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diff --git a/44551-h/44551-h.htm b/44551-h/44551-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1891a57 --- /dev/null +++ b/44551-h/44551-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,18895 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> + <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> + <title> + New Zealand Moths and Butterflies + </title> + + <style type="text/css"> + /*---------------------------------------- Default settings for tags -------------------------------------*/ + a:hover { color:red } + a:link { color:blue;text-decoration:none; } + a:visited { color:blue;text-decoration:none; } + body { margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align:justify; } + h1, h2, h3, h4 { text-align:center; font-size:100%; font-weight:normal; margin-bottom:3ex; margin-top:0ex; } + img { border:0; margin-bottom:0ex; margin-top:0ex; 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} + .w16 { width:16%; } + .w20 { width:20%; } + .w25 { width:25%; } + .w50 { width:50%; } + .w100 { width:100%; } + /*-------------------------------------- Media-selective formatting --------------------------------------*/ + @media screen,print { + table.handonly { display:none; } + table.nothand { display:table; } + .poem { margin-left:8em; margin-right:8em; margin-bottom:3ex; text-align:left; } + } + @media handheld { + table.handonly { display:table; } + table.nothand { display:none; } + .poem { margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:3ex; text-align:left; } + div.w20 { width:40%; } + div.w25 { width:50%; } + table.w100 { width:99%; } + } + </style> +</head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44551 ***</div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.3ex;"><span class="x-larger">NEW ZEALAND</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:7.7ex;"><span class="xx-larger">MOTHS AND + BUTTERFLIES.</span></p> + + <div class="smaller sp5"> + <p>"The rearing of larvæ, . . . when joined with the entomological collection, adds immense + interest to Saturday afternoon rambles, and forms an admirable introduction to the study of + physiology."</p> + <p class="sp4 ar"><span class="sc">Herbert Spencer</span>, <i>in 'Education.'</i></p> + <p>"When simple curiosity passes into the love of knowledge as such, and the gratification of + the æsthetic sense of the beauty of completeness and accuracy seems more desirable than the easy + indolence of ignorance; when the finding out of the causes of things becomes a source of joy, + and he is counted happy who is successful in the search; common knowledge of Nature passes into + what our forefathers called Natural History, from whence there is but a step to that which used + to be termed Natural Philosophy, and now passes by the name of Physical Science."</p> + <p class="sp4 ar"><span class="sc">Thomas Henry Huxley</span>, <i>in 'The Crayfish.'</i></p> + <p>"It is interesting to contemplate a tangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, + with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling + through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different + from each other, and dependent upon each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by + laws acting around us. These laws, taken in the largest sense, being Growth with Reproduction; + Inheritance which is almost implied by reproduction; Variability from the indirect and direct + action of the conditions of life, and from use and disuse: a Ratio of Increase so high as to + lead to a Struggle for Life, and as a consequence to Natural Selection, entailing Divergence of + Character and the Extinction of less-improved forms. Thus, from the war of Nature, from famine + and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of + the higher animals, directly follows. There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several + powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one; and that, + whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a + beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved."</p> + <p class="sp0 ar"><span class="sc">Darwin,</span> <i>in 'The Origin of Species.'</i></p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:6.1ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">NEW ZEALAND</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:5.2ex;"><span class="xxxx-larger">MOTHS AND + BUTTERFLIES</span></p> + + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:11ex;"><span class="larger">(MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA).</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">BY</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1ex;"><span class="larger">G. V. HUDSON, F.E.S.,</span></p> + + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:10.7ex;"><span class="smaller"><i>Author of 'An Elementary + Manual of New Zealand Entomology.'</i></span></p> + + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:10.8ex;">WITH 13 PLATES.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1ex;"><span class="smaller">LONDON:</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.3ex;"><span class="smaller">WEST, NEWMAN & Co., 54, + HATTON GARDEN, E.C.</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:7.7ex;"><span class="smaller">1898.</span></p> + + <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp5"> + <a href="images/wnmark.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/wnmark.jpg" alt="Printer's Mark" + title="Printer's Mark"/></a> + </div> + + <h1 class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:3ex;"><span class="x-larger">PREFACE.</span></h1> + + <p>The present work is intended as a guide to those who desire to collect or study our native + <i>Lepidoptera</i>, and also as a book of reference to the general reader.</p> + + <p>In the Introduction I have first given an outline of the Transformations and Structure of the + <i>Lepidoptera</i>. Then a brief sketch of the Darwinian theories respecting the origin of species + and their special application to various phenomena exhibited by moths and butterflies, as well as + a short outline of the general principles which have been followed in framing modern + classifications of the order. Next follow five chapters on the various groups dealt with.</p> + + <p>With a few exceptions this work only treats of what are, for the sake of convenience, termed + the <i>Macro-Lepidoptera</i>. A similar work on the numerous and interesting species of + <i>Micro-Lepidoptera</i> found in New Zealand may at some future time be undertaken.</p> + + <p>In conclusion, I have to discharge the pleasurable duty of thanking the numerous entomologists + who have so liberally assisted me in the production of this work. First, and especially, my thanks + are due to Mr. Meyrick, without whose masterly papers and 'Handbook' but little could have been + accomplished. Next, to Mr. R. W. Fereday, who very kindly allowed me to figure many species of + which he alone possesses specimens—in itself an invaluable assistance. I have also to + express my thanks to Messrs. E. F. Hawthorne, H. P. Hanify, R. I. Kingsley, A. Norris, A. + Philpott, and others for the loan of specimens, and for much valuable information regarding the + localities and habits of rare or local species. Lastly, I have to acknowledge the aid so willingly + given by my lamented friend, the late Mr. A. S. Olliff, of Sydney.</p> + + <div class="poem sp5"> + <p><span class="sc">Karori, Wellington,</span></p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="sc">New Zealand,</span></p> + <p style="margin-left:2.80em"><span class="smaller">1897.</span></p> + </div> + + <h1 class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3ex;"><span class="x-larger">CONTENTS.</span></h1> + + <table class="sp5 mc" title="Table of Contents" summary="Table of Contents"> + <tr class="pt05 pb05"> + <td></td> + <td class="smaller">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05 pb05"> + <td>INTRODUCTION</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pageix">ix</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05 pb05"> + <td>THE CARADRININA</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page1">1</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05 pb05"> + <td>THE NOTODONTINA</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page38">38</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05 pb05"> + <td>THE PAPILIONINA</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page101">101</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05 pb05"> + <td>THE PSYCHINA</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page122">122</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05 pb05"> + <td>THE MICROPTERYGINA (<span class="smaller">PART ONLY</span>)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05 pb05"> + <td>APPENDIX (<span class="sc">Descriptive List of Plants</span>)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page137">137</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05 pb05"> + <td>GENERAL INDEX</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page141">141</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05 pb05"> + <td>SPECIAL INDEX</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page142">142</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05 pb05"> + <td>PLATES AND EXPLANATIONS</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page145">145</a></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageix">{ix}</span></div> + + <h1 class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:3ex;"><span class="x-larger">INTRODUCTION.</span></h1> + + <p class="sp3">The order <i>Lepidoptera</i>, which includes all those insects commonly known as + Moths and Butterflies, is chiefly distinguished by its members possessing four wings clothed with + numerous minute scales, the term <i>Lepidoptera</i> being derived from the two Greek words, <span + title="lepis" class="fsn">λεπις</span>, a scale, and <span + title="pteron" class="fsn">πτερον</span>, a wing. The mouth of these + insects is suctorial, the maxillæ forming a spiral proboscis which is coiled up between the large + labial palpi when not in use (see Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., figs. 5 and 6). The other oral + organs are rudimentary. To acquire this form these insects pass through three very distinct + stages, viz., the Egg, the Larva, and the Pupa.</p> + + <h2 class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="larger">I.—METAMORPHOSIS.</span></h2> + + <p class="ac">THE EGG.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The eggs of <i>Lepidoptera</i> are generally somewhat globular, much flattened + above and beneath. Some are very elaborately sculptured, whilst others are quite smooth. They are + usually white or yellowish, but always change much in colour as the contained embryo develops.</p> + + <p class="ac">THE LARVA.</p> + + <p>The larvæ of moths and butterflies are popularly known as caterpillars. They always consist of + thirteen segments, segment number one being the head. The head is furnished with several simple + eyes (Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., fig. 2, AA), a pair of very short antennæ (BB), and a very + powerful masticatory mouth. The mouth consists of the following organs: The labrum, or upper lip + (1); a pair of mandibles, or upper jaws, working like scissor-blades (2,2); two maxillæ, or lower + jaws (3,3), each carrying a jointed organ termed the maxillary palpus; and the labium, or lower + lip (4); which bears another pair of minute jointed appendages—the labial palpi.</p> + + <p>Segments 2, 3, and 4, which answer to the thorax of the perfect insect, are each furnished with + a pair of legs. They consist of the six following joints (fig. 2): (<i>a</i>) coxa, (<i>b</i>) + trochanter, (<i>c</i>) femur, (<i>d</i>) tibia, (<i>e</i>) tarsus, and (<i>f</i>) claw. These legs + correspond to those of the perfect insect. The remaining nine segments of the body constitute the + abdomen. Usually segments 7 to 9 and 13, each have a pair of fleshy pads, which are termed prolegs + and are furnished on their edges with a row of minute hooklets (see Plate <a + href="#plate1">I</a>., fig. 14, proleg highly magnified). It is these hooklets which enable + caterpillars to hold on by means of their prolegs with such great tenacity. The number of the + prolegs varies considerably in different groups and families.</p> + + <p>The <i>spiracles</i>, or orifices of the air-tubes, are situated on each side of the larva just + above the legs. They are usually present on segments 2 and 5 to 12, but vary <span class="pagenum" + id="pagex">{x}</span>considerably in different groups and families. The larva is provided with a + very complete digestive system, which consists of the following organs (see Plate <a + href="#plate1">I</a>., fig. 9): A, the œsophagus; D, the ventriculus; F, the clavate + intestine; E, the ilium; H, the colon; K, the biliary vessels; and O, the spinning vessels. These + last open at a small orifice in the labium termed the spinneret (fig. 2, 5). They supply the + silken threads which are employed by most larvæ in constructing their cocoons, and which also + serve in cases of danger as a rapid means of retreat. Many larvæ, which live on shrubs and trees, + suddenly lower themselves to the ground by means of one of these silken threads, and thus often + escape being devoured by insectivorous animals.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The entire growth of the insect is accomplished during the larval condition, the + increase in size being frequently very rapid. Owing to this circumstance larvæ are often compelled + to shed their skin, and in many species a very considerable alteration both in the shape and + colour takes place at each moult, or ecdysis as it is sometimes termed.</p> + + <p class="ac">THE PUPA.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The pupa of a Lepidopterous insect is completely encased in a chitinous envelope. + With the exception of a slight twirling of the abdominal segments it is incapable of any motion. + In the pupa of <i>Micropteryx</i> the mandibles and labial palpi are said to be functionally + active, but this is a very exceptional though extremely interesting case. In conjunction with + other evidence it would appear to indicate that the <i>Lepidoptera</i> originated from insects + with active pupæ. The number of free or movable segments of pupæ varies considerably in different + groups and genera, and by some modern authors it is regarded as a character of much importance in + the framing of their classifications. The various organs of the perfect insect are distinctly + marked out on the otherwise uniform integument of the pupa. In some groups, notably the + <i>Micropterygina</i>, these organs are much more distinctly indicated than in others.</p> + + <h2 class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="larger">II.—ANATOMY.</span></h2> + + <p class="ac">THE PERFECT INSECT OR IMAGO.</p> + + <p class="sp3">In common with all other members of the class, the body of a Lepidopterous insect + consists of three main divisions: (1) the head, (2) the thorax, and (3) the abdomen.</p> + + <p class="ac">THE HEAD.</p> + + <p>The front of the head is termed the <i>face</i>, the top the <i>crown</i>, the sides are nearly + entirely occupied by the compound eyes (Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., fig. 11, AA), and the + lower surface by the organs of the mouth.</p> + + <p>The <i>Eyes</i> consist of a very large number of simple lenses arranged in the form of two + hemispheres, one on each side of the head. The <i>ocelli</i>, or simple eyes, are situated on the + crown, and are usually almost entirely covered by scales.</p> + + <p>The <i>Antennæ</i> are two jointed appendages attached to the top of the head above the eyes. + They vary very much in structure. The following are the terms used in describing the different + forms of antennæ in the <i>Lepidoptera</i><span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p>1. <i>Pectinated</i>, when the joints have long processes like the teeth of a comb. If these + are on one side only, the antennæ are <i>unipectinated</i>; if on both sides, <i>bipectinated</i>. + (Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., fig. 20, bipectinated antenna of <i>Nyctemera annulata</i>.)</p> + + <p>2. <i>Dentate</i>, when the joints are armed with slight pointed spines.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexi">{xi}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Serrate</i>, when the joints have sharp projections like the teeth of a saw. (Fig. 18, + antenna of <i>Melanchra composita</i>.)</p> + + <p>4. <i>Filiform</i>, when the whole antenna is simple or thread-like. (Fig. 19, antenna of + <i>Epirranthis alectoraria</i>.)</p> + + <p>The clothing of the antennæ also varies, and is distinguished as under<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p>1. <i>Ciliated</i>, when clothed with one or two series of short, fine hairs.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Fasciculate-ciliated</i>, when the hairs are collected into tufts. (Fig. 17, antenna of + <i>Chloroclystis plinthina</i>.)</p> + + <p>3. <i>Pubescent</i>, when the antennæ are clothed with uniform short hairs. (Fig. 19.)</p> + + <p>The functions of the antennæ are still a matter of dispute amongst entomologists. The majority + of the older naturalists regarded them as organs of hearing. The antennæ are almost always more + fully developed in the male than in the female. From this circumstance many modern entomologists + consider that one of their functions is to enable the former to find the latter.</p> + + <p>The organs of the mouth are thus distinguished:—</p> + + <p>1. The <i>Labrum</i>, or upper lip (Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., fig. 11, <i>l</i>), a + minute rudimentary plate situated in front immediately above the proboscis.</p> + + <p>2. The <i>Mandibles</i>, or upper jaws (m.m), two minute sickle-shaped organs situated just + below the labrum, also rudimentary.</p> + + <p>3. The <i>Proboscis</i>, or <i>Haustellum</i><a id="NtA_1" href="#Nt_1"><sup>[1]</sup></a> (c), + a tubular extensible organ formed of the two maxillæ, or lower jaws, which have become greatly + elongated, semi-tubular, and closely pressed together at the edges, but separable at the will of + the insect—a structure which enables the organ to be easily cleansed when necessary, and is + extremely interesting as indicating so clearly the true development of the proboscis from the + maxillæ.</p> + + <p>The <i>Maxillary palpi</i> (p.p) are two jointed organs attached to the base of the proboscis + and very frequently rudimentary, but fully developed amongst certain of the + <i>Micro-Lepidoptera</i>.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The <i>Labium</i>, or lower lip, is situated below the proboscis and carries the + <i>Labial palpi</i> (figs. 5 and 6), two large jointed organs which are very conspicuous in nearly + all the species and often quite conceal the maxillary palpi. They are usually regarded as organs + of touch, but their true function does not seem to be properly understood. In the + <i>Lepidoptera</i> they appear to protect the proboscis, which, when out of use, is always coiled + up in a spiral between them. The labrum and mandibles can only be seen by removing the large + labial palpi.</p> + + <p class="ac">THE THORAX</p> + + <p>carries the organs of locomotion, which consist of two pairs of wings attached to its sides, + and three pairs of legs attached beneath, a pair belonging to each of the three segments of which + the thorax is composed. On the front of the thorax there are two flap-like organs covered with + scales, termed the <i>patagia</i>.</p> + + <p>The <i>Wings</i> vary greatly in shape, but usually they are triangular. The portion of the + wing which joins on to the thorax is termed the <i>base</i>. The front margin is called the + <i>costa</i>, the outer margin the <i>termen</i>, and the lower margin the <i>dorsum</i>, these + being described as situated when the wing is extended in flight. The angle between the costa and + termen <span class="pagenum" id="pagexii">{xii}</span>is called the <i>apex</i>, and the angle + between the termen and the dorsum the <i>tornus</i> (see Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., fig. 1). + The termen and dorsum are edged with a fringe of hair-like scales, termed the <i>cilia</i>. At the + base of the hind-wings is generally situated a stiff bristle, or several stiff hairs, called the + <i>frenulum</i>, the ends of which pass through a chitinous process on the under side of the + fore-wing near the dorsum. This process is termed the <i>retinaculum</i>, and serves, in + conjunction with the frenulum, to lock the wings together during flight. In the female both these + organs are often very imperfectly developed, the frenulum consisting of several bristly hairs, and + the retinaculum of a group of stiff scales. In many of the <i>Lepidoptera</i> both frenulum and + retinaculum are entirely wanting.</p> + + <p>"In the <i>Micropterygina</i>, a membranous or spine-like process called the <i>jugum</i> rises + from the dorsum of the fore-wing near the base and passes under the hind-wing, which is thus held + between the process and the overlapping portion of the fore-wing."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p>The veins of the wings are thus described by Mr. Meyrick<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p>"The wings are traversed by a system of <i>Veins</i>—tubular structures which serve at + once as extensions of the tracheal system, and to form a stiff framework for the support of the + wing. In the normal type of <i>Lepidoptera</i> the fore-wings possess three free veins towards the + dorsum, termed 1<i>a</i>, 1<i>b</i>, and 1<i>c</i>; a central cell, out of which rise ten veins, + numbered 2 to 11, the sides of the cell being known as the upper median, lower median, and + transverse veins respectively; and a free subcostal vein, numbered 12; whilst the hind-wings + differ from the fore-wings in having only six veins rising from the central cell, numbered 2 to 7, + so that the free subcostal vein is numbered 8 (see Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., figs. 3 and 4, + assumed type of neuration of a Lepidopterous insect). In some forms a forked parting-vein + traverses the middle of the cell longitudinally, and a second parting-vein traverses the upper + portion, so as to form a secondary cell; but these are more frequently absent or represented only + by folds in the membrane. In a few forms there is a tendency to the production of several false + veins, termed <i>pseudoneuria</i>, appearing as short branches from the subcostal vein of the + hind-wings to the costa; these are thickenings of the membrane, and are commonly very irregular + and variable, often uneven in thickness or incomplete. Sometimes one of these near the base is + better developed and more permanent in character; it is then termed the <i>præcostal spur</i> (see + Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., figs. 8<sup>9</sup> and 27<sup>9</sup>). Modifications in the + general arrangement of the veins may arise through any of the following processes, viz.: (1) + <i>obsolescence</i>, when a vein loses its normal tubular structure, becoming attenuated and + reduced in substance, until it appears a mere fold of the membrane (Plate <a + href="#plate2">II</a>., fig. 60, vein 5 in hind-wings of <i>Selidosema</i>); (2) <i>stalking</i>, + when the two veins are fused together for a portion of their length from their base, so as to + appear to rise on a common stalk (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., fig. 34, veins 6 and 7 in + hind-wing of <i>Hydriomena</i>); (3) <i>coincidence</i>, when two veins are fused together for the + whole of their length, so that one appears entirely absent, an extreme form of stalking; (4) + <i>anastomosis</i>, when two veins rise separate, meet, and are fused together for a certain + distance, and then separate again (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., fig. 23, veins 7 and 8 in the + hind-wings of the ♀ of <i>Tatosoma</i>); (5) <i>concurrence</i>, when a vein rises + separate, runs into another, and does not separate again, an extreme form of anastomosis; (6) + <i>connection</i>, when two veins are connected by a short transverse bar passing from one to the + other, a special form of anastomosis, evolved from the ordinary form under the influence of a + tendency to lateral extension (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., fig. 28, veins 7 and 8 in + hind-wing of <i>Paradetis</i>). Vein 1<i>b</i> in both wings is often furcate at the base.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexiii">{xiii}</span></div> + + <p>"The type of veins in the <i>Micropterygina</i> differs from that described above in two + essential particulars, viz.: (1) there may be three additional veins in the fore-wings, rising out + of vein 11 or 12; and (2) the veins of the hind-wings are practically identical in number and + structure with those of the fore-wings, being thus much more numerous than in the ordinary type. + There is also often a system of cross-bars between the veins near the base of the wing (Plate <a + href="#plate1">I</a>., figs. 22 and 23, neuration of <i>Hepialus</i>).</p> + + <p>"The structure of the veins can be best observed on the under surface of the wing, where they + are more prominent. The student should begin by completely denuding of scales a few wings of + common species: the wing should be cut off and laid on a moistened piece of glass, to which it + will adhere; the scales should then be removed, first from one surface and then from the other, + with a fine, moist camel's-hair brush—an operation requiring a little patience and delicacy + of touch; the veins will thus be rendered conspicuous.<a id="NtA_2" + href="#Nt_2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> When, however, the student has familiarised himself with the + general subject, it will not be found necessary in practice to resort to this process; most + details will be easily observed without denudation<a id="NtA_3" href="#Nt_3"><sup>[3]</sup></a>; + where this is not the case (as where the veins are closely crowded or otherwise obscured), the + scales can be removed with the brush on the under surface in the locality of the difficulty only, + without cutting off the wing or otherwise damaging the specimen, which remains in the collection + available for all purposes as before; with proper practice, even the smallest species are amenable + to this treatment, which does not require more skill than the actual setting of the specimen. Some + workers prefer to put a drop of benzine on the spot, which renders it temporarily transparent; the + effect is short-lived, as the benzine evaporates rapidly, and the cilia (if long) are liable to be + damaged by this method."</p> + + <p class="sp3">The <i>Legs</i> consist of the following joints (see Plate <a + href="#plate1">I</a>., fig. 21): (1) <i>coxa</i>, (2) <i>trochanter</i>, (3) <i>femur</i>, (4) + <i>tibia</i>, (5) <i>tarsus</i>, (6) <i>claw</i>. The tarsus normally consists of five joints, but + is more or less aborted when the leg is not employed for walking. The spines (SS) on the tibiæ of + the several legs vary considerably in size and number. They are often useful to the systematist + for purposes of classification.</p> + + <p class="ac">THE ABDOMEN</p> + + <p class="sp3">consists of nine segments, some of which are often fused together. It contains the + various internal organs, of which the most important are those of Digestion and Reproduction. The + <i>Digestive System</i> (Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., fig. 10) consists of the following + organs: A, the <i>œsophagus</i>, or throat; C, the <i>sucking stomach</i>; D, the + <i>ventriculus</i> or stomach; E, the <i>small intestine</i>; G, the <i>cæcum</i>; H, the + <i>colon</i>; K, the <i>biliary vessels</i>; N, the <i>salivary vessels</i>. The function of the + <i>sucking stomach</i> is to exhaust the air in the throat and proboscis, and thus to cause the + ascent of the fluids into the stomach when the insect is feeding.</p> + + <h2 class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="larger">III.—ORIGIN OF + SPECIES.</span></h2> + + <p>The theory of the origin of species as propounded by Darwin may be thus very briefly + summarised<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexiv">{xiv}</span></div> + + <p><span class="sc">Variation.</span>—No two organisms are exactly alike; there is always + some variation from the parent form, in some cases very slight, in others considerable. (For + examples of variation see Plate <a href="#plate7">VII</a>., figs. 1 to 9, varieties of + <i>Hydriomena deltoidata</i>; Plate <a href="#plate8">VIII</a>., figs. 42 to 47, varieties of + <i>Epirranthis alectoraria</i>; Plate <a href="#plate9">IX</a>., figs. 6 to 14, varieties of + <i>Selidosema productata</i>; Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., figs. 13 to 23, varieties of + <i>Azelina gallaria</i>; Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., figs. 39 to 47, varieties of <i>Declana + floccosa</i>.)</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Inheritance.</span>—Many of these variations are inherited—a fact + demonstrated by our domestic plants and animals, where man has selected and bred from varieties + suitable for his purposes, and has thus produced races in which the variation is permanent. Many + of the races of domestic animals differ as much from one another as do some distinct species of + wild animals.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Struggle for Existence.</span>—All animals and plants produce far more + offspring than can possibly survive, thus giving rise to the struggle for existence. For example: + The average number of eggs laid by a Lepidopterous insect is certainly over 100, and in many + species this number is greatly exceeded. Assuming each female to lay 100 eggs, the progeny from a + single pair would amount, after six generations, to over six million individuals.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Natural Selection</span>, or the <span class="sc">Survival of the + Fittest</span>.—In the struggle for existence which necessarily results from such a great + increase of individuals, those variations which favoured the possessors would be preserved, whilst + those which did not, would be gradually exterminated. This principle of the preservation of the + favourable varieties in the struggle for life is called Natural Selection, or the Survival of the + Fittest.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><span class="sc">Divergence of Character.</span>—As there are so many + different places and conditions in the economy of nature which can be occupied by organic beings + differently constituted, individuals which diverged most from the original type would be brought + into less severe competition, than those which diverged only in a slight degree. For instance, if + we represent the original form as A, occupying one place in the economy of nature; a second form + as B, occupying a somewhat similar place; a third form as C, occupying a very different place to A + although somewhat similar place to B, it is obvious that B would enter into severe competition + with both A and C, whilst A and C might not trend to any great extent on one another's place in + the natural economy; hence B would be exterminated before either A or C. In other words, natural + selection continually tends to increase the slight differences, which we call varieties, into the + greater differences, which we call species.</p> + + <p>The following phenomena, which have long been observed by students of the <i>Lepidoptera</i>, + will serve as excellent examples of the operation of natural selection<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p><span class="sc">Protective Resemblance.</span>—This term is applied to those classes of + form or colour which enable an animal to so closely resemble its surroundings as to escape the + notice of its enemies. Numerous examples of protective resemblance exist in the New Zealand moths + and butterflies; in fact, it may safely be asserted that nearly all the colouring we observe in + these insects has been acquired for protective purposes. The following species, amongst many + others which will be described hereafter, exhibit in a very marked degree the phenomenon of + protective resemblance: <i>Epirranthis alectoraria</i>, <i>Selidosema dejectaria</i>, and + <i>Drepanodes muriferata</i> resemble dead leaves; <i>Chloroclystis <span class="pagenum" + id="pagexv">{xv}</span>bilineolata</i>, <i>Tatosoma agrionata</i>, and <i>Erana graminosa</i> + resemble, when at rest, patches of moss; <i>Selidosema productata</i> and <i>S. lupinata</i> + resemble the bark of trees; <i>Chloroclystis lichenodes</i>, <i>Declana floccosa</i>, and <i>Elvia + glaucata</i> resemble variously coloured lichens. It is almost unnecessary to point out that all + those variations, which tended to conceal the possessors from their enemies, would be preserved in + the struggle for existence, and that these numerous and perfect instances of protective + resemblance would inevitably result from the operation of natural selection. The dark colouration + of Alpine and Arctic <i>Lepidoptera</i>, which enables them to rapidly absorb heat during the + short and fitful gleams of sunshine experienced on mountains or in high latitudes, is also an + instance of adaptation to conditions through the influence of natural selection. This was first + pointed out by Lord Walsingham in 1885. The almost complete absence of white species in these + localities is a good example of the extinction of forms unfitted to their surroundings.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Contrast Colours.</span>—In this class of colouring the fore-wings only + are protectively coloured, the hind-wings being very conspicuous. Contrast colouring is well + exemplified by several of the insects included in the genus <i>Notoreas</i>. The sudden exhibition + of the hind-wings during flight dazzles the eye of the pursuer. When the insect immediately + afterwards closes its wings and the fore-wings alone are visible, it is extremely difficult to + see. This form of protective colouring was also first drawn attention to by Lord Walsingham. (See + page 75.)</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Warning Colours.</span>—Insects, which are unfit for food or nauseous, + are not protectively coloured, but on the contrary are rendered as conspicuous as possible. This + class of colouring is well illustrated by one of our commonest moths, <i>Nyctemera annulata</i> + (Pl. IV., figs. 1 and 2). The principle of warning colours was first discovered by Mr. A. R. + Wallace, and is graphically described in Professor Poulton's entertaining work, 'The Colours of + Animals.' The possession of nauseous qualities would be of little value to an insect, unless it + could be at once recognised by insectivorous animals and avoided as food. If a nauseous insect + were not easily identified it would speedily be destroyed by what Professor Poulton ingeniously + terms "experimental tasting"; hence, through the process of natural selection, all nauseous + species have become very conspicuously coloured. It may be remarked that warning colours are + extremely rare amongst the New Zealand species, and I am not aware of any other example than that + already given.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Mimicry.</span>—This term is applied to those remarkable cases where a + harmless or edible species imitates in form and colouring a highly armed or nauseous species. No + instances of this extremely interesting class of protection are yet known amongst the New Zealand + <i>Lepidoptera</i>, but a very perfect example of mimicry exists between two common introduced + species of <i>Hymenoptera</i> and <i>Diptera</i>, the well-known honey-bee and the drone-fly. The + superficial resemblance between these two insects is very close. The bee, as every one knows, is + armed with a powerful sting, whilst the drone-fly is unarmed. In this case it can be seen that if + a harmless insect varied in the direction of resembling a formidable or objectionable species it + would be a decided advantage to it, and such varieties would tend to be continually preserved and + improved, through the operation of natural selection. The subject of mimicry has been alluded to + here as it is not impossible that some instances of it may yet be discovered in connection with + our native <i>Lepidoptera</i>.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexvi">{xvi}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3"><span class="sc">Ornamental Colouring.</span>—This class of colouring occurs + in many species, especially amongst the butterflies, and is not apparently connected in any way + with protection. Darwin supposes that it has arisen through the females of each species always + selecting the most beautiful males as mates, hence these alone would leave progeny, and the + females themselves would afterwards become beautiful through the effects of inheritance. This + principle Darwin has termed Sexual Selection, and has discussed it in great detail in his work on + the 'Descent of Man.' The fact, that amongst birds and butterflies the males are nearly always the + most brilliantly coloured and the most beautiful, together with an immense mass of other evidence, + tends, I think, to entirely support Darwin's theory, although it should be mentioned that several + eminent naturalists, including Mr. Wallace, do not admit the principle of Sexual Selection.</p> + + <h2 class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="larger">IV.—CLASSIFICATION.</span></h2> + + <p>From a further consideration of the foregoing principles it will be seen that all existing + species are held to be descended by true generation from pre-existing species, and that, + consequently, all the relationships we observe between species are explained by community of + origin. The most natural system of classification is, therefore, that which best reveals the + scheme of descent, or, as it is termed, the phylogeny, of the group of organisms classified. To + construct a perfect system of classification on these principles a knowledge of not only all the + existing species of <i>Lepidoptera</i> would be essential, but also of all the extinct species, + and it is needless to say that such knowledge is quite unattainable. Nevertheless large numbers of + species are now known from many parts of the world, and a very extensive collection has recently + been employed by Mr. Meyrick in framing a classification of the <i>Lepidoptera</i>, which is, to + the best of my belief, the first constructed on strictly Darwinian principles. Although adopting + Mr. Meyrick's system in the present work I do not agree unreservedly with all his conclusions; but + I have not attempted to alter his system in accordance with my own views, as I conceive that the + conclusions of a naturalist, who has only had the opportunity of studying a restricted fauna, + would necessarily be liable to considerable error.</p> + + <p>The general principles on which Mr. Meyrick has founded his system are practically those laid + down by Darwin in his 'Origin of Species,' and may be thus summarised<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p>A. Resemblances between all organisms are explained by community of origin, the amount of + difference representing the amount of modification and expressible in the classification as + varieties, species, genera, families, groups, orders, &c. The amount of difference does not + <i>necessarily</i> bear any direct relation to time, many forms remaining almost stationary whilst + others are undergoing development.</p> + + <p>B. By a consideration of the following laws the age of a division can be approximately arrived + at; that is to say, its position in the great genealogical tree of the <i>Lepidoptera</i> can be, + to some extent, determined<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p>"(1) No new organ can be produced except as a modification of some previously existing + structure.</p> + + <p>"(2) A lost organ cannot be regained.</p> + + <p>"(3) A rudimentary organ is rarely redeveloped."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexvii">{xvii}</span></div> + + <p>C. The greatest care is necessary to avoid being misled by adaptive characters, <i>i.e.</i>, + characters which are very important to the welfare of the species, and hence much modified through + the agency of natural selection. A familiar instance of superficial resemblance, due to the + presence of similar adaptive characters, may be observed in fishes and whales, where two groups of + animals with but little real relationship have, through living under similar conditions, become + extremely like each other in external appearance. Other examples might be given amongst exotic + <i>Lepidoptera</i>. Thus, many noxious species are closely mimicked by harmless forms which are + often far removed from them in real affinity. These cases of adaptive resemblances abound amongst + all organisms, and have often deceived experienced naturalists. It is in consequence of the + illusive nature of these external resemblances amongst different members of the + <i>Lepidoptera</i>, that the structure of the neuration of the wings is now considered of such + great importance as a character for purposes of classification. The numerous modifications in the + position of the veins and their presence or absence in certain groups can, so far as we are able + to see, have had very little effect on the well-being of those insects possessing such + modifications. Hence it may fairly be assumed, that these structures have been free from the + influence of natural selection for a very lengthened period. It is thus contended that the + neuration of a Lepidopterous insect probably reveals more plainly than any other character its + true relationship with other species.</p> + + <p>The descent of all the <i>Lepidoptera</i> from some ancient member of the <i>Trichoptera</i> + (or caddis-flies) is thus proved, according to Mr. Meyrick<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p>"From a consideration of the laws enunciated above, there can be no doubt that the + <i>Micropterygina</i> are the ancestral group of the <i>Lepidoptera</i>, from which all others + have descended; this is sufficiently proved by the existence of the four or more additional veins + in the hind-wings of that group, for these veins, if not originally present, could not have been + afterwards produced. Of the two families of that group, the <i>Micropterygidæ</i>, which possess + an additional vein (or veins) in the fore-wings, and fully developed six-jointed maxillary palpi, + must be more primitive than the <i>Hepialidæ</i>. Now if the neuration of the whole of the + <i>Lepidoptera</i> is compared with that of all other insects, it will be found that in no + instance is there any close resemblance, except in the case of the <i>Micropterygidæ</i>; but the + neuration of these so closely approaches that of certain <i>Trichoptera</i> (caddis-flies) as to + be practically identical. The conclusion is clear, that the <i>Lepidoptera</i> are descended from + the <i>Trichoptera</i>, and that the <i>Micropterygidæ</i> are the true connecting link. If the + other marked structural characters of the <i>Micropterygidæ</i> are taken into consideration, + viz., the possession of the jugum, the large development of the maxillary palpi as compared with + the labial, and the sometimes functionally active mandibles, they will be all found commonly in + the <i>Trichoptera</i>, affording additional confirmation. It may be added that in one New Zealand + species of <i>Micropterygidæ</i> (<i>Palæomicra chalcophanes</i>) vein <i>1b</i> is basally + trifurcate, a character frequent in the <i>Trichoptera</i>, but not yet discovered in any other + <i>Lepidopteron</i>. In most <i>Trichoptera</i> the veins of the hindwings are much more numerous + than those of the fore-wings, in the <i>Micropterygina</i> they are usually equal in number, in + other <i>Lepidoptera</i> they are less numerous; in the course of descent there has therefore been + a greater progressive diminution in the number of veins of the hind-wings as compared with those + of the fore-wings, though these also have diminished.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexviii">{xviii}</span></div> + + <p>"It is unnecessary to trace back the descent of the <i>Lepidoptera</i> further; but it may be + worth while to point out that we may assume as the primitive type of Trichopterous neuration, a + system of numerous longitudinal veins gradually diverging from the base, mostly furcate + terminally, and connected by a series of irregularly placed cross-bars near base, and another + series beyond middle."</p> + + <p>The following is Mr. Meyrick's method of arrangement, which has been adopted in this book<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p>"The natural order of arrangement, which is that of a much-branched tree, cannot be adequately + expressed by a simple linear succession, such as is alone practicable in a book. It is, however, + possible to devise a linear succession which shall be consistent with the natural genealogical + order, if some additional explanation can be given. The method here adopted is as follows<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/tree.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/tree.jpg" + alt="Portion of the genealogical tree" title="Portion of the genealogical tree"/></a> + </div> + + <p>"Suppose the accompanying diagram represents a portion of the genealogical tree; then the order + will begin at M and descend to K, recommence at L and descend to K, and thence to G, recommence at + H and descend to G, and thence to B, recommence at F and descend to D, recommence at E and descend + to D and thence to B, recommence at C and descend to B and thence to A, and so on. Thus the order + begins with the most recently developed forms and descends gradually to the earliest or most + ancestral, which are the last in the book. To understand the order in practice, it may be assumed + that each genus is descended from that which immediately follows it in the book, unless its actual + descent is expressly stated otherwise; such statement will, of course, require to be made before + every recommencement of a fresh branch. This system has been adhered to throughout, and after a + little use will not be found unintelligible. If adopted in the arrangement of a collection in the + cabinet, it would be a good plan to indicate the recommencement of a fresh branch by a special + mark, such as a red bar drawn above the first (or highest) species."</p> + + <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Phylogeny of Lepidoptera.</span> (After Meyrick.)</p> + + <table class="sp3 mc tlf" title="Phylogeny of Lepidoptera" summary="Phylogeny of Lepidoptera"> + <tr> + <td class="w16"></td> + <td class="w16"></td> + <td class="w16"></td> + <td class="w16"></td> + <td class="w16"></td> + <td class="w16"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2"></td> + <td colspan="2" class="ac">Notodontina</td> + <td colspan="2" class="ac">Papilionina</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> + <td colspan="2" class="br"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" class="ac">Caradrinina</td> + <td colspan="2" class="ac">Lasiocampina</td> + <td colspan="2" class="ac">Pyralidina</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="br"> </td> + <td colspan="2" class="br bb"></td> + <td colspan="2" class="br bb"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2"></td> + <td colspan="2" class="ac">Psychina</td> + <td colspan="2" class="ac">Tortricina</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> + <td colspan="2" class="br bb"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="4" class="br"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3"></td> + <td colspan="2" class="ac">Tineina</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="4" class="br"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3"></td> + <td colspan="2" class="ac">Micropterygina</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexix">{xix}</span></div> + + <h2 class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="larger">V.—GEOGRAPHICAL + DISTRIBUTION.</span></h2> + + <p>The details of geographical distribution are given under the headings of the respective + species, so far as I have been able to ascertain them; but our knowledge in this direction is + necessarily limited, and I have found much difficulty in obtaining reliable information, on + account of the obstacles which exist in regard to the correct identification of species in other + countries.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The distribution of the species within New Zealand is also very imperfectly known + at present, owing to the paucity of collectors and observers, particularly in the extreme north of + New Zealand, and on the west coast of the South Island. In the latter locality no doubt many + interesting species remain to be discovered, especially amongst the mountain ranges.</p> + + <p>In employing the book for identifications, the reader is recommended to first refer to the + Plates and see if he can find anything at all resembling the species he has, and then to refer to + the description for verification. In dealing with variable forms, it is always well to remember + that the <i>shape</i> of markings is generally far more constant than their intensity, or even + their colour.</p> + + <p>The purely descriptive portions of the work have been made as brief as possible, and + characters, of special importance for the identification of species, are printed in italics. Those + who desire to consult more detailed descriptions may readily do so by referring to Mr. Meyrick's + papers, in the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute and elsewhere. References to such papers + are invariably given under the synonomy of each species which has been described by Mr. + Meyrick.</p> + + <p>It should be mentioned that the figures and descriptions in this work have been prepared from + nature, quite separately, and no attempt has been made to reconcile the figure with the + description. This course has been followed so that any character, which may have been accidentally + omitted from the figure, will not necessarily be wanting in the description.</p> + + <p class="sp5">The figures of neuration (Plates <a href="#plate1">I</a>. and <a + href="#plate2">II</a>.) have all been made from fully denuded specimens examined under the + microscope. They are in nearly every instance considerably enlarged. Each drawing has afterwards + been compared with Mr. Meyrick's description, and if found to differ, a second examination of the + wings has been made with a view to a reconciliation of results. Any important differences observed + between Mr. Meyrick's descriptions and my final results are in every case specially mentioned.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1">{1}</span></div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.8ex;"><span class="x-larger">NEW ZEALAND</span></p> + + <p class="sp5 ac" style="margin-bottom:3.3ex;"><span + class="xxxx-larger">MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA.</span></p> + + <h1 class="sp3"><span class="sans gsp fwb">I.—THE CARADRININA.</span></h1> + + <p>The <i>Caradrinina</i> may be distinguished by the following characters<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>"The maxillary palpi are obsolete, the fore-wings have vein <i>1b</i> simple or hardly + furcate, <i>1c</i> absent, and 5 approximated to 4 towards base. The hind-wings are furnished + with a frenulum, vein <i>1c</i> is absent, and 8 is connected or anastomosing with cell." (See + Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 1 to 12 and 14 to 18.)</p> + <p>"Imago with the fore-wings more or less elongate-triangular, termen not very oblique; + hind-wings broad-ovate.</p> + <p class="sp0">"Larva sometimes very hairy, usually with 10 prolegs, those on segments 7 and 8 + sometimes absent. (Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., figs. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15 and 16.) Pupa + with segments 9 to 11 free; not protruded from cocoon in emergence."—(Meyrick.)</p> + </div> + + <p>So far as New Zealand is concerned, the <i>Caradrinina</i> may be said to comprise that group + of the Lepidoptera formerly known as the <i>Noctuina</i>, with the addition of the family + <i>Arctiadæ</i>. Its members are chiefly nocturnal fliers; the body is usually stout, the + forewings are narrow, and (except in the <i>Arctiadæ</i>) mostly dull-coloured, with three very + characteristic spots. 1. The orbicular stigma, a round spot situated near the middle of the wing; + 2. The claviform stigma usually somewhat club-shaped and situated immediately below the orbicular; + and 3. The reniform stigma, a kidney-shaped marking situated beyond the orbicular. The claviform + is very frequently absent, and the orbicular less frequently so, but the reniform is an almost + constant character throughout the entire group, with the exception of the <i>Arctiadæ</i>.</p> + + <p>There are three families of the <i>Caradrinina</i> represented in New Zealand, viz.<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p class="sp3 ac">1. <a href="#ARCTIADAE"><span class="sc">Arctiadæ</span></a>.<span class="gap" + style="width:2em"> </span>2. <a href="#CARADRINIDAE"><span + class="sc">Caradrinidæ</span></a>.<span class="gap" style="width:2em"> </span>3. <a + href="#PLUSIADAE"><span class="sc">Plusiadæ</span></a>.</p> + + <div id="ARCTIADAE"></div> + + <h2>Family 1.—<b>ARCTIADÆ.</b></h2> + + <p>The <i>Arctiadæ</i> may be characterised as follows:—</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Eyes smooth. Tongue developed. Posterior tibiæ with all spurs present. + Hind-wings with veins 6 and 7 connate or stalked (rarely approximated or coincident), 8 + anastomosing with cell nearly or quite from base to middle or beyond."—(Meyrick.) (See + Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 1, 2, and 4, 5.)</p> + </div> + + <p>This interesting family, although generally distributed throughout the world, is very poorly + represented in New Zealand. Unlike most of the <i>Caradrinina</i>, many of the included species + are day fliers and gaily coloured. One of these, <i>Nyctemera annulata</i>, is probably one of the + most familiar of New Zealand insects, whilst the four remaining representatives of the family are + but seldom seen. To British entomologists the name of <span class="pagenum" + id="page2">{2}</span>"tiger moths" will probably at once recall several conspicuous and beautiful + members of this family.</p> + + <p>Three genera of the <i>Arctiadæ</i> are represented in New Zealand, viz.<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p class="sp3 ac">1. <a href="#NYCTEMERA"><span class="sc">Nyctemera</span></a>.<span class="gap" + style="width:2em"> </span>2. <a href="#UTETHEISA"><span class="sc">Utetheisa</span></a>.<span + class="gap" style="width:2em"> </span>3. <a href="#METACRIAS"><span + class="sc">Metacrias</span></a>.</p> + + <div id="NYCTEMERA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 1.—NYCTEMERA, Hb.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp3"> + <p>"Tongue well developed. Antennæ in ♂ bipectinated throughout. Palpi moderately long, + porrected or rather ascending, with appressed scales; terminal joint moderate, cylindrical. + Forewings with vein 6 out of 9 or separate, 7 and 8 out of 9, 10 connected with 9 by a bar. + Hind-wings with veins 6 and 7 stalked or separate, 8 anastomosing shortly with margin of cell + near base." (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., fig. 3 head, 4 neuration of fore-wing, 5 ditto of + hind-wing.)</p> + <p class="sp0">"The single New Zealand species is endemic, but nearly allied to an Australian + form."—(Meyrick.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac">NYCTEMERA ANNULATA, Boisd.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Leptosoma annulata</i>, Boisd., Voy. Astr. v. 197, pl. v. 9; Dbld., Dieff, + N. Z. ii. 284. <i>Nyctemera doubledayi</i>, Walk., Bomb. 392. <i>Nyctemera annulata</i>, Meyr., + Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1886, 700; ditto, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. 218.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 1 ♂, 2 ♀; Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 9, larva.)</span></p> + + <p>This species is perhaps one of the best known of the New Zealand Lepidoptera, occurring in + great profusion in all parts of both North and South Islands. It is also common at Stewart Island, + in the neighbourhood of cultivation.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1¾ inches. <i>All the wings are deep sooty + black. The forewings have an irregular cream-coloured band running from beyond the middle of the + costa towards the tornus.</i> This band is interrupted in the middle, and crossed by several + black veins, which sometimes almost break it up into a chain of spots. The hind-wings have a + single large cream-coloured spot near the middle. The body is black, with several orange + markings on the thorax, and a series of broad orange rings on the abdomen.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species varies a good deal in the extent of the cream-coloured markings.</p> + + <p>The larva feeds on the New Zealand groundsel (<i>Senecio bellidioides</i>), but in cultivated + districts it is more often observed on <i>Senecio scandens</i>, a plant having a superficial + resemblance to ivy, which frequently grows in great profusion on fences and hedgerows in various + parts of the country.</p> + + <p>Mr. W. W. Smith informs us<a id="NtA_4" href="#Nt_4"><sup>[4]</sup></a> that it also feeds on + the common groundsel (<i>S. vulgaris</i>) as well as on <i>Cineraria maritima</i>. I have often + seen these caterpillars on mild days in the middle of winter, and full-grown specimens are very + common towards the end of August, so that I think there is little doubt that the species passes + the winter in the larval condition. At other seasons there is a continuous succession of + broods.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The length of the caterpillar when full grown is 1½ inches. It is covered with + numerous tufts of long black hair, and is black in colour, with the dorsal and lateral lines + dark-red. There are several large blue spots round the middle of each of the segments, and the + membrane between each segment is bluish-grey. In younger larvæ the bluish-grey colouring extends + over a considerable portion of the insect.</p> + </div> + + <p>This caterpillar may be readily found, as it feeds on the upper surface of the leaves fully + exposed to view. Its hairy armour evidently renders it unpalatable to birds, and hence the secret + habits we observe in most larvæ are absent in this species.