus,' and offers, besides
+Psalms proper for the purpose, regular
+physicians' prescriptions&mdash;drugs and
+their proportions&mdash;under the head of
+'Medicina pro Maleficiatis.'</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-232.jpg" width="117" height="157" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The artist's pencil has made a humorous
+marginal sketch in 'Exorcismus V.,'
+opposite this 'Conjuratio.' 'Conjuro te
+✠ dæmon per illum, cujus Nativitatem
+Angelus Mariæ Virgini annunciavit, quique
+pro nobis peccatoribus descendit de c&oelig;lis, &amp;c.'</p>
+
+<p>The title-page of Vol. II. we also give in full:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+FUSTIS DÆMONUM.</p>
+
+<p class="center">ADJURATIONES FORMIDABILES POTENTISSIMAS, ET EFFICACES.<br />
+IN MALIGNOS SPIRITUS FUGANDOS DE OPPRESSIS<br />
+CORPORIBUS HUMANIS.</p>
+
+<p class="center">EX SACRÆ APOCALYPSIS FONTE VARIISQUE SANCTORUM PATRUM<br />
+AUCTORITATIBUS HAUSTAS COMPLECTENS.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Auctore R. P. F. Hieronymo Mengo</span>,<br />
+VITELLIANENSI, ORDINIS MINORUM REGULARIS OBSERVANTIÆ.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Opus sanè ad maximam Exorcistarum commoditatem nunc in<br />
+lucem editum.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">211</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>'LA MAGIE ET L'ASTROLOGIE,'</h3>
+
+<p class="center">Par <span class="smcap">L. F. Alfred Maury</span>.</p>
+
+<p>'La Magie et l'Astrologie
+dans l'Antiquité et au
+Moyen Age; ou, Étude sur
+les Superstitions Païennes
+qui se sont perpétuées
+jusqu'à nos jours.' This
+work, in two parts, by
+the author of 'Les Premiers
+Ages de la Nature'
+and 'Une Histoire des
+Religions,' gives evidence
+of wide-spread research.
+To the curious in 'dark'
+literature, A. Maury's
+compilation must form a vastly concise and interesting introduction
+to a subject which once absorbed a large proportion of the
+erudition and 'fond' wisdom of our ancestors. From its high
+seat amidst kings and profound sages, cabalistic art has, in this
+practical age, sunk so low that its exclusive privilege may be
+considered the delectation and delusion of the most forlorn
+ignorance.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-233.jpg" width="215" height="209" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>It is, indeed, a source of congratulation that magic and astrology
+in our day rarely rise above the basement (for their modern patrons
+inhabit the kitchen), unless they are admitted in the palpable
+form of 'parlour necromancy,' degenerating into mere manual
+dexterity and common-place conjuring tricks.</p>
+
+<p>A. Maury's work traces the progress of magic from its source
+among uncivilised nations, and in the earliest ages, through the
+history of the Chaldeans, the Persians, the Egyptians, the Greeks,
+and the Romans. He exhibits the struggle of Christianity with
+magic, until the greater power overcame vain superstitions. He
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">212</a></span>
+then follows its evil track through the middle ages, and illustrates
+in the observances of astrology, an imitation of Pagan rites.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-234.jpg" width="251" height="386" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>In the Second Part the author reviews the subject of superstitions
+attaching to dreams, and defines their employment as a
+means of divination, from the earliest records down to a recent
+period. He then describes the demoniac origin, once attributed
+to mental and nervous derangements, and elucidates the
+assistance contributed by the imagination to the deceptions of
+so-called magic. He concludes by considering the production
+of mental phenomena by the use of narcotics, the destruction
+of reason and of the intellectual faculties, and closes his summary
+by treating of hypnotism and somnambulism.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">213</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the chapter describing the influence of magic on the
+teachings of the Neoplatonic school of philosophy, we find the
+arguments advanced in the paragraphs we extract,
+wittily and practically embodied in a little
+sketch of an antique divinity, introduced with
+modern attributes.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-235.jpg" width="62" height="168" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'... The new school of Plato imagined a
+complete hierarchy of demons, with which they
+combined a portion of the divinities of the ancient
+Greek religion, reconstructed in a newer
+and more philosophical spirit.</p>
+
+<p>'In the doctrines expounded by the author
+of the "Mystères des Egyptiens," who had borrowed
+most of his ideas from the Egyptian theology,
+demons are represented as veritable divinities, who divide
+the government of the world with the deities.</p>
+
+<p>'The inconsistent chronological confusion which prevailed at
+that period frequently offers similar contradictions; for the doctrines
+of antiquity, while taking their position in the new philosophy,
+had not been submitted to the modifications necessary to
+bring them into harmony with the later system.</p>
+
+<p>'... The severity directed by Church and State against
+magicians and sorcerers was not solely inspired by the terrors of
+demons or a dread of witchcraft.</p>
+
+<p>'... Although there existed in the rites of magic many
+foolish ceremonials that were harmless and inoffensive, the perpetuation
+of the observances of the ancient Polytheism were,
+however, employed as a veil, beneath which existed practices that
+were absolutely criminal, stamped with the most atrocious and
+sanguinary superstitions. The preparation of poisons played a
+considerable part in these observances, and witchcraft was not
+entirely confined to mere influences on the mind. Those who
+connected themselves with sorcery most frequently employed it
+with a view of gratifying either personal vengeance or culpable
+covetousness.'</p>
+
+<p>In the chapter on '<i>Possession Démoniaque</i>,' devoted to the
+demoniacal origin attributed to nervous and mental afflictions, we
+find a quaint pencil-heading which precedes the extracts we have
+made, to explain the matter it illustrates.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">214</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-236.jpg" width="326" height="399" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'... The ancients no more succeeded in mastering the
+natural character and physical origin of disease than they were
+able to recognise the constancy of the phenomena of the universe.</p>
+
+<p>'All descriptions of sickness, especially epidemics and mental
+or nervous affections, were particularly reputed of supernatural
+agency; the first on account of their unexpected approaches, and
+their contagious and deadly effects; the second on the grounds of
+their mysterious origin, and the profound affections they bring
+either to the mind, the muscular system, or the sensations.</p>
+
+<p>'When an epidemic broke out they immediately concluded
+that a divinity was abroad, sent forth to execute vengeance or to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">215</a></span>
+inflict just corrections. They then employed their faculties in
+searching for a motive that might have provoked his anger, and
+they strove to appease his wrath by sacrifices;
+or they sought to avert the effects
+of evil by ceremonies, by purifications,
+and exorcisms.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-237-copy.jpg" width="405" height="333" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Their legends record that the deities
+of evil have been seen riding through the
+air, scattering death and desolation far
+and wide.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-237.jpg" width="217" height="126" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'... A passage in Minutius Felix
+(Octav. c. 29, which confirms Saint Cyprien
+ad Demetrian. p. 501, et Lactance, Inst.
+Div. Il. xv.; cf. Kopp, "Palæographia Critica," t. iii. p. 75) informs
+us that in order to constrain the demon to declare, through
+the mouth of the person
+supposed to be thus possessed,
+that he was driven
+out, recourse was had to
+blows, and to the employment
+of barbarous methods.
+This will at once explain
+the apparent successes of
+certain exorcists, and the
+ready compliance with which the devils responded to their conjurations.
+The signs by which the departure of the evil spirit
+were recognised were naturally very varied. Pious legends make
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">216</a></span>
+frequent mention of demons that have been expelled, and have
+been seen to proceed, with terrible cries, from the mouths of those
+so possessed.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-238.jpg" width="132" height="242" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The two priestly figures, which are found at the commencement
+of this short <i>résumé</i> of Alfred Maury's work, might be readily
+assumed to embody the characteristics of magic and astrology.
+They are drawn on a fly-leaf in the original, and on the corresponding
+leaf at the end is pencilled the richly quaint conception,
+which appropriately concludes the summary of contents.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">217</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>MAGIC, WITCHCRAFT, ANIMAL MAGNETISM,
+HYPNOTISM, AND ELECTRO BIOLOGY.</h3>
+
+<p class="center">By <span class="smcap">James Braid</span>. 1852.</p>
+<hr class="l15" />
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">Amicus Plato, amicus Socrates, sed magis amica Veritas.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="l15" />
+<p>Mr. Braid has selected a
+neat motto for his treatise,
+for the matter contained
+in it will hardly warrant
+the assumption of a more
+ambitious title.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-239.jpg" width="223" height="325" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Mr. Braid, of Burlington
+House, Manchester,
+a doctor by profession, is
+a believer in and exponent
+of hypnotism. A
+great portion of his little
+work reviews the criticisms
+on earlier editions,
+or deals with statements
+regarding Colquhoun's
+'History of Magic.' Its
+author, while rejecting the
+doctrines known as animal
+mesmerism and magnetism,
+admits the effects
+they are declared to produce; but he refers such results to hypnotism&mdash;a
+state of induced sleep&mdash;into which a patient may be
+thrown by artificial contrivance.</p>
+
+<p>It is possible that the contents of this book would not prove
+of much general interest excepting to amateurs of 'animal magnetism;'
+but we give one extract, which may prove of service to
+those who do not happen to be already informed of the theory it
+advances, which is one that every reader can practically test:&mdash;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">218</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'In my work on hypnotism,' observes Mr. Braid, 'published
+in 1843, I explained how "tired nature's sweet restorer, balmy
+sleep," might be procured, in
+many instances, through a most
+simple device, by the patient
+himself. All that is required
+for this purpose is simply to
+place himself in a comfortable
+posture in bed, and then to
+close the eyelids, and turn up
+the eyeballs gently, as if looking
+at a distant object, such
+as an imaginary star, situated
+somewhat above and behind the forehead, giving the whole concentrated
+attention of the mind to the idea of maintaining a
+steady view of the star, and breathing softly, as if in profound
+attention, the mind at the same time yielding to the idea that
+sleep will ensue, and to the tendency to somnolence which will
+creep upon him whilst engaged in this act of fixed attention. Mr.
+Walker's method of "procuring sleep at will," by desiring the
+patient to maintain a fixed act of attention by imagining himself
+watching his breath issuing slowly from his nostrils, after having
+placed his body in a comfortable position in bed, which was first
+published by Dr. Binns, is essentially the same as my own
+method, &amp;c.'</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-240.jpg" width="198" height="156" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Professor Gregory, in his 'Letters to a Candid Inquirer,' after
+describing the induction of sleep effected by reading a class of
+books of a dry character, remarks: 'But let these persons
+(sufferers from a difficulty in getting off to sleep) try the experiment
+of placing a small bright object, seen by the reflection of a
+safe and distant light, in such a position that the eyes are strained
+a little upwards or backwards, and at such a distance as to give a
+tendency to squinting, and they will probably never again have
+recourse to the venerable authors above alluded to. Sir David
+Brewster, who, with more than youthful ardour, never fails to
+investigate any curious fact connected with the eye, has not only
+seen Mr. Braid operate, but has also himself often adopted this
+method of inducing sleep, and compares it to the feeling we have
+when, after severe and long-continued bodily exertion, we sit or
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">219</a></span>
+lie down and fall asleep, being overcome, in a most agreeable
+manner, by the solicitations of Morpheus, to which, at such times,
+we have a positive pleasure in yielding, however inappropriate the
+scene of our slumbers.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-241.jpg" width="240" height="162" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-241-copy.jpg" width="292" height="155" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Among the contents are numerous instances of magnetism,
+and anecdotes of experiments, which have been amusingly 'hit
+off' in little marginal sketches. One of the best of these is an
+illustration of the contagious dancing mania said to be excited by
+the bite of the tarantula spider&mdash;'against the effect of which
+neither youth nor age afforded any protection, so that old men of
+ninety threw away their crutches,' and the very sight of those so
+affected was equally potent. These sketches are, however, so
+small that we think it advisable to exclude them from our selection.
+The pantomimic mesmerism produced by the harlequin's
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">220</a></span>
+magic wand, and practically seconded by the sly slaps of the
+clown, are happily given on the fly-leaf of the treatise; and a
+vastly original and startling result of animal magnetism records on
+the last page the droller impressions of the artist-reader on the
+subject, through the medium of his pencil.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-242.jpg" width="254" height="175" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Carried away under the influence of spirits</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">221</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XI.<br />
+<span class="s08">ENGLISH ESSAYISTS OF THE GEORGIAN ERA.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="ch_summ">
+Early Essayists whose Writings have furnished Thackeray with the Accessories
+of Portions of his Novels and Lectures&mdash;Works from the Novelist's
+Library, elucidating his Course of Reading for the Preparation of his 'Lectures'&mdash;'Henry
+Esmond,' 'The Virginians,' &amp;c.&mdash;Characteristic Passages
+from the Lucubrations of the Essayists of the Augustan Era illustrated with
+original marginal Sketches, suggested by the Text, by Thackeray's Hand&mdash;The
+'Tatler'&mdash;Its History and Influence&mdash;Reforms introduced by the purer
+Style of the Essayists&mdash;The Literature of Queen Anne's Reign&mdash;Thackeray's
+Love for the Writings of that Period&mdash;His Gift of reproducing their masterly
+and simple Style of Composition; their Irony, and playful Humour&mdash;Extracts
+from notable Essays; illustrated with original Pencillings from the
+Series of the 'Tatler,' 1709.
+</p>
+
+<p>The commencement of the eighteenth century
+has been christened the Augustan Era
+of English literature, from the brilliant assembly
+of writers, pre-eminent for their
+wit, genius, and cultivation, who then enriched
+our literature with a perfectly original
+school of humour.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-243.jpg" width="136" height="184" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The essayists, to whose accomplished
+parts we are indebted for the 'Tatlers,'
+'Spectators,' 'Guardians,' 'Humorists,'
+'Worlds,' 'Connoisseurs,' 'Mirrors,'
+'Adventurers,' 'Observers,' 'Loungers,'
+'Lookers-on,' 'Ramblers,' and kindred papers, which picture the
+many-coloured scenes of our society and literature, have conferred
+a lasting benefit upon posterity by the sterling merit of their writings.
+It has been justly said that these essays, by their intrinsic worth,
+have outlived many revolutions of taste, and have attained unrivalled
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">222</a></span>
+popularity and classic fame, while multitudes of their contemporaries,
+successors, and imitators have perished with the accidents
+or caprices of fashion.</p>
+
+<p>The general purpose of the essayists as laid down by Steele, who
+may be considered foremost among the originators of the familiar
+school of writing, 'was to expose the false arts of life, to pull off the
+disguises of cunning, vanity, and affectation, and to recommend a
+general simplicity in our dress, our discourse, and our behaviour.'
+Bickerstaff's lucubrations were directed to good-humoured exposures
+of those freaks and vagaries of life, 'too trivial for the
+chastisement of the law and too fantastical for the cognisance of the
+pulpit,' of those failings, according to Addison's summary of their
+purpose in the 'Spectator' (No. 34), thus harmonised by Pope:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Safe from the bar, the pulpit, and the throne,</p>
+<p>Yet touched and shamed by Ridicule alone.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The graceful philosophers, polished wits and playful satirists exerted
+their abilities to supply 'those temporary demands and casual exigencies,
+overlooked by graver writers and more bulky theorists,' to
+bring, in the language of Addison, 'philosophy out of closets and
+libraries, schools and colleges, to dwell in clubs and assemblies, at
+tea-tables and in coffee-houses.'</p>
+
+<p>'The method of conveying cheap and easy knowledge began
+among us in the civil wars, when it was much the interest of either
+party to raise and fix the prejudices of the people.' It was in this
+spirit that the oft-mentioned Mercuries, 'Mercurius Aulicus,'
+'Mercurius Rusticus,' and 'Mercurius Civicus' first appeared.</p>
+
+<p>A hint of the original plan of the 'Tatler' may in some degree
+be traced to Defoe's 'Review; consisting of a Scandal Club, on
+Questions of Theology, Morals, Politics, Trade, Language, Poetry,
+&amp;c.,' published about the year 1703.</p>
+
+<p>'The "Tatler,"' writes Dr. Chalmers, 'like many other ancient
+superstructures, rose from small beginnings. It does not appear
+that the author (Steele) foresaw to what perfection this method of
+writing could be brought. By dividing each paper into compartments,
+he appears to have consulted the ease with which an
+author may say a little upon many subjects, who has neither
+leisure nor inclination to enter deeply on a single topic. This,
+however, did not proceed either from distrust in his abilities, or in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">223</a></span>
+the favour of the public; for he at once addressed them with confidence
+and familiarity; but it is probable that he did not foresee
+to what perfection the continued practice of writing will frequently
+lead a man whose natural endowments are wit and eloquence,
+superadded to a knowledge of the world, and a habit of observation.'</p>
+
+<p>The first number of the 'Tatler' bore the motto,</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Quicquid agunt homines&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i5">nostri est farrago libelli.&mdash;Juv. Sat. I. 85, 86.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Whate'er men do, or say, or think, or dream,</p>
+<p>Our motley paper seizes for its theme.</p>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<p>The original sheet appeared on Tuesday, April 12, 1709,<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>
+ and
+the days of its publication were fixed to be Tuesdays, Thursdays,
+and Saturdays. 'In the selection of a name for the work, Steele
+affords an early instance of delicate raillery, by informing us that
+the name "Tatler" was invented in <i>honour</i> of the fair sex; and
+that in such a character he might indulge with impunity the
+desultory plan he first laid down, with a becoming imitation of the
+tattle and gossip of the day.' The first four numbers were given
+gratis, the price was then fixed at a penny, which was afterwards
+doubled.</p>
+
+<p>Steele, whose humour was most happily adapted to his task,
+assumed as censor of manners the alias of Isaac Bickerstaff.
+'Throughout the whole work,' writes Beattie, 'the conjuror, the
+politician, the man of humour, the critic; the seriousness of the
+moralist, and the mock dignity of the astrologer; the vivacities
+and infirmities peculiar to old age, are all so blended and contrasted
+in the censor of Great Britain as to form a character equally complex
+and natural, equally laughable and respectable,' and as the
+editor declares, in his proper person, 'the attacks upon prevailing
+and fashionable vices had been carried forward by Mr. Bickerstaff
+with a freedom of spirit that would have lost its attraction and
+efficacy, had it been pretended to by <i>Mr. Steele</i>.'</p>
+
+<p>A scarce pamphlet, attributed to Gay, draws attention to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">224</a></span>
+high moral and philosophic purpose which was entertained originally.
+'There was this difference between Steele and all the rest
+of the polite and gallant authors of the time: the latter endeavoured
+to please the age by falling in with them, and encouraging them in
+their fashionable vices and false notions of things. It would have
+been a jest some time since for a man to have asserted that anything
+witty could have been said in praise of a married state; or
+that devotion and virtue were any way necessary to the character
+of a fine gentleman. Bickerstaff ventured to tell the town that
+they were a parcel of fops, fools, and vain coquettes; but in such
+a manner as even pleased them, and made them more than half
+inclined to believe that he spoke truth.'</p>
+
+<p>The humorists of the Augustan era were, as the world knows,
+peculiar objects of regard to the great writer of 'Roundabout
+Essays' in the age of Queen Victoria. Novels, lectures, and
+reviews alike prove the industry and affection with which Thackeray
+conducted his researches amidst the veins of singular richness and
+congenial material opened to him by the lives and writings of
+these famous essayists, in such profusion that selection became a
+point of real art.</p>
+
+<p>It is not difficult to trace the results of Thackeray's reading
+among his favourite writers, or to watch its influence on his own
+compositions. Nor did his regard for these sources of inspiration
+pass the bounds of reasonable admiration; he argues convincingly
+of the authentic importance of his chosen authorities.</p>
+
+<p>From his minute and intelligent studies of the works of these
+genial humorists Thackeray acquired a remarkable facility of
+thinking, spontaneously acknowledged by all his contemporaries,
+with the felicitous aptitude of the originals, and learned to express
+his conceptions in language simple, lucid, and sparkling as the
+outpourings from those pure fonts for which his eagerness may be
+said to have been unquenched to the end of his career.</p>
+
+<p>That artist-like local colouring which gives such scholarly value
+to 'Henry Esmond,' to the 'Virginians,' to the 'Humorists of
+the Eighteenth Century,' and which was no less manifest in the
+work which engaged his thoughts when Death lightly touched the
+novelist's hand, furnishes the evidence of Thackeray's familiarity
+with, and command of, the quaintest, wittiest, wisest, and pleasantest
+writings in our language.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">225</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It will be felt by readers who realise Thackeray in his familiar
+association with the kindred early humorists, that the merry
+passages his pencil has italicised by droll marginal sketches are,
+with all their suggestive slightness, in no degree unworthy of the
+conceits to which they give a new interest; while in some cases,
+with playful whimsicality, they present a reading entirely novel.
+The fidelity of costume and appointments, even in this miniature
+state, confirms the diligence and thought with which the author of
+'Henry Esmond' pursued every detail which illustrated his
+cherished period, and which might serve as a basis for its consistent
+reconstruction, to carry his reader far back up the stream of time.</p>
+
+<p>The necessity of compressing within the limits of this volume
+our selections from the comparatively exhaustless field of the
+humorous essayists, necessarily renders the paragraphs elucidated
+by Thackeray's quaint etchings somewhat fragmentary and abrupt,
+while the miscellaneous nature of the topics thus indiscriminately
+touched on may be best set forth according to the advertisement
+with which Swift ushered in his memorable 'Number One':</p>
+
+<p>'All accounts of gallantry, pleasure, and entertainment shall
+be under the article of <i>White's Chocolate-house</i>;<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>
+ poetry, under
+that of <i>Will's Coffee-house</i>;<a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>
+ learning, under the title of <i>Grecian</i>;<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>
+
+foreign and domestic news, you will have from <i>Saint James's
+Coffee-house</i>; and what else I have to offer on any other subject
+shall be dated from my own apartment.<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>'I once more desire my reader to consider, that as I cannot
+keep an ingenious man to go daily to Will's under twopence
+each day, merely for his charges; to White's, under sixpence;
+nor to the Grecian, without allowing him some plain Spanish, to
+be as able as others at the learned table; and that a good
+observer cannot speak with even Kidney (the waiter) at St.
+James's without clean linen; I say, these considerations will, I
+hope, make all persons willing to comply with my humble request
+(when my <i>gratis</i> stock is exhausted) of a penny apiece; especially
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">226</a></span>
+since they are sure of some proper amusement, and that it is
+impossible for me to want means to entertain them, having,
+besides the force of my own parts, the power of divination, and
+that I can, by casting a figure, tell you all that may happen before
+it comes to pass.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 5. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>April 21, 1709</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Who names that lost thing love without a tear,</p>
+<p>Since so debauch'd by ill-bred customs here?</p>
+<p>To an exact perfection they have brought</p>
+<p>The action love, the passion is forgot.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>'This was long ago a witty author's lamentation, but the evil
+still continues; and if a man of any delicacy were to attend the
+discourses of the young fellows of this age, he would believe there
+were none but the fallen to make the objects of passion. So true
+it is what the author of the above verses said, a little before his
+death, of the modern pretenders to gallantry: "They set up for
+wits in this age, by saying, when they are sober, what they of the
+last spoke only when they were drunk." But Cupid is not only
+blind at present, but dead drunk; and he has lost all his faculties;
+else how should Celia be so long a maid, with that agreeable behaviour?
+Corinna, with that sprightly wit? Serbia, with that
+heavenly voice? and Sacharissa, with all those excellences in one
+person, frequent the park, the play, and murder the poor Tits that
+drag her to public places, and not a man turn pale at her appearance?
+But such is the fallen state of love, that if it were not for
+honest Cynthio, who is true to the cause, we should hardly have
+a pattern left of the ancient worthies in that way; and indeed he
+has but very little encouragement to persevere. Though Cynthio
+has wit, good sense, fortune, and his very being depends upon her,
+the termagant for whom he sighs is in love with a fellow who stares
+in the glass all the time he is with her, and lets her plainly see she
+may possibly be his rival, but never his mistress. Yet Cynthio
+pleases himself with a vain imagination that, with the language of
+his eyes, now he has found out who she is, he shall conquer her,
+though her eyes are intent upon one who looks from her, which is
+ordinary with the sex.</p>
+
+<p>'It is certainly a mistake in the ancients to draw the little gentleman
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">227</a></span>
+Love as a blind boy, for his real character is a little thief
+that squints; for ask Mrs. Meddle, who is a confidante or spy
+upon all the passions in town, and she will tell you that the whole
+is a game of cross purposes. The lover is generally pursuing one
+who is in pursuit of another, and running from
+one that desires to meet him. Nay, the nature
+of this passion is so justly represented in a
+squinting little thief (who is always in a double
+action), that do but observe Clarissa next time
+you see her, and you will find, when her eyes
+have made their soft tour round the company
+she makes no stay on him they say she is to
+marry, but rests two seconds of a minute on
+Wildair, who neither looks nor thinks on her or
+any woman else. However, Cynthio had a bow from her the
+other day, upon which he is very much come to himself; and I
+heard him send his man of an errand yesterday, without any
+manner of hesitation; a quarter of an hour after which he
+reckoned twenty, remembered he was to sup with a friend, and
+went exactly to his appointment. I sent to know how he did this
+morning, and I find he hath not forgotten that he spoke to me
+yesterday.'</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-249.jpg" width="84" height="136" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 9. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>April 30, 1709</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pastorella, a lively young lady of eighteen, was under the
+charge of an aunt, who was anxious to keep her ward in safety, if
+possible, from herself and her admirers. 'At the same time the
+good lady knew, by long experience, that a gay inclination curbed
+too rashly would but run to the greater excesses; she therefore
+made use of an ingenious expedient to avoid the anguish of an
+admonition. You are to know, then, that Miss, with all her
+flirting and ogling, had also a strong curiosity in her, and was the
+greatest eaves-dropper breathing. Parisatis (for so her prudent
+aunt is called) observed this humour, and retires one day to her
+closet, into which she knew Pastorella would peep and listen to
+know how she was employed. It happened accordingly; and the
+young lady saw her good governante on her knees, and, after a
+<i>mental behaviour</i>, break into these words: "As for the dear
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">228</a></span>
+child committed to my care, let her sobriety of carriage and
+severity of behaviour be such as may make that noble lord, who is
+taken with her beauty, turn his designs to such as
+are honourable." Here Parisatis heard her niece
+nestle closer to the key-hole. She then goes on:
+"Make her the joyful mother of a numerous and
+wealthy offspring; and let her carriage be such as
+may make this noble youth expect the blessings of
+a happy marriage, from the singularity of her life, in
+this loose and censorious age." Miss, having heard
+enough, sneaks off for fear of discovery, and immediately
+at her glass, alters the setting of her head;
+then pulls up her tucker, and forms herself into the
+exact manner of Lindamira; in a word, becomes a sincere convert
+to everything that is commendable in a fine young lady; and two
+or three such matches as her aunt feigned in her devotions are at
+this day in her choice. This is the history and original cause of
+Pastorella's conversion from coquetry.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-250.jpg" width="76" height="154" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'I scarce remember a greater instance of forbearance in the
+usual peevish way with which the aged treat the young than this,
+except that of our famous Noy, whose good nature went so far as
+to make him put off his admonitions to his son even until after his
+death; and did not give him his thoughts of him until he came to
+read that memorable passage in his will: "All the rest of my estate,"
+says he, "I leave to my son Edward, to be squandered as he shall
+think fit; I leave it him for that purpose, and hope no better from
+him." A generous disdain, and reflection how little he deserved
+from so excellent a father, reformed the young man, and made
+Edward, from an arrant rake, become a fine gentleman.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 23. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>June 2, 1709</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The 'Tatler' relates the instance of a lady who had governed
+one husband by falling into fits when he opposed her will. Death
+released this gentleman, and the lady consoled herself quickly
+with a very agreeable successor, whom she determined to manage
+by the same method. 'This man knew her little arts, and resolved
+to break through all tenderness, and be absolute master as soon as
+occasion offered. One day it happened that a discourse arose
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">229</a></span>
+about furniture; he was very glad of the occasion, and fell into an
+invective against china, protesting that he would never let five
+pounds more of his money be laid out that way as long as he
+breathed. She immediately fainted&mdash;he starts up, as amazed, and
+calls for help&mdash;the maids run up to the closet. He chafes her
+face, bends her forward, and beats the palms of her hands; her
+convulsions increase, and down she tumbles on the floor, where
+she lies quite dead, in spite of what the whole family, from the
+nursery to the kitchen, could do for her relief. The kind man
+doubles his care, helps the servants to throw water into her face
+by full quarts; and when the sinking part of the fit came again,
+"Well, my dear," says he, "I applaud your action; but none of
+your artifices; you are quite in other hands than those you passed
+these pretty passions upon. I must take leave of you until you
+are more sincere with me: farewell for ever." He was scarce at
+the stair-head when she followed, and thanked him for her cure,
+which was so absolute that she gave me this relation herself, to be
+communicated for the benefit of all the voluntary invalids of her
+sex.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-251.jpg" width="238" height="124" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 24. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>June 4, 1709</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The 'Tatler' is discoursing of 'pretty fellows,' and 'very
+pretty fellows,' and enlarging on the qualifications essential to fit
+them for the characters.</p>
+
+<p>'Give me leave, then, to mention three, whom I do not doubt
+but we shall see make considerable figures; and these are such as
+for their Bacchanalian performances must be admitted into this
+order. They are three brothers, lately landed from Holland; as
+yet, indeed, they have not made their public entry, but lodge and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">230</a></span>
+converse at Wapping. They have merited already, on the waterside,
+particular titles: the first is called Hogshead; the second,
+Culverin; and the third, Musquet. This fraternity is preparing
+for our end of the town, by their
+ability in the exercises of Bacchus,
+and measure their time and merit
+by liquid weight and power of
+drinking. Hogshead is a prettier
+fellow than Culverin, by two
+quarts; and Culverin than Musquet,
+by a full pint. It is to be
+feared Hogshead is so often too
+full, and Culverin overloaded, that Musquet will be the only lasting
+very pretty fellow of the three.'</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-252.jpg" width="155" height="123" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 28. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>June 14, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<p>'<i>To the "Tatler."</i>&mdash;Sir,&mdash;I desire the favour of you to decide
+this question, whether calling a gentleman a smart fellow is an
+affront or not? A youth, entering a certain coffee-house, with his
+cane tied to his button, wearing red-heeled shoes, I thought of
+your description, and could not forbear telling a friend of mine
+next to me, "There enters a smart fellow." The gentleman
+hearing it, had immediately a mind to pick a quarrel with me, and
+desired satisfaction; at which I was more puzzled than at the
+other, remembering what mention your familiar makes of those
+that had lost their lives on such occasions. The thing is referred
+to your judgment; and I expect you to be my second, since you
+have been the cause of our quarrel.&mdash;I am, Sir, &amp;c.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-252-copy.jpg" width="234" height="121" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Now what possible insinuation can there be, that it is a cause
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">231</a></span>
+of quarrel for a man to say he allows a gentleman really to be
+what his tailor, his hosier, and his milliner have conspired to make
+him? I confess, if this person who appeals to me had said he was
+"not a smart fellow," there had been cause for resentment.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 34. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>June 28, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bickerstaff has been working certain wonderful effects by
+prescribing his <i>circumspection-water</i>, which has cured Mrs. Spy of
+rolling her eyes about in public places. Lady Petulant had made
+use of it to cure her husband's jealousy, and Lady Gad has cured
+a whole neighbourhood of detraction.</p>
+
+<p>'The fame of these things,' continues the Censor-General,
+'added to my being an old fellow, makes me extremely acceptable
+to the fair sex. You would hardly believe me when I tell you
+there is not a man in town so much their delight as myself. They
+make no more of visiting me than going to Madam Depingle's;
+there were two of them, namely, Dainia and Clidamira (I assure
+you women of distinction), who came to see me this morning, in
+their way to prayers; and being in a very diverting humour (as
+innocence always makes people cheerful), they would needs have
+me, according to the distinction of pretty and very pretty fellows,
+inform them if I thought either of them had a title to the very
+pretty among those of their own sex; and if I did, which was the
+most deserving of the two?</p>
+
+<p>'To put them to the trial, "Look ye," said I, "I must not
+rashly give my judgment in matters of this importance; pray let
+me see you dance; I play upon the kit." They immediately fell
+back to the lower end of the room (you may be sure they curtsied
+low enough to me), and began. Never were two in the world so
+equally matched, and both scholars to my namesake Isaac.<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>
+
+Never was man in so dangerous a condition as myself, when they
+began to expand their charms. "Oh! ladies, ladies," cried I; "not
+half that air; you will fire the house!" Both smiled, for, by-the-bye,
+there is no carrying a metaphor too far when a lady's charms are
+spoken of. Somebody, I think, has called a fine woman dancing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">232</a></span>
+"a brandished torch of beauty." These rivals move with such an
+agreeable freedom that you would believe their gesture was the
+necessary effect of the music, and not the product of skill and
+practice. Now Clidamira came on with a crowd of graces, and
+demanded my judgment with so sweet an air&mdash;and she had no
+sooner carried it, but Dainia made her utterly forgot, by a gentle
+sinking and a rigadoon step. The contest held a full half hour;
+and, I protest, I saw no manner of difference in their perfections
+until they came up together and expected sentence. "Look ye,
+ladies," said I, "I see no difference in the least in your performances;
+but you, Clidamira, seem to be so well satisfied that I
+should determine for you, that I must give it to Dainia, who
+stands with so much diffidence and fear, after showing an equal
+merit to what she pretends to. Therefore, Clidamira, you are a
+pretty, but, Dainia, you are a very pretty lady; for," said I,
+"beauty loses its force if not accompanied with modesty. She
+that hath an humble opinion of herself, will have everybody's
+applause, because she does not expect it; while the vain creature
+loses approbation through too great a sense of deserving it."'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-254.jpg" width="235" height="166" alt="" />
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">233</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 36. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>July 2, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<p>The 'Tatler' inserts a letter on termagant wives and sporting
+tastes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="left65">
+'Epsom, June 28.</p>
+
+<p>'It is now almost three weeks since what you writ about happened
+in this place. The quarrel between my friends did not run
+so high as I find your accounts have made it. You are to understand
+that the persons concerned in this scene were Lady Autumn
+and Lady Springly. Autumn is a person of good breeding,
+formality, and a singular way practised in the last age; and Lady
+Springly, a modern impertinent of our sex, who affects as improper
+a familiarity as the other does distance. These heroines have
+married two brothers, both knights. Springly is the spouse of
+the elder, who is a baronet, and Autumn, being a rich widow, has
+taken the younger, and her purse endowed him with an equal fortune,
+and knighthood of the same order. This jumble of titles,
+you need not doubt, has been an aching torment to Autumn, who
+took place of the other on no pretence but her carelessness and
+disregard of distinction. The secret occasion of envy broiled
+long in the breast of Autumn; but no opportunity of contention
+on that subject happening, kept all things quiet until the accident
+of which you demand an account.</p>
+
+<p>'It was given out among all the gay people of this place, that
+on the ninth instant several damsels, swift of foot, were to run for
+a suit of head-cloaths at the Old Wells. Lady Autumn, on this
+occasion, invited Springly to go with her in her coach to see the
+race. When they came to the place, where the Governor of
+Epsom and all his court of citizens were assembled, as well as a
+crowd of people of all orders, a brisk young fellow addressed himself
+to the younger of the ladies, viz. Springly, and offers her his
+services to conduct her into the music-room. Springly accepts
+the compliment, and is led triumphantly through a bowing crowd,
+while Autumn is left among the rabble, and has much ado to
+get back into her coach; but she did it at last, and as it is
+usual to see, by the horses, my lady's present disposition, she
+orders John to whip furiously home to her husband; where, when
+she enters, down she sits, began to unpin her hood, and lament
+her foolish fond heart to marry into a family where she was so
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">234</a></span>
+little regarded. Lady Springly, an hour or two after, returns
+from the Wells, and finds the whole company together. Down
+she sat, and a profound silence ensued. You know a premeditated
+quarrel usually begins and works up with the words <i>some
+people</i>. The silence was broken by Lady Autumn, who began to
+say, "There are some people who fancy, that if some people"&mdash;Springly
+immediately takes her up, "There are some people who
+fancy, if other people"&mdash;Autumn repartees, "People may give
+themselves airs; but other people, perhaps, who make less ado,
+may be, perhaps, as agreeable as people who set themselves out
+more." All the other people at the table sat mute, while these
+two people, who were quarrelling, went on with the use of the
+word <i>people</i>, instancing the very accidents between them, as if they
+kept only in distant hints. Therefore, says Autumn, reddening,
+"There are some people will go abroad in other people's coaches,
+and leave those with whom they went to shift for themselves; and
+if, perhaps, those people have married the younger brother, yet,
+perhaps, he may be beholden to those people for what he is."
+Springly smartly answers, "People may bring so much ill humour
+into a family, as people may repent their receiving their money,"
+and goes on&mdash;"Everybody is not considerable enough to give her
+uneasiness."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-256.jpg" width="363" height="99" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Upon this Autumn comes up to her, and desired her to kiss
+her, and never to see her again; which her sister refusing, my
+lady gave her a box on the ear. Springly returns, "Ay, ay," said
+she, "I knew well enough you meant me by your some people;"
+and gives her another on the other side. To it they went, with
+most masculine fury; each husband ran in. The wives immediately
+fell upon their husbands, and tore periwigs and cravats.
+The company interposed; when (according to the slip-knot of
+matrimony, which makes them return to one another when anyone
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">235</a></span>
+puts in between) the ladies and their husbands fell upon all
+the rest of the company; and, having beat all their friends and
+relations out of the house, came to themselves time enough to
+know there was no bearing the jest of the place after these adventures,
+and therefore marched off the next day. It is said, the
+governor has sent several joints of mutton, and has proposed
+divers dishes, very exquisitely dressed, to bring them down again.
+From his address and knowledge in roast and boiled, all our
+hopes of the return of this good company depend.</p>
+
+<p class="left45">
+'I am, dear Jenny,<br />
+<span class="i2">'Your ready friend and servant,</span><br />
+<span class="i4">'<span class="smcap">Martha Tatler</span>.'</span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 37. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>July 5, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<p>The 'Tatler' is discoursing of country squires, with fox-hunting
+tastes, and how in their rough music of the field they
+outdo the best Italian singers for noise and volume. One of
+these worthies is described on a visit in genteel society in town.
+'Mr. Bellfrey being at a visit where I was, viz. at his cousin's
+(Lady Dainty's), in Soho Square, was asked what entertainments
+they had in the country. Now, Bellfrey is very ignorant, and
+much a clown; but confident withal: in a word, he struck up a
+fox-chase; Lady Dainty's dog, Mr. Sippet, as she calls him,
+started, jumped out of his lady's lap, and fell a barking. Bellfrey
+went on, and called all the neighbouring parishes into the square.
+Never was woman in such confusion as that delicate lady; but
+there was no stopping her kinsman. A roomful of ladies fell into
+the most violent laughter; my lady looked as if she was shrieking;
+Mr. Sippet, in the middle of the room, breaking his heart
+with barking, but all of us unheard. As soon as Bellfrey became
+silent, up gets my lady, and takes
+him by the arm, to lead him off.
+Bellfrey was in his boots. As she
+was hurrying him away, his spurs
+take hold of her petticoat; his
+whip throws down a cabinet of
+china: he cries, "What! are your
+crocks rotten? are your petticoats ragged? A man cannot walk
+in your house for trincums."'</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-257.jpg" width="178" height="86" alt="" />
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">236</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 38. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>July 7, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<p>The practice of duelling had been early discountenanced by
+the 'Tatler.' An altercation after a stock-broking transaction was
+settled in the fashion thus reported in its pages:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'... However, having sold the bear, and words arising about
+the delivery, the most noble major, according to method, abused
+the other with the titles of rogue, villain, bear-skin man, and the
+like. Whereupon satisfaction was demanded and accepted, and
+forth they marched to a most spacious room
+in the sheriff's house, where, having due regard
+to what you have lately published, yet
+not willing to put up with affronts without
+satisfaction, they stripped and in decent
+manner fought full fairly with their wrathful
+hands. The combat lasted a quarter of an
+hour; in which time victory was often doubtful, until the major,
+finding his adversary obstinate, unwilling to give him further chastisement,
+with most shrill voice cried out, "I am satisfied!
+enough!" whereupon the combat ceased, and both were friends
+immediately.'</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-258.jpg" width="105" height="94" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 41. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>July 14, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<p>A battle fought in the very streets of London by the Volunteers
+of 1709, from their head-quarters, the Artillery Ground, Moorgate,
+is thus described by one of the Grub Street auxiliaries:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-258-copy.jpg" width="85" height="137" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Indeed, I am extremely concerned for the lieutenant-general,
+who by his overthrow and defeat is made a deplorable instance of
+the fortune of war, and the vicissitudes of human
+affairs. He, alas! has lost in Beech Lane and
+Chiswell Street all the glory he lately gained in and
+about Holborn and St. Giles's. The art of sub-dividing
+first and dividing afterwards is new and
+surprising; and according to this method the troops
+are disposed in King's Head Court and Red Lion
+Market, nor is the conduct of these leaders less
+conspicuous in the choice of the ground or field
+of battle. Happy was it that the greatest part of
+the achievements of this day was to be performed near Grub
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">237</a></span>
+Street, that there might not be wanting a sufficient number of
+faithful historians who, being eye-witnesses of these wonders,
+should impartially transmit them to posterity! but then it can
+never be enough regretted that we are left in the dark as to the
+name and title of that extraordinary hero who commanded the
+divisions in Paul's Alley; especially because those divisions are
+justly styled brave, and accordingly were to push the enemy along
+Bunhill Row, and thereby occasion a general battle. But Pallas
+appeared, in the form of a shower of rain, and prevented the
+slaughter and desolation which were threatened by these extraordinary
+preparations.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 45. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>July 23, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bickerstaff, having paid a visit to Oxford, has spent the
+evening with some merry wits, and, after his custom, he relates
+the adventures of the evening to furnish a paper for the
+'Tatler':&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-259.jpg" width="201" height="81" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'I am got hither safe, but never spent time with so little satisfaction
+as this evening; for, you must know, I was five hours with
+three merry and two honest fellows. The former sang catches
+and the latter even died with laughing at the noise they made.
+"Well," says Tom Bellfrey, "you scholars, Mr. Bickerstaff, are
+the worst company in the world." "Ay," says his opposite, "you
+are dull to-night; prythee,
+be merry." With that I
+huzzaed, and took a jump
+across the table, then came
+clever upon my legs, and
+fell a laughing. "Let Mr.
+Bickerstaff alone," says one of the honest fellows; "when he is in
+a good humour, he is as good company as any man in England."
+He had no sooner spoke, but I snatched his hat off his head, and
+clapped it upon my own, and burst out a laughing again; upon
+which we all fell a laughing for half an hour. One of the honest
+fellows got behind me in the interim and hit me a sound slap on
+the back; upon which he got the laugh out of my hands; and
+it was such a twang on my shoulders, that I confess he was
+much merrier than I. I was half angry, but resolved to keep
+up the good humour of the company; and after hallooing as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">238</a></span>
+loud as I could possibly, I drank off a bumper of claret that
+made me stare again. "Nay," says one of the honest fellows,
+"Mr. Isaac is in the right; there is no conversation in this:
+what signifies jumping or hitting one another on the back? let
+us drink about." We did so from seven of the clock until eleven;
+and now I am come hither, and, after the manner of the wise
+Pythagoras, began to reflect upon the passages of the day. I remember
+nothing but that I am bruised to death; and as it is my
+way to write down all the good things I have heard in the last
+conversation, to furnish my paper, I can from this only tell you
+my sufferings and my bangs.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 46. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>July 26, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<p>Aurengezebe, a modern Eastern potentate, is described as
+amusing his later years by playing the grand Turk to the Sultanas
+of Little Britain.</p>
+
+<p>'There is,' proceeds the account, 'a street near Covent Garden
+known by the name of Drury, which, before the days of Christianity,
+was purchased by the Queen of Paphos, and is the only
+part of Great Britain where the tenure of vassalage is still in
+being.... This seraglio is disposed into convenient alleys and
+apartments, and every house, from the cellar to the garret, inhabited
+by nymphs of different orders.</p>
+
+<p>'Here it is that, when Aurengezebe thinks fit to give loose to
+dalliance, the purveyors prepare the entertainment; and what
+makes it more august is, that every person concerned in the interlude
+has his set part, and the prince sends beforehand word what
+he designs to say, and directs also the
+very answer which shall be made to him.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-260.jpg" width="137" height="97" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'The entertainment is introduced by
+the matron of the temple; whereon an
+unhappy nymph, who is to be supposed
+just escaped from the hands of a ravisher,
+with her tresses dishevelled, runs into
+the room with a dagger in her hand, and falls before the emperor.</p>
+
+<p>'"Pity, oh! pity, whoever thou art, an unhappy virgin, whom
+one of thy train has robbed of her innocence; her innocence,
+which was all her portion&mdash;or rather let me die like the memorable
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">239</a></span>
+Lucretia!" Upon which she stabs herself. The body is immediately
+examined, Lucretia recovers by a cup of right Nantz, and
+the matron, who is her next relation, stops all process at law.'</p>
+
+<p>Similar extraordinary entertainments continue the evening,
+which concludes in a distribution of largesse by the fictitious
+sultan.</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 47. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>July 28, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<p>The 'Tatler' describes an incident of Sir Taffety Trippet, a
+fortune-hunter, whose follies, according to Mr. Bickerstaff, are too
+gross to give diversion; and whose vanity is
+too stupid to let him be sensible that he is a
+public offence.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-261.jpg" width="109" height="216" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'It happened that, when he first set up for
+a fortune-hunter, he chose Tunbridge for the
+scene of action, where were at that time two
+sisters upon the same design. The knight
+believed, of course, the elder must be the
+better prize; and consequently makes all
+sail that way. People that want sense do
+always in an egregious manner want modesty,
+which made our hero triumph in
+making his amour as public as was possible.
+The adored lady was no less vain of his
+public addresses. An attorney with one
+cause is not half so restless as a woman with one lover. Wherever
+they met, they talked to each other aloud, chose each other
+partner at balls, saluted at the most conspicuous part of the
+service of the church, and practised, in honour of each other, all
+the remarkable particularities which are usual for persons who
+admire one another, and are contemptible to the rest of the world.
+These two lovers seemed as much made for each other as Adam
+and Eve, and all pronounced it a match of nature's own making;
+but the night before the nuptials, so universally approved, the
+younger sister, envious of the good fortune even of her sister, who
+had been present at most of the interviews, and had an equal taste
+for the charm of a fop, as there are a set of women made for that
+order of men; the younger, I say, unable to see so rich a prize
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">240</a></span>
+pass by her, discovered to Sir Taffety that a coquet air, much
+tongue, and three suits was all the portion of his mistress. His
+love vanished that moment; himself and equipage the next
+morning.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 52. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>Aug. 9, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<p>'<span class="smcap">Delamira resigns her Fan.</span></p>
+
+<p>'When the beauteous Delamira had published her intention of
+entering the bonds of matrimony, the matchless Virgulta, whose
+charms had made no satires, thus besought her to confide the
+secret of her triumphs:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'"Delamira! you are now going into that state of life wherein
+the use of your charms is wholly to be applied to the pleasing
+only one man. That swimming air of your body, that jaunty
+bearing of your head over one shoulder, and that inexpressible
+beauty in your manner of playing your fan, must be lowered into
+a more confined behaviour, to show that you would rather shun
+than receive addresses for the future. Therefore, dear Delamira,
+give me those excellences you leave off, and acquaint me with
+your manner of charming; for I take the liberty of our friendship
+to say, that when I consider my own stature, motion,
+complexion, wit, or breeding, I cannot think
+myself any way your inferior; yet do I go through
+crowds without wounding a man, and all my
+acquaintance marry round me while I live a virgin
+masked, and I think unregarded."</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-262.jpg" width="78" height="103" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Delamira heard her with great attention, and,
+with that dexterity which is natural to her, told
+her that "all she had above the rest of her sex and contemporary
+beauties was wholly owing to a fan (that was left her by her
+mother, and had been long in the family), which whoever had in
+possession and used with skill, should command the hearts of all
+her beholders; and since," said she, smiling, "I have no more to
+do with extending my conquests or triumphs, I will make you a
+present of this inestimable rarity." Virgulta made her expressions
+of the highest gratitude for so uncommon a confidence in her, and
+desired she would "show her what was peculiar in the management
+of that utensil, which rendered it of such general force when
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">241</a></span>
+she was mistress of it." Delamira replied, "You see, madam,
+Cupid is the principal figure painted on it; and the skill in playing
+the fan is, in your several motions of it, to let him appear as
+little as possible; for honourable lovers fly all endeavours to
+ensnare them, and your Cupid must hide his bow and arrow,
+or he will never be sure of his game. You observe," continued
+she, "that in all public assemblies the sexes seem to separate
+themselves, and draw up to attack each other with eye-shot: that
+is the time when the fan, which is all the armour of a woman, is
+of most use in our defence; for our minds are construed by the
+waving of that little instrument, and our thoughts appear in composure
+or agitation according to the motion of it."'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 57. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>Aug. 20, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<p>The 'Tatler' transcribes from La Bruyère an extract, which he
+introduces as 'one of the most elegant pieces of raillery and
+satire.' La Bruyère describes the French as if speaking of a people
+not yet discovered, in the air and style of a traveller:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'I have heard talk of a country where the old men are gallant,
+polite, and civil; the young men, on the contrary, stubborn, wild,
+without either manners or civility. Amongst these people, he is
+sober who is never drunk with anything but wine; the too frequent
+use of it having rendered it flat and insipid to them: they
+endeavour by brandy, or other strong liquors, to quicken their
+taste, already extinguished, and want nothing to complete their
+debauches but to drink aqua-fortis. The women of that country
+hasten the decay of their beauty by their artifices
+to preserve it; they paint their cheeks, eye-brows,
+and shoulders, which they lay open, together with
+their breasts, arms, and ears, as if they were afraid
+to hide those places which they think will please,
+and never think they show enough of them.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-263.jpg" width="79" height="140" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'The physiognomies of the people of that
+country are not at all neat, but confused and embarrassed
+with a bundle of strange hair, which they
+prefer before their natural; with this they weave
+something to cover their heads, which descends half way down
+their bodies, hides their features, and hinders you from knowing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">242</a></span>
+men by their faces. This nation has, besides this, their god and
+their king.</p>
+
+<p>'The grandees go every day, at a certain hour, to a temple
+they call a church: at the upper end of that temple there stands
+an altar consecrated to their god, where the priest celebrates some
+mysteries which they call holy, sacred, and tremendous. The
+great men make a vast circle at the foot of the altar, standing with
+their backs to the priests and the holy mysteries, and their faces
+erected towards their king, who is seen on his knees upon a
+throne, and to whom they seem to direct the desires of their hearts,
+and all their devotion. However, in this custom there is to be
+remarked a sort of subordination; for the people appear adoring
+their prince and their prince adoring God.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 61. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>Aug. 30, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bickerstaff is musing on the degeneracy of the fair, and on
+the changes which beauty has undergone since his youth.</p>
+
+<p>'We have,' he argues, 'no such thing as a standard for good
+breeding. I was the other day at my Lady Wealthy's, and asked
+one of her daughters how she did. She answered, "She never
+conversed with men." The same day I visited at my Lady Plantwell's,
+and asked her daughter the same question. She answers,
+"What is that to you, you old thief?" and gives me a slap on the
+shoulders....</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-264.jpg" width="157" height="125" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'I will not answer for it, but it may be that I (like other old
+fellows) have a fondness for the fashions and manners which prevailed
+when I was young and in
+fashion myself. But certain it is
+that the taste of youth and beauty
+is very much lowered. The fine
+women they show me now-a-days
+are at best but pretty girls to me
+who have seen Sacharissa, when all
+the world repeated the poems she
+inspired; and Villaria (the Duchess
+of Cleveland), when a youthful king was her subject. The <i>things</i>
+you follow and make songs on now should be sent to knit, or sit
+down to bobbins or bone-lace: they are indeed neat, and so are
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">243</a></span>
+their sempstresses; they are pretty, and so are their handmaids.
+But that graceful motion, that awful mien, and that winning
+attraction, which grew upon them from the thoughts and conversations
+they met with in my time, are now no more seen. They
+tell me I am old: I am glad I am so, for I do not like your present
+young ladies.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 64. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>Sept. 6, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<p>'"⁂ Lost, from the Cocoa-tree, in Pall
+Mall, two Irish dogs, belonging to the pack of
+London; one a tall white wolf dog; the other
+a black nimble greyhound, not very sound, and
+supposed to be gone to the Bath, by instinct,
+for cure. The man of the inn from whence they
+ran, being now there, is desired, if he meets
+either of them, to tie them up. Several others
+are lost about Tunbridge and Epsom, which,
+whoever will maintain, may keep."'</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-265.jpg" width="92" height="141" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 67. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>Sept. 13, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<p>The 'Tatler' proposes to work upon the post, to establish
+a charitable society, from which there shall go every day
+circular letters to all parts, within the bills of mortality, to tell
+people of their faults in a friendly manner, whereby they may know
+what the world thinks of them. An example follows, which had
+been already sent, by way of experiment, without success:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'"Madam,&mdash;Let me beg of you to take off the patches at the
+lower end of your left cheek, and I will allow two more under your
+left eye, which will contribute more to the symmetry
+of your face; except you would please to remove
+the two black atoms on your ladyship's chin, and
+wear one large patch instead of them. If so, you
+may properly enough retain the three patches above
+mentioned. I am, &amp;c."</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-265-copy.jpg" width="78" height="101" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'This I thought had all the civility and reason
+in the world in it; but whether my letters are
+intercepted, or whatever it is, the lady patches as she used to do.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">244</a></span>
+It is observed by all the charitable society, as an instruction in
+their epistles, that they tell people of nothing but what is in their
+power to mend. I shall give another instance of this way of
+writing: two sisters in Essex Street are eternally gaping out of the
+window, as if they knew not the value of time, or would call in
+companions. Upon which I writ the following line:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>'"Dear Creatures,&mdash;On the receipt of this, shut your casements."
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>'But I went by yesterday, and found them still at the window.
+What can a man do in this case, but go in and wrap himself up in
+his own integrity, with satisfaction only in this melancholy truth,
+that virtue is its own reward; and that if no one is the better for
+his admonitions, yet he is himself the more virtuous, in that he
+gave those advices?'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 79. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>Oct. 11, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bickerstaff's sister Jenny is going to be married. The
+'Tatler' tells the following anecdote, as a warning 'to be above
+trifles:'&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-266.jpg" width="238" height="109" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'This, dear Jenny, is the reason that the quarrel between Sir
+Harry and his lady, which began about her squirrel, is irreconcilable.
+Sir Harry was reading a grave author; she runs into his
+study, and, in a playing humour, claps the squirrel upon the folio:
+he threw the animal, in
+a rage, on the floor; she
+snatches it up again,
+calls Sir Harry a sour
+pedant, without good
+nature or good manners.
+This cast him
+into such a rage, that
+he threw down the table before him, kicked the book round the
+room, then recollected himself: "Lord, madam," said he, "why
+did you run into such expressions? I was," said he, "in the
+highest delight with that author when you clapped your squirrel
+upon my book;" and smiling, added upon recollection, "I have
+a great respect for your favourite, and pray let us be all friends."
+My lady was so far from accepting this apology, that she immediately
+conceived a resolution to keep him under for ever, and, with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">245</a></span>
+a serious air, replied, "There is no regard to be had to what a man
+says who can fall into so indecent a rage and an abject submission
+in the same moment, for which I absolutely despise you." Upon
+which she rushed out of the room. Sir Harry stayed some minutes
+behind, to think and command himself; after which he followed
+her into her bed-chamber, where she was prostrate upon the bed,
+tearing her hair, and naming twenty coxcombs who would have
+used her otherwise. This provoked him to so high a degree that
+he forbade nothing but beating her; and all the servants in the
+family were at their several stations listening, whilst the best man
+and woman, the best master and mistress, defamed each other in a
+way that is not to be repeated even at Billingsgate. You know
+this ended in an immediate separation: she longs to return home,
+but knows not how to do it; and he invites her home every day.