</p> + + <p>When full-fed it selects a secluded spot, generally a crevice in the trunk of a tree, where it + spins an oval cocoon of silk intermixed with its own hairs. Here it changes <span class="pagenum" + id="page3">{3}</span>into a shining black pupa, speckled and striped with yellow. The insect + remains in this state about six weeks.</p> + + <p>The moth first appears in September, and continues abundant until about the end of March. It is + extremely common, especially during the latter end of summer, when specimens may often be seen + flying in all directions. Mr. Meyrick observes<a id="NtA_5" href="#Nt_5"><sup>[5]</sup></a> that + this species has the curious habit of soaring in the early morning sunshine, soon after sunrise, + in calm, fine weather. He states that he has seen them in numbers, flying round the tops of trees, + at a height of over 100 feet. I can fully corroborate the accuracy of this interesting + observation, and have noticed the insect to be most active between the hours of five and eight on + fine mornings in midsummer. The habit is certainly a very unusual one, as most insects are rarely + seen at that time of the day.</p> + + <p class="sp3">This moth is confined to New Zealand, but two closely allied species, belonging to + the same genus, are found in Australia.</p> + + <div id="UTETHEISA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 2.—UTETHEISA, Hb.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Head smooth. Ocelli large. Antennæ in ♂ ciliated, with longer setæ at + joints. Palpi moderate, ascending, with loosely appressed scales. Thorax smooth beneath. Abdomen + smooth-scaled. Tibiæ smooth-scaled, spurs very short. Fore-wings with veins 7 and 8 out of 9, 10 + connected with 9. Hind-legs with veins 3, 4, 5 rather approximated, 6 or 7 connate or + short-stalked, 8 from middle of cell."</p> + </div> + + <p>"A small genus inhabiting the warmer regions of the world. Larva with rather scanty hairs, some + finely branched."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">Represented in New Zealand by a single species of wide distribution.</p> + + <p class="ac">UTETHEISA PULCHELLA, L.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Deiopeia pulchella</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. 217.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 3.)</span></p> + + <p>This species was first observed in New Zealand in February, 1887, when I captured a single + specimen in the Wainui-o-mata valley. Since that time Mr. A. Norris has seen two others near + Petone, one of which is now in his collection. All the specimens at present noticed have + consequently occurred in a very restricted portion of the Wellington District, though it is + probable that the insect is far more generally distributed throughout the country than these + records would seem to indicate.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1¼ inches. <i>The fore-wings are white, with + five irregular transverse rows of oblong crimson spots, alternating with six irregular rows of + small black dots.</i> The hind-wings are white, irregularly clouded with black on the termen; + there are two small black spots near the middle. The body is white; the head and thorax are + spotted with crimson, and the antennæ are black.</p> + </div> + + <p>The larva is thus described by Newman:—<a id="NtA_6" href="#Nt_6"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"The ground colour is leaden with a covering of black hairs; there is a broad + white stripe down the back, and on each segment down the side is a double scarlet spot. On the + continent of Europe this caterpillar is said to feed on the forget-me-not (<i>Myosotis + arvensis</i>)."</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">In New Zealand the moth appears in February. Mr. Meyrick remarks<a id="NtA_7" + href="#Nt_7"><sup>[7]</sup></a>:—"It is probably only an occasional immigrant. Although a + feeble-looking insect, it possesses extraordinary capabilities of flight, and is sometimes met + with far out at sea. It occurs throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Pacific + Islands." It is well known to <span class="pagenum" id="page4">{4}</span>English entomologists as + a great rarity, and many discussions have taken place at various times as to the propriety of + retaining it on the list of British Lepidoptera.</p> + + <div id="METACRIAS"></div> + + <h3>Genus 3.—METACRIAS, Meyr.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Tongue obsolete. Antennæ in ♂ moderately bipectinated throughout. Palpi + rather short, hairy, concealed in rough hairs of head. Thorax and femora densely hairy beneath. + Anterior tibiæ with developed spine beneath, and apical hook. Fore-wings with vein 2 from + ⅔, 6 from point with or out of 9, 7 and 8 out of 9, 10 sometimes connected with 9 at a + point above 7. Hind-wings with veins 3 and 4 almost from point, 6 and 7 from point or + short-stalked, 8 from about ⅓. Wings in ♀ rudimentary. (Plate <a + href="#plate2">II</a>., fig. 1 neuration of fore-wing, fig. 2 ditto of hind-wing.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">"An interesting and peculiar genus, apparently most allied to some Australian forms + of <i>Spilosoma</i>, but quite distinct. Three species have been discovered, two of them quite + recently, and it is not unreasonable to hope that additional forms may hereafter be found amongst + the mountains, to which they seem especially attached."—(Meyrick).</p> + + <p class="ac">METACRIAS STRATEGICA, Hdsn.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Arctia strategica</i>, Hdsn., + Entom., 1889, 53. <i>Metacrias strategica</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. 216.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 4.)</span></p> + + <p>This handsome species is at present only known by a single specimen, captured by Mr. W. W. + Smith, near the summit of the Richardson Range, in South Canterbury, at an elevation of about + 3,000 feet.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is 1½ inches. <i>The fore-wings are black, + with two broad, dull yellow, longitudinal streaks</i>; between the costa and the first streak is + a very fine yellowish line, and between the two streaks there are three similar lines. <i>The + hind-wings are bright yellow, with a broad black band, parallel to the termen, interrupted just + before the tornus; the vicinity of this black band is tinged with crimson.</i> The body is + black; the top of the head, collar, and sides of the thorax and abdomen are dull yellow. The + female is probably apterous.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">This species may be readily distinguished from the two following by the yellow + collar, absence of any large spot in the centre of both fore-wings and hind-wings, and the red + colouring of the termen of the hind-wings. The moth was taken in February, frequenting a species + of <i>Carmichælia</i>. It may be looked for in the mountainous regions of South Canterbury, but at + present nothing further is known of its habits.</p> + + <p class="ac">METACRIAS ERICHRYSA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Metacrias erichrysa</i>, + Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 1886, 749; ditto, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. 216.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 5.)</span></p> + + <p>This species was discovered by Mr. Meyrick on Mount Arthur in the Nelson District in 1886. + Since that time I have taken eleven specimens in the same locality, and have seen several others, + but as yet I have not heard of its occurrence elsewhere.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1½ inches. <i>The fore-wings are black, with + orange-yellow markings.</i> These consist of a fine line near the costa, becoming very broad + near the base, several elongate markings between the veins near the middle, a series of spots + near the termen, and a broad streak parallel to the dorsum. The hind-wings are orange-yellow, + with a curved black spot in the middle, and a broad black band on the termen, ending + considerably before the tornus, and nearly broken a little before its termination. The female, + according to Mr. Meyrick,<a id="NtA_8" href="#Nt_8"><sup>[8]</sup></a> is "wholly + whitish-ochreous; wings minute, aborted; legs short, stout, well developed."</p> + </div> + + <p>The life-history is thus described by Mr. Meyrick<a id="NtA_9" href="#Nt_9"><sup>[9]</sup></a>: + "The larva is wholly black, clothed with long black hairs, those covering segmental incisions + brownish-ochreous. It feeds on <i>Senecio bellidioides</i>. The pupa is enclosed in a slight + cocoon."</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page5">{5}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect occurs in January, frequenting sunny, grassy slopes on the + mountain-sides, at about 4,000 feet above the sea-level. It flies with great rapidity; hence it is + generally very difficult to catch.</p> + + <p class="ac">METACRIAS HUTTONII, Butl.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Phaos huttonii</i>, Butl., + Cist. Ent. 487; <i>Metacrias huttonii</i>, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 1886, 750; Trans. N. + Z. Inst. xxii. 216.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 6.)</span></p> + + <p>This interesting species was discovered at Lake Wakatipu, by Professor Hutton.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is 1⅛ inches. The fore-wings are + black; <i>there is an oblique crimson line near the base</i>, two broad longitudinal + cream-coloured lines above and below the middle, and a double transverse series of oblong + cream-coloured spots near the termen. The hind-wings are pale ochreous, with a black + crescent-shaped spot near the middle, and a broad black band almost touching the termen except a + little before the tornus. The female is apterous.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from a specimen in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <div id="CARADRINIDAE"></div> + + <h2>Family 2.—<b>CARADRINIDÆ.</b></h2> + + <p>The <i>Caradrinidæ</i> are distinguished by the following characters<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Ocelli usually present. Tongue usually well developed. Labial palpi moderate, + more or less ascending, second joint densely scaled, usually rough, terminal rather short, + obtuse. Thorax usually densely hairy beneath. Posterior tibiæ with all spurs present. Fore-wings + with veins 7 and 8 out of 9, 10 connected with 9. Hind-wings with veins 3 and 4 connate or + short-stalked, 5 obsolete or imperfect, parallel to 4, 6 and 7 connate or short-stalked or + seldom closely approximated only, 8 shortly anastomosing with cell near base, thence evenly + diverging." (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11.)</p> + </div> + + <p>"A dominant family in temperate regions, especially in the northern hemisphere, the species + being very numerous and often occurring in great plenty; within the tropics, however, their place + is largely taken by the <i>Plusiadæ</i>. The structure is in most particulars remarkably uniform, + the neuration and palpi being practically identical throughout the family. The markings are + usually very similar, and the colouring dull and adapted to conceal insects which are accustomed + to hide amongst dead leaves or refuse; hence this family is not one of the easiest or most + attractive to study. The species are the most truly nocturnal of all the Lepidoptera; few are + readily obtainable by day, but at night they are found in abundance at flowers or sugar. Imago + with fore-wings usually elongate, body relatively stout, and densely scaled. It may be noted as an + established conclusion that antennal pectinations, if not extending to the apex of the antennæ, + are in this family seldom sufficient to mark generic distinction.</p> + + <p>"Ovum spherical, more or less distinctly ribbed, and reticulated. Larva usually with few hairs, + often nocturnal, sometimes subterranean; often very polyphagous. Pupa usually + subterranean."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p>The family is represented in New Zealand by the following twelve genera<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <table class="sp3 mc nothand" title="Genera of Caradrinidae" summary="Genera of Caradrinidae"> + <tr> + <td class="vmi">Sub-family 1.—<a href="#POLIADES"><span + class="sc">Poliades</span></a></td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td><span class="hid">0</span>1. <a href="#MISELIA"><span class="sc">Miselia</span></a>.<br/> + <span class="hid">0</span>2. <a href="#ORTHOSIA"><span class="sc">Orthosia</span></a>.<br/> + <span class="hid">0</span>3. <a href="#XANTHIA"><span class="sc">Xanthia</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi">Sub-family 2.—<a href="#MELANCHRIDES"><span + class="sc">Melanchrides</span></a></td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td><span class="hid">0</span>4. <a href="#PHYSETICA"><span + class="sc">Physetica</span></a>.<br/> + <span class="hid">0</span>5. <a href="#LEUCANIA"><span class="sc">Leucania</span></a>.<br/> + <span class="hid">0</span>6. <a href="#ICHNEUTICA"><span + class="sc">Ichneutica</span></a>.<br/> + <span class="hid">0</span>7. <a href="#MELANCHRA"><span class="sc">Melanchra</span></a>.<br/> + <span class="hid">0</span>8. <a href="#ERANA"><span class="sc">Erana</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi"><span class="pagenum" id="page6">{6}</span> + <p class="sp0">Sub-family 3.—<a href="#CARADRINIDES"><span + class="sc">Caradrinides</span></a></p> + </td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td><span class="hid">0</span>9. <a href="#BITYLA"><span class="sc">Bityla</span></a>.<br/> + 10. <a href="#AGROTIS"><span class="sc">Agrotis</span></a>.<br/> + 11. <a href="#HELIOTHIS"><span class="sc">Heliothis</span></a>.<br/> + 12. <a href="#COSMODES"><span class="sc">Cosmodes</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp3 mc ba handonly" title="Genera of Caradrinidae" summary="Genera of Caradrinidae"> + <tr class="ba"> + <td class="vmi">Sub-family 1.—<a href="#POLIADES"><span + class="sc">Poliades</span></a></td> + <td><span class="hid">0</span>1. <a href="#MISELIA"><span class="sc">Miselia</span></a>.<br/> + <span class="hid">0</span>2. <a href="#ORTHOSIA"><span class="sc">Orthosia</span></a>.<br/> + <span class="hid">0</span>3. <a href="#XANTHIA"><span class="sc">Xanthia</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr class="ba"> + <td class="vmi">Sub-family 2.—<a href="#MELANCHRIDES"><span + class="sc">Melanchrides</span></a></td> + <td><span class="hid">0</span>4. <a href="#PHYSETICA"><span + class="sc">Physetica</span></a>.<br/> + <span class="hid">0</span>5. <a href="#LEUCANIA"><span class="sc">Leucania</span></a>.<br/> + <span class="hid">0</span>6. <a href="#ICHNEUTICA"><span + class="sc">Ichneutica</span></a>.<br/> + <span class="hid">0</span>7. <a href="#MELANCHRA"><span class="sc">Melanchra</span></a>.<br/> + <span class="hid">0</span>8. <a href="#ERANA"><span class="sc">Erana</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr class="ba"> + <td class="vmi">Sub-family 3.—<a href="#CARADRINIDES"><span + class="sc">Caradrinides</span></a></td> + <td><span class="hid">0</span>9. <a href="#BITYLA"><span class="sc">Bityla</span></a>.<br/> + 10. <a href="#AGROTIS"><span class="sc">Agrotis</span></a>.<br/> + 11. <a href="#HELIOTHIS"><span class="sc">Heliothis</span></a>.<br/> + 12. <a href="#COSMODES"><span class="sc">Cosmodes</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div id="POLIADES"></div> + + <h3>Sub-family 1.—<i>POLIADES</i>.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp3"> + <p class="sp0">"Eyes naked, ciliated (<i>i.e.</i>, furnished with a marginal row of long cilia + curving over them)."—(Meyrick.)</p> + </div> + + <div id="MISELIA"></div> + + <h4>Genus 1.—MISELIA, Steph.</h4> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Antennæ in male filiform, moderately ciliated. Thorax with anterior angles + projecting, somewhat crested. Abdomen not crested."—(Meyrick.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">We have at present but one New Zealand species.</p> + + <p class="ac">MISELIA PESSOTA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Miselia pessota</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 29.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 26.)</span></p> + + <p>This little species has occurred at Wellington in the North Island, and at Lake Coleridge and + Rakaia in the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1 inch. The fore-wings are dull purplish-brown; + <i>there is an oblong black mark at the base of the dorsum containing a slender curved white + line</i>; the orbicular is rather small, round, margined first with dull white and then with + black; the reniform is large, oblong, dull white, margined with pale ochreous towards the base + of the wing; <i>there is a conspicuous oblong black mark between the orbicular and reniform + stigmata</i>. The hind-wings are dull grey, with the cilia paler.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January. One specimen was taken at sugar in the + Wellington Botanical Gardens, and two specimens are recorded from Canterbury. It is evidently a + scarce species.</p> + + <div id="ORTHOSIA"></div> + + <h4>Genus 2.—ORTHOSIA, Ochs.</h4> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Head rough-scaled; eyes naked, ciliated. Antennæ in male ciliated. Thorax with + or without anterior crest. Abdomen not crested.</p> + </div> + + <p>"A considerable genus of nearly universal distribution, though mainly found in temperate + regions of both hemispheres. The imagos are almost all autumnal, and their yellow and ferruginous + colouring is doubtless adapted to the autumn tints of falling leaves."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">Represented in New Zealand by three species.</p> + + <p class="ac">ORTHOSIA MARGARITA, Hawth.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Orthosia margarita</i>, + Hawth., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxix. 283.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 31.)</span></p> + + <p>This species was discovered at Wellington by Mr. E. F. Hawthorne.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1⅓ inches. The fore-wings are dark + brownish-black and rather glossy; there are several obscure dark marks near the base; the + orbicular is oval, oblique, brownish-yellow, slightly darker in the middle; the claviform is + almost obsolete; the reniform is rather large, bordered with dull white towards the base and + termen; beyond the reniform there is a very distinct wavy transverse line; another line is + situated near the termen emitting several black wedge-shaped markings from its inner edge. + <i>The hind-wings are shining white and iridescent, with the veins black and the costa and + termen narrowly shaded with black.</i></p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from specimens in Mr. Hawthorne's collection.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page7">{7}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">ORTHOSIA COMMA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Mamestra comma</i>, Walk., Noct. 239; Butl., Voy. Ereb., pl. ix., 6. + <i>Graphiphora implexa</i>, Walk., Noct. 405. <i>Hadena plusiata</i>, ib., Suppl. 742; + <i>Nitocris bicomma</i>, Gn., Ent. Mon. Mag. v., 4. <i>Orthosia comma</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. + Inst. xix. 30.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 27 ♂, 28 ♀; Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 11, larva.)</span></p> + + <p>This is apparently a common and generally distributed species. It has occurred plentifully at + Wellington, Blenheim, Christchurch, and Rakaia.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. The fore-wings are dark grey + crossed by four wavy, black-margined, transverse lines; beyond the outermost of these lines + there is a black band running parallel with the termen, and beyond this again a broader band of + the ground colour; the orbicular spot is very minute and dull white; the reniform, which is + surrounded by a black shading, is large, yellow towards the costa, and white towards the termen. + The hind-wings are dark grey. The females are generally much darker than the males, some + specimens having the fore-wings very dark brownish-black.</p> + </div> + + <p>Both sexes vary a good deal in the depth of colouring, but the markings appear to be quite + constant.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The larva is dark brown, tinged with pink; the subdorsal region is paler, there + are a series of diagonal blackish stripes on each segment, and the anterior portions of the + larva are much darker than the rest of the body.</p> + </div> + + <p>The specimens I reared were fed on lettuce, but I expect that the caterpillar feeds on low + plants generally. It is full grown about January. The pupa state is spent in the earth.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The moth appears in January, February, and March. It is very common at the flowers + of the white rata, and may also be attracted by sugar and by light.</p> + + <p class="ac">ORTHOSIA IMMUNIS, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Tæniocampa immunis</i>, Walk., Noct. 430. <i>Cerastis innocua</i>, ib. 1710 + (locality probably erroneous). <i>Agrotis acetina</i>, Feld., Reis. Nov. pl. cix. 6. <i>Orthosia + immunis</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 30.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 29.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred at Wellington in the North Island, and at Blenheim in the South + Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1⅜ inches. <i>The fore-wings vary from + bright orange-brown to dull reddish-brown</i>; there is an obscure black dot near the base, a + faint transverse line at about one-fourth; the orbicular is oval, faintly outlined in brown; the + claviform is very faint, its position indicated by a small brown dot; the reniform is large, + oblong, much indented towards the termen, doubly outlined with dull yellow and containing a + blackish spot towards its lower edge, its posterior margin is shaded with dark brown; there are + several faint, wavy, transverse lines near the termen, and the termen itself is shaded with + brownish-black; the cilia are reddish-brown. The hind-wings are dull grey; the cilia are pale + reddish-ochreous tipped with white. <i>The head is covered with scattered white scales</i>, the + thorax is reddish-brown, and the abdomen is grey tipped with reddish-brown; <i>the upper joints + of the tarsi of the anterior legs are white</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January, February, and March. It frequents the + blossoms of the white rata, where it occasionally may be taken in the daytime, but more frequently + at night. It is not, however, a common species.</p> + + <div id="XANTHIA"></div> + + <h4>Genus 3.—XANTHIA, Tr.</h4> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Antennæ in male filiform, moderately ciliated. Thorax with sharp compressed + anterior and small posterior crest. Abdomen not crested."—(Meyrick.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Only one New Zealand species is known at present.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page8">{8}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">XANTHIA PURPUREA, Butl.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Graphiphora purpurea</i>, + Butl., Cist. Ent. ii. <i>Xanthia ceramodes</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 31. <i>X. + purpurea</i>, ib. xx. 46.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 32.)</span></p> + + <p>This handsome species has been found at Wellington in the North Island, and at Dunedin in the + South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1½ inches. The fore-wings are rich, glossy + reddish-brown with several scattered whitish scales; there is a distinct yellow mark on the + costa at about one-fourth, forming the beginning of a broken transverse line; the orbicular is + small, round, and yellowish; the reniform is small, crescentic and yellowish, <i>the space + between the orbicular and the reniform is very dark blackish-brown</i>; beyond the reniform + there is a conspicuous white mark on the costa forming the beginning of a second broken + transverse line; a third shaded line is situated near the termen. The hind-wings are pale brown + with a dark spot in the middle, very conspicuous on the under surface.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from September till April. It is usually taken at sugar + or light, but is not a very common species.</p> + + <div id="MELANCHRIDES"></div> + + <h3>Sub-family 2.—<i>MELANCHRIDES</i>.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">Eyes hairy.</p> + </div> + + <div id="PHYSETICA"></div> + + <h4>Genus 4.—PHYSETICA, Meyr.</h4> + + <div class="smaller sp3"> + <p class="sp0">"Palpi with terminal joint in male greatly swollen, as broad as second, rather + short, rounded, with an orifice in outer side, in female normal. Antennæ in male filiform, + simple. Thorax and abdomen smooth."—(Meyrick.) (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., fig. + 8.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac">PHYSETICA CÆRULEA, Gn.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Agrotis cærulea</i>, Gn., + Ent. Mo. Mag. v. 38. <i>Physetica cærulea</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 5.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 7.)</span></p> + + <p>This fine species has occurred at Wellington in the North Island, and at Blenheim and Rakaia in + the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1⅝ inches. <i>The fore-wings are + slaty-blue</i>; there is an obscure, wavy, whitish transverse line near the base, two very wavy + blackish lines at about one-third, a dark transverse shaded line across the middle, containing + the orbicular spot, then a very wavy line followed by a darker space and a wavy, dull, whitish + terminal line. Hind-wings dark grey, paler near the base, cilia shining white.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in October, December, and January. Mr. Fereday states + that it was formerly very common at blossoms.</p> + + <div id="LEUCANIA"></div> + + <h4>Genus 5.—LEUCANIA, Ochs.</h4> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Head rough-scaled; eyes hairy. Antennæ in male ciliated. Thorax with or without + slight anterior crest. Abdomen not crested.</p> + </div> + + <p>"A very large cosmopolitan genus, equally common everywhere; it is a development of + <i>Melanchra</i>, to which some of the New Zealand species give such a complete transition that a + line of demarcation can hardly be drawn. The larvæ all feed on + <i>Gramineæ</i>."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">We have seventeen species.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page9">{9}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">LEUCANIA GRISEIPENNIS, Feld.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Mamestra griseipennis</i>, Feld., pl. cix. 22. <i>Chera virescens</i>, Butl., + Cist. Ent. ii. 489. <i>Spælotis inconstans</i>, ib. 545; <i>Leucania moderata</i>, Meyr., Trans. + N. Z. Inst. xix. 7 (nec Walk.). <i>Leucania griseipennis</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xx. + 44.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 8.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred at Wellington in the North Island. In the South Island it has been + taken at Mount Arthur, Lake Coleridge, Rakaia, Akaroa, and Lake Guyon.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1½ inches. The fore-wings are dull greenish-grey; + there are two obscure blackish transverse lines near the base and several dull white dots; <i>a + very conspicuous transverse curved black shade near the middle, followed by an extremely jagged + dull white transverse line, another less jagged transverse line near the termen; the orbicular + is oval, pale, edged with black</i>; the reniform and claviform are also pale but inconspicuous; + the cilia are tinged with brown. The hind-wings are grey <i>with the cilia wholly white</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>The following variety, taken on Mount Arthur, is thus described by Mr. Meyrick<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"<i>Var. A.</i> Thorax and fore-wings without ochreous tinge, with numerous white + scales tending to form suffused spots and margins to lines; cilia distinctly barred with darker; + hind-wings grey, with dark grey, irregular terminal band."<a id="NtA_10" + href="#Nt_10"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from November till March, and is said to be very common + in certain localities. It has been taken at considerable elevations in the Nelson province (4,700 + feet above the sea-level on Mount Arthur, by Mr. Meyrick and myself). In Wellington it is + certainly a scarce species.</p> + + <p class="ac">LEUCANIA MODERATA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Agrotis moderata</i>, Walk., Suppl. 705. <i>Eumichtis sistens</i>, Gn., Ent. + Mo. Mag. v. 39. <i>Mamestra sistens</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 19. <i>Leucania + moderata</i>, ib. xx. 45.)</p> + </div> + + <p>This species has occurred at Rakaia in the South Island. It very closely resembles the + preceding species, from which it is said to be distinguished by the cilia of the hind-wings, which + are "partially grey in <i>Leucania moderata</i>, wholly white in <i>L. + griseipennis</i>."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in February. I am unacquainted with this species.</p> + + <p class="ac">LEUCANIA TEMPERATA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Bryophila temperata</i>, + Walk., 1648 (nec Meyrick). <i>Xylina inceptura</i>, ib. 1736. <i>X. deceptura</i>, ib. 1737. + <i>Leucania temperata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xx. 45.)</span></p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Terminal joint of palpi moderate; form of wing as in <i>Leucania + griseipennis</i>, first and second lines whitish, inconspicuous, margined with black dots, + second line evenly curved, subterminal perceptible; cilia grey, indistinctly barred with white. + Hind-wings grey."—(Meyrick.)</p> + </div> + + <p>Described by Mr. Meyrick from the British Museum specimens.</p> + + <p class="sp3">I am unacquainted with this species.</p> + + <p class="ac">LEUCANIA NULLIFERA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Agrotis nullifera</i>, Walk., Noct. 742; Butl., Voy. Ereb., pl. ix. 5. + <i>Alysia specifica</i>, Gn., Ent. Mo. Mag. v. 3. <i>Leucania nullifera</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. + Inst. xix. 7.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 9; head, Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., fig. 11.)</span></p> + + <p>This large though sombre-looking insect has occurred in the North Island at Taupo and + Wellington. In the South Island it has been taken commonly at Mount Arthur, Christchurch, and + Rakaia.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is from 2½ to 2¾ inches. <i>The fore-wings are uniform + dull grey</i>, with a double row of very faint white spots parallel to the termen; <i>the + hind-wings, head, thorax, and abdomen are pale grey</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page10">{10}</span></div> + + <p>In some specimens the fore-wings are quite destitute of markings, whilst in others the ground + colouring varies considerably, and is occasionally dull brown instead of grey.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The larva is very stout, bright yellowish-brown, considerably paler on the under + surface; the dorsal line is faintly indicated, the subdorsal and lateral lines are dull brown, + with a chain of elongate white spots beneath each; the spiracles and dorsal surface of the + posterior segments are black; there are also numerous white dots all over the larva.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">This caterpillar feeds on spear-grass (<i>Aciphylla squarrosa</i>), and only a + single individual inhabits each clump. It devours the soft, central portions of the tussock, and + its presence can generally be detected by a quantity of pale brown "frass," or discoloration, + which is generally visible near the bases of the leaves. Owing to the formidable array of spines + presented by the spear-grass, this larva can have but few enemies. The presence of these spines + makes the insect a difficult one to obtain without special apparatus. A sharp pair of strong + scissors, however, will enable the collector to cut off a sufficient number of the "spears" to + allow of the insertion of a small trowel or hatchet under the root. The plant can then be lifted + out of the ground, and the larva afterwards carefully extracted from its burrow in the stem. These + larvæ are full grown about the end of May, which is consequently the best time to obtain them for + rearing. The pupa is enclosed in an earthen cell amongst the roots of the spear-grass. The moth + appears in November, December, January, February, and March. It is sometimes attracted by light. I + have found it commonly on the Tableland of Mount Arthur at elevations of from 3,500 to 4,000 feet + above the sea-level, where its food-plant also flourishes.</p> + + <p class="ac">LEUCANIA PURDII, Frdy.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Leucania purdii</i>, Frdy., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xv. 195; Meyr., ib. xix. 8.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 11.)</span></p> + + <p>This fine species was discovered at Dunedin by Mr. Purdie. A single specimen has also been + taken at Wellington.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is from 2¼ to 2½ inches. <i>The fore-wings are + brownish-crimson; there are two broad, shaded, yellow, longitudinal streaks above and below the + middle</i>; the costa is margined with yellow near the base, and the dorsum is yellow throughout + its entire length; the cilia are deep orange. The hind-wings are dark grey, and the cilia + yellow.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in December.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from specimens in the collections of Messrs. Fereday and + Hawthorne.</p> + + <p class="ac">LEUCANIA ATRISTRIGA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Xylina atristriga</i>, Walk., + Suppl. 756. <i>Mamestra antipoda</i>, Feld., Reis. Nov., pl. cix. 23. <i>Leucania atristriga</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 8.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 12.)</span></p> + + <p>This smart-looking species is very common in the North Island in the neighbourhood of + Wellington. In the South Island it has occurred abundantly at Nelson, Christchurch, Lake + Coleridge, and Dunedin.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. The fore-wings are rich + reddish-brown; <i>there is a broad bluish-grey longitudinal streak on the costa, reaching nearly + to the apex, and a very broad, pale brown, longitudinal shading on the dorsum; there is a + conspicuous longitudinal black stripe in the middle of the wing from the base to one-third, the + orbicular, reniform, and claviform spots are bluish-grey, edged with black</i>, the transverse + lines are very indistinct; the cilia are reddish-brown. The hind-wings are dark grey with the + cilia ochreous.</p> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page11">{11}</span></div> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">This species varies slightly in the intensity of its markings and in the extent + of the pale dorsal area.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The moth first appears about January and continues in great abundance until the + middle or end of April, being one of the last of our <i>Leucanias</i> to disappear in the autumn. + It is extremely partial to the flowers of the white rata (<i>Metrosideros scandens</i>), where, on + warm, still evenings, it may be often met with in the utmost profusion. It also comes freely to + sugar, and is frequently attracted by light.</p> + + <p class="ac">LEUCANIA PROPRIA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Leucania propria</i>, Walk., + Noct. iii.; Gn., Ent. Mo. Mag. v. 2; Butl., Voy. Ereb., pl. ix. 4; Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. + 9.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 13.)</span></p> + + <p>This insect has occurred in the South Island at Mount Arthur, Blenheim, and Mount Hutt.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1½ inches. The fore-wings are pale ochreous; + <i>there is a conspicuous longitudinal black streak in the middle of the wing, extending from + the base to about one-third, and a broad, dark brown longitudinal shading, slightly above the + middle, from one-fourth to the termen</i>; the reniform is rather small, dull grey, faintly + edged with darker, the orbicular and claviform are very indistinct or absent; there is a + transverse series of black dots on the veins a little before the termen, and another series on + the termen; the cilia are ochreous banded with brown. The hind-wings are pale grey, with a + terminal series of small black marks; the cilia are ochreous. The head and thorax are pale + reddish-brown, and the abdomen is ochreous.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species varies slightly in the depth of its colouring.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect is met with from January till March. On the Mount Arthur + Tableland it occurred very commonly at about 3,800 feet above the sea-level. In this locality it + was freely attracted by light, and large numbers of specimens were captured by the aid of a single + candle, exhibited at the tent door during mild evenings.</p> + + <p class="ac">LEUCANIA ACONTISTIS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Leucania acontistis</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 9.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 14.)</span></p> + + <p>A single specimen of this species was captured at Castle Hill by Mr. J. D. Enys, and is now in + Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1⅜ inches. <i>The fore-wings are dull + ochreous; the veins are slightly darker; there is a fine, black, doubly-curved, longitudinal + streak from the base to about one-third.</i> The hind-wings are pale yellowish-grey. The cilia + of all the wings are dull ochreous.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from the specimen in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <p class="ac">LEUCANIA PHAULA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Leucania phaula</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 10.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 15.)</span></p> + + <p>Two specimens of this insect, "bred from tussock grass," were found at Christchurch.<a + id="NtA_11" href="#Nt_11"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1½ inches. The fore-wings are dull ochreous, with + the veins obscurely indicated by black and white dots; there is a curved series of minute black + dots near the termen. The hind-wings are pale ochreous, clouded with grey towards the termen. + The cilia of all the wings are dull ochreous. This insect may be distinguished from <i>Leucania + unica</i> by its larger size, duller coloration, less oblique termen of fore-wings, and simple + antennæ in the male.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in November.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from a specimen in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page12">{12}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">LEUCANIA ALOPA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Leucania alopa</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 10.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 16.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred at Lake Coleridge and at Lake Guyon.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. <i>The fore-wings are dull + orange-brown</i>; there are three obscure black dots at about one-third; <i>the reniform is + represented by a rather conspicuous cloudy spot</i>; there is a curved series of black dots near + the termen. The hind-wings are grey, paler towards the base. The cilia of all the wings are dull + orange-brown.</p> + </div> + + <p>The moth appears in March.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from a specimen in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <p class="ac">LEUCANIA MICRASTRA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Leucania micrastra</i>, + Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, 383.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 10.)</span></p> + + <p>Three specimens of this insect have occurred in my garden at Karori.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1⅝ inches. The fore-wings are <i>bright + orange-brown</i>; there are several white scales near the base, two black-edged white dots at + about one-third, <i>a small black spot with a shining white dot on each side of it at the origin + of veins 3 and 4</i>, and a series of black and white dots on all the veins near the termen; the + cilia are orange-brown <i>tipped with white</i>. The hind-wings are pale ochreous-brown. The + cilia are ochreous broadly <i>tipped with white</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species somewhat resembles <i>Leucania alopa</i> in general appearance, but the wings are + narrower and the colour of the fore-wings is considerably brighter.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The moth appears in December.</p> + + <p class="ac">LEUCANIA UNICA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Leucania unica</i>, Walk., Noct. 112; Butl., Voy. Ereb., pl. ix. 9. + <i>Nonagria juncicolor</i>, Gn., Ent. Mo. Mag. v. 2. <i>Leucania unica</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. + Inst. xix. 10.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 17.)</span></p> + + <p>This insect has been taken at Blenheim and at Rakaia.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1⅜ inches. The fore-wings are dull ochreous + with the veins darker; there are one or two obscure blackish dots at about one-third from the + base, and several faint dots near the termen. Hind-wings paler with very pale cilia; <i>the + antennæ in the male are moderately bipectinated</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>The moth appears in November.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from Mr. Fereday's specimens.</p> + + <p class="ac">LEUCANIA AROTIS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Leucania arotis</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 11. <i>Leucania aulacias</i>,<a id="NtA_12" + href="#Nt_12"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 11.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 18.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred at Wellington in the North Island. In the South Island it has been + found at Blenheim, Christchurch, and Rakaia.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. <i>The fore-wings are cream-colour + with the veins finely marked in grey; there is a series of streaks of darker cream-colour + between the veins</i>, and a row of minute black dots near the termen; the cilia are + cream-colour. The hind-wings are dark grey with the cilia white.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in November and December. It is rather a scarce + species.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page13">{13}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">LEUCANIA SULCANA, Fereday.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Leucania sulcana</i>, Frdy., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xii. 267, pl. ix.; Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 11.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 19 ♂, 20 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred at Akaroa and at Dunedin.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is from 1½ to 1¾ inches. <i>The fore-wings are light + ochreous with the veins white</i>; there is a shaded, brownish, longitudinal streak near the + apex, another from the end of the cell to the termen, a stronger streak from the base of the + wing to near the tornus, and another along the dorsum; there is a minute black dot near the base + above the middle, a slightly larger dot at about one-third, a conspicuous dot between the + origins of veins 3 and 4, and a very minute dot on vein 6. <i>Hind-wings dark blackish-grey, + cilia paler.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in February, and has been taken at sugar.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from specimens in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <p class="ac">LEUCANIA SEMIVITTATA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Leucania semivittata</i>, + Walk., Suppl. 628; Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 12.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 21 ♂, 22 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred commonly at Christchurch, Mount Torlesse, and Dunedin.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is from 1⅛ to 1⅜ inches. The fore-wings + are pale ochreous; there is a very obscure, shaded, brownish, longitudinal streak below the + middle, <i>a conspicuous black dot at the base, a second at about one-sixth, a third at + one-third</i>, a fourth between the origins of veins 3 and 4, a curved series of minute terminal + dots. Hind-wings much paler with a darker blotch near the middle. In the female the wings are + browner with the dots much smaller or absent.</p> + </div> + + <p>The moth appears in April and May, being found at night on the blossoms of the + <i>scabious</i>.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from specimens in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <p class="ac">LEUCANIA BLENHEIMENSIS, Frdy.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Leucania blenheimensis</i>, + Frdy., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xv. 196; Meyr., ib. xix. 12.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 23 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This rather striking insect has occurred at Napier and at Blenheim.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. <i>The fore-wings are + cream-coloured with the veins darker</i>; there are three faint black dots at about one-third, a + curved series of black dots near the termen, <i>the termen itself being strongly shaded with + dark greyish-brown</i>; the cilia are dark greyish-brown. The hind-wings are grey, paler towards + the base; the cilia are also grey.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from a specimen in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <p class="ac">LEUCANIA UNIPUNCTA, Haw.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Leucania unipuncta</i>, Haw., Lepidoptera Britannica, p. 174, No. 37. + <i>Leucania extranea</i>, Gn., Noct. v. 77; Butl., Voy. Ereb., pl. ix. 2; Meyr., Trans. N. Z. + Inst. xix. 12.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 24.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred at Napier and at Wellington in the North Island. In the South Island + it has been found at Nelson and at Christchurch.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1¾ inches. The fore-wings vary from dull ochreous + to bright reddish-ochreous; there are numerous indistinct blackish dots; <i>the orbicular and + reniform are almost round and slightly paler than the rest of the wing; there is a minute white + dot immediately below the reniform and an obscure, oblique blackish line from the apex of the + wing</i> ending in a series of minute black dots; <i>the termen is not indented</i>. The + hind-wings are grey, darker near the termen; the cilia are white.</p> + </div> + + <p>Varies considerably in the ground colour and in the extent of the black speckling.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"The larva is extremely variable. Its usual colour is pale brown with a white + dorsal line and several dark lines on each side.</p> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page14">{14}</span></div> + + <p>"Young larvæ closely resemble their food-plant in colour, and occasionally this is persistent + throughout life; in fact the larva is very variable. Feeds on various grasses."<a id="NtA_13" + href="#Nt_13"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p> + + <p>The perfect insect first appears about January, and continues in increasing numbers until the + middle or end of April. It is often met with at sugar.</p> + + <p class="sp3">This species is of almost universal distribution, having occurred in Australia, + Java, India, Europe, and North and South America. In England it is regarded as a great rarity.</p> + + <div id="ICHNEUTICA"></div> + + <h4>Genus 6.—ICHNEUTICA, Meyr.</h4> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Antennæ in male strongly bipectinated throughout. Thorax and abdomen + smooth."—(Meyrick.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">This genus is very closely allied to <i>Leucania</i>. It appears to be exclusively + limited to New Zealand, where it is represented by two conspicuous species. Probably when the + extensive mountainous regions of the country have been more fully explored by entomologists other + species will be discovered.</p> + + <p class="ac">ICHNEUTICA DIONE, n. sp.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 27 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>A single specimen of this interesting species was captured by Mr. C. W. Palmer, on Mount Arthur + at an elevation of about 4,400 feet.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1½ inches. The fore-wings are dull blackish-brown, + <i>darker near the middle; there is a rather oblique, white, longitudinal stripe below the + middle from about one-eighth to one-third; above this there is a very conspicuous, large, + elongate white mark; this mark has a semicircular indentation above, probably representing the + orbicular; another indentation towards the termen, probably representing the reniform, and below + this it emits two short teeth-like projections</i>; beyond these markings the ground colour + becomes paler, and is traversed by an obscure, jagged, transverse line; the cilia are grey. The + hind-wings are pale grey; the cilia are also grey. The body is dark brownish-black. The + pectinations of the antennæ of this insect are slightly shorter than those in <i>Ichneutica + ceraunias</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The type specimen is slightly damaged; but the species is so evidently distinct + that I feel no hesitation in describing it.</p> + + <p class="ac">ICHNEUTICA CERAUNIAS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Ichneutica ceraunias</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 13.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 25 ♂, 26 ♀).</span></p> + + <p>This handsome species has hitherto only occurred on the Tableland of Mount Arthur, where, + however, it seems to be common.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is 1¾ inches, of the female 2 inches. The + fore-wings of the male are rich orange-brown, paler towards the base. There are two very broad, + longitudinal, yellowish stripes, one on the costa and the other on the dorsum. The costal stripe + divides into two branches before its termination, one of which is produced downwards; there is + also a <i>conspicuous white mark a little beyond the middle of the wing emitting two tooth-like + projections towards the termen</i>, and two narrow, dark brown streaks near the base of the + wing. The hind-wings are dark brownish-grey. The head, thorax, and abdomen are yellowish-brown, + and the antennæ are very strongly bipectinated. The female is much narrower in the wings, the + ground colouring is dull brown, and the markings are all dull yellow.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species varies slightly in the intensity of the markings.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The moth appears early in January. It is much attracted by light. In 1891 I took + over twenty specimens by means of a single candle exhibited, during three evenings, <span + class="pagenum" id="page15">{15}</span>at the door of my tent. Prior to this date only one + specimen had been taken by Mr. Meyrick during January, 1886. All these moths were met with over + 3,500 feet above the sea-level, so that the insect is evidently confined to mountain regions.</p> + + <div id="MELANCHRA"></div> + + <h4>Genus 7.—MELANCHRA, Hb.</h4> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Head rough-scaled; eyes hairy. Antennæ in ♂ ciliated, or sometimes + bipectinated with apex simple. Thorax with more or less developed anterior and posterior crests. + Abdomen more or less crested, in ♀ obtuse. Anterior tibiæ rarely with apical hook."</p> + </div> + + <p>"A large genus of very general distribution, but much commoner in temperate regions of both + hemispheres. Relatively much more numerous in New Zealand than elsewhere."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p>This genus includes no less than thirty-four species. Some of these are extremely difficult to + distinguish owing to the obscurity of their markings, which offer unusual obstacles to clear + description and delineation. I have, however, endeavoured to point out what, in my opinion, + constitute the most reliable distinctions; but I fear that amongst those species, where only one + or two specimens are known, cases of real difficulty will arise. Future investigation will no + doubt result in a remodelling of some of the more obscure species in this genus.</p> + + <p class="sp3">It may be well to point out that the genus <i>Melanchra</i> was formerly known by + the name of <i>Mamestra</i>.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA DISJUNGENS, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Heliophobus disjungens</i>, Walk., Noct. 1681; Butl., Voy. Ereb., pl. ix. 1. + <i>Hadena nervata</i>, Gn., Ent. Mo. Mag. v. 40. <i>Mamestra disjungens</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. + Inst. xix. 15.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 43.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred in the South Island at Ashburton and at Rakaia.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1⅜ inches. The fore-wings are + brownish-grey; <i>the veins are very conspicuously marked in white</i>, the orbicular and + reniform are large, white, each with a dusky centre; there is a conspicuous, white, transverse + line near the termen, emitting two white, tooth-like projections on veins 3 and 4, <i>and + connected with a longitudinal line running to the base of the wing</i>. The hind-wings are grey + with the cilia white.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from November till January. It was formerly a common + species near Rakaia, but is now much scarcer.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA PARACAUSTA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Mamestra paracausta</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 15.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 28 ♂, 28A ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred in the South Island at Mount Arthur, Castle Hill, and + Invercargill.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1⅜ inches. <i>The fore-wings are dull + white with an irregular, central, longitudinal, blackish-brown streak becoming very broad + towards the termen; there is an oval reddish-brown blotch near the base, but no distinct + transverse lines; two conspicuous elliptic, white marks are situated on the termen near the + tornus.</i> The hind-wings are pale grey, with an obscure central shade and a series of brownish + dots along the termen.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The species appears somewhat variable. In some male specimens the white colouring + is largely replaced by pale yellowish-brown. Described and figured from specimens in the + collections of Messrs. Fereday, Hawthorne, and Philpott<a id="NtA_14" + href="#Nt_14"><sup>[14]</sup></a>.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page16">{16}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA INSIGNIS, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Euplexia insignis</i>, Walk., Suppl. 724. <i>Xylina turbida</i>, ib. 754. + <i>Mamestra polychroa</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 16. <i>Mamestra insignis</i>, Meyr., + ib. xx. 45.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 29 ♂, 30 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This pretty species has occurred at Palmerston and Wellington in the North Island, and at + Blenheim, Christchurch, and West Plains near Invercargill in the South Island. It is probably + common and generally distributed.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1⅜ inches. <i>The fore-wings are + pinkish-brown</i>; there is a short black streak near the centre of the wing at the base, and an + irregular, extensive black marking along the dorsum; <i>the orbicular, reniform, and claviform + spots are large, margined first with green and then with black</i>; a fine white line is + situated parallel with the termen, edged with green, and emitting two sharp tooth-like markings; + beyond this line the ground colour of the wing is dark-brownish-black. The hind-wings are dull + brown, darker towards termen; the cilia are white with a brown line. The antennæ of the male are + slightly bipectinated. In the female the ground colour is considerably paler, the black markings + much darker, and more suffused, and the posterior half of the reniform is usually + creamy-white.</p> + </div> + + <p>Some specimens have the green and black markings slightly more pronounced, but otherwise there + are no important variations.</p> + + <p>The eggs are deposited in October and November. When first laid they are pale greenish-white, + but become dark brown in the centre as the enclosed embryo develops. The young larvæ emerge in + about a fortnight. At this time the two anterior pairs of prolegs are very short, causing the + caterpillar to loop up its back when walking. In colour the young larva is pale brown, with + numerous black warts emitting several long, stiff bristles. It is very active, and busily devours + the soft green portions of the dock leaves, leaving the harder membrane untouched. Twelve days + later the larva becomes pale green in colour, and moults for the first time, after which traces of + subdorsal and lateral lines present themselves. Growth then proceeds with great rapidity, and in + another eleven days the larva again sheds its skin. The last moult occurs a fortnight later.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">At this time the larva is pale greenish-brown, inclining to yellow on the ventral + surface. The lateral lines consist of a series of black markings near the posterior margin of + each segment; the subdorsal lines are represented by four oblique black marks on each side of + the four posterior segments of the larva. The region between these lines is much clouded with + yellowish-green or pink, the larvæ having a tendency to diverge into pink and green varieties. + The anal segment is dull yellow. The head is brown, with two black stripes and several black + dots.</p> + </div> + + <p>Whilst rearing these larvæ I noticed that during the daytime they invariably hid themselves + under the blotting paper at the bottom of the breeding cage. No doubt, under natural conditions, + they retreat beneath the ground, only coming abroad at night to feed. This habit would account for + the difficulty experienced in finding larvæ of this genus in a state of nature.</p> + + <p>The pupa state is spent in the earth, and occupies about a month.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The moth appears towards the end of January. It evidently hibernates through the + winter, as it is often seen very late in the autumn, and is always one of the first moths to come + to sugar in the early spring. It is frequently observed at rest on fences and trees in the + daytime.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page17">{17}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA MAYA, n. sp.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 31.)</span></p> + + <p>A single specimen of this species was taken on the Tableland of Mount Arthur, at an altitude of + about 3,500 feet.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp3"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1⅝ inches. The fore-wings are bright + yellowish-brown, paler towards the apex; there are two broad, shaded, black stripes at the base, + one near the middle edged with yellow above, and one below the middle edged with yellow beneath; + the orbicular is oval, oblique, edged with black except towards the costa; the claviform is + rather irregular, dark purplish-brown; <i>the reniform is very large, dark purplish-brown edged + with black; there is a large elongate patch of very dark brown at the tornus, partly edged first + with yellow and then with black</i>; another smaller patch is situated on the termen near the + middle, bisected by a fine yellow line. The hind-wings are grey; the cilia of all the wings are + yellowish-brown. The head and thorax are purplish-brown, the abdomen dull brownish-grey.</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA PLENA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Erana plena</i>, Walk., Suppl. 744. <i>Mamestra sphagnea</i>, Feld., Reis. + Nov., pl. cix. 17. <i>Dianthœcia viridis</i>, Butl., Cist. Ent. ii. 547. <i>Mamestra + plena</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 17.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 32.)</span></p> + + <p>Apparently common in the Canterbury district, where it has been taken at Christchurch and Mount + Hutt. In the North Island it has occurred in the neighbourhood of Wellington.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">It resembles <i>Melanchra insignis</i> in every respect except that the head, + thorax, and fore-wings are entirely suffused with green; there is no central black streak at the + base, and the orbicular, reniform, and claviform spots are smaller.</p> + </div> + + <p>It varies a little in the intensity of the green colouring.</p> + + <p>The eggs are deposited early in November. At first they are white in colour, but soon become + dull brown, with two concentric circular markings. The young larva closely resembles that of the + <i>Melanchra insignis</i>, but is much more sluggish. It feeds on grasses and other low + plants.</p> + + <p>In about six weeks' time it is full grown, when it still resembles the caterpillar of + <i>Melanchra insignis</i>, except that its colouring is considerably darker, and a number of + rust-red spots are situated on the subdorsal line. This larva also appears to spend the daytime + underground, only coming abroad in the evening to feed. The pupa is concealed in the earth.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect may be occasionally found at rest on tree-trunks in the forest, + where it is very hard to discover, as it almost exactly resembles a little patch of moss or + lichen. Specimens are sometimes noticed in the middle of winter, so there is little doubt that + this species hibernates. It occurs in spring as late as November, and as the pupæ emerge during + the latter end of January the insect is about for most of the year.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA LITHIAS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Mamestra lithias</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 17.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 33.)</span></p> + + <p>Two specimens of this species were taken at Castle Hill by Mr. J. D. Enys, and are now in Mr. + Fereday's collection.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1¼ inches. <i>The fore-wings are slaty-brown; there + is a broken, black-edged, white, transverse line near the base, and another at about one-third; + the orbicular is indicated by a conspicuous black-edged white crescent, the reniform is large, + oblong, white, margined with <span class="pagenum" id="page18">{18}</span>black, and crossed by + two grey lines</i>; there is an interrupted white terminal transverse line and a series of black + dots on the termen. The hind-wings are grey, paler towards the base; the cilia of all the wings + are slaty-brown.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from a specimen in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA MUTANS, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Hadena mutans</i>, Walk., Noct. 602. <i>H. lignifusca</i>, ib. 603. + <i>Mamestra angusta</i>, Feld., Reis. Nov., pl. cix. 18. <i>M. acceptrix</i>, ib., pl. cix. 19. + <i>Hadena debilis</i>, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 385, pl. xlii. 6. <i>Mamestra + mutans</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 17.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 34 ♂, 35 ♀, 36 ♂, variety; Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 15, + larva.)</span></p> + + <p>This is a very abundant species throughout the country.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. The fore-wings are pale + reddish-brown in the male, grey in the female; the markings are black and somewhat indistinct; + the orbicular spot is nearly round, the claviform semicircular, the reniform large and not + margined with black towards the termen; a line runs parallel with the termen, and emits on its + outer side a tooth-like mark; inside this line the ground colouring of the wing is usually + lighter. The hind-wings are grey, darker in the male; the cilia are white with a cloudy line. + The head, thorax, and abdomen are brown in the male, grey in the female. The antennæ are + slightly bipectinate in the male.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species varies much in the ground colouring of the fore-wings, especially in the male, + where it ranges from pale pinkish-brown to dark brown. The wings of the female are frequently much + clouded with dark grey.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The larva is rather stout, with the anterior segments wrinkled. It varies much in + colour; the dorsal surface is usually reddish-brown; the lateral line is broad and black; a + series of subdorsal stripes are also black; the ventral surface is green. Sometimes these + markings are hardly visible, and the larva is entirely green, whilst occasionally the brown + colouring predominates.</p> + </div> + + <p>It is a sluggish caterpillar, and feeds on low plants (<i>Plantago</i>, &c.) during the + whole of the spring and summer. It often frequents the luxuriant growth surrounding logs and + stones which have long been left undisturbed.</p> + + <p>The pupa state is spent in the earth or amongst moss on fallen trees. When this stage occurs in + the summer it is of short duration, but in the case of larvæ becoming full grown in the autumn, + the regular emergence does not take place until the following spring.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The moth may be observed on mild evenings nearly all the year round, but is + commoner during the summer. It is an extremely abundant species, and is very often seen resting on + tree trunks during the daytime, in which position the colouring of both sexes will be seen to be + very protective.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA AGORASTIS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Mamestra agorastis</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 18.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 30 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred at Wellington in the North Island, and at Akaroa and Lake Guyon in + the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. <i>The fore-wings are rich + reddish-brown</i>, with dull yellowish-white markings; the claviform is small, grey, margined + with dark reddish-brown; the orbicular is also rather small, grey, margined with dull white; the + reniform is rather large, oblong, dark grey, margined rather broadly with yellowish-white. The + hind-wings are dark brown. <i>The antennæ of the male are shortly pectinated.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>This species very closely resembles a dark specimen of <i>Melanchra pelistis</i> so far as the + female is concerned, which is the only sex I have had an opportunity of examining.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in February and March. It is a scarce species.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page19">{19}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA PICTULA, White.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Dianthoecia pictula</i>, White, Tayl. New Zeal., pl. i. 3. <i>Meterana + pictula</i>, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 386, pl. xlii. 1. <i>Mamestra pictula</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 18.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 37 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>Three specimens of this handsome species have occurred at Lake Coleridge in the South + Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1⅝ inches. The fore-wings are grey, very + faintly tinged with pink, the markings are yellowish-green margined with black, <i>the reniform + is large, oval, clear white, with a minute white dot above and below it</i>, there is a series + of conspicuous black-edged yellow spots near the termen; the cilia are grey with a series of + minute black and white dots at their base. <i>The hind-wings are pale crimson shaded with dark + grey near the termen</i>, there is an obscure grey spot near the middle; the cilia are grey. The + sides of the abdomen are bright crimson.</p> + </div> + + <p>The moth appears in March.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from a specimen in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA RHODOPLEURA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Mamestra rhodopleura</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 19.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 38.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has been taken in the North Island at Napier and Wellington.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1½ inches. The fore-wings are greenish-grey, with + the markings yellow margined with black; <i>the hind-wings are dark grey</i> with a terminal + series of small yellow spots. The sides of the abdomen are bright crimson.</p> + </div> + + <p>This insect is very closely allied to <i>Melanchra pictula</i>, <i>but the absence of the white + reniform spot and the grey hind-wings, will at once distinguish it from that species</i>.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in May and June. It is decidedly rare.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA MEROPE, n. sp.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 2.)</span></p> + + <p>A single specimen of this handsome insect was taken in the Wellington Botanical Gardens in + October, 1887.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp3"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is nearly two inches. <i>The fore-wings are rich + chocolate-brown, with yellow markings outlined in very deep brown</i>; there is a rather broad + broken transverse line near the base; a yellow blotch containing a slender curved brown line, on + the dorsum at about one-fourth, forming the end of another extremely broken transverse line; + <i>the reniform is large, finely outlined with brown towards the base of the wing and half + filled in with yellow towards the termen; between the reniform and the dorsum there is a jagged + yellow transverse line</i>; there is a terminal series of dark brown streaks and yellow spots, + and the termen itself is scalloped; the cilia are dark brown. The hind-wings are pale brown, + pinkish tinged; there is an obscure terminal line; the cilia are brownish-pink. The head and + thorax are dark brown, the abdomen pale brown, with the crests darker.</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA PELISTIS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Mamestra pelistis</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 20.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 3 ♂, 4 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred at Wellington and at Paikakariki, in the North Island. In the South + Island it has been found at Akaroa and Lake Coleridge.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. The fore-wings are dull ochreous + more or less shaded with dark reddish-brown, <i>especially in the vicinity of the transverse + lines</i>; there are several obscure pale marks near the base; <i>the orbicular is grey, + margined towards the dorsum with a conspicuous white or dull yellow crescentic line; the + claviform is small, round, dull grey, edged with darker; the reniform is large, darker grey, + paler towards the costa, margined with <span class="pagenum" id="page20">{20}</span>white or + dull yellow towards the base of the wing and termen</i>; there are two obscure transverse lines, + the outer one often being slightly toothed towards the termen; sometimes there is a terminal + series of minute black marks; the cilia are brown. The hind-wings are dark grey, with the cilia + white.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species varies considerably in the ground colouring of the fore-wings. In some specimens + the wing is almost entirely rich reddish-brown, whilst in others this colouring is confined to the + vicinity of the stigmata and transverse lines. Numerous intermediate varieties exist which seem to + connect these two forms.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January, February, and March. It is very common in + the Wellington Botanical Gardens on the white rata blossoms.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA PROTEASTIS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Mamestra vitiosa</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 20 (nec Butl.). <i>Mamestra proteastis</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xx. + 45.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 40 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This insect is very common in the neighbourhood of Christchurch.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>The expansion of the wings is 1¼ inches. The fore-wings are dark chocolate-brown; there are + several very obscure marks near the base, the orbicular and claviform spots are almost + invisible, the reniform is pale brown with a minute dot above and below it towards the termen, + followed by a pale, darker-margined, transverse line. The hind-wings are dull brownish-grey, + with the cilia paler. The female is rather darker in colour than the male.</p> + <p class="sp0">This is a very obscurely marked insect, closely allied to the next species, from + which it can only be distinguished with difficulty. <i>Its somewhat smaller size and the two + minute white dots on the reniform stigma appear to be the most definite characteristics.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in May and June.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from specimens in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA VITIOSA, Butl.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Apamea vitiosa</i>, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 384, pl. xlii. 3. + <i>Mamestra ochthistis</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 20. <i>Mamestra vitiosa</i>, Meyr. + Trans. N. Z. Inst., xx. 45.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 42; Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 16, larva.)</span></p> + + <p>This is a scarce species in the neighbourhood of Wellington. In Christchurch it is very + common.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>The expansion of the wings is 1⅜ inches. In general colouration it closely resembles + the preceding insect, but is considerably paler, with the markings much more distinct. There are + no clear white dots above or below the reniform stigma, the orbicular is obliquely oval and + rather conspicuous, and the claviform is strongly margined with black.</p> + <p class="sp0">The larva is rather robust, very pale green above with numerous white lines and + dots; dark green beneath with yellow dots. In the light part there is a triangle of black spots + on each segment. The young larva has a strong pink lateral line, but in mature specimens this + line is confined to the anterior and posterior segments only. Length when full grown about 1¼ + inches.</p> + </div> + + <p>This caterpillar feeds on <i>Melicope simplex</i>, and when amongst the foliage of its + food-plant it is extremely hard to detect, owing to its protective colouring and sluggish habits. + The larva is full grown about October.</p> + + <p>The pupa is enclosed in a light cocoon on the surface of the ground.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from November till April.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page21">{21}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA DIATMETA, Meyr.<a id="NtA_15" href="#Nt_15"><sup>[15]</sup></a></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 5.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred at Wellington.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1⅜ inches. The fore-wings are reddish-brown; + there is a short longitudinal black streak near the base, an obscure yellow transverse line at + about one-fourth, and several short oblique brown or yellow marks on the costa; the orbicular is + oval oblique outlined very distinctly in yellow; the reniform is white, margined with yellow + towards the base of the wing; <i>there is a black longitudinal streak at the base on the dorsum, + which bends upwards at about one-fourth, and runs in a somewhat curved direction to a little + above the tornus</i>. The veins are faintly marked in black, and there are several large yellow + dots between the veins near the termen; the termen itself is slightly indented, the cilia are + reddish-brown. The hind-wings are greyish-brown with the cilia reddish. There are two very + conspicuous curved yellowish stripes on each side of the thorax.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in September and October. It is a rare species.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA TARTAREA, Butl.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Graphiphora tartarea</i>, + Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 384, pl. xlii. 2. <i>Mamestra tartarea</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. + Z. Inst. xix. 21.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 6.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred on the Murimutu Plains in the North Island. In the South Island it is + a common species in the neighbourhood of Christchurch.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1½ inches. The fore-wings are dark chocolate-brown; + there is a short, dark-margined, pale transverse line near the base, and another at about + one-third, the claviform spot is small, oval, dark brown, margined with black, the orbicular and + reniform are very large, pale brown and very conspicuous; <i>there is a broad pale brown + terminal band, and a narrow shading of pale brown along the dorsum</i>. The hind-wings are dark + grey and the cilia dull white.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species can easily be recognised by the pale terminal band of the fore-wings.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in March and April.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA HOMOSCIA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Mamestra homoscia</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 21.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 7; Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 10, larva.)|.</span></p> + + <p>This dull-looking species has hitherto only occurred in the Wellington district, where it seems + to be fairly common.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>The expansion of the wings is about 1⅜ inches. The fore-wings are uniform dark grey; + the veins are marked with a series of white dots, preceded and followed by black marks; the + orbicular, reniform, and claviform spots are scarcely visible; an indistinct wavy line runs + parallel with the termen. The hind-wings are grey; the cilia are white with a cloudy line. The + head, thorax, and abdomen are grey.</p> + <p>Sometimes the grey colouring is very much darker, and a faint wavy line is present between + the orbicular spot and the base of the wing. In other respects the species does not vary.</p> + <p class="sp0">The larva is rather attenuated and black in colour; the dorsal line is narrow and + bright yellow; the subdorsal is broader and white; and the lateral line is pale brown. The head, + legs, prolegs, and under surface are pale brown, speckled with black; the spiracles are pink; a + conspicuous white spot is situated above the spiracles.</p> + </div> + + <p>This caterpillar feeds on the Tauhinu (<i>Pomaderris ericifolia</i>) in December and January. + It is very active in its habits, and immediately drops to the ground when disturbed. It is much + infested by a dipterous parasite. The pupa state is spent in the earth and lasts about six + weeks.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The moth appears in February, March, and April. It is attracted by light, and in + consequence often enters houses.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page22">{22}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA OMICRON, n. sp.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 42.)</span></p> + + <p>This species was discovered at Wellington by Mr. A. Norris.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. The fore-wings are pale + olive-green, mottled and striped with dull grey; there is a double transverse line near the + base, another at about one-fourth, and another at about one-half, passing between the orbicular + and the reniform; beyond this there are two indistinct shaded lines, and a terminal series of + black marks; <i>the orbicular is large, almost circular, and sharply outlined in black</i>; the + claviform is small and indistinct, and the reniform ill-defined, obscurely outlined in black + towards the base. The hind-wings are brownish-grey, darker towards the termen.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in November.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA COMPOSITA, Gn.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Cloantha composita</i>, Gn., Noct. vi. 114. <i>Auchmis composita</i>, Walk., + Noct. 616; Butl., Voy. Ereb., pl. ix. 12. <i>Mamestra maori</i>, Feld., Reis. Nov., pl. cix. 24. + <i>Leucania dentigera</i>, Butl. <i>Mamestra composita</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. + 22.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 8 ♂, 9 ♀; Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 7, larva.)</span></p> + + <p>One of the most abundant of our night-flying moths, occurring in great profusion throughout the + country.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. The fore-wings are pale reddish-brown, darker + towards the middle. There are two elongate, pointed, white markings touching the termen below + the middle, and a central white streak, interrupted in the middle, by a small semicircular white + mark, which represents the lower portion of the reniform spot; the orbicular and claviform spots + are obsolete. The hind-wings are dark grey. The head and thorax are reddish-brown, and the + abdomen is dark grey. The antennæ are serrate in the male but simple in the female. In some + specimens the white markings are more extensive than usual, but otherwise there are no important + variations.</p> + <p class="sp0">The larva is bright reddish-brown; the dorsal stripe is broad and black; the + subdorsal narrower, edged with white; the lateral lines are dull red, white, and black; the + ventral surface, head, legs, and prolegs are greenish-grey with black markings; the spiracles + are black.</p> + </div> + + <p>This caterpillar varies considerably in the intensity of the light and dark markings. It feeds + on grasses in January and September, and is very active. It often occurs in prodigious numbers, + and at such times may frequently be seen travelling at a great rate over bare ground in search of + food. Amongst the grass it is hard to detect, as the striped colouring is very protective in that + situation.</p> + + <p>The pupa state is spent in the earth, or under moss on fallen trees.</p> + + <p>The moth appears from September till April. It is double-brooded. A few of the second brood + emerge in the autumn and hibernate as moths, but the majority pass the winter in the pupa state. + Hence we sometimes meet with specimens on mild evenings in the middle of winter.</p> + + <p class="sp3">This insect is much attracted by light, and occasionally assembles in vast numbers + round a brilliant lamp. I have had as many as one hundred specimens in my verandah at Karori, + attracted during two or three hours. It is by far the commonest insect at the collectors' sugar, + the numerous visitors of this species eagerly jostling each other in their haste to obtain a share + of the sweets. <i>M. composita</i> is likewise observed in the utmost profusion on attractive + flowers of all kinds, crowding out the rarer and more aristocratic species. Mr. Hanify has drawn + my attention to the remarkable habit this insect has of suddenly stopping <span class="pagenum" + id="page23">{23}</span>during its flight, and thus eluding pursuit. It also takes wing with + unusual rapidity. Specimens of this moth may constantly be observed at rest in various situations + during the daytime, when the protective character of the colouring will be at once apparent, + especially when the insect is partially concealed amongst grass. Mr. Meyrick informs us that this + species is common in Tasmania and South-Eastern Australia.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA STEROPASTIS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Mamestra steropastis</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 22.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 10 ♂, 11 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This insect has occurred in the North Island at Napier. In the South Island it has been taken + at Blenheim and Christchurch, but does not seem to be a common species anywhere.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is from 1¼ to 1½ inches. In general appearance it + somewhat resembles the preceding species, from which it may chiefly be distinguished by the + absence of the sharp white central line and conspicuous tooth-like markings near the termen. + <i>There is also a minute white dot situated at the junction of veins 3 and 4 of the + fore-wings.</i> The hind-wings are dark grey.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears from November till February.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from Mr. Fereday's specimens.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA INFENSA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Orthosia infensa</i>, Walk. + 748. <i>Mamestra arachnias</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 23. <i>Mamestra infensa</i>, Meyr., + ib. xx. 45.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 12.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred in the North Island at Napier, and in the South Island at + Blenheim.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. The fore-wings are reddish-brown, + slightly speckled with dull white except on a suffused central streak from the base to about + two-thirds; an obscure, moderately broad white costal streak extends from the base to + two-thirds, sharply defined near the base only, and containing several very oblique ill-defined + blackish marks; the orbicular is narrow oval, longitudinal, very finely margined with white and + then with black; the claviform is obsolete; the reniform is only indicated by two white dots, + representing its lower angles; the transverse lines are very acutely dentate but hardly + traceable; the subterminal line is indicated only by three very acute slender whitish-ochreous + dentations—one below apex, two touching the termen below the middle; the cilia are + reddish-brown mixed with dull white. The hind-wings are dark grey; the cilia are dull white, + with a faint grey line and tips white. The head, palpi, and thorax are reddish-brown speckled + with white; the forehead with two black transverse lines; and the collar with a slender white + line; thorax with strong anterior double tuft. Abdomen light reddish-grey.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Description compiled from that of Mr. Meyrick. Figured by Mr. W. B. Hudson from a + specimen in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA OMOPLACA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Mamestra omoplaca</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 24.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 13.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred in the South Island at Lake Coleridge and Rakaia.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. The fore-wings are dark + reddish-brown, there is a short black median streak from the base, margined above with + ochreous-white; the space between this and the costa is marked with suffused ochreous-whitish + lines; in one specimen <span class="pagenum" id="page24">{24}</span>a blackish suffusion + extending from base of the dorsum obliquely to orbicular and reniform, the space between this + and the subterminal line is suffused with pale whitish-ochreous; the orbicular and reniform are + blackish-fuscous, black-margined, and connected by a blackish-fuscous spot; the orbicular is + large, roundish; the reniform with its outer edge white; the claviform is small, suboval, + blackish-fuscous; the transverse lines are indistinct; the subterminal is obscurely paler or + hardly traceable, with two somewhat acute dentations below the middle; the terminal space is + mixed with blackish-fuscous; the cilia are reddish-fuscous mixed with blackish. The hind-wings + are fuscous-grey; the cilia grey-whitish, with a grey line.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in December, February, and March.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Description compiled from that of Mr. Meyrick. Figured by Mr. W. B. Hudson from a + specimen in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA ALCYONE, n. sp.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 14 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>During the autumn of 1894 several specimens of this interesting species were captured in the + Wellington Botanical Gardens by Mr. A. Norris.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the ♂ is 1⅝ inches, of the ♀ + 1½ inches. The fore-wings of the male are <i>warm brown, darker towards the base</i>; there is a + wavy, white-edged, black, transverse line at about one-fifth, followed by a round black spot; + <i>the costa is yellowish, with four pairs of short oblique black marks</i>; the orbicular is + large, oval, oblique, pale yellowish-brown slightly darker in the middle; the claviform is + small, obscure, and brownish-black; the reniform is black, outlined with dull white; <i>there is + a series of very acute, dull white, tooth-like terminal markings</i>, and the termen itself is + slightly scalloped; the cilia are dark brown. The hind-wings are grey with a series of small + dark marks on the termen; the cilia are reddish-ochreous. The head and anterior portion of the + thorax are reddish-ochreous; the rest of the thorax is rich brown, and there is a conspicuous + black transverse line between the pale and dark colouring; the abdomen is reddish-ochreous with + the crests reddish-brown. The female is much darker and duller than the male, the markings are + much less distinct, there are several additional jagged transverse lines, and the white markings + of the male are indistinctly indicated in drab.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in March.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA DOTATA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Dasypolia dotata</i>, Walk., + Noct. 522. <i>Mamestra dotata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 24.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 16.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred at Nelson.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1½ inches. The fore-wings are very dark + brownish-black; there are several obscure black marks near the base; <i>the orbicular is large, + oblong, finely margined with black, the claviform is triangular, also finely margined with + black, both orbicular and claviform are surrounded by a conspicuous black shading; the reniform + is large ear-shaped, white towards the termen and dark brown towards the base of the wing</i>, + the white portion is traversed by a curved brownish line; there is a curved transverse line near + the termen, the space immediately inside this line being paler than the rest of the wing; there + is a terminal series of obscure pale dots. The hind-wings are dark brown, paler towards the + base; the cilia are also brown.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">A single specimen of this insect was reared from a pupa found at Wakapuaka, near + Nelson. Mr. Fereday also has a specimen, but without note of locality.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA ASTEROPE, n. sp.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 15.)</span></p> + + <p>A single specimen of this insect was taken at light on the Tableland of Mount Arthur, in + January 1891, at about 3,600 feet above the sea-level.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1⅜ inches. The fore-wings are dull brown + <i>with a pale area on the dorsum near the base, and a very broad pale band just before the + termen</i>; there is a broken <span class="pagenum" id="page25">{25}</span>black-edged + transverse line near the base, and a fainter transverse line at about one-third; the orbicular + is oblong, the claviform crescentic, <i>and the reniform oblong, white, and very + conspicuous</i>, all are strongly outlined in black; there is a shaded transverse line on each + side of the broad pale terminal band; the termen is dark brown; the cilia are brown, and the + veins are marked in black. The hind-wings are pale grey; there is a rather conspicuous dark + crescent in the middle, and two shaded transverse lines; the cilia are grey.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">This species is evidently allied to <i>Melanchra dotata</i>.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA STIPATA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Xylina stipata</i>, Walk., + Suppl. 753. <i>Mamestra stipata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 25.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 17 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This fine species has occurred at Wellington in the North Island, and in the South Island at + Christchurch, and West Plains, near Invercargill.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1¾ inches. The fore-wings are brown; there is a + shaded, pale yellowish-brown, longitudinal line on the costa, <i>and an extensive irregular + patch of the same colour from about two-thirds to within a short distance of the termen; the + orbicular is large, oval, oblique, pale yellowish-brown; the claviform is semicircular, broadly + margined with black</i>; the reniform is dull grey, with one large and one small white mark + towards the termen; the termen is broadly shaded with dark blackish-brown, except near the apex + of the wing and a little below the middle. The hind-wings are dark brownish-grey, with the cilia + reddish-brown. The female is rather paler with a slightly olive tinge. Both sexes vary a little + in the depth of their colouring.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from October till May. It is common at Christchurch, but + rather scarce in Wellington.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA OCTANS, n. sp.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 1.)</span></p> + + <p>This distinctly marked little species was discovered by Mr. Philpott, at Mount Linton, near + Invercargill.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1¾ inches. The fore-wings are pale ochreous-brown; + there are several wavy brown transverse lines near the base, two lines at about one-third, + <i>then a large</i> <b>V</b>-<i>shaped white mark extending almost from the costa and touching + the dorsum</i>; the orbicular and reniform spots are situated in the middle of this mark, the + orbicular is very finely outlined in brown, and contains a black dot towards the base of the + wing; the reniform is large, dark brown, <i>surrounded by a large triangular dark brown + shading</i>; there is an obscure subterminal line; the termen is slightly indented. The + hind-wings are dark brown, paler towards the termen.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species may be immediately recognised by the large, white, <b>V</b>-shaped markings on the + fore-wings.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in March.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA RUBESCENS, Butl.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Xylophasia rubescens</i>, + Butl., Cist. Ent. ii. 489. <i>Mamestra rubescens</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. + 25.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 18 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This insect is apparently a mountain species. It has been taken at Mount Arthur, Castle Hill, + and Lake Wakatipu.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1⅝ inches. The fore-wings are pale + orange-brown, the orbicular and claviform spots are faintly margined with reddish-brown; the + reniform is dark brown and very conspicuous; there are two large reddish-brown markings on the + termen. The hind-wings are dark grey tinged with red. The cilia of all the wings are + reddish-brown.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species varies slightly in the shape and extent of the markings on the termen <span + class="pagenum" id="page26">{26}</span>of the fore-wings, which occasionally cause the pale ground + colour to form tooth-like projections. It also varies a little in the intensity of the other + markings, and in the depth of the ground colour.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The moth appears in January and February, and is attracted by light. I have taken + it in some abundance on the Tableland of Mount Arthur, at an altitude of 3,500 feet above the + sea-level.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA LIGNANA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Hadena lignana</i>, Walk., + Noct. 758. ? <i>Xylophasia morosa</i>, Butl., Cist. Ent. ii. 543. <i>Mamestra lignana</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 26.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 19 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This pretty species is very common at Wellington in the North Island. In the South Island it + has occurred at Mount Hutt.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1½ inches. <i>The fore-wings are + greyish-cream-colour</i>, slightly paler on the costa. There are two very distinct blackish + transverse marks on the costa near the base, and two others at about one-third; <i>the stigmata + are all sharply and finely outlined in black; the orbicular is oval, the claviform triangular, + the reniform large and oblong, containing a smaller black-edged mark in its centre, and a + blackish blotch towards its lower margin</i>; beyond the reniform there is a faint jagged + transverse line; there are two dark patches on the termen, <i>the pale ground colour forming two + sharp tooth-like markings slightly below the middle</i>; the termen itself is slightly indented, + and the cilia are dark brown. The hind-wings are dark grey with the cilia white.</p> + </div> + + <p>Some specimens of this insect are slightly darker than others, but in other respects there are + no important variations.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from October till April. It comes freely to sugar and to + light, and is often taken at rest on trees and fences in the daytime.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA CŒLENO, n. sp.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 39.)</span></p> + + <p>This interesting species has been taken at Wellington by Messrs. Hawthorne and Norris.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1⅜ inches. The fore-wings are very pale + brownish-cream-colour; <i>there is a large irregular dark brown patch on the dorsum from about + one-eighth to about two-thirds, another smaller patch at the tornus, and another still smaller + on the termen a little above the middle</i>; there are two very obscure transverse lines; the + orbicular is finely outlined in brown; the reniform contains two very dark brown dots, and is + rather strongly outlined in brown towards the base. The hind-wings are dark grey. The cilia of + all the wings are grey with a paler line.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in November.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA USTISTRIGA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Xylina ustistriga</i>, Walk., + Noct. 630. <i>X. lignisecta</i>, ib., 631. <i>Mamestra ustistriga</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. + xix. 26.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 20 ♂, 20<span class="smaller">A</span> ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This beautiful insect has occurred commonly at Wellington in the North Island, and in the South + Island, at Blenheim, Christchurch, and Lake Coleridge.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1¾ inches. <i>The fore-wings, head, and + thorax are pinkish-grey in the male, pale grey in female; the orbicular spot is rather large, + nearly round, finely outlined in black; the reniform is very large, margined with black towards + the base of the wing, and usually touching the orbicular spot or connected with it by a short + black line</i>; the claviform is triangular, also black margined; there is a cloudy oblique line + below the reniform, and an irregular line between the reniform and the termen. The hind-wings + and abdomen are pale pinkish-grey in male, dull grey in female; the cilia are white with a + cloudy line.</p> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page27">{27}</span></div> + + <p>This insect varies slightly in size, especially in the female. The larva is dull greyish-brown, + with the subdorsal and lateral lines darker. It feeds on honeysuckle during the summer months.</p> + + <p>The pupa state is spent in the earth.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The moth is very irregular in its appearance. I have captured specimens in January, + February, March, April, July and September. It appears to pass the winter in both the pupa and + imago states. It is very partial to light, and in consequence often enters houses.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA PRIONISTIS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Mamestra prionistis</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 27.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 21 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This species is common at Wellington in the North Island. In the South Island it has been taken + at Rakaia.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is 1⅝ inches, of the female 1¾ + inches. <i>The fore-wings are rather pale yellowish-brown, with numerous irregular longitudinal + grey streaks</i>; there are several very obscure jagged transverse lines, and the stigmata are + almost invisible; <i>a very broad blackish longitudinal band is situated on the dorsum</i>. The + hind-wings are brownish-grey; the cilia are grey tipped with white. The head and thorax are grey + tinged with yellowish-brown; there is a conspicuous blackish streak on each side of the + thorax.</p> + </div> + + <p>In this species the dorsal band is often considerably paler, but otherwise there is no + variation.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from November till April. It comes freely to sugar, and + occasionally to light. It is also sometimes met with at rest on trees in the daytime, where its + colouring is protective. I have noticed that this moth is much commoner in some years than in + others.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA PHRICIAS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Mamestra temperata</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 27 (nee Walk.). <i>Mamestra phricias</i>, Meyr., ib., xx. + 46.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 22.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred in the Manawatu district in the North Island. In the South Island it + has been found at Christchurch and Lake Coleridge.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. <i>The fore-wings are pale + silvery-grey</i>; there are several obscure blackish marks near the base, <i>two dark, shaded, + transverse bands, one just before the orbicular, and one between the orbicular and the + reniform</i>; the orbicular is round, nearly white, with a faint greyish ring in the middle; the + reniform is large, oblong, margined first with white and then with black; there is a series of + black crescentic marks near the termen, and another smaller series on the termen; the cilia are + dark grey. The hind-wings are dull brownish-grey, the cilia are grey tipped with white. The + terminal joint of the palpi is elongated.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect has been taken in December, February, March and June, and is + attracted by light. It is rather a rare species.</p> + + <p class="ac">MELANCHRA CUCULLINA, Gn.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Xylocampa cucullina</i>, Gn., Ent. Mo. Mag. v. 40. Agrotis mitis, Butl., + Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 383, pl. xlii. 5. <i>Mamestra cucullina</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. + Inst. xix. 28.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 23 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred at Mount Arthur, and at Rakaia.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1⅜ inches. <i>The fore-wings are + bluish-grey, speckled and dappled with blackish-brown</i>; there is a pale transverse line near + the base, partially edged with black; the orbicular is round, containing a blackish dot in the + middle; the reniform is elongate-oval, including a <span class="pagenum" + id="page28">{28}</span>dark spot in its lower portion; the space surrounding the stigmata is + clouded with dark blackish-brown; there is a terminal series of small blackish crescentic marks, + and the cilia are dark grey. The hind-wings are brownish-grey; the cilia are also grey tipped + with white.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species is evidently closely allied to <i>M. phricias, but may at present be distinguished + by its darker and more bluish colouring</i>.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January and March. I have taken it at light on the + Tableland of Mount Arthur, at 3,600 feet above the sea-level.</p> + + <div id="ERANA"></div> + + <h4>Genus 8.—ERANA, Walk.</h4> + + <div class="smaller sp3"> + <p class="sp0">"Eyes hairy. Antennæ in male filiform, simple, with scattered single cilia. + Thorax with anterior and posterior crests. Abdomen with strong dorsal crests towards base. + Fore-wings in male beneath with a very long dense tuft of scent-giving hairs from base; + transverse vein absent, 7 and 8 out of 9, 10 free. Hind-wings with transverse vein absent, costa + in male broadly dilated."—(Meyrick.) (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., fig. 9 fore-wing, + 10 hind-wing.)<a id="NtA_16" href="#Nt_16"><sup>[16]</sup></a></p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">We have one species representing this interesting genus.</p> + + <p class="ac">ERANA GRAMINOSA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Erana graminosa</i>, Walk., + Noct. 605. <i>E. vigens</i>, ib., Suppl. 743. <i>Erana graminosa</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. + xix. 28.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 24 ♂, 25 ♀; Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 8, larva.)</span></p> + + <p>This beautiful species appears to be fairly common in many forests in the North Island. It has + occurred at Wanganui, Masterton, Palmerston, and Wellington. In the South Island it has been taken + by Mr. Philpott, at West Plains, near Invercargill.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. The fore-wings are bright green; + there are three paler green transverse lines, edged with black; one near the base of the wing, + one just beyond the reniform spot, and one close to the termen; this last is inwardly much + clouded with dark olive-green; the reniform spot is pale green edged with black. The hind-wings + are very broad, pinkish-brown, tinged with green on the termen. In the female the hind-wings are + considerably narrower, and are not so strongly tinged with green as in the male.</p> + </div> + + <p>Some specimens appear to be rather darker than others, but beyond this I have not detected any + variation.</p> + + <p>The eggs are rather large, globular, flattened above and beneath, and pale green in colour.</p> + + <p>The larva feeds on the mahoe (<i>Melicytus ramiflorus</i>).</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">When first excluded from the egg it is about ⅛ inch long, and of a very + pale green colour. After the first moult the caterpillar is bright green, darker towards the + head, with white dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral lines; there are eight rows of shining black + spots, each spot emitting a number of stout black bristles; the head is yellowish-brown with a + few black dots. After the last moult the larva has a totally different appearance. It is pale + green marbled with darker green; there is often a whitish lateral line, and an obscure series of + diagonal green stripes on the sides of each segment. Sometimes the whole larva has a + pinkish-brown tinge, and there are often two or three rows of pale spots. In fact the full-grown + caterpillar is very variable in its colouring.</p> + </div> + + <p>These larvæ hibernate during the winter months, often secreting themselves in the burrows which + have been made in the stems of the mahoe by various species of wood-boring insects. They come + abroad about the end of August, and are full grown early in October. The pupa state is spent in + the earth.</p> + + <p>The moth appears in December, January, February, March and April. It is often <span + class="pagenum" id="page29">{29}</span>found at rest on tree-trunks in the daytime, where its + beautiful green colouring causes it to resemble, in the closest possible manner, a patch of moss. + Mr. Hawthorne tells me that he has frequently found dead specimens in this situation.</p> + + <p>This insect is, I think, commoner at slight elevations above the sea-level, forest ranges of + from 500 to 1,000 feet in height being apparently the most favourable localities for the species. + The appearance of the moth over so long a period would seem to indicate that there are two + generations in a year, but I have never found full-grown larvæ in the middle of summer. There is, + however, no doubt that the insect passes the winter in the larval condition. This species is often + met with very late in the season, frequenting the few remaining blossoms of the white rata until + the first or second week in April. Mr. Meyrick thus alludes to the scented tuft of hairs in the + male insect: "The large tuft of the fore-wings is the source of a very strong vanilla-like + perfume, which scents the box in which the specimens are contained for more than a week after + their death; the scent is excited more strongly, even in the dead specimen, by stirring the tuft + with a pin."<a id="NtA_17" href="#Nt_17"><sup>[17]</sup></a></p> + + <p class="sp3">I can fully testify to the accuracy of this interesting observation.</p> + + <div id="CARADRINIDES"></div> + + <h3>Sub-family 3.—<i>CARADRINIDES</i>.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp3"> + <p class="sp0">"Eyes naked, not ciliated."</p> + </div> + + <div id="BITYLA"></div> + + <h4>Genus 9.—BITYLA, Walk.</h4> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Antennæ in male filiform, shortly ciliated. Thorax not crested, collar + sub-erect. Abdomen not crested."—(Meyrick).</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Of this genus we have two species in New Zealand.</p> + + <p class="ac">BITYLA DEFIGURATA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Xylina defigurata</i>, Walk., + Suppl. 756. <i>Bityla thoracica</i>, ib. 869. <i>Bityla defigurata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. + xix. 31.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 33.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has been taken at Palmerston in the North Island, and at Blenheim, Christchurch, + Lake Coleridge, Dunedin, and West Plains near Invercargill, in the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1½ inches. <i>The fore-wings are uniform dull + bronzy-brown and very glossy</i>; there are one or two faint indications of transverse lines. + The hind-wings are dark grey, also glossy.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January, February, and March, and is attracted by + light. The single specimen I possess in my collection was taken in July, evidently hibernating. It + is a rare species.</p> + + <p class="ac">BITYLA SERICEA, Butl.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Bityla sericea</i>, Butl., + Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, 387, pl. xlii. 12; Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 31.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 34.)</span></p> + + <p>This rather striking insect has occurred at Wellington in the North Island, and at Christchurch + and Lake Guyon in the South Island.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page30">{30}</span></div> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1¾ inches. <i>The fore-wings are very dark + greyish-black, darker near the termen, and very glossy</i>; there are several isolated white + scales towards the base of the wing, and a very obscure transverse line at about three-fourths; + the cilia are cream colour and very conspicuous. The hind-wings are dark grey and glossy; <i>the + cilia are pale grey, very broadly tipped with cream colour</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in February and March, and is attracted by light. It is + a rather scarce species.</p> + + <div id="AGROTIS"></div> + + <h4>Genus 10.—AGROTIS, Ochs.</h4> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">Head rough-scaled; eyes naked. Antennæ in ♂ ciliated, often acutely + bidentate or bipectinated, with apex simple. Thorax usually with more or less developed anterior + and posterior crests. Abdomen not crested. Tibiæ all spinose.</p> + </div> + + <p>"A very large genus occurring all over the world but much more plentifully in the northern + hemisphere. The larvæ are very indiscriminate in their tastes, often feeding on almost any low + plant; they are frequently subterranean in habit, but usually emerge by night to + feed."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">This genus is represented in New Zealand by five species, one of which is an insect + of almost world-wide distribution.</p> + + <p class="ac">AGROTIS YPSILON, Rott.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Noctua ypsilon</i>, Rott. + Agrotis suffusa, Hb. <i>Agrotis ypsilon</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 32.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 35 ♂, 36 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This handsome insect is probably very common throughout the country. It has occurred abundantly + at Napier, Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch, Ashburton and Invercargill.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 2 inches. The fore-wings are pale brown, shaded + with rich brown on the costa and termen; the reniform is large and black, with a conspicuous + longitudinal streak pointing towards the termen; the orbicular is round, centred with black; the + claviform is elongate; there is a dark shaded line below the reniform, followed by a double wavy + transverse black line. The hind-wings are grey with pinkish reflections; they are shaded with + darker grey towards the termen; the cilia are white, the head and thorax are dark brown, the + abdomen grey. In the female the brown costal shading extends across the central portions of the + fore-wings to the dorsum, and the general colouring is also darker.</p> + </div> + + <p>There are no noteworthy variations in either sex. The larva feeds on the roots of grasses. Its + head is pale brown mottled with darker brown, and its body is lead-colour with darker dorsal and + lateral lines. It remains underground during the daytime, coming abroad at night to feed.</p> + + <p>The pupa is red-brown with a very sharp, spine-like extremity. It is concealed in the earth.<a + id="NtA_18" href="#Nt_18"><sup>[18]</sup></a></p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January, February and March. It is often very + abundant at various blossoms in the evening, and comes readily to sugar. It is an insect of almost + universal distribution, occurring in Australia, China, India, Africa, Europe, and North and South + America.<a id="NtA_19" href="#Nt_19"><sup>[19]</sup></a></p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page31">{31}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">AGROTIS ADMIRATIONIS, Gn.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Agrotis admirationis</i>, Gn. + (nec Meyrick), Ent. Mo. Mag. v. 38.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 37.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has been taken at Christchurch.