+Her husband requires no submission of her; but she thinks her
+very return will argue she is to blame, which she is resolved to be
+for ever, rather than acknowledge it.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-267.jpg" width="302" height="332" alt="" />
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">246</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 86. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>Oct. 27, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<p>'When I came home last night, my servant delivered me the
+following letter:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'"Sir,&mdash;I have orders from Sir Harry Quickset, of Staffordshire,
+Baronet, to acquaint you, that his honour, Sir Harry himself;
+Sir Giles Wheelbarrow, Knight; Thomas Rentfree, Esquire, justice
+of the quorum; Andrew Windmill, Esquire; and Mr. Nicolas
+Doubt, of the Inner Temple, Sir Harry's grandson, will wait upon
+you at the hour of nine to-morrow morning, being Tuesday, the
+twenty-fifth of October, upon business which Sir Harry will impart
+to you by word of mouth. I thought it proper to acquaint you
+beforehand, so many persons of quality came, that you might not
+be surprised therewith. Which concludes, though by many years'
+absence since I saw you at Stafford, unknown, Sir, your most
+humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="left45">
+'"<span class="smcap">John Thrifty</span>."</p>
+
+<p>'I received this note with less surprise than I believe Mr.
+Thrifty imagined; for I know the good company too well to feel
+any palpitations at their approach: but I was in very great concern
+how I could adjust the ceremonial, and demean myself to all
+these great men, who perhaps had not seen anything above themselves
+for these twenty years last past. I am sure that is the case
+of Sir Harry. Besides which, I was sensible that there was a great
+point in adjusting my behaviour to the simple squire, so as to give
+him satisfaction, and not disoblige the justice of the quorum.</p>
+
+<p>'The hour of nine was come this morning, and I had no
+sooner set chairs, by the steward's letter, and fixed my tea-equipage,
+but I heard a knock at my door, which was opened, but
+no one entered; after which followed a long silence, which was at
+last broken by, "Sir, I beg your pardon; I think I know better:"
+and another voice, "Nay, good Sir Giles&mdash;&mdash;" I looked out
+from my window, and saw the good company all with their hats
+off, and arms spread, offering the door to each other. After many
+offers, they entered with much solemnity, in the order Mr. Thrifty
+was so kind as to name them to me. But they had now got to
+my chamber-door, and I saw my old friend Sir Harry enter. I
+met him with all the respect due to so reverend a vegetable; for
+you are to know that is my sense of a person who remains idle in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">247</a></span>
+the same place for half a century. I got him with great success
+into his chair by the fire, without throwing down any of my cups.
+The knight-bachelor told me, "he had a great respect for my
+whole family, and would, with my leave, place himself next to Sir
+Harry, at whose right hand he had sat at every quarter-sessions
+these thirty years, unless he was sick." The steward in the rear
+whispered the young templar, "That is true to my knowledge."
+I had the misfortune, as they stood cheek by jole, to desire the
+squire to sit down before the justice of the quorum, to the no
+small satisfaction of the former, and the resentment of the latter.
+But I saw my error too late, and got them as soon as I could into
+their seats. "Well," said I, "gentlemen, after I have told you
+how glad I am of this great honour, I am to desire you to drink a
+dish of tea." They answered one and all, "that they never drank
+tea of a morning." "Not drink tea of a morning?" said I, staring
+round me. Upon which the pert jackanapes, Nic Doubt, tipped
+me the wink, and put out his tongue at his grandfather. Here
+followed a profound silence, when the steward, in his boots and
+whip, proposed, "that we should adjourn to some public house,
+where everybody might call for what they pleased, and enter upon
+the business." We all stood up in an instant, and Sir Harry filed
+off from the left, very discreetly, countermarching behind the
+chairs towards the door. After him Sir Giles, in the same manner.
+The simple squire made a sudden start to follow; but the justice
+of the quorum whipped between upon the stand of the stairs. A
+maid, going up with coals, made us halt, and put us into such confusion
+that we stood all in a heap, without any visible possibility of
+recovering our order; for the young jackanapes seemed to make a
+jest of this matter, and had so contrived, by pressing in amongst
+us, under pretence of making way, that his grandfather was got
+into the middle, and he knew nobody was of quality to stir a step
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">248</a></span>
+until Sir Harry moved first. We were fixed in this perplexity for
+some time, until we heard a very loud noise in the street; and Sir
+Harry asking what it was, I, to make them move, said, "it was
+fire." Upon this all ran down as fast as they could, without order
+or ceremony, until we got into the street, where we drew up in
+very good order, and filed down Sheer Lane; the impertinent
+templar driving us before him as in a string, and pointing to his
+acquaintance who passed by. When we came to Dick's coffee-house
+we were at our old difficulty, and took up the street upon
+the same ceremony. We proceeded through the entry, and were
+so necessarily kept in order by the situation that we were now got
+into the coffee-house itself; where, as soon as we arrived, we
+repeated our civilities to each other: after which we marched up
+to the high table, which has an ascent to it inclosed in the middle
+of the room. The whole house was alarmed at this entry, made
+up of persons of so much state and rusticity. Sir Harry called for
+a mug of ale and "Dyer's Letter." The boy brought the ale in an
+instant, but said, "they did not take in the letter." "No!" says
+Sir Harry, "then take back your mug; we are like indeed to have
+good liquor at this house!" Here the templar tipped me a
+second wink, and, if I had not looked very grave upon him, I
+found he was disposed to be very familiar with me. In short, I
+observed, after a long pause, that the gentlemen did not care to
+enter upon business until after their morning draught, for which
+reason I called for a bottle of mum; and finding that had no effect
+upon them, I ordered a second, and a third; after which Sir
+Harry reached over to me, and told me in a low voice, "that place
+was too public for business; but he would call upon me again to-morrow
+morning at my own lodgings, and bring some more friends
+with him."'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-269.jpg" width="224" height="109" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 88. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>Nov. 1, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<p>The 'Tatler' has been much surprised by the man&oelig;uvres of a
+studious neighbour.</p>
+
+<p class="left65">
+'From my own Apartment, October 31.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-271.jpg" width="110" height="443" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'I was this morning awakened by a sudden shake of the
+house; and as soon as I had got a little out of my consternation,
+I felt another, which was followed by two or three repetitions of
+the same convulsion. I got up as fast as possible, girt on my rapier,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">249</a></span>
+and snatched up my hat, when my landlady came up to me, and
+told me, "that the gentlewoman of the next house begged me to
+step thither, for that a lodger that she had taken in was run mad;
+and she desired my advice." I went immediately. Our neighbour
+told us, "she had the day before let her
+second floor to a very genteel youngish man,
+who told her he kept extraordinary good
+hours, and was generally at home most part
+of the morning and evening at study; but
+that this morning he had for an hour together
+made this extravagant noise which we
+then heard." I went up stairs with my hand
+upon the hilt of my rapier, and approached
+this new lodger's door. I looked in at the
+key-hole, and there I saw a well-made man
+look with great attention on a book, and on
+a sudden jump into the air so high, that his
+head almost touched the ceiling. He came
+down safe on his right foot, and again flew
+up, alighting on his left; then looked again
+at his book, and, holding out his leg, put it
+into such a quivering motion, that I thought
+that he would have shaken it off. He used
+the left after the same manner, when on a
+sudden, to my great surprise, he stooped
+himself incredibly low, and turned gently on
+his toes. After this circular motion, he continued
+bent in that humble posture for some
+time looking on his book. After this, he recovered
+himself with a sudden spring, and
+flew round the room in all the violence and
+disorder imaginable, until he made a full pause
+for want of breath. In this interim my woman
+asked "what I thought?" I whispered "that
+I thought this learned person an enthusiast, who possibly had his
+education in the Peripatetic way, which was a sect of philosophers,
+who always studied when walking." Observing him much out of
+breath, I thought it the best time to master him if he were disordered,
+and knocked at his door. I was surprised to find him
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">250</a></span>
+open it, and say with great civility and good mien, "that he hoped
+he had not disturbed us." I believed him in a lucid interval, and
+desired "he would please to let me see his book." He did so,
+smiling. I could not make anything of it, and, therefore, asked
+"in what language it was writ?" He said, "it was one he studied
+with great application; but it was his profession to teach it, and
+could not communicate his knowledge without a consideration." I
+answered that I hoped he would hereafter keep his thoughts to himself,
+for his meditations this morning had cost me three coffee dishes
+and a clean pipe. He seemed concerned at that, and told me "he
+was a dancing master, and had been reading a dance or two before
+he went out, which had been written by one who taught at an
+academy in France." He observed me at a stand, and informed
+me, "that now articulate motions as well as sounds were expressed
+by proper characters; and that there is nothing so common as to
+communicate a dance by a letter." I besought him hereafter to
+meditate in a ground room, for that otherwise it would be impossible
+for an artist of any other kind to live near him, and that I
+was sure several of his thoughts this morning would have shaken
+my spectacles off my nose, had I been myself at study.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 91. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>Nov. 8, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-272.jpg" width="211" height="103" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>One of the celebrated beauties of 1709 pays the 'Tatler' a
+friendly visit to obtain his counsel on the choice of her future
+husband, being perplexed between two suitors&mdash;between inclination
+on one hand and riches on the other.</p>
+
+<p class="left65">
+'From my own Apartment, November 7.</p>
+
+<p>'I was very much surprised this evening with a visit from one
+of the top Toasts of the
+town, who came privately
+in a chair, and bolted
+into my room, while I
+was reading a chapter of
+Agrippa upon the occult
+sciences; but, as she entered
+with all the air and
+bloom that nature ever bestowed on woman, I threw down the
+conjurer and met the charmer. I had no sooner placed her at my
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">251</a></span>
+right hand by the fire, but she opened to me the reason of her visit.
+"Mr. Bickerstaff," said the fine creature, "I have been your correspondent
+some time, though I never saw you before; I have writ
+by the name of Maria. You have told me you are too far gone in
+life to think of love. Therefore I am answered as to the passion
+I spoke of; and," continued she, smiling, "I will not stay until
+you grow young again, as you men never fail to do in your dotage;
+but am come to consult you as to disposing of myself to another.
+My person you see, my fortune is very considerable; but I am at
+present under much perplexity how to act in a great conjuncture. I
+have two lovers, Crassus and Lorio. Crassus is prodigiously rich,
+but has no one distinguishing quality. Lorio has travelled, is well
+bred, pleasant in discourse, discreet in his conduct, agreeable in
+his person; and with all this, he has a competency of fortune
+without superfluity. When I consider Lorio, my mind is filled
+with an idea of the great satisfactions of a pleasant conversation.
+When I think of Crassus, my equipage, numerous servants, gay
+liveries, and various dresses, are opposed to the charms of his
+rival. In a word, when I cast my eyes upon Lorio, I forget and
+despise fortune; when I behold Crassus, I think only of pleasing
+my vanity, and enjoying an uncontrolled expense in all the pleasures
+of life, except love."'</p>
+
+<p>The 'Tatler' naturally advised the lady that the man of her
+affections, rather than the lover who could gratify her vanity with
+outward show, would afford her the truest happiness, and counselled
+her to keep her thoughts of happiness within the means
+of her fortune, and not to measure it by comparison with the mere
+riches of others.</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 93. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>Nov. 12, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<p>The 'Tatler,' from his eagerness to promote social reforms, has
+succeeded in drawing upon himself numerous challenges from the
+individuals who have considered themselves aggrieved by his
+writings.</p>
+
+<p class="left65">
+'From my own Apartment, November 11.</p>
+
+<p>'I have several hints and advertisements from unknown hands,
+that some who are enemies to my labours design to demand the
+fashionable way of satisfaction for the disturbance my lucubrations
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">252</a></span>
+have given them. I confess that as things now stand I do not
+know how to deny such inviters, and am preparing myself accordingly.
+I have bought pumps, and foils, and am every morning
+practising in my chamber. My neighbour, the dancing-master,
+has demanded of me, "why I take this liberty since I will not
+allow it to him?" but I answered, "his was an act of indifferent
+nature, and mine of necessity." My late treatises against duels
+have so far disobliged the fraternity of the noble science of defence,
+that I can get none of them to show me so much as one pass. I
+am, therefore, obliged to learn by book, and have accordingly
+several volumes, wherein all the postures are exactly delineated.
+I must confess I am shy of letting people see me at this exercise,
+because of my flannel waistcoat, and my spectacles, which I
+am forced to fix on the better to observe the posture of the
+enemy.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-274.jpg" width="243" height="99" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'I have upon my chamber walls drawn at full length the
+figures of all sorts of men, from eight feet to three feet two inches.
+Within this height, I take it, that all the fighting men of Great
+Britain are comprehended. But as I push, I make allowance for
+my being of a lank and spare body, and have chalked out in every
+figure my own dimensions; for I scorn to rob any man of his life
+by taking advantage of his breadth; therefore, I press purely in a
+line down from his nose, and take no more of him to assault than
+he has of me; for, to speak impartially, if a lean fellow wounds
+a fat one in any part to the right or left, whether it be in <i>carte</i> or in
+<i>tierce</i>, beyond the dimensions of the said lean fellow's own breadth,
+I take it to be murder, and such a murder as is below a gentleman
+to commit. As I am spare, I am also very tall, and behave
+myself with relation to that advantage with the same punctilio,
+and I am ready to stoop or stand, according to the stature of my
+adversary.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">253</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'I must confess that I have had great success this morning,
+and have hit every figure round the room in a mortal part, without
+receiving the least hurt, except a little scratch by falling on my
+face, in pushing at one at the lower end of my chamber; but I
+recovered so quick, and jumped so nimbly on my guard, that, if he
+had been alive, he could not have hurt me. It is confessed I
+have written against duels with some warmth; but in all my discourses
+I have not ever said that I knew how a gentleman could
+avoid a duel if he were provoked to it; and since that custom is
+now become a law, I know nothing but the legislative power, with
+new animadversions upon it, can put us in a capacity of denying
+challenges, though we were afterwards hanged for it. But no more
+of this at present. As things stand, I shall put up with no more
+affronts; and I shall be so far from taking ill words that I will not
+take ill looks. I therefore warn all hot young fellows not to look
+hereafter more terrible than their neighbours; for if they stare at
+me with their hats cocked higher than other people, I will not bear
+it. Nay, I give warning to all people in general to look kindly at
+me; for I will bear no frowns, even from ladies; and if any
+woman pretends to look scornfully at me, I shall demand satisfaction
+of the next of kin of the masculine gender.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 96. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>Nov. 19, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<p>The 'Tatler,' in despair of effecting his object by discouraging
+certain acts of foppery, endeavours to carry out his principle by an
+opposite course of treatment.</p>
+
+<p class="left65">
+'From my own Apartment, November 18.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-276.jpg" width="56" height="132" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'When an engineer finds his guns have not had their intended
+effect, he changes his batteries. I am forced at present to take
+this method; and instead of continuing to write against the singularity
+some are guilty of in their habit and behaviour, I shall
+henceforth desire them to persevere in it; and not only so, but
+shall take it as a favour of all the coxcombs in the town, if they
+will set marks upon themselves, and by some particular in their
+dress show to what class they belong. It would be very obliging
+in all such persons, who feel in themselves that they are not of
+sound understanding, to give the world notice of it, and spare
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">254</a></span>
+mankind the pains of finding them out. A cane upon the fifth
+button shall from henceforth be the sign of a dapper; red-heeled
+shoes and a hat hung upon one side of the head shall signify a
+smart; <i>a good periwig made into a twist, with a brisk cock</i>, shall
+speak a mettled fellow; and an upper lip covered
+with snuff, a coffee-house statesman. But as it is
+required that all coxcombs hang out their signs, it is,
+on the other hand, expected that men of real merit
+should avoid anything particular in their dress, gait,
+or behaviour. For, as we old men delight in proverbs,
+I cannot forbear bringing out one on this occasion,
+that "good wine needs no bush."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-276-copy.jpg" width="221" height="108" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'I must not leave this subject without reflecting
+on several persons I have lately met, who at a distance
+seem very terrible; but upon a stricter enquiry into their
+looks and features, appear as meek and harmless as any of my
+neighbours. These are country gentlemen, who of late years have
+taken up a humour of coming to town in red coats, whom an
+arch wag of my acquaintance used to describe very well by calling
+them "sheep in wolves' clothing." I have often wondered that
+honest gentlemen, who are good neighbours, and live quietly in
+their own possessions, should take it into their heads to frighten
+the town after this unreasonable manner. I shall think myself
+obliged, if they persist in so unnatural a dress, notwithstanding
+any posts they may have in the <i>militia</i>, to give away their red
+coats to any of the soldiery who shall think fit to strip them, provided
+the said soldiers can make it appear that they belong to a
+regiment where there is a deficiency in the clothing. About two
+days ago I was walking in the park, and accidentally met a rural
+esquire, clothed in all the types above mentioned, with a carriage
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">255</a></span>
+and behaviour made entirely out of his own head. He was of a
+bulk and stature larger than ordinary, had a red coat, flung open
+to show a gay calamancho waistcoat. His periwig fell in a very
+considerable bush upon each shoulder. His arms naturally swung
+at an unreasonable distance from his sides; which, with the
+advantage of a cane that he brandished in a great variety of
+irregular motions, made it unsafe for any one to walk within
+several yards of him. In this manner he took up the whole Mall,
+his spectators moving on each side of it, whilst he cocked up his
+hat, and marched directly for Westminster. I cannot tell who
+this gentleman is, but for my comfort may say, with the lover in
+Terence, who lost sight of a fine young lady, "Wherever thou art,
+thou canst not be long concealed."'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 103. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>Dec. 6, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>These toys will once to serious mischiefs fall,</p>
+<p>When he is laughed at, when he's jeer'd by all.</p>
+
+<p class="i10"><i>Creech</i> (ab Hor., Ars Poet. v. 452).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The 'Tatler,' pursuing his vocation as a censor of manners, is
+presumed to have established a court, before which all bearers of
+canes, snuff-boxes, perfumed handkerchiefs, perspective glasses,
+&amp;c., are brought, that they may, upon showing proper cause, have
+licences granted for carrying the same; but upon conviction that
+these appendages of fashion are adopted merely out of frivolous
+show, the articles thus exposed are ordered to become forfeited.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-277.jpg" width="238" height="103" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Having despatched this set of my petitioners, the bearers of
+canes, there came in a well-dressed man, with a glass tube in one
+hand, and his petition in the other. Upon his entering the room,
+he <i>threw back the right side of his wig</i>, put forward his left leg,
+and advancing the glass to his right eye, aimed it directly at me.
+In the meanwhile, to make my observations also, I put on my
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">256</a></span>
+spectacles; in which posture we surveyed each other for some
+time. Upon the removal of our glasses, I desired him to read his
+petition, which he did very promptly and easily; though at the
+same time it sets forth "that he could see nothing distinctly, and
+was within very few degrees of being utterly blind," concluding,
+with a prayer, "that he might be permitted to strengthen his sight
+by a glass." In answer to this, I told him "he might sometimes
+extend it to his own destruction. As you are now," said I, "you
+are out of the reach of beauty; the shafts of the finest eyes lose
+their force before they can come at you; you cannot distinguish a
+Toast from an orange-wench; you can see a whole circle of beauty
+without any interruption from an impertinent face to discompose
+you. In short, what are snares for others"&mdash;my petitioner would
+hear no more, but told me very seriously, "Mr. Bickerstaff, you
+quite mistake your man; it is the joy, the pleasure, the employment
+of my life to frequent public assemblies and gaze upon the
+fair." In a word, I found his use of a glass was occasioned by no
+other infirmity but his vanity, and was not so much designed to
+make him see as to make him be seen and distinguished by
+others. I therefore refused him a licence for a perspective, but
+allowed him a pair of spectacles, with full permission to use them
+in any public assembly as he should think fit. He was followed
+by so very few of this order of men, that I have reason to hope
+that this sort of cheat is almost at an end.</p>
+
+<p>'Little follies in dress and behaviour lead to greater evils.
+The bearing to be laughed at for such singularity teaches us
+insensibly an impertinent fortitude, and enables us to bear public
+censure for things that most substantially deserve it. By this
+means they open a gate to folly, and often render a man so ridiculous
+as to discredit his virtues and capacities, and unqualify him
+from doing any good in the world. Besides, the giving in to uncommon
+habits of this nature, it is a want of that humble deference
+which is due to mankind, and, what is worst of all, the certain
+indication of some secret flaw in the mind of the person that
+commits them.</p>
+
+<p>'When I was a young man, I remember a gentleman of great
+integrity and worth was very remarkable for wearing a broad belt
+and a hanger instead of a fashionable sword, though in other
+points a very well-bred man. I suspected him at first sight to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">257</a></span>
+have something wrong in him, but was not able for a long time to
+discover any collateral proofs of it. I watched him narrowly for
+six-and-thirty years, when at last, to the surprise of everybody but
+myself, who had long expected to see the folly break out, he
+married his own cook-maid.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-279.jpg" width="228" height="204" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 108. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>Dec. 17, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Thus while the mute creation downward bend</p>
+<p>Their sight, and to their earthly mother tend,</p>
+<p>Man looks aloft, and with erected eyes</p>
+<p>Beholds his own hereditary skies.&mdash;<i>Dryden.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The 'Tatler,' for a little rational recreation, has visited the
+theatre, hoping to enlarge his ideas; but even in 1709 we find
+a passion for mere acrobatic exhibitions engaging and corrupting
+the popular taste.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-280.jpg" width="127" height="174" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'While I was in suspense, expecting every moment to see my
+old friend Mr. Betterton appear in all the majesty of distress, to
+my unspeakable amazement there came up a monster with a face
+between his feet, and as I was looking on he raised himself on one
+leg in such a perpendicular posture that the other grew in a direct
+line above his head. It afterwards twisted itself into the motions
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">258</a></span>
+and writhings of several different animals, and, after a great variety
+of shapes and transformations, went off the stage in the figure of a
+human creature. The admiration, the
+applause, the satisfaction of the audience,
+during this strange entertainment, is not
+to be expressed. I was very much out of
+countenance for my dear countrymen, and
+looked about with some apprehension, for
+fear any foreigner should be present. Is it
+possible, thought I, that human nature
+can rejoice in its disgrace, and take pleasure
+in seeing its own figure turned to
+ridicule and distorted into forms that raise
+horror and aversion!'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 109. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>Dec. 20, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="i2">In this giddy, busy maze,</p>
+<p>I lose the sunshine of my days.&mdash;<i>Francis.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>A fine lady has condescended to consult the 'Tatler' on a
+trifling matter; the solemnity of her state&mdash;an admirable picture
+of the equipage of a fine lady of that period&mdash;electrifies the philosopher
+and amazes his simple neighbours.</p>
+
+<p class="left65">
+'Sheer Lane, December 19.</p>
+
+<p>'There has not some years been such a tumult in our neighbourhood
+as this evening, about six. At the lower end of the
+lane, the word was given that there was a great funeral coming by.
+The next moment came forward, in a very hasty instead of a
+solemn manner, a long train of lights, when at last a footman, in
+very high youth and health, with all his force, ran through the
+whole art of beating the door of the house next to me, and ended
+his rattle with the true finishing rap. This did not only bring one
+to the door at which he knocked, but to that of everyone in the
+lane in an instant. Among the rest, my country-maid took the
+alarm, and immediately running to me, told me "there was a fine,
+fine lady, who had three men with burial torches making way
+before her, carried by two men upon poles, with looking-glasses
+each side of her, and one glass also before, she herself appearing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">259</a></span>
+the prettiest that ever was." The girl was going on in her story,
+when the lady was come to my door in her chair, having mistaken
+the house. As soon as she entered I saw she was Mr. Isaac's
+scholar, by her speaking air, and the becoming stop she made
+when she began her apology. "You will be surprised, sir," said
+she, "that I take this liberty, who am utterly a stranger to you;
+besides that, it may be thought an indecorum that I visit a man."
+She made here a pretty hesitation, and held her fan to her face.
+Then, as if recovering her resolution, she proceeded, "But I think
+you have said, that men of your age are of no sex; therefore, I
+may be as free with you as with one of my own."'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-281.jpg" width="351" height="158" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The fine lady consults Mr. Bickerstaff on a trivial subject; she
+then describes to him the honour he should esteem her visit; the
+number of calls she is compelled to make, out of custom or ceremony,
+taking her miles round; several acquaintances on her visiting
+list having been punctually called on every week, and yet
+never seen for more than a year. Then follows an account of a
+visiting list for 1708:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table summary="Account of Visiting List">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc" colspan="2">Mrs. Courtwood&mdash;<i>Debtor.</i></td>
+<td class="tdc" colspan="2">Per contra&mdash;<i>Creditor.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>To seventeen hundred and four visits received</td>
+<td class="tdr">1704</td>
+<td>By eleven hundred and nine paid</td>
+<td class="tdr">1109</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Due to balance</td>
+<td class="tdr">595&mdash;1704</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">260</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 111. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>Dec. 24, 1709.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Oh! mortal man, thou that art born in sin!</p>
+
+<p class="i10"><i>The Bellman's Midnight Homily.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-282.jpg" width="170" height="154" alt="" />
+</div>
+<p>Mr. Bickerstaff is meditating on mental infirmities; after examining
+the faults of others, he is disposed to philosophise on his
+own bad propensities, and his cautiousness to keep them within
+reasonable subjection.</p>
+
+<p>'I have somewhere either read or heard a very memorable
+sentence, "that a man would be a most insupportable monster,
+should he have the faults that are incident to his years, constitution,
+profession, family, religion, age, and country;" and yet
+every man is in danger of them all. For this reason, as I am an
+old man, I take particular care to avoid being covetous, and telling
+long stories. As I am choleric, I forbear not only swearing,
+but all interjections of fretting, as pugh! or pish! and the like.
+As I am a lay-man, I resolve not to conceive an aversion for a
+wise and good man, because his
+coat is of a different colour from
+mine. As I am descended of
+the ancient family of the Bickerstaffs,
+I never call a man of
+merit an upstart. As a Protestant,
+I do not suffer my zeal
+so far to transport me as to
+name the Pope and the Devil
+together. As I am fallen into
+this degenerate age, I guard myself
+particularly against the folly
+I have now been speaking of. As I am an Englishman, I am
+very cautious not to hate a stranger, or despise a poor palatine.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 116. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>Jan. 5, 1710.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-283.jpg" width="182" height="146" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The 'Tatler,' still maintaining his court for the examination of
+frivolities in costume, is engaged in giving judgment on female
+fashions. The hooped petticoat is the subject before his worshipful
+board. A fair offender has been captured, and stripped of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">261</a></span>
+her encumbrances until she is reduced to dimensions which will
+allow her to enter the house; the petticoat is then hung up to
+the roof&mdash;its ample dimensions covering the entire court like a
+canopy. The late wearer had the sense to confess that she 'should
+be glad to see an example made of it, that she wore it for no
+other reason but that she had a mind to look as big and burly as
+other persons of her quality, and that she kept out of it as long as
+she could and until she began to appear little in the eyes of her
+acquaintance.' After hearing arguments concerning the encouragement
+the wearing of these monstrous appendages offered to the
+woollen manufacturers, to the rope and cord makers, and to the
+whalebone fisheries of Greenland, the 'Tatler' pronounced his
+decision that the expense thus entailed on fathers and husbands,
+and the prejudice to the ladies themselves, 'who could never
+expect to have any money in the pocket if they laid out so much
+on the petticoat,' together with the fact that since the introduction
+of these garments several persons of quality were in the habit of
+cutting up their cast gowns to strengthen their stiffening, instead
+of bestowing them as perquisites or in charity, determined him to
+seize the petticoat as a forfeiture, to be sent as a present to a
+widow gentlewoman, who had five daughters, to be made into
+petticoats for each, the remainder to be returned to be cut up into
+stomachers and caps, facings for waistcoat sleeves, and other garniture.
+He thus concludes: 'I consider woman as a beautiful,
+romantic animal, that may be adorned with furs and feathers,
+pearls and diamonds, ores and
+silks. The lynx shall cast its
+skin at her feet to make her a
+tippet; the peacock, parrot, and
+swan shall pay contributions to
+her muff; the sea shall be
+searched for shells, and the
+rocks for gems; and every part
+of nature furnish out its share
+towards the embellishment of a
+creature that is the most consummate work of it. All this I shall
+indulge them in; but as for the petticoat I have been speaking of
+I neither can nor will allow it.'</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">262</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 145. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>March 14, 1710.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">Nescio quis teneros oculus mihi fascinat agnos.&mdash;<i>Virg. Ecl.</i> III. 103.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Ah! what ill eyes bewitch my tender lambs?</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-284.jpg" width="191" height="117" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'This paper was allotted for taking into consideration a late
+request of two indulgent parents, touching the care of a young
+daughter, whom they design to send to a boarding-school, or keep
+at home, according to my determination; but I am diverted from
+that subject by letters which I have received from several ladies,
+complaining of a certain sect of professed enemies to the repose
+of the fair sex, called oglers. These are, it seems, gentlemen who
+look with deep attention on one object at the playhouses, and are
+ever staring all round them in churches. It is urged by my correspondents,
+that they do all
+that is possible to keep their
+eyes off these ensnarers; but
+that, by what power they
+know not, both their diversions
+and devotions are interrupted
+by them in such a manner as that they cannot
+attend to either, without stealing
+looks at the persons whose eyes are fixed upon them. By this
+means, my petitioners say, they find themselves grow insensibly
+less offended, and in time enamoured of these their enemies.
+What is required of me on this occasion is, that as I love and
+study to preserve the better part of mankind, the females, I would
+give them some account of this dangerous way of assault; against
+which there is so little defence, that it lays ambush for the sight
+itself, and makes them seeingly, knowingly, willingly, and forcibly
+go on to their own captivity. The naturalists tell us that the
+rattlesnake will fix himself under a tree where he sees a squirrel
+playing; and when he has once got the exchange of a glance
+from the pretty wanton, will give it such a sudden stroke on its
+imagination, that though it may play from bough to bough, and
+strive to avert its eyes from it for some time, yet it comes nearer
+and nearer, by little intervals looking another way, until it drops
+into the jaws of the animal, which it knew gazed at it for no other
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">263</a></span>
+reason but to ruin it. I did not believe this piece of philosophy
+until the night when I made my observations of the play of eyes at
+the opera, where I then saw the same thing pass between an ogler
+and a coquette.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 146. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>March 16, 1710.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Intrust thy fortune to the Powers above;</p>
+<p>Leave them to manage for thee, and to grant</p>
+<p>What their unerring wisdom sees thee want:</p>
+<p>In wisdom as in greatness they excel;</p>
+<p>Ah! that we lov'd ourselves but half so well!</p>
+<p>We, blindly by our headstrong passions led,</p>
+<p>Are hot for action, and desire to wed;</p>
+<p>Then wish for heirs, but to the gods alone</p>
+<p>Our future offspring and our wives are known.</p>
+
+<p class="i10"><i>Juv. Sat., Dryden.</i></p>
+</div></div></div>
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-285.jpg" width="169" height="170" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'As I was sitting after dinner
+in my elbow-chair, I took up
+Homer, and dipped into that
+famous speech of Achilles to
+Priam,<a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>
+ in which he tells him
+that Jupiter has by him two great
+vessels, the one filled with blessings,
+and the other with misfortunes;
+out of which he mingles
+a composition for every man that
+comes into the world. This passage
+so exceedingly pleased me, that, as I fell insensibly into my
+afternoon's slumber, it wrought my imagination into the following
+dream:&mdash;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">264</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'When Jupiter took into his hands the government of the
+world, the several parts of nature with the presiding deities did
+homage to him. One presented him with a mountain of winds,
+another with a magazine of hail, and a third with a pile of thunderbolts.
+The Stars offered up their influences; Ocean gave his
+trident, Earth her fruits, and the Sun his seasons.</p>
+
+<p>'Among others the Destinies advanced with two great urns,
+one of which was fixed on the right hand of Jove's throne, and the
+other on the left. The first was filled with all the blessings, the
+second with all the calamities, of human life. Jupiter, in the
+beginning of his reign, poured forth plentifully from the right
+hand; but as mankind, degenerating, became unworthy of his
+blessings, he broached the other vessel, which filled the earth
+with pain and poverty, battles and distempers, jealousy and falsehood,
+intoxicating pleasures and untimely deaths. He finally, in
+despair at the depravity of human nature, resolved to recall his
+gifts and lay them in store until the world should be inhabited by
+a more deserving race.</p>
+
+<p>'The three sisters of Destiny immediately repaired to the
+earth in search of the several blessings which had been scattered
+over it, but found great difficulties in their task. The first places
+they resorted to, as the most likely of success, were cities, palaces,
+and courts; but instead of meeting with what they looked for
+here, they found nothing but envy, repining, uneasiness, and the
+like bitter ingredients of the left-hand vessel; whereas, to their
+great surprise, they discovered content, cheerfulness, health, innocence,
+and other the most substantial blessings of life, in cottages,
+shades, and solitudes. In other places the blessings had been
+converted into calamities, and misfortunes had become real
+benefits, while in many cases the two had entered into alliance. In
+their perplexity the Destinies were compelled to throw all the blessings
+and calamities into one vessel, and leave them to Jupiter to
+use his own discretion in their future distribution.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 148. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>March 21, 1710.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>They ransack ev'ry element for choice</p>
+<p>Of ev'ry fish and fowl, at any price.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>'I may, perhaps, be thought extravagant in my notion; but I
+confess I am apt to impute the dishonours that sometimes happen
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">265</a></span>
+in great families to the inflaming diet which is so much in fashion.
+For this reason we see the florid complexion, the strong limb, and
+the hale constitution are to be found among the meaner sort of
+people, or in the wild gentry who have been educated among the
+woods or mountains; whereas many great families are insensibly
+fallen off from the athletic constitution of their progenitors, and are
+dwindled away into a pale, sickly, spindle-legged generation of
+valetudinarians.</p>
+
+<p>'I look upon a French ragoût to be as pernicious to the
+stomach as a glass of spirits; and when I see a young lady
+swallow all the instigations of high soups, seasoned sauces, and
+forced meats, I have wondered at the despair or tedious sighing
+of her lovers.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-287.jpg" width="278" height="162" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'The rules among these false delicates are, to be as contradictory
+as they can be to nature. They admit of nothing at their
+tables in its natural form, or without some disguise. They are to
+eat everything before it comes in season, and to leave it off as
+soon as it is good to be eaten.</p>
+
+<p>'I remember I was last summer invited to a friend's house,
+who is a great admirer of the French cookery, and, as the phrase
+is, "eats well." At our sitting down, I found the table covered
+with a great variety of unknown dishes. I was mightily at a loss
+to learn what they were, and therefore did not know where to help
+myself. That which stood before me I took to be roasted porcupine&mdash;however,
+I did not care for asking questions&mdash;and have since
+been informed that it was only a larded turkey. I afterwards
+passed my eye over several hashes, which I do not know the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">266</a></span>
+names of to this day; and, hearing that they were delicacies, did
+not think fit to meddle with them. Among other dainties, I saw
+something like a pheasant, and therefore desired to be helped to a
+wing of it; but to my great surprise, my friend told me it was a
+rabbit, which is a sort of meat I never cared for. Even the
+dessert was so pleasingly devised and ingeniously arranged that I
+cared not to displace it.</p>
+
+<p>'As soon as this show was over, I took my leave, that I might
+finish my dinner at my own house; for as I in everything love
+what is simple and natural, so particularly my food. Two plain
+dishes, with two or three good-natured, cheerful, ingenuous
+friends, would make me more pleased and vain than all that
+pomp and luxury can bestow; for it is my maxim that "he keeps
+the greatest table who has the most valuable company at it."'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 155. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>April 17, 1710.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>When he had lost all business of his own,</p>
+<p>He ran in quest of news through all the town.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>'There lived some years since, within my neighbourhood, a
+very grave person, an upholsterer,<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>
+ who seemed a man of more
+than ordinary application to business. He was a very early riser,
+and was often abroad two or three hours before any of his neighbours.
+He had a particular carefulness in the knitting of his
+brows, and a kind of impatience in all his motions, that plainly
+discovered he was always intent upon matters of importance.
+Upon my inquiry into his life and conversation, I found him to be
+the greatest newsmonger in our quarter; that he rose before day
+to read the "Postman;" and that he would take two or three
+turns to the other end of the town before his neighbours were up,
+to see if there were any Dutch mails come in. He had a wife and
+several children; but was much more inquisitive to know what
+passed in Poland than in his own family, and was in greater pain
+and anxiety of mind for King Augustus's welfare than that of his
+nearest relations. He looked extremely thin in a dearth of news,
+and never enjoyed himself in a westerly wind. This indefatigable
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">267</a></span>
+kind of life was the ruin of his shop; for, about the time that his
+favourite prince left the crown of Poland, he broke and disappeared.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-289.jpg" width="368" height="145" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'This man and his affairs had been long out of my mind, until
+about three days ago, as I was walking in St. James's Park, I
+heard somebody at a distance hemming after me; and who should
+it be but my old neighbour the upholsterer! I saw he was
+reduced to extreme poverty, by certain shabby superfluities in his
+dress; for notwithstanding that it was a very sultry day for the
+time of the year, he wore a loose great-coat and a muff, with a
+long campaign wig out of curl; to which he had added the ornament
+of a pair of black garters buckled under the knee. Upon
+his coming up to me, I was going to inquire into his present
+circumstances; but I was prevented by his asking me, with a
+whisper, "whether the last letters brought any accounts that one
+might rely upon from Bender." I told him, "None that I heard
+of;" and asked him "whether he had yet married his eldest
+daughter." He told me, "No; but pray," says he, "tell me sincerely,
+what are your thoughts of the King of Sweden?" For,
+though his wife and children were starving, I found his chief concern
+at present was for this great monarch. I told him "that I
+looked upon him as one of the first heroes of the age." "But
+pray," says he, "do you think there is any truth in the story of his
+wound?" And finding me surprised at the question, "Nay," says
+he, "I only propose it to you." I answered "that I thought
+there was no reason to doubt of it." "But why in the heel," says
+he, "more than in any other part of the body?" "Because,"
+said I, "the bullet chanced to light there."</p>
+
+<p>'We were now got to the upper end of the Mall, where were
+three or four very odd fellows sitting together upon the bench.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">268</a></span>
+These I found were all of them politicians, who used to sun themselves
+in that place every day about dinner-time. Observing them
+to be curiosities in their kind, and my friend's acquaintance, I sat
+down among them.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-290.jpg" width="235" height="162" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'The chief politician of the bench was a great asserter of paradoxes.
+He told us, with a seeming concern, "that, by some
+news he had lately read from Muscovy, it appeared to him that
+there was a storm gathering in the Black Sea, which might in time
+do hurt to the naval forces of this nation." To this he added,
+"that, for his part, he could not wish to see the Turk driven out
+of Europe, which, he believed, could not but be prejudicial to our
+woollen manufacture."</p>
+
+<p>'He backed his assertions with so many broken hints and
+such a show of depth and wisdom, that we gave ourselves up to
+his opinions. The discourse at length fell upon a point which
+seldom escapes a knot of true-born Englishmen; whether, in case
+of a religious war, the Protestants would not be too strong for the
+Papists. This we unanimously determined on the Protestant side.<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>'When we had fully discussed this point, my friend the upholsterer
+began to exert himself upon the present negotiations of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">269</a></span>
+peace; in which he deposed princes, settled the bounds of kingdoms,
+and balanced the power of Europe, with great justice and
+impartiality.</p>
+
+<p>'I at length took my leave of the company, and was going
+away; but had not gone thirty yards before the upholsterer
+hemmed again after me. Upon his advancing towards me with a
+whisper, I expected to hear some secret piece of news, which he
+had not thought fit to communicate to the bench; but, instead of
+that, he desired me in my ear to lend him half-a-crown. In compassion
+to so needy a statesman, and to dissipate the confusion I
+found he was in, I told him, "if he pleased, I would give him five
+shillings, to receive five pounds of him when the great Turk was
+driven out of Constantinople;" which he very readily accepted,
+but not before he had laid down to me the impossibility of such
+an event as the affairs of Europe now stand.</p>
+
+<p>'This paper I design for the peculiar benefit of those worthy
+citizens who live more in a coffee-house than in their shops, and
+whose thoughts are so taken up with foreign affairs that they
+forget their customers.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 163. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>April 25, 1710.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Suffenus has no more wit than a mere clown, when he attempts to write
+verses; and yet he is never happier than when he is scribbling; so much does
+he admire himself and his compositions. And, indeed, this is the foible of
+every one of us; for there is no man living who is not a Suffenus in one thing
+or other.&mdash;<i>Catul. de Suffeno</i>, XX. 14.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>'I yesterday came hither about two hours before the company
+generally make their appearance, with a design to read over all
+the newspapers; but, upon my sitting down, I was accosted by
+Ned Softly, who saw me from a corner in the other end of the
+room, where I found he had been writing something. "Mr.
+Bickerstaff," says he, "I observe, by a late paper of yours, that
+you and I are just of a humour; for you must know, of all impertinences,
+there is nothing which I so much hate as news. I never
+read a gazette in my life; and never trouble my head about our
+armies, whether they win or lose, or in what part of the world they
+lie encamped." Without giving me time to reply, he drew a
+paper of verses out of his pocket, telling me "that he had something
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">270</a></span>
+that would entertain me more agreeably; and that he would
+desire my judgment upon every line, for that we had time enough
+before us until the company came in."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-292.jpg" width="342" height="149" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Finding myself unavoidably engaged in such a conversation,
+I was resolved to turn my pain into a pleasure and to divert
+myself as well as I could with <i>so very odd</i> a fellow. "You must
+understand," says Ned, "that the sonnet I am going to read to
+you was written upon a lady, who showed me some verses of her
+own making, and is, perhaps, the best <i>poet</i> of our age. But you
+shall hear it."</p>
+
+<p>'Upon which he began to read as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">To Mira, on her incomparable Poems.</span></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="center">1.</p>
+
+<p>When dress'd in laurel wreaths you shine,</p>
+<p class="i1">And tune your soft melodious notes,</p>
+<p>You seem a sister of the Nine,</p>
+<p class="i1">Or Ph&oelig;bus' self in petticoats.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="center">2.</p><p>I fancy when your song you sing</p>
+<p class="i1">(Your song you sing with so much art)</p>
+<p>Your pen was pluck'd from Cupid's wing;</p>
+<p class="i1">For, ah! it wounds me like a dart.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>'"Why," says I, "this is a little nosegay of conceits, a very
+lump of salt. Every verse has something in it that piques; and
+then the <i>dart</i> in the last line is certainly as pretty a sting on the
+tail of an epigram, for so I think you critics call it, as ever entered
+into the thought of a poet." "Dear Mr. Bickerstaff," says he,
+shaking me by the hand, "everybody knows you to be a judge of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">271</a></span>
+these things; and, to tell you truly, I read over Roscommon's
+'Translation of Horace's Art of Poetry' three several times before
+I sat down to write the sonnet which I have shown you. But
+you shall hear it again, and pray observe every line of it; for not
+one of them shall pass without your approbation. My friend
+Dick Easy," continued he, "assured me he would rather have
+written that '<i>Ah!</i>' than to have been the author of the 'Æneid.'</p>
+
+<p>'"He indeed objected that I made Mira's pen like a quill in one
+of the lines and like a dart in the other." "But as to that&mdash;oh!
+as to that," says I, "it is but supposing Cupid to be like a porcupine,
+and his quills and darts will be the same thing." He was
+going to embrace me for the hint; but half-a-dozen critics coming
+into the room, whose faces he did not like, he conveyed the
+sonnet into his pocket, and whispered me in the ear, "he would
+show it me again as soon as his man had written it over fair."'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 178. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>May 30, 1710.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-293.jpg" width="62" height="156" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'When we look into the delightful history of the most ingenious
+Don Quixote of La Mancha, and consider the exercises and
+manner of life of that renowned gentleman, we cannot
+but admire the exquisite genius and discerning spirit
+of Michael Cervantes; who has not only painted his
+adventurer with great mastery in the conspicuous
+parts of his story, which relate to love and honour,
+but also intimated in his ordinary life, in his economy
+and furniture, the infallible symptoms he gave of his
+growing phrenzy, before he declared himself a knight-errant.
+His hall was furnished with old lances, halberds,
+and morions; his food, lentiles; his dress,
+amorous. He slept moderately, rose early, and spent
+his time in hunting. When by watchfulness and exercise he was
+thus qualified for the hardships of his intended peregrinations, he
+had nothing more to do but to fall hard to study; and, before he
+should apply himself to the practical part, get into the methods of
+making love and war by reading books of knighthood. As for
+raising tender passions in him, Cervantes reports that he was wonderfully
+delighted with a smooth intricate sentence; and when
+they listened at his study-door, they could frequently hear him
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">272</a></span>
+read aloud, "The reason of the unreasonableness, which against
+my reason is wrought, doth so weaken my reason, as with all
+reason I do justly complain of your beauty." Again he would
+pause until he came to another charming sentence, and, with the
+most pleasing accent imaginable, be loud at a new paragraph:
+"The high heavens, which, with your divinity, do fortify you
+divinely with the stars, make you deserveress of the deserts that
+your greatness deserves." With these and other such passages,
+says my author, the poor gentleman grew distracted, and was
+breaking his brains day and night to understand and unravel their
+sense.</p>
+
+<p>'What I am now warning the people of is, that the newspapers
+of this island are as pernicious to weak heads in England as ever
+books of chivalry to Spain; and therefore shall do all that in me
+lies, with the utmost care and vigilance imaginable, to prevent
+these growing evils.'</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bickerstaff goes on to describe the private Bedlam he has
+provided for such as are seized with these <i>rabid</i> political <i>maladies</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 186. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>June 17, 1710.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Virtue alone ennobles human kind,</p>
+<p>And power should on her glorious footsteps wait.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>'There is nothing more necessary to establish reputation than
+to suspend the enjoyment of it. He that cannot bear the sense of
+merit with silence, must of necessity destroy it; for fame being
+the general mistress of mankind, whoever gives it to himself insults
+all to whom he relates any circumstances to his own advantage.
+He is considered as an open ravisher of that beauty for whom all
+others pine in silence. But some minds are so incapable of any
+temperance in this particular, that <i>on every second</i> in their discourse
+you may observe an earnestness in their eyes which shows they
+wait for your approbation; and perhaps the next instant cast an
+eye in a glass to see how they like themselves.</p>
+
+<p>'Walking the other day in a neighbouring inn of court, I saw
+a more happy and more graceful orator than I ever before had
+heard or read of. A youth of about nineteen years of age was in
+an Indian dressing-gown and laced cap, pleading a cause before
+a glass. The young fellow had a very good air, and seemed to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">273</a></span>
+hold his brief in his hand rather to help his action, than that he
+wanted notes for his further information. When I first began to
+observe him, I feared he would soon
+be alarmed; but he was so zealous
+for his client, and so favourably received
+by the court, that he went on
+with great fluency to inform the
+bench that he humbly hoped they
+would not let the merit of the cause
+suffer by the youth and inexperience
+of the pleader; that in all things he
+submitted to their candour; and modestly desired they would not
+conclude but that strength of argument and force of reason may
+be consistent with grace of action and comeliness of person.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-295.jpg" width="171" height="113" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'To me (who see people every day in the midst of crowds,
+whomsoever they seem to address, talk only to themselves and of
+themselves) this orator was not so extravagant a man as perhaps
+another would have thought him; but I took part in his success,
+and was very glad to find he had in his favour judgment and costs,
+without any manner of opposition.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 204. <span class="smcap">The 'Tatler.'</span>&mdash;<i>July 29, 1710.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>He with rapture hears</p>
+<p>A title tingling in his tender ears.</p>
+<p class="i10"><i>Francis's Horace, Sat.</i> V. 32.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-295-copy.jpg" width="203" height="92" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Were distinctions used according
+to the rules of reason
+and sense, those additions
+to men's names would be,
+as they were first intended,
+significant of their worth, and
+not their persons; so that in
+some cases it might be proper to say of a deceased ambassador,
+"The man is dead; but his excellency will never die." It is,
+methinks, very unjust to laugh at a Quaker, because he has taken
+up a resolution to treat you with a word the most expressive of
+complaisance that can be thought of, and with an air of good-nature
+and charity calls you <i>Friend</i>. I say, it is very unjust to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">274</a></span>
+rally him for this term to a stranger, when you yourself, in all your
+phrases of distinction, confound phrases of honour into no use at all.</p>
+
+<p>'Tom Courtly, who is the pink of courtesy, is an instance of
+how little moment an undistinguishing application of sounds of
+honour are to those who understand themselves. Tom never fails
+of paying his obeisance to every man he sees who has title or
+office to make him conspicuous; but his deference is wholly given
+to outward considerations. I, who know him, can tell him within
+half an acre how much land one man has more than another by
+Tom's bow to him. Title is all he knows of honour, and civility
+of friendship; for this reason, because he cares for no man living,
+he is religiously strict in performing, what he calls, his respects to
+you. To this end he is very learned in pedigree, and will abate
+something in the ceremony of his approaches to a man, if he is in
+any doubt about the bearing of his coat of arms. What is the
+most pleasant of all his character is, that he acts with a sort of
+integrity in these impertinences; and though he would not do any
+solid kindness, he is wonderfully just and careful not to wrong his
+quality. But as integrity is very scarce in the world, I cannot
+forbear having respect for the impertinent: it is some virtue to be
+bound by anything. Tom and I are upon very good terms, for
+the respect he has for the house of Bickerstaff. Though one
+cannot but laugh at his serious consideration of things so little
+essential, one must have a value even for a frivolous good conscience.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-296.jpg" width="420" height="261" alt="" />
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">275</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XII.<br />
+<span class="s08">THACKERAY'S RESEARCHES AMONGST THE WRITINGS OF THE
+EARLY ESSAYISTS&mdash;<i>Continued.</i></span></h2>
+
+<p class="ch_summ">
+Extracts of Characteristic Passages from the Works of 'The Humourists,' from
+Thackeray's Library, illustrated with Original Marginal Sketches by the
+Author's Hand&mdash;The Series of <span class="smcap">The 'Guardian</span>,' 1713&mdash;Introduction&mdash;Steele's
+Programme&mdash;Authors who contributed to the 'Guardian'&mdash;Paragraphs
+and Pencillings.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Introduction to The 'Guardian.'</span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-297.jpg" width="228" height="287" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The seventh volume of the 'Spectator,'
+originally intended to be the last, was
+concluded Dec. 6, 1712, and the first
+paper of the 'Guardian' made its appearance
+March 12, 1713. This work
+had been actually projected by Steele
+before the conclusion of the 'Spectator.'
+In a letter to Pope, dated
+Nov. 12, 1712, he thus announces his
+intention: 'I desire you would let me
+know whether you are at leisure or
+not. I have a design which I shall
+open in a month or two hence, with
+the assistance of a few like yourself. If your thoughts are unengaged,
+I shall explain myself further.'</p>
+
+<p>It appears that Steele undertook this work without any previous
+concert with his illustrious colleague, and that he pursued it for
+many weeks with vigour and assiduity, and with very little assistance
+from his friends or from the letter-box.</p>
+
+<p>The views of our essayists in the choice of a name have been
+either to select one that did not pledge them to any particular
+plan, or one that expressed humility, or promised little, and might
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">276</a></span>
+afterwards excite an agreeable surprise by its unexpected fertility.
+Of the former class are the 'Spectator,' 'World,' 'Mirror;' of the
+latter class are the 'Tatler,' 'Rambler,' 'Idler,' 'Adventurer,' &amp;c.
+The 'Connoisseur' is a name of some danger, because of great
+promise; and the 'Guardian' might perhaps have been liable to
+the same objection, if 'Nestor Ironside' had not tempered the
+austerity of the preceptor with the playfulness of the friend and
+companion, and partaken of the amusements of his pupils while
+he provided for their instruction. And with respect to his 'literary
+speculations, as well as his merriment and burlesque,' we may
+surely allow him some latitude, when we consider that the public
+at large were put under his guardianship, and that the demand for
+variety became consequently more extensive. The 'Guardian'&mdash;which
+was in effect a continuation of the 'Spectator' under
+another name&mdash;was published daily until Oct. 1, 1713, No. 175,
+when it was abruptly closed by Steele, in consequence of a quarrel
+between him and Tonson, the bookseller. Pope informs us that
+Steele stood engaged to his publisher in articles of penalty for all
+the 'Guardians;' and by desisting two days, and altering the title
+of the paper, was quit of the obligation. Steele started the
+'Englishman,' which was printed for Buckley, with a view of
+carrying his politics into a new paper in which they might be in
+place. Steele behaved vindictively to Tonson, and ruthlessly
+destroyed the original publisher's legitimate rights of proprietorship
+in the joint enterprise by advertising the 'Englishman' <i>as the
+sequel</i> of the 'Guardian.'</p>
+
+<p>In his first paper he likewise declared that he had 'for valuable
+considerations purchased the lion<a name="FNanchor_22" id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>
+ (frequently alluded to in the
+papers), desk, pen, ink, and paper, and all other goods of Nestor
+Ironside, Esq., who had thought fit to write no more himself.'</p>
+
+<p>Whatever stormy circumstances, declares Dr. Chalmers, attended
+the conclusion, it appears that Steele came prepared for
+the commencement of the 'Guardian,' with more industry and
+richer stores than usual. He wrote a great many papers in succession,
+with very little assistance from his contemporaries. Addison,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">277</a></span>
+for what reason is not very obvious, unless he was then looking to
+higher employment, did not make his appearance until No. 67,
+nor, with one exception, did he again contribute until No. 97,
+when he proceeds without interruption for twenty-seven numbers,
+during which time Steele's affairs are said to have been embarrassed.
+Steele's share amounts to seventy-one papers, written in
+his happiest vein. Addison wrote fifty-one papers, and generally
+with his accustomed excellence; but it may perhaps be thought
+that there is a greater proportion of serious matter, and more
+frequent use made of the letter-box, than was usual with this
+author.</p>
+
+<p>The contributors to the 'Guardian' were not numerous. The
+first for quality and value was the celebrated Bishop of Cloyne,
+Dr. George Berkeley, a man so uniformly amiable as to be ranked
+among the first of human beings; a writer sometimes so absurd
+that it has been doubted whether it was possible he could be
+serious in the principles he has laid down. His actions manifested
+the warmest zeal for the interests of Christianity, while some of his
+writings seemed intended to assist the cause of infidelity. The
+respect of those who knew Dr. Berkeley, and his own excellent
+character, have rescued his name from the imputations to which
+his writings may have given occasion; and to posterity he will be
+deservedly handed down as an able champion of religion, although
+infected with an incurable love of paradox, and somewhat tainted
+with the pride of philosophy, which his better sense could not
+restrain.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Berkeley's share in the 'Guardian' has been ascertained,
+partly on the authority of his son, who claimed Nos. 3, 27, 35, 39,
+49, 55, 62, 70, 77, and 126, and partly on that of the annotators,
+who added to these Nos. 83, 88, and 89.</p>
+
+<p>It is asserted, on unquestionable authority, that Dr. Berkeley
+had a guinea and a dinner with Steele for every paper he furnished.
+This is the only circumstance that has come to light respecting
+the payment received by the assistants in any of these works. In
+the 'Spectator' it is probable that Addison and Steele were joint
+sharers or proprietors. In the case of the 'Guardian,' as already
+noticed, there was a contract between Steele and Tonson, the
+nature of which has not been clearly explained.</p>
+
+<p>Pope's share of the 'Guardian' can be traced with some degree
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">278</a></span>
+of certainty, and at least eight papers can be confidently assigned
+to his pen, which entitle him to the very highest praise as an
+essayist. These are Nos. 4, 11, 40, 61, 78, 91, 92, and 173.</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 10. <span class="smcap">The 'Guardian.'</span>&mdash;<i>March 23, 1713.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Venit ad me sæpe clamitans &mdash;&mdash;</p>
+<p>Vestitu nimium indulges, nimium ineptus es,</p>
+<p>Nimium ipse est durus præter æquumque et bonum.</p>
+<p class="i10"><i>Ter. Adelph.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="center p2"><i>'To the "Guardian."</i></p>
+
+<p class="left65">
+'Oxford, 1712.</p>
+
+<p>'Sir,&mdash;I foresee that you will have many correspondents in this
+place; but as I have often observed, with grief of heart, that
+scholars are wretchedly ignorant in the science I profess, I flatter
+myself that my letter will gain a place in your papers. I have
+made it my study, sir, in these seats of learning, to look into the
+nature of dress, and am what they call an <i>academical beau</i>. I have
+often lamented that I am obliged to wear a grave habit, since by
+that means I have not an opportunity to introduce fashions
+amongst our young gentlemen; and so am forced, contrary to my
+own inclinations, and the expectation of all who know me, to
+appear in print. I have indeed met with some
+success in the projects I have communicated to
+some sparks with whom I am intimate, and I
+cannot, without a secret triumph, confess that
+the sleeves turned up with green velvet, which
+now flourish throughout the university, sprung
+originally from my invention.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-302.jpg" width="83" height="198" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'As it is necessary to have the head clear, as
+well as the complexion, to be perfect in this part
+of learning, I rarely mingle with the men (for I
+abhor wine), but frequent the tea-tables of the
+ladies. I know every part of their dress, and
+can name all their things by their names. I
+am consulted about every ornament they buy;
+and, I speak it without vanity, have a very pretty fancy to knots
+and the like. Sometimes I take a needle and spot a piece of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">279</a></span>
+muslin for pretty Patty Cross-stitch, who is my present favourite;
+which, she says, I do neatly enough; or read one of your papers
+and explain the motto, which they all like mightily. But then I
+am a sort of petty tyrant among them, for I own I have my
+humours. If anything be amiss, they are sure Mr. Sleek will find
+fault; if any hoity-toighty things make a fuss, they are sure to be
+taken to pieces the next visit. I am the dread of poor Celia,
+whose wrapping gown is not right India; and am avoided by
+Thalestris in her second-hand manteau, which several masters of
+arts think very fine, whereas I discovered with half an eye that
+it had been scoured.</p>
+
+<hr class="l15" />
+
+<p>'Though every man cannot fill his head with learning, it is in
+anyone's power to wear a pretty periwig; he who hath no knack
+at writing sonnets, may however have a soft hand; and he may
+arch his eye-brows, who hath not strength of genius for the
+mathematics.</p>
+
+<p class="left45">
+<span class="smcap">'Simon Sleek.'</span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 22. <span class="smcap">The 'Guardian.'</span>&mdash;<i>April 6, 1713.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>My next desire is, void of care and strife,</p>
+<p>To lead a soft, secure, inglorious life;</p>
+<p>A country cottage near a crystal flood,</p>
+<p>A winding valley, and a lofty wood.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-303.jpg" width="338" height="158" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Pastoral poetry not only amuses the fancy most delightfully,
+but it is likewise more indebted to it than any other sort whatever.
+It transports us into a kind of fairy-land, where our ears are
+soothed with the melody of birds, bleating flocks and purling
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">280</a></span>
+streams; our eyes are enchanted with flowery meadows and
+springing greens; we are laid under cool shades, and entertained
+with all the sweets and freshness of nature. It is a dream, it is a
+vision, which may be real, and we believe that it is true.</p>
+
+<p>'Another characteristic of a shepherd is simplicity of manners,
+or innocence. This is so obvious that it would be but repetition
+to insist long upon it. I shall only remind the reader, that as the
+pastoral life is supposed to be where nature is not much depraved,
+sincerity and truth will generally run through it. Some slight
+transgressions, for the sake of variety, may be admitted, which in
+effect will only serve to set off the simplicity of it in general. I
+cannot better illustrate this rule than by the following example of
+a swain who found his mistress asleep:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Once Delia slept, on easy moss reclined,</p>
+<p>Her lovely limbs half bare, and rude the wind;</p>
+<p>I smooth'd her coats, and stole a silent kiss;</p>
+<p>Condemn me, shepherds, if I did amiss.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>'A third sign of a swain is, that something of religion, and even
+superstition, is part of his character. For we find that those who
+have lived easy lives in the country, and contemplate the works of
+nature, live in the greatest awe of their author; nor doth this
+humour prevail less now than of old. Our peasants as sincerely
+believe the tales of goblins and fairies as the heathens those of
+fawns, nymphs, and satyrs. Hence we find the works of Virgil
+and Theocritus sprinkled with left-handed ravens, blasted oaks,
+witchcrafts, evil eyes, and the like. And I observe with great
+pleasure, that our English author of the pastorals I have quoted
+hath practised this secret with admirable judgment.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 29. <span class="smcap">The 'Guardian.'</span>&mdash;<i>April 14, 1713.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Ride si sapis&mdash;<i>Mart. Epig.</i></p>
+<p>Laugh if you're wise.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>'In order to look into any person's temper I generally make
+my first observation upon his laugh; whether he is easily moved,
+and what are the passages which throw him into that agreeable
+kind of convulsion. People are never so unguarded as when they
+are pleased; and laughter being a visible symptom of some inward
+satisfaction, it is then, if ever, we may believe the face. It
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">281</a></span>
+may be remarked in general under this head, that the laugh of
+men of wit is, for the most part, but a faint, constrained kind of
+half laugh, as such persons are never without some diffidence
+about them; but that of fools is the most honest, natural, open
+laugh in the world.</p>
+
+<p>'As the playhouse affords us the most occasions of observing
+upon the behaviour of the face, it may be useful (for the direction
+of those who would be critics this way) to remark, that the virgin
+ladies usually dispose themselves in front of the boxes; the young
+married women compose the second row; while the rear is generally
+made up of mothers of long standing, undesigning maids, and
+contented widows. Whoever will cast his eye upon them under
+this view, during the representation of a play, will find me so far
+in the right that a <i>double entendre</i> strikes the first row into an
+affected gravity, or careless indolence; the second will venture at
+a smile; but the third take the conceit entirely, and express their
+mirth in a downright laugh.</p>
+
+<p>'When I descend to particulars, I find the reserved prude will
+relapse into a smile at the extravagant freedoms of the coquette,
+the coquette in her turn laughs at the starchness and awkward
+affectation of the prude; the man of letters is tickled with the
+vanity and ignorance of the fop, and the fop confesses his ridicule
+at the unpoliteness of the pedant.</p>
+
+<p>'I fancy we may range the several kinds of laughers under
+the following heads:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table summary="Laughers">
+<tr>
+<td>The Dimplers,</td>
+<td>The Laughers,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>The Smilers,</td>
+<td>The Grinners,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">The Horse-laughers.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>'The Dimple is practised to give a grace to the features, and is
+frequently made a bait to entangle a gazing lover. This was
+called by the ancients the Chian laugh.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-305.jpg" width="282" height="82" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'The Smile is for the most part confined to the fair sex, and
+their male retinue. It expresses our satisfaction in a silent sort of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">282</a></span>
+approbation, doth not too much disorder the features, and is
+practised by lovers of the most delicate address. This tender
+motion of the physiognomy the ancients called the Ionic laugh.</p>
+
+<p>'The Laugh among us is the common <i>risus</i> of the ancients.</p>
+
+<p>'The Grin, by writers of antiquity, is called the Syncrusian, and
+was then, as it is at this time, made use of to display a beautiful
+set of teeth.</p>
+
+<p>'The Horse-laugh, or the Sardonic, is made use of with great
+success in all kinds of disputation. The proficients in this kind,
+by a well-timed laugh, will baffle the most solid argument. This
+upon all occasions supplies the want of reason, is always received
+with great applause in coffee-house disputes; and that side the
+laugh joins with is generally observed to gain the better of his
+antagonist.</p>
+
+<p>'The prude hath a wonderful esteem for the Chian laugh, or
+Dimple; she looks upon all the other kinds of laughter as excesses
+of levity, and is never seen upon the most extravagant jests to disorder
+her countenance with the ruffle of a smile. Her lips are
+composed with a primness peculiar to her character; all her
+modesty seems collected into her face, and she but very rarely
+takes the freedom to sink her cheek into a dimple.</p>
+
+<p>'The coquette is a proficient in laughter, and can run through
+the whole exercise of the features. She subdues the formal lover
+with the dimple, accosts the fop with the smile, joins with the wit
+in the downright laugh; to vary the air of her countenance frequently
+rallies with the grin; and when she has ridiculed her lover
+quite out of his understanding, to complete his misfortune, strikes
+him dumb with the horse-laugh.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 34. <span class="smcap">The 'Guardian.'</span>&mdash;<i>April 20, 1713.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Mores multorum vidit.&mdash;<i>Hor.</i></p>
+<p>He many men and many manners saw.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>'I happened to fall in with a circle of young ladies very lately,
+at their afternoon tea, when the conversation ran upon fine gentlemen.
+From the several characters that were given, and the
+exceptions that were made, as this or that gentleman happened to
+be named, I found that a lady is not difficult to be pleased, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">283</a></span>
+that the town swarms with fine gentlemen. A nimble pair of
+heels, a smooth complexion, a full-bottomed wig, a laced shirt, an
+embroidered suit, a pair of fringed gloves, a hat and feather, alike,
+one and all, ennoble a man, and raise him above the vulgar in
+female imagination.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-307.jpg" width="89" height="69" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'I could not forbear smiling at one of the prettiest and liveliest
+of this gay assembly, who excepted to the gentility of Sir
+William Hearty, because he wore a frieze coat, and breakfasted
+upon toast and ale. I pretended to admire the fineness of her
+taste, and to strike in with her in ridiculing those awkward healthy
+gentlemen who seek to make nourishment the chief end of eating.
+I gave her an account of an honest Yorkshire gentleman, who,
+when I was a traveller, used to invite his acquaintances
+at Paris to break their fast with him
+upon cold roast beef and mum. There was,
+I remember, a little French marquis, who was
+often pleased to rally him unmercifully upon
+beef and pudding, of which our countryman
+would despatch a pound or two with great alacrity, while his antagonist
+was picking at a mushroom or the haunch of a frog. I could
+perceive the lady was pleased with what I said, and we parted very
+good friends, by virtue of a maxim I always observe, never to contradict
+or reason with a sprightly female. I went home, however,
+full of a great many serious reflections upon what had passed; and
+though in complaisance I disguised my sentiments, to keep up the
+good humour of my fair companions, and to avoid being looked
+upon as a testy old fellow; yet, out of the good-will I bear the
+sex, and to prevent for the future their being imposed upon by
+counterfeits, I shall give them the distinguishing marks of a true
+fine gentleman.</p>
+
+<hr class="l30" />
+
+<p class="center">'ADVERTISEMENT.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>'For the Benefit of my Female Readers.</i></p>
+
+<p>'N.B.&mdash;The gilt chariot, the diamond ring, the gold snuff-box,
+and brocade sword-knot are no essential parts of a fine gentleman;
+but may be used by him, provided he casts his eye upon them but
+once a day.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">284</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 44.<span class="smcap"> The 'Guardian.'</span>&mdash;<i>May 1, 1713.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>This path conducts us to the Elysian fields.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>'I have frequently observed in the walks belonging to all the
+inns of court, a set of old fellows who appear to be humourists,
+and wrapped up in themselves. I am very glad to observe that
+these sages of this peripatetic sect study tranquillity and indolence
+of body and mind in the neighbourhood of so much contention
+as is carried on among the students of Littleton. Now
+these, who are the jest of such as take themselves, and the world
+usually takes to be in prosperity, are the very persons whose happiness,
+were it understood, would be looked upon with burning
+envy.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-308.jpg" width="334" height="101" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'I fell into the discovery of them in the following manner:
+One day last summer, being particularly under the dominion of
+the spleen, I resolved to soothe my melancholy in the company of
+such, whose appearance promised a full return of any complaints I
+could possibly utter. Living near Gray's Inn walks, I went
+thither in search of the persons above described, and found some
+of them seated upon a bench, where, as Milton sings&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>The unpierced shade imbrown'd their noontide bow'r.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>'I squeezed in among them; and they did not only receive
+my moanings with singular humanity, but gave me all possible
+encouragement to enlarge them. If the blackness of my spleen
+raised an imaginary distemper of body, some one of them immediately
+sympathised with me. If I spake of any disappointment in
+my fortune, another of them would abate my sorrowing by recounting
+to me his own defeat upon the very same circumstances. If I
+touched upon overlooked merit, the whole assembly seemed to
+condole with me very feelingly upon that particular. In short, I
+could not make myself so calamitous in mind, body, or circumstances,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">285</a></span>
+but some one of them was upon a level with me. When
+I had wound up my discourse, and was ripe for their intended
+raillery, at first they crowned my narration with several piteous
+sighs and groans; but after a short pause, and a signal given for
+the onset, they burst out into a most incomprehensible fit of
+laughter. You may be sure I was notably out of countenance,
+which gave occasion to a second explosion of the same mirth.
+What troubled me most was, that their figure, age, and short
+sword preserved them from any imputation of cowardice upon
+refusal of battle, and their number from insult. I had now no
+other way to be upon good terms with them, but desiring I might
+be admitted into this fraternity. This was at first vigorously
+opposed, it being objected to me that I affected too much the
+appearance of a happy man to be received into a society so proud
+of appearing the most afflicted. However, as I only seemed to be
+what they really were, I am admitted, by way of triumph, upon
+probation for a year; and if within that time it shall be possible
+for them to infuse any of their gaiety into me, I can, at Monmouth
+Street, upon mighty easy terms, purchase the robes necessary for
+my instalment into this order; and when they have made me as
+happy, shall be willing to appear as miserable, as any of this
+assembly.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 60. <span class="smcap">The 'Guardian.'</span>&mdash;<i>May 20, 1713.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Nihil legebat quod non excerperet.&mdash;<i>Plin.</i></p>
+<p>He picked something out of everything he read.</p>
+</div></div>
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-309.jpg" width="116" height="149" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'There is nothing in which men deceive
+themselves more ridiculously than in point
+of reading, and which, as it is constantly
+practised under the notion of improvement,
+has less advantage.</p>
+
+<p>'When I was sent to Oxford, my
+chiefest expense ran upon books, and my
+only expense upon numbers; so that you
+may be sure I had what they call a choice
+collection, sometimes buying by the pound,
+sometimes by the dozen, at others by the hundred.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">286</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'As I always held it necessary to read in public places, by way
+of ostentation, but could not possibly travel with a library in my
+pockets, I took the following method to gratify this errantry of
+mine. I contrived a little pocket-book, each leaf of which was a
+different author, so that my wandering was indulged and concealed
+within the same enclosure.</p>
+
+<p>'This extravagant humour, which should seem to pronounce
+me irrecoverable, had the contrary effect; and my hand and eye
+being thus confined to a single book, in a little time reconciled
+me to the perusal of a single author. However, I chose such a
+one as had as little connection as possible, turning to the Proverbs
+of Solomon, where the best instructions are thrown together in the
+most beautiful range imaginable, and where I found all that
+variety which I had before sought in so many different authors,
+and which was so necessary to beguile my attention. By these
+proper degrees I have made so glorious a reformation in my
+studies that I can keep company with Tully in his most extended
+periods, and work through the continued narrations of the most
+prolix historian. I now read nothing without making exact collections,
+and shall shortly give the world an instance of this in the
+publication of the following discourses. The first is a learned
+controversy about the existence of griffins, in which I hope to convince
+the world that notwithstanding such a mixed creature has
+been allowed by Ælian, Solinus, Mela, and Herodotus, that they
+have been perfectly mistaken in the matter, and shall support myself
+by the authority of Albertus, Pliny, Aldrovandus, and Matthias
+Michovius; which two last have clearly argued that animal out of
+the creation.</p>
+
+<p>'The second is a treatise of sternutation or sneezing, with the
+original custom of saluting or blessing upon that motion; as also
+with a problem from Aristotle, showing why sneezing from noon
+to night was innocent enough; from night to noon, extremely
+unfortunate.</p>
+
+<p>'The third and most curious is my discourse upon the nature
+of the lake Asphaltites, or the lake of Sodom; being a very careful
+enquiry whether brickbats and iron will swim in that lake, and
+feathers sink, as Pliny and Mandevil have averred.</p>
+
+<p>'The discussing these difficulties without perplexity or prejudice,
+the labour of collecting and collating matters of this
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">287</a></span>
+nature, will, I hope, in a great measure atone for the idle hours I
+have trifled away in matters of less importance.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 77. <span class="smcap">The 'Guardian.'</span>&mdash;<i>June 9, 1713.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Certum voto pete finem.&mdash;<i>Hor. Ep.</i></p>
+<p>To wishes fix an end.&mdash;<i>Creech.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-311.jpg" width="279" height="161" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'The same weakness, or defect in the mind, from whence
+pedantry takes its rise, does likewise give birth to avarice. Words
+and money are both to be regarded as only marks of things; and
+as the knowledge of the one, so the possession of the other is of
+no use, unless directed to a farther end. A mutual commerce
+could not be carried on among men, if some common standard
+had not been agreed upon, to which the value of all the various
+productions of art and nature were reducible, and which might be
+of the same use in the conveyance of property as words are in that
+of ideas. Gold, by its beauty, scarceness, and durable nature,
+seems designed by Providence to a purpose so excellent and
+advantageous to mankind. Upon these considerations that metal
+came first into esteem. But such who cannot see beyond what
+is nearest in the pursuit, beholding mankind touched with an
+affection for gold, and being ignorant of the true reason that
+introduced this odd passion into human nature, imagine some
+intrinsic worth in the metal to be the cause of it. Hence the
+same men who, had they been turned towards learning, would
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">288</a></span>
+have employed themselves in laying up words in their memory,
+are by a different application employed to as much purpose in
+treasuring up gold in their coffers. They differ only in the object;
+the principle on which they act, and the inward frame of mind, is
+the same in the critic and the miser.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 84. <span class="smcap">The 'Guardian.'</span>&mdash;<i>June 17, 1713.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Non missura cutem nisi plena cruoris hirudo.&mdash;<i>Hor.</i></p>
+<p>Sticking like leeches, till they burst with blood.&mdash;<i>Roscommon.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+<p class="center">'<i>To Nestor Ironside, Esq.</i></p>
+
+<p>'Sir,&mdash;Presuming you may sometimes condescend to take
+cognisance of small enormities, I lay one here before you without
+farther apology.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-312.jpg" width="98" height="135" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'There is a silly habit among many of our minor orators, who
+display their eloquence in the several coffee-houses of this fair
+city, to the no small annoyance of considerable numbers of her
+Majesty's spruce and loving subjects, and that is, a humour they
+have got of twisting off your buttons. These
+ingenious gentlemen are not able to advance
+three words till they have got fast hold of one
+of your buttons; but as soon as they have
+procured such an excellent handle for discourse,
+they will indeed proceed with great
+elocution. I know not how well some may
+have escaped; but for my part, I have often
+met with them to my cost; having, I believe,
+within these three years last past, been argued
+out of several dozen; insomuch that I have for some time ordered
+my tailor to bring me home with every suit a dozen at least of
+spare ones, to supply the place of such as, from time to time, are
+detached as a help to discourse, by the vehement gentlemen
+before mentioned. In the coffee-houses here about the Temple,
+you may harangue even among our dabblers in politics for about
+two buttons a-day, and many times for less. I had yesterday the
+good fortune to receive very considerable additions to my knowledge
+in state affairs; and I find this morning that it has not stood
+me in above a button. Besides the gentlemen before mentioned,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">289</a></span>
+there are others who are no less active in their harangues, but with
+gentle services rather than robberies. These, while they are improving
+your understanding, are at the same time setting off your
+person: they will new plait and adjust your neckcloth.</p>
+
+<p>'I am of opinion that no orator or speaker in public or private
+has any right to meddle with anybody's clothes but his own. I
+indulge men in the liberty of playing with their own hats, fumbling
+in their own pockets, settling their own periwigs, tossing or twisting
+their heads, and all other gesticulations which may contribute to
+their elocution, but pronounce it an infringement of the English
+liberty, for a man to keep his neighbour's person in custody in
+order to force a hearing; and farther declare, that all assent
+given by an auditor under such constraint is of itself void and of
+no effect.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 92. <span class="smcap">The 'Guardian.'</span>&mdash;<i>June 26, 1713.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Homunculi quanti sunt, cum recognito!&mdash;<i>Plautus.</i></p>
+<p>Now I recollect, how considerable are these little men.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>'The most eminent persons of our club are, a little poet, a little
+lover, a little politician, and a little hero.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-313.jpg" width="141" height="136" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Tom Tiptoe, a dapper little fellow,
+is the most gallant lover of the age. He
+is particularly nice in his habiliments;
+and to the end justice may be done in
+that way, constantly employs the same
+artist who makes attire for the neighbouring
+princes, and ladies of quality.
+The vivacity of his temper inclines him
+sometimes to boast of the favours of
+the fair. He was the other night excusing
+his absence from the club on account of an assignation with
+a lady (and, as he had the vanity to tell us, a tall one too), but
+one of the company, who was his confidant, assured us she was a
+woman of humour, and consented she would permit him to kiss
+her, but only on the condition that his toe must be tied to hers.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">290</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 100. <span class="smcap">The 'Guardian.'</span>&mdash;<i>July 6, 1713.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>If snowy-white your neck, you still should wear</p>
+<p>That, and the shoulder of the left arm, bare;</p>
+<p>Such sights ne'er fail to fire my am'rous heart,</p>
+<p>And make me pant to kiss the naked part.&mdash;<i>Congreve.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-314.jpg" width="151" height="133" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'There is a certain female ornament,
+by some called a <i>tucker</i>, and
+by others the <i>neckpiece</i>, being a slip
+of fine linen or muslin, that used to
+run in a small kind of ruffle round
+the uppermost verge of the women's
+stays, and by that means covered a
+great part of the shoulders and
+bosom. Having thus given a definition,
+or rather description, of the
+tucker, I must take notice, that our ladies have of late thrown
+aside this fig-leaf, and exposed in its primitive nakedness that
+gentle swelling of the breast which it was used to conceal.</p>
+
+<p>'If we survey the pictures of our great-grandmothers in Queen
+Elizabeth's time, we see them clothed down to the very wrists, and
+up to the very chin. The hands and face were the only samples
+they gave of their beautiful persons. The following age of females
+made larger discoveries of their complexion. They first of all
+tucked up their garments to the elbow; and, notwithstanding the
+tenderness of the sex, were content, for the information of mankind,
+to expose their arms to the coldness of the air, and injuries
+of the weather. This artifice hath succeeded to their wishes, and
+betrayed many to their arms, who might have escaped them had
+they been still concealed.</p>
+
+<p>'About the same time, the ladies considering that the neck
+was a very modest part in a human body, they freed it from those
+yokes, I mean those monstrous linen ruffs in which the simplicity
+of their grandmothers had enclosed it. In proportion as the
+age refined, the dress still sunk lower; so that when we now say
+a woman has a handsome neck, we reckon into it many of the
+adjacent parts. The disuse of the tucker has still enlarged it,
+insomuch that the neck of a fine woman at present takes in almost
+half the body.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">291</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 114. <span class="smcap">The 'Guardian.'</span>&mdash;<i>July 22, 1713.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Take the hives, and fall to work upon the honeycombs; the drones refuse,
+the bees accept the proposal.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-315.jpg" width="117" height="132" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'I think myself obliged to acquaint the public
+that the lion's head, of which I advertised
+them about a fortnight ago, is now erected
+at Button's coffee-house, in Russell Street,
+Covent Garden, where it opens its mouth
+at all hours for the reception of such intelligence
+as shall be thrown into it. It is
+reckoned an excellent piece of workmanship,
+and was designed by a great hand in
+imitation of the antique Egyptian lion, the face of it being compounded
+out of that of a lion and a wizard. The features are
+strong and well furrowed. The whiskers are admired by all that
+have seen them. It is planted on the western side of the coffee-house,
+holding its paws under the chin upon a box, which contains
+everything that he swallows. He is indeed a proper emblem of
+knowledge and action, being all head and paws.</p>
+
+<p>'I need not acquaint my readers that my lion, like a moth or
+bookworm, feeds upon nothing but paper, and shall only beg of
+them to diet him with wholesome and substantial food. I must
+therefore desire that they will not gorge him either with nonsense
+or obscenity; and must likewise insist that his mouth must not be
+defiled with scandal, for I would not make use of him to revile the
+human species, and satirise those who are his betters. I shall not
+suffer him to worry any man's reputation; nor indeed fall on any
+person whatsoever, such only excepted as disgrace the name of
+this generous animal, and under the title of lions contrive the ruin
+of their fellow-subjects. Those who read the history of the Popes,
+observe that the Leos have been the best and the Innocents the
+worst of that species; and I hope I shall not be thought to derogate
+from my lion's character, by representing him as such a
+peaceable, good-natured, well-designing beast.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">292</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 129. <span class="smcap">The 'Guardian.'</span>&mdash;<i>Aug. 8, 1713.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>And part with life, only to wound their foe.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>'The "Guardian" prints the following genuine letters to enlighten
+readers on the cool and deliberate preparation men of
+honour have beforetime made for murdering one another under
+the convenient pretences of duelling:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'"À Monsieur Sackville,&mdash;I that am in France hear how much
+you attribute to yourself in this time, that I have given the world
+leave to ring your praises.... If you call to memory, whereas I
+gave you my hand last, I told you I reserved the heart for a truer
+reconciliation. Be master of your own weapons and time; the
+place wheresoever I will wait on you. By doing this you shall
+shorten revenge, and clear the idle opinion the world hath of both
+our worths.</p>
+
+<p class="left45">
+<span class="smcap">Ed. Bruce.</span>"</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-316.jpg" width="318" height="103" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'"À Monsieur le Baron de Kinloss,&mdash;As it shall be always far
+from me to seek a quarrel, so will I always be ready to meet with
+any that desire to make trial of my valour by so fair a course as
+you require. A witness whereof yourself shall be, who within a
+month shall receive a strict account of time, place, and weapon,
+where you shall find me ready disposed to give you honourable
+satisfaction by him that shall conduct you thither. In the meantime
+be as secret of the appointment as it seems you are desirous
+of it.</p>
+
+<p class="left45">
+<span class="smcap">Ed. Sackville.</span>"</p>
+
+<p class="left65">
+'"Tergosa: August 10, 1613.</p>
+
+<p>'"À Monsieur le Baron de Kinloss,&mdash;I am ready at Tergosa,
+a town in Zealand, to give you that satisfaction your sword can
+tender you, accompanied with a worthy gentleman for my second,
+in degree a knight; and for your coming I will not limit you a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">293</a></span>
+peremptory day, but desire you to make a definite and speedy
+repair, for your own honour, and fear of prevention, until which
+time you shall find me there.</p>
+
+<p class="left45">
+<span class="smcap">Ed. Sackville.</span>"</p>
+
+<p>'"À Monsieur Sackville,&mdash;I have received your letter by your
+man, and acknowledge you have dealt nobly with me; and now I
+come with all possible haste to meet you.</p>
+
+<p class="left45">
+<span class="smcap">Ed. Bruce.</span>"'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 140. <span class="smcap">The 'Guardian.'</span>&mdash;<i>Aug. 21, 1713.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>A sight might thaw old Priam's frozen age,</p>
+<p>And warm e'en Nestor into amorous rage.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p class="center">'<i>To Pope Clement VIII. Nestor Ironside, Greeting.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-317.jpg" width="157" height="167" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'I have heard, with great satisfaction, that you have forbidden
+your priests to confess any woman who appears before them
+without a tucker; in which you please me well. I do agree with
+you that it is impossible for a good man to discharge his office
+as he ought, who gives an ear to those alluring penitents that
+discover their hearts and necks to him at the same time. I am
+labouring, as much as in me lies,
+to stir up the same spirit of modesty
+among the women of this
+island, and should be glad we might
+assist one another in so good a
+work. In order to it, I desire that
+you would send me over the length
+of a Roman lady's neck, as it stood
+before your late prohibition. We
+have some here who have necks of
+one, two, and three feet in length;
+some that have necks which reach
+down to their middles; and, indeed,
+some who may be said to be all neck, and no body. I hope at
+the same time you observe the stays of your female subjects, that
+you have also an eye to their petticoats, which rise in this island
+daily. When the petticoat reaches but to the knee, and the stays
+fall to the fifth rib (which I hear is to be the standard of each
+as it has been lately settled in a junto of the sex), I will take care to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">294</a></span>
+send you one of either sort, which I advertise you of beforehand,
+that you may not compute the stature of our English women from
+the length of their garments. In the meantime, I have desired
+the master of a vessel, who tells me that he shall touch at Civita
+Vecchia, to present you with a certain female machine, which I
+believe will puzzle your infallibility to discover the use of it. Not
+to keep you in suspense, it is what we call, in this country, a
+hooped petticoat. I shall only beg of you to let me know whether
+you find any garment of this nature among all the relics of your
+female saints; and, in particular, whether it was ever worn by any
+of your twenty thousand virgin martyrs.</p>
+
+<p class="left45">
+'Yours, <i>usque ad aras</i>,<br />
+<span class="i2"><span class="smcap">'Nestor Ironside</span>.'</span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 153. <span class="smcap">The 'Guardian.'</span>&mdash;<i>Sept. 5, 1713.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>A mighty pomp, tho' made of little things.&mdash;<i>Dryden.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+<p>'If there be anything which makes human nature appear ridiculous
+to beings of superior faculties it must be pride. They
+know so well the vanity of those imaginary perfections that swell
+the heart of man, and of those little supernumerary advantages,
+whether of birth, fortune, or title, which one man enjoys above
+another, that it must certainly very much astonish, if it does not
+very much divert them, when they see a mortal puffed up, and
+valuing himself above his neighbours on any of these accounts, at
+the same time that he is obnoxious to all the common calamities
+of the species.</p>
+
+<p>'To set this thought in its true light, we will fancy, if you
+please, that yonder molehill is inhabited by reasonable creatures,
+and that every pismire (his shape and way of life only excepted)
+is endowed with human passions. How should we smile to hear
+one give us an account of the pedigrees, distinctions, and titles
+that reign among them! Observe how the whole swarm divide
+and make way for the pismire that passes through them! You
+must understand he is an emmet of quality, and has better blood
+in his veins than any pismire in the molehill. Do not you see
+how sensible he is of it, how slow he marches forward, how the
+whole rabble of ants keep their distance? Here you may observe
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">295</a></span>
+one placed upon a little eminence, and looking down on a long
+row of labourers. He is the richest insect on this side the hillock;
+he has a walk of half a yard in length, and a quarter of an inch in
+breadth; he keeps a hundred menial servants, and has at least
+fifteen barleycorns in his granary. He is now chiding and beslaving
+the emmet that stands before him, and who, for all that we can
+discover, is as good an emmet as himself.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-319.jpg" width="272" height="80" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'But here comes an insect of figure! Do not you take notice
+of a little white straw that he carries in his mouth? That straw,
+you must understand, he would not part with for the longest track
+about the molehill; did you but know what he has undergone to
+purchase it. See how the ants of all qualities and conditions
+swarm about him. Should this straw drop out of his mouth, you
+would see all this numerous circle of attendants follow the next
+that took it up, and leave the discarded insect, or run over his
+back to come at his successor.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 167. <span class="smcap">The 'Guardian.'</span>&mdash;<i>Sept. 22, 1713.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Fata viam invenient.&mdash;<i>Virg.</i></p>
+<p>Fate the way will find.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>The following story is translated from an Arabian manuscript:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'"The name of Helim is still famous through all the Eastern
+parts of the world. He was the Governor of the Black Palace, a
+man of infinite wisdom, and chief of the physicians to Alnareschin,
+the great King of Persia.</p>
+
+<p>'"Alnareschin was the most dreadful tyrant that ever reigned
+over that country. He was of a fearful, suspicious, and cruel nature,
+having put to death, upon slight surmises, five-and-thirty of his
+queens, and above twenty sons, whom he suspected of conspiring.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">296</a></span>
+Being at length wearied with the exercise of so many cruelties,
+and fearing the whole race of Caliphs would be extinguished, he
+sent for Helim, the good physician, and confided his two remaining
+sons, Ibrahim and Abdallah, then mere infants, to his charge,
+requesting him to bring them up in virtuous retirement. Helim
+had an only child, a girl of noble soul, and a most beautiful person.
+Abdallah, whose mind was of a more tender turn than that of
+Ibrahim, grew by degrees so enamoured of her conversation that
+he did not think he lived unless in the company of his beloved
+Balsora.</p>
+
+<p>'"The fame of her beauty was so great that it came to the ears
+of the king, who, pretending to visit the young princes, his sons,
+demanded of Helim the sight of his fair daughter. The king was
+so inflamed with her beauty and behaviour that he sent for Helim
+the next morning, and told him it was now his design to recompense
+him for all his faithful services, and that he intended to
+make his daughter Queen of Persia.</p>
+
+<p>'"Helim, who remembered the fate of the former queens, and
+who was also acquainted with the secret love of Abdallah, contrived
+to administer a sleeping draught to his daughter, and
+announced to the king that the news of his intention had overcome
+her. The king ordered that as he had designed to wed Balsora,
+her body should be laid in the Black Palace among those of his
+deceased queens.</p>
+
+<p>'"Abdallah soon fretted after his love, and Helim administered
+a similar potion to his ward, and he was laid in the same tomb.
+Helim, having charge of the Black Palace, awaited their revival,
+and then secretly supplied them with sustenance, and finally contrived,
+by dressing them as spirits, to convey them away from
+this sepulchre, and concealed them in a palace which had been
+bestowed on him by the king in reward for his recovering him
+from a dangerous illness.</p>
+
+<p>'"About ten years after their abode in this place the old king
+died. The new king, Ibrahim, being one day out hunting, and
+separated from his company, found himself, almost fainting with
+heat and thirst, at the foot of Mount Khacan, and, ascending the
+hill, he arrived at Helim's house and requested refreshments.
+Helim was, very luckily, there at that time, and after having set
+before the king the choicest of wines and fruits, finding him
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">297</a></span>
+wonderfully pleased with so seasonable a treat, told him that the
+best part of his entertainment was to come; upon which he
+opened to him the whole history of what had passed. The king
+was at once astonished and transported at so strange a relation,
+and seeing his brother enter the room with Balsora in his hand,
+he leaped off from the sofa on which he sat, and cried out, ''Tis
+he! 'tis my Abdallah!' Having said this, he fell upon his neck
+and wept.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-321.jpg" width="303" height="162" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-321-copy.jpg" width="295" height="203" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'"Ibrahim offered to divide his empire with his brother, but,
+finding the lovers preferred their retirement, he made them a
+present of all the open country as far as they could see from the
+top of Mount Khacan, which Abdallah continued to improve and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">298</a></span>
+beautify until it became the most delicious spot of ground within
+the empire, and it is, therefore, called the garden of Persia.</p>
+
+<p>'"Ibrahim, after a long and happy reign, died without children,
+and was succeeded by Abdallah, the son of Abdallah and
+Balsora. This was that King Abdallah who afterwards fixed the
+imperial residence upon Mount Khacan, which continues at this
+time to be the favourite palace of the Persian Empire."'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">299</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XIII.<br />
+<span class="s08">THACKERAY'S RESEARCHES AMONGST THE WRITINGS OF THE
+EARLY ESSAYISTS&mdash;<i>Continued.</i></span></h2>
+
+<p class="ch_summ">
+Characteristic passages from the Works of Humorous Writers of the 'Era of
+the Georges,' from Thackeray's Library, illustrated with original Marginal
+Sketches by the Author's hand&mdash;<span class="smcap">The 'Humourist</span>,' 1724&mdash;Extracts and
+Pencillings.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center p2 b12">THE 'HUMOURIST.'</p>
+
+<p class="center">BEING ESSAYS UPON SEVERAL SUBJECTS: 'DEDICATED TO THE MAN IN
+THE MOON.'</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">London, 1724-5.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Of News-writers.</span><a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>
+</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Quo virtus tua te vocat, i pede fausto.&mdash;<i>Hor. Ep.</i> II. l. 2.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>'As to the filling the paper with trifles and things of no significancy,
+the instances of it are obvious and numerous. The French
+king's losing a rotten tooth, and the surgeon's fee thereupon; a
+duke's taking physic, and a magistrate's swearing a small oath, and
+a poor thief's ravishing a knapsack, have all, in their turns, furnished
+out deep matter for wit and eloquence to these vigilant
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">300</a></span>
+writers, who hawk for adventures. A man of quality cannot steal
+out of town for a day or two, or return to it, without the attendance
+of a coach and six horses, and a news-writer, who makes
+the important secret the burden of his paper next day. I have
+observed, that if a man be but great or rich, the most wretched
+occasion entitles him to fill a long paragraph in print; the cutting
+of his corns for the purpose, or his playing at ombre, never fails to
+merit publication. Now, if my <i>most diligent</i> brother-writers, who
+are spies upon the actions and cabinets of the great, would go a
+little farther, and tell us when his grace or his lordship broke his
+custom by keeping his word, or said a witty thing, or did a generous
+one, we will freely own they tell us some news, and will thank
+them for our pleasure and our surprise.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-324.jpg" width="396" height="210" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'It is with concern, I see, that even the privacies of the poor
+ladies cannot escape the eyes of these public searchers. How
+many great ladies do they bring to bed every day of their lives!
+for poor madam no sooner begins to make faces, and utter the
+least groan, but instantly an author stands with his pen in his
+teeth, ready to hold her back, and to tell the town whether the
+baby is boy or girl, before the midwife has pulled off her spectacles,
+and described its <i>nose</i>.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">301</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Of a Country Entertainment.</span></p>
+
+<p>'I am led by the regard which I bear to the ladies and the
+Christmas holidays to divert my readers with the history of an
+entertainment, where I made one at the house of a country squire.</p>
+
+<p>'When I went in I found the dining-room full of ladies, to
+whom I made a profound bow, and was repaid by a whole circle
+of curtsies. While I was meditating, with my eyes fixed upon
+the fire, what I had best say, I could hear one of them whisper to
+another, "I believe he thinks we smoke tobacco;" for, my reader
+must know, I had omitted the country fashion, and not kissed one
+of them.</p>
+
+<p>'At dinner we had many excuses from the lady of the house
+for <i>our indifferent fare</i>, and she had as many declarations from us,
+her guests, that <i>all was very good</i>. And the squire gave us the
+history and extraction of every fowl that came to the table. He
+assured us that his poultry had neither kindred nor allies anywhere
+on this side of the Channel.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-325.jpg" width="254" height="91" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'As soon as we were risen from the table, our great parliament
+of females presently resolved themselves into committees of twos
+and threes all over the dining-room, and I perceived that every
+party was engaged in talking scandal.</p>
+
+<p>'The ladies then went into one parlour to their tea, and we
+men into another to our bottle, over which I was entertained with
+many ingenious remarks on the price of barley, on dairies and the
+sheepfold. But as the most engaging conversation is, when too
+long, sometimes cloying, having smoked my pipe in due silence
+and attention, I took a trip to the ladies, who had sent to know
+whether I would drink some tea. When I made my entrance,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">302</a></span>
+the topic they were on was religion, in their statements about
+which they were terribly divided, and debated with such agitation
+and fervour, that I grew in pain for the china cups.</p>
+
+<p>'But they happily departed from this warm point, and unanimously
+fell backbiting their neighbours, which instantly qualified
+all their heat and heartily reconciled them to one another, insomuch
+that all the time the business of scandal was handling there
+was not one dissenting voice to be heard in the whole assembly.</p>
+
+<p>'By this time the music was come, and happy was the woman
+that could first wipe her mouth and be soonest upon her legs. In
+the dance some moved very becomingly, but the majority made
+such a rattle on the boards as quite drowned the music. This
+made me call to mind your mettlesome horses, that dance on a
+pavement to the music of their own heels.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-326.jpg" width="334" height="155" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'We had among us the squire's eldest son, a batchelor and
+captain of the militia. This honest gentleman, believing, as one
+would imagine, that good humour and wit consisted in activity of
+body and thickness of bone, was resolved to be very witty, that is
+to say, very strong; he therefore not only threw down most of the
+women, and with abundance of wit hauled them round the room,
+but gave us several farther proofs of the sprightliness of his genius,
+by a great many leaps he made about a yard high, always remembering
+to fall on somebody's toes. This ingenious fancy was
+applauded by everyone, except the person who felt it, who never
+happened to have complaisance enough to fall in with the general
+laugh that was raised on that occasion. For my own part, who
+am an occasional conformist to common custom, I was ashamed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">303</a></span>
+to be singular, so I even extended my mouth into a smile, and
+put my face into a laughing posture too. His mother, observing
+me to look pleased with her son's activity and gay deportment,
+told me in my ear, "<i>he was never worse company than I saw him</i>."
+To which I answered, "<i>I vow, madam, I believe you</i>."'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Of the Spleen.</span></p>
+
+<p>'In constitutions where this humorous distemper prevails, it
+is surprising how trifling a matter will inflame it.</p>
+
+<p>'I shall never forget an ingenious doctor of physick, who was so
+jealous of the honour of his whiskers, which he was pleased to
+christen "the emblems of his virility," that he resolutely made the
+sun shine through every unhappy cat that ill-fate threw in his way.
+He magnanimously professed that his spirit could not brook it,
+that any cat in Christendom, noble or ignoble, should rival the
+reputation of his upper lip. In every other respect our physician
+was a well-bred person, and, which is as wonderful, understood
+Latin. But we see the deepest learning is no charm against the
+spleen.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-327.jpg" width="315" height="96" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Of Ghosts.</span></p>
+
+<p>'All sorts of people, when they get together, will find something
+to talk of. News, politics, and stocks comprise the conversation
+of the busy and trading world. Rakes and men of
+pleasure fight duels with men they never spoke to, and betray
+women they never saw, and do twenty fine feats over their cups
+which they never do anywhere else. And children, servants, and
+old women, and others of the same size of understanding, please
+and terrify themselves and one another with spirits and goblins.
+In this case a ghost is no more than a help to discourse.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">304</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'A late very pious but very credulous bishop was relating a
+strange story of a demon, that haunted a girl in Lothbury, to a
+company of gentlemen in the City, when one of them told his
+lordship the following adventure:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-328.jpg" width="256" height="139" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'"As I was one night reading in bed, as my custom is, and all
+my family were at rest, I heard a foot deliberately ascending the
+stairs, and as it came nearer I heard something breathe. While I
+was musing what it should be, three hollow knocks at my door
+made me ask who was there, and instantly the door blew open."
+"Ah! sir, and pray what did you see?" "My lord, I'll tell you.
+A tall thin figure stood before me, with withered hair, and an
+earthly aspect; he was covered with a long sooty garment, that
+descended to his ankles, and his waist was clasped close within a
+broad leathern girdle. In one hand he held a black staff taller
+than himself, and in the other a round body of pale light, which
+shone feebly every way." "That's remarkable! pray, sir, go on."
+"It beckoned to me, and I followed it down stairs, and there it
+pointed to the door, and then left me, and made a hideous noise
+in the street." "This is really odd and surprising; but, pray now,
+did it give you no notice what it might particularly seek or aim
+at?" "Yes, my lord, it was the watchman, who came to show
+me that my servants had left all my doors open."'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">305</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Of Keeping the Commandments.</span></p>
+
+<p>'I have been humbly of opinion for many years that the keeping
+of the Ten Commandments was a matter not altogether unworthy
+of our consideration and practice; and though I am of the same
+sentiments still, yet I dare hardly publish them, knowing that if I
+am against the world, the world will be against me. I must not
+affront modern politeness and the common mode.</p>
+
+<p>'Who would have the boldness to mention the first commandment
+to Matilda, when he has seen her curt'sying to herself in
+the glass, and kissing her lap-dog, and worshipping these two
+<i>divine creatures</i> from morning till night? Nor is Matilda without
+other deities; she has several sets of china, a diamond necklace,
+and a grey monkey; and, in spite of her parents and her reason,
+she is guilty of will-worship to Dick Noodle. But this last is no
+wonder at all, for Dick
+wears fine brocade waistcoats
+and the best Mechlin,
+and no man of the age
+picks his teeth with greater
+elegance.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-329.jpg" width="204" height="203" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>
+'And would it not be
+equally bold and barbarous
+to enslave a beau or a bully
+with the tyranny of the
+third commandment? when
+it's well known that these
+worthy gentlemen and brothers
+in understanding and
+courage must either be dumb or damning themselves; and, therefore,
+to stop their swearing would be to stop their breath, and gag
+them to all eternity. Beau Wittol courts Arabella with great success,
+and it is not doubted he will carry her, though he was never
+heard to make any other speech or compliment to her than that
+of "Demme, madam!" after which he squeezes her hand, takes
+snuff, and grins in her face with wonderful wit and gaiety.
+Arabella smiles, and owns with her eyes her admiration of these
+<i>accomplishments of a fine gentleman</i>.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">306</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Of Flattery.</span></p>
+
+<p>'Flattery <i>is the art of selling wind for a round sum of ready
+money</i>. A sycophant blows up the mind of his unhappy patient
+into a tympany, and then, like other physicians, receives a fee for
+his poison. It is his business to instruct men to mistake themselves
+at a great expense; to shut their eyes, and then pay for
+being blind. Thus the end of excelling in any art or profession
+is to have that excellence known and admired.</p>
+
+<p>'Sing-song Nero, an ancestor of Mr. Tom d'Urfey, would, probably,
+never have banished the sceptre and adopted the fiddle,
+but that he found it much easier for his talents to scrape than to
+govern. In this reign, he that had a musical ear, or could twist a
+catgut, was made a man; and the fiddlers ruled the Roman
+empire by the singular merit of condescending to be viler thrummers
+than the emperor himself. He who at that time could but
+<i>wonder greatly</i>, and <i>gape artfully</i> at his Majesty's <i>royal skill</i> in
+crowding, might be governor of a province, or Lord High
+Treasurer, or what else he pleased.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-330.jpg" width="239" height="129" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'This imperial piper used to go the circuit, and call the
+provinces together, to be refreshed with a tune upon the fiddle,
+and if they had the policy to smother a laugh, and raise an
+outrageous clap, their taxes were paid, and they had whatever they
+asked; and so miserably was this monarch and madman bewitched
+by himself and his sycophants with the character of a victorious
+fiddler, that when he was abandoned by God and man, and, as an
+enemy to mankind, sentenced to be whipped to death, he did not
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">307</a></span>
+grieve so much for the loss of his empire as the loss of his fiddle.
+When he had no mortal left to flatter him, he flattered himself,
+and his last words were, "<i>Qualis Artifex pereo!</i>&mdash;What a brave
+scraper is lost in me!" And then he buried a knife in his inside,
+and made his death the best action of his life!'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Of Retirement.</span></p>
+
+<p>'To be absolute master of one's own time and actions is an
+instance of liberty which is not found but in solitude. A man that
+lives in a crowd is a slave, even though all that are about him fawn
+upon him and give him the upper-hand. They call him master, or
+lord, and treat him as such; but as they hinder him from doing
+what he otherwise would, the title and homage which they pay
+him is flattery and contradiction.<a name="FNanchor_24" id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-331.jpg" width="293" height="129" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'I ever loved retirement, and detested crowds; I would rather
+pass an afternoon amongst a herd of deer, than half an hour at a
+coronation; and sooner eat a piece of apple-pie in a cottage, than
+dine with a judge on the circuit. To lodge a night by myself in a
+cave would not grieve me so much as living half a day in a fair.
+It will look a little odd when I own that I have missed many a
+good sermon for no other reason but that many others were to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">308</a></span>
+hear it as well as myself. I have neither disliked the man, nor
+his principles, nor his congregation, singly; but altogether I could
+not abide them.</p>
+
+<p>'I am, therefore, exceedingly happy in the solitude which I
+am now enjoying. I frequently stand under a tree, and with great
+humanity pity one half of the world, and with equal contempt
+laugh at the other half. I shun the company of men, and seek
+that of oxen, and sheep, and deer, and bushes; and when I can
+hide myself for the moiety of a day from the sight of every creature
+but those that are dumb, I consider myself as monarch of all that
+I see or tread upon, and fancy that Nature smiles and the sun
+shines for my sake only.</p>
+
+<p>'My eyes at those seasons are the seat of pleasure, and I do
+not interrupt their ranging by the impertinence of memory, or
+solicitude of any kind. I neither look a day forward nor a day
+backward, but voluptuously enjoy the present moment. My mind
+follows my senses, and refuses all images which these do not then
+present.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Of Bubbles.</span></p>
+
+<p>'The world has often been ruled by men who were themselves
+ruled by the worst qualities and most sordid views. The <i>prince</i>,
+says a great French politician, <i>governs the people, and interest
+governs the prince</i>.</p>
+
+<p>'Hence it comes to pass, that few men care how they rise in
+the world, so they do but rise. They know that success expiates
+all rogueries, and never misses reverence; and that he who was
+called villain or murderer in the race, is often christened saint or
+hero at the goal.</p>
+
+<p>'The present possession of money or power is always a ready
+patent for respect and submission. He that gets a hundred thousand
+pounds by a bubble&mdash;that is, by selling a bag of wind to his
+credulous countrymen&mdash;is a greater idol in every coffee-house in
+town than he who is worth but ninety thousand, though acquired
+by honest trading or ingenious arts, which profit mankind, and
+bring credit to his country; and thus every South Sea cub shall,
+by the sole merit of his million, vie for respect and followers with
+any lord in the land, though it should strangely happen, as it
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">309</a></span>
+sometimes does, that his lordship's virtues and parts ennoble his
+title and quality. It matters not whether your father was a tinker,
+and you, his worthy son, a broker or a sharper, provided you be
+but a South Sea man. If you are but that, the whole earth is your
+humble servant.</p>
+
+<p>'At present, nothing farther is necessary towards getting an
+estate&mdash;that is, merit and respect&mdash;than a little money, much
+roguery, and many lies. With what indignation have I beheld a
+peer of the realm courting the good graces of a little haberdasher
+with great cash, and begging a few shares in a bubble which the
+honourable Goodman Bever had just then invented to cheat his
+fellow-citizens!</p>
+
+<p>'But exalted boobies being below satire, I shall here only consider
+a little the mischiefs brought upon the public by the projects
+which bring them their wealth. It is melancholy to consider that
+power follows property, when we consider at the same time into
+what vile hands the property is fallen, and by what vile means,
+even by bubbles and direct cheating.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-333.jpg" width="222" height="113" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Of our second-hand bubbles, I blame not one more than
+another; their name shows
+their nature. The "Great
+Bubble" of all set them
+an example, and began
+first. By it immense fortunes
+have been got to
+particular men, most of
+them obscure and unheard
+of; happy for
+their own characters, and for the nation's trade, if they had still
+remained so. I hope our all is not yet at the mercy of sharpers,
+ignorant, mercenary sharpers; but I should be glad to see it
+proved that it will not be so.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Of Travels.</span></p>
+
+<p>'As every man is in his own opinion fit to come abroad in
+print, so every occasion that can put him upon prating to mankind
+is sufficient to put his pen running, provided he himself can hold
+the principal character in his own book.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">310</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'Of all the several classes of scribblers, there is none more
+silly than your authors of Travels. There are several things
+common to all these travellers, and yet peculiar to every particular
+traveller. I have at this time in my hands a little manuscript,
+entitled "Travels from <span class="smcap">Exeter to London</span>, with <i>proper observations</i>."
+By the sagacity shown in the remarks, I take the author
+to be some polite squire of Devon. In the following passages our
+traveller records his observations in the great metropolis:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'"In this great city people are quite another thing than what
+they are out of it; insomuch, that he who will be very great with
+you in the country, will scarce pull off his hat to you in London.
+I once dined at Exeter with a couple of judges, and they talked to
+me <i>there</i>, and drank my health, and we were very familiar
+together. So when I saw them again passing through Westminster
+Hall, I was glad of it with all my heart, and ran to them
+with a broad smile, to ask them how they did, and to shake hands
+with them; but they looked at me so coldly and so proudly as you
+cannot imagine, and did not seem to know me, at which I was
+confounded, angry, and mad; but I kept my mind to myself.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-334.jpg" width="251" height="163" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'"At another time I was at the playhouse (which is a rare place
+for mirth, music, and dancing), and, being in the pit, saw in one of
+the boxes a member of Parliament of our county, with whom I
+have been as great as hand and glove; so being overjoyed to see
+him, I called to him aloud by his name, and asked him how he
+did; but instead of saluting me again, or making any manner of
+answer, he looked plaguy sour, and never opened his mouth,
+though when he is in the country he is as merry a grig as any in
+forty miles, and we have cracked many a bottle together."'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">311</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Of Education.</span></p>
+
+<p>'People, put by their education into a narrow track of
+thinking, are as much afraid of getting out of it as children of
+quitting their leading-strings when first they learn to go. They
+are taught a raging fondness for a parcel of names that are never
+explained to them; and an implacable fierceness against another
+set of names that are never explained to them; so they jog on in
+the heavy steps of their forefathers, or in the wretched and narrow
+paths of poor-spirited and ignorant pedagogues. They believe
+they are certainly in the right, and therefore never take the pains
+to find out that they are certainly in the wrong.</p>
+
+<p>'From this cause it comes to pass that many English gentlemen
+are as much afraid of reading some English books as were
+the poor blind Papists of reading books prohibited by their
+priests; which were, indeed, all books that had either religion or
+sense in them.</p>
+
+<p>'How nicely are those men taught who are taught prejudice!
+A tincture of bigotry appears in all the actions of a bigot. He
+will neither, with his good liking, eat or drink, or sleep or travel
+with you, till he has received full conviction that you wash your
+hands and pare your nails just as he does.</p>
+
+<p>'Here is a squire come down from London who is very rich,
+and has bought a world of land in our county of Wilts. The first
+thing he did when he came among us was to declare that he would
+have no dealings nor conversation with any Whig whatsoever; and,
+to make his word good, having bespoke several beds and other
+furniture to a considerable value of an upholsterer here, he returned
+the whole upon the poor man's hands because his wife had
+a brother who was a Presbyterian parson.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-336.jpg" width="73" height="163" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-336-copy.jpg" width="144" height="93" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'But this worthy and ingenious squire was very well served by
+an officer of the army at a horse race here. They were drinking,
+among other company, the King's health, at the door of a public-house,
+on horseback; the officer, when it came to his turn, drank
+it to this Doughty Highflyer, who happened to be next to him,
+upon which he made some difficulty at pledging it, suggesting that
+public healths should not be proposed in mixed company. "You
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">312</a></span>
+would say," says the officer, "if you durst, that a High Churchman
+would not have his Majesty's health proposed to him at all."
+Upon this he swore he was a High Churchman, and was not
+ashamed of it. "So I guessed," said the officer, "by your disloyalty."
+"But, Sir," says the officer, "even disloyalty to your prince
+need not make you show your ill-breeding in company." The
+squire chafed most violently at this, and urged, as a proof of his
+good breeding, that he had been bred at Oxford.
+"So I guessed," says the officer, "by your ignorance."
+This nettled the squire to the height, and fired his
+little soul at the expense of the outer case, for he
+proceeded to give ill
+words, and to call ill
+names; but the officer
+quickly taught him, by
+the nose, to hold his
+tongue, and ask pardon.
+Thus it always fares with
+the High Church in fighting as it does in disputing: she is constantly
+beaten; and the courage and understanding of her passive
+sons tally with each other.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Of Women.</span></p>
+
+<p>'Some of my fair correspondents have lately reproached me
+with negligence and indifference to their sex; but if they could
+know how vain I am of so obliging a reprimand, they would be
+sensible, too, how little I deserved it. I am not so entirely a
+statue as to be insensible of the power of beauty, nor so absolutely
+a woman's creature as to be blind to their little weaknesses, their
+pretty follies and impertinences.</p>
+
+<p>'It will be necessary to inform my readers that my landlady is
+an eminent milliner, and a considerable dealer in Flanders lace.
+She is one of those whom we call notable women; she has run
+through the rough and smooth of life, has a very good plain sense
+of things, and knows the world, as far as she is concerned in it,
+very well. I am very much entertained by her company; her
+discourse is sure to be seasoned with scandal, ancient and modern,
+which, though the morals and gravity of my character do not
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">313</a></span>
+allow me to join in, yet, such is the infirmity of human nature, I
+find it impossible to be heartily displeased with it as I ought.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-337.jpg" width="133" height="106" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'If I come in at a time when the shop, which is commodiously
+situated above stairs, is full of company, I usually place myself in
+an obscure corner of it, and observe
+what passes with secret satisfaction. 'Tis
+pleasant to hear my landlady, by the
+mere incessancy of tittle-tattle, persuade
+her pretty customers out of all the understanding
+that they brought along with
+them; and on the other side of the counter
+to see the little bosoms pant with irresolution,
+and swell at the view of trifles, which humour and custom
+have taught them to call necessary and convenient. Hard by
+perhaps stands a customer of inferior quality, a citizen's wife
+suppose her, who is reduced to the hard necessity of regulating her
+expenses by her husband's allowance, and is bursting with vexation
+to know herself stinted to lace of but fifty shillings a yard; whereas
+if she could rise to three pounds, she might be mistress of a very
+pretty head, and what she really thinks she need not be ashamed
+to be seen in. But for want of this all goes wrong; she hates her
+superiors, despises her husband, neglects her children, and is
+ashamed and weary of herself.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-337-copy.jpg" width="131" height="106" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'This seems ridiculous to my men readers, and it certainly is
+so; but are our follies and extravagances more reasonable?