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1⅜ inches. The fore-wings are dull grey; + there are two minute black marks on the costa near the base, a slender interrupted transverse + line at about one-third, <i>the orbicular, reniform, and claviform spots are very large and + conspicuous, surrounded by a dark grey shading</i>; there is a series of black dots on the + termen. The hind-wings are pale grey. The cilia of all the wings are also pale grey.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from a specimen in Mr. Fereday's collection. I am assured by + Mr. Fereday that the above-described insect is the true <i>Agrotis admirationis</i> of Guenée, + described from an identical specimen which he forwarded to Guenée. The following species, which is + regarded by Mr. Meyrick as <i>Agrotis admirationis</i>, Gn. (see Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 33), is + therefore renamed as below.</p> + + <p class="ac">AGROTIS INNOMINATA, n. sp.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Agrotis admirationis</i>, + Meyr. (nec Guenée), Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 33.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 39 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>Two specimens of this species have been taken at Wellington.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1⅜ inches. The fore-wings are pale + pinkish-yellow; there is a slender black longitudinal streak on the costa at the base, <i>a + broad black longitudinal streak at the base near the middle, and another a little beyond the + base above the middle, containing the orbicular and reniform stigmata, these are sharply + outlined in pinkish-yellow</i>; there are several rather indistinct black streaks between the + veins, and a series of terminal black dots; the cilia are dull pinkish-yellow. The hind-wings + are dull white; there is a series of brownish terminal dots, and the veins are marked in brown; + <i>the cilia are shining white</i>. The head and thorax are pinkish-brown; the latter has two + transverse black lines near the head, and two longitudinal black streaks on each side. The + abdomen is dull white tipped with pale brown.</p> + </div> + + <p>One specimen of this insect is considerably tinged with very pale olive-green instead of pink, + but it is otherwise identical. As the available material is so extremely limited, I am unable to + say which is the typical form.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in December. I am indebted to Messrs. J. H. Lewis and W. + R. Morris for my specimens.</p> + + <p class="ac">AGROTIS SERICEA, Butl.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Chersotis sericea</i>, Butl., Cist. Ent. ii. 490. <i>C. inconspicua</i>, ib. + 545. <i>Agrotis sericea</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 33. <i>A. inconspicua</i>, ib. 34. + <i>Agrotis sericea</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xx. 46.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 38 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred in the South Island at Christchurch, Rakaia, and Ashburton.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. The fore-wings vary from very pale + grey to dark blackish-grey; there is an obscure transverse line near the base, and another at + about one-fourth; <i>the orbicular is oval and dark centred, the claviform is elongate, often + very obscure, the reniform is broad dark centred, usually joined to the orbicular by a dark + patch</i>; all the stigmata are outlined in black; beyond the reniform there is a rather jagged + transverse line, and <i>several faint wedge-shaped markings</i>; there is a series of minute + elongate black marks on the termen; the cilia are grey with three dark lines. The hind-wings are + grey with several fine black marks on the termen; the cilia are white.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species seems to be rather variable both in ground colour and in markings.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in October, November, December and January. It is not a + common species.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page32">{32}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">AGROTIS CEROPACHOIDES, Gn.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Agrotis ceropachoides</i>, + Gn., Ent. Mo. Mag. v. 39; Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 34.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 1.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred at Rakaia.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1½ inches. <i>The fore-wings are bluish-grey, + dotted and streaked with darker grey; there are no distinct markings</i>, except an obscure + transverse shading near the termen, and a series of dull terminal spots; <i>the costa is + slightly concave</i>. The hind-wings are grey, paler towards the base, with a dark line on the + termen; the cilia of all the wings are grey.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in July, August and September.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from a specimen in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <div id="HELIOTHIS"></div> + + <h4>Genus 11.—HELIOTHIS, Ochs.</h4> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Head rough-scaled; eyes naked. Antennæ in ♂ ciliated. Thorax without + crest. Abdomen not crested. Tibiæ spinose, anterior tibiæ with horny apical hook.</p> + </div> + + <p>"A rather small genus, but very generally distributed, though commoner in subtropical regions; + it is a development of <i>Caradrina</i>; some of the species have a very wide natural range. The + larvæ feed especially on the blossoms of their food-plants."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">This genus is represented in New Zealand by the world-wide <i>Heliothis + armigera</i>.</p> + + <p class="ac">HELIOTHIS ARMIGERA, Hb.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Heliothis armigera</i>, Hb. + <i>H. conferta</i>, Walk., Noct. 690. <i>H. armigera</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. + 34.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 40 ♂, 41 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred plentifully at Waimarama (Hawkes Bay) and Wellington, in the North + Island; and at Nelson, Blenheim, Christchurch, Rakaia, and Ashburton in the South Island. In + Wellington it is certainly not so common as formerly, and Mr. Meyrick observes that its abundance + is declining in some other localities also.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is from 1½ to 1¾ inches. The fore-wings are pale + yellowish-brown, sometimes tinged with red. There is an irregular band of dull grey or brown + near the termen; <i>the reniform is small and black; the orbicular minute, also black; the + claviform is obsolete</i>; there are several very indistinct traces of transverse lines towards + the base of the wing. The hind-wings are dull yellow, <i>with a very broad, blackish, terminal + band</i>. The head and thorax are yellowish-brown, and the abdomen is dull yellow.</p> + </div> + + <p>This insect varies a good deal in the ground colouring of the fore-wings, which ranges from + dull yellow to brick-red, or even to dark yellowish-brown. The hind-wings are also much darker in + some specimens than in others.</p> + + <p>The larva feeds on the seeds and flowers of various plants. It is extremely variable in its + colouring.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">Some specimens are dull green, with a few obscure red spots on the sides of the + anterior segments. Others are brownish-black, with many fine yellow stripes and dots, and the + red spots confined to the three anterior segments. Others, again, have numerous olive-green, + white, and pale green lines, with a reddish blotch on the side of nearly every segment.</p> + </div> + + <p>This caterpillar is often rather destructive in gardens. Amongst other things, it devours + tomatoes and peas, the flowers and young fruit of pumpkins and vegetable marrows, the flowers and + leaves of geraniums, veronicas, &c. It is full grown in the autumn.</p> + + <p>The pupa is concealed in the earth, the insect remaining in this condition until the following + summer.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page33">{33}</span></div> + + <p>The moth appears in January and February. It often flies by day, and may then be seen + disporting itself amongst the flowers of the Scotch thistle. Its larva may also be found feeding + on these flowers.</p> + + <p class="sp3">This insect is practically cosmopolitan; it has occurred in the following + countries: Australia, Samoa, India, Ceylon, Madagascar, Africa, Europe, North and South America.<a + id="NtA_20" href="#Nt_20"><sup>[20]</sup></a></p> + + <div id="COSMODES"></div> + + <h4>Genus 12.—COSMODES, Gn.</h4> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Eyes naked. Antennæ in male filiform, shortly ciliated. Thorax with strong + transverse anterior and posterior crests. Abdomen strongly crested towards base. Hind-wings with + veins 6 and 7 short-stalked."—(Meyrick.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">We have only one species in New Zealand.</p> + + <p class="ac">COSMODES ELEGANS, Don.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Phalæna elegans</i>, Don. + Ins. N. H. <i>Cosmodes elegans</i>, Gn., Noct. vi. 290; Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. + 35.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 2.)</span></p> + + <p>This beautiful species has occurred at Napier and Ohau in the North Island. In the South Island + it has been taken at Christchurch and Governor's Bay.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1⅛ inches. The fore-wings are rich + orange-brown, with <i>four large green spots margined with silver</i>; there is a curved silvery + mark near the apex. The hind-wings are pale yellow, shaded with orange-brown towards the termen; + the cilia are pale orange-brown mixed with white.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in March and April.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Mr. Meyrick states that it occurs commonly in Eastern Australia.<a id="NtA_21" + href="#Nt_21"><sup>[21]</sup></a></p> + + <div id="PLUSIADAE"></div> + + <h2>Family 3.—<b>PLUSIADÆ.</b></h2> + + <p>The <i>Plusiadæ</i> are characterized as follows:—</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Ocelli usually distinct. Tongue well developed. Posterior tibiæ with all spurs + present. Fore-wings with veins 7 and 8 usually out of 9, 10 usually connected with 9. Hind-wings + with veins 3 and 4 connate or short-stalked, 5 well developed, 6 and 7 connate or short-stalked + or seldom closely approximated only, 8 shortly anastomosing with cell near base, thence evenly + diverging." (See Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 14 to 18.)</p> + </div> + + <p>"This family is by no means very prominent in temperate regions, but within the tropics it + assumes immense proportions, and is there, probably, the most abundant family of the Lepidoptera. + There is much greater diversity of size, colour, and form than in the <i>Caradrinidæ</i>, and also + more variation in structure, though this remains more uniform than usual. Imago with fore-wings + usually relatively broader and less elongate than in the <i>Caradrinidæ</i>, body often more + slender.</p> + + <p>"Ovum spherical, more or less reticulated, often also ribbed. Larva with few hairs, sometimes + with prolegs on segments 7 and 8 absent or rudimentary. Pupa usually in a cocoon above the + ground."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p>The family is represented in New Zealand by the following four genera<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <table class="sp3 mc nothand" title="Genera of Plusiadae" summary="Genera of Plusiadae"> + <tr> + <td colspan="2">Sub-family 1.—<a href="#HYPENIDES"><span + class="sc">Hypenides</span></a></td> + <td>1. <a href="#HYPENODES"><span class="sc">Hypenodes</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi">Sub-family 2.—<a href="#PLUSIADES"><span + class="sc">Plusiades</span></a></td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td>2. <a href="#PLUSIA"><span class="sc">Plusia</span></a>.<br/> + 3. <a href="#DASYPODIA"><span class="sc">Dasypodia</span></a>.<br/> + 4. <a href="#RHAPSA"><span class="sc">Rhapsa</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp3 mc ba handonly" title="Genera of Plusiadae" summary="Genera of Plusiadae"> + <tr class="ba"> + <td>Sub-family 1.—<a href="#HYPENIDES"><span class="sc">Hypenides</span></a></td> + <td>1. <a href="#HYPENODES"><span class="sc">Hypenodes</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr class="ba"> + <td class="vmi">Sub-family 2.—<a href="#PLUSIADES"><span + class="sc">Plusiades</span></a></td> + <td>2. <a href="#PLUSIA"><span class="sc">Plusia</span></a>.<br/> + 3. <a href="#DASYPODIA"><span class="sc">Dasypodia</span></a>.<br/> + 4. <a href="#RHAPSA"><span class="sc">Rhapsa</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page34">{34}</span></div> + + <div id="HYPENIDES"></div> + + <h3>Sub-family 1.—<i>HYPENIDES</i>.</h3> + + <p class="sp3">Vein 5 of hind-wings parallel to 4.</p> + + <div id="HYPENODES"></div> + + <h4>Genus 1.—HYPENODES, Gn.</h4> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">Head loosely scaled, with small frontal tuft. Antennæ in ♂ ciliated. Palpi + very long, porrected, second joint thickened with rough projecting scales, terminal rather + short, cylindrical. Thorax with appressed scales. Abdomen with small crest near base. Tibiæ + smooth-scaled. Fore-wings with vein 7 separate, 9 and 10 out of 8. Hind-wings with vein 5 + parallel to 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>"Although consisting of very few species, this genus is almost universally distributed. Imago + with fore-wings unusually elongate. Larva without prolegs on segments 7 and + 8."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">We have one species in New Zealand.</p> + + <p class="ac">HYPENODES EXSULARIS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Hypenodes exsularis</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xx. 46.)</span></p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>"<i>Male.</i>—16 mm. (about ¾ inch). Head, antennæ, thorax, and abdomen + whitish-ochreous, brownish-tinged; abdominal crest black. Palpi dark fuscous. Legs dark fuscous, + posterior pair whitish-ochreous. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly gradually dilated, costa + slightly arched, termen obliquely rounded; ochreous-brown, closely irrorated with rather dark + fuscous; a black mark beneath costa at base; a cloudy blackish longitudinal mark in disc beyond + middle; second line obscurely indicated, paler, anteriorly partly blackish-edged, from posterior + extremity of discal mark to dorsum beyond middle; an oblique wedge-shaped white spot from apex, + touching second line; a sub-terminal series of white dots; a terminal row of black dots; cilia + fuscous, with a basal series of whitish-ochreous dots. Hind-wings pale whitish-grey; a grey + transverse discal spot; a dark grey interrupted terminal line; cilia grey-whitish.</p> + <p class="sp0">"Taranaki, in March; one specimen.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">"In the British Museum is an unnamed specimen from China, which appears to be + certainly the same species; it, therefore, probably ranges through many of the South Pacific + islands. From its small size and inconspicuous appearance it is doubtless often + overlooked."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <div id="PLUSIADES"></div> + + <h3>Sub-family 2.—<i>PLUSIADES</i>.</h3> + + <p class="sp3">Vein 5 of hind-wings more or less approximated to 4.</p> + + <div id="PLUSIA"></div> + + <h4>Genus 2.—PLUSIA, Ochs.</h4> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Head rough-scaled. Antennæ in ♂ very shortly ciliated. Palpi rather long, + curved, ascending, second joint rough-scaled, terminal moderately long or short, more or less + rough-scaled in front, somewhat pointed. Thorax with large central or posterior crest. Abdomen + with one or more crests. Tibiæ rough-scaled. Hind-wings with vein 5 more or less approximated to + 4." (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 14 and 15.)</p> + </div> + + <p>"A considerable genus, occurring throughout the world. Most of the imagos are handsome insects, + often with metallic markings; some of them fly actively in bright sunshine. Larva usually without + prolegs on segments 7 and 8, segment 12 more or less prominent above. Pupa in a rather open + cocoon."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">This genus is represented in New Zealand by a single and very widely distributed + species.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page35">{35}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">PLUSIA CHALCITES, Esp.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Plusia criosoma</i>, Dbld., Dieff. N. Z. 285; Butl., Voy. Ereb., pl. x. 1, 2. + <i>P. argentifera</i>, Gn., Noct. vi. 352. <i>P. eriosoma</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. + 36.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 3 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This insect is probably generally distributed in the North Island, and in the northern portions + of the South Island. It has occurred very commonly at Taranaki, Napier, and Nelson, but in + Wellington it is rather a scarce species.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. The fore-wings are dark grey with + bronzy reflections; there is a pale band on the termen, and several of the transverse lines are + indicated by paler colouring, the two basal ones being often silvery; <i>the orbicular is partly + outlined with golden-white, and the claviform is wholly filled in with the same colour</i>. The + hind-wings are yellowish-grey, darker towards the termen.</p> + </div> + + <p>Mr. Meyrick mentions a variety in which the characteristic golden-white discal spots on the + fore-wings are absent. I have not yet had the good fortune to see this form, and think it must be + a rare one.</p> + + <p>The larva has twelve legs; it is much attenuated towards the head; its colour is pale green, + darker on the back; there is a number of wavy white lines and dots on the larva, as well as a few + isolated black dots and hairs. It feeds on geraniums, mint, bean, Scotch thistle, and many other + garden plants and weeds. Its original food appears to have been the "potato plant" (<i>Solarium + aviculare</i>); but now it only occurs on this shrub in uncultivated localities, where there is no + European vegetation.</p> + + <p>The pupa is enclosed in a cocoon of white silk, generally situated between two dead leaves on + or near the ground.</p> + + <p>The moth first appears about September, and continues abundant until the end of summer. In + Nelson I have seen it in great profusion, hovering over various flowers in the evening, at which + time it also occasionally endeavours to gain access to beehives. In the same locality I have met + with the young larvæ in the middle of winter, so that there is probably a continuous succession of + broods all the year through in favourable situations.</p> + + <p class="sp5">This insect is found in Australia, Pacific Islands, Africa, South Asia, South + Europe, and occasionally in the South of England.<a id="NtA_22" + href="#Nt_22"><sup>[22]</sup></a></p> + + <div id="DASYPODIA"></div> + + <h4>Genus 3.—DASYPODIA, Gn.</h4> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Eyes naked. Palpi with terminal joint very slender. Antennæ in male filiform, + hardly pubescent. Thorax and abdomen not crested. Tarsi in male very much thickened, with dense + scales (<i>teste Guenée</i>)."—(Meyrick.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">We have one species.</p> + + <p class="ac">DASYPODIA SELENOPHORA, Gn.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Dasypodia selenophora</i>, + Gn., Noct. vii. 175; Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 38.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 4.)</span></p> + + <p>This large and very handsome insect has occurred at Auckland, Napier, and Wellington in the + North Island, and at Nelson, Richmond, and Christchurch, in the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 3 inches. <i>The fore-wings are very rich + deep brown</i>; there are two faint jagged transverse lines near the base, a straight shaded + line at about one-third; <i>the reniform is very large, crescentic, steely blue, finely margined + first with black, then with orange, and <span class="pagenum" id="page36">{36}</span>then again + with black; the centre of the crescent is filled in with black; beyond this spot there are three + fine black wavy transverse lines emitting three very sharp teeth between the reniform and the + dorsum</i>; there is a faint shaded line near the termen. The hind-wings are rich brown, + slightly paler than the fore-wings; there are three shaded, wavy, transverse lines. The termen + of both wings is slightly scalloped with a minute bluish-white dot at each indentation; the + cilia are dark brown.</p> + </div> + + <p>The life-history is thus described by Mr. Colenso:—</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The larva when full grown is about 3¾ inches in length, elongate, slightly + thicker in the middle, and with the skin smooth. It is ash-colour, speckled with minute points + of black and red; two minute carmine spots are situated close together on its back; and, when in + motion, two large triangular black splashes are also visible. The under side of the larva is + dull white, with several dull olive spots corresponding to its ventral prolegs. Its head is + small, and pale Indian yellow in colour; its anal and ventral prolegs are large; on being + touched the caterpillar coils itself up very rapidly and closely.</p> + </div> + + <p>The specimen from which Mr. Colenso's description was taken, was found at rest on the trunk of + a large acacia-tree, which is probably the food-plant of the larva.</p> + + <p>The pupa is enclosed in a cocoon formed of leaves fastened together with silk. The insect + appears to remain in this condition for about two months.</p> + + <p>The pupa-case (after emergence) is nearly cylindrical, very obtuse at the head, and tapering + regularly downwards from the end of the wing-cases, with the tail conical; the abdominal segments + are very strongly marked. Its colour is dark red, with a bluish or violet bloom, but smooth and + shining on its prominent parts.<a id="NtA_23" href="#Nt_23"><sup>[23]</sup></a></p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January, February, and March, but it is rather a + scarce species. It is attracted by light, and thus occasionally enters houses, where specimens are + generally captured. Mr. Meyrick states that this insect occurs commonly in Eastern Australia.<a + id="NtA_24" href="#Nt_24"><sup>[24]</sup></a></p> + + <div id="RHAPSA"></div> + + <h4>Genus 4.—RHAPSA.</h4> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Eyes naked. Palpi very long, obliquely ascending, loosely rough-scaled + throughout, second joint with dense long projecting tuft above towards apex, terminal joint + moderate, Antennæ in male moderately bipectinated, apex simple. Thorax and abdomen not crested. + Fore-wings in male beneath with large broad costal fold on anterior half."—(Meyrick.) + (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 16 and 17 neuration of ♂ <i>Rhapsa + scotosialis</i>; fig. 18 head of ditto.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">We have two species.</p> + + <p class="ac">RHAPSA SCOTOSIALIS, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Rhapsa scotosialis</i>, Walk., Suppl. 1150. <i>Herminia lilacina</i>, Butl., + Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, pl. xlii. 11. <i>Rhapsa scotosialis</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. + xix. 38.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 5 ♂, 6 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This remarkable species is extremely abundant and generally distributed throughout the + country.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>The expansion of the wings is 1⅜ inches. <i>The fore-wings have the costa considerably + arched towards the apex, and the termen is bowed outwards in the middle</i>; the colour is pale + brown in the male and dark brown in the female; there are several obscure black marks near the + base; <i>the orbicular is very small, orange or pale grey outlined in black, the claviform is + absent, the reniform is conspicuous, the outer edge is much indented, the inner edge is outlined + with dull orange-red</i>, there is a black blotch between the orbicular and the reniform; beyond + the reniform there is a curved transverse line enveloping a series of minute black dots, then a + very conspicuous wavy transverse line shaded towards the base of the wing; <i>there is a pale + triangular area at the apex</i>, and a series of small crescentic dark brown markings on the + termen; the cilia are dark brown. The hind-wings are greyish-ochreous; there is a rather faint + line across the middle, followed by a broad shade; a series of <span class="pagenum" + id="page37">{37}</span>small crescentic marks is situated on the termen; the cilia are dark + greyish-ochreous. <i>The antennæ of the male are strongly bipectinated. The female is + considerably darker, the markings are less distinct and numerous, and there is no black blotch + between the orbicular and the reniform.</i></p> + <p>Some male specimens are much paler in colour than others, but with this exception there does + not appear to be any important variation.</p> + <p>The eggs are round, flattened above, bright green, becoming dull purplish about two days + after being laid.</p> + <p class="sp0">The young larva when first emerged is about ⅛ inch in length; the head is + brown; the body dull white, with a series of black tubercles round each segment, each tubercle + emitting a tuft of bristles. The larva has sixteen legs, but the two anterior pairs of ventral + claspers are not employed in walking, the caterpillar's mode of progression, consequently, + resembling that of a larva with twelve legs only. The food-plant is <i>Piper excelsum</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears from September till April, and is very common amongst undergrowth in + the forest. It is seldom found in the daytime, but at night it is extremely abundant in densely + wooded situations. It flies in a very stealthy manner, and may soon be recognised on the wing by + this feature alone. When disturbed it always secretes itself amongst dead fern fronds or other + vegetable refuse, where its sombre colour effectually conceals it.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The costal fold on the under side of the fore-wing of the male contains a very + large tuft of extremely long hairs. It probably emits a scent agreeable to the female.</p> + + <p class="ac">RHAPSA OCTIAS. Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Hyperaucha octias</i>, Meyr., + Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1897, 383.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 7.)</span></p> + + <p>This interesting little species has recently occurred in some numbers in the neighbourhood of + Wellington. I have no record at present of its capture in any other New Zealand locality.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1 inch. The fore-wings have the costa + straight, and the termen with a large projection slightly above the middle; the colour is pale + brown; <i>there is a broad dark brown patch on the costa at the base</i>, a jagged transverse + line at about one-fourth, <i>a very broad, oblique, blackish-brown, oblong patch on the costa at + about one-third; beyond this patch is situated the reniform which is very large, indented + towards the termen where it is outlined in dark brown</i>; there is a very fine jagged + transverse line from beneath the reniform to the dorsum; <i>a large irregular patch of dark + brownish-black just before the apex</i>, and an obscure transverse line; there is a series of + minute, dark brown, crescentic marks on the termen. The hind-wings are dull whitish-grey; there + is a faint blackish dot in the middle, a wavy line a little below the middle, and a terminal + series of small dark marks. The antennæ are filiform in both sexes.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in October, November and December. It frequents dense forest + ravines, and is generally disturbed from amongst dead leaves or old fern fronds. It is usually a + very scarce species, but appears to be much commoner in some years than in others. According to + Mr. Meyrick, it is also found in Australia.</p> + + <p class="sp5">This species is placed by Mr. Meyrick in the genus <i>Rhapsa</i>. The simple + antennæ and absence of the broad costal fold in the males would appear, however, to remove it from + that genus, as restricted by him in the 'Transactions' of the New Zealand Institute, xix. 38. In + all other respects it appears to conform to the genus.<a id="NtA_25" + href="#Nt_25"><sup>[25]</sup></a></p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page38">{38}</span></div> + + <h1 class="sp3"><span class="sans gsp fwb">II.—THE NOTODONTINA.</span></h1> + + <p>The <i>Notodontina</i> are characterized as follows:—</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>"The maxillary palpi are obsolete. Fore-wings with vein 1b usually furcate, but with lower + fork often weak or tending to be obsolete, 5 rising not nearer to 4 than to 6, parallel, 7 and 8 + out of 9. Hind-wings almost always with frenulum, 1c absent. (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., + figs. 19 to 64, and Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., figs. 12 and 13.)</p> + <p>"Imago with fore-wings more or less broad-triangular; hind-wings + broad-ovate."—(Meyrick.)</p> + <p>Larva (in New Zealand) generally with 10 or 12 legs only (Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., + figs. 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 24), rarely with 16 (<i>Sphinx</i>, Pl. III., figs. 13 and + 14).</p> + <p class="sp0">"Pupa with segments 9 to 11 free; not protruded from cocoon in + emergence."—(Meyrick.)</p> + </div> + + <p>This is a very extensive group of the Lepidoptera, and so far as it is represented in New + Zealand is equivalent to that group formerly known as the <i>Geometrina</i>, with the addition of + the family <i>Sphingidæ</i>. The insects here included comprise many of our most interesting, + abundant, and beautiful species. Some of them are so extremely variable that it is often a matter + of considerable difficulty to determine the most convenient points on which to base the specific + distinctions; although fortunately great advances have been made in this direction of late years + owing to the increase in the number of workers, and the consequent accumulation of available + material. In connection with this portion of the subject, special mention should be made of Mr. + Meyrick's paper on the group, which appeared in the 'Transactions' of the New Zealand Institute + for 1883. This essay has been of the greatest value in dispelling the doubts which formerly + existed respecting the limits of many of the most variable species.</p> + + <p>The <i>Notodontina</i> are represented in New Zealand by the six following families<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <table class="sp3 mc" title="Families of Notodontina" summary="Families of Notodontina"> + <tr> + <td>1. <a href="#HYDRIOMENIDAE"><span class="sc">Hydriomenidæ</span></a>.</td> + <td>4. <a href="#ORTHOSTIXIDAE"><span class="sc">Orthostixidæ</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>2. <a href="#STERRHIDAE"><span class="sc">Sterrhidæ</span></a>.</td> + <td>5. <a href="#SELIDOSEMIDAE"><span class="sc">Selidosemidæ</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="pr2">3. <a href="#MONOCTENIADAE"><span class="sc">Monocteniadæ</span></a>.</td> + <td>6. <a href="#SPHINGIDAE"><span class="sc">Sphingidæ</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div id="HYDRIOMENIDAE"></div> + + <h2>Family 1.—<b>HYDRIOMENIDÆ.</b></h2> + + <p>The <i>Hydriomenidae</i> are thus characterized:—</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Tongue well developed. Fore-wings with vein 10 rising separate; anastomosing + with 11 and 9 (forming double areole), or rising out of 11 and anastomosing with 9 (forming + simple areole). Hind-wings with vein 5 fully developed, parallel to 4, 6, and 7 almost always + stalked or connate, 8 anastomosing with upper margin of cell from near base to beyond middle, or + sometimes approximated only and connected by a bar or shortly anastomosing beyond middle." + (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 19 to 43.)</p> + </div> + + <p>"A very large family distributed in equal plenty throughout all temperate regions, but becoming + scarcer within the tropics. The structure is very uniform throughout, and the generic distinctions + slight. Imago with body slender, fore-wings usually broad.</p> + + <p>"Ovum broad, oval, rather flattened with usually oval reticulations. Larva elongate, slender, + with few hairs, without prolegs on segments 7 to 9; often imitating live or dead twigs and shoots. + Pupa usually subterranean."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page39">{39}</span></div> + + <p>This family is very extensively represented in New Zealand by the following fifteen genera<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <table class="sp4 mc nothand" title="Genera of Hydriomenidae" summary="Genera of Hydriomenidae"> + <tr> + <td class="w25">1. <a href="#TATOSOMA"><span class="sc">Tatosoma</span></a>.</td> + <td class="w25">5. <a href="#ELVIA"><span class="sc">Elvia</span></a>.</td> + <td class="w25"><span class="hid">0</span>9. <a href="#VENUSIA"><span + class="sc">Venusia</span></a>.</td> + <td class="w25">13. <a href="#DASYURIS"><span class="sc">Dasyuris</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>2. <a href="#PARADETIS"><span class="sc">Paradetis</span></a>.</td> + <td>6. <a href="#HYDRIOMENA"><span class="sc">Hydriomena</span></a>.</td> + <td>10. <a href="#ASAPHODES"><span class="sc">Asaphodes</span></a>.</td> + <td>14. <a href="#NOTOREAS"><span class="sc">Notoreas</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>3. <a href="#CHLOROCLYSTIS"><span class="sc">Chloroclystis</span></a>.</td> + <td>7. <a href="#EUCHOECA"><span class="sc">Euchœca</span></a>.</td> + <td>11. <a href="#XANTHORHOE"><span class="sc">Xanthorhoe</span></a>.</td> + <td>15. <a href="#SAMANA"><span class="sc">Samana</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>4. <a href="#PHRIXOGONUS"><span class="sc">Phrixogonus</span></a>.</td> + <td>8. <a href="#ASTHENA"><span class="sc">Asthena</span></a>.</td> + <td>12. <a href="#LYTHRIA"><span class="sc">Lythria</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp5 mc handonly" title="Genera of Hydriomenidae" summary="Genera of Hydriomenidae"> + <tr> + <td class="w50">1. <a href="#TATOSOMA"><span class="sc">Tatosoma</span></a>.</td> + <td class="w50"><span class="hid">0</span>9. <a href="#VENUSIA"><span + class="sc">Venusia</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>2. <a href="#PARADETIS"><span class="sc">Paradetis</span></a>.</td> + <td>10. <a href="#ASAPHODES"><span class="sc">Asaphodes</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>3. <a href="#CHLOROCLYSTIS"><span class="sc">Chloroclystis</span></a>.</td> + <td>11. <a href="#XANTHORHOE"><span class="sc">Xanthorhoe</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>4. <a href="#PHRIXOGONUS"><span class="sc">Phrixogonus</span></a>.</td> + <td>12. <a href="#LYTHRIA"><span class="sc">Lythria</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>5. <a href="#ELVIA"><span class="sc">Elvia</span></a>.</td> + <td>13. <a href="#DASYURIS"><span class="sc">Dasyuris</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>6. <a href="#HYDRIOMENA"><span class="sc">Hydriomena</span></a>.</td> + <td>14. <a href="#NOTOREAS"><span class="sc">Notoreas</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>7. <a href="#EUCHOECA"><span class="sc">Euchœca</span></a>.</td> + <td>15. <a href="#SAMANA"><span class="sc">Samana</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>8. <a href="#ASTHENA"><span class="sc">Asthena</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div id="TATOSOMA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 1.—TATOSOMA, Butl.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face smooth. Palpi long, straight, porrected, shortly rough-scaled, terminal + joint short. Antennæ in male simple, stout, gradually dilated from base to near apex, apex + attenuated. Abdomen in male very excessively elongate. Hind-wings in male deeply excised near + dorsum, dorsal lobe folded into a long pocket, fringed with hairs. Fore-wings with vein 6 rising + out of 9, 7 from or above angle of areole, 10 anastomosing moderately with 9, 11 anastomosing + moderately with 10, 12 free. Hind-wings with veins 6 and 7 separate, 8 free, united with 7 + before transverse vein by an oblique bar.</p> + </div> + + <p>"This singular genus is a remnant of a widely diffused, but now fragmentary group, to which + belong also <i>Lobophora</i> (Europe), <i>Rhopalodes</i> (South America), <i>Sauris</i> (Ceylon), + and <i>Remodes</i> (Borneo.) In all, the hind-wings of the male are peculiarly modified, usually + much diminished in size, and with the dorsum formed into a distinct lobe, the object of which is + unknown. A similar structure is found only in one or two genera of <i>Tortricina</i>. + <i>Rhopalodes</i> is the nearest genus to this, but vein 5 is said to be obsolete, and the lobe + does not form a pocket; in <i>Sauris</i> the areole is simple, and the antennæ thickly scaled; in + <i>Remodes</i> the areole is also simple, the antennæ flattened and scaled, and the dorsum is + furnished with three superposed lobular folds, so that it represents the extreme of development in + this direction."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p>It will be seen on reference to Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 22 and 23, which + represent the structure of the hind-wings of the male and female of <i>Tatosoma agrionata</i> + respectively, that in the male veins 1 and 2 are absent, having no doubt become absorbed during + the formation of the characteristic sexual lobe; vein 8 is connected with the margin of the cell + by an oblique bar, this being probably due to an extension of the wing in the costal region, + compensating for the loss in the dorsal region due to the above-mentioned lobe. In the hind-wings + of the female the normal neuration of the family is almost preserved, the only peculiar feature + consisting in the origin of veins 6 and 7 from a point on the margin of the cell.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Of this remarkable genus we have three species, and I think it quite possible that + others may reward the industry of future collectors.</p> + + <p class="ac">TATOSOMA LESTEVATA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Cidaria lestevata</i>, Walk. + 1416. <i>Sauris ranata</i>, Feld. cxxxi. 11., <i>Tatosoma lestevata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. + xvi. 67.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 25 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This beautiful species has occurred at Wainuiomata, near Wellington, in the North Island, and + at Nelson and Christchurch, in the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1⅜ inches. <i>The fore-wings are + bright-green; there are four wavy, black, transverse lines; the first near the base, the second + a little before the middle, the third considerably beyond the middle, and the fourth near the + termen</i>; the terminal line is very faint towards the tornus, and it emits three or four very + sharp, longitudinal, black, tooth-like marks; all the transverse lines are much stronger where + they cross the principal veins. The hind-wings are very pale yellowish-green.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in February. At present I believe the species is + represented by four specimens only—two in Mr. Fereday's collection and two in my own.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page40">{40}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">TATOSOMA AGRIONATA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Cidaria agrionata</i>, Walk. 1417. <i>Cidaria tipulata</i>, ib. 1417. + <i>Cidaria inclinataria</i>, ib. 1418. <i>Cidaria transitaria</i>, ib. 1419. <i>Sauris + mistata</i>, Feld. cxxxi. 12. <i>Tatosoma transitaria</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 68. + <i>Tatosoma agrionata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvii. 64.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 26 ♂, 27 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This fine species has occurred commonly at Wellington in the North Island. It is generally + distributed in the South Island, and has also been found at Stewart Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. <i>The fore-wings are bright-green + traversed by numerous black, wavy, transverse lines; these black lines are grouped into four + more or less distinct bands, the outermost of which is interrupted at each of the veins</i>; + there is a conspicuous black dot in the middle of the wing, a number of small triangular black + marks near the termen, and a series of minute black dots on the termen. The hind-wings are + ochreous, tinged with green towards the termen. In the female the abdomen is much shorter, and + the hind-wings are larger than in the male.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from December till April. It frequents dense forests, + and is generally found at rest on the trunks of trees. In these situations the pattern of the + fore-wings is extremely protective, the whole insect bearing the closest possible resemblance to a + patch of moss. This species may also be taken at sugar, and sometimes at light, but I have found + that it can be obtained most plentifully by a careful scrutiny of the tree-trunks in a favourable + locality. As a rule I think that the males are considerably commoner than the females. I have + noticed them in the proportion of about four to one.</p> + + <p class="ac">TATOSOMA TIMORA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Tatosoma agrionata</i>, Meyr. + (nec Walker), Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 68. <i>Tatosoma timora</i>, Meyr., ib. xvii. 64.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 28 ♂, 29 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This rather sombre, though interesting insect, has occurred at Palmerston and Wellington in the + North Island, and at Christchurch and Akaroa in the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1⅜ inches. <i>All the wings are sparsely + covered with scales. The fore-wings of the male are dull reddish-brown, with numerous obscure + transverse dusky stripes; there are two rather conspicuous blackish blotches on the costa</i>, a + white dot in the middle of the wing, a wavy, pale, transverse line near the termen, and a series + of black terminal dots; the veins are dotted in black. The hind-wings are very small, dull grey, + with the lobe large and conspicuous. <i>The female is faintly tinged with green, the markings on + the fore-wings are rather indistinct</i>; the hind-wings are small, though much larger than + those of the male.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from November till May. It frequents densely wooded + districts, but is not a common species.</p> + + <div id="PARADETIS"></div> + + <h3>Genus 2.—PARADETIS, Meyr.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Palpi short, arched, roughly-scaled beneath. Antennæ bipectinated. Fore-wings + with vein 6 from below 9, 7 from below angle of areole, 10 very shortly anastomosing with 9, 11 + out of 10 considerably before angle of areole, 12 free. Hind-wings with veins 6 and 7 stalked, 8 + separate, united to 7 before transverse vein by an oblique bar.</p> + </div> + + <p>"This singular genus is of quite uncertain affinity, and stands at present alone. The simple + areole, and connecting bar of 7 and 8, can only have arisen by modification of the normal type of + this family, to which it must be referred. It is also the only New Zealand genus except + <i>Declana</i> in which the female has pectinated antennæ; but this character recurs in a few + exotic genera not otherwise allied."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 27 and 28 represent the neuration of the + male of <i>Paradetis porphyrias</i>, vein 2 of the hind-wings being absent in that sex. In the + female, which is the sex from which Mr. Meyrick characterized the genus, the vein is present as + usual. Only one species is known.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page41">{41}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">PARADETIS PORPHYRIAS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Parysatis porphyrias</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 58. <i>Paradetis porphyrias</i>, Meyr., ib. xviii. 184.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 36 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This interesting little insect has occurred in the South Island at Mount Arthur, Castle Hill, + the Otira Gorge, and Lake Wakatipu.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about ¾ inch. <i>The fore-wings of the male are + deep purplish-brown</i>; there is a wavy, reddish, transverse line at about one-third and + another at about two-thirds; between these two lines near the dorsum there are often four, more + or less distinct, yellow dots; there is an obscure orange mark at the origin of the first line + and a conspicuous mark at the origin of the second. <i>The hind-wings are deep + purplish-brown.</i> The cilia of all the wings are white. <i>The fore-wing has the apex hooked + and the termen deeply excavated above and below the middle.</i> The female is very much paler; + the lines are more distinct and the veins are marked in brown.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp5">The perfect insect appears in January. It frequents rather open spots in the + forest, and flies in a very busy manner close to the ground amongst the numerous ferns and other + plants, which are always abundant in such situations. It is consequently very inconspicuous and + sometimes difficult to capture. Thus, no doubt, it is often overlooked, and perhaps is much + commoner than at present appears probable.</p> + + <div id="CHLOROCLYSTIS"></div> + + <h3>Genus 3.—CHLOROCLYSTIS, Hb.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face with short cone of scales. Palpi rough-scaled. Antennæ in male shortly + ciliated. Abdomen crested. Fore-wings with areole simple, vein 11 running into or anastomosing + with 12. Hind-wings with vein 8 anastomosing with cell from near base to beyond middle." (Plate + <a href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 19 and 20.)</p> + </div> + + <p>"This genus is especially characteristic of New Zealand, and is also found in South Asia, a few + stragglers occurring in Europe and elsewhere."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">We have twelve species, several of which are very beautiful.</p> + + <p class="ac">CHLOROCLYSTIS PLINTHINA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Pasiphila plinthina</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xx. 49.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 8.)</span></p> + + <p>This pretty species has occurred at Wellington.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about ½ inch. All the wings are traversed by + numerous obscure, wavy, reddish-yellow lines; the fore-wings have a dark shading near the base, + <i>a very large white blotch in the middle</i>, and a dark chocolate-brown patch near the apex. + <i>The hind-wings have a large shaded white patch in the middle</i>, a blackish dot near the + base, and a series of brownish crescentic marks on the termen; the cilia of all the wings are + pale brown barred with brownish-black. The termen of the fore-wings is very oblique, of the + hind-wings rather irregular.</p> + </div> + + <p>Many specimens of this insect are strongly tinged with green, and the shape and size of the + white patches on the fore- and hind-wings are subject to slight variations.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in November and December. It frequents brushwood, where + it may be occasionally taken at rest on tree-trunks but more often dislodged from the foliage. It + is not a very common species.</p> + + <p class="ac">CHLOROCLYSTIS BILINEOLATA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Eupithecia bilineolata</i>, Walk. 1246. <i>E. muscosata</i>, ib. 1246. + <i>Scotosia humerata</i>, ib. 1362. <i>Eupithecia semialbata</i>, ib. 1708. <i>E. + cidariaria</i>, Gn., Ent. Mo. Mag. v. 62. <i>Cidiaria aquosata</i>, Feld., pl. cxxxi. 33. + <i>Helastia charybdis</i>, Butl., Cist. Ent. ii. 503. <i>H. calida</i>, ib. 504. <i>Pasiphila + muscosata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. 50. <i>P. bilineolata</i>, ib.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 9 type, fig. 10 variety.)</span></p> + + <p>This beautiful little species is common, and generally distributed throughout the country.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page42">{42}</span></div> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is ¾ inch. <i>The fore-wings are bright green with + numerous wavy darker lines.</i> There is a jagged transverse black line near the base, two at + about one-fourth, enclosing a rather paler space; beyond this there are several rather + irregular, fine black marks, and an obscure white patch below the apex; the cilia are dull + green. The hind-wings are grey slightly tinged with reddish; the dorsum and termen are shaded + with green, and there is a number of curved black lines on the dorsum; the cilia are dull + greenish-grey. The termen of the fore-wings is slightly bowed, and all the wings are finely + scalloped and sharply outlined in black.</p> + </div> + + <p>A very distinct variety frequently occurs in which the entire ground colour is + <i>orange-yellow</i>. This variety can be artificially produced by exposing a typical specimen to + the fumes of bruised laurel leaves. Intermediate forms may also be found, but are much scarcer + than either the typical form or the variety.</p> + + <p>The larva (according to Mr. Purdie<a id="NtA_26" href="#Nt_26"><sup>[26]</sup></a>) is about ½ + inch long; colour brownish, surface very rugged; body tapering somewhat towards the head. Two + pairs of small dorsal tubercles about the middle, the posterior pair being larger; oblique lateral + dark markings faintly seen on dark ground colour; below lighter. Food-plants: <i>Aristotelia</i>, + <i>Leptospermum ericoides</i>, <i>Rubus</i> (?), and <i>Muhlenbeckia</i> (?). Found in December + and January.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from September till May, and is often very common. It + rests on tree-trunks with outspread wings, in which position it so closely resembles a patch of + moss that it is extremely difficult to detect, even when specially searched for.</p> + + <p class="ac">CHLOROCLYSTIS ANTARCTICA, n. sp.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 20.)</span></p> + + <p>This species was discovered by Mr. Philpott at West Plains, near Invercargill.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is ⅞ inch. The fore-wings are rather dull + green; there is a reddish-brown patch near the base, followed by two, slightly oblique, reddish + bands; the central band is very broad, green, traversed by numerous fine wavy lines; there is a + broad reddish band on the termen. The hind-wings are slaty-grey, tinged with pink towards the + termen and dorsum. The cilia of all the wings are pink barred with black.</p> + </div> + + <p>Two other specimens kindly given to me by Mr. Philpott have the bands on the fore-wings more or + less brown in place of red, but are otherwise identical.</p> + + <p>This insect is evidently very closely allied to <i>C. bilineolata</i>, but its larger size, + longer wings, and barred cilia will, I think, distinguish it from that species.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in November.</p> + + <p class="ac">CHLOROCLYSTIS ARISTIAS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Chloroclystis aristias</i>, + Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, 385.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 21 ♂, 22 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This beautiful insect was discovered on the Mount Arthur Tableland in January, 1896, at an + elevation of about 4,000 feet.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1⅛ inches. <i>All the wings are very pale + greenish-grey.</i> The male has three distinct dark brownish bands near the base, an irregular + broad suffused band near the middle, becoming obsolete before it reaches the dorsum, a dark + patch at the apex, another patch on the termen below the apex and another near the tornus. The + hind-wings are traversed by numerous, very fine, wavy blackish lines, becoming darker towards + the dorsum. In the female there are three wavy reddish-brown bands on the costa of the + fore-wings, becoming obsolete towards the dorsum, then a wavy yellowish line, followed by two + rust-red patches. The hind-wings resemble those of the male. Both sexes have the veins dotted + with black, and the cilia of all the wings are grey barred with black.</p> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page43">{43}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect was found in a limestone valley at the foot of Mount Peel, where + it was fairly common.</p> + + <p class="ac">CHLOROCLYSTIS NEREIS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Pasiphila nereis</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xx. 51.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 11 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This insect has occurred at Mount Arthur, Mount Hutt, and the Humboldt Range, Lake Wakatipu, at + elevations from 2,500 to 4,000 feet.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is nearly an inch. <i>All the wings are dusky grey + with numerous black and dull white, wavy transverse lines</i>; there is often a somewhat paler + area near the apex of the fore-wings, and the termen of the hind-wings is slightly scalloped; + the cilia are dull white barred with dark greyish-black.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January and February. It generally frequents cliffs + on mountain sides, resting with outspread wings on the dark rocky surfaces. In these situations it + is extremely difficult to detect, and the protective value of its colouring is thus at once + demonstrated.</p> + + <p class="ac">CHLOROCLYSTIS DRYAS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Pasiphila dryas</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxiii. 97.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 12 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred at Wellington.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1 inch. <i>The fore-wings are dull rosy-brown, + traversed by numerous obscure blackish transverse lines, somewhat concentrated towards the + middle and forming an ill-defined central band</i>; the termen is slightly shaded with blackish, + and the veins are marked with dotted lines. The hind-wings are grey, tinged with rosy-brown; + there are numerous very faint blackish transverse lines and the veins are marked with blackish + dots. The cilia of all the wings are dark grey. The termen of the hind-wings is rather + irregular.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in December and January, and is attracted by light. I + once took a specimen in July, but this may have been due to an exceptionally mild winter.</p> + + <p class="ac">CHLOROCLYSTIS SPHRAGITIS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Pasiphila sphragitis</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xx. 51.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 13 ♂, 14 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This extremely variable insect has occurred at Wellington in the North Island, and at + Christchurch in the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is ⅝ inch, of the female ¾ inch. + <i>The fore-wings are pale ochreous; there is a narrow darker area at the base followed by a + narrow oblique pale band</i>; then a broad central band, formed of numerous oblique, wavy, + brown, transverse lines, next, a rather narrow curved pale band, followed by several small + irregular patches on the termen, sometimes forming a dark brown terminal band; all the markings + are much darker on the costa, and portions of the costa, termen, and dorsum are frequently + tinged with green. The hind-wings are pale ochreous; there are numerous wavy, pale brown lines + on the dorsum, becoming obsolete towards the costa. The termen of all the wings is edged with + fine black crescents. The cilia are pale ochreous barred with dark brown.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect may be met with from September till February, but is most + abundant in the early spring. It is extremely common in the Wellington Botanical Gardens, + frequenting the forest gullies, where numerous specimens may be easily dislodged from amongst the + dense undergrowth. This moth rests with expanded wings on the leaves and stems of shrubs, but is + extremely difficult to find in such situations, the colouring of the insect causing it to closely + resemble the droppings of birds.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page44">{44}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">CHLOROCLYSTIS LICHENODES, Purd.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Pasiphila lichenodes</i>, + Purdie, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 70.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + figs. 15 and 16, varieties.)</span></p> + + <p>This extremely interesting species has occurred at Wellington in the North Island, and at + Dunedin in the South Island; it has also been found at Stewart Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about ¾ inch. The fore-wings are dull green; + <i>there is a large pale brown area near the base, divided by fine black lines into three + distinct patches</i>; the central portion of the wing is mottled with black, pale brown, and + dull green; <i>there is a very broad, irregular band of chocolate-brown near the termen, + outlined with black towards the base and with white towards the termen, the white line almost + dividing the band into four or five patches</i>. The hind-wings are dull greenish-brown; there + are several irregular black and white transverse lines and small patches of chocolate-brown, the + markings being more distinct towards the dorsum. The cilia of all the wings are pale brown + barred with dark brown.</p> + </div> + + <p>I have observed that in many specimens of this species the ground colour is entirely pale brown + instead of green; the markings, however, are not variable.