+Or, rather, are they not infinitely more
+dangerous and destructive? What violences
+do we not commit upon our consciences
+for the mere gratification of our
+avarice? How much of the real ease and
+happiness of life do we daily sacrifice to
+the vanity of ambition? Is it possible,
+then, since even the greatest men are but a
+bigger sort of children, to be seriously angry that women are no
+more? If in my old age I am struck with the harmony of a
+rattle, or long to get astride on a hobby-horse; if I love still to be
+caressed and flattered, and am delighted with good words and
+high titles, why should I be angry that my wife and daughters do
+not play the philosopher, and have not more wit than myself?
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">314</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Of Masquerades.</span></p>
+
+<p>'I must desire my reader, as he values his repose, not to let
+his thoughts run upon anything loose or frightful for two hours at
+least before he goes to bed. <i>Titus Livius</i>, the Roman historian,
+is my usual entertainment, when I don't find myself disposed for
+closer application. Happening to come home sooner than ordinary
+two nights ago, I took it up, and read the 8th and following
+chapters of his 39th book, where he gives us a large account of
+some nocturnal assemblies lately set up at Rome; I think he calls
+them <i>Bacchanals</i>, and describes the ceremonies, rites of initiation,
+and religious practices, together with their music, singing, shrieks,
+and howlings. The men were dressed like satyrs, and raved like
+persons distracted, with enthusiastic motions of the head and
+violent distortions of the body. The ladies ran with their hair
+about their ears and burning torches in their hands; some covered
+with the skins of panthers, others with those of tigers, all attended
+with drums and trumpets, while they themselves were the most
+noisy. "To this diversion," says the historian, "were added the
+pleasures of feasting and wine to draw the more in; and when
+wine, the night, and a mixed company of men and women, jumbled
+together, had extinguished all sense of shame, there were extravagances
+of all sorts committed; each having that pleasure ready
+prepared for him to which his nature was most inclined."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-338.jpg" width="366" height="149" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>''Tis with design I have referred my reader to the very place,
+being resolved not to trouble him with any farther relation of these
+midnight revellings, for fear I should draw him into the same misfortune
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">315</a></span>
+I unluckily fell under myself. The very idea of it makes
+me tremble still, when I think of those monstrous habits, fantastical
+gestures, hideous faces, and confused noises I had in my
+sleep. Join to these the many assignations made for the next
+night, the signs given for the present execution of former agreements;
+and the various plots and contrivances I overheard, for
+parting man and wife, and ruining whole families at once. These
+frightful appearances put me into such uncommon agitations of
+body, and I looked so ghastly at my first waking, that a friend of
+mine, who came early in the morning to make me a visit, was
+struck with such a terror at the sight of me, that he made to the
+street door as fast he could, where he had only time to bid one
+of my servants run for a physician immediately, for he was sure I
+was going mad.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Of Sedition.</span></p>
+
+<p>'The multitude of papers is a complaint so common in the
+introduction of every new one, that it would be a shame to repeat
+it; for my own part, I am so far
+from repining at this evil, that I
+sincerely wish there were ten times
+the number. By this means one
+may hope to see the appetite for
+impertinence, defamation, and treason
+(so prevalent in the generality
+of readers) at last surfeit itself, and
+my honoured brethren the modern
+authors be obliged to employ themselves
+in some more honest manufacture
+than that of the <i>Belles Lettres</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-339.jpg" width="159" height="262" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>''Tis impossible for one who has
+the least knowledge and regard for
+his country's interest to look into a
+coffee-house without the greatest
+concern. Industry and application
+are the true and genuine honour of
+a trading city; where these are everywhere visible all is well.
+Whenever I see a false thirst for knowledge in my own countrymen,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">316</a></span>
+I am sorry they ever learnt to read. I would not be thought
+an enemy to literature (being, indeed, a very learned person myself),
+but when I observe a worthy trader, without any natural
+malice of his own, sucking in the poison of popularity, and boiling
+with indignation against an administration which the pamphleteer
+informs him is very corrupt, I am grieved that ever <i>Machiavel</i>,
+<i>Hobbes</i>, <i>Sidney</i>, <i>Filmer</i>, and the more illustrious moderns, including
+myself, appeared in human nature.</p>
+
+<p>'Idleness is the parent of innumerable vices, and detraction is
+generally the first, though not immediately the most mischievous,
+that is born of it. The mind of man is of such an ill make that it
+relishes defamation much better than applause; so every writer
+who makes his court to the multitude must sacrifice his superiors
+to his patrons.</p>
+
+<p>'That there is a very great and indefeasible authority in the
+people, or Commons of Great Britain, everyone allows. Power is
+ever naturally and rightfully founded in those who have anything
+to risk; and this power delegated into the hands of Parliament, it
+there becomes legally absolute, and the people are, by their very
+constitution, obliged to a passive obedience.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-340.jpg" width="289" height="184" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Nothing is better known than this, nothing on all sides more
+generally allowed, and one would imagine nothing could sooner
+silence the clamour of little statesmen and politicians; that jargon
+of public-spiritedness, which wastes so much of the time of the busy
+part of our countrymen. The misfortune is that though everyone
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">317</a></span>
+(who is not indeed crack-brained with the love of his country) will
+own that the populace, by having delegated the right of inspecting
+public affairs to others, have no authority to be troublesome about
+it themselves, yet everyone excepts himself from the multitude,
+and imagines that his own particular talent for public business
+ought to exempt him from so severe a restraint. Hence arises the
+great demand for newspapers and coffee. Happy is it for the
+nation and for the Government that the distemper and the medicine
+are found at the same place, and the blue-apron officer who
+presents you with a newspaper, to heat the brain and disturb the
+understanding, is ready the same moment to apply those composing
+specificks, a dish and a pipe. Otherwise, what revolutions
+and abdications might we not expect to see? I should not be
+surprised to hear that a general officer in the trained-bands had
+run stark staring mad out of a coffee-house at noon day, declared
+for a Free Parliament, and proclaimed my Lord Mayor King of
+England.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-341.jpg" width="230" height="186" alt="" />
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">318</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XIV.<br />
+<span class="s08">THACKERAY'S RESEARCHES AMONGST THE WRITINGS OF THE EARLY
+ESSAYISTS&mdash;<i>Continued.</i></span></h2>
+
+<p class="ch_summ">
+Characteristic Passages from the Works of The 'Humourists,' from Thackeray's
+Library, illustrated by the Author's hand, with Marginal Sketches
+suggested by the Text&mdash;<span class="smcap">The 'World</span>,' 1753&mdash;Introduction&mdash;Its Difference
+from the Earlier Essays&mdash;Distinguished Authors who contributed to the
+'World'&mdash;Paragraphs and Pencillings.
+</p>
+
+<p>The 'World'&mdash;writes Dr. Chalmers, in his historical and biographical
+preface to this series&mdash;differs from its predecessors in
+the general plan, although the ultimate tendency is similar. We
+have here no philosophy of morals, no indignant censure of the
+grosser vices, no critical disquisitions, and, in general, scarcely
+anything serious. Irony is the predominant feature. This caustic
+species of wit is employed in the 'World' to execute purposes
+which other methods had failed to accomplish.</p>
+
+<p>The authors of these essays affected to consider the follies of
+their day as beneath their notice, and therefore tried what good
+might be done by turning them into ridicule, under the mask of
+defence or apology, and thus ingeniously demonstrated that every
+defence of what is in itself absurd and wrong, must either partake
+of the ridiculous, or be intolerable and repugnant to common
+sense and reason. With such intentions, notwithstanding their
+apparent good humour, they may, perhaps, in the apprehension
+of many readers, appear more severe censors of the foibles of the
+age than any who have gone before them.</p>
+
+<p>The design, as professed in the first paper, was to ridicule,
+with novelty and good humour, the fashions, foibles, vices, and
+absurdities of that part of the human species which calls itself
+'The World;' and this the principal writers were enabled to
+execute with facility, from the knowledge incidental to their rank
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">319</a></span>
+in life, the elevated sphere in which they moved, their intercourse
+with a part of society not easily accessible to authors in general,
+and the good sense which prevented them from being blinded by
+the glare or enslaved by the authority of fashion.</p>
+
+<p>The 'World' was projected by Edward Moore<a name="FNanchor_25" id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>
+&mdash;in conjunction
+with Robert Dodsley, the eminent publisher of Johnson's
+'Dictionary'&mdash;who fixed upon the name; and by defraying the
+expense, and rewarding Moore, became, and for many years
+continued to be, the sole proprietor of the work.</p>
+
+<p>Edward Moore's abilities, his modest demeanour, inoffensive
+manners, and moral conduct, recommended him to the men of
+genius and learning of the age, and procured him the patronage
+of Lord Lyttleton, who engaged his friends to assist him in the
+way which a man not wholly dependent would certainly prefer.
+Dodsley, the publisher, stipulated to pay Moore three guineas for
+every paper of the 'World' which he should write, or which might
+be sent for publication and approved of. Lord Lyttleton, to
+render this bargain effectual, and an easy source of emolument to
+his <i>protégé</i>, solicited the assistance of such men as are not often
+found willing to contribute the labours of the pen, men of high
+rank in the state, and men of fame and fashion, who cheerfully
+undertook to supply the paper, while Moore reaped the emolument,
+and perhaps for a time enjoyed the reputation of the whole.
+But when it became known, as the information soon circulated in
+whispers, that such men as the Earls of Chesterfield, Bath, and
+Cork&mdash;that Horace Walpole, Richard Owen Cambridge, and
+Soame Jenyns&mdash;besides other persons of both distinction and
+parts&mdash;were leagued in a scheme of authorship to amuse the town,
+and that the 'World' was the bow of Ulysses, in which it was 'the
+fashion for men of rank and genius to try their strength,' we may
+easily suppose that it would excite the curiosity of the public in an
+uncommon degree.</p>
+
+<p>The first paper was published January 24, 1753; it was
+consequently contemporary with the 'Adventurer,' which began
+November 7, 1752; but as the 'World' was published only once
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">320</a></span>
+a week, it outlived the 'Adventurer' nearly two years, during
+which time it ran its course also with the 'Connoisseur.' It was
+of the same size and type and at the same price with the 'Rambler'
+and 'Adventurer,' but the sale in numbers was superior to either.
+In No. 3, Lord Chesterfield states that the number sold weekly
+was two thousand, which number, he adds, 'exceeds the largest
+that was ever printed, even of the "Spectator."' In No. 49, he
+hints that 'not above <i>three</i> thousand were sold.' The sale was
+probably not regular, and would be greater on the days when
+rumour announced his lordship as the writer. The usual number
+printed was two thousand five hundred, as stated in a letter from
+Moore to Dr. Warton. Notwithstanding the able assistance of his
+right honourable friends, Moore wrote sixty-one of these papers,
+and part of another. He excelled principally in assuming the
+serious manner for the purposes of ridicule, or of raising idle
+curiosity; his irony is admirably concealed. However trite his
+subject, he enlivens it by original turns of thought.</p>
+
+<p>In the last paper, the conclusion of the work is made to
+depend on a fictitious accident which is supposed to have happened
+to the author and occasioned his death. When the papers
+were collected in volumes, Moore superintended the publication,
+and actually died while this last paper was in the press: a circumstance
+somewhat singular, when we look at the contents of it, and
+which induces us to wish that death may be less frequently included
+among the topics of wit.</p>
+
+<p>It has been the general opinion, for the honour of rank, that
+the papers written by men of that description in the 'World' are
+superior to those of Moore, or of his assistants of 'low degree.'
+It may be conceded that among the contributories the first place
+is due, in point of genius, taste, and elegance, to the pen of
+Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Chesterfield's services to this paper were purely voluntary,
+but a circumstance occurred to his first communication which had
+nearly disinclined him to send a second. He sent his paper to the
+publisher without any notice of its authorship; it underwent a
+casual inspection, and, from its length, was at least delayed, if
+not positively rejected. Fortunately Lord Lyttleton saw it at
+Dodsley's, and knew the hand. Moore then hastened to publish
+the paper (No. 18), and thought proper to introduce it with an
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">321</a></span>
+apology for the delay, and a neat compliment to the wit and good
+sense of his correspondent.</p>
+
+<p>Chesterfield continued his papers occasionally, and wrote in
+all twenty-three numbers, certainly equal, if not superior, in brilliancy
+of wit and novelty of thought, to the most popular productions
+of this kind.</p>
+
+<p>A certain interest surrounds most of the authors who assisted
+in the 'World,' and many of the papers were written under circumstances
+which increase the attraction of their contents. We
+have not space to particularise special essays, or to enter upon the
+biographical details which properly belong to our subject; we must
+restrict further notice to a mere recapitulation of the contributors
+and their pieces. Richard Owen Cambridge, the author of the
+'Scribleriad,' wrote in all twenty-one papers. Horace Walpole
+was the author of nine papers in the 'World,' all of which excel in
+keen satire, shrewd remark, easy and scholarly diction, and knowledge
+of mankind; indeed, for sprightly humour these papers
+probably excel all his other writings, and most of those of his
+contemporaries. For five papers we are indebted to Soame Jenyns,
+who held the office and rank of one of the Lords Commissioners
+of the Board of Trade and Plantations. James Tilson,
+Consul at Cadiz, furnished five papers of considerable merit and
+novelty. Five papers, chiefly of the more serious kind, were
+contributed by Edward Loveybond; the 'Tears of Old May-Day,'
+No. 82 of the 'World,' is esteemed one of his best poetic
+compositions.</p>
+
+<p>W. Whitehead, the Poet Laureate, wrote three papers, Nos. 12,
+19, and 58. Nos. 79, 156, 202 were written by Richard Berenger,
+Gentleman of the Horse to the King. Sir James Marriott, Judge
+of the High Court of Admiralty, and Master of Trinity Hall,
+Cambridge, wrote Nos. 117, 121, 199. The 'Adventures of the
+Pumpkin Family,' zealous to defend their honour, given in
+Nos. 47 and 63, were written by John, Earl of Cork and Orrery,
+the amiable nobleman who, as Johnson whimsically declared, '<i>was
+so generally civil, that nobody thanked him for it</i>.' The Earl of
+Cork is also said to have contributed Nos. 161 and 185; he took
+a more active part in the 'Connoisseur.'</p>
+
+<p>To his son, Mr. Hamilton Boyle, who afterwards succeeded
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">322</a></span>
+to the earl's title, the 'World' was indebted for Nos. 60 and 170,
+two papers drawn up with vivacity, humour, and elegance.</p>
+
+<p>William Pulteney, Earl of Bath, to whom the second volume
+of the 'Guardian' was dedicated, contributed to the 'World,' in
+his seventy-first year, No. 7, a lively paper on horse-racing and the
+manners of Newmarket.</p>
+
+<p>Three papers, Nos. 140, 147, and 204, specimens of easy and
+natural humour, came from the pen of Sir David Dalrymple, better
+known as Lord Hailes, one of the senators of the College of
+Justice in Scotland; in advanced life Lord Hailes contributed
+several papers remarkable for vivacity and point to the 'Mirror.'
+William Duncombe, a poetical and miscellaneous writer, was the
+author of the allegory in No. 84; his son, the Rev. John Duncombe,
+of Canterbury, was the author of No. 36. The latter
+gentleman appears in connection with the 'Connoisseur.' Nos.
+38 and 74 were written by Mr. Parratt, the author of some poems
+in Dodsley's collection. Nos. 78 and 86 are from the pen of the
+Rev. Thomas Cole.</p>
+
+<p>The remaining writers in the 'World' were single-paper men,
+but some of them of considerable distinction in other departments
+of literary and of public life.</p>
+
+<p>No. 15 was written by the Rev. Francis Coventrye. No. 26
+was the production of Dr. Thomas Warton, who was then contributing
+to the 'Adventurer.' In No. 32 criticism is treated with
+considerable humour as a species of disease by the publisher,
+Robert Dodsley, whose popularity extended to all ranks.</p>
+
+<p>No. 37, like Lord Chesterfield's first contributions, was accorded
+the honour of an extra half-sheet, rather than that the excellences
+of the letter should be curtailed. It is not only the longest, but is
+considered one of the best papers in the collection. It was
+written by Sir Charles Hunbury Williams, for some time the English
+Minister at the Courts of Berlin and St. Petersburgh. A
+humorous letter on posts (No. 45) was from the pen of William
+Hayward Roberts, afterwards Provost of Eton College, Chaplain
+to the King, and Rector of Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire.
+One of the best papers for delicate irony to be found in the entire
+series of humorous essayists, No. 83, on the 'Manufactory of
+Thunder and Lightning,' was written by Mr. William Whittaker, a
+serjeant-at-law and a Welsh judge.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">323</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Nos. 110 and 159 are attributed to John Gilbert Cooper, author
+of the 'Life of Socrates,' and 'Letters on Taste.' Thomas
+Mulso, a brother of Mrs. Chapone, is set down as the writer of
+No. 31. He published, in 1768, 'Calistus, or the Man of Fashion,'
+and 'Sophronius, or the Country Gentleman in Dialogues.' James
+Ridley, author of the 'Tales of the Genii' and of the 'Schemer,'
+contributed No. 155. Mr. Gataker, a surgeon of eminence, was the
+author of No. 184. Mr. Herring, rector of Great Mongeham, Kent,
+wrote No. 122, on the 'Distresses of a Physician without Patronage.'
+Mr. Moyle wrote No. 156, on 'False Honour,' and Mr. Burgess
+No. 198, an excellent paper on the 'Difficulty of Getting Rid of
+Oneself.' The 'Ode to Sculpture,' in No. 200, was written by
+James Scott, D.D. Forty-one papers were written by persons
+whose names were either unknown to the publisher, or who desired
+to remain anonymous.</p>
+
+<p>The 'World' has been frequently reprinted, and will probably
+always remain a favourite, for its materials, although sustained by
+the most whimsical raillery, are not of a perishable kind. The
+manners of fashionable life are not so mutable in their principles as
+is commonly supposed, and those who practise them may at least
+boast that they have stronger stamina than to yield to the attacks
+of wit or morals.</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 7. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>Feb. 15, 1753.</i></p>
+
+<p>'Whoever is a frequenter of public assemblies, or joins in a
+party of cards in private families, will give evidence to the truth of
+this complaint.</p>
+
+<p>'How common is it with some people, at the conclusion of
+every unsuccessful hand of cards, to burst forth into sallies of
+fretful complaints of their own amazing ill-fortune and the constant
+and invariable success of their antagonists! They have such
+excellent memories as to be able to recount every game they have
+lost for six months successively, and yet are so extremely forgetful
+at the same time as not to recollect a single game they have won.
+Or if you put them in mind of any extraordinary success that you
+have been witness to, they acknowledge it with reluctance, and
+assure you, upon their honours, that in a whole twelvemonth's
+play they never rose winners but that once.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">324</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'But if these <i>growlers</i> (a name which I shall always call men
+of this class by) would only content themselves with giving repeated
+histories of their ill-fortunes, without
+making invidious remarks on the success of
+others, the evil would not be so great.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-348.jpg" width="89" height="200" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Indeed, I am apt to impute it to their
+fears, that they stop short of the grossest
+affronts; for I have seen in their faces such
+rancour and inveteracy, that nothing but a
+lively apprehension of consequences could
+have restrained their tongues.</p>
+
+<p>'Happy would it be for the ladies if they
+had the consequences to apprehend; for, I
+am sorry to say it, I have met with female, I
+will not say <i>growlers</i>, the word is too harsh
+for them; let me call them <i>fretters</i>, who with
+the prettiest faces and the liveliest wit imaginable,
+have condescended to be the jest and the disturbance of
+the whole company.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 18. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>May 3, 1753.</i></p>
+
+<p>A worthy gentleman, who is suffering from the consequences
+of treating his wife and daughter to a visit to Paris, is describing,
+in a letter to Mr. FitzAdam, the follies into which the ladies of
+his party were betrayed 'in order to fit themselves out to appear,
+as the French say, <i>honnêtement</i>.'</p>
+
+<p>'In about three days,' writes the victim of these vagaries of
+fashion, 'the several mechanics, who were charged with the care
+of disguising my wife and daughter, brought home their respective
+parts of the transformation. More than the whole morning was
+employed in this operation, for we did not sit down to dinner till
+near five o'clock. When my wife and daughter came at last into
+the eating-room, where I had waited for them at least two hours, I
+was so struck with their transformation that I could neither conceal
+nor express my astonishment. "Now, my dear," said my
+wife, "we can appear a little like Christians." "And strollers
+too," replied I; "for such have I seen at Southwark Fair. This
+cannot surely be serious!" "Very serious, depend upon it, my
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">325</a></span>
+dear," said my wife; "and pray, by the way, what may there be
+ridiculous in it?"</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-349.jpg" width="95" height="270" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Addressing myself to my wife and daughter, I told them I
+perceived that there was a painter now in Paris who coloured
+much higher than Rigault, though he did not paint near so like;
+for that I could hardly have guessed them to be the pictures of
+themselves. To this they both answered at once, that red was
+not paint; that no colour in the world was <i>fard</i> but white, of
+which they protested they had none.</p>
+
+<p>'"But how do you like my <i>pompon</i>, papa?" continued my
+daughter; "is it not a charming one? I think it is prettier than
+mamma's." "It may be, child, for anything that
+I know; because I do not know what part of all
+this frippery thy <i>pompon</i> is." "It is this, papa,"
+replied the girl, putting up her hand to her head,
+and showing me in the middle of her hair a complication
+of shreds and rags of velvets, feathers,
+and ribands, stuck with false stones of a thousand
+colours, and placed awry.</p>
+
+<p>'"But what hast thou done to thy hair,
+child, and why is it blue? Is that painted, too,
+by the same eminent hand that coloured thy
+cheeks?" "Indeed, papa," answered the girl,
+"as I told you before, there is no painting in
+the case; but what gives my hair that bluish
+cast is the grey powder, which has always that
+effect on dark-coloured hair, and sets off the complexion
+wonderfully." "Grey powder, child!"
+said I, with some surprise; "grey hairs I knew
+were venerable; but till this moment I never
+knew they were genteel." "Extremely so, with some complexions,"
+said my wife; "but it does not suit with mine, and I
+never use it." "You are much in the right, my dear," replied I,
+"not to play with edge-tools. Leave it to the girl." This, which
+perhaps was too hastily said, was not kindly taken; my wife was
+silent all dinner-time, and I vainly hoped ashamed. My daughter,
+intoxicated with her dress, kept up the conversation with herself, till
+the long-wished-for moment of the opera came, which separated
+us, and left me time to reflect upon the extravagances which I had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">326</a></span>
+already seen, and upon the still greater which I had but too much
+reason to dread.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 21. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>May 24, 1753.</i></p>
+
+<p>I am not so partial to the ladies, particularly the unmarried
+ones, as to imagine them without fault; on the contrary, I am
+going to accuse them of a very great one, which, if not put a stop
+to before the warm weather comes in, no mortal can tell to what
+lengths it may be carried. You have already hinted at this fault
+in the sex, under the genteel appellation of moulting their dress.
+If necks, shoulders, &amp;c., have begun to shed their covering in
+winter, what a general display of nature are we to expect this summer,
+when the excuse of heat may be alleged in favour of such a
+display! I called some time ago upon a friend of mine near St.
+James's, who, upon my asking where his sister was, told me, "At
+her toilette, undressing for the ridetto." That the expression may
+be intelligible to every one of your readers, I beg leave to inform
+them that it is the fashion for a lady to undress herself to go abroad,
+and to dress only when she stays at home and sees no company.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-350.jpg" width="228" height="177" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'It may be urged, perhaps, that the nakedness in fashion is
+intended only to be emblematical of the innocence of the present
+generation of young ladies; as we read of our first mother before
+the fall, that <i>she was naked and not ashamed</i>; but I cannot help
+thinking that her daughters of these times should convince us that
+they are entirely free from original sin, or else be ashamed of their
+nakedness.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">327</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'I would ask any pretty miss about town, if she ever went a
+second time to see the wax-work, or the lions, or even the dogs or
+the monkeys, with the same delight as at first? Certain it is that
+the finest show in the world excites but little curiosity in those
+who have seen it before. "That was a very fine picture," says
+my lord, "<i>but I had seen it before</i>." "'Twas a sweet song," says
+my lady, "<i>but I had heard it before</i>." "A very fine poem," says
+the critic, "<i>but I had read it before</i>." Let every lady, therefore,
+take care, that while she is displaying in public a bosom whiter
+than snow, the men do not look as if they were saying, "'Tis very
+pretty, <i>but we have seen it before</i>."'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 23. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>June 7, 1753.</i></p>
+
+<p>'A recent visit to Bedlam revived an opinion I have often
+entertained, that the maddest people in the kingdom are not <i>in</i> but
+<i>out</i> of Bedlam. I have frequently compared in my own mind the
+actions of certain persons whom we daily meet with in the world
+with those of Bedlam, who, properly speaking, may be said to be
+out of it; and I know of no difference between them, than that
+the former are mad with their reason about them, and the latter so
+from the misfortune of having lost it. But what is extraordinary
+in this age, when, to its honour be it spoken, charity is become
+fashionable, these unhappy wretches are suffered to run loose
+about the town, raising riots in public assemblies, beating constables,
+breaking lamps, damning parsons, affronting modesty,
+disturbing families, and destroying their own fortunes and constitutions;
+and all this without any provision being made for them,
+or the least attempt being made to cure them of this madness in
+their blood.</p>
+
+<p>'The miserable objects I am speaking of are divided into two
+classes: the Men of Spirit about town, and the Bucks. The Men
+of Spirit have some glimmerings of understanding, the Bucks
+none; the former are demoniacs, or people possessed; the latter
+are uniformly and incurably mad. For the reception and confinement
+of both these classes, I would humbly propose that two very
+spacious buildings should be erected, the one called the hospital
+for the Men of Spirit or demoniacs, and the other the hospital for
+the Bucks or incurables.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">328</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-352.jpg" width="77" height="166" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'That after such hospitals are built, proper officers appointed,
+and doctors, surgeons, apothecaries, and mad nurses provided, all
+young noblemen and others within the bills of mortality having
+common sense, who shall be found offending against the rules
+of decency, shall immediately be conducted to the hospital for
+demoniacs, there to be exorcised, physicked, and disciplined into a
+proper use of their senses; and that full liberty be granted to all
+persons whatsoever to visit, laugh at, and make
+sport of these demoniacs, without let or molestation
+from any of the keepers, according to the
+present custom of Bedlam. To the Buck hospital
+for incurables, I would have all such persons
+conveyed that are mad through folly, ignorance,
+or conceit; therefore to be shut up for life, not
+only to be prevented from doing mischief, but
+from exposing in their own persons the weaknesses
+and miseries of mankind. The incurables
+on no pretence whatsoever are to be visited or
+ridiculed; as it would be altogether as inhuman
+to insult the unhappy wretches who never were possessed of their
+senses, as to make a jest of those who have unfortunately lost
+them.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 34. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>Aug. 23, 1753.</i></p>
+
+<p>'I am well aware that there are certain of my readers who have
+no belief in <span class="smcap">WITCHES</span>; but I am willing to hope they are only
+those who either have not read, or else have forgot, the proceedings
+against them published at large in the state trials. If there
+is any man alive who can deny his assent to the positive and circumstantial
+evidence given against
+them in these trials, I shall only
+say that I pity most sincerely the
+hardness of his heart.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-352-copy.jpg" width="184" height="113" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'What is it but <i>witchcraft</i> that
+occasions that universal and uncontrollable
+rage for play, by
+which the nobleman, the man of
+fashion, the merchant and the tradesman, with their wives, sons,
+and daughters, are running headlong to ruin? What is it but
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">329</a></span>
+<i>witchcraft</i> that conjures up that spirit of pride and passion for expense
+by which all classes of men, from his grace at Westminster to
+the salesman at Wapping, are entailing beggary upon their old age,
+and bequeathing their children to poverty and to the parish? I
+shall conclude by signifying my intention, one day or other, of
+hiring a porter and sending him with a hammer and nails, and a
+large quantity of horse-shoes, to certain houses in the purlieus of
+St James's. I believe it may not be amiss (as a charm against
+play) if he had orders to fix a whole dozen of these horse-shoes
+at the door of <i>White's</i>.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 37. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>Sept. 13, 1753.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">On Toad-eating.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>'To Mr. FitzAdam.</i></p>
+
+<p>'Sir,&mdash;I am the widow of a merchant with whom I lived
+happily and in affluence for many years. We had no children,
+and when he died he left me all he had; but his affairs were so
+involved that the balance which I received, after having gone
+through much expense and trouble, was no more than one thousand
+pounds. This sum I placed in the hands of a friend of my
+husband's, who was reckoned a good man in the City, and who
+allowed me an interest of four per cent, for my capital; and with
+this forty pounds a year I retired and boarded in a village about a
+hundred miles from London.</p>
+
+<p>'There was a lady, an old lady, of great fortune in that neighbourhood,
+who visited often at the house where I lodged; she
+pretended, after a short acquaintance, to take a great liking to me;
+she professed friendship for me, and at length persuaded me to
+come and live with her.</p>
+
+<p>'One day, when her ladyship had treated me with uncommon
+kindness for my having taken her part in a dispute with one of her
+relations, I received a letter from London, to inform me that the
+person in whose hands I had placed my fortune, and who till that
+time had paid my interest money very exactly, was broke, and had
+left the kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>'I handed the letter to her ladyship, who immediately read it
+over with more attention than emotion.</p>
+
+<p>'Whenever Lady Mary spoke to me she had hitherto called
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">330</a></span>
+me Mrs. Truman; but the very next morning at breakfast she left
+out Mrs.; and upon no greater provocation than breaking a teacup,
+she made me thoroughly sensible of her superiority and my
+dependence. "Lord, Truman! you are so awkward; pray be
+more careful for the future, or we shall not live long together. Do
+you think I can afford to have my china broken at this rate, and
+maintain you into the bargain?"</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-354.jpg" width="135" height="100" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'From this moment I was obliged to drop the name and
+character of friend, which I had hitherto maintained with a little
+dignity, and to take up with that which
+the French call <i>complaisante</i>, and the
+English <i>humble companion</i>. But it did
+not stop here; for in a week I was reduced
+to be as miserable a toad-eater
+as any in Great Britain, which in the
+strictest sense of the word is a servant;
+except that the toad-eater has the
+honour of dining with my lady, and the misfortune of receiving
+no wages.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 46. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>Nov. 15, 1753.</i></p>
+
+<p>'A correspondent who is piqued at not being recognised by the
+great people to whom he has been but recently presented, is very
+unreasonable, for he cannot but have
+observed at the playhouses and other
+public places, from the number of
+glasses used by people of fashion,
+that they are naturally short-sighted.</p>
+
+<p>'It is from this visual defect that
+a great man is apt to mistake fortune
+for honour, a service of plate for a
+good name, and his neighbour's wife for his own.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 47. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>Nov. 22, 1753.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>'To Mr. FitzAdam.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-354-copy.jpg" width="142" height="119" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Sir,&mdash;Dim-sighted as I am, my spectacles have assisted me
+sufficiently to read your papers. As a recompense for the pleasure
+I have received from them, I send you a family anecdote, which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">331</a></span>
+till now has never appeared in print. I am the grand-daughter of
+Sir Josiah Pumpkin, of Pumpkin Hall, in South Wales. I was
+educated at the hall-house of my own ancestors, under the care
+and tuition of my honoured grandfather. It was the constant
+custom of my grandfather, when he was tolerably free from the
+gout, to summon his three grand-daughters to his bedside, and
+amuse us with the most important transactions of his life. He
+told us he hoped we would have children, to whom some of his
+adventures might prove useful and instructive.</p>
+
+<p>'Sir Josiah was scarce nineteen years old when he was introduced
+at the Court of Charles the Second, by his uncle Sir Simon
+Sparrowgrass, who was at that time Lancaster herald-at-arms, and
+in great favour at Whitehall.</p>
+
+<p>'As soon as he had kissed the King's hand, he was presented
+to the Duke of York, and immediately afterwards to the ministers
+and the mistresses. His fortune, which was considerable, and his
+manners, which were elegant, made him so very acceptable in all
+companies, that he had the honour to be plunged at once into
+every polite party of wit, pleasure, and expense, that the courtiers
+could possibly display. He danced with the ladies, he drank with
+the gentlemen, he sang loyal catches, and broke bottles and
+glasses in every tavern throughout London. But still he was by no
+means a perfect fine gentleman. He had not fought a <span class="smcap">DUEL</span>. He
+was so extremely unfortunate as never to have had even the happiness
+of a <i>rencontre</i>. The want of opportunity, not of courage,
+had occasioned this inglorious chasm in his character. He appeared,
+not only to the whole court, but even in his own eye, an
+unworthy and degenerate Pumpkin, till he had shown himself as
+expert in opening a vein with a sword as any surgeon in England
+could be with a lancet. Things remained in this unhappy situation
+till he was near two-and-twenty years of age.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-356.jpg" width="257" height="103" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'At length his better stars prevailed, and he received a most
+egregious affront from Mr. Cucumber, one of the gentlemen-ushers
+of the privy-chamber. Cucumber, who was in waiting at court,
+spit inadvertently into the chimney, and as he stood next to Sir
+Josiah Pumpkin, part of the spittle rested upon Sir Josiah's shoe.
+It was then that the true Pumpkin honour arose in blushes upon
+his cheeks. He turned upon his heel, went home immediately,
+and sent Mr. Cucumber a challenge. Captain Daisy, a friend to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">332</a></span>
+each party, not only carried the challenge, but adjusted preliminaries.
+The heroes were to fight in Moorfields, and to bring
+fifteen seconds on a side. Punctuality is a strong instance of
+valour upon these occasions; the clock of St. Paul's struck seven
+just when the combatants were marking out their ground, and
+each of the two-and-thirty gentlemen was adjusting himself into
+a posture of defence against his adversary. It happened to be the
+hour for breakfast in the hospital of Bedlam. A small bell had
+rung to summon the Bedlamites into the great gallery. The
+keepers had already unlocked the cells, and were bringing forth
+their mad folks, when the porter of Bedlam, Owen Macduffy,
+standing at the iron gate, and beholding such a number of armed
+men in the fields, immediately roared out, "Fire, murder, swords,
+daggers, bloodshed!" Owen's voice was always remarkably loud,
+but his fears had rendered it still louder and more tremendous.
+His words struck a panic into the keepers; they lost all presence
+of mind, they forgot their prisoners, and hastened most precipitately
+down stairs to the scene of action. At the sight of the naked
+swords their fears increased, and at once they stood open-mouthed
+and motionless. Not so the lunatics; freedom to madmen and
+light to the blind are equally rapturous. Ralph Rogers, the tinker,
+began the alarm. His brains had been turned with joy at the
+Restoration, and the poor wretch imagined that this glorious set
+of combatants were Roundheads and Fanatics, and accordingly
+he cried out, "Liberty and property, my boys! Down with the
+Rump! Cromwell and Ireton are come from hell to destroy us.
+Come, my Cavalier lads, follow me, and let us knock out their
+brains." The Bedlamites immediately obeyed, and, with the tinker
+at their head, leaped over the balusters of the staircase, and ran
+wildly into the fields. In their way they picked up some staves
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">333</a></span>
+and cudgels, which the porters and the keepers had inadvertently
+left behind, and, rushing forward with amazing fury, they forced
+themselves outrageously into the midst of the combatants, and
+in one unlucky moment disturbed all the decency
+and order with which this most illustrious
+duel had begun.</p>
+
+<p>'It seemed, according to my grandfather's
+observation, a very untoward fate that two-and-thirty
+gentlemen of courage, honour, fortune,
+and quality should meet together in hopes of
+killing each other with all that resolution and
+politeness which belonged to their stations, and
+should at once be routed, dispersed, and even
+wounded by a set of madmen, without sword,
+pistol, or any other more honourable weapon
+than a cudgel.</p>
+
+<p>'The madmen were not only superior in
+strength, but numbers. Sir Josiah Pumpkin and
+Mr. Cucumber stood their ground as long as
+possible, and they both endeavoured to make
+the lunatics the sole object of their mutual
+revenge; but the two friends were soon overpowered,
+and, no person daring to come to their
+assistance, each of them made as proper a retreat
+as the place and circumstances would
+admit.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-357.jpg" width="392" height="556" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Many other gentlemen were knocked down
+and trampled under foot. Some of them, whom
+my grandfather's generosity would never name,
+betook themselves to flight in a most inglorious
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">334</a></span>
+manner. An earl's son was spied clinging submissively round the
+feet of mad Pocklington, the tailor. A young baronet, although
+naturally intrepid, was obliged to
+conceal himself at the bottom of
+Pippin Kate's apple-stall. A
+Shropshire squire, of three thousand
+pounds a year, was discovered,
+chin deep and almost
+stifled, in Fleet Ditch. Even
+Captain Daisy himself was found
+in a milk-cellar, with visible marks
+of fear and consternation. Thus
+ended this inauspicious day. But the madmen continued their
+outrages many days after. It was near a week before they were
+all retaken and chained to their cells, and during that interval of
+liberty they committed many offensive pranks throughout the cities
+of London and Westminster.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-358.jpg" width="177" height="106" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Such unforeseen disasters occasioned some prudent regulations
+in the laws of honour. It was enacted from that time that
+six combatants (three on a side) might be allowed and acknowledged
+to contain such a quantity of blood in their veins as should
+be sufficient to satisfy the highest affront that could be offered.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 64. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>March 21, 1754.</i></p>
+
+<p>One of Mr. FitzAdam's correspondents is describing a morning
+he spent in the library of Lord Finican, with which nobleman
+he was invited to breakfast:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'I now fell to the books with a good appetite, intending to
+make a full meal; and while I was chewing upon a piece of
+Tully's philosophical writings, my lord came in upon me. His
+looks discovered great uneasiness, which I attributed to the
+effects of the last night's diversions; but good manners requiring
+me to prefer his lordship's conversation to my own amusement,
+I replaced his book, and by the sudden satisfaction in his countenance
+perceived that the cause of his perturbation was my holding
+open the book with a pinch of snuff in my fingers. He said
+he was glad to see me, for he should not have known else what to
+have done with himself. I returned the compliment by saying I
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">335</a></span>
+thought he could not want entertainment amidst so choice a
+collection of books. "Yes," replied he, "the collection is not
+without elegance; but I read men only now, for I finished my
+studies when I set out on my travels. You
+are not the first who has admired my library;
+and I am allowed to have as fine a taste in books
+as any man in England."</p>
+
+<p>'Hereupon he showed me a "Pastor Fido,"
+bound in green and decorated with myrtle-leaves.
+He then took down a volume of Tillotson,
+in a black binding, with the leaves as white
+as a law-book, and gilt on the back with little
+mitres and crosiers; and lastly, Cæsar's "Commentaries,"
+clothed in red and gold, in imitation of the military
+uniform of English officers.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-359.jpg" width="313" height="264" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The literary gentleman finally elicits that his lordship's books
+are simply selected for fashion and show, and that they are never
+read, Lord Finican having long given up the study of books, and
+merely collecting a library to establish the excellence of his taste.</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 68. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>April 18, 1754.</i></p>
+
+<p>Mr. FitzAdam prints a letter received from a widow, describing
+the real facts of the injuries by which her husband had lost his
+life in a duel:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'Mr. Muzzy was very fat and extremely lethargic, and so
+stupidly heavy that he fell asleep even in musical assemblies, and
+snored in the playhouse, as loud, poor man! as he used to snore
+in bed. However, having received many taunts and reproaches,
+he resolved to challenge his own cousin-german, Brigadier
+Truncheon, of Soho Square. It seems the person challenged
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">336</a></span>
+fixed upon the place and weapons. Truncheon, a deep-sighted
+man, chose Primrose Hill for the field of battle, and swords for
+the weapons of defence. To avoid suspicion and to prevent a
+discovery, they were to walk together from Piccadilly, where we
+then lived, to the summit of Primrose Hill. Truncheon's scheme
+took effect. Mr. Muzzy was much fatigued and out of breath
+with the walk. However, he drew his sword; and, as he assured
+me himself, began to attack his cousin with valour. The brigadier
+went back; Mr. Muzzy pursued; but not having his adversary's
+alacrity, he stopped a little to take breath. He stopped, alas!
+too long: his lethargy came on with more than usual violence; he
+first dozed as he stood upon his legs, and then beginning to nod
+forward, dropped by degrees upon his face in a most profound
+sleep.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-360.jpg" width="389" height="105" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Truncheon, base man! took this opportunity to wound my
+husband as he lay snoring on the ground; and he had the cunning
+to direct his stab in such a manner as to make it supposed
+that Mr. Muzzy had fled, and in his flight had received a wound
+in the most ignominious part of his body. You will ask what
+became of the seconds. They were both killed upon the spot;
+but being only two servants, the one a butler and the other a
+cook, they were buried the same night; and by the power of a
+little money, properly applied, no further inquiry was made about
+them.</p>
+
+<p>'Mr. Muzzy, wounded as he was, might probably have slept
+upon that spot for many hours, had he not been awakened by the
+cruel bites of a mastiff. My poor husband was thoroughly
+awakened by the new hurt he had received; and indeed it was
+impossible to have slept while he was losing whole collops of the
+fattest and most pulpy part of his flesh: so that he was brought
+home to me much more wounded by the teeth of the mastiff than
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">337</a></span>
+by the sword of his cousin Truncheon.' The wound eventually
+mortified, Mr. Muzzy lost his life, and the writer became a
+widow.</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 82. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>July 25, 1754.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">'<span class="smcap">The Tears of Old May-day.</span></p>
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-361.jpg" width="98" height="222" alt="" />
+</div>
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="o1">'Led by the jocund train of vernal hours,</p>
+<p class="i1">And vernal airs, up rose the gentle May,</p>
+<p>Blushing she rose and blushing rose the flowers</p>
+<p class="i1">That spring spontaneous in her genial ray.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="o1">'Her locks with Heaven's ambrosial dews were bright,</p>
+<p class="i1">And am'rous Zephyrs flutter'd on her breast;</p>
+<p>With ev'ry shifting gleam of morning light</p>
+<p class="i1">The colours shifted of her rainbow vest.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="o1">'Imperial ensigns graced her smiling form,</p>
+<p class="i1">A golden key and golden wand she bore;</p>
+<p>This charms to peace each sullen eastern storm,</p>
+<p class="i1">And that unlocks the summer's copious store.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>'Vain hope, no more in choral bands unite</p>
+<p class="i1">Her virgin vot'ries, and at early dawn,</p>
+<p>Sacred to May and Love's mysterious rite,</p>
+<p class="i1">Brush the light dewdrops<a name="FNanchor_26" id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a>
+ from the spangled lawn.</p>
+ </div>
+ <div class="stanza">
+<p class="i7">'To her no more Augusta's<a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>
+ wealthy pride</p>
+<p class="i8">Pours the full tribute of Potosi's mine;</p>
+<p class="i7">Nor fresh-blown garlands village maids provide,</p>
+<p class="i8">A purer off'ring at her rustic shrine.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="i7">'No more the May-pole's verdant height around,</p>
+<p class="i8">To valour's games th' adventurous youth advance;</p>
+<p class="i7">To merry bells and tabor's sprightlier sound</p>
+<p class="i8">Wake the loud carol and the sportive dance.'</p>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<p>'I have hinted more than once that the present age (1754),
+notwithstanding the vices and follies with which it abounds, has
+the happiness of standing as high in my opinion as any age whatsoever.
+But it has always been the fashion to believe that from
+the beginning of the world to the present day men have been
+increasing in wickedness.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">338</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'I believe that all vices will be found to exist amongst us
+much in the same degree as heretofore, forms only changing.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-362.jpg" width="184" height="113" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Our grandfathers used to get drunk with strong beer and port;
+we get drunk with claret and champagne. They would lie abominably
+to conceal their peccadilloes;
+we lie as abominably in
+boasting of ours. They stole
+slily in at the back-door of a
+bagnio; we march in boldly at
+the front-door, and immediately
+steal out slily at the back-door.
+Our mothers were prudes; their
+daughters coquettes. The first
+dressed like modest women, and perhaps were wantons; the last
+dress like women of pleasure, and perhaps are virtuous. Those
+treated without hanging out a sign; these hang out a sign without
+intending to treat. To be still more particular: the abuse of
+power, the views of patriots, the flattery of dependents, and the
+promises of great men are, I believe, pretty much the same now
+as in former ages. Vices that we have no relish for, we part with
+for those we like; giving up avarice for prodigality, hypocrisy
+for profligacy, and looseness for play.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 86. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>Aug. 22, 1754.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-362-copy.jpg" width="342" height="190" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>A correspondent, after summing up the lessons he daily extracts
+from trees, flowers, insects, and the inmates of his garden,
+continues:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'In short, there is such a close affinity
+between a proper cultivation of a flower-garden
+and a right discipline of the mind
+that it is almost impossible for any thoughtful
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">339</a></span>
+person, that has made any proficiency in the one, to avoid paying
+a due attention to the other. That industry and care which are
+so requisite to cleanse a garden from all sorts of weeds will naturally
+suggest to him how much more expedient it would be to
+exert the same diligence in eradicating all sorts of prejudices,
+follies, and vices from the mind, where they will be sure to prevail,
+without a great deal of care and correction, as common weeds
+in a neglected piece of ground.</p>
+
+<p>'And as it requires more pains to extirpate some weeds than
+others, according as they are more firmly fixed, more numerous, or
+more naturalised to the soil; so those faults will be found to be
+most difficult to be suppressed which have been of the largest
+growth and taken the deepest root, which are more predominant
+in number and most congenial to the constitution.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 92. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>Oct. 3, 1754.</i></p>
+
+<p>Mr. FitzAdam, defining the characters of <i>Siphons</i> and <i>Soakers</i>,
+points to a theory that dropsy, of which so many of their order
+perish, is a manifest judgment upon them, the wine they so much
+loved being turned into water, and themselves drowned at last in
+the element they so much abhorred.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-363.jpg" width="221" height="90" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'A rational and sober man, invited by the wit and gaiety of
+good company, and hurried away by an uncommon flow of spirits,
+may happen to drink
+too much, and perhaps
+accidentally to get drunk;
+but then these sallies will
+be short and not frequent.
+Whereas the
+soaker is an utter stranger to wit and mirth, and no friend to
+either. His business is serious, and he applies himself seriously
+to it; he steadily pursues the numbing, stupefying, and petrifying,
+not the animating and exhilarating qualities of the wine. The
+more he drinks, the duller he grows; his politics become more
+obscure, and his narratives more tedious and less intelligible; till,
+at last <i>maudlin</i>, he employs what little articulation he has left in
+relating his doleful state to an insensible audience.</p>
+
+<p>'I am well aware that the numerous society of <i>siphons</i> (as I
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">340</a></span>
+shall for the future typify the soakers, suction being equally the
+only business of both) will say, like Sir Tunbelly, "What would
+this fellow have us do?" To which I am at no loss for an
+answer: "Do anything else."'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 100. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>Nov. 28, 1754.</i></p>
+
+<p>'I heard the other day with great pleasure from my friend,
+Mr. Dodsley, that Mr. Johnson's "English Dictionary," with a
+grammar and history of our language, will be published this winter,
+in two large volumes in folio.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-364.jpg" width="105" height="198" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Many people have imagined that so extensive a work would
+have been best performed by a number of persons, who should
+have taken their several departments of examining,
+fitting, winnowing, purifying, and
+finally fixing our language by incorporating
+their respective funds into one joint stock.</p>
+
+<p>'But, whether this opinion be true or false,
+I think the public in general, and the republic
+of letters in particular, are greatly obliged
+to Mr. Johnson for having undertaken and
+executed so great and desirable a work. Perfection
+is not to be expected from man; but
+if we are to judge by the various works of
+Mr. Johnson already published, we have good
+reason to believe that he will bring this as
+near to perfection as any one man could do.
+The plan of it, which we published some years ago, seems to
+me to be a proof of it. Nothing can be more rationally imagined
+or more accurately and elegantly expressed. I therefore recommend
+the previous perusal of it to all those who intend to buy the
+dictionary, and who, I suppose, are all those who can afford it.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 103. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>Dec. 19, 1754.</i></p>
+
+<p>Mr. FitzAdam relates an anecdote establishing the good breeding
+of highwaymen of the upper class:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-365.jpg" width="145" height="115" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'An acquaintance of mine was robbed a few years ago, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">341</a></span>
+very near shot through the head by the going off of a pistol of the
+accomplished Mr. M'Lean, yet the whole affair was conducted
+with the greatest good breeding on both
+sides. The robber, who had only taken
+a purse <i>this way</i> because he had that
+morning been disappointed of marrying
+a great fortune, no sooner returned to
+his lodgings than he sent the gentleman
+two letters of excuses, which, with
+less wit than the epistles of Voltaire,
+had infinitely more natural and easy politeness in the turn of their
+expressions. In the postscript he appointed a meeting at Tyburn,
+at twelve at night, where the gentleman might <i>purchase again</i> any
+trifles he had lost; and my friend has been blamed for not accepting
+the rendezvous, as it seemed liable to be construed by ill-natured
+people into a doubt of the <i>honour</i> of a man who had given
+him all the satisfaction in his power for having unluckily been near
+shooting him through the head.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 112. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>Feb. 20, 1755.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-365-copy.jpg" width="215" height="83" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'My cobbler is also a politician. He reads the first newspapers
+he can get, desirous to be informed of the state of affairs in
+Europe, and of the street
+robberies of London. He
+has not, I presume, analysed
+the interests of the respective
+countries of Europe, nor
+deeply considered those of
+his own; still less is he systematically informed of the political
+duties of a citizen and subject. But his heart and his habits
+supply these defects. He glows with zeal for the honour and
+prosperity of old England; he will fight for it if there be an occasion,
+and drink to it perhaps a little too often and too much.
+However, is it not to be wished that there were in this country six
+millions of such honest and zealous, though uninformed, citizens?</p>
+
+<p>'Our honest cobbler is thoroughly convinced, as his forefathers
+were for many centuries, that one Englishman can beat three
+Frenchmen; and in that persuasion he would by no means
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">342</a></span>
+decline the trial. Now, though in my own private opinion,
+deduced from physical principles, I am apt to believe that one
+Englishman could beat no more than two Frenchmen of equal
+size with himself, I should, however, be unwilling to undeceive
+him of that useful and sanguine error, which certainly made his
+countrymen triumph in the fields of Poictiers and Crecy.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 122. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>May 1, 1755.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-366.jpg" width="255" height="114" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'As I was musing one morning, in a most disconsolate mood,
+with my leg in my landlady's lap, while she darned one of my
+stockings, it came into my head to collect from various books,
+together with my own experience and observations, plain and
+wholesome rules on the subject of <i>diet</i>, and then publish them in
+a neat pocket volume; for I was always well inclined to do good
+to the world, however ungratefully it used me. I doubt, Mr.
+FitzAdam, you will hardly forbear smiling to hear a man who was
+almost starved talk gravely of compiling observations on diet.
+The moment I finished my volume I ran to an eminent bookseller
+near the Mansion House; he was just set down to dinner....
+As soon as the cloth was taken away I produced my manuscript,
+and the bookseller put on his spectacles; but to my no small
+mortification, after glancing an eye over the title-page, he looked
+steadfastly upon me for near a minute in a kind of amazement I
+could not account for, and then broke out in the following manner:&mdash;"My
+dear sir, you are come to the very worst place in the world
+for the sale of such a <i>performance</i> as this&mdash;to think of expecting
+the Court of Aldermen's permission to preach upon the subject of
+<i>lean and fallow abstinence</i> between the Royal Exchange and
+Temple Bar!"'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">343</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 130. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>June 26, 1755.</i></p>
+
+<p>Extracts from a letter written by 'Priscilla Cross-stitch,' for
+herself and sisters, on the subject of the indelicacy of nankin
+breeches, as indulged in by Patrick, their footman:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-367.jpg" width="262" height="118" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'We give him no livery, but allow him a handsome sum yearly
+for clothes; and, to <i>say the truth</i>, till within the last week he has
+dressed with great propriety and decency, when all at once, to our
+great confusion and distress, he has the assurance to appear at
+the sideboard in a pair of filthy nankin breeches, and those made
+to fit so extremely tight, that a less curious observer might have
+mistaken them for no breeches at all. The shame and confusion
+so visible in all our faces one would think would suggest to him
+the odiousness of his dress; but the fellow appears to have thrown
+off every appearance of decency, for at tea-table before company,
+as well as at meals, we are forced to endure him in this abominable
+nankin, our modesty conflicting with nature, to efface the idea it
+conveys.'</p>
+
+<p>The ladies cannot well discharge a good servant for this indiscretion;
+their delicacy will not allow them to mention the dreadful
+word, nor venture on allusions to the objectionable part of the
+apparel; nor will they venture to entrust the task to their maids,
+as it might draw them into puzzling explanations. The publication
+of Priscilla's letter, with a warning to Patrick, and a general
+decree against suggestive drapery, declaring it a capital offence, is
+intended to relieve the ladies of their confusion.</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 135. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>July 31, 1755.</i></p>
+
+<p>'Hilarius is a downright country gentleman; a <i>bon vivant</i>; an
+indefatigable sportsman. He can drink his gallon at a sitting, and
+will tell you he was neither sick nor sorry in his life. Having
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">344</a></span>
+an estate of above five thousand a year, his strong beer, ale, and
+wine cellar are always well stored; to either of which, as also to
+his table, abounding in plenty of good victuals, ill-sorted and ill-dressed,
+every voter and fox-hunter claims a kind of right. He
+roars for the Church, which he never visits, and is eternally cracking
+his coarse jests and talking obscenity to the parsons, whom if
+he can make fuddled, and expose to contempt, it is the highest
+pleasure he can enjoy. As for his lay friends, nothing is more
+common with him than to set them and their servants dead drunk
+on their horses; and should any of them be found half smothered
+in a ditch the next morning, it affords him excellent diversion for
+a twelvemonth after. No one is readier to club a laugh with you,
+but he has no ear to the voice of distress or complaint. Thus
+Hilarius, on the false credit of generosity and good humour, swims
+triumphantly with the stream of applause without one single virtue
+in his composition.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-368.jpg" width="297" height="172" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 142. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>Sept. 18, 1755.</i></p>
+
+<p>Extract from the letter of a lady, a lover of peace and quietness,
+on the sufferings produced by her connection with people
+who are fond of noise. After describing the violence practised in
+her own home, the writer continues:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'At last I was sent to board with a distant relation, who had
+been captain of a man-of-war, who had given up his commission
+and retired into the country. Unfortunately for poor me, the
+captain still retained a passion for firing a great gun, and had
+mounted, on a little fortification that was thrown up against the
+front of his house, eleven nine-pounders, which were constantly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">345</a></span>
+discharged ten or a dozen times over on the arrival of visitors, and
+on all holidays and rejoicings. The noise of these cannon was
+more terrible to me than all the rest, and would have rendered my
+continuance there intolerable, if a young gentleman, a relation of
+the captain's, had not held me by the heart-strings, and softened
+by the most tender courtship in the world the horrors of these
+firings.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-369.jpg" width="332" height="122" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The unfortunate lady's married life was doomed, however, to
+prove a union of noise and contention.</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 150. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>Nov. 13, 1755.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-369-copy.jpg" width="164" height="93" alt="" />
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">346</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'Among the ancient Romans the great offices of state were all
+elective, which obliged them to be very observant of the shape of
+the noses of those persons to whom they were to apply for votes.
+Horace tells us that a sharp nose was an indication of satirical wit
+and humour; for when speaking of his friend Virgil, though he
+says, "At est bonus, ut melior non alius quisquam," yet he allows
+he was no joker, and not a fit match
+at the sneer for those of his companions
+who had sharper noses than
+his own. They also looked upon
+the short noses, with a little inflection
+at the end tending upwards, as
+a mark of the owner's being addicted
+to jibing; for the same author, talking of Mæcenas, says that
+though he was born of an ancient family, yet was he not apt to
+turn persons of low birth into ridicule, which he expresses by saying
+that "he had not a turn-up nose." Martial, in one of his
+epigrams, calls this kind of nose the rhinocerotic nose, and says
+that everyone in his time affected this kind of snout, as an indication
+of his being <i>master of the talent of humour</i>.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. &mdash;. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;1755.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-370.jpg" width="98" height="126" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-370-copy.jpg" width="92" height="129" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-370-copy-2.jpg" width="78" height="85" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'You may have frequently observed upon the face of that useful
+piece of machinery, a clock, the minute and hour hands, in their
+revolution through the twelve
+divisions of the day, to be not
+only shifting continually from
+one figure to another, but to
+stand at times in a quite opposite
+direction to their former
+bearings, and to each other.
+Now I conceive this to be
+pretty much the case with that
+complicated piece of mechanism, a modern female, or young woman
+of fashion: for as such I was accustomed to consider that part of
+the species as having no power to determine their own motions
+and appearances, but acted upon by the mode, and set to any
+point which the party who took the lead, or (to speak more properly)
+its regulator, pleased. But it has so happened in the circumrotation
+of modes and fashions, that the present set are not
+only moving on continually from one pretty fancy
+and conceit to another, but have departed quite
+aside from their former principles, dividing from each
+other in a circumstance wherein they were always
+accustomed to unite, and uniting where there was
+ever wont to be a distinction or difference....
+The pride now is to get as far away as possible, not only from the
+vulgar, but from one another, and that, too, as well in the first
+principles of dress as in its subordinate decorations; so that its
+fluctuating humour is perpetually showing itself in some new and
+particular sort of cap, flounce, knot, or tippet; and every woman
+that you meet affects independency and to set up for herself.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 153. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>Dec. 4, 1755.</i></p>
+
+<p>The writer describes a country assembly, highly perfumed with
+'the smell of the stable over which it was built, the savour of the
+neighbouring kitchen, the fumes of tallow candles, rum punch, and
+tobacco dispersed over the house, and the balsamic effluvia from
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">347</a></span>
+many sweet creatures who were dancing.' Everyone 'is pleased
+and desirous of pleasing,' with the exception of some fashionable
+young men blocking up the door&mdash;'whose faces I remember to
+have seen about town, who would neither dance, drink tea, play
+at cards, nor speak to anyone, except now and then in whispers
+to a young lady, who sat in silence at the upper end of the room,
+in a hat and négligée, with her back against the wall, her arms
+akimbo, her legs thrust out, a sneer on her lips, a scowl on her
+forehead, and an invincible assurance in her eyes. Their behaviour
+affronted most of the company, yet obtained the desired effect:
+for I overheard several of the country ladies say, "It was a pity
+they were so proud; for to be sure they were prodigious well-bred
+people, and had an immense deal of wit;" a mistake they could
+never have fallen into had these patterns of politeness condescended
+to have entered into any conversation.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-371.jpg" width="375" height="143" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 163. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>Feb. 12, 1756.</i></p>
+
+<p>'There was an ancient sect of philosophers, the disciples of
+Pythagoras, who held that the souls of men and all other animals
+existed in a state of perpetual transmigration, and that when by
+death they were dislodged from one corporeal habitation, they
+were immediately reinstated in another, happier or more miserable
+according to their behaviour in the former. This doctrine has
+always appeared to me to present a theory of retributory compensation
+which is very acceptable.</p>
+
+<p>'Thus the tyrant, who by his power has oppressed his country
+in the situation of a prince, in that of a slave may be compelled to
+do it some service by his labour. The highwayman, who has stopped
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">348</a></span>
+and plundered travellers, may expiate and assist them in the shape
+of a post-horse; and mighty conquerors, who have laid waste the
+world by their swords, may be obliged, by a small alteration in
+sex and situation, to contribute to its re-peopling.</p>
+
+<p>'For my own part, I verily believe this to be the case. I
+make no doubt but Louis XIV. is now chained to an oar in the
+galleys of France, and that Hernando Cortez is digging gold in the
+mines of Peru or Mexico; that Dick Turpin, the highwayman, is
+several times a day spurred backwards and forwards between
+London and Epping, and that Lord * * * * and Sir Harry * * * *
+are now roasting for a city feast. I
+question not but that Alexander the
+Great and Julius Cæsar have died
+many times in child-bed since their
+appearance in those illustrious and
+depopulating characters; that Charles
+XII. is at this instant a curate's wife
+in some remote village with a numerous
+and increasing family; and that Kouli-Khan is now
+whipped from parish to parish in the person of a big-bellied
+beggar-woman, with two children in her arms and three at her
+back.'</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-372.jpg" width="148" height="98" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 164. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>Feb. 19, 1756.</i></p>
+
+<p>'Mr. FitzAdam,&mdash;I am infested by a swarm of country cousins
+that are come up to town for the winter, as they call it&mdash;a whole
+family of them. They ferret me out from every place I go to,
+and it is impossible to stand the ridicule of being seen in their
+company.</p>
+
+<p>'At their first coming to town I was, in a manner, obliged to
+gallant them to the play, where, having seated the mother with
+much ado, I offered my hand to the eldest of my five young
+cousins; but as she was not dexterous enough to manage a great
+hoop with one hand only, she refused my offer, and at the first
+step fell along. It was with great difficulty I got her up again;
+but imagine, sir, my situation. I sat like a mope all the night, not
+daring to look up for fear of catching the eyes of my acquaintance,
+who would have laughed me out of countenance.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">349</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-373.jpg" width="334" height="156" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'My friends see how I am mortified at all public places; and it
+is a standing jest with them, wherever they meet me, to put on the
+appearance of the profoundest respect, and to ask, "Pray, sir, how
+do your cousins do?" This leads me to propose something for
+the relief of all those whose country cousins, like mine, expect they
+should introduce them into the world; by which means we shall
+avoid appearing in a very ridiculous light. I would therefore set
+up a person who should be known by the name of Town Usher.
+His business should be to attend closely all young ladies who were
+never in town before, to teach them to walk into playhouses without
+falling over the benches, to show them the tombs and the
+lions, and the wax-work and the giant, and instruct them how to
+wonder and shut their mouths at the same time, for I really meet
+with so many gapers every day in the streets that I am continually
+yawning all the way I walk.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 169. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>March 25, 1756.</i></p>
+
+<p>'"Wanted a Curate at Beccles, in Suffolk. Inquire farther of
+Mr. Strut, Cambridge and Yarmouth carrier, who inns at the Crown,
+the end of Jesus Lane, Cambridge.</p>
+
+<p>'"N.B.&mdash;To be spoken with from Friday noon to Saturday
+morning, nine o'clock."</p>
+
+<p>'I have transcribed this from a newspaper, Mr. FitzAdam,
+<i>verbatim et literatim</i>, and must confess I look upon it as a
+curiosity. It would certainly be entertaining to hear the conversation
+between Mr. Strut, Cambridge and Yarmouth carrier,
+and the curate who offers himself. Doubtless Mr. Strut has his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">350</a></span>
+orders to inquire into the young candidate's qualifications, and to
+make his report to the advertising rector before he agrees upon
+terms with him. But what principally deserves our observation is
+the propriety of referring us to a person who traffics constantly to
+that great mart of young divines, Cambridge, where the advertiser
+might expect numbers to flock to the person he employed. It is
+pleasant, too, to observe the "N.B." at the end of the advertisement;
+it carries with it an air of significance enough to intimidate
+a young divine who might possibly have been so bold as to have
+put himself on an equal footing with this negotiator, if he had not
+known that he was only to be spoken with at stated hours.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-374.jpg" width="236" height="141" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 176. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>May 13, 1756.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-374-copy.jpg" width="240" height="114" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Going to visit an old friend at his country seat last week, I
+found him at backgammon with the vicar of the parish. My
+friend received me with the heartiest welcome, and introduced the
+doctor to my acquaintance. This gentleman, who seemed to be
+about fifty, and of a florid and healthy constitution, surveyed me
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">351</a></span>
+all over with great attention, and, after a slight nod of the head,
+sat himself down without opening his mouth. I was a little hurt
+at the supercilious behaviour of this divine, which my friend
+observing, told me very pleasantly that I was rather too old to be
+entitled to the doctor's complaisance, for he seldom bestowed it
+but upon the young and vigorous; "but," says he, "you will know
+him better soon, and may probably think it worth your while to
+<i>book</i> him in the 'World,' for you will find him altogether as odd a
+character as he is a worthy one." The doctor made no reply to
+this raillery, but continued some time with his eye fixed upon me,
+and at last shaking his head, and turning to my friend, asked if he
+would play out the other hit. My friend excused himself from
+engaging any more that evening, and ordered a bottle of wine,
+with pipes and tobacco, to be set on the table. The vicar filled
+his pipe, and drank very cordially to my friend, still eyeing me
+with a seeming dislike, and neither drinking my health nor speaking
+a single word to me. As I had long accustomed myself to
+drink nothing but water, I called for a bottle of it, and drank glass
+for glass with him; which upon the doctor's observing, he shook
+his head at my friend, and in a whisper, loud enough for me to
+hear, said, "Poor man! it is all over with him, I see." My friend
+smiled, and answered, in the same audible whisper, "No, no,
+doctor, Mr. FitzAdam intends to live as long as either of us." He
+then addressed himself to me on the occurrences of the town, and
+drew me into a very cheerful conversation, which lasted till I withdrew
+to rest; at which time the doctor rose from his chair, drank
+a bumper to my health, and, giving me a hearty shake by the
+hand, told me I was a very jolly old gentleman, and that he
+wished to be better acquainted with me during my stay in the
+country.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 185. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>July 15, 1756.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">'<i>Mr. FitzAdam.</i></p>
+
+<p>'Sir,&mdash;My case is a little singular, and therefore I hope you
+will let it appear in your paper. I should scarcely have attempted
+to make such a request, had I not very strictly looked over all
+the works of your predecessors, the "Tatlers," "Spectators," and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">352</a></span>
+"Guardians," without a possibility of finding a parallel to my
+unhappy situation.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-376.jpg" width="79" height="103" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'I am not <i>henpecked</i>; I am not <i>grimalkined</i>; I have no Mrs.
+Freeman, with her Italian airs; but I have a wife more troublesome
+than all three by a certain ridiculous and
+unnecessary devotion that she pays to her father,
+amounting almost to idolatry. When I first
+married her, from that specious kind of weakness
+which meets with encouragement and applause
+only because it is called good-nature, I
+permitted her to do whatever she pleased; but
+when I thought it requisite to pull in the rein,
+I found that her having the bit in her teeth
+rendered the strength of my curb of no manner of use to me.
+Whenever I attempted to draw her in a little, she tossed up her
+head, snorted, pranced, and gave herself such airs, that unless I
+let her carry me where she pleased, my limbs if not my life were
+in danger.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 191. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>Aug. 26, 1756.</i></p>
+
+<p>'Ever since the tax upon dogs was first reported to be in
+agitation, I have been under the greatest alarm for the safety of
+the whole race.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-376-copy.jpg" width="282" height="102" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'I thought it a little hard, indeed, that a man should be taxed
+for having one creature in his house in which he might confide;
+but when I heard that officers were to be appointed to knock out
+the brains of all these honest domestics who should presume to
+make their appearance in the streets without the passport of their
+master's name about their necks, I became seriously concerned
+for them.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">353</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'This enmity against dogs is pretended upon the apprehension
+of their going mad; but an easier remedy might be applied, by
+abolishing the custom (with many others equally ingenious) of
+stringing bottles and stones to their tails, by which means (and
+in this one particular I must give up my clients) the unfortunate
+sufferer becomes subject to the persecutions of his own species,
+too apt to join the run against a brother in distress.</p>
+
+<p>'But great allowance should be made for an animal who, in an
+intimacy of nearly six thousand years with man, has learnt but one
+of his bad qualities.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-377.jpg" width="287" height="153" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 192. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>Sept. 2, 1756.</i></p>
+
+<p>'Mr. FitzAdam,&mdash;Walking up St. James's Street the other
+day, I was stopt by a very smart young female, who begged my
+pardon for her boldness, and, looking very innocently in my face,
+asked me if I did not know her. The manner of her accosting
+me and the extreme prettiness of her figure made me look at her
+with attention; and I soon recollected that she had been a
+servant-girl of my wife's, who had taken her from the country, and,
+after keeping her three years in her service, had dismissed her
+about two months ago. "What, Nanny," said I, "is it you? I
+never saw anybody so fine in all my life!" "Oh, sir!" says she,
+with the most innocent smile imaginable, bridling her head and
+curtsying down to the ground, "I have been led astray since I
+lived with my mistress." "Have you so, Mrs. Nanny?" said I;
+"and pray, child, who is it that has led you astray?" "Oh,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">354</a></span>
+sir!" says she, "one of the worthiest gentlemen in the world;
+and he has bought me a new négligée for every day in the week."</p>
+
+<p>'The girl pressed me to go and look at her lodgings, which
+she assured me were hard by in Bury Street, and as fine as a
+duchess's; but I declined her offer, knowing that any arguments
+of mine in favour of virtue and stuff gowns would avail but little
+against pleasure and silk négligées. I therefore contented myself
+with expressing my concern for the way of life she had entered
+into, and bade her farewell.</p>
+
+<p>'Being a man inclined to speculate a little, as often as I think
+of the finery of this girl, and the reason alleged for it, I cannot
+help fancying, whenever I fall in company with a pretty woman,
+dressed out beyond her visible circumstances, patched, painted,
+and ornamented to the extent of the mode, that she is going to
+make me her best curtsy, and to tell me, "Oh, sir! I have been
+led astray since I kept good company."'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 202. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>Nov. 11, 1756.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-378.jpg" width="74" height="203" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">'The trumpet sounds; to war the troops advance,</p>
+<p>Adorn'd and trim, like females to the dance</p>
+<p>Proud of the summons, to display his might,</p>
+<p>The gay Lothario dresses for the fight;</p>
+<p>Studious in all the splendour to appear,</p>
+<p>Pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war!</p>
+<p>His well-turn'd limbs the diff'rent garbs infold,</p>
+<p>Form'd with nice art, and glitt'ring all with gold;</p>
+<p>Across his breast the silken sash is tied,</p>
+<p>Behind the shoulder-knot displays its pride;</p>
+<p>Glitt'ring with lace, the hat adorns his head,</p>
+<p>Grac'd and distinguish'd by the smart cockade:</p>
+<p>Conspicuous badge! which only heroes wear,</p>
+<p>Ensign of war and fav'rite of the fair.</p>
+<p>The graceful queue his braided tresses binds,</p>
+<p>And ev'ry hair in its just rank confines.</p>
+<p>Each taper leg the snowy gaiters deck,</p>
+<p>And the bright gorget dandles from his neck.</p>
+<p>Dress'd cap-a-pie, all lovely to the sight,</p>
+<p>Stands the gay warrior, and expects the fight.</p>
+<p>Rages the war; fell slaughter stalks around,</p>
+<p>And stretches thousands breathless on the ground.</p>
+<p>Down sinks Lothario, sent by one dire blow,</p>
+<p>A well-dress'd hero, to the shades below.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">355</a></span></p>
+<p>Thus the young victim, pamper'd and elate,</p>
+<p>To some resplendent fane is led in state,</p>
+<p>With garlands crown'd through shouting crowds proceeds,</p>
+<p>And, dress'd in fatal pomp, magnificently bleeds.'</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 209. <span class="smcap">The 'World.'</span>&mdash;<i>Dec. 30, 1756.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">'<i>The Last of Mr. FitzAdam.</i></p>
+
+<p>'Before these lines can reach the press, that truly great and
+amiable gentleman, Mr. FitzAdam, will, in all probability, be no
+more. An event so sudden and unexpected, and in which the
+public are so deeply interested, cannot fail to excite the curiosity
+of every reader. I shall, therefore, relate it in the most concise
+manner I am able.</p>
+
+<p>'The reader may remember that in the first number of the
+"World," and in several succeeding papers, the good old gentleman
+flattered himself that the profits of his labours would some
+time or other enable him to make a genteel figure in the world,
+and seat himself at last in his <i>one-horse chair</i>. The death of Mrs.
+FitzAdam, which happened a few months since, as it relieved him
+from the great expense of housekeeping, made him in a hurry to
+set up his equipage; and as the sale of his paper was even beyond
+his expectations, I was one of the first of his friends that advised
+him to purchase it. The equipage was accordingly bespoke and
+sent home; and as he had all along promised that his first visit in
+it should be to me, I expected him last Tuesday at my country-house
+at Hoxton. The poor gentleman was punctual to his
+appointment; and it was with great delight that I saw him from
+my window driving up the road that leads to my house. Unfortunately
+for him, his eye caught mine; and hoping (as I suppose)
+to captivate me by his great skill in driving, he made two or
+three flourishes with his whip, which so frightened the horse that
+he ran furiously away with the carriage, dashed it against a post,
+and threw the driver from his seat with a violence hardly to be
+conceived. I screamed out to my maid, "Lord bless me!" says
+I, "Mr. FitzAdam is killed!" and away we ran to the spot where
+he lay. At first I imagined that his head was off, but upon drawing
+nearer I found it was his hat! He breathed, indeed, which
+gave me hopes that he was not quite dead; but for signs of life, he
+had positively none.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">356</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-380.jpg" width="294" height="201" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'In this condition, with the help of some neighbours, we
+brought him into the house, where a warm bed was quickly got
+ready for him; which, together with bleeding and other helps,
+brought him by degrees to life and reason. He looked round
+about him for some time, and at last, seeing and knowing me,
+inquired after his chaise. I told him it was safe, though a good
+deal damaged. "No matter, madam," he replied; "it has done
+my business; it has carried me a journey from this world to the
+next. I shall have no use for it again. The 'World' is now at
+an end! I thought it destined to last a longer period; but the
+decrees of fate are not to be resisted. It would have pleased me
+to have written the last paper myself, but that task, madam, must
+be yours; and, however painful it may be to your modesty, I conjure
+you to undertake it.... My epitaph, if the public might be
+so satisfied, I would have decent and concise. It would offend
+my modesty if, after the name of <span class="smcap">FitzAdam</span>, more were to be
+added than these words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">
+'"<i>He was the deepest</i> <span class="smcap">Philosopher</span>,<br />
+<i>The wittiest</i> <span class="smcap">Writer</span>,<br />
+AND<br />
+<i>The greatest</i> <span class="smcap">Man<br />
+Of this Age or Nation</span>."'</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">357</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XV.<br />
+<span class="s08">THACKERAY'S FAMILIARITY WITH THE WRITINGS OF THE
+SATIRICAL ESSAYISTS&mdash;<i>Continued.</i></span></h2>
+
+<p class="ch_summ">
+Characteristic Passages from the compositions of the 'Early Humourists,' from
+Thackeray's Library, illustrated by the Author's hand with original Marginal
+Sketches suggested by the Text&mdash;The '<span class="smcap">Connoisseur</span>,' 1754&mdash;Introduction&mdash;Review
+of Contributors&mdash;Paragraphs and Pencillings.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Preface to the 'Connoisseur.'</span></p>
+
+<p>The '<span class="smcap">Connoisseur</span>' was undertaken by a brace of congenial
+wits, George Colman the elder, well known as a humourist and
+dramatic writer, and Bonnel Thornton, both of whom at the time
+they obliged the public with this publication were very young men,
+still pursuing their studies at Oxford University. They appear to
+have entered into a partnership, of which the following account is
+given in their last paper:&mdash;'We have not only joined in the work
+taken altogether,' says the writer of No. 140, 'but almost every
+single paper is the product of both; and, as we have laboured
+equally in erecting the fabric, we cannot pretend that any one
+particular part is the sole workmanship of either. A hint has
+perhaps been started by one of us, improved by the other, and still
+further heightened by a happy coalition of sentiment in both, as
+fire is struck out by a mutual collision of flint and steel. Sometimes,
+like Strada's lovers conversing with the sympathetic needles,
+we have written papers together at fifty miles' distance from
+each other. The first rough draft or loose minutes of an essay
+have often travelled in the stage-coach from town to country and
+from country to town; and we have frequently waited for the
+postman (whom we expected to bring us the precious remainder of
+a "Connoisseur") with the same anxiety we should wait for the half
+of a bank note, without which the other half would be of no value.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">358</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Such, indeed, was the similarity of manner, that, after some
+years, the survivor, George Colman, was unable to distinguish his
+share from that of his colleague in the case of those papers which
+were written conjointly. Neither had an individuality of style by
+which conjecture might be assisted. The prose compositions of
+both were of the light and easy kind, sometimes with a dramatic
+turn, and sometimes with an air of parody or imitation; and their
+objects were generally the same, the existing follies and absurdities
+of the day, which they chastised with ironical severity.</p>
+
+<p>George Colman, by whom it is probable the 'Connoisseur'
+was projected, was the son of Thomas Colman, British Resident
+at the Court of the Grand Duke of Tuscany at Pisa, by a sister of
+the Countess of Bath. He was born at Florence about the year
+1733, and placed at a very early age at Westminster School, where
+his talents soon became conspicuous, and where he contracted an
+acquaintance with Lloyd, Churchill, Thornton, and others, who
+were afterwards the reigning wits of the day, but unfortunately
+only employed their genius on the perishable beings and events of
+the passing hour. Colman was elected to Christ's Church in 1751,
+and received the degree of M.A. in the month of March, 1758.</p>
+
+<p>It was at that college he projected the 'Connoisseur,' which
+was printed at Oxford by Jackson, and sent to London for publication;
+it afforded the coadjutors a very desirable relaxation from
+their classical studies, to which, however, Colman was particularly
+attached, and which he continued to cultivate at a more advanced
+period of life, his last publication being a translation of Horace's
+'Art of Poetry.'</p>
+
+<p>Bonnel Thornton, the colleague of George Colman in many
+of his literary labours, was the son of an apothecary, and born in
+Maiden Lane, London, in the year 1724. After the usual course
+of education at Westminster School, he was elected to Christ's
+Church, Oxford, in 1743. The first publication in which he was
+concerned was the 'Student, or the Oxford Monthly Miscellany,'
+afterwards altered to the 'Student, or Oxford and Cambridge
+Monthly Miscellany.' This entertaining medley appeared in
+monthly numbers, printed at Oxford, for Newbery, in St. Paul's
+Churchyard. Smart was the principal conductor, but Thornton
+and other writers of both Universities occasionally assisted.</p>
+
+<p>Our author, in 1752, began a periodical work, entitled 'Have
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">359</a></span>
+at ye All, or the Drury Lane Journal,' in opposition to Fielding's
+'Covent Garden Journal.' It contains humorous remarks on
+reigning follies, but indulges somewhat too freely in personal
+ridicule.</p>
+
+<p>Thornton took his degree of M.A. in April, 1750, and, as his
+father wished him to make physic his profession, he took the
+degree of Bachelor of that faculty, May 18, 1754; but his bent, like
+that of Colman, was not to the severer studies, and they about this
+time 'clubbed their wits' in the 'Connoisseur.'</p>
+
+<p>According to their concluding motto:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Sure in the self-same mould their minds were cast,</p>
+<p>Twins in affection, judgment, humour, taste.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The last number facetiously alludes to the persons and pursuits
+of the joint projectors, by a sort of epigrammatic description of
+Mr. Town. 'It has often been remarked that the reader is very
+desirous of picking up some little particulars concerning the author
+of the book he is perusing. To gratify this passion, many literary
+anecdotes have been published, and an account of their life,
+character, and behaviour has been prefixed to the works of our
+most celebrated writers. Essayists are commonly expected to be
+their own biographers; and perhaps our readers may require some
+further intelligence concerning the authors of the "Connoisseur."
+But, as they have all along appeared as a sort of <i>Sosias</i> in literature,
+they cannot now describe themselves any otherwise than as
+one and the same person; and can only satisfy the curiosity of the
+public, by giving a short account of that respectable personage
+Mr. Town, considering him as of the plural, or rather, according to
+the Grecians, of the dual number.</p>
+
+<p>'Mr. Town is a <i>fair</i>,<a name="FNanchor_28" id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>
+ black, middle-sized, <i>very short man</i>. He
+<i>wears his own hair</i>, and a periwig. He is about thirty years of
+age, and <i>not more than four-and-twenty</i>. He is <i>a student of the
+law</i>, and a Bachelor of Physic. He was bred at the University of
+Oxford, where, having taken no less than three degrees, he looks
+down upon many learned professors as his inferiors; <i>yet, having
+been there but little longer than to take the first degree of Bachelor
+of Arts</i>, it has more than once happened that the Censor General
+of all England has been reprimanded by the Censor of his college
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">360</a></span>
+for neglecting to furnish the usual essay, or, in the collegiate
+phrase, the theme of the week.</p>
+
+<p>'This joint description of ourselves will, we hope, satisfy the
+reader without any further information.... We have all the
+while gone on, as it were, hand in hand together; and while we
+are both employed in furnishing matter for the paper now before
+us, we cannot help smiling at our thus making our exit together,
+like the two kings of Brentford, smelling at one nosegay.'</p>
+
+<p>Among the few occasional contributors who assisted the originators
+of the 'Connoisseur,' the foremost was the Earl of Cork,
+who has been noticed as a writer in the 'World.' His communications
+to the organ of Mr. Town were the greater part of Nos. 14
+and 17, the letters signed 'Goliath English,' in No. 19, great part
+of Nos. 33 and 40, and the letters signed 'Reginald Fitzworm,'
+'Michael Krawbridge,' 'Moses Orthodox,' and 'Thomas Vainall,'
+in Nos. 102, 107, 113, and 129. Duncombe says of this nobleman,
+that 'for humour, innocent humour, no one had a truer taste
+or better talent.' The authors, in their last paper, acknowledge
+the services of their elevated coadjutor in these words:&mdash;'Our
+earliest and most frequent correspondent distinguished his favours
+by the signature "G. K.," and we are sorry that he will not allow
+us to mention his name, since it would reflect as much credit on
+our work as we are sure will redound to it from his contributions.'</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. John Duncombe, who has also been noticed as one
+of the writers in the 'World,' was a contributor to the 'Connoisseur.'
+The concluding paper already quoted observes in
+reference to the communications of this writer:&mdash;'The next in
+priority of time is a gentleman of Cambridge, who signed himself
+"A. B.," and we cannot but regret that he withdrew his assistance,
+after having obliged us with the best part of the letters in Nos. 46,
+49, and 52, and of the essays in Nos. 62 and 64.'</p>
+
+<p>Of the remaining essayists concerned in this work, William
+Cowper, the author of the 'Task,' is the only contributor whose
+name has been recovered, and his assistance certainly sheds
+an additional interest on the paper. In early life this gifted
+poet is said to have formed an acquaintance with Colman
+and his colleague; and to this circumstance we owe the few
+papers in the 'Connoisseur' which can be positively ascribed to
+his pen; No. 119, 'On Keeping a Secret;' No. 134, 'Letter
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">361</a></span>
+from Mr. Village on the State of Country Churches, their Clergy
+and Congregations;' and No. 138, 'On Conversation.' Other
+papers are inferentially attributed, on internal evidence, to the
+same author; No. 111, containing the character of the delicate
+'Billy Suckling,' and No. 119 are set down to him by Colman and
+Thornton. Nos. 13, 23, 41, 76, 81, 105, and 139, although they
+cannot be claimed with any degree of certainty for his authorship,
+are presumably written by Mr. Village, the cousin of Mr. Town,
+whose name is attached to No. 134, which is Cowper's beyond
+question.</p>
+
+<p>Robert Lloyd, a minor poet, whose misfortunes in life are in
+some degree referred to the temptations held out by his convivial
+literary associates, also contributed his lyric compositions to Mr.
+Town's paper. He was referred to, at the close of the 'Connoisseur,'
+as 'the friend, a member of Trinity College, Cambridge,'
+who wrote the song in No. 72, and the verses in Nos. 67, 90, 125,
+and 135, all of which pieces were afterwards reprinted with his
+other works in the second edition of Johnson's 'Poets.'</p>
+
+<p>'There are still remaining,' concludes Mr. Town, in his final
+number, 'two correspondents, who must stand by themselves, as
+they wrote to us, not in an assumed character, but <i>in propriâ
+personâ</i>. The first is no less a personage than Orator Henley, who
+obliged us with that truly original letter printed in No. 37.<a name="FNanchor_29" id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a>
+ The
+other, who favoured us with a letter no less original, No. 70, we
+have reason to believe is a Methodist teacher, and a mechanic;
+but we do not know either his name or his trade.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">362</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-385.jpg" width="110" height="84" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 7. <span class="smcap">The 'Connoisseur.'</span>&mdash;<i>March 14, 1754.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>I loath'd the dinner, while before my face</p>
+<p>The clown still paw'd you with a rude embrace;</p>
+<p>But when ye toy'd and kiss'd without controul,</p>
+<p>I turned, and screen'd my eyes behind the bowl.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p class="center"><i>'To Mr. Town.</i></p>
+
+<p>'Sir,&mdash;I shall make no apology for recommending to your
+notice, as Censor General, a fault that is too common among
+married people; I mean the absurd trick of fondling before company.
+Love is, indeed, a very rare ingredient in modern wedlock;
+nor can the parties entertain too much affection for each other;
+but an open display of it on all occasions renders them ridiculous.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-386.jpg" width="213" height="117" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'A few days ago I was introduced to a young couple who
+were but lately married, and are reckoned by all their acquaintance
+to be exceedingly happy in each other. I had scarce
+saluted the bride, when the husband caught her eagerly in his
+arms and almost devoured her with kisses. When we were seated,
+they took care to place themselves close to each other, and during
+our conversation he was constantly fiddling with her fingers,
+tapping her cheek, or playing with her hair. At dinner, they were
+mutually employed in pressing each other to taste of every dish,
+and the fond appellations of "My dear," "My love," &amp;c., were
+continually bandied across the table. Soon after the cloth was
+removed, the lady made a motion to retire, but the husband
+prevented the compliments of the rest of the company by saying,
+"We should be unhappy without her." As the bottle went round,
+he joined her health to every toast, and could not help now and
+then rising from his chair to press her hand, and manifest the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">363</a></span>
+warmth of his passion by the ardour of his caresses. This precious
+fooling, though it highly entertained them, gave me great disgust;
+therefore, as my company might very well be spared, I took my
+leave as soon as possible.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 8. <span class="smcap">The 'Connoisseur.'</span>&mdash;<i>March 21, 1754.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>In outward show so splendid and so vain,</p>
+<p>'Tis but a gilded block without a brain.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>'I hope it will not be imputed to envy or malevolence that I
+here remark on the sign hung out before the productions of Mr.
+FitzAdam. When he gave his paper the title of the "World," I
+suppose he meant to intimate his design of describing that part of
+it who are known to account all other persons "Nobody," and
+are therefore emphatically called the "World." If this was to
+be pictured out in the head-piece, a lady at her toilette, a party
+at whist, or the jovial member of the <i>Dilettanti</i> tapping the world
+for champagne, had been the most natural and obvious hieroglyphics.
+But when we see the portrait of a philosopher poring on
+the globe, instead of observations on modern life, we might more
+naturally expect a system of geography, or an attempt towards a
+discovery of the longitude.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-387.jpg" width="213" height="108" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Yet, in spite of all these disadvantages, the love of pleasure,
+and a few supernumerary guineas, draw the student from his
+literary employment, and entice him to this theatre of noise and
+hurry, this grand mart of luxury; where, as long as his purse can
+supply him, he may be as idle and debauched as he pleases. I
+could not help smiling at a dialogue between two of these gentlemen,
+which I overheard a few nights ago at the Bedford Coffee-house.
+"Ha! Jack," says one, accosting the other, "is it you?
+How long have you been in town?" "Two hours." "How long
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">364</a></span>
+do you stay?" "Ten guineas; if you'll come to Venable's after
+the play is over, you'll find Tom Latin, Bob Classic, and two or
+three more, who will be very glad to see you. What, you're in
+town upon the sober plan at your father's? But hark ye, Frank,
+if you'll call in, I'll tell your friend Harris to prepare for you. So
+your servant; for I'm going to meet the finest girl upon town in
+the <i>green-boxes</i>."'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 12. <span class="smcap">The 'Connoisseur.'</span>&mdash;<i>April 18, 1754.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Nor shall the four-legg'd culprit 'scape the law,</p>
+<p>But at the bar hold up the guilty paw.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>The editor has been turning over that part of Lord Bolingbroke's
+works in which he argues that Moses made the animals
+accountable for their actions, and that they ought to be treated as
+moral agents.</p>
+
+<p>'These reflections were continued afterwards in my sleep;
+when methought such proceedings were common in our courts of
+judicature. I imagined myself in a spacious hall like the Old
+Bailey, where they were preparing to try several animals, who had
+been guilty of offences against the laws of the land.</p>
+
+<p>'The sessions soon opened, and the first prisoner that was
+brought to the bar was a hog, who was prosecuted at the suit of
+the Jews, on an indictment for burglary, in breaking into the synagogue.
+As it was apprehended that religion might be affected by
+this cause, and as the prosecution appeared to be malicious, the
+hog, though the fact was plainly proved against him, to the great
+joy of all true Christians, was allowed Benefit of Clergy.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-388.jpg" width="74" height="94" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'An indictment was next brought against a cat for killing a
+favourite canary-bird. This offender belonged to an old woman,
+who was believed by the neighbourhood to be a
+witch. The jury, therefore, were unanimous in
+their opinion that she was the devil in that shape,
+and brought her in guilty. Upon which the judge
+formally pronounced sentence upon her, and, I remember,
+concluded with these words:&mdash;"You
+must be carried to the place of execution, where
+you are to be hanged by the neck nine times, till you are dead,
+dead, dead, dead, dead, dead, dead, dead, dead; and the fiddlers
+have mercy upon your fiddle-strings!"
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">365</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'A parrot was next tried for <i>scandalum magnatum</i>. He was
+accused by the chief magistrate of the city and the whole court of
+aldermen for defaming them, as they passed along the street, on a
+public festival, by singing, "Room for cuckolds, here comes a
+great company; room for cuckolds, here comes my Lord Mayor."
+He had even the impudence to abuse the whole court, by calling
+the jury rogues and rascals; and frequently interrupted my lord
+judge in summing up the evidence, by crying out, "You dog!"
+The court, however, was pleased to show mercy to him upon the
+petition of his mistress, a strict Methodist; who gave bail for his
+good behaviour, and delivered him over to Mr. Whitefield, who
+undertook to make a thorough convert of him.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 14. <span class="smcap">The 'Connoisseur.'</span>&mdash;<i>May 2, 1754.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">'<i>To Mr. Town.</i></p>
+
+<p>'Sir,&mdash;I received last week a dinner-card
+from a friend, with an intimation that I
+should meet some very agreeable ladies. At
+my arrival I found that the company consisted
+chiefly of females, who indeed did me
+the honour to rise, but quite disconcerted me
+in paying my respects by whispering to each
+other, and appearing to stifle a laugh. When
+I was seated, the ladies grouped themselves up in a corner, and
+entered on a private cabal, seemingly to discourse upon points of
+great secrecy and importance, but of equal merriment and diversion.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-389.jpg" width="112" height="122" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'It was a continued laugh and whisper from the beginning to
+the end of dinner. A whole sentence was scarce ever spoken
+aloud. Single words, indeed, now and then broke forth; such as
+"odious, horrible, detestable, shocking, humbug."</p>
+
+<p>'This last new-coined expression, which is only to be found in
+the nonsensical vocabulary, sounds absurd and disagreeable whenever
+it is pronounced; but from the mouth of a lady it is "shocking,
+detestable, horrible, and odious."</p>
+
+<p>'Thus the whole behaviour of these ladies is in direct contradiction
+to good manners. They laugh when they should cry, are
+loud when they should be silent, and are silent when their conversation
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">366</a></span>
+is desirable. If a man in a select company was thus to
+laugh or whisper me out of countenance, I should be apt to construe
+it as an affront, and demand an explanation. As to the
+ladies, I would desire them to reflect how much they would suffer
+if their own weapons were turned against them, and the gentlemen
+should attack them with the same arts of laughing and whispering.
+But, however free they may be from our resentment, they are still
+open to ill-natured suspicions. They do not consider what strange
+constructions may be put on these laughs and whispers. It were,
+indeed, of little consequence if we only imagined that they were
+taking the reputations of their acquaintance to pieces, or abusing
+the company around; but when they indulge themselves in this
+behaviour, some, perhaps, may be led to conclude that they are
+discoursing upon topics which they are ashamed to speak of in a
+less private manner.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 19. <span class="smcap">The 'Connoisseur.'</span>&mdash;<i>June 6, 1754.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Poscentes vario multum diversa palato.&mdash;<i>Hor.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>How ill our different tastes agree!</p>
+<p>This will have beef, and that a fricassee!</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>'The taverns about the purlieus of Covent Garden are dedicated
+to Venus as well as Ceres and Liber; and you may frequently
+see the jolly messmates of both sexes go in and come out
+in couples, like the clean and unclean beasts in Noah's ark. These
+houses are equally indebted for their support to the cook and that
+worthy personage whom they have dignified with the title of procurer.
+These gentlemen contrive to play into each other's hands.
+The first, by his high soups and rich sauces, prepares the way for
+the occupation of the other; who, having reduced the patient by
+a proper exercise of his art, returns him back again to go through
+the same regimen as before. We may therefore suppose that the
+culinary arts are no less studied here than at White's or Pontac's.
+True geniuses in eating will continually strike out new improvements;
+but I dare say neither of the distinguished chiefs of these
+clubs ever made up a more extraordinary dish than I once remember
+at the "Castle." Some bloods being in company with a celebrated
+<i>fille de joie</i>, one of them pulled off her shoe, and in excess
+of gallantry filled it with champagne, and drank it off to her
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">367</a></span>
+health. In this delicious draught he was immediately pledged by
+the rest, and then, to carry the compliment still further, he ordered
+the shoe itself to be dressed and served up for supper. The cook
+set himself seriously to work upon it; he pulled the upper part
+(which was of damask) into fine shreds, and tossed it up in a
+ragout; minced the sole, cut the wooden heel into very thin
+slices, fried them in batter, and placed them round the dish for
+garnish. The company, you may be sure, testified their affection
+for the lady by eating very heartily of this exquisite <i>impromptu</i>;
+and as this transaction happened just after the French King had
+taken a cobbler's daughter for his mistress, Tom Pierce (who has
+the style as well as art of a French cook) in his bill politely called
+it, in honour of her name, <i>De Soulier à la Murphy</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-391.jpg" width="162" height="126" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Taverns, Mr. Town, seem contrived for promoting of luxury,
+while the humbler chop-houses are designed only to satisfy the
+ordinary cravings of nature. Yet at these you may meet with a
+variety of characters. At Dolly's and Horseman's you commonly
+see the hearty lovers of beef-steak and gill ale; and at Betty's, and
+the chop-houses about the Inns of Court, a pretty maid is as
+inviting as the provisions. In these common refectories you may
+always find the Jemmy attorney's
+clerk, the prim curate, the walking
+physician, the captain upon half-pay,
+the shabby <i>valet de chambre</i>
+upon board wages, and the foreign
+count or marquis in dishabille, who
+has refused to dine with a duke or
+an ambassador. At a little eating-house
+in a dark alley behind the
+'Change, I once saw a grave citizen, worth a plum, order a twopenny
+mess of broth with a boiled chop in it; and when it was
+brought him, he scooped the crumb out of a halfpenny roll, and
+soaked it in the porridge for his present meal; then carefully
+placing the chop between the upper and under crust, he wrapt it
+up in a checked handkerchief, and carried it off for the morrow's
+repast.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">368</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 30. <span class="smcap">The 'Connoisseur.'</span>&mdash;<i>Aug. 22, 1754.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Thumps following thumps, and blows succeeding blows,</p>
+<p>Swell the black eye and crush the bleeding nose;</p>
+<p>Beneath the pond'rous fist the jaw-bone cracks,</p>
+<p>And the cheeks ring with their redoubled thwacks.</p>
+</div></div>
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-392.jpg" width="122" height="95" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'The amusement of boxing, I must confess, is more immediately
+calculated for the vulgar, who can have no relish for the
+more refined pleasures of whist and the
+hazard table. Men of fashion have found
+out a more genteel employment for their
+hands in shuffling a pack of cards and
+shaking the dice; and, indeed, it will
+appear, upon a strict review, that most of
+our fashionable diversions are nothing else
+but different branches of gaming. What lady would be able to
+boast a rout at her house consisting of three or four hundred
+persons, if they were not to be drawn together by the charms of
+playing a rubber? and the prohibition of our jubilee masquerades
+is hardly to be regretted, as they wanted the most essential part of
+their entertainments&mdash;the E. O. table. To this polite spirit of
+gaming, which has diffused itself through all the fashionable world,
+is owing the vast encouragement that is given to the turf; and
+horse races are esteemed only as they afford occasion for making
+a bet. The same spirit likewise draws the knowing ones together
+in a cockpit; and cocks are rescued from the dunghill, and armed
+with gaffles, to furnish a new species of gaming. For this reason,
+among others, I cannot but regret the loss of our elegant amusements
+in Oxford Road and Tottenham Court. A great part of
+the spectators used to be deeply interested in what was doing on
+the stage, and were as earnest to make an advantage of the issue
+of the battle as the champions themselves to draw the largest
+sum from the box. The amphitheatre was at once a school for
+boxing and gaming. Many thousands have depended upon a
+match; the odds have often risen at a black eye; a large bet has
+been occasioned by a "cross-buttock;" and while the house has
+resounded with the lusty bangs of the combatants, it has at the
+same time echoed with the cries of "Five to one! six to one! ten
+to one!"'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">369</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2">No. 34. <span class="smcap">The 'Connoisseur.'</span>&mdash;<i>Sept. 19, 1754.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="i5">Reprehendere coner,</p>
+<p>Quæ gravis Æsopus, quæ doctus Roscius egit.&mdash;<i>Hor.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>Whene'er he bellows, who but smiles at Quin,</p>
+<p>And laughs when Garrick skips like harlequin?</p>
+</div></div>
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-393.jpg" width="193" height="134" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'I have observed that the tragedians of the last age studied
+<i>fine</i> speaking, in consequence of which all their action consisted
+in little more than strutting with one leg before the other, and
+waving one or both arms in a continual see-saw. Our present
+actors have, perhaps, run into a contrary extreme; their gestures
+sometimes resemble those afflicted with St. Vitus's dance, their
+whole frame appears to be convulsed, and I have seen a player in
+the last act so miserably distressed that a deaf spectator would be
+apt to imagine he was complaining of the colic or the toothache.
+This has also given rise to that unnatural custom of throwing the
+body into various strange <i>attitudes</i>. There is not a passion necessary
+to be expressed but has produced dispositions of the limbs
+not to be found in any of the paintings or sculptures of the best
+masters. A graceful gesture and easy deportment is, indeed,
+worthy the care of every performer;
+but when I observe
+him writhing his body into
+more unnatural contortions
+than a tumbler at Sadler's
+Wells, I cannot help being
+disgusted to see him "imitate
+humanity so abominably."
+Our pantomime authors
+have already begun to
+reduce our comedies into grotesque scenes; and, if this taste for
+<i>attitude</i> should continue to be popular, I would recommend it to
+those ingenious gentlemen to adapt our best tragedians to the
+same use, and entertain us with the jealousy of Othello in dumb
+show or the tricks of Harlequin Hamlet.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">370</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XVI.<br />
+<span class="s08">THACKERAY'S RESEARCHES AMONGST THE WRITINGS OF THE
+EARLY ESSAYISTS&mdash;<i>Continued</i>.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="ch_summ">
+Characteristic Passages from the Works of the 'Humourists,' from Thackeray's
+Library; illustrated by the Author's hand with Marginal Sketches suggested
+by the Text&mdash;The '<span class="smcap">Rambler</span>,' 1749-50&mdash;Introduction&mdash;Its Author,
+Dr. Johnson&mdash;Paragraphs and Pencillings.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Preface to the 'Rambler.'</span></p>
+
+<p>When, says Dr. Chalmers, Dr. Johnson undertook to write this
+justly celebrated paper, he had many difficulties to encounter. If
+lamenting that, during the long period which had elapsed since
+the conclusion of the writings of Addison, vice and folly had
+begun to recover from depressing contempt, he wished again to
+rectify public taste and manners&mdash;to 'give confidence to virtue
+and ardour to truth'&mdash;he knew that the popularity of these
+writings had constituted them a precedent which his genius was
+incapable of following, and from which it would be dangerous to
+depart. In the character of an essayist he was, hitherto, unknown
+to the public. He had written nothing by which a favourable
+judgment could be formed of his success in a species of composition
+which seemed to require the ease, the vivacity, and humour
+of polished life; and he had probably often heard it repeated
+that Addison and his colleagues had anticipated all the subjects
+fit for popular essays; that he might, indeed, aim at varying or
+improving what had been said before, but could stand no chance
+of being esteemed an original writer, or of striking the imagination
+by new and unexpected reflections and incidents. He was likewise,
+perhaps, aware that he might be reckoned what he about
+this time calls himself&mdash;'a retired and uncourtly scholar,' unfit to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">371</a></span>
+describe, because precluded from the observation of, refined
+society and manners.</p>
+
+<p>But they who pride themselves on long and accurate knowledge
+of the world are not aware how little of that knowledge is
+necessary in order to expose vice or detect absurdity; nor can
+they believe that evidence far short of ocular demonstration is
+amply sufficient for the purposes of the wit and the novelist. Dr.
+Johnson appeared in the character of a moral teacher, with powers
+of mind beyond the common lot of man, and with a knowledge
+of the inmost recesses of the human heart such as never was displayed
+with more elegance or stronger conviction. Though in
+some respects a recluse, he had not been an inattentive observer
+of human life; and he was now of an age at which probably as
+much is known as can be known, and at which the full vigour of
+his faculties enabled him to divulge his experience and his observations
+with a certainty that they were neither immature nor fallacious.
+He had studied, and he had noted on the varieties of human
+character; and it is evident that the lesser improprieties of conduct
+and errors of domestic life had often been the subjects of his secret
+ridicule.</p>
+
+<p>Previously to the commencement of the 'Rambler' he had
+drawn the outlines of many essays, of which specimens may be
+seen in the biographies of Sir John Hawkins and Boswell; and it
+is probable that the sentiments of all these papers had been
+long floating in his mind. With such preparation he began the
+'Rambler,' without any communication with his friends or desire
+of assistance. Whether he proposed the scheme himself does
+not appear; but he was fortunate in forming an engagement with
+Mr. John Payne, a bookseller in Paternoster Row (and afterwards
+the chief accountant of the Bank of England), a man with whom
+he lived many years in habits of friendship, and who, on the
+present occasion, treated his author with liberality. He engaged
+to pay two guineas for each paper, or four guineas per week,
+which, at that time, must have been to Johnson a very considerable
+sum; and he admitted him to a share of the future profits
+of the work when it should be collected into volumes, which share
+Johnson afterwards sold. It has been observed that objections
+have been offered to the name 'Rambler.' Johnson's account to
+Sir Joshua Reynolds forms, probably, as good an excuse as so
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">372</a></span>
+trifling a circumstance demands. 'What <i>must</i> be done, sir, <i>will</i>
+be done. When I was to begin publishing that paper, I was at a
+loss how to name it. I sat down at night upon my bedside, and
+resolved that I would not go to sleep till I had fixed its title.
+The "Rambler" seemed the best that occurred, and I took it.'
+The Italians have literally translated this name '<i>Il Vagabondo</i>.'</p>
+
+<p>The first paper was published on Tuesday, March 20, 1749-50,
+and the work continued without the least interruption every Tuesday
+and Saturday until Saturday, March 14, 1752, on which day it
+closed. Each number was handsomely printed on a sheet and a
+half of fine paper, at the price of twopence, and with great typographical
+accuracy, not above a dozen errors occurring in the
+whole work&mdash;a circumstance the more remarkable, because the
+copy was written in haste, as the time urged, and sent to the press
+without being revised by the author. When we consider that, in
+the whole progress of the work, the sum of assistance he received
+scarcely amounted to five papers, we must wonder at the fertility
+of a mind engaged during the same period on that stupendous
+labour, the English Dictionary, and frequently distracted by
+disease and anguish. Other essayists have had the choice of
+their days, and their happy hours, for composition; but Johnson
+knew no remission, although he very probably would have been
+glad of it, and yet continued to write with unabated vigour, although
+even this disappointment might be supposed to have often
+rendered him uneasy; and his natural indolence&mdash;not the indolence
+of will, but of constitution&mdash;would, in other men, have
+palsied every effort. Towards the conclusion there is so little of
+that 'falling off' visible in some works of the same kind, that it
+might probably have been extended much further, had the encouragement
+of the public borne any proportion to its merits.</p>
+
+<p>The assistance Johnson received was very trifling: Richardson,
+the novelist, wrote No. 97. The four letters in No. 10 were
+written by Miss Mulso, afterwards Mrs. Chapone, who also contributed
+the story of 'Fidelia' to the 'Adventurer,' a paper conducted
+by Doctors Hawkesworth, Johnson, Thornton, and Warton,
+which succeeded the 'Rambler.' No. 30 was written by Miss
+Catharine Talbot, and Nos. 44 and 100 were written by Mrs.
+Elizabeth Carter.</p>
+
+<p>The 'Rambler' made its way very slowly into the world. All
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">373</a></span>
+scholars, all men of taste, saw its excellence at once, and crowded
+round the author to solicit his friendship and relieve his anxieties.
+It procured him a multitude of friends and admirers among men
+distinguished for rank as well as genius, and it constituted a perpetual
+apology for that rugged and uncourtly manner which sometimes
+rendered his conversation formidable, and, to those who
+looked from the book to the man, presented a contrast that would
+no doubt frequently excite amazement.</p>
+
+<p>Still, it must be confessed, there were at first many prejudices
+against the 'Rambler' to be overcome. The style was new; it
+appeared harsh, involved, and perplexed; it required more than a
+transitory inspection to be understood; it did not suit those who
+run as they read, and who seldom return to a book if the hour it
+helped to dissipate can be passed away in more active pleasures.
+When reprinted in volumes, however, the sale gradually increased;
+it was recommended by the friends of religion and literature as a
+book by which a man might learn to think; and the author lived
+to see ten large editions printed in England, besides those which
+were clandestinely printed in other parts of the kingdom and in
+America. Since Johnson's death the number of editions has been
+multiplied.</p>
+
+<p>Sir John Hawkins informs us that these essays hardly ever
+underwent a Revision before they were sent to the press, and adds:
+'The original manuscripts of the "Rambler" have passed through
+my hands, and by the perusal of them I am warranted to say, as
+was said of Shakespeare by the players of that time, that he <i>never
+blotted out a line</i>, and I believe without the retort which Ben Jonson
+made to them: "Would he had blotted out a thousand!"'</p>
+
+<p>However, Dr. Johnson's desire to carry his essays, which he
+regarded in some degree as his monument to posterity, as near
+perfection as his labours could achieve, induced him to devote
+such attention to the preparation of the 'Ramblers' for the
+collected series that the alterations in the second and third editions
+far exceed six thousand&mdash;a number which may perhaps justify the
+use of the expression 're-wrote,' although it must not be taken in
+its literal acceptation.</p>
+
+<p>With respect to the plan of the 'Rambler,' Dr. Johnson may
+surely be said to have executed what he intended: he has successfully
+attempted the propagation of truth, and boldly maintained
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">374</a></span>
+the dignity of virtue. He has accumulated in this work a treasury
+of moral science which will not be soon exhausted. He has
+laboured to refine our language to grammatical purity, and to
+clear it from colloquial barbarisms, licentious idioms, and irregular
+combinations. Something he has certainly added to the
+elegance of its construction, and something to the harmony of its
+cadence.</p>
+
+<p>Comparisons have been formed between the 'Rambler' and
+its predecessors, or rather between the genius of Johnson and
+Addison, but have generally ended in discovering a total want of
+resemblance. As they were both original writers, they must be
+tried, if tried at all, by laws applicable to their respective attributes.
+But neither had a predecessor. We find no humour like
+Addison's, no energy and dignity like Johnson's. They had
+nothing in common but moral excellence of character; they could
+not have exchanged styles for an hour. Yet there is one respect
+in which we must give Addison the preference&mdash;more general
+utility. His writings would have been understood at any period;
+Johnson's are more calculated for an improved and liberal education.
+In both, however, what was peculiar was natural. The
+earliest of Dr. Johnson's works confirm this; from the moment he
+could write at all he wrote in stately periods, and his conversation
+from first to last abounded in the peculiarities of his composition.</p>
+
+<p>Addison principally excelled in the observation of manners,
+and in that exquisite ridicule he threw on the minute improprieties
+of life. Johnson, although not ignorant of life or manners, could
+not descend to familiarities with tuckers and commodes, with furs
+and hoop-petticoats. A scholarly professor and a writer from
+necessity, he loved to bring forward subjects so near and dear as
+the disappointments of authors&mdash;the dangers and miseries of
+literary eminence&mdash;anxieties of literature&mdash;contrariety of criticism&mdash;miseries
+of patronage&mdash;value of fame&mdash;causes of the contempt
+of the learned&mdash;prejudices and caprices of criticism&mdash;vanity
+of an author's expectations&mdash;meanness of dedications&mdash;necessity
+of literary courage, and all those other subjects which
+relate to authors and their connection with the public. Sometimes
+whole papers are devoted to what may be termed the personal
+concerns of men of literature, and incidental reflections are everywhere
+interspersed for the instruction or caution of the same class.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">375</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When he treats of common life and manners it has been
+observed he gives to the lowest of his correspondents the same
+style and lofty periods; and it may also be noticed that the
+ridicule he attempts is in some cases considerably heightened by
+the very want of accommodation of character. Yet it must be
+allowed that the levity and giddiness of coquettes and fine ladies
+are expressed with great difficulty in the Johnsonian language.
+It has been objected also that even the names of his ladies have
+very little of the air of either court or city, as Zosima, Properantia,
+&amp;c. Every age seems to have its peculiar names of fiction. In
+the 'Spectators,' 'Tatlers,' &amp;c., the Damons and Phillises, the
+Amintors and Claras, &amp;c., were the representatives of every virtue
+and folly.</p>
+
+<p>These were succeeded by the Philamonts, Tenderillas, Timoleons,
+Seomanthes, Pantheas, Adrastas, and Bellimantes, names to
+which Mrs. Heywood gave currency in her 'Female Spectator,'
+and from which at no great distance of time Dr. Johnson appears
+to have taken his Zephyrettas, Trypheruses, Nitellas, Misotheas,
+Vagarios, and Flirtillas.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-399.jpg" width="307" height="113" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2 b12">THE 'RAMBLER.'</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By DR. SAMUEL JOHNSON, LL.D.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">VOL. I., 1750.</p>
+
+<p class="center">'<i>To the "Rambler."</i></p>
+
+<p>'Sir,&mdash;As you seem to have devoted your labours to virtue, I
+cannot forbear to inform you of one species of cruelty with which
+the life of a man of letters perhaps does not often make him
+acquainted, and which, as it seems to produce no other advantage
+to those that practise it than a short gratification of thoughtless
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">376</a></span>
+vanity, may become less common when it has been once exposed
+in its various forms, and in full magnitude.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-400.jpg" width="277" height="352" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'I am the daughter of a country gentleman, whose family is
+numerous, and whose state, not at first sufficient to supply us with
+affluence, has been lately so impaired by an unsuccessful lawsuit,
+that all the younger children are obliged to try such means as
+their education affords them for procuring the necessaries of life.
+Distress and curiosity concurred to bring me to London, where I
+was received by a relation with the coldness which misfortune
+generally finds. A week&mdash;a long week&mdash;I lived with my cousin
+before the most vigilant inquiry could procure us the least hopes
+of a place, in which time I was much better qualified to bear all
+the vexations of servitude. The first two days she was content to
+pity me, and only wished I had not been quite so well bred; but
+people must comply with their circumstances. This lenity, however,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">377</a></span>
+was soon at an end, and for the remaining part of the week
+I heard every hour of the pride of the family, the obstinacy of my
+father, and of people better born than myself that were common
+servants.</p>
+
+<p>'At last, on Saturday noon, she told me, with very visible
+satisfaction, that Mrs. Bombasine, the great silk-mercer's lady,
+wanted a maid, and a fine place it would be, for there would be
+nothing to do but to clean my mistress's room, get up her linen,
+dress the young ladies, wait at tea in the morning, taking care of a
+little miss just come from nurse, and then sit down to my needle.
+But madam was a woman of great spirit, and would not be contradicted,
+and therefore I should take care, for good places are not
+easily to be got.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-401.jpg" width="189" height="119" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'With these cautions I waited on Madame Bombasine, of whom
+the first sight gave me no ravishing ideas. She was two yards
+round the waist, her voice was
+at once loud and squeaking,
+and her face brought to my
+mind the picture of the full
+moon. "Are you the young
+woman," says she, "that are
+come to offer yourself? It is
+strange when people of substance
+want a servant how
+soon it is the town talk. But they know they shall have a bellyful
+that live with me. Not like people that live at the other end of
+the town, we dine at one o'clock. But I never take anybody
+without a character; what friends do you come of?" I then told
+her that my father was a gentleman, and that we had been unfortunate.