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from November till February. It frequents forests, + resting with outspread wings on lichen-covered tree-trunks, where its wonderfully perfect + protective colouring may be seen to great advantage. The remarkable brown patches on the wings + have undoubtedly been acquired for this protective purpose, and Mr. Purdie's name is certainly a + most appropriate one. It is not, I think, a common species.</p> + + <p class="ac">CHLOROCLYSTIS INDICATARIA.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Eupithecia indicataria</i>, + Walk. 1708. <i>Pasiphila indicataria</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xx. 52.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 17 ♂, 17<span class="smaller">A</span> ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This rather dull-looking species has occurred at Napier and Wellington in the North Island, and + at Nelson in the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is ⅞ inch. <i>The fore-wings of the male are + dull greenish-grey</i>; there is an oblique, black-edged, reddish, transverse band at about + one-third, and another very irregular band near the termen; between and beyond these bands there + are numerous irregular, broken, reddish and blackish transverse lines; there is a rust-red patch + on the termen below the apex. The cilia are grey barred with brown. The hind-wings are dull grey + with several faint, jagged, transverse lines; the termen is rather irregular. The female is much + browner than the male, and the lines are more numerous and distinct, especially on the + hind-wings. <i>The antennæ are simple in both sexes.</i></p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from October till March, and is fairly common in wooded + localities. It is sometimes attracted by light.</p> + + <p class="ac">CHLOROCLYSTIS INDUCTATA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Coremia inductata</i>, Walk. + 1322. <i>Scotosia subitata</i>, ib. 1362. <i>Pasiphila inductata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. + xx. 53.)</span></p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"This is a distinct species; but I have only seen the British Museum specimens, + and am unable to say to which section it belongs, or to give a proper description. The termen of + the fore-wings is more bent, and the hind-wings are narrower than in any other species; ground + colour light reddish, with the margins of the median band formed by distinct black + lines."—(Meyrick.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">I am unacquainted with this insect.</p> + + <p class="ac">CHLOROCLYSTIS MACULATA, n. sp.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 18.)</span></p> + + <p>This interesting species was discovered at Wellington by Mr. W. P. Cohen.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about ⅞ inch. <i>All the wings are + creamy-white slightly tinged with green. The fore-wings have several irregular large black marks + on the costa</i> extending about <span class="pagenum" id="page45">{45}</span>two-thirds towards + the apex; there is a curved transverse series of black dots at about two-thirds, and several + obscure brown marks on the termen near the middle and at the tornus. <i>The hind-wings have + several irregular rows of conspicuous black spots.</i> The cilia are cream-coloured barred with + black. The apex of the fore-wing is very much rounded.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in December, and is attracted by light.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from a specimen kindly given to me by Mr. Cohen.</p> + + <p class="ac">CHLOROCLYSTIS RECTILINEATA, n. sp.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 22.)</span></p> + + <p>This species was discovered at Wellington by Mr. W. P. Cohen.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is ¾ inch. <i>The fore-wings are pale grey</i>; there + are several irregular black, transverse lines near the base, very broad on the costa; a broad, + pale, central area with no distinct markings; <i>then two very fine, almost straight, parallel, + dark transverse lines alternating with two broader white lines, and followed by a very + conspicuous black line, this being again immediately followed by a fainter black line</i>; + beyond these lines the wing is darker, with a wavy transverse white line and a row of black + terminal marks. The hind-wings are grey with several faint, wavy, transverse lines and a series + of darker marks on the termen. The cilia of all the wings are grey.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from a specimen kindly given to me by Mr. Cohen.</p> + + <div id="PHRIXOGONUS"></div> + + <h3>Genus 4.—PHRISSOGONUS, Butl.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face with short cone of scales or smooth. Palpi moderate or short, porrected, + more or less rough-scaled. Antennæ in male ciliated or naked. Posterior tibiæ with all spurs + present. Fore-wings in male with swelling or tuft or rough scales on costa, vein 5 sometimes + distorted or absent; areole simple, 11 running into 12. Hind-wings with vein 8 anastomosing with + cell from near base to beyond middle."—(Meyrick.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">We have one species in New Zealand.</p> + + <p class="ac">PHRISSOGONUS DENOTATUS, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Scotosia denotata</i>, Walk. + 1361. <i>Phibalapteryx parvulata</i>, ib. 1721. <i>Phrixogonus denotatus</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. + Inst. xx. 53.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 19 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This dull-looking insect is common and generally distributed throughout the country.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is ¾ inch. <i>The fore-wings are very dark grey</i>, + with numerous obscure black and pale brown transverse lines; there are several black dots on the + veins, and a white mark on the termen near the apex. The hind-wings are pale grey with numerous + wavy black lines, especially near the dorsum. <i>The antennæ are simple in both sexes.</i> The + cilia are dull pink barred with black. The female is slightly tinged with reddish-brown. <i>The + male has a peculiar dilation on the costa, beyond the middle, beneath which is a naked + longitudinal mark occupying the space between veins 10 and 12, these veins being slightly + distorted in consequence.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>The larva, which feeds on the blossoms of the wharangi (<i>Brachyglottis repanda</i>), is pale + green with a series of elongate triangular brown markings down the back and an obscure series of + brown marks on each side. It may be found during the latter end of October and beginning of + November, but is extremely inconspicuous amongst its food-plant. The pupa is concealed in a light + cocoon constructed of the remains of the blossoms.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from October till February. It frequents dense + undergrowth in the forest, and is generally found resting with extended wings on the dark-coloured + stems of the kawakawa (<i>Piper excelsum</i>), where it is practically invisible. In this + situation its colouring is evidently specially adapted for protective purposes.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page46">{46}</span></div> + + <div id="ELVIA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 5.—ELVIA, Walk.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face smooth. Palpi rather long, straight, porrected, densely rough-scaled above + and beneath, terminal joint short. Antennæ in male stout, flattened, bipectinated (2½). Thorax + somewhat crested. Fore-wings with vein 6 from a point with 9, 7 from angle of areole, 10 + anastomosing moderately with 9, 11 out of 10, running shortly into 12. Hind-wings with veins 6 + and 7 stalked, 8 anastomosing with 7 from near base to near transverse + vein."—(Meyrick.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">We have one species.</p> + + <p class="ac">ELVIA GLAUCATA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Elvia glaucata</i>, Walk. + 1431; Feld. cxxxii. 25. <i>Elvia donovani</i>, Feld. cxxxii. 5. <i>Elvia glaucata</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 65.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 23 and 24 varieties.)</span></p> + + <p>This very pretty insect is generally distributed throughout the country.</p> + + <p>The expansion of the wings is about an inch.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>The fore-wings vary from pale green to dark steely blue</i>, rarely pale + reddish-brown; <i>there is an almost straight, black transverse line near the base; a broad + curved line before the middle, shaded towards the termen; then a straight line, breaking up into + dots towards the dorsum, followed by a conspicuous cream-coloured blotch near the costa; this + again is followed by a fine jagged cream-coloured line</i>; there is a terminal series of black + dots. The hind-wings are cream-coloured, tinged with steely blue or green towards the termen; + there are a few obscure transverse lines and a short series of dots from the dorsum. The apex of + the fore-wing is very blunt, and the termen is slightly hollowed out towards the tornus; <i>the + termen of the hind-wings is deeply scalloped</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species is extremely variable. In addition to the variations above indicated, the markings + of many specimens differ considerably in intensity, and there are frequently several large + cream-coloured blotches towards the base or middle of the forewings.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from September till March, but is not a common species. + It frequents forest districts, and may sometimes be found at rest on tree-trunks, where the + beautiful colouring of its fore-wings closely imitates that of certain lichens, and renders its + detection in such situations extremely difficult. Unlike the insects included in the two preceding + genera, this species closes its wings when at rest, the anterior pair alone being visible. These + wings are not held flat, but are curiously folded longitudinally, and the end of the abdomen is + also curled upwards. By slightly raising the insect above the level of the surrounding surface, + this peculiar attitude considerably increases its resemblance to a lichen growing on the stem or + branch of a tree. It will also be observed that in this species, which when at rest exposes only + its fore-wings, these alone are protectively coloured; whilst in the genera <i>Chloroclystis</i> + and <i>Phrissogonus</i>, where both pairs of wings are displayed, both pairs are protectively + coloured.</p> + + <div id="HYDRIOMENA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 6.—HYDRIOMENA, Hb.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face with somewhat projecting or loose scales, or with conical tuft. Palpi + rough-scaled. Antennæ in male ciliated, rarely dentate or naked. Abdomen not crested, or with + crests on two basal segments only. Fore-wings with areole double. Hind-wings with 8 anastomosing + with cell from near base to beyond middle. (See Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., fig. 32 head, + figs. 33 and 34 neuration of <i>Hydriomena deltoidata</i>.)</p> + </div> + + <p>"A very large genus, principally characteristic of temperate regions in both + hemispheres.—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">There are twelve New Zealand species.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page47">{47}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">HYDRIOMENA GOBIATA, Feld.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Cidaria gobiata</i>, Feld. cxxxi. 2. <i>Phibalapteryx simulans</i>, Butl., + Cist. Ent. ii. 506. <i>Phibalapteryx undulifera</i>, Butl., Cist. Ent. ii. 506. <i>Phibalapteryx + anguligera</i>, Butl., Cist. Ent. ii. 507. <i>Phibalapteryx rivularis</i>, Butl., Cist. Ent. ii. + 507. <i>Scotosia gobiata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 70. <i>Cephalissa gobiata</i>, ib. + xviii. 184.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 43 ♂, 44 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This insect has occurred plentifully at Wanganui and Wellington in the North Island, and is + generally distributed throughout the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is from 1 to 1¼ inches. <i>All the wings vary from + pale ochreous to rather dull yellowish brown, sometimes very slightly tinged with green. There + is usually a large number of fine, slightly waved, oblique lines arranged on both pairs of + wings, very like the markings in Venusia verriculata</i> (see page 53), both insects evidently + having acquired this style of colouring for similar protective purposes. In many specimens the + whole of the anterior portion of the fore-wings, a small area at the base of the hind-wings, and + a band near the termen are much paler in colour than the rest. There is usually a very oblique + elongate pale area near the apex, and an irregular dark spot considerably below the apex. The + outline of all the wings is more or less distinctly scalloped.</p> + </div> + + <p>The larva (according to Mr. Purdie<a id="NtA_27" href="#Nt_27"><sup>[27]</sup></a>) is about 1 + inch in length, greyish-brown, with a rough prominent dorsal tubercle about the ninth segment. + There are sometimes other smaller tubercles. It feeds on various species of <i>Coprosoma</i> in + January, March, and May.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from October till March, and generally frequents rather + open country where Manuka and Cabbage Tree Palms are abundant.</p> + + <p class="ac">HYDRIOMENA PRIONOTA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Arsinoe prionata</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 73. <i>Anachloris prionata</i>, Meyr., ib. xviii. 184.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 47.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has been taken in the South Island at Mount Arthur, Castle Hill and Dunedin.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is rather under 1½ inches. The fore-wings are dull + yellowish-brown, with many obscure, wavy, transverse, brown lines, which tend to form two + ill-defined bands, one rather narrow near the base and the other much broader near the middle of + the wing. <i>The hind-wings are very pale yellowish-brown</i>; there are a few obscure dark + lines near the dorsum. <i>The veins are distinctly dotted in black, and the outline of all the + wings is deeply scalloped.</i></p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January, but is not common.</p> + + <p class="ac">HYDRIOMENA DELTOIDATA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Coremia deltoidata</i>, Walk. 1321. <i>Cidaria inclarata</i>, Walk. 1411. + <i>Cidaria perductata</i>, Walk. 1412. <i>Cidaria congressata</i>, Walk. 1412. <i>Cidaria + conversata</i>, Walk. 1413. <i>Cidaria descriptata</i>, Walk. 1414. <i>Cidaria bisignata</i>, + Walk. 1415. <i>Cidaria aggregata</i>, Walk. 1415. <i>Cidaria congregata</i>, Walk. 1415. + <i>Cidaria plagifurcata</i>, Walk. 1416. <i>Coremia pastinaria</i>, Gn., E. M. M. v. 64. + <i>Cidaria inopiata</i>, Feld. cxxxii. 3. <i>Cidaria monoliata</i>, Feld. cxxxii. 8. <i>Cidaria + perversata</i>, Feld. cxxxii. 14, 24. <i>Scotosia deltoidata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. + 70. <i>Cephalissa deltoidata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xviii. 184.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., figs. 1 to 9 varieties.)</span></p> + + <p>This pretty insect is extremely abundant throughout the country.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings varies from 1⅛ to 1⅜ inches. The + fore-wings vary from brownish-black to dull orange-brown; there is a small darker area near the + base, then two pale whitish wavy transverse lines, then a broad darker central band, often + containing within it a still darker central band, bounded by two wavy black transverse lines; + beyond the central band there are nearly always two or three pale brown or whitish, wavy, + transverse lines, then an interrupted line just before the termen, and a short oblique whitish + line below the apex; there is a black dot a little above the centre of the wing, and <i>a white + dot on the termen near the middle</i>. The hind-wings are yellowish-brown, with several wavy, + transverse lines near the dorsum; there is a series of fine crescentic black lines on the termen + of both fore- and hind-wings.</p> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page48">{48}</span></div> + + <p>This species is extremely variable, but may generally be recognised by a careful scrutiny of + the above-named characters. One very striking variety occasionally met with has the central band + of the fore-wing completely divided in the middle, which thus forms two dark patches, one on the + costa, and one on the dorsum. (See Plate <a href="#plate7">VII</a>., figs. 7 and 8.) A further + development of this variety, of which I have only seen one example, taken by Mr. Hawthorne at + Springfield, Canterbury, and now in his collection, has only the costal patch present, the whole + of the lower portions of the band being completely obliterated.<a id="NtA_28" + href="#Nt_28"><sup>[28]</sup></a> (See Plate <a href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 9.) The minor + varieties are too numerous to specify.</p> + + <p>The larva feeds on grasses. When full-grown its length is about 1 inch. The colour is dark + brown, with the skin very much wrinkled. It is sluggish in its habits, and lives through the + winter, becoming full-grown about the end of September. During severe weather it generally seeks + refuge from the elements amongst the stalks and roots of the rank herbage often surrounding stones + or fallen logs.</p> + + <p>The pupa is concealed in the earth.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears early in January, and continues in the utmost profusion + until the middle or end of March. It may often be seen resting with the wings folded backwards and + forming together a triangle, whence the moth has probably derived its name of <i>deltoidata</i>. + In the neighbourhood of Wellington I have observed that this insect has very much decreased in + numbers during the last ten or fifteen years.</p> + + <p class="ac">HYDRIOMENA HEMIZONA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Hydriomena hemizona</i>, + Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, 385.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 10.)</span></p> + + <p>This insect has occurred at Terawhiti in the North Island, and at Mount Arthur in the South + Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1⅜ inches. The fore-wings are + blackish-brown, darker towards the apex and termen; <i>there is an obscure rust-red wavy band + near the base, and another at three-fourths, considerably bowed towards the termen at the + middle</i>; there are also numerous wavy darker lines. The hind-wings are dull grey, and the + termen is slightly scalloped.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species may be distinguished from any of the varieties of <i>H. deltoidata</i> by its + <i>narrower wings, and the absence of any distinct central band on the fore-wings</i>.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January. It is a scarce species.</p> + + <p class="ac">HYDRIOMENA SUBOCHRARIA, Dbld.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Aspilates (?) subochraria</i>, Dbld., Dieff. N. Z. ii. 285. <i>Camptogramma + subochraria</i>, Butl., Cat., pl. iii. 16. <i>Camptogramma strangulata</i>, Gn. x. 423. + <i>Camptogramma fuscinata</i>, Gn., E. M. M. v. 92. <i>Arsinoe subochraria</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. + Z. Inst. xvi. 73. Anachloris subochraria, Meyr., ib. xviii. 184.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + figs. 45 and 46 varieties.)</span></p> + + <p>This species is fairly common and generally distributed throughout the country.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>The expansion of the wings is about 1¼ inches. <i>The fore-wings are bright + ochreous-yellow</i>; there is a brown dot a little above the middle, <i>and a dark brown + transverse band at about three-fourths; the termen is shaded with dark brown</i>. The hind-wings + are ochreous, with an obscure central transverse line.</p> + <p class="sp0">A variety (<i>Hydriomena fuscinata</i>, Gn.) often occurs in which the whole of + the wings are more or less tinged with purplish-brown (Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., fig. + 46).</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from November till April. It chiefly frequents tussock + country and swampy situations. In the Wellington district it is extremely abundant in <span + class="pagenum" id="page49">{49}</span>the clearings at the foot of the Tararua Range. According + to Mr. Meyrick the typical form is common in Tasmania and Victoria.</p> + + <p class="ac">HYDRIOMENA TRIPHRAGMA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Cidaria triphragma</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 74.)</span></p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"<i>Male.</i>—26-27 mm. (about 1 inch). Fore-wings moderate, termen + strongly sinuate; pale dull greyish-purple; a very small darker basal patch, outer edge strongly + convex, margined by a dark fuscous fascia, posteriorly whitish-edged; a dark fuscous fascia + before one-third, irregularly outwards-curved, posteriorly suffused, anteriorly sharply defined + and whitish-edged; a minute blackish discal dot; a dark fuscous fascia beyond middle, forming a + strong angle in middle, upper and lower halves both inwards-curved, anteriorly suffused, + posteriorly sharply defined and whitish-edged. Hind-wings moderate, termen somewhat irregular, + projecting in middle; whitish-ochreous mixed with pale purplish; an angulated darker band before + middle.</p> + </div> + + <p>"A very distinct species, probably not variable.</p> + + <p>"Blenheim; two specimens received by Mr. Fereday from Mr. Skellon."—(Meyrick).</p> + + <p class="sp3">I am unacquainted with this species, which Mr. Fereday stated he was unable to + identify. I have therefore inserted Mr. Meyrick's description without alteration.</p> + + <p class="ac">HYDRIOMENA RIXATA, Feld.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Cidaria rixata</i>, Feld. + cxxxii. 1; Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 75. <i>Coremia squalida</i>, Butl., Cist. Ent. ii. + 505.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 11.)</span></p> + + <p>This pretty insect is very common, and generally distributed throughout the country.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1 inch. The fore-wings have a dull green + patch near the base, with numerous dull brown and dull white wavy transverse lines; <i>there is + a very broad blackish-brown central band paler in the middle, but almost black at the edges; + this band has a large rounded projection on its outer edge near the middle, and below this + projection it is deeply indented</i>; the remainder of the wing is dull yellowish-green, with + several brown and white transverse lines; one of the white lines is more conspicuous than the + rest and very wavy; there is a shaded oblique black mark from the apex. The hind-wings are very + pale yellowish-brown; there are a few obscure brownish transverse lines near the dorsum, and a + faint series of crescentic marks near the termen.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in December and January, and frequents the overhanging + banks of streams in densely wooded ravines, where it often occurs in the utmost profusion.</p> + + <p class="ac">HYDRIOMENA PURPURIFERA, Fereday.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Cidaria purpurifera</i>, + Fereday, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 119; Meyr., ib. 75.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 12.)</span></p> + + <p>This extremely pretty insect has been taken in the South Island at Mount Arthur, Mount Hutt, + Castle Hill, Dunedin, and Lake Wakatipu.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1 inch. The fore-wings are rather bright + green; there is a darker area near the base, <i>a very broad purplish-brown central band, with a + large square projection on the middle of its outer edge; above this projection there is a very + conspicuous white mark, bordering the central band</i>; the remainder of the wing is green; + there is a wavy white line near the termen, and an oblique bluish-black mark near the apex. The + hind-wings are pale brownish-yellow.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species is closely allied to <i>Hydriomena rixata</i>, but easily distinguished by its + brighter green colouring, purplish central band with square projection, and broad white marking + beyond the central band.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in December and January, and frequents forest at + elevations of from 1,000 to 3,000 feet. It is found in drier situations than the <span + class="pagenum" id="page50">{50}</span>preceding species, and is not confined to forest streams. + It is common in certain localities, but is not nearly so generally distributed as <i>Hydriomena + rixata</i>.</p> + + <p class="ac">HYDRIOMENA SIMILATA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Cidaria similata</i>, Walk. + 1413. <i>Cidaria timarata</i>, Feld. cxxxii. 19. <i>Cidaria similata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. + Inst. xvi. 76.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 14.)</span></p> + + <p>This beautiful species has occurred at Napier and Wellington in the North Island, and at + Christchurch, Dunedin, Lake Wakatipu, and Invercargill in the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>The expansion of the wings is 1¼ inches. <i>The fore-wings are dark brown, with the veins and + margins broadly shaded with bright green; there are numerous irregular wavy blackish streaks + forming three ill-defined darker transverse bands</i>; the first at the base; the second from + one-fourth to about two-thirds, partially divided into two from the costa downwards; and the + third near the termen outwardly edged with white. The termen itself is bordered first with + green, and then with a series of fine black marks; the cilia are dark brown. The hind-wings are + very pale reddish-brown, darker towards the dorsum, with numerous pale brown wavy transverse + lines. There is a series of black crescentic marks on the termen, and the cilia are pale + reddish-brown.</p> + <p>This species is rather variable. The spaces between the darker bands on the fore-wings are + usually green, but in some specimens this is partially or wholly replaced by pale + yellowish-brown. The dark bands also vary considerably in width and distinctness, and in many + specimens the central band is entirely divided by a conspicuous pale brown or green transverse + space.</p> + <p class="sp0">The larva, according to Mr. Purdie, is about 1 inch long, cylindrical. Back a + dull deep green; lateral stripe reddish-white, edged below with a darker colour; ventral side + lighter green, with four parallel white or yellow lines close together, extending from the + forelegs to the prolegs. Outer side of prolegs white. There are traces of a median dorsal stripe + of brownish-red on the anal segments. Beaten from <i>Coprosma</i>. Found in January. Mr. Purdie + states that he is not quite certain as to the identification of the species, as the median belt + of the fore-wings is much more distinctly defined, and the colour is a duller green than is + usual in <i>H. similata</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from November till March. It is generally found resting + on moss-covered tree-trunks, where its colouring affords it a most efficient protection from + enemies.</p> + + <p class="ac">HYDRIOMENA CALLICHLORA, Butl.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Cidaria callichlora</i>, + Butl., Cist. Ent. ii. 509; Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 76.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 13.)</span></p> + + <p>This beautiful insect has occurred at Wellington in the North Island, and at Christchurch and + Invercargill in the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1 inch. <i>The fore-wings are bright green, + with three very distinct wavy black transverse lines</i>; the first near the base, the second a + little before the middle, and the third considerably beyond the middle; between these there is a + number of fainter fine wavy lines. The hind-wings are whitish with several very faint wavy + transverse lines; the cilia of all the wings are dull yellowish-brown.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January, February, and March. Described and figured + from a specimen in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <p class="ac">HYDRIOMENA ARIDA, Butl.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Melanthia arida</i>, Butl., + Cist. Ent. ii. 505. <i>Cidaria chaotica</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 76. <i>Cidaria + arida</i>, Meyr., ib. xvii. 64.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 15.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred in the South Island at Akaroa, Mount Hutt, Arthur's Pass, and + Dunedin.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1 inch. The fore-wings are dull grey; there is a + fine yellowish <span class="pagenum" id="page51">{51}</span>transverse line near the base, + <i>and a very broad central band with a prominent projection somewhat below the middle, almost + touching the termen</i>; there is a brown dot above the middle of the wing and numerous fine + brown wavy lines in the central band; the veins are marked in white near the termen. The + hind-wings are pale ochreous, with a few very faint transverse marks near the dorsum. The termen + of the fore-wings is slightly bowed in the middle.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January and February, and frequents forest, sometimes + being found as high as 2,600 feet above the sea-level. Described and figured from a specimen in + Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <p class="ac">HYDRIOMENA SIRIA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Cephalissa siria</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 93.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 48.)</span></p> + + <p>This odd little species was discovered by Professor Hutton at Dunedin.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is ⅝ inch. <i>The fore-wings are rich brown + with two transverse bands of darker brown</i>; the first near the base, rather narrow; the + second near the middle, considerably broader, especially on the costa. <i>The hind-wings are + bright orange.</i> The termen of the fore-wings is slightly excavated below the apex, and + considerably bowed a little below the middle.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from a specimen in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <div id="EUCHOECA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 7.—EUCHŒCA, Hb.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face smooth, flat. Antennæ in ♂ shortly ciliated. Palpi short, slender, + loosely scaled. Fore-wings with areole simple. Hind-wings with vein 8 anastomosing with cell to + beyond middle.</p> + </div> + + <p>"A small genus containing a few species distributed throughout the northern hemisphere and one + Australian."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">We have one species.</p> + + <p class="ac">EUCHŒCA RUBROPUNCTARIA, Dbld.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Ptychopoda rubropunctaria</i>, Dbld., Dieff. N. Z. li. 287. <i>Asthena + visata</i>, Gn. ix. 438. <i>Asthena</i>, Gn., E. M. M. v. 42. <i>Asthena pulchraria</i>, Butl., + Cat. pl. iii. 18. <i>Hippolyte rubropunctaria</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 60. <i>Epicyme + rubropunctaria</i>, Meyr., ib. xviii. 184.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 35.)</span></p> + + <p>This little species is common and generally distributed throughout both the North and South + Islands, and has also occurred at Stewart Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about ⅞ inch. <i>All the wings are pale + ochreous, with numerous obscure reddish transverse lines.</i> On the fore-wings there are four + transverse series of black dots; the first near the base, the second a little before the middle, + the third a little beyond the middle, and the fourth on the termen; between the second and third + series of dots there is very frequently <i>an elongate blackish patch, especially towards the + dorsum</i>. The hind-wings have three series of black dots; the first near the base, the second + near the middle, and the third on the termen. The termen of both fore- and hind-wings slightly + projects near the middle.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species varies considerably in the extent of the blackish marking near the middle of the + fore-wings, as well as in the colour and intensity of the reddish transverse lines.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The larva is thus described by Mr. Fereday:<a id="NtA_29" + href="#Nt_29"><sup>[29]</sup></a> "The caterpillar has ten legs, is cylindrical, rather stout, + with the segmental divisions incised; its colour is pale dull green, sometimes suffused with + pink, brown, purple, or dark green; the dorsal line is purplish-brown, suffused, the central + line whitish; the spiracular line is whitish, broadly margined with purplish-brown; the + segmental divisions are pale yellowish-brown."</p> + </div> + + <p>The food is <i>Haloragis alata</i>, a common herbaceous plant growing in swampy situations. The + pupa is enclosed in a slight earth-covered cocoon.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page52">{52}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from September till March, and is sometimes common. It + is generally found in wooded districts, but prefers rather open situations in the vicinity of + streams, where its food-plant may often be seen. According to Mr. Meyrick,<a id="NtA_30" + href="#Nt_30"><sup>[30]</sup></a> this insect is common in New South Wales, Victoria, and + Tasmania, and the Australian and New Zealand specimens are similar in appearance.</p> + + <div id="ASTHENA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 8.—ASTHENA.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face smooth, flat. Antennæ in ♂ shortly ciliated. Palpi short, slender, + loosely scaled. Fore-wings with areole double. Hind-wings with vein 8 anastomosing with cell to + beyond middle.</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., + figs. 30 and 31.)</span></p> + + <p>"A genus of a few widely scattered species most numerous in the Australian + Region."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">We have two species.</p> + + <p class="ac">ASTHENA PULCHRARIA, Dbld.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Acidalia pulchraria</i>, Dbld., Dieff. N. Z. ii. 286. <i>Chlorochroma + plurilineata</i>, Walk. 563, 676. <i>Asthena ondinata</i>, Gn. ix. 438, pl. xix. 4; Butl., Cat. + pl. iii. 20. <i>Cidaria ondinata</i>, Feld. cxxviii. 17. <i>Asthena pulchraria</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 69.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 37 ♂, 38 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This beautiful little insect has occurred at many localities throughout both the North and + South Islands. It is probably a common species in most wooded districts.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is almost an inch. <i>All the wings are very pale + greenish-white with numerous faint green, wavy, transverse lines.</i> The fore-wings have a more + or less distinct brown band on the costal edge, and a conspicuous greenish central dot. The + hind-wings often have a slight projection on the termen near the middle.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears from October till May, and frequents dense forest undergrowth. It is + chiefly attached to the Kawakawa (<i>Piper excelsum</i>), and may often be found resting with + outspread wings on the under-surfaces of the leaves of this plant, where it is very inconspicuous. + There are probably two or more broods during the summer.</p> + + <p>On the 11th of May, 1892, I observed large numbers of this species flying over the Manuka + bushes in the Wellington Botanical Gardens in brilliant moonlight. The night was very cold, but + notwithstanding this the moths were most numerous and active. The appearance of this insect under + such unusual conditions may have been quite accidental, as I have never seen a recurrence; but one + is often somewhat unobservant in the winter, hence the record of this observation may be of use in + directing the attention of others to the subject.</p> + + <p class="sp3">According to Mr. Meyrick this species is also found in Tasmania, and South-east + Australia.</p> + + <p class="ac">ASTHENA SCHISTARIA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Acidalia schistaria</i>, Walk. 782. <i>Asthena subpurpureata</i>, Walk. 1588. + <i>Acidalia tuhuata</i>, Feld. cxxviii. 5. <i>Asthena schistaria</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. + xvi. 69.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + figs. 39, 40 ♂, 41, 42 ♀ varieties.)</span></p> + + <p>This pretty species is common, and generally distributed throughout the country.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>The expansion of the wings is nearly an inch. <i>All the wings vary from very pale brown to + rather dull purplish-brown; there are numerous jagged, darker, transverse lines forming several + more or less distinct bands.</i> The first of these bands extends from the base to about + one-eighth; the second, composed of only two or three lines, is situated at about one-third; the + third extends from <span class="pagenum" id="page53">{53}</span>three-fourths to about + five-eighths; there are in addition, numerous very fine, wavy lines near the termen. The spaces + between these bands are paler, and in some specimens the bands are very conspicuous, whilst in + others they are hardly perceptible. One specimen in my collection (Plate <a + href="#plate6">VI</a>., fig. 39) has a very broad chocolate-brown band across the middle of both + pairs of wings, the remaining portions being unusually pale in colour. There is always a dark + brown dot in the centre of each wing, and a series of very fine dots on the termen.</p> + <p class="sp0">The larva, which feeds on Manuka (<i>Leptospermum</i>), is very ornamental. Its + general colour is light green, with black dorsal and lateral stripes, and a series of diagonal + markings bordered with crimson; the legs and prolegs are also crimson, and the segments are + divided by brilliant yellow rings, a white line extending down each side of the larva.</p> + </div> + + <p>This caterpillar is difficult to find, as it remains closely concealed amongst the dense Manuka + foliage, from which it can be dislodged only by vigorous and continued beating. The larvæ allow + themselves to fall a short distance, hanging suspended by a silken thread, which they rapidly + ascend when the danger is past.</p> + + <p>The pupa is enclosed in a slight cocoon about one inch below the surface of the earth.</p> + + <p>The perfect insect appears from October till April. It is very common in most situations where + its food-plant is found and, owing to its pale colour, is readily seen when flying in the evening + twilight. Specimens may also be taken in the daytime resting with outspread wings on the trunks of + trees and on fences, where they are much more easily detected than many other species.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Mr. Meyrick thinks that this insect will also be found in Australia.</p> + + <div id="VENUSIA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 9.—VENUSIA, Curt.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face smooth. Antennæ in ♂ bi-pectinated, apex simple. Palpi loosely + scaled. Fore-wings with areole simple. Hind-wings with vein 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond + middle."—(Meyrick.) (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., fig. 13, head of <i>V. + verriculata</i>; figs. 25 and 26, neuration of <i>V. undosata</i>.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">We have three species represented in New Zealand.</p> + + <p class="ac">VENUSIA VERRICULATA, Feld.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Cidaria verriculata</i>, + Feld. cxxxi. 20. <i>Panopæa verriculata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 62. <i>Pancyma + verriculata</i>, ib. xviii. 184.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 30 ♂, 31 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This remarkable species has occurred at Wellington in the North Island, and in the South Island + at Christchurch, Ashburton, Dunedin and West Plains.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. <i>All the wings are pale + yellowish-brown, with many straight oblique parallel dull brown lines; on the fore-wings there + are three lines broader and more isolated than the rest, running from the apex to the + dorsum</i>; on the hind-wings the lines near the middle are rather thicker than the others, and + have a broad space on each side of them; <i>all the lines are clearly marked on the abdomen, so + that each line appears to be continuous from one side of the moth to the other</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from October till May, and frequents the Cabbage Tree + Palm (<i>Cordyline</i>), on which its larva probably feeds. According to Mr. Fereday the moth + always rests on the dead leaves of the plant, keeping its wings in such a position that the lines + are continuous with the parallel veins of the dead leaf, which they precisely resemble in + appearance. We have, I think, in this species a most instructive instance of special adaptation to + surrounding conditions; and the action of natural selection, in preserving favourable variations + of colour and habit, appears to be here unmistakably indicated. Had our investigations been + confined to the examination of cabinet specimens only, we might <span class="pagenum" + id="page54">{54}</span>have long remained in the dark as to the explanation of such an unusual + type of wing-marking.</p> + + <p class="ac">VENUSIA XANTHASPIS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Hermione xanthaspis</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 61. <i>Aulopola xanthaspis</i>, Meyr., ib. xviii. 184.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 32 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This handsome insect has occurred in the South Island at Mount Arthur and at Lake Guyon.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is a little over 1 inch. <i>The fore-wings are bright + yellow; there is a broad pale reddish-brown band on the costa; a conspicuous oval dark brown + spot above the middle</i>, often touching the costal band; a double series of minute brown dots + near the termen. The hind-wings are pale yellow, with a double series of minute brown dots + parallel to the termen.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January, February, and March. It is apparently a rare + species. Mr. Fereday has six specimens taken at Lake Guyon, and I have two specimens captured on + the Tableland of Mount Arthur, at an elevation of about 3,500 feet. These comprise, I believe, all + the specimens at present taken.</p> + + <p class="ac">VENUSIA UNDOSATA, Feld.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Cidaria undosata</i>, Feld. + cxxviii. 2. <i>Epiphryne undosata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 60.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., + fig. 33 ♂, 34 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This neatly marked little insect has occurred at Napier and Palmerston in the North Island; and + at Nelson, Mount Hutt, Christchurch, Dunedin, and Lake Wakatipu in the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is hardly an inch. <i>All the wings are pale yellow + with a variable number of fine jagged reddish-brown transverse lines, which are usually most + distinct towards the termen.</i> The fore-wings have a broad band of reddish-brown along the + costal edge; a blackish dot above the middle just touching the costal band, and a small brown + mark near the apex. The hind-wings have a minute black dot a little above the middle.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species is rather variable: in some specimens the transverse lines are much broader, + forming bands of reddish-brown; in others the whole of the wings are dull reddish-brown, except a + small yellow area near the base; whilst others are <i>entirely dull greyish-brown with the + transverse lines very faint</i>, intermediate varieties between all these forms also + occurring.</p> + + <p>The larva, according to Mr. Purdie,<a id="NtA_31" href="#Nt_31"><sup>[31]</sup></a> is about ½ + inch long, feeding on the Ribbonwood (<i>Plagianthus betulinus</i>). The ground colour is green, + with the dorsal and lateral stripes white. The dorsal stripe is interlined with short black + dashes, and there is a dark blotch about the ninth segment. The dorsal and lateral stripes may be + margined with purplish-red. The under side is green. The larvæ were found in April.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from November till February, and frequents forest. + According to my experience it is rather a local species, although plentiful where found. Mr. + Meyrick states that it is "very common in bush, from August to February, and in May."<a + id="NtA_32" href="#Nt_32"><sup>[32]</sup></a></p> + + <div id="ASAPHODES"></div> + + <h3>Genus 10.—ASAPHODES, Meyr.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face with a tuft or hardly projecting scales. Palpi moderate, porrected, + rough-scaled. Antennæ in male bi-pectinated, apex simple. Thorax glabrous beneath. Posterior + tibiæ with all spurs present. Fore-wings with areole simple. Hind-wings with vein 8 anastomosing + with cell from near base to beyond middle."—(Meyrick.) (See Plate <a + href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 35 and 36, neuration of <i>Asaphodes megaspilata</i>.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">We have five species of this genus in New Zealand.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page55">{55}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">ASAPHODES ABROGATA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Aspilates abrogata</i>, Walk. 1075. <i>Fidonia (?) servularia</i>, Gn., E. M. + M. v. 43. <i>Thyone abrogata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 61. <i>Asaphodes abrogata</i>, + Meyr., ib. xviii. 184.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 21 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred at Murimutu in the North Island; and in the South Island at + Kekerangu, Christchurch, Castle Hill, Dunedin, and Invercargill.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1 inch. <i>All the wings are ochreous with pale + brown markings.</i> The fore-wings have a conspicuous dot in the middle, <i>a wavy transverse + line a little beyond the middle, another line just before the termen, and a brown shading on the + termen broader near the apex of the wing</i>. The hind-wings have a brown central dot and two + transverse lines. The cilia of all the wings are brownish.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species varies considerably in the distinctness of the brown markings, and there is + occasionally a transverse line near the base of the fore-wings.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in February and March, and frequents open country, often + at elevations of from 2,000 to 4,000 feet above the sea-level. It is, I think, rather a local + species, though abundant where found. I met with it in considerable numbers on the chalk range + near Kekerangu in the Marlborough Province.</p> + + <p class="ac">ASAPHODES SIRIS, Hawth.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Asaphodes siris</i>, Hawth., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxix. 283.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 16.)</span></p> + + <p>This interesting little species was discovered near Wellington by Mr. Hawthorne.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about ⅞ inch. The fore-wings are dull + ochreous; there is a small curved brown patch near the base; then a pale band, followed by a + very broad brown central band, paler in the middle; there is a very sharp projection on the + outer edge of the central band, a conspicuous black dot in the centre of the wing, and a series + of minute black dots on the termen. The hind-wings are pale ochreous, with a faint central + transverse line.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in March.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from the type specimen in Mr. Hawthorne's collection.</p> + + <p class="ac">ASAPHODES MEGASPILATA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Larentia megaspilata</i>, Walk. 1198. <i>Cidaria assata</i>, Feld. cxxxi. 4. + <i>Cidaria nehata</i>, Feld. cxxxi. 6. <i>Harpalyce megaspilata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. + xvi. 63. <i>Probolæa megaspilata</i>, Meyr., ib. xviii. 184.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., figs. 17, 18, and 19 ♂; figs. 19<span class="smaller">A</span> and + 20 ♀, varieties.)</span></p> + + <p>This species is very common, and generally distributed throughout the country.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1 inch. The fore-wings are dull ochreous; + there is a series of fine brown and reddish wavy transverse lines near the base, forming a + rather broad basal band; then a pale central area containing a blackish dot above the middle; + next, a very distinct band made up of several fine wavy grey lines, with a rounded projection + near the middle; this is followed by numerous pale brown curved marks forming more or less + broken transverse lines; <i>there is always an oblique slaty patch below the apex</i>, and a + series of minute dots on the termen. The hind-wings are ochreous brown, slightly darker towards + the base, with numerous indistinct wavy brown lines. <i>The apex of the fore-wing is very + pointed and slightly hooked downwards; the termen is bowed near the middle.</i> The female is + much duller and more uniform in colour than the male, and the antennæ are simple.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species is very variable. Some male specimens have several more or less distinct white + markings on the middle of the fore-wings; the transverse bands also differ considerably in both + size and intensity. The females are not so variable; but in some specimens the bands on the + fore-wings are almost absent, whilst others have the fore-wings rich brown, with a very + conspicuous dark central band.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page56">{56}</span></div> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>The eggs when first deposited are pale yellow. They turn dark reddish-brown for some days + before the young larva emerges.</p> + <p class="sp0">The young larva is rather stout, dark brownish-black with numerous fine parallel + ochreous lines; the whole body is covered with rather long bristles.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears from October till April, and frequents forest, where it is generally + very abundant. It is a difficult insect to identify on the wing, and in consequence is often + captured under a misapprehension.</p> + + <p class="sp3">This species probably hibernates in the imago state during the winter months, as we + may often observe specimens abroad on mild evenings, at that season.</p> + + <p class="ac">ASAPHODES PARORA, Meyr.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Harpalyce humeraria</i>, Meyr. (nec Walk.), Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 64. + <i>Harpalyce parora</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvii. 63. <i>Probolæa parora</i>, ib. xviii. + 184.)</p> + </div> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"<i>Male, female.</i>—29-34 mm. (about 1¼ inches). Fore-wings moderate, + apex acute, termen excavated on upper half, acutely projecting in middle; varying from light + grey to light reddish-fuscous; about eighteen irregular dentate darker striæ, sometimes + partially obsolete; first three, seventh and eighth, and eleventh to thirteenth usually more + distinct and blackish; seventh and eighth closely approximated, forming a small blackish or + reddish spot on dorsum, sometimes partially suffused with blackish; eleventh to thirteenth + closely approximated, widely remote from eighth, parallel to termen; a blackish discal dot; + sometimes a broad purplish-grey median band; sixteenth sometimes spotted with blackish towards + costa; a terminal row of blackish dots. Hind-wings moderate, upper angle broadly projecting, + termen shortly projecting in middle; varying from whitish-grey to very pale reddish-fuscous, + faintly striated with darker.</p> + </div> + + <p>"Very variable in colour, but always distinguishable by the peculiar form of wing.</p> + + <p>"Wellington, Christchurch, Mount Hutt; common amongst bush, in January, February, April, and + May; probably generally distributed; twenty specimens."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">I am unacquainted with this insect, but it would appear to closely resemble <i>A. + megaspilata</i>.</p> + + <p class="ac">ASAPHODES RUFESCENS, Butl.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Larentia(?) rufescens</i>, Butl., Cist. Ent. ii. 502. <i>Eurydice + cymosema</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 63. <i>Eurydice rufescens</i>, ib. xvii. 63. + <i>Homodotis rufescens</i>, ib. xviii. 184.)</p> + </div> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"<i>Male, female.</i>—25-29 mm. (about 1¼ inches). Fore-wings moderate, + termen rather strongly sinuate; brown-whitish, sometimes more or less suffused with brown; + numerous fine dark fuscous sinuate subdentate lines; three before middle and four beyond middle + more blackish, generally partially suffused with brown, leaving a clear median space on costal + half, in which is a transverse blackish discal dot; termen suffusedly greyish; a suffused + oblique dark fuscous sub-apical streak. Hind-wings moderate, termen irregularly crenulate, + somewhat projecting in middle; grey whitish; several subdentate grey lines, only distinct + towards dorsum; a dark grey discal dot.</p> + </div> + + <p>"Variable only in the degree of the brownish suffusion; in the markings of the fore-wings it + agrees almost exactly with some forms of <i>A. megaspilata</i>, but, apart from structure, may be + always known by the whitish hind-wings and rather larger size.</p> + + <p>"Dunedin; ten specimens sent to Mr. Fereday by Capt. Hutton."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">I have only seen one specimen of this insect, in Mr. Fereday's collection, and it + appeared to me to be identical with the somewhat variable female of <i>A. megaspilata</i>.</p> + + <div id="XANTHORHOE"></div> + + <h3>Genus 11.—XANTHORHOE, Hb.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face with somewhat projecting scales or conical tuft. Antennæ in male + bi-pectinated, apex usually simple. Palpi rough-scaled. Fore-wings with areole double. + Hind-wings with vein 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond middle."—(Meyrick.) (See Plate <a + href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 37 and 38.)</p> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page57">{57}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">This interesting genus is relatively far more numerous in New Zealand than + elsewhere, its place in other regions being largely taken by <i>Hydriomena</i>. We have no less + than thirty-one known species, and many others will no doubt be ultimately discovered, especially + in the mountainous districts of the west coast of the South Island.</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE LIMONODES, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Epyaxa limonodes</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xx. 54.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 46 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred at Wellington and at Cape Terawhiti in the North Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1 inch. <i>The fore-wings of the male are + dull olive-green with numerous, rather obscure, wavy brownish transverse lines; these lines are + all more distinct near the costa; there are two transverse rows of white dots near the base, a + very broken line of white dots at about three-fourths, one of the dots forming a crescentic mark + above the middle</i>; beyond this line the colour is often paler, especially towards the apex, + but inside this line there is often a considerably darker patch; there is a very distinct + blackish patch just below the apex. The apex of the wing slightly projects, and the termen is + arched. The hind-wings are very pale greenish-ochreous; there is an obscure dusky transverse + line in the middle. <i>The female has the fore-wings much browner; there are several additional + rows of white dots and two conspicuous white spots above the middle.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>The species is rather variable. In many specimens the dorsal half of the fore-wing is much + paler than the costal half.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from November till March, and frequents dense forest. It + is not a common species.</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE SUBDUCTATA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Larentia subductata</i>, + Walk. 1198. <i>Epyaxa subductata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xx. 55.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred at Auckland.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"The expansion of the wings of the female is 26 mm. (about 1 inch). Head, palpi, + and thorax pale greyish-ochreous, somewhat mixed with yellow-greenish, and densely irrorated + with fuscous. Antennæ whitish-ochreous annulated with fuscous. Abdomen grey-whitish, densely + irrorated with fuscous. Legs dark fuscous, apex of joints ochreous-whitish, middle and posterior + pair irrorated with grey-whitish. Fore-wings with costa gently arched, termen waved, slightly + rounded, oblique; pale greyish-ochreous, mixed with yellow-greenish, and thinly sprinkled with + fuscous, tending to form faint waved lines; three light fuscous fasciæ, each marked with three + dark fuscous lines; first near base, outer edge sharply angulated above middle; second from + two-fifths of costa to before middle of dorsum, slightly curved; third from two-thirds of costa + to two-thirds of dorsum, outer edge somewhat prominent in middle, rather sinuate above it; a + crescentic black obscurely whitish-margined discal spot; a short oblique cloudy fuscous streak + from apex; cilia light fuscous, somewhat sprinkled with whitish. Hind-wings light grey; a grey + discal dot before middle; a median band of three darker lines, outer rather prominent in middle; + faint indications of other darker lines, most distinct posteriorly; cilia grey-whitish, with two + cloudy grey lines."