+"A great misfortune indeed to come to me and have
+three meals a day! So your father was a gentleman, and you are
+a gentlewoman, I suppose&mdash;such gentlewomen!" "Madam, I
+did not mean to claim any exemptions; I only answered your
+inquiry." "Such gentlewomen! people should set up their children
+to good trades, and keep them off the parish. Pray go to
+the other end of the town; there are gentlewomen, if they would
+pay their debts; I am sure we have lost enough by gentlewomen."
+Upon this her broad face grew broader with triumph, and I was
+afraid she would have taken me for the pleasure of continuing her
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">378</a></span>
+insult; but happily the next word was, "Pray, Mrs. Gentlewoman,
+troop downstairs." You may believe I obeyed her.</p>
+
+<p>'After numerous misadventures of the same description, it was
+of no purpose that the refusal was declared by me never to be on
+my side; I was reasoning against interest and against stupidity;
+and therefore I comforted myself with the hope of succeeding
+better in my next attempt, and went to Mrs. Courtly, a very fine
+lady, who had routs at her
+house, and saw the best company
+in town.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-402.jpg" width="178" height="101" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'I had not waited two
+hours before I was called up,
+and found Mr. Courtly and his
+lady at piquet in the height of
+good humour. This I looked on as a favourable sign, and stood
+at the lower end of the room, in expectation of the common questions.
+At last Mr. Courtly called out, after a whisper, "Stand
+facing the light, that one may see you." I changed my place, and
+blushed. They frequently turned their eyes upon me, and seemed
+to discover many subjects of merriment, for at every look they
+whispered, and laughed with the most violent agitations of delight.
+At last Mr. Courtly cried out, "Is that colour your own, child?"
+"Yes," said the lady, "if she has not robbed the kitchen hearth."
+It was so happy a conceit that it renewed the storm of laughter,
+and they threw down their cards in hopes of better sport. The
+lady then called me to her, and began with affected gravity to
+inquire what I could do. "But first turn about, and let us see
+your fine shape; well, what are you fit for, Mrs. Mum? You
+would find your tongue, I suppose, in the kitchen." "No, no,"
+says Mrs. Courtly, "the girl's a good girl yet, but I am afraid a
+brisk young fellow, with fine tags on his shoulder&mdash;&mdash;" "Come,
+child, hold up your head; what? you have stole nothing." "Not
+yet," said the lady; "but she hopes to steal your heart quickly."
+Here was a laugh of happiness and triumph, prolonged by the
+confusion which I could no longer repress. At last the lady recollected
+herself: "Stole? no&mdash;but if I had her I should watch her;
+for that downcast eye&mdash;&mdash;Why cannot you look people in the
+face?" "Steal!" says her husband, "she would steal nothing
+but, perhaps, a few ribbons before they were left off by my lady."
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">379</a></span>
+"Sir," answered I, "why should you, by supposing me a thief,
+insult one from whom you have received no injury?" "Insult!"
+says the lady; "are you come here to be a servant, you saucy
+baggage, and talk of insulting? What will this world come to if a
+gentleman may not jest with a servant? Well, such servants!
+pray be gone, and see when you will have the honour to be so
+insulted again. Servants insulted&mdash;a fine time! Insulted! Get
+downstairs, you slut, or the footman shall insult you."'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Rambler.'</span>&mdash;Vol. I. No. 18.</p>
+
+<p>'There is no observation more frequently made by such as
+employ themselves in surveying the conduct of mankind than
+that marriage, though the dictate of nature, and the institute of
+Providence, is yet very often the cause of misery, and that those
+who enter into that state can seldom forbear to express their
+repentance, and their envy of those whom either chance or
+caution hath withheld from it.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-403.jpg" width="105" height="86" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'One of the first of my acquaintances that resolved to quit the
+unsettled, thoughtless condition of a bachelor was Prudentius, a
+man of slow parts, but not without knowledge or judgment in
+things which he had leisure to consider gradually before he
+determined them. This grave considerer found by deep meditation
+that a man was no loser by marrying early, even though he
+contented himself with a less fortune, for, estimating the exact
+worth of annuities, he found that considering
+the constant diminution of the value of life,
+with the probable fall of the interest of
+money, it was not worse to have ten thousand
+pounds at the age of two-and-twenty years
+than a much larger fortune at thirty; for
+many opportunities, says he, occur of improving money which, if a
+man misses, he may not afterwards recover.</p>
+
+<p>'Full of these reflections, he threw his eyes about him, not in
+search of beauty or elegance, dignity or understanding, but of a
+woman with ten thousand pounds. Such a woman, in a wealthy
+part of the kingdom, it was not difficult to find; and by artful
+management with her father&mdash;whose ambition was to make his
+daughter a gentlewoman&mdash;my friend got her, as he boasted to us
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">380</a></span>
+in confidence two days after his marriage, for a settlement of
+seventy-three pounds a year less than her fortune might have
+claimed, and less than himself would have given if the fools had
+been but wise enough to delay the bargain.</p>
+
+<p>'Thus at once delighted with the superiority of his parts and
+the augmentation of his fortune, he carried Furia to his own house,
+in which he never afterwards enjoyed one hour of happiness. For
+Furia was a wretch of mean intellects, violent passions, a strong
+voice, and low education, without any sense of happiness but that
+which consisted in eating, and counting money. Furia was a
+scold. They agreed in the desire of wealth, but with this difference:
+that Prudentius was for growing rich by gain, Furia by
+parsimony. Prudentius would venture his money with chances
+very much in his favour; but Furia, very wisely observing that
+what they had was, while they had it, <i>their own</i>, thought all traffic
+too great a hazard, and was for putting it out at low interest upon
+good security. Prudentius ventured, however, to insure a ship at
+a very unreasonable price; but, happening to lose his money, was
+so tormented with the clamours of his wife that he never durst try
+a second experiment. He has now grovelled seven-and-forty years
+under Furia's direction, who never once mentioned him, since his
+bad luck, by any other name than that of the "usurer."'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Rambler.'</span>&mdash;Vol, I. No. 24.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Nemo in sese tentat descendere.&mdash;<i>Persius.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>None, none descends into himself.&mdash;<i>Dryden.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>'Among the precepts or aphorisms admitted by general consent
+and inculcated by repetition, there is none more famous,
+among the masters of ancient wisdom, than
+that compendious lesson, <span class="greek" title="Gnôthi seauton">Γνωθι σεαυτον</span>&mdash;<i>Be
+acquainted with thyself</i>&mdash;ascribed by some to
+an oracle, and others to Chilo of Lacedæmon.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-404.jpg" width="102" height="86" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'We might have had more satisfaction
+concerning the original import of this celebrated
+sentence, if history had informed us
+whether it was uttered as a general instruction to mankind, or as a
+particular caution to some private inquirer; whether it was applied
+to some single occasion, or laid down as the universal rule of life.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">381</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'The great praise of Socrates is that he drew the wits of
+Greece, by his instruction and example, from the vain pursuit of
+natural philosophy to moral inquiries, and turned their thoughts
+from stars and tides, and matter and motion, upon the various
+modes of virtue and relations of life.</p>
+
+<p>'The great fault of men of learning is still that they offend
+against this rule, and appear willing to study anything rather than
+themselves; for which reason they are often despised by those
+with whom they imagine themselves above comparison.</p>
+
+<p>'Eupheues,<a name="FNanchor_30" id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>
+ with great parts of extensive knowledge, has a
+clouded aspect and ungracious form, yet it has been his ambition,
+from his first entrance into life, to distinguish himself by particularities
+in his dress&mdash;to outvie beaus in embroidery, to import
+new trimming, and to be foremost in the fashion. Eupheues has
+turned on his exterior appearance that attention which would have
+always produced esteem had it been fixed upon his mind; and,
+though his virtues and abilities have preserved him from the contempt
+which he has so diligently solicited, he has at least raised
+one impediment to his reputation, since all can judge of his dress,
+but few of his understanding, and many who discern that he is a
+fop are unwilling to believe that he can be wise.</p>
+
+<p>'There is one instance in which the ladies are particularly unwilling
+to observe the rule of Chilo. They are desirous to hide
+from themselves the
+advance of age, and
+endeavour too frequently
+to supply
+the sprightliness and
+bloom of youth by
+artificial beauty and
+forced vivacity.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-405.jpg" width="247" height="118" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'They hope to
+inflame the heart by glances which have lost their fire, or melt
+it by laughter which is no longer delicate; they play over airs
+which pleased at a time when they were expected only to please,
+and forget that airs in time ought to give place to virtues. They
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">382</a></span>
+continue to trifle, because they could once trifle agreeably, till
+those who shared their early pleasures are withdrawn to more
+serious engagements, and are scarcely awakened from their dream
+of perpetual youth by the scorn of those whom they endeavour to
+rival.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Rambler.'</span>&mdash;Vol. I. No. 34.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="i4">Non sine vano</p>
+<p>Aurarum et silvæ metu.&mdash;<i>Hor.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+
+<p>Alarm'd with every rising gale,</p>
+<p>In every wood, in every vale.&mdash;<i>Elphinston.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The 'Rambler' inserts a letter describing how the end of those
+ladies whose chief ambition is to please is often missed by absurd
+and injudicious endeavours to obtain distinction, and who mistake
+cowardice for elegance, and imagine all delicacy consists in refusing
+to be pleased. A country gentleman relates the circumstances
+of his visit to <i>Anthea</i>, a heiress, whose birth and beauty
+render her a desirable match:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'Dinner was now over, and the company proposed that we
+should pursue our original design of visiting the gardens. Anthea
+declared that she could not imagine what pleasure we expected
+from the sight of a few green trees and a little gravel, and two or
+three pits of clear water; that, for her part, she hated walking till
+the cool of the evening, and thought it very likely to rain, and
+again wished she had stayed at home. We then reconciled ourselves
+to our disappointment, and began to talk on common subjects,
+when Anthea told us
+since we came to see the gardens
+she would not hinder
+our satisfaction. We all rose,
+and walked through the enclosures
+for some time with no
+other trouble than the necessity
+of watching lest a frog should hop across the way, which, Anthea
+told us, would certainly kill her if she should happen to see him.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-406.jpg" width="182" height="99" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Frogs, as it fell out, there were none; but when we were
+within a furlong of the gardens Anthea saw some sheep, and heard
+the wether clink his bell, which she was certain was not hung
+upon him for nothing, and therefore no assurances nor entreaties
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">383</a></span>
+should prevail upon her to go a step further: she was sorry to disappoint
+the company, but her life was dearer to her than ceremony.</p>
+
+<p>'We came back to the inn, and Anthea now discovered that
+there was no time to be lost in returning, for the night would come
+upon us and a thousand misfortunes might happen in the dark.
+The horses were immediately harnessed, and Anthea, having
+wondered what could seduce her to stay so long, was eager to set
+out. But we had now a new scene of terror; every man we saw
+was a robber, and we were ordered sometimes to drive hard&mdash;lest
+a traveller, whom we saw behind, should overtake us&mdash;and sometimes
+to stop, lest we should come up to him who was passing
+before us. She alarmed many an honest man by begging him to
+spare her life as he passed by the coach, and drew me into fifteen
+quarrels with persons who increased her fright by kindly stopping
+to inquire whether they could assist us. At last we came home,
+and she told her company next day what a pleasant ride she had
+been taking.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Rambler.'</span>&mdash;Vol. I. No. 37.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="i2">Piping on their reeds the shepherds go,</p>
+<p>Nor fear an ambush, nor suspect a foe.&mdash;<i>Pope.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Canto quæ solitus, si quando armenta vocabat,</p>
+<p>Amphion Dircæus.&mdash;<i>Virg.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Such strains I sing as once Amphion play'd,</p>
+<p>When listening flocks the powerful call obey'd.&mdash;<i>Elphinston.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-407.jpg" width="248" height="103" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'The satisfaction received from pastoral writing not only begins
+early, but lasts long; we do not, as we advance into the intellectual
+world, throw it away among other childish amusements and
+pastimes, but willingly return to it at any hour of indolence and relaxation.
+The images of true pastoral have always the power of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">384</a></span>
+exciting delight, because the works of nature, from which they are
+drawn, have always the same order and beauty, and continue to
+force themselves upon our thoughts, being at once obvious to the
+most careless regard and more than adequate to the strongest
+reason and severest contemplation. Our inclination to stillness
+and tranquillity is seldom much lessened by long knowledge of
+the busy and tumultuous part of the world. In childhood we turn
+our thoughts to the country as to the origin of pleasure; we recur
+to it in old age as a part of rest, and, perhaps, with that secondary
+and adventitious gladness which every man feels on reviewing
+those places, or recollecting those occurrences, that contribute to
+his youthful enjoyments, and bring him back to the prime of life,
+when the world was gay with the bloom of novelty, when mirth
+wantoned at his side, and hope sparkled before him.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Rambler.'</span>&mdash;Vol. I. No. 55.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Now near to death that comes but slow,</p>
+<p>Now thou art stepping down below;</p>
+<p>Sport not among the blooming maids,</p>
+<p>But think on ghosts and empty shades:</p>
+<p>What suits with <i>Ph&oelig;be</i> in her bloom,</p>
+<p>Grey <i>Chloris</i>, will not thee become;</p>
+<p>A bed is different from a tomb.&mdash;<i>Creech.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Parthenia addresses a letter to the 'Rambler' on the subject
+of the troubles she suffers from the frivolous desire which
+her mother, a widow, has contracted to practise the follies of
+youth, the pursuit of which she finds fettered by the presence of
+Parthenia, whom she is inclined to regard not as her daughter, but
+as a rival dangerous to the admiration which the elder lady would
+confine to herself.</p>
+
+<p>After a year of decent mourning had been devoted to deploring
+the loss of Parthenia's father&mdash;'All the officiousness of kindness
+and folly was busied to change the conduct of the widow.
+She was at one time alarmed with censure, and at another fired
+with praise. She was told of balls where others shone only
+because she was absent, of new comedies to which all the town
+was crowding, and of many ingenious ironies by which domestic
+diligence was made contemptible.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">385</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'It is difficult for virtue to stand alone against fear on one side
+and pleasure on the other, especially when no actual crime is proposed,
+and prudence itself can suggest many
+reasons for relaxation and indulgence. My
+mamma was at last persuaded to accompany
+Mrs. Giddy to a play. She was received with
+a boundless profusion of compliments, and attended
+home by a very fine gentleman. Next
+day she was, with less difficulty, prevailed on to
+play at Mrs. Gravely's, and came home gay and
+lively, for the distinctions that had been paid her awakened her
+vanity, and good luck had kept her principles of frugality from
+giving her disturbance. She now made her second entrance into
+the world, and her friends were sufficiently industrious to prevent
+any return to her former life; every morning brought messages of
+invitation, and every evening was passed in places of diversion,
+from which she for some time complained that she had rather be
+absent. In a short time she began to feel the happiness of acting
+without control, of being unaccountable for her hours, her expenses,
+and her company, and learned by degrees to drop an
+expression of contempt or pity at the mention of ladies whose
+husbands were suspected of restraining their pleasures or their
+play, and confessed that she loved to go and come as she pleased.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-409.jpg" width="89" height="113" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'My mamma now began to discover that it was impossible to
+educate children properly at home. Parents could not have them
+always in their sight; the society of servants
+was contagious; company produced boldness
+and spirit; emulation excited industry; and a
+large school was naturally the first step into the
+open world. A thousand other reasons she
+alleged, some of little force in themselves, but
+so well seconded by pleasure, vanity, and idleness,
+that they soon overcame all the remaining
+principles of kindness and piety, and both I and
+my brother were despatched to boarding-schools.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-409-copy.jpg" width="88" height="200" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'When I came home again, after sundry
+vacations, and, with the usual childish alacrity,
+was running to my mother's embrace, she stopped
+me with exclamations at the suddenness and enormity of my
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">386</a></span>
+growth, having, she said, never seen anybody shoot up so much
+at my age.</p>
+
+<p>'She was sure no other girls spread at that rate, and she hated
+to have children look like women before their time. I was disconcerted,
+and retired without hearing anything more than "Nay,
+if you are angry, Madam Steeple, you may walk off."</p>
+
+<p>'She had yet the pleasure of dressing me like a child, and I
+know not when I should have been thought fit to change my
+habit, had I not been rescued by a maiden aunt of my father,
+who could not bear to see women in hanging-sleeves, and therefore
+presented me with brocade for a gown, for which I should
+have thought myself under great obligations, had she not accompanied
+her favour with some hints that my mamma might now
+consider her age, and give me her earrings, which she had shown
+long enough in public places.</p>
+
+<p>'Thus I live in a state of continual persecution only because I
+was born ten years too soon, and cannot stop the course of nature
+or of time, but am unhappily a woman before my mother can
+willingly cease to be a girl. I believe you would contribute to the
+happiness of many families if by any arguments, or persuasions,
+you could make mothers ashamed of rivalling their children; if
+you could show them that though they may refuse to grow wise
+they must inevitably grow old, and that the proper solaces of age
+are not music and compliments, but wisdom and devotion; that
+those who are so unwilling to quit the world will soon be driven
+from it; and that it is, therefore, their interest to retire while there
+yet remain a few hours for nobler employments.&mdash;I am, &amp;c.,</p>
+
+<p class="left45">
+'<span class="smcap">Parthenia.</span>'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">The 'Rambler.'&mdash;Vol. I. No. 56.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="i8">Valeat res ludicra, si me</p>
+<p>Palma negata macrum, donata reducit opimum.&mdash;<i>Hor.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Farewell the stage; for humbly I disclaim</p>
+<p>Such fond pursuits of pleasure or of fame,</p>
+<p>If I must sink in shame, or swell with pride,</p>
+<p>As the gay psalm is granted or denied.&mdash;<i>Francis.</i></p>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<p>'I am afraid that I may be taxed with insensibility by many of
+my correspondents, who believe their contributions neglected.
+And, indeed, when I sit before a pile of papers, of which each is
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">387</a></span>
+the production of laborious study, and the offspring of a fond
+parent, I, who know the passions of an author, cannot remember
+how long they have been in my
+boxes unregarded without imagining
+to myself the various
+changes of sorrow, impatience,
+and resentment which the writers
+must have felt in this tedious
+interval.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-411.jpg" width="190" height="102" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'These reflections are still more awakened when, upon perusal,
+I find some of them calling for a place in the next paper, a place
+which they have never yet obtained; others writing in a style of
+superiority and haughtiness as secure of deference and above
+fear of criticism; others humbly offering their weak assistance
+with softness and submission, which they believe impossible to be
+resisted; some introducing their compositions with a menace of
+the contempt he that refuses them will incur; others applying
+privately to the booksellers for their interest and solicitation; every
+one by different ways endeavouring to secure the bliss of publication.
+I cannot but consider myself placed in a very incommodious
+situation, where I am forced to repress confidence which it is
+pleasing to indulge, to repay civilities with appearances of neglect,
+and so frequently to offend those by whom I was never offended.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Rambler.'</span>&mdash;Vol. I. No. 59.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Strangulat inclusus dolor, atque exæstuat intus,</p>
+<p>Cogitur et vires multiplicare suas.&mdash;<i>Ovid.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>In vain by secrecy we would assuage</p>
+<p>Our cares; conceal'd they gather tenfold rage.&mdash;<i>Lewis.</i></p>
+</div></div></div>
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-411-copy.jpg" width="108" height="113" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'It is common to distinguish men by the
+names of animals which they are supposed
+to resemble. Thus a hero is frequently
+termed a lion, and a statesman a fox; an
+extortioner gains the appellation of vulture,
+and a fop the title of monkey. There
+is also among the various anomalies of
+character which a survey of the world
+exhibits, a species of beings in human form which may be properly
+marked out as the screech-owls of mankind.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">388</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'These screech-owls seem to be settled in an opinion that the
+great business of life is to complain, and that they were born for
+no other purpose than to disturb the happiness of others, to lessen
+the little comforts and shorten the short pleasures of our condition,
+by painful remembrances of the past, or melancholy prognostics of
+the future; their only care is to crush the rising hope, to damp
+the kindling transport, and alloy the golden hours of gaiety with
+the hateful dross of grief and suspicion.</p>
+
+<p>'I have known Suspirius, the screech-owl, fifty-eight years and
+four months, and have never passed an hour with him in which he
+has not made some attack upon my quiet. When we were first
+acquainted, his great topic was the misery of youth without riches;
+and whenever we walked out together, he solaced me with a long
+enumeration of pleasures, which, as they were beyond the reach of
+my fortune, were without the verge of my desires, and which I
+should never have considered as the objects of a wish, had not his
+unreasonable representations placed them in my sight.</p>
+
+<p>'Suspirius has, in his time, intercepted fifteen authors on their
+way to the stage; persuaded nine-and-thirty merchants to retire
+from a prosperous trade for fear of bankruptcy; broke off a hundred
+and thirty matches by prognostications of unhappiness; and
+enabled the small-pox to kill nineteen ladies by perpetual alarms
+of the loss of beauty.</p>
+
+<p>'Whenever my evil star brings us together he never fails to
+represent to me the folly of my pursuits, and informs me we are
+much older than when we began our acquaintance; that the
+infirmities of decrepitude are coming fast upon me; that whatever
+I now get I shall enjoy but a little time; that fame is to a man
+tottering on the edge of the grave of very little importance; and
+that the time is at hand when I ought to look for no other pleasures
+than a good dinner and an easy chair.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">389</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Rambler.'</span>&mdash;Vol. I. No. 61.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Falsus honor juvat, et mendax infamia terret,</p>
+<p>Quem, nisi mendosum et mendacem?&mdash;<i>Hor.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>False praise can charm, unreal shame control</p>
+<p>Whom but a vicious or a sickly soul?&mdash;<i>Francis.</i></p>
+</div></div></div>
+<p>Ruricola, who dwells in
+the country, is writing
+upon the airs which
+those, whose pursuits
+take them to London,
+assume on their return
+to their more homely
+associates; and he relates
+in particular the
+pretensions of one
+<i>Frolic</i>, who has endowed
+himself with importance
+upon the mysterious
+and self-conferred
+reputation of
+<i>knowing town</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-413.jpg" width="217" height="271" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'My curiosity,' declares
+Ruricola, 'has
+been most engaged by the recital of his own adventures and
+achievements. I have heard of the union of various characters in
+single persons, but never met with such a constellation of great
+qualities as this man's narrative affords. Whatever has distinguished
+the hero, whatever has elevated the wit, whatever has
+endeared the lover, are all concentrated in Mr. Frolic, whose life
+has, for seven years, been a regular interchange of intrigues,
+dangers, and waggeries, and who has distinguished himself in
+every character that can be feared, envied, or admired.</p>
+
+<p>'I question whether all the officers in the royal navy can bring
+together, from all their journals, a collection of so many wonderful
+escapes as this man has known upon the Thames, on which he has
+been a thousand times on the point of perishing, sometimes by
+the terrors of foolish women in the same boat, sometimes by his
+own acknowledged imprudence in passing the river in the dark,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">390</a></span>
+and sometimes by shooting the bridge, under which he has
+encountered mountainous waves and dreadful cataracts.</p>
+
+<p>'Not less has been his temerity by land, nor fewer his hazards.
+He has reeled with giddiness on the top of the Monument; he
+has crossed the street amidst the rush of coaches; he has been
+surrounded by robbers without number; he has headed parties at
+the play-house; he has scaled the windows of every toast of whatever
+condition; he has been hunted for whole winters by his
+rivals; he has slept upon bulks; he has cut chairs; he has bilked
+coachmen; he has rescued his friends from bailiffs, and has
+knocked down the constable, has bullied the justice, and performed
+many other exploits that have filled the town with wonder and
+merriment.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-414.jpg" width="333" height="91" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'But yet greater is the fame of his understanding than his
+bravery, for he informs us that he is, in London, the established
+arbitrator on all points of honour, and the decisive judge of all
+performances of genius; that no musical performer is in reputation
+till the opinion of Frolic has ratified his pretensions; that the
+theatres suspend their sentence till he begins to clap or hiss, in
+which all are proud to concur; that no public entertainment has
+failed or succeeded but because he opposed or favoured it; that
+all controversies at the gaming-table are referred to his determination;
+that he adjusts the ceremonial at every assembly, and prescribes
+every fashion of pleasure or of dress.</p>
+
+<p>'With every man whose name occurs in the papers of the
+day he is intimately acquainted, and there are very few points
+either on the state or army of which he has not more or less
+influenced the disposal, while he has been very frequently consulted
+both upon peace and war.'</p>
+
+<p>Ruricola concludes by inquiring whether Mr. Frolic is really
+so well known in London as he pretends, or if he shall denounce
+him as an impostor.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">391</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-415.jpg" width="326" height="291" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Rambler.'</span>&mdash;Vol. II. No. 89.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Dulce est desipere in loco.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-415-copy.jpg" width="182" height="103" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'There is nothing more fatal to a man whose business is to
+think than to have learned the art of regaling his mind with those
+airy gratifications. Other vices
+or follies are restrained by
+fear, reformed by admonition,
+or rejected by conviction,
+which the comparison of our
+conduct with that of others
+may in time produce. But
+this invisible riot of the mind,
+this secret prodigality of being, is secure from detection and fearless
+from reproach. The dreamer retires to his apartments, shuts
+out the cares and interruptions of mankind, and abandons himself
+to his own fancy; new worlds rise up before him, one image is
+followed by another, and a long succession of delights dances
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">392</a></span>
+around him. He is at last called back to life by nature or by
+custom, and enters peevish into society because he cannot model
+it to his own will. He returns from his idle excursions with the
+asperity, though not with the knowledge, of a student, and hastens
+again to the same felicity with the eagerness of a man bent upon
+the advancement of some favourite science. The infatuation
+strengthens by degrees, and, like the poison of opiates, weakens
+his powers without any external symptom of malignity.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Rambler.'</span>&mdash;Vol. II. No. 100.</p>
+
+<p>'It is hard upon poor creatures, be they ever so mean, to deny
+them those enjoyments and liberties which are equally open for
+all. Yet, if servants were taught to go to church
+on Sunday, spend some part of it in reading, or
+receiving instruction in a <i>family way</i>, and the rest
+in mere friendly conversation, the poor wretches
+would infallibly take it into their heads that they
+were obliged to be sober, modest, diligent, and
+faithful to their masters and mistresses.'</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-416.jpg" width="65" height="77" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Rambler.'</span>&mdash;Vol. II. No. 114.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="i4">When man's life is in debate,</p>
+<p>The judge can ne'er too long deliberate.&mdash;<i>Dryden.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>'The gibbet, indeed, certainly disables those who die
+upon it from infesting the community; but their
+death seems not to contribute more to the reformation
+of their associates than any other method of
+separation. A thief seldom passes much of his time
+in recollection or anticipation, but from robbery
+hastens to riot, and from riot to robbery; nor, when
+the grave closes upon his companion, has any other
+care than to find another.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-416-copy.jpg" width="72" height="219" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'The frequency of capital punishments, therefore,
+rarely hinders the commission of a crime, but
+naturally and commonly prevents its detection, and
+is, if we proceed upon prudential principles, chiefly
+for that reason to be avoided. Whatever may be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">393</a></span>
+urged by casuists or politicians, the greater part of mankind, as
+they can never think that to pick the pocket and to pierce the
+heart is equally criminal, will scarcely believe that two malefactors
+so different in guilt can be justly doomed to the same punishment;
+nor is the necessity of submitting the conscience to human laws
+so plainly evinced, so clearly stated, or so generally allowed, but
+that the pious, the tender, the just, will always scruple to concur
+with the community in an act which their private judgment cannot
+approve.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Rambler.'</span>&mdash;Vol. II. No. 117.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">'Tis sweet thy lab'ring steps to guide</p>
+<p>To virtue's heights with wisdom well supplied,</p>
+<p>From all the magazines of learning fortified</p>
+<p>From thence to look below on human kind,</p>
+<p>Bewilder'd in the maze of life, and blind.&mdash;<i>Dryden.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>'The conveniences described in these lines may perhaps all be
+found in a well-chosen garret; but surely they cannot be supposed
+sufficiently important to have operated invariably upon different
+climates, distant ages, and separate nations.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-417.jpg" width="351" height="119" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Another cause of the gaiety and sprightliness of the dwellers
+in garrets is probably the increase of that vertiginous motion with
+which we are carried round by the diurnal revolution of the earth.
+The power of agitation upon the spirits is well known; every man
+has his heart lightened in a rapid vehicle, or on a galloping horse,
+and nothing is plainer than that he who towers to the fifth story is
+whirled through more space by every circumrotation than another
+that grovels upon the ground-floor.</p>
+
+<p>'If you imagine that I ascribe to air and motion effects which
+they cannot produce, I desire you to consult your own memory,
+and consider whether you have never known a man acquire reputation
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">394</a></span>
+in his garret, which, when fortune or a patron had placed
+him upon the first floor, he was unable to maintain; and who
+never recovered his former vigour of understanding till he was
+restored to his original situation.</p>
+
+<p>'That a garret will make every man a wit I am very far from
+supposing. I know there are some who would continue blockheads
+even on the summit of the Andes and on the peak of
+Teneriffe. But let not any man be considered as unimprovable
+till this potent remedy has been tried; for perhaps he was formed
+to be great only in a garret, as the joiner of Aretæus was rational
+in no other place but his own shop.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-418.jpg" width="135" height="119" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Rambler.'</span>&mdash;Vol. II. No. 124.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>To range in silence through each healthful wood,</p>
+<p>And muse what's worthy of the wise and good.</p>
+</div></div>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-418-copy.jpg" width="335" height="152" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'To those who leave the public places of resort in the full
+bloom of reputation, and withdraw from admiration, courtship,
+submission, and applause, a rural triumph can give nothing equivalent.
+The praise of ignorance and the subjection of weakness
+are little regarded by beauties who have been accustomed to more
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">395</a></span>
+important conquests and more valuable panegyrics. Nor, indeed,
+should the powers which have made havoc in the theatres or
+borne down rivalry in courts be degraded to a mean attack upon
+the untravelled heir, or ignoble contest with the ruddy milkmaid.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Rambler.'</span>&mdash;Vol. III. No. 142.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-419.jpg" width="225" height="125" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Squire Bluster is descended from an ancient family. The
+estate which his ancestors immemoriably possessed was much
+augmented by Captain
+Bluster, who served
+under Drake in the
+reign of Elizabeth; and
+the Blusters, who were
+before only petty gentlemen,
+have from that
+time frequently represented
+the shire in parliament,
+being chosen
+to present addresses and give laws at hunting-matches and
+races. They were eminently hospitable and popular till the
+father of this gentleman died of an election. His lady went to
+the grave soon after him, and left their heir, then only ten years
+old, to the care of his grandmother, who would not suffer him to
+be controlled, because she could not bear to hear him cry; and
+never sent him to school, because she was not able to live without
+his company. She taught him, however, very early to inspect the
+steward's accounts, to dog the butler from the cellar, and catch
+the servants at a junket; so that he was at the age of eighteen a
+complete master of all the lower arts of domestic policy, and had
+often on the road detected combinations between the coachman
+and the ostler.</p>
+
+<p>'Money, in whatever hands, will confer power. Distress will
+fly to immediate refuge, without much consideration of remote
+consequences. Bluster had, therefore, on coming of age, a
+despotic authority in many families, whom he had assisted, on
+pressing occasions, with larger sums than they can easily repay.
+The only visits that he makes are to those houses of misfortune,
+where he enters with the insolence of absolute command, enjoys
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">396</a></span>
+the terrors of the family, exacts their obedience, riots at their
+charge, and in the height of his joys insults the father with
+menaces and the daughters with scurrilities.</p>
+
+<p>'Such is the life of Squire Bluster; a man in whose power
+Fortune has liberally placed the means of happiness, but who has
+defeated all her gifts of their end by the depravity of his mind.
+He is wealthy without followers; he is magnificent without witnesses;
+he hath birth without alliance, and influence without
+dignity. His neighbours scorn him as a brute; his dependants
+dread him as an oppressor; and he has only the gloomy comfort
+of reflecting that if he is hated he is likewise feared.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Rambler.'</span>&mdash;Vol. III. No. 153.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Turba Remi sequitur fortunam, ut semper, et odit</p>
+<p>Damnatos.&mdash;<i>Juv.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>The fickle crowd with fortune comes and goes;</p>
+<p>Wealth still finds followers, and misfortune foes.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>The writer, who had been adopted by a rich nabob lately
+returned from the Indies, suddenly found himself deprived of the
+fortune which it was anticipated would have fallen to his share;
+his patron having died without making a will in his protégé's
+favour, and thus a fine estate had gone to another branch of the
+family.</p>
+
+<p>'It was now my part,' writes the victim of this unexpected
+adversity, 'to consider how I should repair the disappointment.
+I could not but triumph in my long list of friends, which composed
+almost every name that power or knowledge entitled to
+eminence, and in the prospect of the innumerable roads to honour
+and preferment which I had laid open to myself by the wise use
+of temporary riches. I believed nothing necessary but that I
+should continue that acquaintance to which I had been so readily
+admitted, and which had hitherto been cultivated on both sides
+with equal ardour.</p>
+
+<p>'Full of these expectations, I one morning ordered a chair,
+with an intention to make my usual circle of morning visits.
+Where I first stopped I saw two footmen lolling at the door, who
+told me, without any change of posture or collection of countenance,
+that their master was at home; and suffered me to open
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">397</a></span>
+the inner door without assistance. I found my friend standing,
+and as I was tattling with my former freedom was formally
+entreated to sit down, but did not stay to be favoured with any
+further condescensions.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-421.jpg" width="299" height="109" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'My next experiment was made at the levée of a statesman,
+who received me with an embrace of tenderness, that he might
+with more decency publish my change of fortune to the sycophants
+about. After he had enjoyed the triumph of condolence he turned
+to a wealthy stockjobber, and left me exposed to the scorn of those
+who had lately courted my notice and solicited my interest.</p>
+
+<p>'I was then set down at the door of another, who upon my
+entrance advised me with great solemnity to think of some settled
+provision for life. I left him and hurried away to an old friend,
+who professed himself unsusceptible of any impressions from prosperity
+or misfortune, and begged that he might see me when he
+was more at leisure.</p>
+
+<p>'Of sixty-seven doors at which I knocked in the first week
+after my appearance in a mourning dress I was denied admission
+at forty-six; was suffered at fourteen to wait in the outer room till
+business was despatched; at four was entertained with a few
+questions about the weather; at one heard the footman rated for
+bringing my name; and at two was informed, in the flow of casual
+conversation, how much a man of rank degrades himself by mean
+company.</p>
+
+<p>'Such, Mr. Rambler, is the power of wealth, that it commands
+the ear of greatness and the eye of beauty; gives spirit to the dull
+and authority to the timorous, and leaves him from whom it
+departs without virtue and without understanding, the sport of
+caprice, the scoff of insolence, the slave of meanness, and the
+pupil of ignorance.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">398</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Rambler.'</span>&mdash;Vol. III. No. 170.</p>
+
+<p>Misella sends her history to the 'Rambler' as a caution to
+others who may chance to rely on the fidelity of distant relatives.
+Her father becoming burdened with a family larger than his means
+could decently provide for, a wealthy relative had offered to take
+the charge of one member, the writer, upon himself.</p>
+
+<p>'Without knowing for what purpose I was called to my great
+cousin,' says the unhappy Misella, 'I endeavoured to recommend
+myself by my best courtesy, sang him my prettiest song, told the
+last story that I had read, and so much endeared myself by my
+innocence that he declared his resolution to adopt me, and to
+educate me with his own daughters.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-422.jpg" width="365" height="116" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'My parents felt the common struggle at the thought of parting,
+and <i>some natural tears they dropped, but wiped them soon</i>. They
+considered, not without that false estimation of the value of wealth
+which poverty long continued always produces, that I was raised
+to higher rank than they could give me, and to hopes of more
+ample fortune than they could bequeath. My mother sold some
+of her ornaments to dress me in such a manner as might secure
+me from contempt at my first arrival, and when she dismissed me
+pressed me to her bosom with an embrace which I still feel.</p>
+
+<p>'My sister carried my finery, and seemed not much to regret
+our separation; my father conducted me to the stage-coach with a
+sort of cheerful tenderness; and in a very short time I was
+transported to splendid apartments and a luxurious table, and
+grew familiar to show, noise, and gaiety.</p>
+
+<p>'In three years my mother died, having implored a blessing on
+her family with her last breath.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">399</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'I had little opportunity to indulge a sorrow which there was
+none to partake with me, and therefore soon ceased to reflect
+much upon my loss. My father turned all his care upon his other
+children, whom some fortunate adventures and unexpected legacies
+enabled him, when he died four years after my mother, to
+leave in a condition above their expectations.</p>
+
+<p>'I should have shared the increase of his fortunes and had
+once a portion assigned me in his will, but my cousin assuring him
+that all care for me was needless, since he had resolved to place
+me happily in the world, directed him to divide my part amongst
+my sisters.</p>
+
+<p>'Thus I was thrown upon dependence without resource.
+Being now at an age in which young women are initiated into
+company, I was no longer to be supported in my former character,
+but at considerable expense; so that partly lest appearance might
+draw too many compliments and assiduities I was insensibly
+degraded from my equality, and enjoyed few privileges above the
+head servant but that of receiving no wages.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Rambler.'</span>&mdash;Vol. III. No. 181.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Neu fluitem dubiæ spe pendulus horæ.&mdash;<i>Hor.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Nor let me float in fortune's power,</p>
+<p>Dependent on the future hour.&mdash;<i>Francis.</i></p>
+</div>
+<p>'Sir,&mdash;As I have passed much of life in disgust and suspense,
+and lost many opportunities of advantage by a passion which I
+have reason to believe prevalent in different degrees over a great
+part of mankind, I cannot but think myself well qualified to warn
+those who are yet uncaptivated of the dangers which they incur by
+placing themselves within its influence.</p>
+
+<p>'In the course of even prosperity I was one day persuaded to
+buy a ticket in the lottery. At last the day came, my ticket
+appeared, and rewarded all my care and sagacity with a despicable
+prize of fifty pounds.</p>
+
+<p>'My friends, who honestly rejoiced upon my success, were
+very coldly received; I hid myself a fortnight in the country that
+my chagrin might fume away without observation, and then,
+returning to my shop, began to listen after another lottery.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">400</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-424.jpg" width="77" height="228" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'With the news of a lottery I was soon gratified, and, having
+now found the vanity of conjecture and inefficacy of computation,
+I resolved to take the prize by violence, and
+therefore bought forty tickets, not omitting,
+however, to divide them between the even and
+the odd, that I might not miss the lucky class.
+Many conclusions did I form, and many experiments
+did I try, to determine from which of
+those tickets I might most reasonably expect
+riches. At last, being unable to satisfy myself
+by any modes of reasoning, I wrote the numbers
+upon dice, and allotted five hours every day to
+the amusement of throwing them in a garret;
+and examining the event by an exact register,
+found, on the evening before the lottery was
+drawn, that one of my numbers had turned up
+five times more than any of the rest in three
+hundred and thirty thousand throws.</p>
+
+<p>'This experiment was fallacious; the first day presented the
+ticket a detestable blank. The rest came out with different
+fortune, and in conclusion I lost thirty pounds by this great
+adventure.</p>
+
+<p>'The prize which had been suffered to slip from me filled me
+with anguish, and, knowing that complaint would only expose me
+to ridicule, I gave myself up silently to grief, and lost by degrees
+my appetite and my rest.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Rambler.'</span>&mdash;Vol. III. No. 187.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Love alters not for us his hard decrees,</p>
+<p>Not though beneath the Thracian clime we freeze,</p>
+<p>Or the mild bliss of temperate skies forego,</p>
+<p>And in mid-winter tread Sithonian snow:&mdash;</p>
+<p>Love conquers all.&mdash;<i>Dryden.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">'Anningait and Ajut, a Greenland History.</span></p>
+
+<p>'In one of the large caves to which the families of Greenland
+retire together to pass the cold months, and which may be termed
+their villages or cities, a youth and maid, who came from different
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">401</a></span>
+parts of the country, were so much distinguished for their beauty
+that they were called by the rest of the inhabitants Anningait and
+Ajut, from their supposed resemblance to their ancestors of the
+same names who had been transformed of old into the sun and
+moon.</p>
+
+<p>'The elegance of Ajut's dress, and the judicious disposition of
+her ornaments of coral and shells, had such an effect upon
+Anningait that he could no longer be restrained from a declaration
+of his love. He, therefore, composed a poem in her praise, in
+which, among other heroic and tender sentiments, he protested
+that, "She was beautiful as the vernal willow, and fragrant as
+thyme upon the mountains; that her fingers were white as the
+teeth of the morse, and her smile grateful as the dissolution of the
+ice; that he would pursue her though she should pass the snows
+of the midland cliffs, or seek shelter in the caves of the eastern
+cannibals; that he would tear her from the embrace of the genius
+of the rocks, snatch her from the paws of Amaroc, and rescue her
+from the ravine of Hafgufa."</p>
+
+<p>'This ode being universally applauded, it was expected that
+Ajut would soon yield to such fervour and accomplishments; but
+Ajut, with the natural haughtiness of beauty, expected all the forms
+of courtship; and before she would confess herself conquered the
+sun returned, the ice broke, and the season of labour called all to
+their employments.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-425.jpg" width="177" height="131" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'It happened that a tempest drove the fish to a distant part of
+the coast before Anningait had completed his store; he therefore
+entreated Ajut that she would at
+last grant him her hand and accompany
+him to that part of the
+country whither he was now
+summoned of necessity. Ajut
+thought him not yet entitled to
+such condescension, but proposed,
+as a trial of constancy,
+that he should return at the end
+of summer to the cavern where their acquaintance commenced, and
+there expect the reward of his assiduities. But Anningait tried to
+soften this resolution: he feelingly represented the uncertainty of
+existence and the dangers of the passage, and his loneliness when
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">402</a></span>
+distant from the object of his love. "Consider, Ajut," urged he,
+"a few summer days, a few winter nights, and the life of man is
+at an end. Night is the time of ease and festivity, of revels and
+gaiety; but what will be the flaming lamp, the delicious seal, or the
+soft oil without the smile of Ajut?"</p>
+
+<p>'The eloquence of Anningait was vain; the maid continued
+inexorable, and they parted with ardent promises to meet again
+before the night of winter. Anningait, however discomposed by
+the dilatory coyness of Ajut, was resolved to omit no tokens of
+amorous respect, and therefore presented her at his departure with
+the skins of seven white fawns, of five swans, and eleven seals,
+with three marble lamps, ten vessels of seal-oil, and a large kettle
+of brass which he had purchased from a ship at the price of half a
+whale and two horns of sea-unicorns.</p>
+
+<p>'Ajut was so much affected by the fondness of her lover, or so
+much overpowered by his munificence, that she followed him to
+the seaside; and, when she saw him enter the boat, wished aloud
+that he might return with plenty of skins and oil, that neither the
+mermaids might snatch him into the deeps, nor the spirits of the
+rocks confine him in their caverns.</p>
+
+<p>'Parted from each other, the lovers devoted themselves to the
+remembrances of their affection; Anningait devoted himself to
+fishing and the chase with redoubled energy, that his stores for the
+future might exceed the expectations of his bride; and Ajut
+mourned the absence of her betrothed with ceaseless fidelity.
+She neglected the ornaments of her person, and, to avoid the
+solicitations of her lover's rivals, withdrew herself into complete
+seclusion. Thus passed the months of separation. At last Ajut
+saw the great boat in which Anningait departed stealing slow and
+heavy laden along the coast. She ran with all the impatience of
+affection to catch her lover in her arms, and relate her constancy
+and sufferings. When the company reached the land they informed
+her that Anningait, after the fishery was ended, being
+unable to support the slow passage of the vessel of carriage, had
+set out before them in his fishing-boat, and they expected at their
+arrival to have found him on shore.</p>
+
+<p>'Ajut, distracted at this intelligence, was about to fly into the
+hills without knowing why, though she was now in the hands of
+her parents, who forced her back to her own hut and endeavoured
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">403</a></span>
+to comfort her; but when at last they retired to rest, Ajut went
+down to the beach, where, finding a fishing-boat, she entered it
+without hesitation, and, telling those who wondered at her rashness
+that she was going in search of Anningait, rowed away with great
+swiftness and was seen no more.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-427.jpg" width="390" height="156" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'The fate of these lovers gave occasion to various fictions and
+conjectures. Some are of opinion that they were changed into
+stars; others imagine that Anningait was seized in his passage by
+the genius of the rocks, and that Ajut was transformed into a
+mermaid, and still continues to seek her lover in the deserts of
+the sea. But the general persuasion is that they are both in that
+part of the land of souls where the sun never sets, where oil is
+always fresh, and provisions always warm. The virgins sometimes
+throw a thimble and a needle into the bay from which the hapless
+maid departed, and when a Greenlander would praise any couple
+for virtuous affection he declares that they love like Anningait and
+Ajut.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Rambler.'</span>&mdash;Vol. III. No. 191.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Cereus in vitium flecti, monitoribus asper.&mdash;<i>Hor.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>The youth&mdash;&mdash;</p>
+<p>Yielding like wax, th' impressive folly bears;</p>
+<p>Rough to reproof, and slow to future cares.&mdash;<i>Francis.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>'Dear Mr. Rambler,&mdash;I have been four days confined to my
+chamber by a cold, which has already kept me from three plays,
+nine sales, five shows, and six card-tables, and put me seventeen
+visits behind; and the doctor tells my mamma that, if I fret and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">404</a></span>
+cry, it will settle in my head, and I shall not be fit to be seen these
+six weeks. But, dear Mr. Rambler, how can I help it? At this
+very time Melissa is dancing with the prettiest gentleman; she
+will breakfast with him to-morrow, and then run to two auctions,
+and hear compliments, and have presents; then she will be
+dressed and visit, and get a ticket to the play, then go to cards,
+and win, and come home with two flambeaus before her chair.
+Dear Mr. Rambler, who can bear it?</p>
+
+<hr class="l30" />
+
+<p>'I am at a loss to guess for what purpose they relate such
+tragic stories of the cruelty, perfidy, and artifices of men, who, if
+they ever were so malicious and destructive, have certainly now
+reformed their manners. I have not, since my entrance into the
+world, found one who does not profess himself devoted to my
+service, and ready to live or die as I shall command him. They
+are so far from intending to hurt me that their only contention is,
+who shall be allowed most closely to attend and most frequently
+to treat me; when different places of entertainment or schemes of
+pleasure are mentioned, I can see the eyes sparkle and the cheeks
+glow of him whose proposals obtain my approbation; he then
+leads me off in triumph, adores my condescension, and congratulates
+himself that he has lived to the hour of felicity. Are these,
+Mr. Rambler, creatures to be feared? and is it likely that any
+injury will be done me by those who can enjoy life only while I
+favour them with my presence?</p>
+
+<p>'As little reason can I yet find to suspect them of stratagems
+and fraud. When I play at cards they never take advantage of
+any mistakes, nor exact from me a rigorous observation of the
+game. Even Mr. Shuffle, a grave gentleman, who has daughters
+older than myself, plays with me so negligently that I am sometimes
+inclined to believe he loses his money by design; and yet
+he is so fond of play that he says he will one day take me to his
+house in the country, that we may try by ourselves who can
+conquer. I have not yet promised him; but when the town grows
+a little empty I shall think upon it, for I want some trinkets, like
+Letitia's, to my watch. I do not doubt my luck, but I must study
+some means of amusing my relations.</p>
+
+<p>'For all these distinctions I find myself indebted to that beauty
+which I was never suffered to hear praised, and of which, therefore,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">405</a></span>
+I did not before know the full value. This concealment was
+certainly an intentional fraud, for my aunts have eyes like other
+people, and I am every day told that nothing but blindness can
+escape the influence of my charms. Their whole account of that
+world which they pretend to know so well has been only one
+fiction entangled with another; and though the modes of life oblige
+me to continue some appearances of respect, I cannot think that
+they who have been so clearly detected in ignorance or imposture
+have any right to the esteem, veneration, or obedience of,</p>
+
+<p class="left45">
+'Sir, yours,<br />
+<span class="i2">'Bellaria.'</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-429.jpg" width="241" height="242" alt="" />
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">406</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Rambler.'</span>&mdash;Vol. III. No. 199.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Obscure, unprized, and dark the magnet lies,</p>
+<p>Nor lures the search of avaricious eyes,</p>
+<p>Nor binds the neck, nor sparkles in the hair,</p>
+<p>Nor dignifies the great, nor decks the fair.</p>
+<p>But search the wonders of the dusky stone,</p>
+<p>And own all glories of the mine outdone,</p>
+<p>Each grace of form, each ornament of state,</p>
+<p>That decks the fair or dignifies the great!</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="center">'<i>To the "Rambler.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>'Sir,&mdash;The curiosity of the present race of philosophers having
+been long exercised upon electricity has been lately transferred to
+magnetism; the qualities
+of the loadstone have been
+investigated, if not with
+much advantage, yet with
+great applause; and, as the
+highest praise of art is to
+imitate nature, I hope no
+man will think the makers
+of artificial magnets celebrated
+or reverenced above
+their deserts.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-430.jpg" width="216" height="192" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'I have for some time
+employed myself in the
+same practice, but with deeper knowledge and more extensive
+views. While my contemporaries were touching needles and
+raising weights, or busying themselves with inclination and
+variation, I have been examining those qualities of magnetism
+which may be applied to the accommodation and happiness of
+common life. I have left to inferior understandings the care of
+conducting the sailor through the hazards of the ocean, and
+reserved to myself the more difficult and illustrious province of
+preserving the connubial compact from violation, and setting
+mankind free for ever from the torments of fruitless vigilance and
+anxious suspicion.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">407</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'To defraud any man of his due praise is unworthy of a
+philosopher. I shall therefore openly confess that I owe the first
+hint of this inestimable secret to the Rabbi Abraham Ben Hannase,
+who, in his treatise of precious stones, has left this account of the
+magnet: "The calamita, or loadstone, that attracts iron, produces
+many bad fantasies in man. Women fly from this stone. If,
+therefore, any husband be disturbed with jealousy, and fear lest
+his wife converses with other men, let him lay this stone upon her
+while she is asleep. If she be pure she will, when she wakes,
+clasp her husband fondly in her arms; but if she be guilty she will
+fall out of bed, and run away."</p>
+
+<p>'With these hopes I shall, in a short time, offer for sale magnets
+armed with a particular metallic composition, which concentrates
+their virtue and determines their agency.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-431.jpg" width="143" height="151" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'I shall sell them of different sizes, and various degrees of
+strength. I have some of a bulk proper to be hung at the bed's
+head, as scarecrows, and some so small
+that they may be easily concealed.
+Some I have ground into oval forms,
+to be hung at watches; and some, for
+the curious, I have set in wedding rings,
+that ladies may never want an attestation
+of their innocence. Some I can
+produce so sluggish and inert that they
+will not act before the third failure,
+and others so vigorous and animated
+that they exert their influence against
+unlawful wishes, if they have been willingly and deliberately indulged.
+As it is my practice honestly to tell my customers the
+properties of my magnets I can judge by the choice of the delicacy
+of their sentiments. Many have been contented to spare
+cost by purchasing only the lowest degree of efficacy, and all have
+started with terror from those which operate upon the thoughts.
+One young lady only fitted on a ring of the strongest energy, and
+declared that she scorned to separate her wishes from her acts,
+or allow herself to think what she was forbidden to practise.</p>
+
+<p class="left45">
+'I am, &amp;c.,
+<span class="i2">'<span class="smcap">Hermeticus</span>.'</span></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">408</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XVII.<br />
+<span class="s08"><span class="smcap">THACKERAY'S FAMILIARITY WITH THE WRITINGS OF THE
+SATIRICAL ESSAYISTS</span>&mdash;<i>Continued.</i></span></h2>
+
+<p class="ch_summ">
+Characteristic Passages from the Works of the 'Early Humourists,' from
+Thackeray's Library, illustrated by the Author's hand with original Marginal
+Sketches suggested by the Text&mdash;The 'Mirror,' Edinburgh, 1779-80&mdash;Introduction&mdash;The
+Society in which the 'Mirror' and 'Lounger' originated&mdash;Notice
+of Contributors&mdash;Paragraphs and Pencillings.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Preface to the 'Mirror.'</span></p>
+
+<p>The circumstances which led to the publication of the 'Mirror,'
+by a certain society of friends in Edinburgh, are set forth in the
+concluding paper of that work, No. 110, which originally appeared
+May 27, 1780. The dying speech of the Scotch essayist forms a
+suitable introduction to the series.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Extremum concede laborem.&mdash;<i>Virg. Ecl.</i> x. 1.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>'As, at the close of life, people confess the secrets and explain
+the mysteries of their conduct, endeavour to do justice to those
+with whom they have had dealings, and to die in peace with all
+the world; so in the concluding number of a periodical publication,
+it is usual to lay aside the assumed name, or fictitious character,
+to ascribe the different papers to their true authors, and to
+wind up the whole with a modest appeal to the candour or indulgence
+of the public.</p>
+
+<p>'In the course of these papers the author has not often ventured
+to introduce himself, or to give an account of his own situation;
+in this, therefore, which is to be the last, he has not much
+to unravel on that score. From the narrowness of the place of its
+appearance, the '<span class="smcap">Mirror</span>' did not admit of much personification
+of its editor; the little disguise he has used has been rather to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">409</a></span>
+conceal what he was than to give himself out for what he was
+not.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-433.jpg" width="289" height="453" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'The idea of publishing a periodical paper in Edinburgh took
+its rise in a company of gentlemen whom particular circumstances
+of connection brought frequently together. Their discourse often
+turned upon subjects of manners, of taste, and of literature. By
+one of these accidental resolutions, of which the origin cannot
+easily be traced, it was determined to put their thoughts into
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">410</a></span>
+writing, and to read them for the entertainment of each other.
+Their essays assumed the form, and soon after some one gave
+them the name, of a periodical publication; the writers of it were
+naturally associated, and their meetings increased the importance
+as well as the number of their productions. Cultivating letters in
+the midst of business, composition was to them an amusement
+only; that amusement was heightened by the audience which this
+society afforded; the idea of publication suggested itself as productive
+of still higher entertainment.</p>
+
+<p>'It was not, however, without diffidence that such a resolution
+was taken. From that and several other circumstances it was
+thought proper to observe the strictest secrecy with regard to the
+authors; a purpose in which they have been so successful that, at
+this very moment, the very publisher of the work knows only one
+of their number, to whom the conduct of it was entrusted.'</p>
+
+<p>The members of the society alluded to in the last number of
+the 'Mirror' afterwards carried on the 'Lounger.' They were Mr.
+R. Cullen, Mr. M'Leod Bannatyne, Mr. George Ogilvy, Mr. Alex.