—(Meyrick.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in December.</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE ROSEARIA, Dbld.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Cidaria rosearia</i>, Dbld., Dieff. N. Z. ii. 285, Butl., Cat. pl. iii. 13. + <i>Coremia ardularia</i>, Gn., E. M. M. v. 63. <i>Coremia inamænaria</i>, Gn., E. M. M. v. 63. + <i>Epyaxa rosearia</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 71.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 22 ♂, 23 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred at Wellington in the North Island; and in the South Island at Akaroa, + Christchurch, and Dunedin.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page58">{58}</span></div> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1⅜ inches. The fore-wings of the male + vary <i>from pale pinkish-grey to pale greenish-grey</i>; there is an obscure darker basal area, + a rather broad central band, <i>formed of numerous shaded, wavy, dark grey lines, which are + generally absent towards the middle of the band</i>; there is a black dot above the middle; the + termen is shaded with dark grey, and there is an oblique pale mark near the apex. The hind-wings + are grey with a few very faint wavy lines. The cilia of all the wings are pinkish-grey. <i>The + female is dull yellowish-grey, with the markings very indistinct.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>Both sexes vary slightly in the ground colour, and in the intensity of the markings. Mr. Purdie + has pointed out that the species is very liable to fade, and hence it appears to vary more than is + actually the case.<a id="NtA_33" href="#Nt_33"><sup>[33]</sup></a></p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>The eggs are oval, pale yellow, changing first to orange, and then to dull grey before + hatching. The young larva, when first emerged, is pale greyish-brown and very slender. Later on + the caterpillar becomes dull olive-green speckled with black; there are two paler stripes just + below the middle of the back, then a fine black line, followed by a very fine white one, then a + broad pink stripe on the side; below this is a broad black line followed by a white line and two + fine black ones. The larva is moderately stout, and the two prolegs are very close together.</p> + <p class="sp0">The larva, when full-grown, measures about ¾ inch in length. The general colour + is dull reddish-brown, often greenish-tinged. The back and sides are marked with numerous + slightly waved fine black lines; there is a double series of black dots down the back, a broad + black lateral line, followed by a fine white line. The under side of the larva is pinkish-brown; + the head greenish-brown speckled with black. The caterpillar is obscurely marked, and very + variable. It is often clouded with greenish colouring.</p> + </div> + + <p>The food-plant is watercress.</p> + + <p>The pupa, which is enclosed in a slight cocoon constructed of earth and silk, is found on the + surface of the ground.</p> + + <p>The perfect insect is most abundant in December, and is attracted by light. It seems to be + about during the entire year, as Mr. Meyrick states that he has taken numerous specimens from May + till September, and hence concludes that it is essentially a winter species.<a id="NtA_34" + href="#Nt_34"><sup>[34]</sup></a> I can to some extent confirm this observation, as I have also + found the insect during the winter, although not commonly. It is probable that there are several + broods in the course of a year, and that the species hibernates as an imago.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Regarding the synonymy of this species Mr. Meyrick remarks that "<i>C. + ardularia</i>, Gn., is the male and <i>C. inamænaria</i>, Gn., the female of this species. <i>C. + subidaria</i>, Gn., quoted by Butler as a synonym, is an Australian species, and not identical."<a + id="NtA_35" href="#Nt_35"><sup>[35]</sup></a></p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE OROPHYLA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Epyaxa orophyla</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 71.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 24 ♂, 25 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This fine species has occurred in the South Island at Nelson, Castle Hill, Mount Hutt, + Dunedin and Lake Wakatipu.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>The expansion of the wings of the male is 1¼ inches, of the female 1⅜ inches. <i>The + fore-wings of the male are pale brownish-grey</i>; there is an obscure bent blackish line near + the base, <i>a moderately broad central band bounded by two very distinct shaded blackish lines, + the basal one of which is not curved</i>; the termen is shaded with darker grey, and there is an + oblique pale mark near the apex. The hind-wings are pale grey tinged with ochreous.</p> + <p class="sp0">The female is slightly darker than the male; and there are numerous wavy pale and + dark grey lines filling up the entire wing on each side of the central band.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in December, January, and February. It frequents open country on the + mountain sides, at elevations of from 2,500 to 4,000 feet.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page59">{59}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">I observed it in great abundance on the Humboldt Range at the head of Lake + Wakatipu, where it frequented the damp rocky precipices which were fringed with a luxuriant growth + of Alpine plants. At Castle Hill it occurred much less commonly, so that it would appear to be + most plentiful in the extreme south of New Zealand. The colouring is protective when the insect is + resting on rock surfaces.</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE SEMIFISSATA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Coremia semifissata</i>, Walk. 1320. <i>Coremia ypsilonaria</i>, Gn., E. M. + M. v. 64. <i>Cidaria delicatulata</i>, Gn., E. M. M. v. 94. <i>Epyaxa semifissata</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 72.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 26 ♂, 27 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This extremely pretty insect is very common, and generally distributed throughout the + country.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about an inch. The fore-wings of the male are + <i>pale pink</i>; there are several wavy brown lines near the base, <i>a very distinct brown + central band, narrowest near the middle, but much broader on the costa than on the dorsum</i>; + the centre of this band is paler towards the costa; the termen is shaded with brown, except near + the apex of the wing; <i>the veins are dotted in black. The hind-wings are bright ochreous with + numerous wavy darker lines.</i> The female is darker in colour than the male, the central band + is broader; <i>there are numerous brown and pink wavy lines on each side of the central band, + and the principal veins are marked in pale ochreous</i>. The grey transverse lines on the + hind-wings are much more distinct in the female than in the male.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from September till April, and is very common in rather + open forest districts, usually frequenting undergrowth on the edges of the denser forest. It is + often one of the earliest of the <i>Notodontina</i> to appear in spring, and its advent is then + especially welcome to the collector after the long inaction of winter. It is evidently closely + allied to <i>X. orophyla</i>, which appears to be the southern and Alpine representative of this + interesting insect. <i>Coremia ypsilonaria</i>, Gn., is the male, and <i>Cidaria delicatulata</i>, + Gn., is the female of this species.</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE LOPHOGRAMMA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Xanthorhoe lophogramma</i>, + Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, 386.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 47 ♂, 48 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This species was discovered at Castle Hill in January, 1893.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp3"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1⅛ inches. The insect differs from + <i>X. semifissata</i> in the following respects: In the male the general colour is slightly + duller, <i>the outer edge of the central band on the fore-wings is more indented, and the veins + are not dotted in black</i>. In the female the markings on the fore-wings are less distinct, the + veins are not marked in pale ochreous, the outer edge of the central band is more deeply + indented, and there is a darker shading near the termen than in <i>X. semifissata</i>. <i>The + hind-wings of both sexes are dark ochreous, without any transverse markings.</i></p> + </div> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE CHLAMYDOTA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Epyaxa chlamydota</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 72.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 28.)</span></p> + + <p>This very handsome species has occurred at Wellington in the North Island, and at Christchurch + and Akaroa in the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1¼ inches. The fore-wings are pale ochreous, + <i>with two broad, dark, purplish-brown bands. The first, which is at the base, is slightly + paler near the body, and strongly curved outwards towards the termen</i>; it is followed by + several very fine pale brown transverse lines. <i>The second band is very broad, and is situated + near the middle of the wing; its inner edge is curved inwards, and its outer edge has two + rounded projections, one very large about the middle, and <span class="pagenum" + id="page60">{60}</span>another much smaller near the dorsum</i>; the middle portion of this + central band is considerably paler than the edges; <i>the two projections of the central band + are bordered with bright red</i>. The upper part of the termen is ochreous, with several faint + brown marks; the lower part is dull grey. The hind-wings are dark ochreous, with a few obscure + purplish-grey markings; the termen of the hind-wing projects slightly near the middle, and is + rather jagged.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The species varies a little in the depth of its colouring, but the markings appear + to be constant. The perfect insect appears from November till April. It chiefly frequents forest, + but is not a common species. At present, more specimens have been found in the Wellington + Botanical Gardens than elsewhere.</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE STINARIA, Gn.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Camptogramma stinaria</i>, + Gn., E. M. M. v. 92. <i>Larentia stinaria</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 78.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 29 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred in the South Island at Christchurch, Dunedin, and at the foot of + Mount Hutt.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is barely 1 inch. <i>All the wings are deep ochreous; + the fore-wings have an oblique white line running from the dorsum near the base, towards the + middle of the wing; this line is edged with blackish-brown towards the dorsum; there is a very + conspicuous white transverse line at about three-fourths shaded with brown towards the body</i>; + the apex of the fore-wing slightly projects. The hind-wings have no markings.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in December and January. It seems to be fairly common, frequenting + <i>Carex subdola</i>.<a id="NtA_36" href="#Nt_36"><sup>[36]</sup></a></p> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from a specimen kindly given to me by Mr. Fereday.</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE MNESICHOLA.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Larentia mnesichola</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xx. 56.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 39 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This dull little species has occurred in the South Island on Mount Arthur, at elevations of + from 4,000 to 4,800 feet.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1 inch. <i>The fore-wings are pale + brownish-ochreous, and rather glossy; there is a series of minute black dots at the base, a + second series at about one-third, then a cloudy curved band, slightly darker than the rest of + the wing, followed by a third series of minute black dots; a fourth series is situated slightly + before the termen.</i> The hind-wings are very pale brownish-ochreous.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January. Mr. Meyrick states that it is rather + common.</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE PRÆFECTATA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Acidalia præfectata</i>, Walk. 781. <i>Acidalia subtentaria</i>, Walk. 1610. + <i>Acidalia absconditaria</i>, Walk. 1611; Butl., Cat. pl. iii. 21. <i>Larentia præfectata</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 78.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 30.)</span></p> + + <p>This interesting species has occurred in the South Island at the Dun Mountain, Mount Arthur, + Christchurch, and Dunedin.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. <i>All the wings are pure + white</i>; the fore-wings have a minute grey dot above the middle, <i>a series of extremely + minute dots a little before the termen, and several rows of very faint grey marks close to the + termen</i>. The hind-wings have a row of very obscure dots across the middle, and several rows + of very faint grey marks close to the termen. The face and collar are brown, and there is + sometimes an extremely faint brown tinge on the costal edge of the fore-wings. The body is pure + white.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in November, December, January, and February. I do not + think it is a very common species, and at present I have only observed it on the Dun <span + class="pagenum" id="page61">{61}</span>Mountain near Nelson, at an elevation of about 2,700 feet + above the sea-level. Here I took several specimens on the flowers of an Alpine veronica in the + dusk of evening, and saw several others, which I was unable to capture. Mr. Meyrick has taken it + on Mount Arthur at an elevation of 4,500 feet, and Mr. Fereday states that it frequents swampy + places near Christchurch.</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE NEPHELIAS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Larentia nephelias</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 78.)</span></p> + + <p>This species was discovered by Mr. Meyrick in the South Island at Arthur's Pass, West Coast + Road, and he has since taken it on Mount Arthur.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"<i>Male, female</i>.—The expansion of the wings is 32-34 mm. (about 1¼ + inches). Fore-wings moderate, in female narrower and more elongate, termen rounded; pale + whitish-grey, slightly ochreous-tinged; an indistinct suffusion of dark fuscous scales before + middle; a small dark fuscous discal dot; a rather irregular cloudy dark fuscous line beyond + middle, sinuate beneath costa, shortly angulated in middle; a very faint stria beyond this; a + terminal band composed of two rows of cloudy partially confluent dark fuscous spots, separating + on costa; cilia pale whitish-grey. Hind-wings moderate, in female narrower, termen rounded; + ground colour as in fore-wings, with a few grey scales posteriorly.</p> + </div> + + <p>"A remarkable-looking species.</p> + + <p>"I took two fine specimens above Arthur's Pass (4,600 feet), in January."—(Meyrick).</p> + + <p class="sp3">I am unacquainted with this species. It is evidently very conspicuous and + distinct.</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE CATAPHRACTA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Larentia cataphracta</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 79.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 33 ♂, 34 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This large and conspicuous species has occurred in the South Island at Mount Arthur, Arthur's + Pass, Lake Guyon, and Lake Wakatipu.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is 1⅝ inches, of the female 1½ + inches. <i>The fore-wings are dull yellowish-brown, with numerous slightly waved oblique black + and white transverse bands; one very broad white band is situated near the middle, and another + at about three-fourths; there is a broad longitudinal reddish-brown line on the costal edge, in + which the transverse lines almost disappear</i>; there is also a pale, somewhat triangular, area + at the apex. The hind-wings are very pale greyish-ochreous. The cilia of all the wings are very + pale ochreous. The female is duller and paler than the male.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from December till March, and frequents grassy slopes on + the mountain sides, at elevations of from 3,000 to 4,000 feet. I observed this insect in great + abundance on the Humboldt Range at the head of Lake Wakatipu, but have not found it at any of the + other Alpine localities I have visited, so I imagine that it is a rather local species.</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE CLARATA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Larentia clarata</i>, Walk. 1197; Butl., Cat. pl. iii. 14. <i>Cideria + pyramaria</i>, Gn., E. M. M. v. 93. <i>Larentia clarata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. + 79.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 31 ♂, 32 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This conspicuous species has occurred in the South Island at Lake Rotoiti, Mount Arthur, Castle + Hill, Mount Hutt, Dunedin, and Lake Wakatipu.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>The expansion of the wings of the male is 1½ inches, of the female 1⅜ inches.</p> + <p class="sp0">The species differs from the preceding in the following respects: The ground + colour of the fore-wings is brighter, the markings are less oblique and much more jagged; the + large white central band is often broken up into several distinct oval patches; the costal edge + is very slightly shaded with <span class="pagenum" id="page62">{62}</span>brown, <i>and the + transverse lines do not disappear before reaching the costa</i>. The hind-wings are bright + ochreous. <i>The cilia of all the wings are white, strongly barred with yellowish-brown</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>There is slight variation in the details of the markings, but the species can always be + immediately recognised.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in December, January, and February. It frequents open + grassy places at elevations ranging from 2,000 to 4,500 feet, and is often extremely abundant in + these situations.</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE COSMODORA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Larentia cosmodora</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xx. 57.)</span></p> + + <p>This species was discovered by Mr. Meyrick in the South Island on Mount Arthur, at an elevation + of 4,500 feet.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Female</i>.—27 mm. (slightly over 1 inch). Head, palpi, antennæ, thorax, + abdomen, and legs whitish-ochreous, slightly brownish-tinged; abdomen with a double dorsal + series of dark fuscous dots. Fore-wings with costa hardly perceptibly arched, termen slightly + rounded, oblique; whitish-ochreous, slightly yellowish-tinged; a curved irregular black line + rather near base, followed by a white line; median band rather darker, tinged with + yellowish-fuscous towards edges, margined with dentate black lines and outside these with white, + anterior from one-third of costa to two-fifths of dorsum, rather curved, posterior from + two-thirds of costa to three-fourths of dorsum, somewhat prominent beneath costa, and with a + more distinct double prominence in middle; two white dentate-edged spots within median band, + first beneath costa, containing small black discal dot, second on dorsum; a waved white + subterminal line; a fine dark fuscous terminal line interrupted into numerous dots; cilia + whitish-ochreous, with dark fuscous bars hardly reaching base. Hind-wings whitish-ochreous, with + faint darker greyish-tinged lines; a median band of four more distinct cloudy grey lines, first + three straight, fourth well marked, rather dark fuscous, waved, somewhat prominent in middle, + beneath confluent with third; a faint white subterminal line; cilia pale whitish-ochreous, with + a faint greyish line tending to form spots.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">"Appears in January; one specimen. It is conceivable that this may be the other sex + of the following species, but they are very dissimilar, and I do not at present think it + probable."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE BRYOPIS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Larentia bryopis</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xx. 57.)</span></p> + + <p>Discovered by Mr. Meyrick in the South Island on Mount Arthur, 4,500 feet above the + sea-level.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"<i>Male</i>.—29-32 mm. (about 1¼ inches). Head, palpi, thorax, abdomen, + and legs pale greyish-ochreous, slightly greenish-tinged, irrorated with blackish. Antennæ + whitish, annulated with black. Fore-wings with costa gently arched, termen somewhat rounded, + rather oblique; pale greyish-ochreous, tinged with olive-greenish, irrorated with blackish-grey, + tending to form waved transverse lines on basal area; median band margined with dentate black + lines and outside them with white; anterior from one-third of costa to one-third of dorsum, + curved, posterior from beyond two-thirds of costa to three-fourths of dorsum, somewhat indented + above middle, with a moderate double prominence in middle; three blackish-grey subdentate lines + within median band, first near and parallel to anterior edge, other two near and parallel to + posterior edge, first and second tending to be confluent below middle, space between these more + or less suffused with white, enclosing a small black discal spot; an obscure dentate whitish + subterminal line, anteriorly margined with dark fuscous, preceded and followed by waved fuscous + lines; a terminal series of pairs of dark fuscous dots; cilia ochreish-grey, whitish, barred + with fuscous, and with a fuscous basal line. Hind-wings ochreous-grey, with waved darker grey + transverse lines, except towards base; a dark grey discal dot before middle; posterior edge of + median band formed as in fore-wings, followed by an obscure whitish line and somewhat paler + band; terminal dots and cilia as in fore-wings, but more obscure.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">"Appears in January; not uncommon. Nearest allied to <i>X. + beata</i>."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page63">{63}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE BEATA, Butl.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Cidaria beata</i>, Butl., + Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 397, pl. xliii. 6. <i>Larentia beata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. + xvi. 79.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 35 ♂, 36 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This very beautiful species has occurred at Wellington in the North Island, is common and + generally distributed throughout the South Island, and has also been found at Stewart Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>The expansion of the wings is about 1 inch. <i>The fore-wings are bright green; there is a + darker area at the base edged with a jagged white line; then a paler band followed by a very + broad darker green central band edged with very jagged white lines, and containing several white + patches in the middle, one of which is situated close to the costa and encloses a black dot; + beyond this central band there is a paler area, then an interrupted darker green band edged with + white towards the termen</i>. There is an oblique pale mark from the apex of the wing. The + hind-wings are very pale ochreous, sometimes slightly tinged with green; there are several + obscure rows of dusky spots.</p> + <p>The white markings included in the central band are rather variable.</p> + <p>The egg is smooth, oval, and pale green in colour.</p> + <p class="sp0">The young larva is orange-brown, becoming greenish-brown soon after emergence. + The full-grown larva is dark brown above and pale brown beneath, the two colours being sharply + separated on the sides by a broken white line. A series of <b>V</b>-shaped markings is situated + on the back, each mark enclosing a paler area. Several fine black wavy lines traverse the darker + portions of the larva, and a dark mark, edged with black beneath, is situated on each segment + just above the ventral surface.</p> + </div> + + <p>The food-plant is watercress.</p> + + <p>The pupa is enclosed in a frail cocoon on the surface of the ground.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from October till March, and frequents forest. It is + often dislodged from dense undergrowth during the daytime, and may be found in the evening on the + blossoms of the white rata. It is very much commoner in some years than in others; but + occasionally several seasons will pass without our noticing a single specimen of this attractive + insect. The colouring is extremely protective when the moth is resting on moss-covered tree + trunks.</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE ADONIS, n. sp.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 49 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This extremely beautiful insect has occurred in the South Island at Castle Hill, and at Lake + Wakatipu.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1 inch. <i>The fore-wings are vivid green</i>; + there is a broad, wavy, black transverse line near the base; a somewhat broken line at about + one-third, much broader on the costa and edged with white towards the base; <i>a very + conspicuous broad black line at two-thirds, shaded towards the base, and sharply edged with + white towards the termen</i>; between this line and the termen there are several black marks, + forming another extremely broken transverse line. <i>The hind-wings are pale orange-brown, with + a faint grey central band</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in January. It frequents forests at elevations of from 1,000 to + 2,000 feet above the sea-level, but it is not common.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Mr. Meyrick regards this insect as identical with <i>Xanthorhoe beata</i>.</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE CHLORIAS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Larentia chlorias</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 80.)</span></p> + + <p>This species was discovered in the South Island at Castle Hill, by Mr. Meyrick.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"The expansion of the wings of the male is 30 mm. (about 1¼ inches). Fore-wings + moderate, termen hardly rounded; bright yellow; base of costa dark fuscous-purple; a curved row + of three very small dark purple-fuscous spots about one-fourth, and another of four spots before + middle, costal spots larger; a <span class="pagenum" id="page64">{64}</span>triangular purple + blotch on costa before apex, reaching half across wing, anteriorly margined by a strongly + sinuate bluish-black streak; a row of three dark purple-fuscous dots from apex of this to + dorsum, and a subterminal row of six similar dots; cilia yellow. Hind-wings moderate, termen + rounded; rather paler than fore-wings, with two curved posterior rows of cloudy purple-fuscous + dots.</p> + </div> + + <p>"A very beautiful and conspicuous species.</p> + + <p class="sp3">"I took one fine specimen in a wooded gully near Castle Hill, at 3,100 feet, in + January."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE ÆGROTA, Butl.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Selidosema ægrota</i>, Butl., + Cist. Ent. ii. 499. <i>Larentia ægrota</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 80.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 37 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This rather inconspicuous species has occurred at Palmerston and Kaitoke in the North Island; + and at Christchurch, Dunedin, and Lake Wakatipu in the South Island. It has also been taken at + Stewart Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1⅛ inches. <i>The fore-wings are dull + ochreous-brown; there are several indistinct wavy blackish lines near the base, a black dot + above the middle, then three or four more lines, followed by a cloudy shading on the termen.</i> + The hind-wings are pale ochreous-brown. <i>The cilia of all the wings are dull ochreous-brown + barred with black.</i></p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from November till March and is sometimes very common. + It usually frequents rather open situations in the neighbourhood of forest, and I have often + observed it amongst the bushes of "Wild Irishman" (<i>Discaria toumatou.</i>) It is extremely + abundant on the banks of the River Dart, at the head of Lake Wakatipu.</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE LUCIDATA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Larentia lucidata</i>, Walk. 1200. <i>Coremia plurimata</i>, ib. 1321. + <i>Panagra venipunctata</i>, ib. 1666. <i>Larentia psamathodes</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. + xvi. 81. <i>Larentia lucidata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvii. 64.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 38 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This rather dull-coloured species has occurred at Napier, Palmerston, and Wellington in the + North Island, and at Dunedin in the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1 inch. <i>The fore-wings are dull yellowish-brown; + there are numerous fine, almost straight blackish lines parallel to the termen, forming four + more or less distinct transverse bands</i>; the first at the base rather broad, the second a + little before the middle, the third beyond the middle, and the fourth just before the termen; + there is a black dot a little above the middle of the wing, and the veins are marked with white + dots between the transverse bands. The hind-wings are pale brownish-ochreous; there are + numerous, rather faint, wavy, blackish, transverse lines, which are much more distinct near the + dorsum. There is a series of distinct black dots on the termen of both fore- and hind-wings.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears during the winter months from March till August. It is + rather a scarce species, but on mild evenings it is sometimes taken at light.</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE HELIAS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Larentia helias</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 81.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 40.)</span></p> + + <p>Two specimens of this species have been taken at Dunedin in the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1 inch. All the wings are pale ochreous; the + fore-wings have a slender brown transverse line at the base, then a large loop-like marking from + the costa, almost meeting a smaller, similarly looped marking from the dorsum; next a broad + irregular dark brown band a little beyond the middle, considerably indented towards the termen; + this is followed by a rather narrow pale band, and then by a narrow brown band, also indented + towards the termen; there is a small oblique brown mark below the apex, and a terminal series of + black dots. The hind-wings have several faint dusky transverse lines near the base, a row of + small spots near the <span class="pagenum" id="page65">{65}</span>termen, and a terminal series + of minute black dots. The cilia of all the wings are reddish-ochreous.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in January.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from a specimen in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE PRASINIAS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Larentia prasinias</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 81.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 41.)</span></p> + + <p>This bright-looking species has occurred in the South Island at Mount Arthur, Castle Hill, and + Invercargill.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1⅜ inches. <i>The fore-wings are bright + orange-yellow; there is a small brown area near the base, with the outer edge indented; then a + pale band followed by a very broad brown central band, composed of wavy transverse lines, with + irregular yellow spaces between them</i>, the largest of these spaces containing a small black + dot; the outer edge of the central band is very wavy, and has several rather prominent + projections near the middle; beyond this are several rather faint brownish lines; the cilia are + yellow, barred with dark brown. The hind-wings are pale ochreous, shaded with grey near the + base, and with yellow near the termen; the cilia are yellow, barred with brown.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January, and frequents forest. It is found at + elevations of from 2,000 to 3,000 feet, but is not by any means a common species.</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE CHIONOGRAMMA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Larentia chionogramma</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 82.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 42 ♂, 43 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This rather dull-looking species has occurred in the South Island at Mount Arthur and Mount + Hutt.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1⅛ inches. <i>The fore-wings are + rather dark greyish-brown; there are numerous indistinct wavy paler and darker transverse lines + near the base; a rather broad transverse brown band towards the middle, shaded towards the base, + and edged with an interrupted jagged white line towards the termen</i>; beyond this there are + several broken darker and paler lines. The hind-wings are very pale greyish-ochreous, clouded + with grey near the base, and with several rows of small cloudy grey spots near the termen. The + female is paler than the male and the markings are less distinct.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in December and January, and frequents wooded valleys on + the lower slopes of the mountains, at elevations of from 2,000 to 3,000 feet.</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE CAMELIAS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Larentia camelias</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xx. 58.)</span></p> + + <p>This species was discovered by Mr. Meyrick in the North Island at Whangarei.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"The expansion of the wings of the male is 23 mm. (rather less than 1 inch). + Head, antennæ, and thorax whitish-ochreous, greyish-tinged, with a few dark fuscous scales. + Palpi fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, with a double dorsal series of dark fuscous dots. Legs + whitish-ochreous, irrorated with purple-reddish and dark fuscous. Fore-wings with costa rather + sinuate in middle, on anterior half gently, on posterior half very strongly arched, termen + moderately sinuate below apex, bowed in middle; light greyish-ochreous, with numerous cloudy, + waved, brown-grey transverse lines, somewhat bent near costa; a black discal dot; margin of + basal patch and anterior edge of median band indicated by series of very minute white dots, + preceded and followed by black points; posterior edge of median band marked by a darker line, + followed by a fine white line reduced on lower half to a series of points, subterminal line + represented by four cloudy blackish dots on upper half and another above tornus; cilia + greyish-ochreous (imperfect). Hind-wings fuscous-whitish; a median band of four cloudy greyish + lines, bent near costa; a cloudy grey spot above tornus; cilia fuscous-whitish (imperfect.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">"Appears in December. Immediately recognisable by the peculiar form of + forewings."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page66">{66}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE FALCATA, Butl.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Larentia falcata</i>, Butl., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xx. 58.)</span></p> + + <p>A single specimen of this species is in the British Museum collection of New Zealand + Lepidoptera. Of this specimen Mr. Meyrick remarks as follows<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p class="sp3">"This appears to be a good species allied to <i>X. camelias</i>, but with the costa + of fore-wings less arched posteriorly, and posterior edge of median band practically straight, not + bent near costa; also much darker in general colouring. I have not yet seen any specimen except + the original type."</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE OBARATA, Feld.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Cidaria obarata</i>, Feld. + cxxxii. 33. <i>Larentia obarata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 82.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 45.)</span></p> + + <p>This little species has occurred at Wellington in the North Island, and at Christchurch and + Mount Hutt in the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is barely 1 inch. <i>The fore-wings are pale + greyish-ochreous; there is an interrupted reddish-brown transverse band near the base; two + faint, interrupted, shaded blackish lines, one at about one-third and the other at about + two-thirds, enclosing between them a large central area, which contains a very distinct black + dot above the middle, and several irregular shaded black marks; beyond this there is a wavy + reddish-brown band; the apex of the wing is somewhat projecting, and the termen is considerably + bowed.</i> The hind-wings are pale grey, with a paler central band, and numerous faint, wavy, + darker grey lines. <i>The cilia of all the icings are white, banded with dark grey.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears from November till January. Mr. Fereday states that it is a + plain-frequenting species, especially attached to gorse hedges.<a id="NtA_37" + href="#Nt_37"><sup>[37]</sup></a></p> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from a specimen kindly given to me by Mr. Fereday.</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE CHORICA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Larentia chorica</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xx. 58.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 44.)</span></p> + + <p>A single specimen of this beautiful insect was taken at Akaroa by Mr. Fereday.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1 inch. All the wings are pale ochreous. The + fore-wings have a short transverse black mark from the costa near the base; a fine wavy white + transverse line, followed by a wavy black band; <i>the middle of the wing is white, marbled with + very pale blue; beyond this there is a broad black band wavy towards the termen, with a very + prominent rounded projection near the middle</i>; there are two reddish-brown marks on the costa + before the apex, a blackish patch on the termen below the apex, and a row of terminal black + dots; the apex is slightly projecting, and the termen is strongly arched. The hind-wings have + several fine blackish transverse lines near the base; a broad shaded band in the middle, and a + terminal series of black dots.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in January.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from the specimen in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE SUBOBSCURATA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Scotosia subobscurata</i>, + Walk. 1358. <i>Larentia petropola</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 82.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred in the South Island at the Otira Gorge.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"The expansion of the wings is 39 mm. (1½ inches). Fore-wings moderate, termen + rounded dark grey, densely irrorated with bluish-whitish; costa broadly suffused with + ochreous-whitish anteriorly; a very obscure curved ochreous-whitish line towards base, + anteriorly dark-margined; two obscure curved subdentate adjacent whitish lines about one-third, + followed by a dark line; a blackish <span class="pagenum" id="page67">{67}</span>discal dot; a + very irregular dentate curved dark grey line beyond middle, followed by two adjacent whitish + lines; a sharply dentate obscure whitish subterminal line, anteriorly dark-margined. Hind-wings + moderate, termen rounded; markings as in fore-wings, but more obscure, paler and more suffused + towards base.</p> + </div> + + <p>"A fine species, with a peculiar bluish tinge.</p> + + <p class="sp3">"I took two specimens at rest on rock-faces in the Otira Gorge, at 1,800 feet, in + January, and saw others."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE CINEREARIA, Dbld.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Cidaria (?) cinerearia</i>, Dbld., Dieff. N. Z. ii. 286. <i>Larentia (?) + invexata</i>, Walk. 1199; Butl., Cat., pl. iii. 11. <i>Larentia semisignata</i>, Walk. 1200. + <i>Larentia inoperata</i>, Walk. 1201. <i>Larentia diffusaria</i>, Walk. 1201. <i>Larentia + punctilineata</i>, Walk. 1202; Butl., Cat., pl. iii. 12. <i>Cidaria dissociata</i>, Walk. 1734. + <i>Cidaria semilisata</i>, Walk. 1735. <i>Larentia corcularia</i>, Gn., E. M. M. v. 61. + <i>Larentia infantaria</i>, Gn., E. M. M. v. 62. <i>Helastia eupitheciaria</i>, Gn., E. M. M. v. + 95. ? <i>Cidaria sphæriata</i>, Feld. cxxxi. 14. <i>Larentia cinerearia</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. + Inst. xvi. 83.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., figs. 2 and 2A, varieties.)</span></p> + + <p>This species is extremely abundant, and generally distributed throughout the country.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is from ⅝ inch to 1 inch. <i>The fore-wings + vary from pale to dark grey; there are generally four more or less distinct blackish marks on + the costa, forming the beginning of transverse bands</i>; the rest of the wing is marbled with + dark-grey or black, the disposition of the markings varying exceedingly in different specimens. + The hind-wings are pale grey, with a black dot above the middle.</p> + </div> + + <p>The variation existing in this species is very great, and is thus described by Mr. Meyrick:<a + id="NtA_38" href="#Nt_38"><sup>[38]</sup></a> "Three main forms occur: one large, greyer, and more + uniform; a second of middle size whiter and generally strongly marked sometimes bluish-tinged, + only found in the hills; and a third small greyish but ochreous-tinged, strongly marked; these are + connected by scarcer intermediate forms, and are, I believe, due to the direct effect of food and + situation.</p> + + <p>"The larva feeds on lichens."</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from October till March, and frequents a great variety + of situations. The colouring of the fore-wings is beautifully adapted for protection on + lichen-covered banks, rocks, or fences, where specimens may often be found resting with closed + wings during the daytime. This species flies rather freely at evening dusk, and may then be taken + plentifully at sugar, blossoms or light. It is, however, a difficult matter to procure specimens + in really good condition for the cabinet, as the insect is so extremely restless when confined in + a box that if it is not killed at once, it will speedily injure itself during its struggles to + escape. This moth is found at elevations ranging from the sea-level to 3,500 feet.</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE ANTHRACIAS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Larentia anthracias</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 84.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred in the South Island at Mount Hutt and Lake Wakatipu.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"The expansion of the wings of the male is from 24-25 mm. (about 1 inch). + Fore-wings moderate, termen sinuate; dark fuscous, faintly striated, more or less sprinkled with + whitish; a curved blackish line near base, posteriorly obscurely whitish-margined; a curved, + obscure whitish fascia at one-third, blackish margined and bisected by a blackish line; a + well-defined black discal dot; a white fascia, partially mixed with fuscous, beyond middle, + anteriorly strongly blackish-margined, posteriorly more obscurely, and bisected by a blackish + line, somewhat irregular, moderately angulated in middle; <span class="pagenum" + id="page68">{68}</span>an obscure dentate yellowish or whitish subterminal line; an interrupted + black terminal line. Hind-wings moderate, termen rounded; dark fuscous; two nearly straight + lines before middle, faintly darker; a faint paler or sometimes whitish sinuate fascia beyond + middle, margined and bisected with darker.</p> + </div> + + <p>"Varies slightly in distinctness of pale markings.</p> + + <p class="sp3">"Mount Hutt and Lake Wakatipu (5,400 feet), on the open mountain sides, in December + and January; twelve specimens."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="ac">XANTHORHOE BULBULATA, Gn.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Cidaria bulbulata</i>, Gn., + E. M. M. v. 94. <i>Larentia bulbulata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 84.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 1.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred in the South Island at Kekerangu, Christchurch, Castle Hill, and + Dunedin.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is barely 1 inch. <i>The fore-wings are very pale + brownish-ochreous; there is a brown area near the base; a moderately broad brown central band + with a distinct projection near the middle; the termen is broadly shaded with brown, with a wavy + paler line in the middle of the shading</i>; there are often several oval paler marks in the + middle of the central band, and pale brown spots and lines between the darker brown markings. + <i>The hind-wings are bright orange, with the cilia pale brown.</i></p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from September till March, and frequents open, grassy + places, from the sea-level to elevations of from 2,000 to 3,000 feet.</p> + + <div id="LYTHRIA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 12.—LYTHRIA, Hb.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face rough-haired or loosely scaled, antennæ in male bi-pectinated, apex + sometimes simple. Palpi with long rough hairs. Thorax roughly hairy beneath. Fore-wings with + areole simple. Hind-wings with vein 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond middle."—(Meyrick.) + (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 39 and 40, neuration of <i>L. chrysopeda</i>.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">We have two interesting little species in New Zealand. The genus also occurs in + Europe, and probably elsewhere.</p> + + <p class="ac">LYTHRIA CHRYSOPEDA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Arcteuthes chrysopeda</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xx. 48.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 33 ♂, 34 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This bright-looking little species has been taken in the South Island at Mount Arthur.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about ¾ inch. <i>The fore-wings are very dark, + glossy brown; there is a pale yellowish transverse line near the base, a broader, rather wavy + orange-yellow line a little before the middle, another still broader at about two-thirds, and an + indistinct fine line near the termen. The hind-wings are rich orange-brown, with three broad, + wavy, dark brown transverse bands; the termen is narrowly margined with dark orange-brown.</i> + The female is generally rather paler than the male, very faintly marked specimens occasionally + occurring.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January and February. It frequents the tussock + openings in the forest on the Tableland of Mount Arthur, at elevations of from 3,000 to 4,000 + feet. In these situations it appears to be fairly abundant, flying actively in the hottest + sunshine.</p> + + <p class="ac">LYTHRIA EUCLIDIATA, Gn.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Coremia euclidiata</i>, Gn. x. 420. <i>Coremia glyphicata</i>, ib. 420. + <i>Fidonia catapyrrha</i>, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, 392, pl. xliii. 2. <i>Stratonice + catapyrrha</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 64. <i>Stratonice euclidiata</i>, ib. xvii. 63. + <i>Arctesthes euclidiata</i>, ib. xviii. 184. <i>Arcteuthes euclidiata</i>, ib. xx. 47.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 35 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This pretty little species has occurred in the South Island at Lake Rotoiti near Nelson, Lake + Guyon, Otira Gorge, Dunedin, and Mount Linton near Invercargill.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page69">{69}</span></div> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is ¾ inch. The fore-wings are dark greyish-brown + speckled with black and white; there is a curved black transverse line near the base, followed + by a white line, then two black lines close together followed by another white line, then a + broad black line followed by a pale central band containing a well-marked central dot, beyond + this there are two angulated black lines, and a very conspicuous white line; there is a broad + black shading on the termen, traversed by a rather obscure fine white line. The hind-wings are + rather narrow, yellowish-orange speckled with black near the base, there is a strongly angulated + black line near the middle, and an obscure blackish band near the termen. <i>On the under side + the fore-wings are yellow, with two black transverse bands from the costa near the termen and a + red mark near the apex; the hind-wings are streaked with white and yellow, and broadly bordered + with red on the costa and termen; there are two very broad black transverse bands.</i> The + female is paler than the male, with the dark markings rather narrower.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in February and March, and frequents open, sunny places, + at elevations of from 1,000 to 2,000 feet above the sea-level.</p> + + <div id="DASYURIS"></div> + + <h3>Genus 13.—DASYURIS, Gn.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face rough-haired or with projecting scales. Palpi moderate, porrected, with + long dense rough hairs. Antennæ in male shortly ciliated. Thorax and coxæ densely hairy beneath. + Posterior tibiæ with all spurs present. Fore-wings with areole double. Hind-wings with vein 8 + anastomosing with cell from near base to beyond middle."—(Meyrick.) (Plate <a + href="#plate2">II</a>., fig. 42, neuration of fore-wing. Hind-wing as in <i>Xanthorhoe</i>.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Of this genus we have four species in New Zealand.</p> + + <p class="ac">DASYURIS ENYSII, Butl.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Fidonia enysii</i>, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, 391, pl. xlii. 9. + <i>Statira homomorpha</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 91. <i>Statira enysii</i>, ib. xvii. + 65. <i>Stathmonyma enysii</i>, ib. xviii. 184.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 28.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred in the South Island on the Dun Mountain near Nelson, and at Mount + Hutt.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1 inch. The fore-wings are greyish-brown, + with numerous wavy blackish transverse lines; there is usually a wavy yellowish transverse + stripe near the base, and another broader and more conspicuous stripe near the termen; the + termen itself is broadly shaded with dark brown. The hind-wings are orange-yellow; there is a + small dusky brown area near the base, then a faint straight transverse line, followed by a + slightly waved conspicuous dark brown line; there is a very wavy broad dark brown line near the + termen, and the termen itself is narrowly edged with dark brown.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January and February, and frequents stony situations + on the mountains, at elevations of from 2,500 to 4,000 feet. I have taken numerous specimens on + the "Mineral Belt," Dun Mountain, but have not yet met with it elsewhere. This insect is probably + often mistaken during flight for <i>Notoreas brephos</i>, from which it may easily be + distinguished by its <i>larger size, paler colouring, and simple antennæ of the male</i>.</p> + + <p class="ac">DASYURIS ANCEPS, Butl.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Fidonia anceps</i>, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, 392, pl. xliii. 3. + <i>Statira anceps</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 91. <i>Stathmonyma anceps</i>, ib. xviii. + 184.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 29.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has been taken in the South Island at Mount Arthur, Castle Hill, and Arthur's + Pass.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1⅛ inches. <i>The fore-wings are + bluish-grey; there are four wavy dark grey transverse lines</i>, the three lines nearest the + base are double, and the line nearest the termen is shaded towards the base. <i>The hind-wings + are pale yellow</i>; there is a small dusky area near the base, then a slightly curved grey + line, followed by two curved dark grey lines <span class="pagenum" id="page70">{70}</span>close + together; there is a series of irregular blotches near the termen, and the termen itself is + broadly edged with black near the apex of the wing, and narrowly near the tornus. The cilia of + all the wings are bluish-grey, barred with dusky black.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in January and February, and frequents bare rocky situations on the + mountains, at elevations of from 4,000 to 5,000 feet. On one occasion I met with this species very + plentifully, though in poor condition, on Mount Peel, near Mount Arthur; but subsequent visits + have led me to think that, as a rule, it is rather a scarce species. The bluish-grey colouring of + the fore-wings affords this moth a most efficient protection from enemies, whilst resting on the + rocky ground which it always frequents.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Apart from special characters, the fainter colouring of this insect will at once + distinguish it from any of the numerous allied species.</p> + + <p class="ac">DASYURIS PARTHENIATA, Gn.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Dasyuris partheniata</i>, + Gn., E. M. M. v. 93; Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 92.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 30 ♂, 31 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This bright-looking species has occurred at Wellington in the North Island, and at Mount Arthur + and Mount Hutt in the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>The expansion of the wings is about 1⅛ inches. <i>The fore-wings are bright + orange-yellow; the base is speckled with black and dull green scales; there is a rather + indistinct band at about one-third; a broad wavy dark brown band a little beyond the middle, + with a projection towards the termen, followed by a clear space and another broad irregular dark + transverse band</i>; the termen is broadly bordered with dark brown, which is often almost + continuous with the last-named transverse band. <i>The hind-wings are bright orange; there is a + large speckled area near the base edged with a curved black line, followed by a clear space, and + an interrupted dark brown transverse line considerably beyond the middle</i>; the termen is + rather narrowly edged with a dark brown line, wavy towards the base of the wing. The cilia of + all the wings are yellow barred with black.</p> + <p>The species varies considerably in the extent of the dark markings, especially on the + fore-wings.</p> + <p>The egg is oval and white, without sculpture.</p> + <p class="sp0">The young larva, which is very attenuated, has sixteen legs. Its colour is pale + yellowish-brown above, and dull ochreous beneath. The food-plant is unknown.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from October till March, and frequents open, grassy + situations. At Wellington, during October and November, it is common on the cliffs close to the + shores of Cook's Strait, flying very rapidly on hot, sunny days, which renders its capture very + difficult in such steep situations. Mr. Fereday's specimens were obtained amongst the tussock + grass at the foot of Mount Hutt. The insect was also found plentifully on the slopes of Mount + Arthur, at an elevation of about 4,500 feet above the sea-level, and also on the Tararua Range in + the North Island.</p> + + <p class="ac">DASYURIS HECTORI, Butl.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Euclidia hectori</i>, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, 387, pl. xlii. 4. + <i>Statira hectori</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 91. <i>Stathmonyma hectori</i>, ib. + xviii. 184.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 32.)</span></p> + + <p>This very striking species has occurred in the South Island at Mount Arthur, Mount Hutt, and + Ben Lomond, Lake Wakatipu.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1½ inches. <i>All the wings are dark greyish-black, + speckled with bluish-grey scales.</i> The fore-wings have five rather indistinct wavy darker + transverse lines, and a very broad darker shading near the termen; there is a fine white mark + near the apex, continued as an indistinct wavy line towards the tornus. The hind-wings have + three or four <span class="pagenum" id="page71">{71}</span>indistinct darker transverse lines, + and a very broad terminal shading; there are two, more or less distinct, fine, wavy, white + lines, the first a little below the middle, and the second near the termen; the cilia are dark + grey barred with pale grey. <i>On the under side all the wings are dark blackish-grey, traversed + by six broad, wavy whitish lines.</i></p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in December, January and February, and frequents rocky + crags on mountains, at elevations of from 4,700 to 5,700 feet above the sea-level. It delights to + rest on blackened rocks in the hottest sunshine, but dashes away with the greatest rapidity on the + approach of the collector, so that it is generally rather difficult to capture.