+Abercromby, and Mr. W. Craig, advocates, the last two of whom
+were afterwards appointed Judges of the Court of Session in Scotland;
+Mr. George Home, one of the principal clerks of that
+court; and Mr. H. Mackenzie, of the Exchequer of Edinburgh.</p>
+
+<p>Of these Mr. Ogilvy, though with abilities and genius abundantly
+capable of the task, never contributed to the 'Mirror,' and
+the society had to lament his death before the appearance of the
+'Lounger.' None of its members, Mr. Mackenzie excepted,
+whose name is sufficiently known as an author, had ever before
+been concerned in any publication. To Mr. Mackenzie, therefore,
+was entrusted the conducting the work, and he alone had
+any communication with the editor, to whom the other members
+of the society were altogether unknown. Secrecy was an object
+of much importance to a work of this sort; and during the publication
+of both these performances it was singularly well attained.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Mackenzie's papers were the most numerous. He is stated
+to have been the author of Nos. 2, 5, 7, 11, 12, 14, 16 (the latter
+part of 17), 21, 23, 25, 30, 32, 34 (part of 35), 38, 40, 41, 42, 43,
+44, 49, 53, 54 (part of 56), 61, 64, 72, 78, 80, 81, 84, the poem in
+85 (part of 89), 91, 92, 93 (part of 96), 99, 100, 101 (parts of 102,
+103), 105, 107, 108, 109, and 110.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">411</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The contributions of correspondents were of considerable
+assistance to the success of the 'Mirror.' Of these Lord Hailes
+was the most industrious; among other promoters we find the
+names of Mr. Richardson, Professor of Humanity at Glasgow;
+Mr. Fraser Tytler, Advocate and Professor of History in the
+University of Edinburgh; Mr. D. Hume, Professor of Scots Laws
+at Edinburgh, nephew of the celebrated David Hume; D. Beattie;
+Cosmo Gordon, Esq., one of the Barons of Exchequer in Scotland;
+Mr. W. Strahan, of London, the King's printer; Mr. Baron
+Gordon, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-435.jpg" width="318" height="293" alt="" />
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">412</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2 b12">THE 'MIRROR.'</p>
+
+<p class="center">A Periodical Paper Published at Edinburgh in the Years
+1779 and 1780.</p>
+<p class="center">Veluti in speculo.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>'No child ever heard from its nurse the story of "Jack the
+Giant Killer's Cap of Darkness" without envying the pleasures of
+invisibility.</p>
+
+<p>'This power is, in some degree, possessed by the writer of an
+anonymous paper. He can at least exercise it for a purpose for
+which people would be most apt to use the privilege of being
+invisible: to wit, that of hearing what is said of himself.</p>
+
+<p>'A few hours after the publication of my first number, I sallied
+forth, with all the advantages of invisibility, to hear an account of
+myself and my paper.</p>
+
+<p>'A smart-looking young man, in green, said he was sure it
+would be very satirical; his companion, in scarlet, was equally
+certain that it would be very stupid. But with this last prediction
+I was not much offended, when I discovered that its author had
+not read the first number, but only inquired of Mr. Creech where
+it was published.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-436.jpg" width="169" height="91" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'A plump round figure, near the fire, who had just put on his
+spectacles to examine the paper, closed the debate by observing,
+with a grave aspect, that, as the
+author was anonymous, it was
+proper to be very cautious in
+talking of the performance. After
+glancing over the pages, he said
+he could have wished they had
+set apart a corner for intelligence
+from America; but, having taken
+off his spectacles, wiped, and put them into their case, he said,
+with a tone of discovery, he had found out the reason why there
+was nothing of that sort in the "Mirror"&mdash;it was in order to save
+the tax upon newspapers.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">413</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Mirror.'</span>&mdash;Vol. I. No. 4.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Meliora pii docuere parentes.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>The following is an extract from a letter, addressed by a parent
+to the editor, on the evil consequences of sending youths to Paris
+to finish their education:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'When the day of their return came, my girl, who had been
+constantly on the look-out, ran to tell me she saw a postchaise
+driving to the gate. But, judge of my astonishment when I saw
+two pale, emaciated figures get out of the carriage, in their dress
+and looks resembling monkeys rather than human creatures.
+What was still worse, their manners were more displeasing than
+their appearance. When
+my daughter ran up, with
+tears of joy in her eyes, to
+embrace her brother, he
+held her from him, and
+burst into an immoderate
+fit of laughter at something
+in her dress that appeared
+to him ridiculous. He was joined in the laugh by his
+younger brother, who was pleased, however, to say that the girl
+was not ill-looking, and, when taught to put on her clothes, and to
+use a little <i>rouge</i>, would be tolerable.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-437.jpg" width="216" height="102" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Mortified as I was at this impertinence, the partiality of a
+parent led me to impute it, in a great measure, to the levity
+of youth; and I still flattered myself that matters were not so
+bad as they appeared to be. In these hopes I sat down to dinner.
+But there the behaviour of the young gentlemen did not, by any
+means, tend to lessen my chagrin. There was nothing at table
+they could eat; they ran out in praise of French cookery, and
+seemed even to be adepts in the science; they knew the component
+ingredients of most fashionable <i>ragoûts</i> and <i>fricandeaus</i>,
+and were acquainted with the names and characters of the most
+celebrated practitioners of the art in Paris.</p>
+
+<p>'In short, it was found these unfortunate youths had returned
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">414</a></span>
+ignorant of everything they ought to know, their minds corrupted,
+their bodies debilitated, and their vanity and conceit making them
+incapable of listening to reason or advice.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Mirror.'</span>&mdash;Vol. I. No. 10.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Fleetwood, a man of excessive refinement and delicacy
+of taste, is described as paying visits to his friends in the country.
+But the pleasures which might possibly be derived from this
+exercise are marred by his false sensibility.</p>
+
+<p>'Our next visit was to a gentleman of liberal education and
+elegant manners, who, in the earlier part of his life, had been
+much in the polite world. Here Mr. Fleetwood expected to find
+pleasure and enjoyment sufficient to atone for his two previous
+experiences which were far from agreeable; but here, too, he was
+disappointed.</p>
+
+<p>'Mr. Selby, for that was our friend's name, had been several
+years married. His family increasing, he had retired to the
+country, and, renouncing the bustle of the world, had given himself
+up to domestic enjoyments; his time and attention were
+devoted chiefly to the care of his children. The pleasure which
+he himself felt in humouring all their little fancies made him forget
+how troublesome that indulgence might be to others.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-438.jpg" width="211" height="94" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'The first morning we were at his house, when Mr. Fleetwood
+came into the parlour to breakfast, all the places at table were
+occupied by the children;
+it was necessary that one
+of them should be displaced
+to make room for him;
+and, in the disturbance
+which this occasioned, a
+teacup was overturned, and
+scalded the finger of Mr.
+Selby's eldest daughter, a child about seven years old, whose
+whimpering and complaining attracted the whole attention during
+breakfast. That being over, the eldest boy came forward with a
+book in his hand, and Mr. Selby asked Mr. Fleetwood to hear
+him read his lesson. Mrs. Selby joined in the request, though
+both looked as if they were rather conferring a favour on their
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">415</a></span>
+guest. The eldest had no sooner finished, than the youngest boy
+presented himself; upon which his father observed that it would
+be doing injustice to Will not to hear him as well as his elder
+brother Jack, and in this way was my friend obliged to spend the
+morning in performing the office of a schoolmaster to the children
+in succession.</p>
+
+<p>'Mr. Fleetwood liked a game at whist, and promised himself
+a party in the evening, free from interruption. Cards were accordingly
+proposed, but Mrs. Selby observed that her little daughter,
+who still complained of her scalded finger, needed amusement as
+much as any of the company. In place of cards, Miss Harriet
+insisted on the "game of the goose." Down to it we sat, and to a
+stranger it would have been not unamusing to see Mr. Fleetwood,
+with his sorrowful countenance, at the "royal and pleasant game
+of the goose," with a child of seven years old. It is unnecessary
+to dwell longer on particulars. During all the time we were at
+Mr. Selby's the delighted parents were indulging their fondness,
+while Mr. Fleetwood was repining and fretting in secret.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Mirror.'</span>&mdash;Vol. I. No. 117.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Inanit veteres statuas Damasippus emendo.&mdash;<i>Hor.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+<p>A wife is writing to the 'Mirror' upon a new affliction which
+has attacked her husband. He happened to receive a crooked
+shilling in exchange for some of his goods (the husband was a
+grocer), and a virtuoso informed him that it was a coin of Alexander
+III., of great rarity and value, whereupon the good man became
+seized with a passion for collecting curiosities.</p>
+
+<p>'His taste,' says the wife's letter, 'ranges from heaven above
+to the earth beneath, and to the waters under the earth. Every
+production of nature or of art, remarkable either for beauty or
+deformity, but particularly if either <i>scarce</i> or <i>old</i>, is now the object
+of my husband's avidity. The profits of our business, once considerable,
+but now daily diminishing, are expended, not only on
+coins, but on shells, lumps of different coloured stones, dried
+butterflies, old pictures, ragged books, and worm-eaten parchments.</p>
+
+<p>'Our house, which it was once my highest pleasure to keep in
+order, it would be now equally vain to attempt cleaning as the ark
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">416</a></span>
+of Noah. The children's bed is supplied by an Indian canoe;
+and the poor little creatures sleep three of them in a hammock,
+slung up to the roof between a <i>stuffed crocodile</i> and the skeleton of
+a <i>calf with two heads</i>. Even the commodities of our shop have
+been turned out to make room for trash and vermin. <i>Kites</i>, <i>owls</i>,
+and <i>bats</i> are perched upon the top of our shelves; and it was but
+yesterday that, putting my hand into a glass jar that used to
+contain pickles, I laid hold of a large <i>tarantula</i> in place of a
+mangoe.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-440.jpg" width="384" height="153" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'In the bitterness of my soul, Mr. Mirror, I have been often
+tempted to revenge myself on the objects of my husband's phrenzy,
+by burning, smashing, and destroying them without mercy; but,
+besides that such violent procedure might have effects too dreadful
+upon a brain which, I fear, is already much unsettled, I could not
+take such a course without being guilty of a fraud to our creditors,
+several of whom will, I believe, sooner or later, find it their only
+means of reimbursement to take back each man his own monsters.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Mirror.'</span>&mdash;Vol. I. No. 25.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-440-copy.jpg" width="54" height="95" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The 'Mirror' prints a letter upon the grievances felt
+by the families of men of small fortunes when associated
+with those enjoying great ones.</p>
+
+<p>'You will remember, sir, my account of a visit
+which my daughters paid to a great lady in our
+neighbourhood, and of the effects which that visit
+had upon them. I was beginning to hope that time,
+and the sobriety of manners which home exhibited, would restore
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">417</a></span>
+them to their former situation, when, unfortunately, a circumstance
+happened still more fatal to me than their expedition to &mdash;&mdash;.
+This, sir, was the honour of a visit from the great lady in return.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-441.jpg" width="314" height="219" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'I was just returning from the superintendence of my ploughs,
+in a field I have lately enclosed, when I was met, on the green
+before my door, by a gentleman (for such I took him to be)
+mounted upon a very handsome gelding, who asked me, by the
+appellation of <i>honest friend</i>, if this was not Mr. Homespun's; and,
+in the same breath, whether the ladies were at home. I told him
+my name was Homespun, the house was mine, and my wife and
+daughters were, I believed, within. Upon this, the young man,
+pulling off his hat, and begging my pardon for calling me <i>honest</i>,
+said he was despatched by Lady &mdash;&mdash;, with her compliments, to
+Mrs. and Misses Homespun, and that, if convenient, she intended
+herself the honour of dining with them, on her return from B&mdash;&mdash;
+Park (the seat of another great and rich lady in our neighbourhood).</p>
+
+<p>'I confess, Mr. Mirror, I was struck somewhat of a heap with
+the message; and it would not, in all probability, have received
+an immediate answer, had it not been overheard by my eldest
+daughter, who had come to the window on the appearance of a
+stranger.</p>
+
+<p>'"Mr. Papillot," said she, immediately, "I rejoice to see you;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">418</a></span>
+I hope your lady and all the family are well." "Very much at
+your service, ma'am," he replied, with a low bow; "my lady sent
+me before, with the offer of her best compliments, and that, if
+convenient"&mdash;and so forth, repeating his words to me. "She
+does us infinite honour," said my young madam; "let her ladyship
+know how happy her visit will make us; but, in the meantime,
+Mr. Papillot, give your horse to one of the servants, and
+come in and have a glass of something after your ride." "I am
+afraid," answered he (pulling out his right-hand watch, for, would
+you believe it, sir, the fellow had one in each fob), "I shall hardly
+have time to meet my lady at the place she appointed me." On a
+second invitation, however, he dismounted, and went into the
+house, leaving his horse to the care of the servants; but the
+servants, as my daughter very well knew, were all in the fields at
+work; so I, who have a liking for a good horse, and cannot bear
+to see him neglected, had the honour of putting Mr. Papillot's
+horse in the stable myself.'</p>
+
+<p>The arrival of the distinguished party completely upset Mr.
+Homespun's establishment, turned the heads of his entire family,
+and annihilated the effect of all his good teachings.</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Mirror.'</span>&mdash;Vol. I. No. 50.</p>
+
+<p>'It was formerly one of those national boasts which are always
+allowable, and sometimes useful, that the ladies of Scotland possessed
+a purity of conduct and delicacy of manners beyond that of
+most other countries. Free from the bad effects of overgrown
+fortunes, and from the dissipated society of an overgrown capital,
+their beauty was natural and their minds were uncorrupted.</p>
+
+<p>'Formerly a London journey was attended with some difficulty
+and danger, and posting thither was an achievement as masculine
+as a fox-chase. Now the goodness of the roads and the convenience
+of the vehicles render it a matter of only a few days' moderate
+exercise for a lady; <i>Facilis descensus Averni</i>; our wives and
+daughters are carried thither to see the world, and we are not to
+wonder if some of them bring back only that knowledge of it
+which the most ignorant can acquire and the most forgetful retain.
+That knowledge is communicated to a certain circle on their
+return; the imitation is as rapid as it is easy; they emulate the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">419</a></span>
+English, who before have copied the French; the dress, the
+phrase, and the <i>morale</i> of Paris is transplanted first to London,
+and thence to Edinburgh; and even the sequestered regions of the
+country are sometimes visited in this northern progress of politeness.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-445.jpg" width="227" height="148" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'It will be said, perhaps, that there is often a levity of
+behaviour without any criminality of conduct; that the lady who
+talks always loud, and sometimes free, goes much abroad, or
+keeps a crowd of company at home, rattles in a public place with
+a circle of young fellows, or flirts in a corner with a single one,
+does all this without the smallest bad intention, merely as she
+puts on a cap and sticks it with feathers because she has seen it
+done by others whose rank and fashion entitle them to her imitation.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Mirror.'</span>&mdash;Vol. II. No. 44.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Sit mihi fas audita loqui.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>'Passing the Exchange a few days ago, I perceived a little
+before me a short, plump-looking man, seeming to set his watch
+by St. Giles's clock, which had just
+then struck two. On observing him
+more closely, I recognised Mr.
+Blubber, with whom I had been acquainted
+at the house of our mutual
+friend Mr. Bearskin.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-445-copy.jpg" width="159" height="106" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'He recollected me, and, shaking
+me cordially by the hand, told me
+he was just returned safe from his
+journey to the Highlands, and had been regulating his watch by
+our town clock, as he found the sun did not go exactly in the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">420</a></span>
+Highlands as it did in the Low country. He added, that if I
+would come and eat a Welsh rare-bit and drink a glass of punch
+with him and his family that evening, at their lodgings hard by,
+they would give me an account of their expedition.</p>
+
+<p>'When I went to their lodgings in the evening, I could not
+help making one preliminary observation, that it was much too
+early in the season for visiting the country to advantage; but to
+this Mr. Blubber had a very satisfactory answer: they were resolved
+to complete their tour before the new tax upon post-horses should
+be put in execution.</p>
+
+<p>'The first place they visited after they left Edinburgh was
+Carron, which Mr. Blubber seemed to prefer to any place he had
+seen; but the ladies did not appear to have relished it much.
+The mother said, "She was like to have fell into a fit at the noise
+of the great bellows." Miss Blubber agreed that it was <i>monstrous</i>
+frightful indeed. Miss Betsy had spoiled her petticoat in getting
+in, and said it was a nasty place, not fit for genteel people, in her
+opinion. Blubber put on his wisest face, and observed that
+women did not know the use of them things. There was much
+the same difference in their sentiments with regard to the Great
+Canal. Mr. Blubber took out a piece of paper, on which he
+had marked down the <i>lockage duty</i> received in a week there; he
+shook his head, however, and said he was sorry to find the shares
+<i>below par</i>.</p>
+
+<p>'Taymouth seemed to strike the whole family. The number
+and beauty of the temples were taken particular notice of; nor
+was the trimness of the walks and hedges without commendation.
+Miss Betsy Blubber declared herself charmed with the shady walk
+by the side of the Tay, and remarked what an excellent fancy it
+was to shut out the view of the river, so that you might hear the
+stream without seeing it. Mr. Blubber, however, objected to the
+vicinity of the hills, and Mrs. Blubber to that of the lake, which she
+was sure must be extremely unwholesome.</p>
+
+<p>'But, however various were the remarks of the family on the
+particulars of their journey in detail, I found they had perfectly
+settled their respective opinions of travelling in general. The
+ladies had formed their conclusion that it was monstrous pleasant,
+and the gentleman his that it was monstrous dear.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">421</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Mirror.'</span>&mdash;Vol. II. No. 50.</p>
+
+<p>A correspondent is addressing the 'Mirror' on the ill effects
+of listlessness, indolence, and an aversion to profitable exertion.
+The writer describes his visit to a barrister without practice, who,
+having been left a small competence, had relinquished his profession
+to engage in literary pursuits.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Mordant, the literary recluse, on his friend's arrival, was
+discovered cultivating his kitchen garden. The visitor is conducted
+through the grounds, which had been laid out in accordance with
+the owner's taste.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-447.jpg" width="360" height="104" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Near a village, on our way homewards, we met a set of countrymen
+engaged at cricket, and soon after a marriage company
+dancing the bride's dance upon the green. My friend, with a degree
+of gaiety and alacrity which I had never before seen him display,
+not only engaged himself, but compelled me likewise to engage in
+the exercise of the one and the merriment of the other. In a field
+before his door an old horse, blind at one eye, came up to us at
+his call, and ate the remainder of the grains from his hand from
+which he had previously fed a flock of tame pigeons.</p>
+
+<p>'Our conversation for that evening, relating chiefly to the
+situation of our common friends, memory of former scenes, and
+other subjects as friends naturally converse about after a long
+absence, afforded me little opportunity of gratifying my curiosity.
+Next morning I arose at my wonted early hour, and stepping into
+his study found it unoccupied. Upon examining a heap of books
+and papers that lay confusedly mingled on the table and the floor,
+I was surprised to find that by much the greater part of them, instead
+of metaphysics and morals (the branches connected with his
+scheme of writing), treated of <i>Belles Lettres</i>, or were calculated
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">422</a></span>
+merely for amusement. There was, besides, a journal of his occupations
+for several weeks, from which, as it affords a picture of
+his situation, I transcribe a part:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'"<i>Thursday, eleven at night.&mdash;Went to bed: ordered my servant
+to wake me at six, resolving to be busy all next day.</i></p>
+
+<p>'"<i>Friday morning.&mdash;Waked a quarter before six; fell asleep
+again, and did not wake till eight.</i></p>
+
+<p>'"<i>Till nine read the first act of Voltaire's 'Mahomet,' as it was
+too late to begin serious business.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-448.jpg" width="264" height="115" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'"<i>Ten.&mdash;Having swallowed a short breakfast, went out for a
+moment in my slippers. The wind having left the east, am engaged
+by the beauty of the day to continue my walk. Find a situation by
+the river where the sound of my flute produced a very singular and
+beautiful echo&mdash;make a stanza and a half by way of an address to it&mdash;visit
+the shepherd lying ill of a low fever, find him somewhat better
+(mem.&mdash;to send him some wine)&mdash;meet the parson, and cannot avoid
+asking him to dinner&mdash;returning home find my reapers at work&mdash;superintend
+them in the absence of John, whom I send to inform the
+house of the parson's visit&mdash;read, in the meantime, part of Thomson's
+'Seasons,' which I had with me&mdash;from one to six plagued with
+the parson's news and stories&mdash;take up 'Mahomet' to put me in
+good humour; finish it, the time allotted for serious study being
+elapsed&mdash;at eight, applied to for advice by a poor countryman, who
+had been oppressed; cannot say as to the law; give him some money&mdash;walk
+out at sunset to consider the causes of the pleasure arising from
+it&mdash;at nine, sup, and sit till eleven hearing my nephew read, and
+conversing with my mother, who was remarkably well and cheerful&mdash;go
+to bed.</i></p>
+
+<p>'<i>"Saturday. Some company arrived&mdash;to be filled up to-morrow</i>"&mdash;(for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">423</a></span>
+that and the two succeeding days there was no further entry
+in the journal).</p>
+
+<p>'"<i>Tuesday.&mdash;Waked at seven; but, the weather being rainy and
+threatening to confine me all day, lay till nine&mdash;ten, breakfasted and
+read the newspapers; very dull and drowsy&mdash;eleven, day clears up,
+and I resolve on a short ride to clear my head.</i>"</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-449.jpg" width="235" height="168" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'A few days' residence with him showed me that his life was in
+reality, as is here represented, a medley of feeble exertions,
+indolent pleasures, secret benevolence, and broken resolutions.
+Nor did he pretend to conceal from me that his activity was not
+now so constant as it had been; but he insisted that he still
+could, when he thought proper, apply with his former vigour, and
+flattered himself that these frequent deviations from his plan of
+employment, which in reality were the fruit of indolence and
+weakness, arose from reason and conviction.</p>
+
+<p>'"<i>After all</i>," said he to me one day, when I was endeavouring
+to undeceive him, "<i>after all, granting what you allege, if I be
+happy, and really am so, what more could activity, fame, or preferment
+bestow upon me?</i>"</p>
+
+<p>'After a stay of some weeks I departed, convinced that his
+malady was past a cure, and lamenting that so much real excellence
+and ability should be thus in a great measure lost to the world, as
+well as to their possessor, by the attendance of a single fault.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">424</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Mirror.'</span>&mdash;Vol. II. No. 56.</p>
+
+<p>The following letter is from a dweller in the country, an
+ardent lover of retirement, who is enchanted with the simplicity of
+life and incident to be encountered in a pastoral retreat:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'My dear Sir,&mdash;The moment I found myself disengaged from
+business, you know I left the smoke and din of your blessed city,
+and hurried away to pure skies and quiet at my cottage.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-450.jpg" width="353" height="210" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'You must have heard that our spring was singularly pleasant;
+but how pleasant it was <i>you</i> could not feel in your dusky atmosphere.
+My sister remarked that it had a faint resemblance to the
+spring of &mdash;&mdash;. Although I omit the year, you may believe that
+several seasons have passed away since that animating era recollected
+by my sister. "Alas! my friend," said I, "seasons return,
+but it is only to the young and the fortunate." A tear started in
+her eye, yet she smiled and resumed her tranquillity.</p>
+
+<p>'We sauntered through the kitchen-garden, and admired the
+rapid progress of vegetation. "Everything is very forward," said
+my sister; "we must begin to bottle <i>gooseberries</i> to-morrow."
+"Very forward, indeed," answered I. "This reminds me of the
+young ladies whom I have seen lately&mdash;they seem forward enough,
+though a little out of season too."
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">425</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'It was a poor witticism, but it lay in my way, and I took it
+up. Next morning the gardener came to our breakfasting-parlour.
+"Madam," said he, "all the gooseberries are gone." "Gone!"
+cried my sister; "and <i>who</i> could be so audacious? Brother, you
+are a justice of the peace; do make out a warrant directly to search
+for and apprehend. We have an agreeable neighbourhood, indeed!
+the insolence of the rabble of servants, of low-born, purse-proud
+folks, is not to be endured." "The gooseberries are not away,"
+continued the gardener; "they are lying in heaps under the
+bushes; last night's frost, and a hail-shower this morning, have
+made the crop fail." "The crop fail!" exclaimed my sister; "and
+where am I to get gooseberries for bottling?" "Come, come,
+my dear," said I; "they tell me that in Virginia pork has a
+peculiar flavour from the peaches on which the hogs feed; you
+can let in the goslings to pick up the gooseberries, and I warrant
+you that this unlooked-for food will give them a relish far beyond
+that of any green geese of our neighbours at the castle."
+"Brother," replied she, "you are a philosopher." I quickly
+discovered that, while endeavouring to turn one misfortune into
+jest, I recalled another to her remembrance, for it seems that, by
+a series of domestic calamities, all her goslings had perished.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-451.jpg" width="278" height="171" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'A very promising family of turkey chicks has at length
+consoled her for the fate of the goslings, and on rummaging her
+store-room she finds that she has more bottled gooseberries left of
+last year than will suffice for the present occasions of our little
+family.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">426</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'That people of sense should allow themselves to be affected
+by the most trivial accident is ridiculous. There are, indeed,
+some things which, though hardly real evils, cannot fail to vex the
+wisest and discompose the equanimity of the most patient; for
+example, that fulsome court paid by the vulgar to rich upstarts,
+and the daily slights to which decayed nobility is exposed.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Mirror.'</span>&mdash;Vol. II. No. 68.</p>
+
+<p>'One morning during my late visit to Mr. Umphraville (the
+writer of the previous letter on life in the country), as that gentleman,
+his sister, and I were sitting at breakfast, my old friend John came
+in, and delivered a sealed card to his master. After putting on his
+spectacles, and reading it with attention, "Ay," said Umphraville,
+"this is one of your modern improvements. I remember the time
+when one neighbour could have gone to dine with another without
+any fuss or ceremony; but now, forsooth, you must announce
+your intention so many days before; and by-and-by I suppose
+the intercourse between two country gentlemen will be carried on
+with the same stiffness of ceremonial that prevails among your
+small German princes. Sister, you must prepare a feast on
+Thursday. Colonel Plum says he intends to have the honour of
+waiting on us." "Brother," replied Miss Umphraville, "you
+know we don't deal in giving feasts; but if Colonel Plum can
+dine on a plain dinner, without his foreign dishes and French
+sauces, I can prepare him a bit of good mutton, and a hearty
+welcome."</p>
+
+<p>'On the day appointed, Colonel Plum arrived, and along with
+him the gay, the sprightly Sir Bobby Button, who had posted
+down to the country to enjoy two days' shooting at Colonel Plum's,
+where he arrived just as that gentleman was setting out for Mr.
+Umphraville's. Sir Bobby, always easy, and who, in every society,
+is the same, protested against the Colonel's putting off his visit,
+and declared he would be happy to attend him.</p>
+
+<p>'Though I had but little knowledge of Sir Bobby, I was
+perfectly acquainted with his character; but to Umphraville he
+was altogether unknown, and I promised myself some amusement
+from the contrast of two persons so opposite in sentiments, in
+manners, and in opinions.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">427</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'When he was presented I observed Umphraville somewhat
+shocked with his dress and figure, in both of which, it must be
+confessed, he resembled a monkey of a larger size. Sir Bobby,
+however, did not allow him much time to contemplate his external
+appearance, for he immediately, without any preparation or
+apology, began to attack the old gentleman on the bad taste of his
+house, and of everything about it. "Why the devil," said he,
+"don't you enlarge your windows, and cut down those damned
+hedges and trees that spoil your lawn so miserably? If you would
+allow me, I would undertake, in a week's time, to give you a
+clever place." To this Umphraville made no answer; and indeed
+the baronet was so fond of hearing himself talk, and chattered
+away at such a rate, that he neither seemed to desire nor to expect
+an answer.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-453.jpg" width="110" height="88" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'On Miss Umphraville's coming in, he addressed himself to
+her, and, after displaying his dress, and explaining some particulars
+with regard to it, he began to entertain
+her with an account of the gallantries
+in which he had been engaged the preceding
+winter in London. He talked as if no
+woman could resist his persuasive address
+and elegant figure&mdash;as if London were one
+great seraglio, and he himself the mighty
+master of it.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Mirror.'</span>&mdash;Vol. II. No. 74.</p>
+
+<p>'Dreams depend in part on the state of the air; that which has
+power over the passions may reasonably be presumed to have
+power over the thoughts of men. Now, most people know by
+experience how effectual, in producing joy and hope, are pure
+skies and sunshine, and that a long continuance of dark weather
+brings on solicitude and melancholy. This is particularly the case
+with those persons whose nervous system has been weakened by
+a sedentary life and much thinking; and they, as I hinted formerly,
+are most subject to troublesome dreams. If the external air can
+affect the motions of so heavy a substance as mercury in the tube
+of a barometer, we need not wonder that it should affect those
+finer liquids that circulate through the human body.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">428</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'How often, too, do thoughts arise during the day which we
+cannot account for, as uncommon, perhaps, and incongruous, as
+those which compose our dreams! Once, after riding thirty miles
+in a very high wind, I remember to have passed a night of dreams
+that were beyond description terrible; insomuch that I at last
+found it expedient to keep myself awake, that I might no more
+be tormented with them. Had I been superstitious, I should
+have thought that some disaster was impending. But it occurred
+to me that the tempestuous weather I had encountered the preceding
+day might be the occasion of all these horrors; and I have
+since, in some medical author, met with a remark to justify the
+conjecture.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-454.jpg" width="366" height="242" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Mirror.'</span>&mdash;Vol. III. No. 79.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Of Pastoral Poetry.</span></p>
+
+<p>'It may be doubted whether the representation of sentiments
+belonging to the <i>real</i> inhabitants of the country, who are strangers
+to all refinement, or those entertained by a person of an elegant
+and cultivated mind, who from choice retires into the country
+with a view of enjoying those pleasures which it affords, is calculated
+to produce a more interesting picture. If the former is
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">429</a></span>
+recommended by its <i>naïveté</i> and simplicity, it may be expected
+that the latter should have the preference in point of beauty and
+variety.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-455.jpg" width="341" height="306" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'The enlargement of the field of pastoral poetry would surely
+be of advantage, considering how much the common topics of
+that species of writing are already exhausted. We are become
+weary of the ordinary sentiments of shepherds, which have been
+so often repeated, and which have usually nothing but the variety
+of expression to recommend them. The greater part of the productions
+which have appeared under the name of pastorals are,
+accordingly, so insipid as to have excited little attention; which
+is the more remarkable because the subjects which they treat of
+naturally interest the affections, and are easily painted in such
+delusive colours as tend to soothe the imagination by romantic
+dreams of happiness.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">430</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Mirror.'</span>&mdash;Vol. III. No. 84.</p>
+
+<p>'To dispute the right of fashion to enlarge, to vary, or to
+change the ideas, both of man and woman kind, were a want of
+good breeding, of which the author of a periodical publication,
+who throws himself, as it were, from day to day on the protection
+of the polite world, cannot be supposed capable.</p>
+
+<p>'I pay, therefore, little regard to the observations of some
+antiquated correspondents who pretend to set up what they call
+the invariable notions of things against the opinions and practice
+of people of condition.</p>
+
+<p>'I am afraid that Edinburgh (talking like a man who has
+travelled) is but a sort of mimic metropolis, and cannot fairly
+pretend to the same license of making a fool of itself as London
+or Paris. The circle, therefore, taking them <i>en gros</i>, of our
+fashionable people here, have seldom ventured on the same
+beautiful irregularity in dress, in behaviour, or in manners that
+is frequently practised by the leaders of <i>ton</i> in the capital of France
+or England.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-456.jpg" width="161" height="138" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'With individuals the same rule of subordination is to be
+observed, which, however, persons of extraordinary parts, of
+genius above their condition, are sometimes apt to overlook. I
+perceive, in the pit of the play-house, some young men who have
+got fuddled on punch, as noisy and as witty as the gentlemen in
+the boxes who have been drinking Burgundy; and others, who
+have come sober from the counter
+or writing-desk, give almost as
+little attention to the play as men
+of 3,000 l. a year. My old school
+acquaintance, Jack Wou'd-be,
+t'other morning had a neckcloth
+as dirty as a lord's, and picked
+his teeth after dinner, for a quarter
+of an hour, by the assistance of
+the little mirror in the lid of his
+tooth-pick case. I take the first opportunity of giving him a
+friendly hint, that this practice is elegant only in a man who
+has made the tour of Europe.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">431</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Mirror.'</span>&mdash;Vol. III. No. 32.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>An Essay upon Figure-Makers.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-458.jpg" width="145" height="101" alt="" />
+</div>
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-457.jpg" width="98" height="112" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'There is a species of animal, several of whom must have
+fallen under the notice of everybody present, which it is difficult
+to class either among the witty or the foolish, the clever or the
+dull, the wise or the mad, who, of all others, have the greatest
+propensity to figure-making. Nature seems to have made them
+up in haste, and to have put the different ingredients, above
+referred to, into their composition at random. Here there is
+never wanting a junta of them of both sexes, who are liked or
+hated, admired or despised, who make people laugh, or set them
+asleep, according to the fashion of the time or the humour of the
+audience, but who have always the satisfaction
+of talking themselves, or of being talked of by
+others. With us, indeed, a very moderate
+degree of genius is sufficient for this purpose;
+in small societies folks are set agape by small
+circumstances. I have known a lady here
+contrive to make a figure for half the winter on
+the strength of a plume of feathers, or the
+trimming of a petticoat; and a gentleman make shift to be thought
+a fine fellow, only by outdoing everybody else in the thickness of
+his <i>queue</i>, or the height of his foretop.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Mirror.'</span>&mdash;Vol. III. No. 98.</p>
+
+<p>A student of 'good parts' has accepted, for one year, the post
+of resident tutor to a young gentleman with rich expectations. He
+writes to the 'Mirror,' describing the little progress he can make
+in the advancement of his pupil's education, owing to the frivolous
+interruptions which postpone serious application from day to day.
+Study has been already set aside, on various pretexts, for the first
+four days of the week. The close of his letter relates how he fared
+on the Friday and Saturday.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-458-copy.jpg" width="342" height="291" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'"You must know," says Mrs. Flint, the gentleman's mamma,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">432</a></span>
+at breakfast, "that I am assured that Jemmy is very like the
+Count de Provence, the King of France's own brother. Now
+Jemmy is sitting for his picture to
+Martin, and I thought it would be
+right to get the <i>friseur</i>, whom you
+saw last night [he has just arrived
+from Paris], to dress his hair like
+the Count de Provence, that Mr.
+Martin might make the resemblance
+more complete. Jemmy has been
+under his hands since seven o'clock. Oh, here he comes!"
+"Is it not charming?" exclaimed Miss Juliana. "I wish your
+future bride could see you," added the happy mother. My pupil,
+lost in the labyrinth of cross curls, seems to look about for
+himself. "What a powdered sheep's head have we got here?"
+cried Captain Winterbottom. We all went to Mr. Martin's to
+assist him in drawing Jemmy's picture. On our return, Mrs.
+Flint discovered that her son had got an inflammation in his right
+eye by looking steadfastly on the painter. She ordered a poultice
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">433</a></span>
+of bread and milk, and put him to bed; so there was no more
+talk of "Omnibus in terris" for that evening.</p>
+
+<p>'My pupil came down to breakfast in a complete suit of
+black, with weepers, and a long mourning-cravat. The Count de
+Provence's curls were all demolished, and there remained not a
+vestige of powder on his hair. "Bless me!" cried I, "what is the
+matter?" "Oh, nothing," said Mrs. Flint; "a relation of mine is
+to be interred at twelve, and Jemmy has got a burial letter. We
+ought to acknowledge our friends on such melancholy occasions,
+I mean to send Jemmy with the coach-and-six; it will teach him
+how to behave himself in public places."</p>
+
+<p>'At dinner my pupil expressed a vehement desire to go to the
+play. "There is to be 'Harlequin Highlander,' and the blowing
+up of the St. Domingo man-of-war," said he; "it will be vastly
+comical and curious." "Why, Jemmy," said Mrs. Flint, "since
+this is Saturday, I suppose your tutor will have no objection; but
+be sure to put on your great coat, and to take a chair in coming
+home." "I thought," said I, "that we might have made some progress
+at our books this evening." "Books on Saturday afternoon!"
+cried the whole company; "it was never heard of." I yielded to
+conviction; for, indeed, it would have been very unreasonable to
+have expected that he who had spent the whole week in idleness
+should begin to apply himself to his studies on the evening of
+Saturday.'</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Mirror.'</span>&mdash;Vol. III. No. 105.</p>
+
+<p>The editor is enlarging on certain vanities and fashionable
+absurdities which town people, when they rusticate for change of
+air, cannot forbear importing with them.</p>
+
+<p>'In the first place, I would beg of those who migrate from the
+City not to carry too much of the town with them into the country.
+I will allow a lady to exhibit the newest-fashioned cut in her
+riding-habit, or to astonish a country congregation with the height
+of her head-dress; and a gentleman, in like manner, to <i>sport</i>, as
+they term it, a grotesque pattern of a waistcoat, or to set the
+children agape by the enormous size of his buckles. These are
+privileges to which gentlemen and ladies may be thought to have
+entitled themselves by the expense and trouble of a winter's residence
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">434</a></span>
+in the capital. But there is a provoking though a civil sort
+of consequence such people are apt to assume in conversation
+which, I think, goes beyond the just prerogative of
+<i>township</i>, and is, a very unfair encroachment
+on the natural rights
+of their friends and relations in the
+country. They should consider that
+though there are certain subjects of
+<i>ton</i> and fashion on which they may
+pronounce <i>ex cathedrâ</i> (if I may be
+allowed so pedantic a phrase) yet
+that, even in the country, the senses
+of hearing, seeing, tasting, and
+smelling may be enjoyed to a certain
+extent, and that a person may like or dislike a
+new song, a new lutestring, a French dish, or an Italian perfume,
+though such person has been unfortunate enough to pass last
+winter at a hundred miles' distance from the metropolis.'</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-460.jpg" width="86" height="163" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-460-copy.jpg" width="67" height="193" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">The 'Mirror.'</span>&mdash;Vol. III. No. 108.</p>
+
+<p>The editor is recounting a deeply sentimental story, written
+with all seriousness, in a style sufficiently burlesque and laughable.
+It refers to the love of Sir Edward, an English gentleman, who,
+while travelling in Piedmont, had met with an accidental fall from
+his horse, and been carried to the residence of a small proprietor
+named Venoni, for whose daughter the baronet immediately conceived
+a tenderness, which was returned by the fair Louisa.</p>
+
+<p>'The disclosure of Sir Edward's passion was interrupted by
+the untoward arrival of Louisa's parent, accompanied with one of
+their neighbours, a coarse, vulgar, ignorant man, whose possessions
+led her father to look upon him with favour. Venoni led
+his daughter aside, told her he had brought her future husband,
+and that he intended they should be married in a week at furthest.</p>
+
+<p>'Next morning Louisa was indisposed, and kept her chamber.
+Sir Edward was now perfectly recovered. He was engaged to go
+out with Venoni; but before his departure he took up his violin,
+and touched a few plaintive notes on it. They were heard by
+Louisa.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">435</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'In the evening she wandered forth to indulge her sorrows
+alone. She had reached a sequestered spot, where some poplars
+formed a thicket, on the banks of a little stream
+that watered the valley. A nightingale was
+perched on one of them, and had already begun
+its accustomed song. Louisa sat down on a
+withered stump, leaning her cheek upon her
+hand. After a little while, the bird was scared
+from its perch, and flitted from the thicket. Louisa rose from
+the ground, and burst into tears. She turned&mdash;and beheld Sir
+Edward. His countenance had much of its former languor; and,
+when he took her hand, he cast on the earth a melancholy look,
+and seemed unable to speak his feelings.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-461.jpg" width="304" height="217" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="l30" />
+
+<p>'Louisa was at last overcome. Her face was first pale as
+death, then suddenly it was crossed with a crimson blush. "Oh,
+Sir Edward!" she said. "What&mdash;what would you have me do?"
+He eagerly seized her hand, and led her reluctant to the carriage.
+They entered it, and, driving off with furious speed, were soon out
+of sight of those hills which pastured the flocks of the forsaken
+Venoni.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">436</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XVIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="ch_summ">
+Thackeray as an Illustrator&mdash;The 'North British Review' on Thackeray&mdash;Illustrations
+to 'Men of Character'&mdash;The 'Whitey-brown Paper Magazine'&mdash;'Comic
+Tales,' illustrated by Thackeray&mdash;Allusions to Caricature Drawing
+found throughout his writings&mdash;Skits on Fashion&mdash;Titmarsh on 'Men and
+Clothes'&mdash;Bohemianism in youth&mdash;Hatred of conventionality&mdash;Sketches of
+Contemporary Habits and Manners&mdash;Imaginative Illustrations to Romances&mdash;Skill
+in Ludicrous Parody&mdash;Burlesque of the 'Official Handbook of Court
+and State.'
+</p>
+
+<p>Although Thackeray must go
+down to posterity as an author,
+and, of necessity, in that character
+will hold his own as one of the
+very greatest of English writers,
+his earnest ambition sought occupation
+in the career of an artist,
+and, as must be familiar to
+our readers, the desire for this distinction retained its hold on
+his spirit through life.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-462.jpg" width="171" height="112" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>As a humorous designer we must accord him a position of eminence,
+and the characteristic originality of his pencil certainly
+entitles Thackeray to an honourable place in the front rank of
+fanciful draughtsmen.</p>
+
+<p>The illustrations which he supplied in profusion
+for the embellishment of his own writings have a
+certain happy harmony with the thread of the story,
+which probably no other hand could have contributed.
+In the field of design, especially of the
+grotesque order, his imagination was singularly fertile,
+and the little figures with which he loved to
+appositely point the texts of his week-day sermons
+and moralities strike forcibly by their ingenuity and
+by the aptness of their conception.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-462-copy.jpg" width="74" height="130" alt="" />
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">437</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'He draws well,' insists the author of an unusually thoughtful
+and sound paper on Thackeray;<a name="FNanchor_31" id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a>
+ 'his mouths and noses, his feet,
+his children's heads, all his ugly and queer "mugs," are wonderful
+for expression and good drawing. With beauty of man or woman
+he is not so happy; but his fun is, we think, even more abounding
+and funnier in his cuts than in his words. He is, as far as we can
+recollect, the only great author who illustrated his own works.
+This gives a singular completeness to the result. When his pen
+has said its say, then comes his pencil and adds its own felicity.'</p>
+
+<p>The article just referred to, which we cannot recommend too
+highly, is written in a spirit of such just excellence as could only
+have been arrived at after long personal acquaintance with Thackeray's
+higher qualities. The same number contains the facsimile
+of a remarkably clever and characteristic pen-and-ink drawing in
+the humourist's best style, which was originally sent to a friend in
+the North in place of a letter&mdash;a practice not unusual with him.
+One corner of the little picture contains a 'memorandum of account'
+to this effect:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">
+'To a new plum-coloured coat.</p>
+
+<p class="center">'<span class="smcap">Dr. Goldsmith</span> (Mitre Court). To <span class="smcap">J. Filby</span>, Dr.'</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Oliver Goldsmith and Dr. Johnson are both passing the shop-front
+of the unfortunate tailor. The actors in this comedietta are so
+absorbed in their several occupations&mdash;the lexicographer in a
+book, Goldy in self-admiration&mdash;that they don't notice the tailor,
+who, too, is completely paralysed at the double spectacle of his
+coat and his debtor; his assistant is grinning with both his sides&mdash;the
+consequence of the passing of the customer and the discomfiture
+of his master, who looks somewhat of a 'grinder;' while
+a pair of arch-faced, merry little urchins are copying to the life the
+shuffle and swagger respectively of the two Doctors. We will let
+the paper speak for itself:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'This drawing is a good specimen of his work; it tells its own
+story, as every drawing should. Here is the great lexicographer,
+with his ponderous shuffling tread, his thick lips, his head bent
+down, his book close to his purblind eyes, himself <i>totus in illo</i>,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">438</a></span>
+reading, as he fed, greedily and fast. Beside him simpers the
+clumsy and inspired Oliver, in his new plum-coloured coat; his eyes
+bent down in an ecstasy of delight, for is he not far prouder of his
+visage&mdash;and such a visage!&mdash;and of his coat than of his artless
+genius? We all know about that coat, and how Mr. Filby never
+got paid for it. There he is behind his window, in sartorial
+posture; his uplifted goose arrested, his eye following wistfully,
+and not without a sense of glory and dread, that coat and man.
+His journeyman is grinning at him; he is paid weekly, and has no
+risk. And then what a genuine bit of Thackeray, the street-boy
+and his dear little admiring sister!&mdash;there they are stepping out
+in mimicry of the great two.'</p>
+
+<p>The article from which this passage is quoted contains a letter,
+full of grave feeling and sensibility, which Thackeray wrote, in
+1848, in acknowledging one of those spontaneous expressions of
+gratitude that are occasionally found to cheer an author on his
+way, and to awaken in his mind the encouraging sense of sympathy
+from unexpected quarters.</p>
+
+<p>'There happened to be placed in the window of an Edinburgh
+jeweller a silver statuette of "Mr. Punch," with his dress <i>en rigueur</i>
+his comfortable and tidy paunch, with all its buttons; his hunch;
+his knee-breeches, with their ties; his compact little legs, one foot
+a little forward; and the intrepid and honest, kindly little fellow
+firmly set on his pins, with his customary look of up to and good
+for anything. In his hand was his weapon, a pen; his skull was
+an inkhorn, and his cap its lid. A passer-by&mdash;who had long been
+grateful to our author, as to a dear unknown and enriching friend,
+for his writings in "Fraser" and in "Punch," and had longed for
+some way of reaching him and telling him how his work was
+relished and valued&mdash;bethought himself of sending this inkstand
+to Mr. Thackeray. He went in, and asked its price. "Ten
+guineas, sir." He said to himself, "There are many who feel as I
+do; why shouldn't we send it up to him? I'll get eighty several
+half-crowns, and that will do it" (he had ascertained there would
+be discount for ready money). With the help of a friend, the
+half-crowns were soon forthcoming, and it is pleasant to remember
+that in the "octogint" are the names of Lord Jeffrey and Sir
+William Hamilton, who gave their half-crowns with the heartiest
+good-will. A short note was written, telling the story. The little
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">439</a></span>
+man in silver was duly packed and sent, with the following
+inscription round the base:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+'GULIELMO MAKEPEACE THACKERAY.<br />
+ARMA VIRUMQUE<br />
+GRATI NECNON GRATÆ EDINENSES<br />
+LXXX.<br />
+D. D. D.'</p>
+
+<p>How far Thackeray would have succeeded as an illustrator of
+other men's thoughts there is but little that has been published to
+prove. His separate cuts in 'Punch' are remarkably happy and
+droll, but they have none of those graver and more aspiring qualities
+which authors perhaps might have looked for in the sketches
+of a young gentleman who proposed seriously to draw pictures for
+their stories. It is conceded that for the embellishment of his own
+writings Thackeray's eye, hand, and pencil possessed every desirable
+qualification; and it is not improbable that the same facilities
+would have enabled him to offer to others, as his powers became
+matured, a share of the advantages which his ready wit brought to
+his own pictorial embellishments.</p>
+
+<p>The few instances of his productions as an illustrator, pure and
+simple, are too early to come under fair criticism. Before he had
+acquired practice with his etching-needle, and certainly before he
+had found out his own particular style, he tried his hand at a set
+of copper plates, with the example of Seymour, it is believed, to
+guide his then imperfect knowledge of the art by means of which
+he desired to publish his designs.</p>
+
+<p>The admirable series of 'Men of Character,' which Douglas
+Jerrold originally contributed as magazine papers, were collected
+in three volumes and published by Colburn in 1838. These
+volumes were illustrated with several plates, the humour of which
+is undeniable, although it may be thought that the subjects have
+suffered in execution. The name of the artist does not appear,
+but there is no doubt that Thackeray supplied these designs to
+adorn the book of his friend and fellow <i>littérateur</i>; the incidents
+selected are all sufficiently farcical for humorous delineation, and
+that they have certainly had at the hands of the draughtsman.</p>
+
+<p>'The Practical Philosophy of Adam Buff' (the Man without
+a Shirt) is completely set out in the frontispiece, where, soused
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">440</a></span>
+with water, the moral professor is invited by a 'rough' to strip
+'to his shirt' and show his skill with his fists. Buff's coat is
+buttoned to the chin, to conceal the absence of his linen, and with
+his huge shoulder of mutton hands he is striking the attitude of
+immovable moral dignity which won the heart of his patron. A
+likeness to this identical pugilistic coal-whipper will be found in
+one of Thackeray's wood-cuts to the 'Town and Gown Row' in
+'Codlingsby' ('Punch's Prize Novelists'). The 'Fall of Pippins'
+represents that too susceptible youth on his knees before his lady
+mistress, whom he has awakened with a kiss. The indignation of
+the outraged fair, the abject terror and contrition of Pippins, the
+fury of the jealous husband, Sir Scipio Mannikin, who is breaking
+in upon the transgressor with uplifted cane, and the startled faces
+of the domestic chaplain and his followers, are all successfully
+indicated. From bad to worse, we next find 'Job Pippins&mdash;Murderer.'
+The unfortunate youth, labouring under a very unpleasant
+suspicion, has been dragged into still more objectionable
+company; he is nervously seated on the edge of a stool, in a hut
+tenanted by burglars and cut-purses. A young girl, the mistress
+of a highwayman, captain of the gang, has one of those pretty,
+innocent faces Thackeray always expressed so successfully.</p>
+
+<p>'Jack Runnymede's Dream' is perhaps the most indicative of
+the artist's vein of grotesque humour. This champion of the
+'rights of an Englishman' had a peculiar dream before commencing
+a suit at law. He fancied the Father of Evil met him
+by the wayside, performing like a shepherd on his pipe, and
+tendered him a 'little pup.' The Satanic person is set forth with
+great imaginative attractiveness, and the convolutions of his tail
+are very elaborate.</p>
+
+<p>'John Applejohn's Humane Intentions' are displayed just at
+the very instant they were most liable to uncharitable misinterpretation,
+for he is caught, on his knees, with a bunch of keys, evidently
+in the act of lock-picking. 'Maximilian Tape before the
+Lords,' represents the little journeyman tailor just as he was
+captured by those promising slips of the aristocracy, Lord Slap,
+Tom Rumpus, young Plucky, and Rowdow; while one of the
+party is breaking a plate over his affrighted head that he may
+prove his trade by stitching it together again. 'Mr. Cramlington,'
+Applejohn's master, in his borrowed locks and whiskers, the son
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441">441</a></span>
+of Tape's employer, a West End outfitter, who has got introduced
+to this fine, improving society, under the assumption of being a
+'man of fashion,' is looking on the scene in ill-concealed dread of
+his own recognition and exposure.</p>
+
+<p>In the 'Final Reward of John Applejohn,' that unfortunate
+but well meaning, simple youth, just captured from the front of a
+booth, and still in the dress of a statue, in which character he
+narrowly escaped demolition, is restored to the "girl of his heart."</p>
+
+<p>'Barnaby Palms Feeling his Way' is shown, the epitome of
+artfulness, at the breakfast-table of his worthy uncle, where he is
+taking his last meal before setting out to seek his fortune in the
+world. The wily youth insisted on eating a stale egg, declaring he
+'did not care for his eggs over-fresh,' in order to win the heart of
+his relative, before whom is displayed a well-filled money-bag&mdash;Barnaby's
+anticipated 'start in life.' It may be remembered that
+the uncle expressed his earnest conviction that a man 'who did
+not care for his eggs over-fresh' was sure to make his way by
+himself, and so sent Barnaby forth without the coveted money-bag.</p>
+
+<p>'Cheek's Introduction to a New Subject' represents the prison-yard,
+where the dwarf artist and modeller, Mr. Pop, is maliciously
+enjoying the spectacle of his employer, Cheek, the waxwork showman,
+in a state of horror, with his hand locked in the fist of Kemp,
+the murderer, whose head they have come down to 'take off'
+after execution. 'The Ghost of Kemp' represents Aaron, the Jew
+fence, waking from his guilty slumbers to discover the murderer's
+head, which Pop has modelled and placed for security on the
+window-sill, where it is suddenly disclosed by the moonlight to
+the conscience-stricken and horrified 'receiver of stolen goods,'
+who had congratulated himself that the hangman's noose had effectually
+removed all evidence of his own guilt.</p>
+
+<p>'Matthew Clear, the Man who Saw his Way,' is introduced in
+the fatal instance of 'not seeing his way' which proved his ruin;
+seated on a sofa with the artful adventuress whose fortune the
+long-headed Clear flattered himself he should secure by persuading
+her into a marriage. He is planted very comfortably on a little
+sofa, below the simpering portrait of his bride. Julia's arms are
+round the neck of the deluded Clear; on his knee is perched a
+great lubberly boy, a pledge of affection to which it appears the
+lady stands 'almost in the light of a mother.' Matthew, evidently
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442">442</a></span>
+lost as to 'his way,' is successfully cajoled; and Mrs. Clear's
+parrot, which had been educated on board ship, is shrieking demoniacally,
+'Hooked, by Jingo!'</p>
+
+<p>The last plate illustrates the 'Introduction of Titus Trumps to
+Miss Wolfe.' The confiding hero of this story, whose belief in
+something 'turning up' favourable was ineradicable, is being
+confronted by the peppery Baronet, Sir Jeremy Sloth, with his
+daughter, the mature but impressionable Emily, when he has
+actually come to pay a visit to her maid, whose relatives keep a
+public-house with the sign of 'General Wolfe.'</p>
+
+<p>These illustrations would probably have achieved more success
+had the artist confined himself to the bold outline manner of
+etching in which his better-known plates are executed, and in which
+he early exhibited a fair proficiency. His desire to conform to
+the fashion of the day (the 'Pickwick Papers' were publishing at
+the time) led him to attempt a style in which he had not enjoyed
+sufficient experience to qualify him to produce results which
+would compare favourably with the works of older hands.</p>
+
+<p>Another <i>jeu d'esprit</i> from his pencil, commenced somewhat
+later, is considerably more in the unmistakeable Titmarshian
+vein; indeed, for the force and fun of its satire, it perhaps excels
+all that he ever did in the indulgence of his amazing talents for
+ludicrous personalities. We refer to the series of illustrations, or
+rather caricatures, suggested for the 'Whitey-brown Paper Magazine,'
+which was never issued. The rarity of these <i>croquis</i>, merely
+a few loose lithographed leaves, drawn by Thackeray himself, is so
+excessive that it is stated that the only original copy which has
+come under our notice cost the proprietor no less than forty
+guineas. The entire paper, which in its intention does not differ
+widely from certain of the 'Yellowplush Papers,' is directed to
+ridicule the consequence of Dr. Lardner, editor of the 'Cabinet
+Cyclopædia,' and his friend Sir Bulwer Lytton. It may be remembered
+that the 'Literary Chronicle,' under the influence of these
+gentlemen, was a pet aversion to its rival 'Fraser,' with Dr.
+Maginn and Titmarsh to the front. The caricatures commence
+with a 'Preface, Advertisement, or Introduction,' to which we
+must briefly refer in order to bring on the scene the young gentleman
+whose history is displayed in the caricatures, and who it was
+stated, lest persons should fancy the ridicule directed against any
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443">443</a></span>
+of the writer's contemporaries, lived many thousands of years ago
+in the reign of Chrononhotonthologos, King of Brentford.</p>
+
+<p>This gentleman's name was Dionysius Diddler, and the historian
+hastens to anticipate misconstruction by explaining that he
+was no relation of any other Dionysius, nor indeed a native of
+Brentford (though, it is confessed, Diddlers certainly abound in
+that place).</p>
+
+<p>Dionysius, who was sixty years of age and wore a wig and
+false teeth, according to his biographer, came over as a young
+fellow from Patland, and, finding the people of Brentford more
+easily humbugged and more ignorant than any people on earth,
+settled himself there, in his trade, which was that of a philosopher;
+an excellent profession, by which Dionysius would have made a
+pretty penny, only he spent his money in trying to be a man of
+fashion, in buying clothes, and other genteel diversions.</p>
+
+<p>In consequence of this extravagance, although his learning had
+made his name famous (every one has heard of his 'Essay on the
+Tea-Kettle,' his 'Remarks on Pumps,' and his celebrated 'Closet
+Cyclopædia'), poor Diddler found himself one day, after forty
+years of glory, turned out of his lodging, without a penny, without
+his wig&mdash;which, sad to say, he had pawned&mdash;without even
+his false teeth, which, seeing he had no use for them, he had
+pawned too.</p>
+
+<p>The first sketch pictures Dionysius Diddler, young, innocent,
+and with a fine head of hair, on which he wears an old felt hat and
+band very much out of shape. He wears a clerical-cut buttoned-up
+vest; a bob-tail coat, very short in the waist and sleeves, and
+long in the sparrow-tails; his face (an admirable likeness of the
+Doctor is preserved throughout) is adorned with 'specs;' his
+'brogues' are very short, and patched; his shoes are decidedly
+primitive; a 'shellalee' is playfully twirled in his right hand; under
+his left arm is his learned library, for he is a young student of Ballybunion
+University, which noble foundation is seen under the hedge
+shown in the veracious artist's background, and, we are sorry to
+think, the famous college looks very like a bog-hut with a hole in
+the roof to let the smoke through. In contrast to this bright
+image of his gallant youth is the picture of the Doctor, after forty
+years of fame, thrown on the world very lean and miserable; the
+crown of his famous old felt hat is flopping down behind, the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">444</a></span>
+brim is very limp and ragged; his stock is buttoned close, as is
+what remains of his coat, for vest or linen he has none. Elbows
+are out, so are arm-pits; tails are mere fringe, trousers to match,
+and oh, such dreadful, shapeless, soleless old bluchers, and, we are
+afraid, no socks!</p>
+
+<p>Poor old Diddler, with a paper bag on his head in place of his
+wig, with his face sunken in for the want of his teeth, with his old
+bludgeon in one hand, and the other exposing the ragged remains
+of a bottomless pocket, is looking wistfully out of his old barnacles,
+as he thinks of dear Ballybunion. 'I'm femous,' he is soliloquising,
+'all the wurrrld over; but what's the use of riputetion? Look at
+me, with all me luggage at the end of me stick&mdash;all me money in
+me left-hand breeches pocket&mdash;and it's oh! but I'd give all me
+celibrity for a bowl of butthermilk and petaties.'</p>
+
+<p>A happy thought strikes the Doctor in this strait. He goes off
+to see what his publisher will do for him; and the next view we
+have of poor Dionysius is more cheerful. He is in the shop of Mr.
+Shortman; 'an' sure an' ouns!' Diddler's face wears the most
+gratified smile possible to be produced without teeth. His roofless
+hat is on the floor; the state of the top makes it hold his
+'shellalee' all the more conveniently. On the shelves, sure
+enough on the book-shelves, is the 'Closet Cyclopædia;' and leaning
+over the counter, on which he has just laid down three five-pound
+notes and three sovereigns for the delighted Dionysius to
+sweep up, is the eminent publisher, white neckcloth and all, in his
+habit as he lived; a capital caricature likeness of the head of the
+firm of Longman and Co.</p>
+
+<p>Diddler rapidly turns his money to account in reinstating himself
+as an elegant member of society and art&mdash;the man of fashion
+the rogue longed to be. The first thing he does is to take his wig
+out of pawn. Here the artist has shown him in the Lombardian
+counting-house; and, while his 'relative' is examining certain
+securities (in the way of personal garments) upon which some of
+his clients in the private boxes desire advances, our fashionable
+Doctor takes the opportunity of readjusting before a looking-glass
+his head of hair, which has suffered somewhat by recent incarceration,
+his fingers being converted into curling-tongs to replace in
+some degree its pristine splendour.</p>
+
+<p>'And now,' says he, 'I'll go, take a sthroll to the Wist Ind, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">445</a></span>
+call on me frind Sir Hinry Pelham.' It appears that the noble
+Baronet's West End residence is situated in a neighbourhood no
+less celebrated than 'famed Red Lion's fashionable Square.' We
+are offered a jaunty back view of the revived dandy Diddler, as
+with a swagger of considerable sprightliness, and a genteel comedy
+strut, he is endeavouring to carry off the impression of his ragged
+wardrobe, and make the holes in his elbows pass current as a light,
+airy fashion. The imposing wig is made the most of; one massive
+lock, like a whisk of tow, is elegantly brushed about four inches
+beyond one ear, while the famous limp white hat, with its black
+band, and the top flapping about like the lid of a milk-pail, is
+cocked over the other. Carriages in the distance, with footmen
+suspended in pairs to the splashboard behind, attest the highly
+respectable character of the vicinity.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Hinry Pelham is fortunately at home, reposing in a sumptuous
+easy chair, and splendidly apparelled in a long black satin
+stock, a flowing dressing-gown with collars and cuffs of some
+gorgeous material, and pointed Turkish slippers. The Baronet's
+fashionable exterior is very characteristic; his hair is thrown back
+in a rich cataract, over the back of his stock, his full curled whiskers
+ambrosially droop below his chin, his brow is noble, his eyebrow
+arched, his eye is haughty, as is his fine-bridged and well-defined
+hook-nose. This tremendous lion is evidently just roused from a
+state of well-bred listlessness, and he is propped up on the elbows
+of his lounge, while he regards, with sleepy astonishment, a banknote
+which his friend is flourishing before him with an air.</p>
+
+<p>Diddler has thrown his hat on the floor, thrust his stick
+through the opening in the top, and drawn up a chair upon which
+he is straddling his long body and little legs in a consequential
+and impressive attitude. 'Pelham, me boy,' says he, 'you have
+clothes, and I have cridit; here's a five-pound note, and rig me
+out in a new shoot.'</p>
+
+<p>In the next plate, Pelham, solacing himself with a cigar, is
+modestly concealing his features in a magazine; while Diddler&mdash;having
+discarded his shocking old clothes, which, with his vagabond
+hat and stick, lie scattered about the Baronet's splendid apartments&mdash;is
+ensconsing himself in one of Pelham's fashionable
+'shoots;' a large cheval-glass discreetly marks the operations of
+his toilet. 'Fait,' says Diddler, 'the what-d'ye-call-'ems fit me
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">446</a></span>
+like a glove.' Pelham is still engaged with his cigar and book in
+the following plate, but his aristocratic profile is again displayed.
+Diddler is standing in front of the cheval-glass contemplating with
+increased satisfaction his improved and respectable appearance;
+in fact, he is dressed in one of the Baronet's suits, the very height
+of the <i>mode</i>. His wig is now in curl, a few handsome locks are
+brushed over his forehead, a curl or two over his ears, and a row of
+curls over his stock behind. His spectacles, which he never abandons,
+beam with satisfaction, and his teeth are evidently replaced.
+He has a black satin stock very high in the neck, and falling into
+a creasy, shiny avalanche below; his coat has a broad collar,
+sleeves cut quite tight from the elbow, and snowy wristbands. With
+one hand he is affectedly adjusting his shirt-collar, while he
+admires the reflected effect of the other, displayed in an attitude
+with his thumb in the pocket of his spotless white vest; light
+trousers, literally fitting like a glove, as was then the fashion,
+setting tightly over a pair of narrow boots with extravagantly
+lengthened toes and high heels, which complete the costume of
+this elegant old dandy.</p>
+
+<p>'And upon me honour and conshience,' says he, 'now I'm
+dthressed, but I look intirely ginteel.'</p>
+
+<p>In the last cut which has reached us we see the exterior of Sir
+Hinry's noble mansion, in Red Lion Square. The dandy Doctor,
+dressed in Pelham's coat, hat, boots, and pantaloons, stock, and
+spurs, is mistaken for the Baronet himself by Hodge, his groom,
+who leads round Pelham's horse, and, holding the stirrup, respectfully
+invites Dionysius to mount; and Diddler is shown in the
+picture generously dropping a coin into the cap of the groom, who
+with his disengaged hand is scratching his shock-head with astonishment.
+His face is a study of comical surprise, his knees are
+shaking with fright; and as the Doctor rides away, like the dashing
+blade he evidently considers himself, fear seizes upon the soul of
+Hodge. Says he, 'That gemman cannot be my master, for, as he
+rode away, he gave me sixpence, and my dear master never gives
+me nothen.'</p>
+
+<p>Another capital plate introducing Bulwer and Lardner appeared
+in the collection of 'Comic Tales,' already mentioned in this
+volume, and published by Cunningham (1841), for which the
+author draws a fresh series of illustrations.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447">447</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The caricature in question accompanies Mr. Yellowplush's
+'Ajew,' the opening of which is extremely droll and clever. The
+two 'eminent gents' have just got out of their fly and are making
+their entrance at the house of Sir John, who, as a Whig Baronet,
+receives 'littery pipple;' poor Yellowplush is holding the door
+for these 'fust of English writers,' and very much amazed he
+looks. Although the etching is small, the likenesses are carefully
+worked out; the figure of Bulwer in the 'Whitey-brown Papers'
+has all the characteristics, slightly heightened, already given, except
+that he wears a suit of evening dress&mdash;'a gilt velvet waistcoat,'
+with his wristbands turned over the cuffs of his coat, and very
+tight gloves. The little Doctor has thrust his arm under the wing
+of his friend, who struts very affectedly in his close-fitting clothes,
+to exhibit to advantage his small waist and falling shoulders.
+Lardner's wig is perhaps richer in curls, his spectacles more beaming,
+his simper more satisfied; he is adjusting the collar of his
+older-fashioned square-tailed coat over a striped silk vest, which
+wrinkles over his rounded paunch; his queer-shaped little legs are
+displayed in somewhat ill-fitting tights, strapped over silk stockings
+and pumps tied with ribands.</p>
+
+<p>It may be remembered that the announcement of the arrival of
+these 'genlmn' created some confusion. The Doctor was indignant
+that any one should fail to recognise so famous a celebrity,
+when Mr. Yellowplush mildly asked for his name.</p>
+
+<p>'Name!&mdash;a! now you thief o' the wurrrld,' says he, 'do you
+pretind not to know <i>me</i>? Say it's the Cabinet Cyclop&mdash;&mdash;; no, I
+mane the Litherary Chran&mdash;&mdash;; psha!&mdash;bluthanouns! say it's
+Docthor Dioclesian Larner&mdash;&mdash;I think he'll know me now&mdash;ay,
+Nid?' But Nid had slipped out of the way, being a little nervous
+about the good-breeding of his friend, it is presumed.</p>
+
+<p>The second footman passed up the name as 'Doctor Athansius
+Larnder! and by the time he got to the groom of the chambers,
+who made some pretensions to scholarship, the little man
+was announced as '<b>Doctor Ignatius Loyola</b>!'</p>
+
+<p>The other gentleman, when requested to give his name (it was
+at the time people were talking about the eminent novelist's
+chances of being made a baronet), said in 'a thick, gobbling kind
+of voice':</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+'Sawedwadgeorgeearllittnbulwig;'</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448">448</a></span></p>
+
+<p>which rather dumfoundered Mr. Yellowplush. That accomplished
+writer evidently watched the two 'littery genlmn' with interest, as
+he records the gratifying fact that 'they behaved very well, and
+seemed to have good appytights.'</p>
+
+<p>The little Irishman especially distinguished himself, eating,
+drinking, and talking enough for six; and, after the wine, described
+how he had lately been presented at court by his friend Mr. Bulwig,
+and how her gracious Majesty had desired him to tell her the
+<i>bonâ fide</i> sale of the 'Cabinet Cyclopædia,' and how he had assured
+her, on his honour, that it was under ten thousand.</p>
+
+<p>The entire illustrations of these 'Comic Tales and Sketches'
+are engraved with great neatness and spirit; and, in spite of their
+small size, they are superior, in carefulness of execution and
+attention to detail, to most of Thackeray's etchings.</p>
+
+<p>The figure of a jester forms the frontispiece. A placard, which
+nearly conceals his person, exhibits the portraits of the three celebrities
+who are concerned in the work. The genteel Mr. Fitzroy
+Yellowplush, in his footman's livery, with a gold-headed cane in
+his right hand, has hold of one arm of the more homely Michael
+Angelo Titmarsh, who is in his turn looking up to the ferocious
+and colossal Major Gahagan, with whose stride he is absurdly endeavouring
+to keep pace. The Major's is a truly terrific figure.
+The enormous plumes of his high Polish shako, with the skull
+and cross-bones in front, are waving in the breeze, as is his long
+hair, his pointed moustache, and his spreading beard. His manly
+chest is displayed in a tight-fitting cavalry jacket, his shapely limbs
+are encased in embroidered tights and heavily tasseled Hessians, a
+sabre as tall as Titmarsh reposes on his stalwart arm, and altogether
+he appears some nine feet high.</p>
+
+<p>The trio, thus marching hand in hand together, are supposed
+to be on the very verge of immortality, which, in the sketch, uncommonly
+resembles a precipice.</p>
+
+<p>The other illustrations of the two small volumes, all of which
+are printed in a warm sepia tint, consist of 'Mrs. Shum's Ejectment;'
+Mr. Deuceace paying for his Papa's Cigars;' 'Mr. Deuceace's
+disinterested Declaration;' 'Mr. Yellowplush displaying his
+Credentials' (his plush garments to wit); 'Major Gahagan, from
+the great portrait by Titmarsh, in the gallery of H.H. the Nawaub
+of Budge Budge;' 'The Major discovering the Infidelity of Mrs.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449">449</a></span>
+Chowder Loll' (where his tremendous figure is striding across the
+'tattees,' through a window, into the very midst of the disconcerted
+family); 'The Major's Interview with a Celebrated Character' (no
+less a personage than the Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, who is
+on tip-toe, dressed in the historical little cocked-hat and grey coat,
+trying to put his small figure more on a level with the overwhelming
+Gahagan: in the background an English general of the period,
+dressed in a crescent-shaped cocked-hat and plume, a tight long
+coat, with swallow-tails reaching to his heels, and white ducks split
+over the boots, with a telescope under his arm, is in conversation
+with one of the fierce-looking French Marshals); 'The Major in
+the Tent of Puttee Rouge' (a terrifying figure, disguised in black
+paint, affectionately hugging a whisky-jar of considerable dimensions).</p>
+
+<p>The episode of the 'Professor' affords the artist a favourable
+subject, which he treats with full comic force&mdash;' Mr. Dando
+declares his Name and Quality.' It may be remembered that the
+oyster-eater has taken advantage of the absence of the proprietor
+to obtain an unlimited supply of his favourite bivalves at an oyster-room,
+where the mistress did not recognise her unprincipled
+customer, but was even so confiding as to send out for brandy-and-water
+in liberal proportion to the oysters consumed by this
+scourge of supper-rooms. The unfortunate proprietor has just
+returned in time to learn a description of the business which has
+been done in his absence; in some fear he is bringing in his bill,
+the while he is tying on his professional apron. Mr. Dando is
+seated majestically on the table, according to Thackeray's picture
+of the scene; swinging his legs about in a semi-intoxicated state,
+and picking his teeth, in an unconcerned and self-possessed
+manner, with an oyster-knife; a pile of shells, sufficient for many
+grottoes, are at his feet, while the horror-stricken servants are
+gathering other shells scattered around. The professor is supposed
+to have just met the reasonable demand for payment made
+by the deluded master of the establishment with a yell of tipsy
+laughter, and the announcement that his name is <i>Dando</i>, and that
+he never pays! Above his head may be read the comforting
+intelligence that a great reduction is made on taking a quantity, to
+which advantage Dando is very obviously entitled.</p>
+
+<p>The last plate ('Bedford Row Conspiracy'), 'Mr. Perkins discovered
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">450</a></span>
+in the Zoological Gardens,' depicts Mr. John Perkins
+standing, with the fair Lucy Gorgon, on the parapet which surrounds
+the bearpit at the Zoological Gardens. The lady's hands
+are placed on the gentleman's shoulder, his arm is round her
+waist, she being somewhat timid, and he is encouraging her to
+jump down&mdash;into his fond arms. She obeys him, and jumps
+plump into the awful presence of her aunt and guardian, Lady
+Gorgon, who is at the head of a neat little train, consisting of three
+Miss Gorgons, Master Gorgon, a French governess, and a footman
+carrying a poodle, all of whom had listened for some minutes to
+the billings and cooings of this imprudent young pair.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-476.jpg" width="398" height="377" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Prepared!</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-477.jpg" width="409" height="608" alt="" />
+
+<p class="caption">Original Studies of Halberdiers of the Georgian Era</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451"></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452">452</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The last story reprinted in this series is 'The Fatal Boots,'
+which appears without any pictures, the artist and author modestly
+declaring that, as this edifying narrative originally appeared with
+George Cruikshank's illustrations (in the 'Comic Almanack' for
+1839), he is not inclined to provoke comparisons between the
+works of that eminent designer and his own.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">Allusions to caricature-drawing are frequent throughout
+Thackeray's works, and he delighted to bring the young art-amateur
+on his scenes.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-478.jpg" width="232" height="282" alt="" />
+
+</div>
+
+<p>With pencil as with pen, he had the power of carrying
+the mind back to the days of the early essayists, and his reconstructive
+skill is remarkable when he draws the picture of the
+times in which his rich fancy and his taste for antiquarian completeness
+found the most delightful materials.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-479.jpg" width="77" height="178" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-479-copy.jpg" width="78" height="190" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-479-copy-2.jpg" width="258" height="275" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>We follow the artist's quaint vein of humour and realism from
+the little sketches of chivalry&mdash;the heroes of knight-errantry,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453">453</a></span>
+Crusaders, Saracens, and the more romantic personages&mdash;which
+amused him in his boyhood,
+to his spirited studies illustrative
+of the days when Dick
+Steele's 'Tatler' was beginning
+to be talked about as a paper
+which contained a very unusual
+amount of entertainment,
+from its whimsical combination
+of sterling wit and
+truth to nature. Thackeray
+was peculiarly at home in the
+times of Queen Anne. We
+find his pencil busy reproducing
+the figures of personages who moved in the world under the
+early Georges; and the reign of the third George was as intimately
+familiar to him, in all details of value, as if he had lived through
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454"></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455">455</a></span>
+the triumphs, struggles, and disasters in which his own writings
+revive a stronger interest. We enjoy his researches through the
+great eras of England's history, when Washington led the revolted
+colonies to independence, when Pitt and
+Toryism waged war in the Senate with Fox
+and the friends of liberty, when the fever of
+Revolution arose in France, and threatened
+to infect our own land, and when the 'Corsican'
+was driven down to the death.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-480.jpg" width="555" height="391" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-481.jpg" width="111" height="213" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Waterloo had a strong claim on Thackeray's
+interest; he is partial to alluding to
+the critical point of our history, as all the
+reading world well knows.</p>
+
+<p>It must be conceded that the chief incident
+of 'Vanity Fair' leads up to the great
+battle. References to the famous field occur
+in many portions of his gossip or travels, while
+figures are borrowed from this event to carry
+out the arguments of his novels and lesser essays under all sorts
+of circumstances.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-481-copy.jpg" width="221" height="166" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Even in 'Philip,' which deals with a later period, we are
+carried back to that stirring epoch. For instance, there is that
+disreputable old Gann, the tipsy father of Mrs. Brandon, whose
+acquaintance we made originally in the 'Shabby Genteel Story.' It
+was always a matter of doubt how this worthy came by his rank of
+Captain, which was supposed to have had its rise somehow in connection
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">456</a></span>
+with the Spanish Legion; but, at all events, he had borne
+the distinction so long, that none of his friends dreamt of investigating
+the title.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-482.jpg" width="311" height="371" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The costume affected by 'bucks,' when Thackeray was a
+young man of fashion, comes down to us as preserved in his
+sketches as something very modish and singular, in which the
+taste and style seem nearly as quaint and distant as the knee
+breeches and square skirts of the last century.</p>
+
+<p>'Titmarsh,' who had the courage to dedicate the 'Paris
+Sketch-Book' to a generous French tailor, was himself an
+authority on dress; and, although above all pretensions to 'faddery
+and foppery,' was accustomed to scrutinise closely not only
+men, but the habits they wore.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457">457</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The reader may confirm what we have just said, if he will turn
+to the vigorous and whimsical articles on 'Men and Coats,' which
+Thackeray penned in his younger days.</p>
+
+<p>There is a fine specimen of freedom and independence of convention
+in many of Thackeray's early writings, especially in those
+slashing, downright papers which Titmarsh contributed to the
+magazines, chiefly from the French capital, about the 'Paris
+Sketch-Book' period.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-483.jpg" width="221" height="407" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A Buck of the Old School</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458"></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459">459</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-484.jpg" width="373" height="593" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Heads of the People</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>In those days of Bohemian license there was a fine sterling ring
+about Thackeray's outspoken sentiments. In his manly freedom
+he cared little whether the slashing sentences gave offence or not.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-485.jpg" width="328" height="409" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Danger!</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Criticising the paintings in the Louvre in a paper on 'Men and
+Pictures,' we find the young art-student riding an audacious tournament
+against conventionalisms. He takes very candid exception
+to the practice of surrounding the heads of translated beings,
+and particularly angels, with an invariable halo of gold leaf. He
+happens to remember that stage tradition was always wont to dress
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460">460</a></span>
+the gravedigger in 'Hamlet' in fifteen or sixteen waistcoats, all of
+which are consecutively removed; and he presumes this ancient
+usage is founded on some very early custom,
+real or supposititious, to depart from which
+would savour of profane innovation.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-486.jpg" width="103" height="117" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-486-copy.jpg" width="378" height="316" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">The Princess and the Frog</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another favourite bent of Thackeray's
+humour was the illustration of books of
+fiction. He confessed he longed to write a
+story-book in which generations upon generations
+of schoolboys should revel with delight,
+and which should be filled with the most
+wonderful and mirthful pictures. The illustrations
+on this and the preceding page may serve to show what
+he might have done had he not more especially devoted himself
+to literary work.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">461</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-487.jpg" width="373" height="599" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Heads of the People</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">462</a></span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-488.jpg" width="258" height="266" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Frontispiece to Murray's 'Official Handbook of Church and State'</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-488-copy.jpg" width="284" height="95" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">The Legislature and Officers of the Houses of Parliament</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The facile character of Thackeray's pencil was remarkable; the
+numerous sketches he left, and which in all probability, from the
+circumstances of their ownership, will never in our day gratify a
+public who would appreciate their publication, attest his versatile
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">463</a></span>
+industry. No subject came amiss to his hand; the most unsuggestive
+works were to him rich in opportunities for whimsical
+parody.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-489.jpg" width="312" height="59" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">The House of Commons</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-489-copy.jpg" width="167" height="440" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Reduction of the National
+Debt.&mdash;Office, Old Jewry</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="caption">The Commissioners were
+originally appointed under the
+Statute of 26 Geo. III. c. i.
+In that year a more active
+scheme was proposed for the
+diminution of the National
+Debt, by the appropriation of
+one million per annum to the
+Sinking Fund, and the moneys
+devoted to this end were
+vested in the Commissioners,
+and placed under their management.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-489-copy-2.jpg" width="66" height="117" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">General Board of Health,
+Parliament Street</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-489-copy-3.jpg" width="60" height="120" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Clerk of the Petty Bag.
+Petty Bag Office, Rolls Yard</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-489-copy-4.jpg" width="62" height="48" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Groom in Waiting.<br />
+The Lord Chamberlain's Department,
+Office, Stable Yard, St. James's
+Palace</p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464">464</a></span></p>
+
+<p>No one can say the number of books, papers, scraps, &amp;c.,
+to which an intrinsic value has been contributed by the great humourist's
+<i>penchant</i> for exercising his graphic fancy.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-490.jpg" width="419" height="259" alt="" />
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">465</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XIX.</h2>
+
+<p class="ch_summ">
+Thackeray as a Traveller&mdash;Journey in Youth from India to England&mdash;Little
+Travels at Home&mdash;Sojourn in Germany&mdash;French Trips&mdash;Residence
+in Paris&mdash;Studies in Rome&mdash;Sketches and Scribblings in Guide-Books&mdash;Little
+Tours and Wayside Studies&mdash;Brussels&mdash;Ghent and the Béguines&mdash;Bruges&mdash;<i>Croquis</i>
+in Murray's 'Handbooks to the Continent'&mdash;Up the
+Rhine&mdash;'From Cornhill to Grand Cairo'&mdash;Journeys to America&mdash;Switzerland&mdash;'A
+Leaf out of a Sketch-Book'&mdash;The Grisons&mdash;Verona&mdash;'Roundabout
+Journeys'&mdash;Belgium and Holland.
+</p>
+
+<p>Another aspect in which it is
+agreeable to contemplate Thackeray
+is that of a traveller, for in
+this character he must have gone
+over a considerable portion of
+the more interesting parts of the
+world. From India to England,
+in his seventh year, with that
+memorable call at St. Helena,
+where the youngster caught a
+fugitive glimpse of the great Napoleon
+in his solitary exile.</p>
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-491.jpg" width="170" height="264" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">W. M. T. on his travels</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Little journeyings about England
+between boyhood and
+youth, then a stolen visit to Paris,
+in a college vacation. Then the
+residence at Weimar and Eberfeld,
+with rovings about Germany.
+Then to Paris to see the
+world, to study men, manners,
+and pictures; half art-student, half pursuing the art of amusing
+oneself. Then a more serious application to the earlier stages of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466">466</a></span>
+that somewhat lengthy road which every aspirant must plod who
+would follow the artist's career.</p>
+
+<p>Let us take up one of his travelling companions and pass a
+day with the easy-working, comfortably-provided, and satirically-observant
+young 'buck,' who found himself so
+pleasantly at home in Louis Philippe's slightly
+uncertain capital.</p>
+
+<p>'Planta's Paris' is not the most familiar of
+travelling companions, its descriptions are not
+altogether modern, but the glimpse it affords
+us of the French capital is curious from the
+circumstance that it registers the swiftness of
+change in the Centre of Pleasure. It might
+be an amusing study to reproduce from its
+pages the attractions of Paris in 1827, the
+date of the fifteenth edition of this work;
+but the stout square little book possesses a
+stronger interest, as it had the advantage of
+belonging to Michael Angelo Titmarsh, and
+in his pocket it probably tumbled and tossed
+across the Channel.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-492.jpg" width="94" height="209" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">At Weimar</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is rather difficult to connect Mr. Titmarsh with the stereotyped
+extracts of a guide-book, but the copy under consideration
+was fortunately selected as a repository for the occasional sketches
+suggested to the fancy of its proprietor.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-492-copy.jpg" width="126" height="149" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>In those 'flying stage' days travellers booked their passage,
+per coach, from the Spread Eagle, Piccadilly, to Paris. On this
+service the journey from Calais to Paris
+was performed by the 'Hirondelle' in
+thirty hours. It was in this manner Mr.
+Pogson accomplished his eventful first
+journey, in the society of the fascinating
+'Baronne de Florval Delval,' as set forth
+in the pages of Mr. Titmarsh's 'Paris
+Sketch-Book.' Mr. Titmarsh has probably
+contributed the pencilling of the 'old
+<i>régime</i>' personage in the margin during
+the progress to the capital. Travelling caps of every order were
+assumed for comfort during the jolting on the road.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467">467</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Titmarsh had become a partial resident in Paris. He
+might have been seen mastering the contents of the Louvre, the
+Beaux Arts, and the Luxembourg;
+occasionally mounting an easel and
+copying a picture.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-493.jpg" width="167" height="286" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Betweenwhiles he is, we may reasonably
+suppose, engaged on materials
+similar to his 'Paris Sketch-Book,'
+or transferring the thrilling
+thoughts of Béranger into verses which
+preserve the vitality of that mighty
+songster. Here the young author and
+his fanciful double evidently commenced
+their daily promenade&mdash;we
+may vainly sigh for the pleasure of
+forming one of such a desirable party&mdash;but
+in spirit, assisted by the sketches
+which mark his progress, it is just
+possible to follow the humourist.
+'Planta's Paris' is produced from
+his pocket to receive rapid pencil
+jottings, slight but graphic, as the
+subjects present themselves.</p>
+
+<p>First, the lolling <i>ouvrier</i>, common to Paris in all seasons and
+under every government, slow and shuffling, a
+lounger through successive <i>régimes</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-493-copy.jpg" width="91" height="88" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>We recognise the reign of the 'Citizen King'
+in the person of one of his citizen soldiers, a
+worthy National Guard, hurrying from commercial
+allurements to practise the military duties
+of a patriot.</p>
+
+<p>At another time Mr. Titmarsh may refresh his pictorial tastes
+by the inspection of M. Phillipon's latest onslaught on 'the <i>poire</i>.'</p>
+
+<p>Here we confront M. Aubert's renowned collection of political
+cartoons in the Galerie Veron-Dodat, the head-quarters of that
+irrepressible army of caricaturists whose satiric shafts kept the
+stout Louis Philippe in a quiver of irritation, until he swept away
+the liberty of the press.</p>
+
+<p>Before us stands a stern dissentient from any expression assailing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468">468</a></span>
+the inviolability of the absolute Sovereign who cleverly misnamed
+himself the 'King of the Barricades.'</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-494.jpg" width="161" height="303" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A Citizen Soldier</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-494-copy.jpg" width="142" height="394" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">The Army</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Here is a sketchy reminiscence of the <i>Jardin Bullier</i>, over
+the water, close by the Barrière d'Enfer. We may imagine that
+this recollection has been revived
+by some flaring <i>affiché</i> posted on the
+walls regarding a 'long night' and
+the admission of 'fancy costumes'
+at that traditional retreat.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-494-copy-2.jpg" width="143" height="122" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>We next get a peep into a <i>cabaret</i>,
+while still in pursuit of the military
+train, and here the artist regales us
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469">469</a></span>
+with a spirited realisation of 'Mars surrendering to Bacchus,' in
+a picture not unworthy of Hogarth. These gentlemen are content
+to espouse the side which offers the best chance of enjoyment&mdash;a
+phase not entirely extinct in the French army, and one that
+has been relied on in recent instances.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-495.jpg" width="393" height="418" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>These last drawings are executed with a pen, and cleverly
+shaded in Indian ink.</p>
+
+<p>Showers, sharp though short, are frequent enough in Paris.
+Mr. Titmarsh, in the shelter of a 'Passage'&mdash;possibly the 'Panoramas'&mdash;seizes
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">470</a></span>
+the opportunity of this enforced captivity to produce
+a flying sketch of the damp world out of doors.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-496.jpg" width="409" height="185" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Mr. Titmarsh has stepped for a moment into the shelter of a
+church, for we here find a life-like picture of a priest bearing the
+Elements.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-496-copy.jpg" width="100" height="171" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The shower is over: the sun shines brighter than ever, and
+Mr. Titmarsh is tempted to trudge over to the Luxembourg. After
+a few practical criticisms on the paintings, he wanders into the
+quaint gardens surrounding this palace of art. His active pencil
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_471" id="Page_471">471</a></span>
+finds immediate employment on an ever-recurring group,
+wherever <i>bonnes</i> abound there may the soldiers be found.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-497.jpg" width="318" height="307" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>These little sketches are full of familiar life.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-497-copy.jpg" width="343" height="175" alt="" />
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472">472</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The <i>barrière</i> is passed, and Mr. Titmarsh takes a stroll in the
+environs. His pencil preserves for our amusement this record of
+his wanderings.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-498.jpg" width="326" height="106" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-498-copy.jpg" width="209" height="290" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>We may here allude to his kindly feeling for children, whose
+romps so often employed his pen. Further down the shady groves
+the <i>coco</i> seller finds a customer in a <i>militaire</i>, whose tastes are simple,
+or whose means do not compass a more ambitious beverage.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_473" id="Page_473">473</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Before he dines, Mr. Titmarsh returns to his lodgings (possibly
+the very ones he occupied during the tragedy of Attwood's violent
+end, described in the 'Gambler's Death'), to 'wash-in' a few
+<i>croquis</i> in Indian ink; and there, we may assume, he traces on a
+loose scrap of paper the whimsical outline of 'An Eastern Traveller.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-499.jpg" width="220" height="340" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">An Eastern Traveller</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Anon Mr. Titmarsh plunges deeper into the art career; his
+aspirations lead him to Rome; there, amidst galleries, artists,
+authors, models, canvases, and easels, he pursues his lively though
+somewhat desultory course. Who could be more at home in the
+head-quarters of the fine arts? who more popular than this kind-hearted,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474">474</a></span>
+keen-witted young satirist? a universal favourite, treasuring,
+perhaps unconsciously, every phase of the mixed life he met
+and led there. Again, as in Paris, a pure Bohemian through inclination,
+and yet fond of fine sights and society, with the <i>entrée</i>
+at his disposal to every circle, refined or vagabond, of the communism
+of a republic of art and letters.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-500.jpg" width="209" height="286" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A Neapolitan 'Snob'</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 248px;">
+<img src="images/i-500-copy.jpg" width="248" height="81" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Southern Italy</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475">475</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 220px;">
+<img src="images/i-501.jpg" width="220" height="309" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A Water-carrier</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/i-501-copy.jpg" width="99" height="220" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Southern Italy</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-501-copy-2.jpg" width="218" height="242" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A Wayside Player</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Italian Sketches</span></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476">476</a></span></p>
+
+<p>And Thackeray was no less at home in Belgium than he was
+in Germany, in Paris, and in Rome.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-502.jpg" width="194" height="252" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Guide Indispensable du Voyageur en Belgique</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 104px;">
+<img src="images/i-502-copy.jpg" width="104" height="130" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Germania</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 223px;">
+<img src="images/i-502-copy-2.jpg" width="223" height="199" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A Family Jaunt</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 245px;">
+<img src="images/i-503.jpg" width="245" height="250" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">On a Rhine Steamer</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 57px;">
+<img src="images/i-503-copy.jpg" width="57" height="151" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Mât de Coca</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-503-copy-2.jpg" width="279" height="230" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Roadside Sketches</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>His books carry us where we will at pleasure. We can dot
+about quaint Flanders with O'Dowd, Dobbin, and the English
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">477</a></span>
+army, on that famous Waterloo campaign; we can elect as our
+travelling companion that eminent dandy, Arthur Pendennis, Esq.
+We can follow Clive Newcome and quiet J. J. to the 'Congress
+of Baden,' to Italy, and what not, or we can linger with 'Philip' in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478">478</a></span>
+Paris. We can follow Titmarsh through all sorts of delightful
+journeyings; we are assured that promising young genius was
+almost an institution in Paris. He has studied Belgium and
+sojourned in Holland; in 1843 he will allow us to trot over to
+Ireland in his company, for a pleasant little jaunt; in 1846 our
+'Fat Contributor' will suffer us to make one in a pilgrimage from
+Cornhill to Cairo; in 1850 we may join the Kickleburys on the
+Rhine. As to Mr. Roundabout, we may go with him where we
+list&mdash;to America, if we would accept a few grateful souvenirs of
+the New World; to Scotland, where our author's popularity was,
+if possible, even stronger; to Switzerland, Italy, Germany, back to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">479</a></span>
+Belgium and Holland, and through innumerable pleasant reminiscences
+of fair and quaint cities.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-504.jpg" width="160" height="194" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-504-copy.jpg" width="104" height="108" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Little Travels</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-505.jpg" width="236" height="384" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Would you visit the chief sight of Ghent, who could better act
+as your kindly guide, philosopher, and friend than Thackeray? for
+one of the most delightfully fresh and picturesque descriptions of
+the Béguine College or village at Ghent is due to the pen of
+Titmarsh. In following his sketches of this miniature city of
+nuns, which every worthy sightseer has visited in the early stage
+of his travels, the whole place is set out before one with charms
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480">480</a></span>
+added, the old interest is renewed, and we are trotting around the
+quiet shady courts, or are again favoured with an interview by the
+superior in the 'show-parlour,' with its ledger for the names of all
+the Smiths in the universe, while around are displayed the
+treasures of the convent. It is not difficult to imagine Thackeray
+sitting down by the roadside, rapidly making the sketches which
+we give in this chapter.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-506.jpg" width="224" height="320" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>In 1852 Thackeray paid his first visit to America. The generous
+reception accorded him throughout the States is sufficiently
+notorious. Mr. W. B. Reed, who enjoyed in Philadelphia the
+intimacy of the great novelist, has recorded how deeply sympathetic
+was the feeling of our transatlantic cousins for this
+sterling example of a thorough and honest English gentleman.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481">481</a></span>
+Among other tender remembrances of the kindly humourist, he
+writes, hinting with delicate reserve at 'domestic sorrows and
+anxieties too sacred to be paraded before the world':&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-507.jpg" width="192" height="162" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-507-copy.jpg" width="293" height="166" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A Wayside Sketcher</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-508.jpg" width="631" height="245" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A School Fight</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>'In our return journey to Philadelphia, Thackeray referred to
+a friend whose wife had been deranged for many years, hopelessly
+so; and never shall I forget the look, and manner, and voice with
+which he said to me, "It is an awful thing for her to continue so
+to live. It is an awful thing for her so to die. But has it never
+occurred to you, how awful a thing the recovery of lost reason
+must be without the consciousness of the lapse of time? She
+finds the lover of her youth a grey-haired old man, and her infants
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482"></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483">483</a></span>
+young men and women. Is it not sad to think of this?" As he
+talked to me thus, I thought of those oft-quoted lines of tenderness&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Ah me! how quick the days are flitting;</p>
+<p class="i1">I mind me of a time that's gone,</p>
+<p>When here I'd sit, as now I'm sitting,</p>
+<p class="i1">In this same place, but not alone.</p>
+<p>A fair young form was nestled near me,</p>
+<p class="i1">A dear, dear face looked fondly up,</p>
+<p>And sweetly spoke and tried to cheer me&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i1">There's no one now to share my cup!</p>
+</div></div>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-509.jpg" width="310" height="234" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>'Thackeray left us (the Philadelphians) in the winter of 1853,
+and in the summer of the year was on the Continent with his
+daughters. In the last chapter of the "Newcomes," published
+in 1855, he says: "Two years ago, walking with my children in
+some pleasant fields near to Berne, in Switzerland, I strayed from
+them into a little wood; and, coming out of it, presently told
+them how the story had been revealed to me somehow, which, for
+three-and-twenty months, the reader has been pleased to follow."
+It was on this Swiss tour that he wrote me a kindly characteristic
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_484" id="Page_484">484</a></span>
+letter. On the back of this note is a pen-and-ink caricature, of
+which he was not conscious when he began to write, as on turning
+his paper over he alludes to "the rubbishing picture which he
+didn't see." The sketch is very spirited, and is evidently the
+original of one of his illustrations to his grotesque fairy tale of
+the "Rose and the Ring," written (so he told a member of my
+family years afterwards) while he was watching and nursing his
+children, who were ill during this vacation ramble.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-510.jpg" width="290" height="345" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The last journey chronicled by Thackeray was a merry little
+'Roundabout' trip over the old Netherlands ground, in which he
+indulged, without preparation, when overworked and suffering from
+the anxieties of editing the 'Cornhill Magazine;' the journal is
+filled in with the zest of a stolen excursion, and the writer mentions
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485"></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486"></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">487</a></span>
+that no one knew where he had gone; that there was only
+one chance of a letter finding him to curtail the freedom he had
+snatched, and he goes to the post, and there, sure enough, is that
+summons back to the 'thorny cushion,' which abruptly cuts short
+the last recorded holiday jaunt of Thackeray's life. In this last
+little jaunt through Holland, the impressions of the author were as
+fresh and full of pleasant observation as in those wayside sketches
+noted years before.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 103px;">
+<img src="images/i-511-copy.jpg" width="103" height="272" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 107px;">
+<img src="images/i-511.jpg" width="107" height="114" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 53px;">
+<img src="images/i-511-copy-4.jpg" width="53" height="131" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">A Centurion</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-511-copy-3.jpg" width="211" height="126" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Swiss Kine</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-511-copy-2.jpg" width="294" height="197" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">On the Road</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-512.jpg" width="206" height="66" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Dolce far niente</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 185px;">
+<img src="images/i-512-copy-2.jpg" width="185" height="224" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figsub" style="width: 177px;">
+<img src="images/i-512-copy.jpg" width="177" height="197" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Unruly Travellers</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-512-copy-3.jpg" width="383" height="220" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Dutch Pictures</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-513.jpg" width="326" height="149" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Off to Market</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-513-copy.jpg" width="371" height="193" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Dutch Pictures</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">488</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XX.</h2>
+
+<p class="ch_summ">
+Commencement of the 'Cornhill Magazine'&mdash;'Roundabout Papers'&mdash;'Lovel
+the Widower'&mdash;The 'Adventures of Philip on his Way through the World'&mdash;Lectures
+on the 'Four Georges'&mdash;Editorial Penalties&mdash;The 'Thorn in the
+Cushion'&mdash;Harass from disappointed Contributors&mdash;Vexatious Correspondents&mdash;Withdrawal
+from the arduous post of Editor&mdash;Building of Thackeray's
+House in Kensington Palace Gardens&mdash;Christmas 1863&mdash;Death of the
+great Novelist&mdash;The unfinished Work&mdash;Circumstances of the Author's last
+Illness&mdash;His death.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-514.jpg" width="278" height="148" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The great event of the last few years of Thackeray's life was the
+starting of the 'Cornhill Magazine,' the first number of which,
+with the date of January 1860, appeared shortly before Christmas
+in the previous year. The great success which Charles
+Dickens had met with in conducting his weekly periodical perhaps
+first suggested the project of this new monthly magazine, with
+Thackeray for editor. But few expected a design so bold and
+original as they found developed by the appearance of Number 1.
+The contents were by contributors of first-rate excellence; the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489">489</a></span>
+quantity of matter in each was equal to that given by the old-established
+magazines published at half-a-crown, while the price
+of the 'Cornhill,' as everyone knows, was only a shilling. The
+editor's ideas on the subject of the new periodical were explained
+by him some weeks before the commencement in a characteristic
+letter to his friend, G. H. Lewes, which was afterwards adopted as
+the vehicle of announcing the design to the public.</p>
+
+<p>The first number contained the commencement of that series
+of 'Roundabout Papers' in which we get so many interesting
+glimpses of Thackeray's personal history and feelings, and also the
+opening chapters of his story of 'Lovel the Widower.' The latter
+was originally written in the form of a comedy, entitled 'the Wolf
+and the Lamb,' which was intended to be performed during the
+management of Wigan at the Olympic Theatre, but was finally
+declined by the latter. Thackeray, we believe, acquiesced in the
+unfavourable judgment of the practical manager upon the acting
+qualities of his comedy, and resolved to throw it into narrative
+form, in the story with which his readers are now familiar. This
+was not the first instance of his writing for the stage. If we are
+not mistaken, the libretto of John Barnett's popular opera of the
+'Mountain Sylph,' produced nearly forty years since,
+was from his pen. In the 'Cornhill' also appeared
+his story of 'Philip on his Way through the World.'
+The scenes in this are said to have been founded
+in great part upon his own experiences; and there
+can be no doubt that the adventures of Philip Firmin
+represent, in many respects, those of the Charterhouse
+boy who afterwards became known to the world as
+the author of 'Vanity Fair.' But in all such matters
+it is to be remembered that the writer of fiction feels himself at
+liberty to deviate from the facts of his life in any way which he
+finds necessary for the development of his story. Certainly the
+odious stepfather of Philip must not be taken for Thackeray's
+portrait of his own stepfather, towards whom he always entertained
+feelings of respect and affection.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/i-515.jpg" width="42" height="101" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>We may also remind our readers that the 'Lectures on the
+Four Georges' first appeared in print in the 'Cornhill.' The sales
+reached by the earlier numbers were enormous, and far beyond
+anything ever attained by a monthly magazine; even after the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490">490</a></span>
+usual subsidence which follows the flush of a great success, the
+circulation had, we believe, settled at a point far exceeding the
+most sanguine hopes of the projectors.</p>
+
+<p>These fortunate results of the undertaking were, however, not
+without serious drawbacks. The editor soon discovered that his
+new position was in many respects an unenviable one. Friends
+and acquaintances, not to speak of constant readers and 'regular
+subscribers to your interesting magazine,' sent him bushels of manuscripts,
+amongst which it was rare indeed to find one that could be
+accepted. Sensitive poets and poetesses took umbrage at refusals,
+however kindly and delicately expressed. 'How can I go into
+society with comfort?' asked the editor of a friend at this time.
+'I dined the other day at &mdash;&mdash;'s, and at the table were four gentlemen
+whose masterpieces of literary art I had been compelled
+to decline with thanks.' Not six months had elapsed before he
+began to complain of 'thorns' in the editorial cushion. One lady
+wrote to entreat that her article might be inserted, on the ground
+that she had known better days, and had a sick and widowed
+mother to maintain; others began with fine phrases about the
+merits and eminent genius of the person they were addressing.
+Some found fault with articles, and abused contributor and editor.
+An Irishman threatened proceedings for an implied libel in 'Lovel
+the Widower' upon ballet-dancers, whom he declared to be
+superior to the snarlings of dyspeptic libellers, or the spiteful
+attacks and <i>brutum fulmen</i> of ephemeral authors. This gentleman
+also informed the editor that theatrical managers were in the habit
+of speaking good English, possibly better than ephemeral authors.</p>
+
+<p>It was chiefly owing to these causes that Thackeray finally
+determined to withdraw from the editorship of the magazine,
+though continuing to contribute to it and take an interest in its
+progress. In an amusing address to contributors and correspondents,
+dated March 18, 1862, he made known this determination;
+and in the same address he announced that, while the tale of
+'Philip' had been passing through the press, he had been preparing
+another, on which he had worked at intervals for many years
+past, and which he hoped to introduce in the following year.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-517.jpg" width="238" height="242" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Falling foul of the Skirts</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In a pecuniary sense the 'Cornhill Magazine' had undoubtedly
+proved a fortunate venture for its editor. It was during his
+editorship that he removed from his house, No. 36 Onslow Square,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491">491</a></span>
+in which he had resided for some years, to the more congenial
+neighbourhood of the Palace at Kensington, that 'Old Court
+Suburb' which Leigh Hunt has gossiped about so pleasantly.
+Thackeray took upon a long lease a somewhat dilapidated mansion,
+on the west side of Kensington Palace Gardens. His intention
+was to repair and improve it, but he finally resolved to pull it
+down and build another in its stead. The new house, a handsome,
+solid mansion of choice red brick with stone facings, was
+built from a design drawn by himself; and in this house he continued
+to reside till the time of his death. 'It was,' says Hannay,
+'a dwelling worthy of one who really represented literature in the
+great world, and who, planting himself on his books, yet sustained
+the character of his profession with all the dignity of a gentleman.
+A friend who called on him there from Edinburgh, in the summer
+of 1862, knowing of old his love of the Venusian, playfully reminded
+him of what Horace says of those who, regardless of their sepulchre,
+employ themselves in building houses:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="i3">Sepulchri</p>
+<p>Immemor struis domos.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492">492</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Nay," said he, "I am <i>memor sepulchri</i>, for this house will always
+let for so many hundreds (mentioning the sum) a year."' We may
+add that Thackeray was always of opinion that, notwithstanding
+the somewhat costly proceeding of pulling down and re-erecting,
+he had achieved the rare result, for a private gentleman, of building
+for himself a house which, regarded as an investment of a portion
+of his fortune, left no cause for regret.</p>
+
+<p>Our narrative draws to a close. The announcement of the
+death of Thackeray, coming so suddenly upon us in the very
+midst of our great Christian festival of 1863, caused a shock which
+will be long remembered. His hand had been missed in the last
+two numbers of the 'Cornhill Magazine,' but only because he had
+been engaged in laying the foundation of another of those continuous
+works of fiction which his readers so eagerly expected. In
+the then current number of the 'Cornhill Magazine' the customary
+orange-coloured fly-leaf had announced that 'a new serial
+story' by him would be commenced early in the new year; but
+the promise had scarcely gone abroad when we learnt that the
+hand which had penned its opening chapters, in the full prospect
+of a happy ending, could never again add line or word to that
+long range of writings which must always remain one of the best
+evidences of the strength and beauty of our English speech.</p>
+
+<p>On the Tuesday preceding he had followed to the grave his
+relative, Lady Rodd, widow of Vice-Admiral Sir John Tremayne
+Rodd, K.C.B., who was the daughter of Major James Rennell,
+F.R.S., Surveyor-General of Bengal, by the daughter of the Rev.
+Dr. Thackeray, Head Master of Harrow School. Only the day
+before this, according to a newspaper account, he had been congratulating
+himself on having finished four numbers of a new
+novel; he had the manuscript in his pocket, and with a boyish
+frankness showed the last pages to a friend, asking him to read
+them and see what he could make of them. When he had completed
+four numbers more he said he would subject himself to the
+skill of a very clever surgeon, and be no more an invalid. Only
+two days before he had been seen at his club in high spirits; but
+with all his high spirits, he did not seem well; he complained of
+illness; but he was often ill, and he laughed off his present attack.
+He said that he was about to undergo some treatment which
+would work a perfect cure in his system, and so he made light of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493">493</a></span>
+his malady. He was suffering from two distinct complaints, one
+of which had now wrought his death. More than a dozen years
+before, while he was writing 'Pendennis,' the publication of that
+work was stopped by his serious illness. He was brought to
+death's door, and he was saved from death by Dr. Elliotson, to
+whom, in gratitude, he dedicated the novel when he lived to finish
+it. But ever since that ailment he had been subject every month
+or six weeks to attacks of sickness, attended with violent retching.
+He was congratulating himself, just before his death, on the failure
+of his old enemy to return, and then he checked himself, as if he
+ought not to be too sure of a release from his plague. On the
+morning of Wednesday, December 23, the complaint returned, and
+he was in great suffering all day. He was no, better in the evening,
+and his valet, Charles Sargent, left him at eleven o'clock on
+Wednesday night, Thackeray wishing him 'Good night' as he
+went out of the room. At nine o'clock on the following morning
+the valet, entering his master's chamber as usual, found him lying
+on his back quite still, with his arms spread over the coverlet; but
+he took no notice, as he was accustomed to see his master thus
+after one of his severe attacks. He brought some coffee and
+set it down beside the bed; and it was only when he returned
+after an interval, and found that the cup had not been tasted, that
+a sudden alarm seized him, and he discovered that his master was
+dead. About midnight Thackeray's mother, who slept overhead,
+had heard him get up and walk about the room; but she was not
+alarmed, as this was a habit of her son when unwell. It is supposed
+that he had, in fact, been seized at this time, and that the
+violence of the attack had brought on the effusion on the brain
+which, as the <i>post-mortem</i> examination showed, was the immediate
+cause of death. His medical attendants attributed his death to
+effusion on the brain, and added that he had a very large brain,
+weighing no less than 58½ oz.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, in the full maturity of his powers, died William
+Makepeace Thackeray, one of the closest observers of human
+nature, the most kindly of English humourists; and his death has
+left a blank in our literature, which we, in the present generation
+at least, are offered no prospect of seeing filled up. To quote
+once more his friend Hannay's words: 'It is long since England
+has lost such a son; it will be long before she has such another
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_494" id="Page_494">494</a></span>
+to lose. He was indeed emphatically English&mdash;English as distinct
+from Scotch, no less than English as distinct from Continental.
+The highest, purest English novelist since Fielding, he combined
+Addison's love of virtue, with Johnson's hatred of cant; Horace
+Walpole's lynx eye for the mean and ridiculous, with the gentleness
+and wide charity for mankind, as a whole, of Goldsmith. <i>Non
+omnis mortuus est.</i> He will be remembered in his succession
+with these men for ages to come, as long as the hymn of praise
+rises in the old Abbey of Westminster, and wherever the English
+tongue is native to men, from the banks of the Ganges to those of
+the Mississippi.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i-520.jpg" width="136" height="260" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center s08">
+LONDON: PRINTED BY<br />
+SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE<br />
+AND PARLIAMENT STREET</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes p6">
+
+<h2 class="chap1">FOOTNOTES</h2>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>
+ The most improbable part of this narrative, observes the historian, is,
+that Hannibal, in the very centre of the mountains, should have been able to
+obtain sufficiently large quantities of vinegar for the operations.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>
+ The Right Hon. Hugh Elliot, brother to Lord Minto, at that date English
+Minister at Dresden; he was afterwards made Governor of Madras.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>
+ <i>Marcus Flaminius; or, Life of the Romans, 1795.</i></p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>
+ A similar story has been told of Goldsmith, which, indeed, may have
+suggested the pill-box remedy in the instance in the text.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>
+ Paris correspondent, <i>Morning Post</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>
+ Both the 'new and old Bayleys' are treated to a roasting in the <i>Comic
+Magazine</i>; and we get an earlier glimpse of these worthies, for whom the
+young writer evidently entertained but scanty respect, in <i>Fraser</i> for 1831,
+where, in the November number, Oliver Yorke is supposed to hold a levee,
+at which the prominent celebrities are presented to Regina's editor on various
+pretences&mdash;'Old Bayley, on being sent to France,' and 'Young Bayley, after
+Four Years in the West Indies,' on his arrival to present a copy of the 'Songs
+of Almack's.' This young gentleman came over to the 'London World' in a
+'National Omnibus:' his appearance excited some curiosity.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>
+ He had certainly seen Sydney Smith. A quaint half-caricature outline
+sketch of the latter was contributed by 'Titmarsh' to <i>Fraser's Magazine</i>, at an
+early period of his connection with that journal.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>
+ <i>Edinburgh Evening Courant</i>, Jan. 5, 1864.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>
+ <i>Miscellanies</i>, vol. iv. p. 324.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a>
+ Letter of Edmund Yates in the <i>Belfast Whig</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a>
+ A somewhat similar circumstance happened during the delivery of the
+lectures in America, an allusion in which to 'Catherine Hayes' was warmly
+resented by the Irish newspapers, until the explanation arrived from Thackeray
+that the allusion was not to Catherine Hayes, the famous Irish singer, but to
+Catherine Hayes, the murderess of the last century.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a>
+ Dr. Earle was formerly Bishop of Worcester, from which see he was
+translated to that of Sarum in 1663; he died at Oxford in 1665.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a>
+ Wycherley, in a letter to Pope (May 17, 1709), writes, 'Hitherto your
+"Miscellanies" have safely run the gauntlet through all the coffee-houses,
+which are now entertained with a whimsical new newspaper called the
+"Tatler," which I suppose you have seen.'</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a>
+ White's Chocolate-house was then lower down St. James's Street, and
+on the opposite side to its present site.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a>
+ Will's Coffee-house was on the north side of Russell Street, Covent
+Garden, now No. 23 Great Russell Street.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a>
+ The 'Grecian' was in Devereux Court, Strand.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a>
+ 'Shire Lane' was also the heading of numerous papers.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a>
+ Mr. Isaac, a famous dancing-master at that time, was a Frenchman and
+Roman Catholic.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a>
+</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container footnote">
+<div class="poem">
+<p>Two urns by Jove's high throne have ever stood,</p>
+<p>The source of evil one, and one of good;</p>
+<p>From thence the cup of mortal man he fills,</p>
+<p>Blessings to those, to those distributes ills;</p>
+<p>To most he mingles both: the wretch decreed</p>
+<p>To taste the bad, unmixed, is curst indeed;</p>
+<p>Pursu'd by wrongs, by meagre famine driven,</p>
+<p>He wanders, outcast both of earth and heaven.</p>
+<p class="i10"><i>Pope's Hom. Il.</i> XIV. ver. 863.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a>
+ Arne, of Covent Garden; the father of Dr. Thomas Arne, the musician,
+composer, and dramatic writer, who died in 1778.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_21" id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a>
+ One who sat on my right hand, and, as I found by his discourse, had
+been in the West Indies, assured us 'that it would be a very easy matter for
+the Protestants to beat the Pope at sea;' and added, 'that whenever such a
+war does break out, it must turn to the good of the Leeward Isles.' Upon
+this, one who, as I afterwards found, was the geographer of the company, told
+us for our comfort 'that there were vast tracts of lands about the pole, inhabited
+by neither Protestants nor Papists, and of greater extent than all the
+Roman Catholic dominions in Europe.'</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_22" id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a>
+ The gilt lion's-head letter-box, used in the publication of the 'Guardian,'
+and then placed in Button's coffee-house, was afterwards for many years at the
+Shakespeare tavern, in Covent Garden. The master of this tavern becoming
+insolvent, the lion's head was sold among his effects, Nov. 8, 1804, for £17 10s.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_23" id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a>
+ I have ever had a great respect for the most ingenious as well as most
+populous society within the liberties, namely, the authors and carvers of news,
+generous men! who daily retail their histories and their parts by pennyworths,
+and lodge high, and study nightly for the instruction of such as have the Christian
+charity to lay out a few farthings for these their labours, which, like rain,
+descend from the clouds for the benefit of the lower world.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">My fellow authors are all men of martial spirits, and have an ungovernable
+appetite for blood and mortality. As if they were the sextons of the camp,
+and their papers the charnel-houses, they toll thousands daily to their long
+home; a charitable office! but they are paid for it.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_24" id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a>
+ Nothing is so valuable as Time; and he who comes undesired to help
+to pass it away, might with the same civility and good sense give you to
+understand that he is come, out of pure love to you, with a coach-and-six and
+all his family, to help you to pass away your estate. To have one's hours and
+recesses at the mercy of visitants and intruders is arrant thraldom; and though
+I am an author, I farther declare I would rather pay a mere trifler half-a-crown
+a time than be entertained with his visits and his compliments.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_25" id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a>
+ Author of 'Fables for the Female Sex;' he probably approached the
+nearest of all Gay's imitators to the excellences of that poet. Moore also
+wrote successfully for the stage. He was the author of the comedies of the
+'Foundling' and 'Gil Blas,' and of the famous tragedy of the 'Gamester.'</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_26" id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a>
+ Alluding to the country custom of gathering May-dew.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_27" id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a>
+ The plate garlands of London.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a>
+ The characteristics printed in italics belong to George Colman.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_29" id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a>
+ The orator's epistle is in reality couched in violent and opprobrious language;
+and No. 70 is equally abusive and uncomplimentary to Mr. Town.
+The communications of both of the reverend gentlemen pertain to the bellicose
+order, and threaten breaches of the peace.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_30" id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a>
+ Dr. Johnson seems here to point his homily from the instance of his
+friend Goldsmith. This circumstance gives an individual interest to a slightly
+ponderous sketch.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_31" id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a>
+ <i>North British Review</i>, vol. xl., Feb. 1864.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44563 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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