</p> + + <div id="NOTOREAS"></div> + + <h3>Genus 14.—NOTOREAS, Meyr.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face roughly haired. Palpi moderate, second joint with long or very long + spreading hairs beneath, terminal joint moderate or rather long, often concealed. Antennæ in + male bi-pectinated. Thorax beneath more or less strongly clothed with long hairs. Fore-wings + with vein 6 rising out of 9, 7 almost from angle of areole, 10 anastomosing moderately with 9, + 11 anastomosing moderately or very shortly with 10, 12 free. Hind-wings + normal."—(Meyrick.) (See Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., fig. 43, fore-wing of + <i>Notoreas brephos</i>.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">This interesting genus, of which we have no less than fifteen species, comprises a + number of gaily coloured little insects, chiefly inhabiting mountain regions. All the species are + day-fliers, and most of them only appear during the hottest sunshine. Mr. Meyrick regards the + genus <i>Notoreas</i> as most closely approaching to the ancestor of the family + <i>Hydriomenidæ</i>.</p> + + <p class="ac">NOTOREAS INSIGNIS, Butl.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Aspilates insignis</i>, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, 393, pl. xliii. + 1. <i>Pasithea insignis</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 85. <i>Notoreas insignis</i>, ib. + xviii. 184.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 3 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This very striking species has been taken in the South Island at Castle Hill.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is 1¼ inches, of the female 1 inch. <i>The + fore-wings of the male are dull yellowish-brown; in the middle of the wing there is an almost + straight long white streak from the base to about three-fourths; there is another straight white + streak parallel to the termen and almost touching the apex. The hind-wings are bright ochreous + speckled with brown near the base.</i> The female has the wings rather narrower than the male, + and the ground colour is paler.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January. Mr. Fereday's specimens, which formed the + basis for the above figure and description, were captured on a bare mountain side at an elevation + of about 4,000 feet. Mr. Hawthorne has directed my attention to the remarkable similarity existing + between the markings on the fore-wings of this species and those on <i>Xanthorhoe + stinaria</i>.</p> + + <p class="ac">NOTOREAS ORPHNÆA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Pasithea orphnæa</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 85. <i>Notoreas orphnæa</i>, ib. xviii. 184.)</span></p> + + <p>This species was discovered by Mr. Meyrick in the South Island at Lake Wakatipu.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the female is from 28 to 30 mm. (about 1¼ inches). + "Fore-wings moderate, termen rounded; dark fuscous, mixed with yellowish and whitish, which tend + to form alternate fasciæ; a discal dot and numerous curved irregularly dentate blackish lines, + varying in strength and intensity; cilia barred with blackish and whitish. Hind-wings moderate, + termen rounded; dark fuscous; a blackish discal dot; a cloudy whitish irroration forming a + double curved fascia beyond middle, and a dentate subterminal line; cilia as in fore-wings.</p> + </div> + + <p>"Imitative in colour of the dark lichen-grown rocks.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page72">{72}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">"I took three specimens almost on the summit of Ben Lomond, Lake Wakatipu, at 5,600 + feet, in January."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="ac">NOTOREAS ISOLEUCA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Notoreas isoleuca</i>, Meyr., + Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1897, 386.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 27.)</span></p> + + <p>This little species has been taken in the South Island on the Craigieburn Range, near Castle + Hill.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about ¾ inch. <i>All the wings are very dark + blackish-brown; the fore-wings have five slender wavy white transverse lines. The hind-wings + have three white transverse lines</i>, the first near the base, the second near the middle, and + the third, which is very slender and considerably broken, near the termen. <i>The cilia of all + the wings are white, barred with blackish-brown.</i></p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect was captured in January, amongst a varied growth of stunted + Alpine vegetation, at an elevation of about 5,600 feet.</p> + + <p class="ac">NOTOREAS MECHANITIS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Pasithea mechanitis</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 86. <i>Notoreas mechanitis</i>, ib. xviii. 184.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., figs. 9, 10, 11, varieties.)</span></p> + + <p>This insect has occurred in the South Island at Mount Arthur, Arthur's Pass and Mount Hutt.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about ⅞ inch. <i>All the wings are dark + brownish-black. The fore-wings have an almost straight transverse yellow or white stripe near + the base, edged with black towards the body; a rather wavy stripe at about one-third, edged with + black towards the termen; then several irregular yellowish or white spots or marks, followed by + a very distinct white stripe, somewhat projecting towards the termen near the middle; there is a + broken fine yellow line near the termen.</i> The hind-wings have a shaded white or yellow + transverse line near the base, another near the middle, a third, considerably finer and often + broken, near the termen. The cilia of all the wings are white shaded with grey near the base, + <i>but with no distinct bars</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from January till March, and flies with great activity + in the hottest sunshine. It frequents grassy mountain sides at elevations ranging from 3,000 to + 4,500 feet above the sea-level, and in these situations it is often very abundant.</p> + + <p class="ac">NOTOREAS PARADELPHA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Pasithea paradelpha</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 86. <i>Notoreas paradelpha</i>, ib. xviii. 184.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., figs. 12, 13, 14, varieties.)</span></p> + + <p>In the South Island this insect has occurred on Mount Arthur, and on Ben Lomond, Lake Wakatipu, + at elevations of from 3,600 to 5,000 feet.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1 inch. The species is said to be + distinguished from the preceding "by the barred cilia, the absence of any clear yellow + colouring, the less prominent angulation of the post-median line and the more elongate wings."<a + id="NtA_39" href="#Nt_39"><sup>[39]</sup></a> (Meyrick.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in December, January and February. In habits it exactly + resembles <i>Notoreas mechanitis</i>.</p> + + <p class="ac">NOTOREAS PERORNATA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Fidonia perornata</i>, Walk. + 1672. <i>Pasithea perornata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 87. <i>Notoreas perornata</i>, ib. + xviii. 184.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, varieties.)</span></p> + + <p>This very pretty insect has occurred at Palmerston and Wellington in the North Island, and at + Kekerangu, Mount Arthur, Lake Coleridge, Mount Hutt and Lake Wakatipu, in the South Island.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page73">{73}</span></div> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about ¾ inch. <i>The fore-wings are dark + brownish-black, with five transverse white or orange-yellow lines, which vary considerably both + in width and colour in different specimens</i>; the two basal lines are almost straight, the + rest are wavy, the last but one has, near the middle, a strong projection towards the termen. + <i>The hind-wings are bright orange, with three or four more or less broken black transverse + lines.</i> The termen is narrowly bordered with black; the cilia of all the wings are white, + more or less distinctly barred with blackish-brown.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in February, March and April, flying very actively in + the hot afternoon sunshine. It is extremely abundant on the coast hills in the neighbourhood of + Wellington. It also occurs commonly at Kekerangu, and is occasionally found on mountains as high + as from 3,000 to 4,000 feet above the sea-level. I have observed that all the Wellington specimens + have the transverse lines on the fore-wings narrow and mostly white; those from Mount Arthur broad + and white, those from Kekerangu and Lake Wakatipu broad and orange-yellow. The last-named forms + approximate most closely to some of the very yellow varieties of <i>Notoreas paradelpha</i>.<a + id="NtA_40" href="#Nt_40"><sup>[40]</sup></a></p> + + <p class="ac">NOTOREAS STRATEGICA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Pasithea strategica</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 87. <i>Notoreas strategica</i>, ib. xviii. 184.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 15.)</span></p> + + <p>A single specimen of this conspicuous species was taken in the South Island at Lake Guyon, by + Mr. W. T. L. Travers.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1⅜ inches. <i>The fore-wings are dull + yellowish-brown, becoming blackish-brown near the base; there are two broad white transverse + lines near the base, the outermost slightly curved, then a dull orange shading, followed by a + very broad, outwardly bent, white transverse band, edged with black towards the base</i>; + between this band and the termen there is a fine wavy white transverse line. <i>The hind-wings + are dull yellowish-brown near the base, becoming blackish towards the termen; there is a small + cream-coloured area near the base, then two rather broad, slightly irregular, cream-coloured + bands, and a rather fine wavy white line near the termen.</i> The cilia of all the wings are + white, barred with blackish-brown.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in January.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from the type specimen in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <p class="ac">NOTOREAS CALLICRENA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Pasithea callicrena</i> + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 87. <i>Notoreas callicrena</i>, ib. xviii. 184.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 16.)</span></p> + + <p>A single specimen of this very handsome species was captured by Mr. Fereday in the South + Island, high on the mountains at the head of Lake Wakatipu.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1⅜ inches. <i>The fore-wings are deep + orange-brown, shaded with black near the base and in the vicinity of the three cream-coloured + transverse bands; the first of these bands is situated near the base, the second at about + one-third, and the third, which is rather wavy, at about two-thirds</i>; there is a fine wavy + white line close to the termen. <i>The hind-wings are dark grey, with two broad cream-coloured + bands, the first near the base and the second near the middle</i>; there is a slender wavy line + near the termen. The cilia of all the wings are cream-coloured, barred with brownish-black.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in January, and evidently frequents high mountains.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from the type-specimen in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page74">{74}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">NOTOREAS NIPHOCRENA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Pasithea niphocrena</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 88. <i>Notoreas niphocrena</i>, ib. xviii. 184.)</span></p> + + <p>This species was discovered by Mr. Meyrick in the South Island, at Arthur's Pass, West Coast + Road.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"The expansion of the wings of the female is from 24 to 25 mm. (1 inch). + Fore-wings moderate, termen rounded; rather dark fuscous, mixed and obscurely striated with + orange; a curved white subdentate line before one-fourth, anteriorly blackish-margined; a + similar white line beyond one-fourth, posteriorly blackish-margined; space between these + sometimes suffused with orange; a slender irregularly dentate white fascia beyond middle, rather + strongly angulated in middle, anteriorly blackish-margined, posteriorly closely followed by a + dentate orange line; a dentate orange line near termen, dilated on costa. Hind-wings moderate, + termen rounded; orange, lighter anteriorly; basal half dark fuscous mixed with orange, its outer + edge irregularly curved; a dentate subterminal fascia and narrow terminal fascia dark fuscous, + sometimes obscure.</p> + </div> + + <p>"Possibly when the male is known this may prove to be a <i>Dasyuris</i>.</p> + + <p class="sp3">"I took two specimens on the mountain-side above Arthur's Pass at 4,500 feet, in + January."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="ac">NOTOREAS SIMPLEX, n. sp.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 26.)</span></p> + + <p>A single specimen of this species was captured on Mount Arthur in the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1⅛ inches. <i>The fore-wings are + bright ochreous; there are four broad black transverse bands near the base, edged with white, + and separated from one another by yellow spaces of almost equal width</i>; the outermost of + these bands is situated a little more than half-way between the base and termen; the last two + lines become obsolete before they reach the costa; there are no other markings, except a black + shading on the termen near the tornus, which is traversed by an obscure jagged paler line; the + cilia are white barred with black. The hind-wings are bright orange-yellow, without markings; + the cilia are ochreous.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in January.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The type-specimen was taken on the mountain-side, at an elevation of about 4,000 + feet.</p> + + <p class="ac">NOTOREAS FEROX, Butl.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Fidonia ferox</i>, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, 392, pl. xlii. 8. + <i>Pasithea ferox</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 88. <i>Notoreas ferox</i>, ib. xviii. + 184.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 17.)</span></p> + + <p>Two specimens of this species were captured by Mr. J. D. Enys, at Castle Hill in the South + Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1 inch. The fore-wings are dull brown, with + numerous fine, wavy, dusky lines and a faint dot above the middle. The hind-wings are + orange-yellow, dotted with black near the base; <i>there is a rather broad</i> <span + class="smaller">STRAIGHT</span> <i>transverse black band near the middle, followed by a much + finer wavy line; there are three fine, wavy lines parallel with the termen, and the termen + itself is finely bordered with black.</i></p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from a specimen in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <p class="ac">NOTOREAS ZOPYRA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Pasithea zopyra</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 89. <i>Notoreas zopyra</i>, ib. xviii. 184.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., figs. 18 and 19, varieties.)</span></p> + + <p>This bright-looking little species has occurred at Mount Arthur and at Mount Hutt, in the South + Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about ¾ inch. The fore-wings are <i>dark + bluish-grey</i>, with numerous slender, wavy, blackish transverse lines, and a distinct blackish + dot above the middle. The hind-wings are <i>bright orange</i>, speckled with grey near the base + and dorsum; there are from two to four very fine, wavy, broken, blackish, transverse lines, and + the termen is narrowly bordered with black.</p> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page75">{75}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January, frequenting shingle flats on the mountain + sides, at about 4,000 feet above the sea-level. It flies rapidly in the hottest sunshine, and, + when it alights on the stones, is extremely difficult to find. The brilliant hind-wings, which are + very conspicuous when the moth is flying, quite disqualify the eye from detecting the extremely + obscure object, which the insect instantly becomes when resting with its fore-wings alone exposed. + This method of increasing the value of protective tints by means of bright colours temporarily + displayed was very clearly described, I believe for the first time, by Lord Walsingham in his + address to the Fellows of the Entomological Society of London, in January, 1891. It is certainly + well exemplified by this and several other species of the genus <i>Notoreas</i>, and it will be at + once noticed by the collector, how extremely difficult it is to follow these active little moths, + as they fly with short and rapid flight over the grey rocks and stones, with which their + fore-wings so completely harmonize; the momentary glimpse obtained of the brilliant hind-wings so + completely deceives the eye, that there is much more difficulty in marking the spot where the + insect alights, than would have been the case if the brilliant colour had never been + displayed.</p> + + <p class="ac">NOTOREAS VULCANICA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Pasithea vulcanica</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 89. <i>Notoreas vulcanica</i>, ib. xviii. 184.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 24.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has been taken in the North Island at Makotuku, and the Kaweka Range, in the + Hawkes Bay District.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1 inch. The fore-wings are <i>very dark + blackish-grey</i>; there is a rather narrow black transverse line near the base, another at + about one-third; then a small black dot, followed by a wavy, rather broad, black band, and two + cloudy wavy black transverse lines near the termen. The hind-wings are <i>very dark orange; + there is a large black basal patch, then a broad black band joining the basal patch near the + dorsum; beyond this is a fine black line, then another broad black line followed by a very fine + wavy line of the orange ground colour; the termen is very broadly margined with black</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears from January to March. Mr. Meyrick states that he found it resting + on the roads near Makotuku.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from a specimen in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <p class="ac">NOTOREAS BREPHOS, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Fidonia brephosata</i>, Walk. 1037; Butl., Cat. pl. iii. 14. <i>Larentia + catocalaria</i>, Gn., E. M. M. v. 62. <i>Fidonia brephos</i>, Feld. cxxix. 5. <i>Pasithea + brephos</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 89. <i>Notoreas brephos</i>, ib. xviii. 184.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., figs. 20, 21, 22, and 23, varieties.)</span></p> + + <p>This very pretty species is common, and generally distributed throughout the country.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1 inch. The fore-wings are dark grey; there + is a wavy black line near the base, two similar lines enclosing a very broad central area, with + a black dot a little above the middle; beyond this there is a more or less distinct wavy band of + pale grey or brown; there are several obscure wavy blackish lines near the termen. The + hind-wings are bright orange, dotted with grey near the base and dorsum, with from two to four + more or less distinct wavy black transverse lines, generally rather narrow; the termen is + moderately broadly bordered with black.</p> + </div> + + <p>This insect is extremely variable, and, so far as I can judge from an extensive series, several + of the varieties appear to indicate that both <i>Notoreas zopyra</i> and <i>N. vulcanica</i> may + ultimately have to be ranked as varieties of <i>N. brephos</i>, but the evidence on this point is + not yet conclusive enough to render such a course at present desirable.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page76">{76}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from December to March. It is very active, and is + extremely fond of settling on roads or bare ground in the hot sunshine, instantly darting away on + the approach of an enemy. It is also common on the mountains, and is often found at elevations of + from 3,000 to 4,000 feet above the sea-level.</p> + + <p class="ac">NOTOREAS OMICHLIAS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Pasithea omichlias</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 90. <i>Notoreas omichlias</i>, ib. xviii. 184.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 25.)</span></p> + + <p>Two specimens of this dull-looking little species were captured at Castle Hill, by Mr. J. D. + Enys.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is ⅞ inch. <i>All the wings are dark grey</i>; + the fore-wings have several obscure blackish marks near the base, <i>a dull black spot on the + costa at about one-third with a yellowish centre; beyond this there are four similar spots + forming a transverse band</i>, and several more or less conspicuous wavy blackish lines near the + termen. The hind-wings have several obscure wavy blackish transverse lines near the base and + dorsum; the cilia are pale grey, obscurely barred with darker grey.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect was taken "high up" on the mountains, probably at an elevation of about + 5,000 feet.</p> + + <p class="sp3">This species is probably often overlooked through being mistaken for <i>Xanthorhoe + cinerearia</i>.</p> + + <div id="SAMANA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 15.—SAMANA, Walk.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face loosely haired. Palpi long, straight, porrected, attenuated. Antennæ in + male dentate, ciliated (1). Fore-wings with vein 6 rising below 9, 7 from below angle of areole, + 10 anastomosing strongly with 9, 11 anastomosing strongly with 10, 12 free. Hind-wings + normal."—(Meyrick.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Of this genus we have two species in New Zealand.</p> + + <p class="ac">SAMANA FALCATELLA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Samana falcatella</i>, Walk. + xxvii. 197. <i>Panagra falcatella</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 93. <i>Samana + falcatella</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvii. 65.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 36.)</span></p> + + <p>This unusual-looking species has occurred in the South Island, at Nelson and at Dunedin.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1¼ inches. The fore-wings are very pale ochreous, + speckled with grey; <i>there is a very fine longitudinal black streak from a little beyond the + base to considerably before the middle, slightly clouded above; an elongate dot above the + middle; a very oblique slightly curved black streak from near the apex to the middle of the + dorsum, edged with white towards the base, and clouded with brown towards the termen</i>; the + apex of the wing is very acute. The hind-wings are white, with a black dot above the middle.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in February. It is apparently a rare species.</p> + + <p class="ac">SAMANA ACUTATA, Butl.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Samana acutata</i>, Butl., P. + Z. S. L. 1877, 401; Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvii. 67.)</span></p> + + <p>The type-specimen of this species exists in the collection of the British Museum. According to + Mr. Meyrick, who made a cursory examination of it, the species differs from <i>S. falcatella</i> + in the following respects<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <div class="smaller sp3"> + <p class="sp0">The first dark line runs from the dorsum near the base to below the costa before + the middle; the lower extremity of the second line is connected with the tornus by an oblique + streak.</p> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page77">{77}</span></div> + + <div id="STERRHIDAE"></div> + + <h2>Family 2.—<b>STERRHIDÆ.</b></h2> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face smooth. Tongue developed. Palpi shortly rough-scaled. Fore-wings with vein + 10 rising out of 9, 11 anastomosing or connected with 9. Hind-wings with vein 5 fully developed, + rising from middle of transverse vein, parallel to 4, 8 very shortly anastomosing with upper + margin of cell near base, thence rapidly diverging."—(Meyrick.) (See Plate <a + href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 49 and 50.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Although less numerous than the preceding, the family is pretty evenly distributed + throughout the world, but poorly represented in New Zealand. We have only one genus, viz., <span + class="sc">Leptomeris</span>.</p> + + <div id="LEPTOMERIS"></div> + + <h3>Genus 1.—LEPTOMERIS, Hb.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Antennæ in male ciliated with fascicles. Posterior tibia in male dilated without + spurs, in female with all spurs present. Hind-wings with veins 6 and 7 sometimes stalked + (variable in the same species)."—(Meyrick.) (See Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 49 + and 50.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">We have one species, which also occurs in Australia.</p> + + <p class="ac">LEPTOMERIS RUBRARIA, Dbld.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Ptychopoda</i> (?) <i>rubraria</i>, Dbld., Dieff. N. Z. ii. 286; Walk. 781. + <i>Fidonia</i> (?) <i>acidaliaria</i>, Walk. 1037. <i>Acidalia figlinaria</i>, Gn. ix. 454, pl. + xii. 8. <i>Acidalia rubraria</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 57.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 37 ♂, 38 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This pretty little insect is very common, and generally distributed throughout the country.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about ⅞ inch. <i>The fore-wings are + reddish-ochreous with three dull brown wavy transverse lines</i>, the first rather narrow at + about one-fourth, the second slightly broader at about one-half, the third much broader, and + sometimes partially divided near the costa; there is a black central dot, a series of rather + large dull brown spots near the termen, and a chain of minute black dots on the termen. <i>The + hind-wings are pinkish-ochreous; there is a dull brown wavy transverse band near the base, then + two close together a little beyond one-half, a shading on the termen, and a very distinct series + of minute black terminal dots.</i> The cilia of all the wings are dull brown, mixed with + reddish-ochreous.</p> + </div> + + <p>There is often considerable variation in the intensity of the colouring of this insect, some + specimens being much darker than others, but the markings are very constant, and the species is + thus always easily recognizable.</p> + + <p>The eggs are yellowish-white, and very large for the size of the moth.</p> + + <p>The young larva is brownish-purple with a dull white line on each side. The food-plant is + unknown.</p> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in January, February and March. In the late summer and autumn it + frequents dried-up, weedy pastures, where it is often extremely abundant. Straggling specimens, + which have probably hibernated during the winter, may also be taken in the early spring.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Mr. Meyrick states that this species occurs very commonly in New South Wales, + Victoria, and Tasmania, and that there is no difference between Australian and New Zealand + specimens.<a id="NtA_41" href="#Nt_41"><sup>[41]</sup></a></p> + + <div id="MONOCTENIADAE"></div> + + <h2>Family 3.—<b>MONOCTENIADÆ.</b></h2> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>"Hind-wings with vein 5 fully developed, parallel to 4, rising from about or below middle of + transverse vein, 8 free or anastomosing shortly near base or seldom from near base to beyond + <span class="pagenum" id="page78">{78}</span>middle (then without areole of fore-wings), + approximated to upper margin of cell to middle or beyond." (See Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., + figs. 44 and 45.)</p> + <p class="sp0">"Ovum subcylindrical, smooth. Larva more or less elongate, usually with few + hairs, prolegs on segments 7, 8, and sometimes 9 rudimentary or absent. Pupa subterranean or in + bark."—(Meyrick.)</p> + </div> + + <p>According to Mr. Meyrick this is to be regarded as a decaying family. In Australia it is still + prominent, being represented there by nearly 100 known species.</p> + + <p>We have two genera represented in this country—</p> + + <p class="sp3 ac">1. <a href="#DICHROMODES"><span class="sc">Dichromodes</span></a>.<span + class="gap" style="width:2em"> </span>2. <a href="#THEOXENA"><span + class="sc">Theoxena</span></a>.</p> + + <div id="DICHROMODES"></div> + + <h3>Genus 1.—DICHROMODES, Gn.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face smooth. Palpi long, straight, porrected, roughly scaled above and beneath. + Antennæ in male pectinated on inner side only. Fore-wings with vein 6 from a point with 9, 7 + from angle of areole, 10 anastomosing moderately with 9, 11 separate, approximated to 10 in + middle, 12 free. Hind-wings with veins 6 and 7 separate, 8 free, closely approximated to 7 from + base to near transverse vein."—(Meyrick.) (See Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 44 + and 45, neuration of <i>D. petrina</i>.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">There are three species belonging to this genus known in New Zealand.</p> + + <p class="ac">DICHROMODES NIGRA, Butl.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Cacopsodos niger</i>, Butl., + Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. 1877, 395, pl. xliii. 4. <i>Dichromodes nigra</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. + Inst. xx. 60.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 40.)</span></p> + + <p>This little insect has been taken at Nelson.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is ⅞ inch. <i>All the wings are dull black. The + fore-wings have a darker central area, bordered by two jagged pale grey transverse lines</i>, + the first at about one-third and the second at about two-thirds; there is also a faint line near + the termen. The hind-wings have a very obscure dark central line.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in February. It occurs quite commonly on the track to + the Dun Mountain, near Nelson, frequenting openings in the birch forest, where it may be captured + at rest on bare ground in the hot sunshine, at elevations of from 1,500 to 2,000 feet.</p> + + <p class="ac">DICHROMODES GYPSOTIS, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Cacopsodos niger</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 94 (nec Butl.). <i>Dichromodes gypsotis</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xx. + 60.)</span></p> + + <p>This insect was discovered by Mr. Meyrick at Lake Wakatipu in the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the female is 13 mm. (½ inch). "Fore-wings rather + narrow, costa sinuate, termen sinuate; white, slightly mixed with grey; dorsum narrowly grey; a + slender black fascia almost at base; a slender black fascia at one-third, dentate inwards above + middle, dilated on costa; a slender black fascia beyond middle, sharply angulated in middle, + dilated on costa, connected below middle with preceding fascia by a suffused bar; close beyond + this a rather broad parallel grey fascia; an indistinct grey subterminal line. Hind-wings + moderate; termen rounded dark grey."—(Meyrick.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Taken in December, at an elevation of about 1,500 feet above the sea-level.</p> + + <p class="ac">DICHROMODES PETRINA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Dichromodes petrina</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxiv. 216.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 39.)</span></p> + + <p>This dull-looking little insect has occurred at Paikakariki and Wellington in the North Island, + and at Kekerangu in the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is ¾ inch. <i>The fore-wings are dull greenish-grey; + there is a <span class="pagenum" id="page79">{79}</span>black, wavy, somewhat broken transverse + line at about one-third, and another at about two-thirds, enclosing a slightly darker central + band, with a black dot above middle</i>; there is also a darker shading on the termen, and an + obscure wavy paler line. <i>The hind-wings are grey</i>, with an obscure wavy central line.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January, February and March. It frequents dry, open, + sunny situations, generally alighting on paths or roads. It is also attracted by light.</p> + + <div id="THEOXENA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 2.—THEOXENA, Meyr.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Palpi moderate, triangularly scaled, porrected. Antennæ in male bi-ciliated with + long tufts of cilia (5). Fore-wings with vein 6 from below 9, 7 from angle of areole, 10 out of + 9 above 7, 11 anastomosing shortly with 9, 12 free, closely approximated to 11 on areole. + Hind-wings with veins 6 and 7 from a point or short-stalked, 8 free, closely approximated to 7 + from base to near transverse vein."—(Meyrick.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">We have one species.</p> + + <p class="ac">THEOXENA SCISSARIA, Gn.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Panagra scissaria</i>, Gn., + E. M. M. v. 43. <i>Theoxena scissaria</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 56.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 41.)</span></p> + + <p>This delicate-looking species has occurred at Christchurch.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1 inch. <i>All the wings are white. The fore-wings + have a longitudinal, slightly curved black line, extending from a little beyond the base, almost + as far as the termen below the apex</i>; above this line there is a black dot at about + one-third; the apex of the fore-wing is slightly hooked, and there is a row of minute black dots + on the termen of both fore- and hind-wings.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in January. According to Mr. Fereday it frequents the plains near + Christchurch, and towards the foot of Mount Hutt.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from a specimen in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <div id="ORTHOSTIXIDAE"></div> + + <h2>Family 4.—<b>ORTHOSTIXIDÆ.</b></h2> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Hind-wings with vein 5 fully developed, rising from about middle of transverse + vein, 8 connected with upper margin of cell by an oblique bar towards base."—(Meyrick.) + (See Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 46 and 47.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">This small family is represented in New Zealand by a single genus only. The + peculiar oblique bar connecting vein 8 with the cell towards base, combined with the development + of vein 5, distinguish it from all other families. If there is any chance of confusion with those + forms of <i>Hydriomenidæ</i> in which vein 8 is also connected by a bar (though in them the bar is + placed beyond and not before the middle of cell), the absence of the characteristic areole of the + <i>Hydriomenidæ</i> will be a further test.</p> + + <div id="EPIRRANTHIS"></div> + + <h3>Genus 1.—EPIRRANTHIS, Hb.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face with appressed scales. Tongue developed. Palpi very short or moderate, + porrected or subascending, rough-scaled. Antennæ in male evenly ciliated. Thorax rather hairy + beneath. Femora glabrous; posterior tibiæ with all spurs present. Fore-wings with vein 10 + anastomosing with 9, 11 anastomosing with 12 and 10 before 9. Hind-wings with 6 and 7 + separate."—(Meyrick.) (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 46 and 47, neuration of + <i>Epirranthis alectoraria</i>; fig. 48, head of ditto.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Represented in New Zealand by two species.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page80">{80}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">EPIRRANTHIS ALECTORARIA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Lyrcea alectoraria</i>, Walk. 259; Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 95. + <i>Aspilates</i> (?) <i>primata</i>, Walk. 1076; Butl., Cat. pl. iii. 4. <i>Endropia + mixtaria</i>, Walk. 1506; Butl., Cat. pl. iii. 5. <i>Amilapis</i> (?) <i>acroiaria</i>, Feld. + cxxiii. 6. <i>Lyrcea varians</i>, Butl., Cist. Ent. ii. 496. <i>Ploseria alectoraria</i>, Hdsn., + Manual N. Z. Ent. 86.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., figs. 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, and 47, varieties; Plate <a + href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 24, larva.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred in tolerable abundance at many localities in both the North and the + South Islands. It is probably generally distributed throughout the country.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is from 1 inch to 1½ inches. The wings range in colour + from pale yellow to dark orange-brown, dark reddish-brown, or even dull brown, with innumerable + intermediate tints. There is often a central transverse line reaching from the costa of the + fore-wing to the dorsum of the hind-wing. Many of the varieties are speckled with darker colour; + others have irregular yellow patches, generally situated on the fore-wings just below the apex + and on the dorsum near the base; there are often two white dots near the apex of the + fore-wings.</p> + </div> + + <p>Most of the varieties closely resemble the varied hues of fading leaves. In many of the forms + greyish speckled marks occur on various parts of the wings, no doubt imitating the irregular + patches of mould which are often present on dead leaves. One very well-marked variety is bright + yellow, with the costa rosy and two large white-centred rosy spots arranged transversely on each + wing. (See Plate <a href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 47.) All the specimens of this insect are so + extremely variable that it is almost impossible to adequately describe the species. The apex of + the fore-wing is always very acute; the termen is bowed just below the apex, and is furnished with + slight indentations of variable depth. The termen of the hind-wing is also furnished with variable + indentations.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>The egg is oval and much flattened above. When first laid it is pale green in colour, but + becomes dull olive-green as the embryo develops.</p> + <p>The young larva is <i>very pale green</i>, with the head brownish-yellow. At this early stage + its colouring already completely harmonises with that of the under side of the leaves of its + food-plants, <i>Pittosporum eugenioides</i> and <i>P. tenuifolium</i>.</p> + <p class="sp0">The full-grown larva is very robust, and about 1 inch in length. Its colour is + pale green, with numerous yellow dots and a series of diagonal yellow stripes on each segment; + there is, in addition, a series of broad crimson blotches on the back and a small crimson flap + projecting from the end of the terminal segment; the prolegs and spiracles are also crimson.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The remarkable shape and colouring of this caterpillar, in conjunction with the + peculiar attitude assumed when at rest, affords it complete protection, causing it to resemble, in + the closest possible manner, one of the buds of its food-plant. These larvæ grow very slowly, and + probably occupy three or four months in attaining their full size. They are very sluggish in their + habits. The pupa is greenish-brown in colour. It is enclosed in a cocoon, constructed of two or + three leaves of the food-plant, fastened together with silk. The insect remains in this condition + for three weeks or a month. The moth first appears about the end of October, and is met with until + the middle of March. It frequents forest, where it is occasionally dislodged from amongst the + undergrowth. It is also found in the evening on the flowers of the white rata. It is, however, + rather uncertain in its appearance, being much commoner in some years than in others.</p> + + <p class="ac">EPIRRANTHIS HEMIPTERARIA, Gn.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Hemerophila hemipteraria</i>, Gn. ix. 220, pl. vi. 2. <i>Xyridacina + hemipteraria</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xx. 60. <i>Ploseria hemipteraria</i>, Hdsn., Manual + N. Z. Ent. 85.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 48 ♂, 49 ♀; Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. + 19, larva.)</span></p> + + <p>This remarkable-looking species has occurred in the North Island, at Auckland and Wellington. + At present it has not been observed in the South Island.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page81">{81}</span></div> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is from 1⅜ to 1⅝ inches. All the wings + are pale ochreous-brown, with a variable number of minute black dots; there are four or five + oblique, wavy brown transverse lines on both fore- and hind-wings, the central and terminal + lines being often slightly darker than the others; there is always a black dot in the middle of + the fore-wing, and a shaded spot near the termen below the apex. The apex of <i>the hind-wing is + very pointed and projects downwards; the almost straight termen has a series of prominent + projections</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species varies much in the intensity of the markings, and in the number of the black dots + on both the fore- and hind-wings. The peculiar outline of its hind-wings, however, distinguishes + it from any other species with which I am acquainted.</p> + + <p>The larva feeds on veronicas in September and October.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">Its length when full grown is about 1 inch. Some larvæ are green, with a broad + bluish dorsal line, and two fine yellow lateral lines. Others are brown, with a dull yellow + dorsal line.</p> + </div> + + <p>During the daytime these caterpillars firmly clasp the stem of their food-plant with their + prolegs, and hold the rest of their body rigidly out from the branch. In this position they are + very inconspicuous, and may readily be mistaken for young leaves or twigs. At night they become + much more active, and may then be seen walking about and feeding.</p> + + <p>The pupa is rather robust, with a sharp spine at its extremity. Its colour is pale olive-brown, + with the wing-cases and sides of the abdomen pinkish. It is not enclosed in any cocoon, but is + merely concealed amongst the dead leaves and rubbish around the stem of the veronica. The insect + remains in this state for less than a month, so that the protection of a cocoon would appear to be + unnecessary.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The moth appears in December and January. It usually frequents gardens and other + cultivated places, probably on account of the number of veronicas that are often growing in such + situations. It is also attracted by blossoms and by light, but is not a common species. The + colouring and wing-outline of this moth cause it to very closely resemble a dead leaf, especially + when resting amongst foliage or on the ground. This insect may be occasionally noticed abroad on + mild evenings in the middle of winter; the females probably hibernate and deposit their eggs early + in the spring.</p> + + <div id="SELIDOSEMIDAE"></div> + + <h2>Family 5.—<b>SELIDOSEMIDÆ.</b></h2> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Hind-wings with vein 5 imperfect (not tubular) or obsolete, 6 and 7 usually + separate, 8 usually obsoletely connected with upper margin of cell near base, approximated to + near middle." (See Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 51 to 64.)</p> + </div> + + <p>"A very large family, equally common throughout all regions. It varies considerably in + superficial appearance, and is also remarkable for the variability of structure of veins 10 and 11 + of the fore-wings in many (not all) species. Imago with body slender to rather stout; fore-wings + broad to rather elongate, triangular; posterior tibiæ of male often enlarged and enclosing an + expansible tuft of hairs. The structure termed the fovea is a circular impression on the lower + surface of the fore-wings above the dorsum near the base, usually placed about the origin of the + basal fork of 1<i>b</i>; it is generally confined to the male, and is often sub-hyaline, sometimes + surmounted by a small thickened gland; it may possibly be a scent-producing organ. It is strictly + confined to that branch of which <i>Selidosema</i> is the type, but is not invariably present + there.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Ovum subcylindrical or elongate-ovate, more or less reticulated, sometimes + ribbed. Larva elongate, more or less slender, with few hairs, without developed prolegs on + segments 7, 8, and usually 9; often remarkably like a twig of its food-plant. Pupa subterranean, + or in a slight cocoon above ground."—(Meyrick.)</p> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page82">{82}</span></div> + + <p>Of this extensive family we have nine genera represented in New Zealand:</p> + + <table class="sp3 mc" title="Genera of Selidosemidae" summary="Genera of Selidosemidae"> + <tr> + <td>1. <a href="#SELIDOSEMA"><span class="sc">Selidosema</span></a>.</td> + <td>4. <a href="#SESTRA"><span class="sc">Sestra</span></a>.</td> + <td>7. <a href="#AZELINA"><span class="sc">Azelina</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>2. <a href="#HYBERNIA"><span class="sc">Hybernia</span></a>.</td> + <td>5. <a href="#GONOPHYLLA"><span class="sc">Gonophylla</span></a>.</td> + <td>8. <a href="#IPANA"><span class="sc">Ipana</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>3. <a href="#CHALASTRA"><span class="sc">Chalastra</span></a>.</td> + <td>6. <a href="#DREPANODES"><span class="sc">Drepanodes</span></a>.</td> + <td>9. <a href="#DECLANA"><span class="sc">Declana</span></a>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div id="SELIDOSEMA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 1.—SELIDOSEMA, Hb.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face with appressed or shortly projecting scales. Tongue developed. Antennæ in + male bipectinated, towards apex simple. Palpi rough-scaled. Thorax sometimes crested + posteriorly, hairy beneath. Femora nearly glabrous; posterior tibiæ in male dilated. Fore-wings + in male with fovea; vein 10 sometimes connected with 9, 11 sometimes out of 10 near base only, + or if separate, sometimes anastomosing with 12."—(Meyrick.) (Plate <a + href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 59 and 60, neuration of <i>Selidosema dejectaria</i>.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">This genus is universally distributed and of considerable extent. We have nine + species in New Zealand.</p> + + <p class="ac">SELIDOSEMA FENERATA, Feld.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Rhyparia fenerata</i>, Feld. + cxxxi. 7. <i>Zylobara fenerata</i>, Butl., Cist. Ent. ii. 498. Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. + 97.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 50 ♂, 51 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This species is common, and generally distributed throughout the country.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. The fore-wings of the male are + <i>very pale</i> ochreous-brown; there is a double jagged transverse line near the base, a + single jagged line a little before the middle, and a double one a little beyond the middle; an + almost continuous jagged line near the termen. The hind-wings are very pale ochreous, almost + white; <i>their outline is peculiar; the dorsum is very short, the termen very long, first + oblique and then rounded with a small projection midway between the apex and the tornus</i>. The + female has the fore-wings pale grey, and the hind-wings dull white; the markings resemble those + of the male, but the outline of the hind-wing is of the usual form.</p> + </div> + + <p>This insect varies slightly in the depth of its colouring. It may be distinguished from the + allied species by the peculiar outline of the hind-wings in the male, and by the pale grey + colouring of the female.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from October till March and is very common. It has a + great liking for the faded fronds of tree-ferns, from which specimens may often be dislodged. Both + sexes are very abundant at various blossoms during the evening, and are also attracted by light. + The female is sometimes observed in the winter months, and probably hibernates.</p> + + <p class="ac">SELIDOSEMA RUDIATA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Cidaria rudiata</i>, Walk. + 1420. <i>Boarmia astrapia</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. 218. <i>Boarmia rudiata</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxiii. 101.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate9">IX</a>., + fig. 1 ♂, 2 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This species is fairly common in the neighbourhood of Wellington, and has occurred at Dunedin, + and at Stewart Island. It is probably generally distributed throughout the country.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is 1½ inches, of the female 1⅝ + inches. The fore-wings are <i>very pale ochreous-brown</i>; there are two interrupted jagged + transverse lines near the base; a single very indistinct line in the middle; a double, nearly + continuous jagged transverse line beyond the middle; a double jagged line near the termen + completely interrupted in the middle; there is generally a dark patch on the termen just below + the apex of the wing. The hind-wings are very pale ochreous. There is a series of black dots on + the termen of both fore-wings and hind-wings, and the termen of the hind-wing is slightly + indented.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species varies a good deal in size; the specimens from Stewart Island are <span + class="pagenum" id="page83">{83}</span>considerably larger and have more distinct markings, than + those found in the vicinity of Wellington.</p> + + <p>The larva is cylindrical, of even thickness throughout, and almost uniform dull greyish-brown + in colour, occasionally with a series of small oblong black marks on segments 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. + It feeds on the young leaves and buds of the ake ake (<i>Olearia traversii</i>). It is extremely + difficult to find as it almost exactly resembles a twig of its food-plant. It is full grown about + April.</p> + + <p>The pupa is concealed in the earth.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from October till March. It seems to prefer cultivated + districts, and is generally observed at rest on garden fences or tree-trunks. It also frequents + flowers in the evening.</p> + + <p class="ac">SELIDOSEMA SUAVIS, Butl.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Pseudocoremia suavis</i>, Butl., Cist. Ent. ii. 497. <i>Pachycnemia + usitata</i>, Butl., Cist. Ent. ii. 501. <i>Pseudocoremia lupinata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. + xvi. 98. <i>Boarmia suavis</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxiii. 101.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate9">IX</a>., + fig. 3 ♂, 4 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This species is very common and generally distributed throughout the country, and has occurred + as far south as Stewart Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1¼ inches. The fore-wings of the male are <i>dull + yellowish-brown, speckled with black</i>; there are two curved transverse lines near the base; a + very obscure line near the middle, darker on the costa; two doubly curved lines beyond the + middle, slightly darker on the dorsum; and two very faint jagged lines near the termen. The + hind-wings are pale ochreous, tinged with brown near the termen. The female has narrower wings, + shorter body, and is usually duller in colour than the male.</p> + </div> + + <p>This insect is rather variable, some specimens of both sexes being much darker than others; but + all the forms may usually be recognised by their dull speckled colouring and absence of + conspicuous markings.</p> + + <p>The larva feeds on the white rata (<i>M. scandens</i>) and the tawa (<i>Beilschmiedia + tawa</i>).</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">Its length when full grown is about 1⅛ inches. The upper surface is dark + reddish-brown with numerous blackish stripes and white markings, which give it a very variegated + appearance; the under side is pale green; there are two small tubercles on the back of the + eighth segment.</p> + </div> + + <p>The pupa is concealed amongst refuse on the ground, the larva constructing no cocoon before + changing.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from October till April, and may often be observed on + mild days in the middle of winter. It is common in forest districts, where it is usually seen + resting on the tree-trunks, in which situation its colouring must afford it efficient protection + from many enemies.</p> + + <p class="ac">SELIDOSEMA HUMILLIMA, n. sp.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate9">IX</a>., + fig. 5.)</span></p> + + <p>This inconspicuous-looking insect has occurred at Wellington.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is about 1⅛ inches. <i>The + fore-wings are dull yellowish-brown; there are three short oblique dark brown stripes on the + costa, inclined very much towards the termen</i>; the first of these stripes is distinctly + double, and the second and third partially so; there is an indistinct brown mark just below the + apex, several slender faint streaks on the veins near the middle of the wing, and a very + distinct brown shading on the dorsum. The hind-wings are very pale ochreous.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species may be readily distinguished from the other species of the genus by its small size + and by the obliquity of the costal stripes. In <i>S. humillima</i> the costal markings slope very + rapidly from the base towards the termen; in the <span class="pagenum" + id="page84">{84}</span>other allied species these markings are but slightly inclined, and in some + cases slope in the reverse direction.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from December till March. It frequents the immediate + neighbourhood of Wellington, but is not a common species. At present I am only acquainted with the + male insect.</p> + + <p class="ac">SELIDOSEMA PRODUCTATA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Larentia productata</i>, Walk. 1197 (?). <i>Selidosema pungata</i>, Feld. + cxxxi. 23. <i>Selidosema</i> (?) <i>fragosata</i>, Feld. cxxxi. 29. <i>Zylobara productata</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 98.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate9">IX</a>., + figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 ♂ varieties, 11, 12, 13, and 14 ♀ ditto; Plate <a + href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 22, larva.)</span></p> + + <p>This species is very common, and generally distributed throughout both the North and South + Islands. It has also occurred at Stewart Island.</p> + + <p>The expansion of the wings of the male is 1⅜ inches, of the female 1⅛ inches.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The fore-wings vary from pale yellowish-brown to rich chocolate-brown; there are + two curved transverse lines near the base, generally enclosing a paler stripe between them; next + a broad dark central area; then a wavy paler transverse line, usually followed by a very much + paler irregular band, generally formed by two partially disconnected patches, one on the costa + and one on the dorsum; there is a jagged, whitish, transverse line near the termen, <i>always + broken in the middle</i>, and often shaded with black towards the base of the wing. The + hind-wings are ochreous, speckled with brown towards the dorsum; there is usually a brown + central dot.</p> + </div> + + <p>This is an extremely variable insect. In some specimens there are very extensive white patches + on the wings, whilst in others the colouring is almost uniform rich brown, and the characteristic + markings can only be detected with difficulty. It may, however, be distinguished from the allied + species by the <i>interrupted pale jagged transverse line near the termen and by the absence of + greenish colouring</i>.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>The eggs are oval with the surface honeycombed; they are pale green in colour.</p> + <p class="sp0">The young larva, when first hatched, is much attenuated, light reddish-brown with + a broad pale lateral stripe, and a few bristles. The full-grown larva measures about 1½ inches + in length; it is rather slender and has a large hump on the sixth segment. Its colour is dark + reddish-brown, mottled and striped with dull white and greenish.</p> + </div> + + <p>It feeds on the white rata (<i>Metrosideros scandens</i>). During the day it firmly grasps a + stem of its food-plant with its prolegs, holding the rest of its body out from the branch in a + perfectly straight and rigid position. When in this attitude it so exactly resembles a twig, that, + even in the case of captive specimens, it is often a matter of the greatest difficulty to find a + caterpillar amongst the branches. Several times I have even caught hold of a larva, thinking it to + be a twig, so perfect is the resemblance. At night these larvæ become much more active, and by the + aid of a lantern they may then be seen busily walking about and feeding.</p> + + <p>The pupa is enclosed in a slight cocoon about two inches below the surface of the earth. The + larvæ of the autumnal brood remain in this condition during the winter, but in the case of the + spring and summer broods the pupa state only occupies a few weeks.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The moth appears from November till May. It is very common in forest regions, and + may be observed resting on the trunks of the trees, its pale yellow hind-wings being completely + concealed by the mottled brown fore-wings. In this position the insect is almost invisible, and + the protection afforded by its colouring is at once apparent. In the autumn evenings it is often + very abundant at the blossoms of the white rata.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page85">{85}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">SELIDOSEMA ARISTARCHA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Selidosema aristarcha</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxiv. 216.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate9">IX</a>., + fig. 17 ♂, 18 ♀; Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 17, larva.)</span></p> + + <p>Of this fine species only about a dozen specimens have hitherto been captured, all of which + have occurred in the immediate vicinity of Wellington. It is consequently at present a rarity, but + future collectors will probably find the insect in many other parts of the country.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings varies from 1¼ to 1½ inches. The fore-wings are light + ochreous-brown; there is a small white-edged brown spot near the base; two oblique curved brown + transverse lines enclosing between them a white space towards the dorsum; a short stripe on the + costa, near the middle, edged with white towards the base of the wing; a doubly curved + transverse line beyond the middle, finely edged with white towards the base of the wing; there + is also a short white-edged brown stripe extending from the apex of the wing to the last-named + transverse line, the two lines enclosing between them a small pale triangular area; there are + five short longitudinal brown lines running from the termen to the outermost of the transverse + lines, two of them being tipped with white towards the base of the wing. The hind-wings are dull + ochreous-brown, with two very faint brown transverse lines towards the dorsum, and several + whitish spots and one brown spot near the tornus. The female is a little darker in colour than + the male.</p> + </div> + + <p>This insect varies slightly in size.</p> + + <p>The larva feeds on <i>Cyathea dealbata</i> (tree-fern) in September. Its colour is dull + reddish-brown with an irregular brownish-black blotch on the side of each segment, and a dark + brown dorsal line. It is very sluggish in its habits.</p> + + <p>The pupa is concealed amongst moss, &c., on the surface of the ground, the insect remaining + in this state for about six weeks.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The moth appears from September till March, and frequents dense forests. It has + been dislodged from its food-plant in the daytime, and has also been taken on the flowers of the + white rata in the evening.</p> + + <p class="ac">SELIDOSEMA MELINATA, Feld.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Numeria melinata</i>, Feld. cxxix. 9. <i>Pseudocoremia indistincta</i>, + Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, 394, pl. xliii. 8. <i>Pseudocoremia melinata</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 99.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate9">IX</a>., + fig. 15 ♂, 16 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This species is very common, and generally distributed throughout the country.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is 1¼ inches, of the female 1½ inches. The + fore-wings are <i>dull greenish-grey</i>, with black markings; there is a transverse line near + the base; another near the middle, followed by two broken irregular lines, then a broader, paler + area sometimes white, followed by a series of jagged pale markings shaded with black. The + hind-wings are ochreous mottled with pale brown near the dorsum; there is a series of black dots + on the termen of both fore- and hind-wings.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species is extremely variable, but may always be recognised by its greenish tinge, and the + absence of indentations on the termen of both fore- and hind-wings.</p> + + <p>The larva, according to Mr. Purdie, is about ¾ inch long; dull green with darker longitudinal + striations. It may be beaten from New Zealand broom (<i>Carmichælia</i>) in February. There must + be some other commoner food-plant, as the moth is found in many localities where the New Zealand + broom does not occur.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from November till March, and is generally very abundant + in all wooded districts. It is also common in birch forests on the mountain sides, where it may be + taken at altitudes of from 3,000 to 4,000 feet above the sea-level. <span class="pagenum" + id="page86">{86}</span>In the lowlands I have observed as many as half a dozen specimens on a + single tree-trunk. Whilst resting in this situation they are very inconspicuous, the colouring of + the fore-wings harmonizing perfectly with the insect's surroundings, and the pale-coloured + hind-wings being then entirely concealed by the upper pair. In connection with this fact it is + very interesting to notice that in all those cases where the hind-wings are exposed to view during + repose, they are protectively coloured in a similar manner to the fore-wings. It will be observed + that the two following species of <i>Selidosema</i> exhibit protective colouring on both pairs of + wings, these being invariably exposed when the insects are at rest.</p> + + <p class="ac">SELIDOSEMA DEJECTARIA.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Boarmia dejectaria</i>, Walk. 394. <i>Boarmia attracta</i>, Walk. 394. + <i>Boarmia exprompta</i>, Walk. 395. <i>Tephrosia patularia</i>, Walk. 422; Butl., Cat., pl. + iii. 8. <i>Tephrosia scriptaria</i>, Walk. 422. <i>Scotosia erebinata</i>, Walk. 1358. + <i>Scotosia stigmaticata</i>, Walk. 1359. <i>Scotosia lignosata</i>, Walk. 1361. <i>Gnophos + pannularia</i>, Gn., E. M. M. v. 42. <i>Scotopteryx maoriata</i>, Feld. cxxvi. 4. + <i>Hemerophila</i> (?) <i>sulpitiata</i>, Feld. cxxvi. 7. <i>Hemerophila caprimulgata</i>, Feld. + cxxvi. 12. <i>Boarmia dejectaria</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 100.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate9">IX</a>., + figs. 19, 20, 21 and 22 ♂ varieties, 23 and 24 ♀ ditto; Plate <a + href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 12, larva.)</span></p> + + <p>This large insect is very common, and generally distributed throughout the country.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is from 1½ to 2 inches. The fore-wings vary from pale + ochreous to very dark rich brown; there is an oblique transverse line near the base, often + enclosing a darker basal area; a small dark brown spot in the middle of the wing surrounded by a + ring; a very oblique, wavy, transverse line beyond the middle, often double towards the dorsum, + and several irregular markings on the termen; there is often a white spot on the middle of the + termen, and a pale blotch on the apex of the wing. The hind-wings resemble the fore-wings in + colour; there are two obscure transverse lines near the base; generally forming a dark basal + area; a wavy line near the middle, and a strongly shaded line near the termen. The termen of + both the wings is indented, the depth of the indentations varying greatly in different + specimens.</p> + </div> + + <p>This insect is very variable, but its large size and <i>oblique transverse lines</i> suffice to + distinguish it from any of the other allied species.</p> + + <p>The larva feeds on a great variety of plants, mahoe (<i>Melicytus ramiflorus</i>), white rata + (<i>Metrosideros scandens</i>), <i>Solanum aviculare</i>, fuchsia (<i>Fuchsia excorticata</i>), + and <i>Pennantia corymbosa</i> being amongst the number. The caterpillar may often be recognised + by a large hump, which is situated on each side of the third segment. Its colouring appears to be + so entirely influenced by its surroundings that a description is impossible. For instance, larvæ + taken from the pale green foliage of the mahoe resemble in colour the twigs of that plant; others + captured feeding on the white rata are dark reddish-brown, those from <i>Solanum aviculare</i> are + purplish slate-colour, whilst those from the fuchsia are pale olive-green tinged with brown, like + the sprouting twigs.</p> + + <p>The pupa is enclosed in a slight cocoon situated about two inches below the surface of the + ground. Those larvæ which become full grown in the autumn remain as pupæ during the winter, but + the summer broods only remain in the pupa state a few weeks.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from November till March. It has a great partiality for + resting with outspread wings on the walls of sheds and outhouses, where it is frequently noticed + by the most casual observer. It is very common in most situations, and may be taken in large + numbers at sugar, light, or blossoms, during the whole of the summer. Its extreme abundance and + great variability, in both the larval and imago states, would render it a good subject for a + series of experiments, resembling those conducted by Messrs. Poulton and Merrifield on several + allied European species.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page87">{87}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">SELIDOSEMA PANAGRATA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Scotosia panagrata</i>, Walk. 1360. <i>Angerona menanaria</i>, Walk. 1500. + <i>Epirrhanthis</i> (?) <i>antipodaria</i>, Feld. cxxvi. 3. <i>Hyperythra desiccata</i>, Butl., + Cist. Ent. ii. 495. <i>Hyperythra arenacea</i>, Butl., Cist. Ent. ii. 495. <i>Barsine + panagrata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 100.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate9">IX</a>., + figs. 25, 26, 27, and 28 ♂ varieties, 29 and 30 ♀ ditto.)</span></p> + + <p>This species is very common, and generally distributed throughout the country. It has occurred + as far south as Stewart Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is from 1½ to 1¾ inches. The fore-wings of the male + vary from pale yellowish-white to rich brown or dark brownish-black; there is a jagged + transverse line near the base; a large black or white spot in the middle of the wing; a doubly + curved transverse line beyond the middle, then a very jagged transverse line, followed by + several paler markings, and an obscure line parallel with the termen. The hind-wings are paler + in colour; there is a slightly curved transverse line near the base; a jagged line near the + middle, and a very faint line beyond the middle. The termen of both fore- and hind-wings is + slightly indented. The female varies from pale ochreous to dark slate-colour; the markings + resemble those of the male, but the termen of the wings is more indented.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species is so extremely variable that a more detailed description would be useless; its + numerous forms may, however, be at once recognised by the <i>unbroken jagged transverse lines of + both fore- and hind-wings</i>.</p> + + <p>The larva is quite as variable as the perfect insect. When very young it is bright green, with + a conspicuous white dorsal line; as age advances the caterpillar becomes dark olive-brown, + sometimes striped with paler brown or green, whilst many specimens retain the green colouring + throughout the whole of their lives. The favourite food-plant is the kawa-kawa (<i>Piper + excelsum</i>), which the larvæ voraciously devour, thus causing the riddled appearance which the + leaves of that plant almost invariably present. These larvæ often select a forked twig to rest in, + where they lie curled round, with the head and tail close together. Other food-plants are + <i>Aristotelia racemosa</i> and <i>Myrtus bullata</i>. Those caterpillars found on the latter + plant are strongly tinged with pink, and are consequently very inconspicuous amongst the young + shoots, where they generally feed. The burrows of the larvæ of <i>Hepialus virescens</i> are + frequently utilised by the caterpillars, which feed on the <i>Aristotelia</i>, as convenient + retreats during the winter. When full-grown these caterpillars descend to the ground and construct + loose cocoons of silk and earth on the under sides of fallen leaves. The moth usually emerges in + about a month's time, but the autumnal larvæ either hibernate or remain in the pupa state + throughout the winter.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from October till April. It frequents forest and is + extremely common. It also occurs in great abundance on the white rata blossoms in the autumn, and + specimens may be occasionally seen even in the depth of winter.</p> + + <div id="HYBERNIA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 2.—HYBERNIA, Latr.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face with appressed scales or short rough scales. Tongue developed or weak. + Antennæ in male bi-pectinated, pectinations sometimes short and terminating in fascicles of + cilia, apex simple. Palpi shortly rough-scaled. Thorax with small triangular anterior crest, + hairy beneath. Femora glabrous; posterior tibiæ in male not dilated. Fore-wings in male without + fovea; vein 10 sometimes out of 9, sometimes anastomosing or connected with 9, 11 sometimes out + of 10, usually anastomosing with or running into 12, rarely absent. Female semiapterous or + apterous."—(Meyrick.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">We have one species.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page88">{88}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">HYBERNIA INDOCILIS, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Zermizinga indocilisaria</i>, + Walk. 1530. <i>Hybernia boreophilaria</i>, Gn., E. M. M. v. 61. <i>Hybernia indocilis</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 97.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate9">IX</a>., + fig. 31 ♂, 32 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred plentifully in the neighbourhood of Christchurch.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is 1¼ inches, of the female ½ inch. <i>All + the wings are pale grey, speckled with darker grey. The fore-wings have four obscure wavy + transverse lines</i>; the first near the base, the second and third near the middle, rather + close together, and the fourth near the termen, much interrupted; there is a series of black + dots on the termen. The hind-wings have two very faint transverse lines, and a series of black + terminal dots; the termen of the hind-wings is slightly scalloped. The cilia of all the wings + are grey. <i>The female has the wings extremely small and quite useless for flight</i>; in + colour and markings they resemble those of the male, except that the transverse lines are black + and sharply defined.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears from July to January. Mr. R. W. Fereday states that the male is + found plentifully at rest on the bare ground, amongst <i>Leptospermum</i>, and the female on the + stems.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from specimens kindly given to me by Mr. Fereday.</p> + + <div id="CHALASTRA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 3.—CHALASTRA, Walk.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face with a slight cone of scales. Palpi rather long, porrected, roughly scaled. + Antennæ in male bi-pectinated. Fore-wings with vein 6 from below 9, 7 from below angle of + areole, 10 very shortly touching 9, 11 free, 12 very shortly touching 11. Hind-wings + normal."—(Meyrick.) (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 51 and 52.)</p> + </div> + + <p>This genus is represented by one species only.</p> + + <p class="sp3">I have made a very careful examination of several denuded specimens of <i>Chalastra + pelurgata</i>, and I find that in the fore-wings veins 9, 10, and 11 rise almost from a point. + Vein 10 afterwards approaches closely to 9, but does not actually touch it, and consequently does + not form a true areole. Vein 12 also appears to me to be free.</p> + + <p class="ac">CHALASTRA PELURGATA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Chalastra pelurgata</i>, + Walk. 1430. <i>Itama cinerascens</i>, Feld. cxxxi. 1. <i>Stratocleis streptophora</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 106.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate9">IX</a>., + figs. 33 and 34 ♂ varieties, 35 and 36 ♀ ditto; Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., + fig. 21, larva.)</span></p> + + <p>This species is very abundant in the neighbourhood of Wellington. It has also occurred at + Palmerston North, and is probably common throughout the whole of the North Island. In the South + Island it has been taken in the Otira Gorge, and at Dunedin, Otara and Invercargill.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1⅜ inches. <i>The fore-wings of the + male vary from pale orange-brown to dull yellowish-brown</i>; there is a doubly curved dark + brown transverse line near the base; <i>a broad straight line a little before the middle; a very + strongly curved line a little beyond the middle, and a less strongly curved line near the + termen, often composed of a series of triangular white dots edged with dark brown</i>; all these + lines are much stronger on the costa, and are sometimes almost obliterated elsewhere. The + hind-wings are pale yellow, with several brown-edged white spots at the tornus, and an + indistinct line parallel to the termen. The apex of the fore-wing is considerably produced, and + there is a large rounded projection on the termen. The hind-wings have several small projections + on the termen. In the female the fore-wings are pale yellow or orange, the transverse lines and + white spots are usually more conspicuous, and the projections on the termen of the fore- and + hind-wings larger.</p> + </div> + + <p>This is a very variable insect, especially in the male, some specimens of which sex are very + much clouded and dappled with dark brown both on the fore- and hind-wings. <span class="pagenum" + id="page89">{89}</span>Many of these darker forms might readily be taken for distinct species, + when compared with the pale orange-brown variety, but a good series of specimens presents numerous + intermediate forms which completely connect these extreme varieties. The females also vary, but + are never as dark as the males.</p> + + <p>The larva feeds on <i>Todea hymenophylloides</i>, a fern which grows in shady places in the + depths of the forest. The length of the caterpillar when full grown is about 1¼ inches. It is very + variable; some specimens are dull brown, with a row of green or pale brown lunate spots down each + side, and a dark brown line down the back. Others are bright green, with a diagonal reddish-brown + stripe on the side of each segment; the segmental divisions are reddish-brown, intersected by + numerous very minute whitish lines.</p> + + <p>The pupa is enclosed in a loose cocoon on the surface of the ground.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from November till March, and is very common in forest + regions. It may often be dislodged from the dead fronds surrounding the stems of tree-ferns, and + is also met with in great abundance towards the end of summer on the blossoms of the white + rata.</p> + + <div id="SESTRA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 4.—SESTRA, Walk.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face smooth. Palpi short, rough-haired beneath, porrected. Antennæ in male + stout, serrate, shortly ciliated. Fore-wings with vein 6 from below 9, 7 from below angle of + areole, 10 rising out of 9 above origin, anastomosing again shortly with 9, 11 anastomosing + shortly with 10, 12 anastomosing shortly with 11. Hind-wings normal."—(Meyrick.) (Plate <a + href="#plate2">II</a>., fig. 53, neuration of fore-wing of <i>Sestra humeraria</i>.)</p> + </div> + + <p>We have two species in New Zealand.</p> + + <p class="sp3">It will be seen that my figure of the neuration of <i>Sestra humeraria</i> does not + precisely agree with Mr. Meyrick's description. The differences in the results arrived at are + probably due to the variability in structure of veins 10, 11 (and 12), mentioned when dealing with + the characters of the entire family. Similar slight discrepancies also occur in connection with + the three following genera.</p> + + <p class="ac">SESTRA HUMERARIA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Macaria humeraria</i>, Walk. 940. <i>Lozogramma obtusaria</i>, ib. 985. + <i>Cidaria obtruncata</i>, ib. 1421. <i>Sestra fusiplagiata</i>, ib. 1751. <i>Amastris + encausta</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 105. <i>Sestra humeraria</i>, ib. xviii. 184.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., + figs. 1 and 2 varieties; Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 20, larva.)</span></p> + + <p>This species is very common, and generally distributed throughout both the North and the South + Islands; it also occurs plentifully at Stewart Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1⅜ inches. <i>The fore-wings are pale + plum-colour</i>; there is an indistinct, curved, brownish transverse line near the base; <i>a + straight dark brown line across the middle, and a curved series of blackish dots beyond the + middle</i>; the apex is pointed, and the termen has a strong projection a little above the + middle. The hind-wings are ochreous, with a series of minute brownish dots across the + middle.</p> + </div> + + <p>This is a variable species. The fore-wings are often much clouded with rich brown, and in some + specimens scarcely a trace of the original purplish colour remains; the central straight + transverse line is often absent, and the other lines are frequently very indistinct, except on the + costa; the dots on the hind-wings are also often absent, and occasionally specimens are met with + in which all the wings are almost white.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The larva is rather elongate, dull yellowish-brown or greenish-brown; there is a + very broad dark brown dorsal line, and several wavy lateral lines; the prolegs are black, the + spiracles are also black; there is a slight hump on the posterior edge of each of the last six + segments, the hump on the penultimate segment being considerably larger than the others. The + length of the caterpillar when full grown is about 1 inch.</p> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page90">{90}</span></div> + + <p>It feeds on <i>Pteris incisa</i>, a beautiful pale green fern, attaining a height of four feet + or more, and growing in open situations in the forest. This fern is especially abundant on old + decaying logs situated amongst light brushwood. When disturbed these larvæ immediately drop to the + ground and coil themselves up. In this situation they are very inconspicuous, as their colouring + so closely resembles that of the faded fronds or stems of the fern.</p> + + <p>The pupa is buried in the earth about two inches below the surface, the insect remaining in + this state during the winter months.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The moth first appears about September, and continues in great abundance until the + end of March or beginning of April. It frequents forest, and is noticed most commonly in the + neighbourhood of its food-plant. There are probably several broods in the course of a year.</p> + + <p class="ac">SESTRA FLEXATA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Cidaria flexata</i>, Walk. + 1421.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate9">IX</a>., + fig. 37.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occasionally occurred in the neighbourhood of Wellington. I have no records of + its capture elsewhere, but expect it will be found to be generally distributed.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1¼ inches. <i>The fore-wings are bright + orange-red</i>; there is a very faint transverse line near the base, darker on the costa; a dark + red oblong mark on the costa near the middle; and a faint transverse line beyond the middle, + also darker on the costa. The hind-wings are bright ochreous-yellow, with the cilia orange.</p> + </div> + + <p>This insect varies considerably in the intensity of its colouring. It has long been considered + as merely a variety of <i>Sestra humeraria</i>, but as I have not observed any intermediate forms, + although the two insects frequently occur together, I think it may be regarded for the present as + a distinct species.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from October till December, and is found in the same + localities as <i>S. humeraria</i>.</p> + + <div id="GONOPHYLLA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 5.—GONOPHYLLA, Meyr.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face shortly rough-haired. Palpi moderate, arched, ascending, shortly + rough-scaled, terminal joint short. Antennæ in male rather stout, pubescent. Coxæ and femora + densely rough-haired beneath. Fore-wings with vein 6 from below 9, 7 from below angle of areole, + 10 shortly touching 9, 11 separate, 12 free. Hind-wings normal."—(Meyrick.) (Plate <a + href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 63 and 64, neuration of <i>Gonophylla nelsonaria</i>.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Of this genus we have but one species.</p> + + <p class="ac">GONOPHYLLA NELSONARIA, Feld.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Gonodontis</i> (?) <i>nelsonaria</i>, Feld. cxxiii. 3. <i>Gonodontis + felix</i>, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, 389, pl. xlii. 10. <i>Phyllodoce nelsonaria</i>, + Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 104. <i>Gonophylla nelsonaria</i>, ib. xviii. 184.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., + figs. 3 and 4 ♂ varieties, 5 and 6 ♀ ditto.)</span></p> + + <p>This handsome insect is common in the neighbourhood of Wellington. It has also occurred at + Nelson and Dunedin, and is possibly generally distributed throughout the country.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1½ inches. The fore-wings of the male are <i>rich + reddish-brown, mottled with darker</i>; there are several small white marks on the costa; a + black dot in the middle of the wing, and <i>an almost straight white transverse line beyond the + middle</i>; outside this line the wing is speckled with greyish-white. The hind-wings are pale + pinkish-brown; there is a black dot in the middle, and a curved blackish transverse line a + little beyond the middle, being a continuation of the transverse line of the fore-wing; beyond + this line, and on the dorsum, there are generally several small blackish markings. The female + has the fore-wings <span class="pagenum" id="page91">{91}</span>orange-red, speckled with + darker; there is a doubly curved transverse line near the base, and an almost straight + transverse line near the termen, both dark red; beyond the outer transverse line the wing is + shaded with dark brown. The hind-wings are pale reddish-orange, with a curved blackish + transverse line. In both sexes the apex of the fore-wing is projecting, and there is a strong + angular projection on the termen a little before the middle; the termen of the hind-wing has + several small projections.</p> + </div> + + <p>The variation of this insect is considerable, especially in the male. The ground colour of the + fore-wings often inclines to dull brown, or even dull yellowish-brown; the light and dark + mottling, and the greyish markings near the termen are sometimes hardly visible; there is often a + yellowish blotch opposite the large angle in the termen of the fore-wing. The hind-wings also are + very variable in their colouring. All these varieties exist in the female in a less pronounced + degree.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears during the first week in February, and is generally over + by the middle or end of March. The males are first noticed, the females not appearing until about + a fortnight later. I have never taken this insect in the daytime, and in fact have never seen it + except on the blossoms of the white rata, where, on fine evenings, it is often very abundant. As + yet, however, Wellington is the only locality where I have met with it.</p> + + <div id="DREPANODES"></div> + + <h3>Genus 6.—DREPANODES, Gn.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face with cone of scales. Palpi moderate, triangularly scaled, porrected. + Antennæ in male moderate, simple. Fore-wings with vein 6 from below 9, 7 from below angle of + areole, 10 very shortly touching 9, 11 rising out of 10 before angle of areole, 12 free. + Hind-wings normal. (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 61 and 62 neuration of <i>Drepanodes + muriferata</i>.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">A characteristic South American genus. The single New Zealand species is very + similar to some South American forms."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="ac">DREPANODES MURIFERATA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Gargaphia muriferata</i>, Walk. 1635. <i>Panagra ephyraria</i>, Walk. 1761. + ? <i>Zanclognatha</i> (?) <i>cookaria</i>, Feld. cxxiii. 26. <i>Zanclognatha</i> (?) + <i>haastiaria</i>, Feld. cxxiii. 32. <i>Drepanodes muriferata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. + xvi. 107.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., + figs. 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 ♂ varieties, 12 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This species is very abundant in the neighbourhood of Wellington. It has also been taken at + Taranaki, Christchurch, Dunedin, Invercargill and Stewart Island, and is probably common and + generally distributed throughout the country.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. All the wings of the male are + yellowish-brown; there is a faint transverse line near the base, and a conspicuous darker + transverse line running from a little before the apex of the fore-wing to the middle of the + dorsum of the hind-wing; there is also a dark spot in the centre of the fore-wing, often + containing two white dots. In the female, all the wings are slate-coloured; the transverse lines + are very faintly indicated, and the central dot of the fore-wing is reddish-brown. The apex of + the fore-wing in each sex is conspicuously hooked, and the termen is bowed and sometimes has a + very slight angle in the middle.</p> + </div> + + <p>Both sexes of this insect are very variable. In the male, the ground colour ranges from + dingy-brown to bright orange-brown; the transverse lines differ much in intensity, and in some + specimens the central area of the wings enclosed by them is much darker than either the basal or + the marginal portions; occasionally there is a series of black markings between the outer + transverse line and the termen of the fore-wings, whilst the transverse line itself is frequently + edged with a band of paler <span class="pagenum" id="page92">{92}</span>colouring. The female also + varies in the ground colour and in the intensity of the transverse lines, which are sometimes + marked by a few black dots.</p> + + <p>The larva, according to Mr. Purdie, is light grey, cylindrical, about ⅝ inch in length. + It may be beaten in February from an undergrowth of <i>Carpodetus</i> and <i>Aristotelia</i>.</p> + + <p>The perfect insect appears from November till March. It frequents dense forest and is often + very abundant. The colouring of the upper and under surfaces of its wings, and the shape of the + wings are both very protective, giving the moth an exact resemblance to a dead leaf. When + disturbed, the insect adds to this deception by keeping its wings quite motionless and rigidly + extended, and allowing itself to fall through the air like a leaf. The resemblance in this case to + the inanimate object is very perfect, and has no doubt enabled the moth to escape from many + enemies. It is, in fact, an extremely interesting example of the simultaneous development of + structure and instinct in a useful direction, through the agency of natural selection.</p> + + <p class="sp3">This species is much attracted both by light and by blossoms.</p> + + <div id="AZELINA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 7.—AZELINA, Gn.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>"Face with some projecting hairs. Palpi rather long, obliquely ascending, roughly scaled, + attenuated. Antennæ in male thick, simple. Fore-wings with vein 6 from below 9, 7 from below + angle of areole, 10 very shortly touching 9, 11 separate, 12 free. Hind-wings normal.</p> + <p class="sp0">A genus of some extent, specially characteristic of South America. Guenée made a + separate genus (<i>Polygonia</i>) of the New Zealand species, but without any point of + distinction."—(Meyrick.) (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 54 and 55, neuration of + <i>Azelina gallaria</i>.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">We have three species in New Zealand.<a id="NtA_42" + href="#Nt_42"><sup>[42]</sup></a></p> + + <p class="ac">AZELINA GALLARIA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Selenia gallaria</i>, Walk. 185, Butl., Cat., pl. iii. 6, 7. <i>Euchlaena</i> + (?) <i>palthidata</i>, Feld. cxxxii. 21, 22. <i>Stratocleis gallaria</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. + Inst. xvi. 105; <i>Azelina gallaria</i>, xx. 62.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., + figs. 13 to 20 ♂ varieties, 21 to 23 ♀ ditto.)</span></p> + + <p>This species is very common in the neighbourhood of Wellington. It has also occurred at + Palmerston North, Makotuku, Christchurch, Dunedin and Stewart Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1¼ inches. The fore-wings of the male vary from + pale yellowish-brown to bright orange-brown, or reddish-brown; there is a wavy transverse line + near the base, often obsolete except on the costa; another wavy transverse line beyond the + middle, also frequently obsolete except on the costa; <i>followed by a very conspicuous straight + line, often double, running obliquely from a little before the apex to the dorsum</i>; outside + this line, near the tornus, there are, in most specimens, two black spots or one large rust-red + spot; the termen has two projections near the apex, inside which there is usually a darker + blotch. The hind-wings are as variable in colour as the fore-wings; there is one wavy line near + the base, <i>followed by an almost straight line</i>, which is a continuation of the straight + line of the fore-wing; beyond this line the ground colour is generally much darker; the termen + itself has no projections. The female has broader wings and a shorter body than the male; the + ground colour and markings are similar to those of the male, but are usually more sombre, and + the termen of both fore- and hind-wings is furnished with a number of prominent projections. The + under side of the wings in both sexes is beautifully marbled with yellow and reddish-brown, and + several of the markings of the upper surface are faintly indicated.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species, as will be seen from the foregoing, is so extremely variable that a more detailed + description would be useless, especially as the straight, oblique, transverse lines of both fore- + and hind-wings will at once distinguish it from the two other members of the genus.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page93">{93}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from November till March. It frequents dense forest, and + is most abundant at the flowers of the white rata in the evening. Earlier in the year, before the + rata blooms, it may sometimes be taken at sugar.</p> + + <p class="ac">AZELINA OPHIOPA, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Gonophylla ophiopa</i>, + Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, 387.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., + fig. 26 ♂, 27 ♂ variety, 28 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred occasionally in the neighbourhood of Wellington, but has not yet been + recorded from any other locality.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1½ inches. The fore-wings of the male are pale + orange-brown; there is a doubly toothed shaded transverse line near the base, the teeth being + marked with two black spots; <i>a conspicuous wavy transverse line runs from the apex to the + dorsum</i>, and is also marked with several black dots; the space between the two transverse + lines is paler than the rest of the wing; there is a row of small black dots on the termen, and + the termen itself has two small projections. The hind-wings are yellowish at the base, becoming + orange beyond the middle; there is a faint brownish transverse line near the base, and a + conspicuous wavy transverse line at the middle, marked by a series of black dots; this central + transverse line divides the yellowish ground colour of the basal area, from the orange ground + colour of the rest of the wing. The female is larger and duller than the male; the fore-wings + are yellowish drab, with the outer transverse line dull red; there is a series of minute black + dots on the termen; the hind-wings are dull yellow, with a wavy central transverse line.</p> + </div> + + <p>The only variety of this species which has come under my observation is a male. In this + specimen all the wings are pale yellowish-brown, with very broad black transverse lines. (See + Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., fig. 27.)</p> + + <p>This insect is evidently closely allied to <i>Azelina fortinata</i>. It may, however, be + distinguished from that species by the smaller projections on the termen of the fore- and + hind-wings, and the dotted transverse lines of the male.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from January till April. It is met with much later in + the season than either of the two other species of <i>Azelina</i>. It frequents forest, and may be + found on the blossoms of the white rata, but is, I think, the rarest of the genus.</p> + + <p class="ac">AZELINA FORTINATA, Gn.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Polygonia fortinata</i>, Gn., + E. M. M. v. 41. <i>Caustoloma</i> (?) <i>ziczac</i>, Feld. cxxxii. 4. <i>Azelina fortinata</i>, + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 106.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., + fig. 24 ♂, 25 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This beautiful insect occurs occasionally in forests in both the North and the South Islands. + It has been taken at Wellington, Nelson, Castle Hill, Akaroa, Mount Hutt, West Plains and + Otara.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1¼ inches. The fore-wings of the male are pale + orange-brown, with <i>a doubly toothed black transverse line near the base, and a less acutely + toothed line beyond the middle</i>; between these there is a black mark on the costa; the termen + has two large projections, and several smaller ones; between the outer transverse line and the + termen there are several small black markings. The hind-wings are yellowish, clouded with + orange-brown towards the termen, which also has several projections; there is a faint blackish + line near the base, and a much stronger black line near the middle, starting from the dorsum and + reaching about half-way across the wing. The female has the fore-wings dark brown, with the + central area between the two transverse lines paler; the hind-wings are also considerably darker + than those in the male.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species varies a little in the depth of the ground colour, but not otherwise.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in December, January and February. It frequents dense + forest, and is generally disturbed from amongst ferns and undergrowth.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page94">{94}</span></div> + + <div id="IPANA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 8.—IPANA, Walk.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face roughly haired. Antennæ in male simple, shortly ciliated. Palpi as in + <i>Declana</i>. Thorax densely hairy above and beneath, with slight median crest. Abdomen in + male elongate. Femora densely hairy; posterior tibiæ in male short and much swollen, furnished + on inner side with very large dense tuft of hairs. Fore-wings in male without fovea; veins 10 + and 11 separate."—(Meyrick).</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">We have one species in New Zealand.</p> + + <p class="ac">IPANA LEPTOMERA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Ipana leptomera</i>, Walk., + Noct. 1662.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., + figs. 29, 31, and 31A ♂ varieties, 30 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This species is common in the neighbourhood of Wellington, and I expect generally distributed + throughout New Zealand; but as there appears to have been some confusion in Mr. Meyrick's papers + between it and the female of <i>Declana junctilinea</i>, I am unable to assign the localities + there mentioned to either of the species.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is 1½ inches, of the female 1⅜ + inches. The fore-wings of the male are uniform pale brownish-ochreous, generally with two + transverse series of minute darker brown dots parallel to the termen, and two or three similar + dots near the middle of the wing. There is a series of very small parallel brown lines on the + costa. The hind-wings are greyish-brown with two very deep indentations in the termen. The + female has the fore-wings pale grey, and the hind-wings darker grey; the markings and outline + resemble the male.</p> + </div> + + <p>In a few male specimens I have observed four large black spots on the fore-wings, two near the + base, and two near the termen. All these spots are sometimes joined together by a very broad black + band, which extends along the whole of the central portion of the fore-wings. I have also a male + specimen in which the fore-wings are entirely marbled with dark grey. In the female two or three + moderately large spots are occasionally present on the fore-wings, near the termen. All these + varieties appear to be much scarcer than the typical form.</p> + + <p>The larva, which feeds on manuka (<i>Leptospermum</i>), has ten legs. It is rather slender, + dark brown, mottled with grey and dull red. There are two large tubercles on the sides of the + seventh and eighth segments. It is a sluggish caterpillar and is generally seen in a motionless + condition, clasping the stem of its food-plant with its prolegs, and holding the rest of its body + in a perfectly rigid position like a small branch. The pupa is enclosed in a cocoon of silk and + refuse on the surface of the ground.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January, February and March. It is a forest-dwelling + species, and may often be captured in some numbers, at dusk, on the flowers of the white rata + (<i>M. scandens</i>). It is very sluggish and nearly always drops to the ground when disturbed and + feigns death.</p> + + <div id="DECLANA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 9.—DECLANA, Walk.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Face roughly haired. Antennæ in male bi-pectinated to apex or simple. Palpi with + second joint ascending, rough-haired, terminal joint rather long, slender, clavate, porrected. + Thorax densely hairy above and beneath, with more or less developed median crest. Femora densely + hairy. Fore-wings in male without fovea; vein 6 sometimes out of 9, 10 sometimes out of 9, + connected or anastomosing with 9, 11 sometimes out of 10, sometimes connected or anastomosing + with 10."—(Meyrick.) (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., figs. 56 and 57, neuration of + <i>Declana floccosa</i>, 58 head of ditto.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">We have seven species.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page95">{95}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">DECLANA ATRONIVEA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Detunda atronivea</i>, Walk., Suppl. ii. 619. <i>Chlenias</i> (?) + <i>manxifera</i>, Fereday, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xii. (1879), 268, pl. ix. 1. <i>Detunda + atronivea</i>, Meyr., ib. xvi. 101.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., + fig. 33 ♂, 34 ♀; Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 18, larva.)</span></p> + + <p>This very handsome and conspicuous insect appears to be restricted to the North Island, where + it is rather rare. It has occurred at Wellington, Otaki, and Napier.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is 1⅝ inches, of the female nearly + 2 inches. The fore-wings are <i>brilliant shining white, with numerous black markings</i>; these + consist chiefly of three irregular branching transverse bands, and a series of wedge-shaped + spots on the termen; the larger markings are brownish in the centre. The hind-wings are dark + grey, becoming almost black on the termen, with a fine wavy transverse black line.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species varies considerably in the size and shape of the black markings on the fore-wings, + which are often slightly different on the opposite sides, in the same specimen.</p> + + <p>The eggs of this moth are oval in shape, slightly roughened on the surface and light blue in + colour. They are deposited towards the end of October. The young larva escapes by gnawing a hole + out of the side.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>When first hatched it is dull brownish-black, with creamy-white lateral lines and prolegs; + the head is reddish. It feeds on <i>Panax arborea</i>. After the first moult the lateral lines + become much wider, especially towards the head. After the second moult the two dorsal tubercles + are fully developed, the thoracic segments much swollen and flattened above, the latter bearing + traces of the black markings of the full-grown larva. After the third moult the larva becomes a + dark brownish colour inclining to chocolate on the dorsal surface. The characteristic markings + on the penultimate and anal segments of the adult larva now appear, and the dorsal tubercles are + yellowish in colour; the extra prolegs are very small, and are visible as wart-like appendages + on the lower surface of the tenth segment.</p> + <p class="sp0">The full-grown caterpillar is a remarkable-looking animal. The head is very + small; the first three segments of the body are enormously swollen and flattened above, the + flattened portions being white, with several small black ring-shaped markings; there is a pair + of large yellowish tubercles on the dorsal surface of the seventh segment, and two smaller ones + on the tenth and eleventh segments; the larva is much stouter towards the posterior extremity, + especially behind the ninth segment; the penultimate segment is furnished with a large + creamy-white ridge, starting on the back and proceeding downwards and forwards; the extra pair + of prolegs is small and only occasionally used in walking. The general colour of the larva is + brownish- or blackish-green; the tenth and eleventh segments are generally darker, and there are + many fine parallel lines of darker colouring on the central portions of the larva; the whole + insect is also speckled with black; the spiracles are red. The larva varies a good deal in + colour, but its peculiar structure will at once distinguish it from any other.</p> + </div> + + <p>These larvæ often coil themselves up when at rest, clinging firmly with their large prolegs to + their food-plant. Whilst thus engaged they have a very remarkable appearance. I have not yet + ascertained the precise object of the peculiar shape and coloration of this caterpillar. It + appears to resemble very closely a lichen-covered twig, but I suspect in this case there is + something more special aimed at.</p> + + <p>In connection with this subject, it is noteworthy that the flattened extremities of the elytra + of the beetle, <i>Ectopsis ferrugalis</i>, closely resemble in both shape and colour the + remarkable anterior segments of the larva of <i>D. atronivea</i>. As both insects feed on the same + plant, and thus exist under very similar conditions, it is highly probable that the peculiarities + have been independently acquired in each species for similar purposes.</p> + + <p>The pupa is enclosed in a light cocoon amongst dead leaves, &c, on the surface of the + ground.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page96">{96}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in February and March, and may sometimes be taken at + blossoms in the evening. It is also attracted by light, and has been found occasionally, in the + daytime, resting on tree-trunks. It hibernates during the winter, coming abroad again the + following spring to lay its eggs. I have observed that a good many pupæ from the autumnal brood do + not emerge until September or October, so that the insect evidently spends the winter both as a + pupa and as an imago.</p> + + <p class="ac">DECLANA EGREGIA, Feld.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Chlenias egregia</i>, Feld. + cxxxi. 24; Fereday, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xii. 268, pl. ix. 2. <i>Detunda egregia</i>, Meyr., ib. + xvi. 101.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., + fig. 35.)</span></p> + + <p>This very handsome insect has occurred in the South Island at Nelson, Christchurch, Akaroa and + the Otira Gorge.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1¾ inches. <i>The fore-wings are + creamy-white; there is a small dark brown mark at the base, a broad transverse wavy brown band + before the middle, a very large four-cornered irregular brown mark beyond the middle, one of its + corners touching the apex and the other the tornus</i>; the termen is shaded with pale grey, and + there is a series of faint brown marks on the costa and dorsum. The hind-wings are dull white, + darker towards the termen; there are two very faint transverse lines.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears from November till February. It is a very rare species.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from a specimen in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <p class="ac">DECLANA FLOCCOSA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Declana floccosa</i>, Walk. xv. 1649. <i>Argua scabra</i>, Walk, xxviii. 448. + <i>Declana feredayi</i>, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, 398, pl. xliii. 5. <i>Declana + nigrosparsa</i>, Butl., Cist. Ent. ii. 500. <i>Declana floccosa</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. + xvi. 102.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., + figs. 39 to 43 ♂ varieties, 44 to 47 ♀ ditto.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred very commonly at Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin. It is probably + generally distributed throughout the country.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>The expansion of the wings is about 1⅜ inches. The fore-wings are pale greyish-white + with numerous small brownish-black streaks, exhibiting a slight concentration near the apex. The + hind-wings are dull white, clouded with greyish towards the termen.</p> + <p>This insect is so extremely variable that I have given descriptions of a few of the principal + varieties below; all these forms may, however, be connected by specimens exhibiting every + intermediate gradation both in colour and in markings.</p> + <div class="bq2 it1 sp2"> + <p>1. Fore-wings with several large brown spots near the middle.</p> + <p>2. Fore-wings covered with numerous black spots (formerly known as <i>Declana + nigrosparsa</i>) (fig. 47).</p> + <p>3. Fore-wings with two more or less conspicuous curved black or brown lines from costa to + dorsum (figs. 41, 42, and 44).</p> + <p>4. Fore-wings with these transverse lines joined by two others running parallel to dorsum + and costa.</p> + <p>5. Fore-wings with transverse lines and black spots (fig. 43).</p> + <p>6. Fore-wings diffused with dark greyish-black, except two broad bands of the original + light colour extending from costa to dorsum; hind-wings darker than usual (fig. 45).</p> + <p class="sp0">7. Fore-wings with a dark brown central band; hind-wings clouded with dark + brown towards termen, with a faint curved transverse line near the middle (figs. 39 and + 40).</p> + </div> + <p>All these varieties occasionally have tufts of orange-yellow scales on both the wings and on + the body, and they also vary in other minor particulars (fig. 46).</p> + <p>The egg of this insect when first laid is oval in shape and light green in colour, becoming + bronzy a few days before the emergence of the larva. The young larva is very attenuated, with + only ten legs. <span class="pagenum" id="page97">{97}</span>Its colour is pale yellow striped + with brownish-pink near the segmental divisions. It is very active, and does not devour the + egg-shell after emergence.</p> + <p class="sp0">The full-grown larva has the body much flattened underneath. In colour it is pale + brownish-pink, with numerous irregular darker markings, which in some specimens almost form two + broad subdorsal lines. The under surface of the larva is pale green. There is a series of fleshy + filaments of a pinkish-brown colour along each side of the insect, and an extra pair of prolegs + on the ninth segment.</p> + </div> + + <p>This caterpillar is, however, very variable, its colouring appearing to depend largely on its + surroundings. The favourite food-plants are <i>Leptospermum ericoides</i> and <i>Aristotelia + racemosa</i>. The larvæ found on the former plant are usually pale yellowish-brown, whilst those + from the latter are much darker brown, often mottled with grey like the stems of the + <i>Aristotelia</i>. A specimen I once found on a mountain beech (<i>Fagus cliffortioides</i>), the + gnarled stem and branches of which were covered with grey lichens and mosses, was mottled with the + most beautiful shades of greenish-grey. These larval varieties are very interesting, and in order + to test the direct influence of food on the colouring of the larvæ, I once divided a batch of eggs + deposited by a single female into two equal parts, and fed one half on <i>Aristotelia</i>, and the + other half on <i>Leptospermum</i>. The differences in colouring between the two lots of larvæ thus + treated were, however, of the most trivial description. This somewhat surprised me at first, as I + had previously observed quite distinct varieties on each plant, when found in a state of nature. + Hence I am now disposed to think that these differences have been brought about gradually, by + natural selection acting on larvæ feeding on the same plant for a large number of generations. By + this means a sufficient amount of variation might be accumulated, to cause the closest possible + approximation in colouring to the stems of the several food-plants. It is also noteworthy that + many of these food-plants grow in widely dissimilar localities, so that the free inter-breeding of + insects dependent on them would not be likely to occur, and thus the peculiarities of colouring + adapted to the stems of each food-plant would not be disturbed by the effects of + inter-breeding.</p> + + <p>In connection with the foregoing experiment it is also interesting to observe, that the + specimens fed on <i>Aristotelia</i> matured much more rapidly than those on <i>Leptospermum</i>; + the former plant evidently being the more nourishing food for the larvæ. Also that out of the + batch fed on <i>Aristotelia</i> 28 became moths, of which 12 were males and 16 females; whilst out + of those fed on <i>Leptospermum</i> only 24 became moths, of which 15 were males and 9 females. In + all other respects, excepting food-plant, the two lots of larvæ were subjected to identical + treatment.</p> + + <p>During the day this larva rests quietly attached to the stem of its food-plant, where it is + very difficult to detect, as the filaments so closely embrace the twig or tree-trunk that the + whole insect exactly resembles a swelling in the stem.</p> + + <p>The pupa of <i>D. floccosa</i> is enclosed in a loose cocoon on the surface of the ground.</p> + + <p>The perfect insect appears about September, and continues in more or less abundance until the + end of April. There are most likely several broods in a season, and, as we frequently meet with + specimens of the moth on mild days in the middle of winter, it probably also hibernates.</p> + + <p class="sp3">This insect is usually observed at rest on fences and tree-trunks, where its grey + mottled colouring causes it to closely resemble a patch of lichen.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page98">{98}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">DECLANA JUNCTILINEA, Feld.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., + fig. 37 ♂, 38 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred occasionally in the Wellington Botanical Gardens. It is no doubt + found elsewhere, but I cannot give any other localities with certainty.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is 1¼ inches, of the female 1⅜ + inches. The fore-wings of the male are pale yellowish-brown, with two indistinct, irregular, + transverse darker lines near the base, a conspicuous curved line a little beyond the middle, + followed by a blackish patch; <i>there is a series of very fine parallel oblique brown stripes + on the costa</i>, and several series of curved, blackish marks near the termen, and on the + central portions of the wing. The fore-wings of the female are much greyer, with a conspicuous, + irregular, white streak from the apex towards the dorsum, the central portions of the wing are + white, and, with the exception of the fine, oblique costal stripes, the other markings of the + male are usually absent. The hind-wings of both sexes are dull ochreous. The strongly pectinated + antennæ of the male, and the oblique costal markings of both sexes, will at once distinguish + this species from any of the varieties of <i>Declana floccosa</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>This moth varies in the intensity of the markings, which in some specimens are very + indistinct.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from November till March. It is generally captured on + blossoms in the evening.</p> + + <p class="ac">DECLANA HERMIONE, n. sp.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., + fig. 36.)</span></p> + + <p>A single specimen of this very handsome insect was captured at Khandallah near Wellington.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1¼ inches. <i>The fore-wings are bright + purplish-brown, clouded with silvery-white towards the middle and on the termen</i>; there is a + very fine oblique chocolate-brown mark at the base, a broad broken transverse band at about + one-eighth; a fine curved transverse line at about three-fourths, shaded towards the termen; + there are four wavy brown marks on the termen inclining obliquely upwards towards the costa; the + termen itself is narrowly edged with chocolate-brown. The cilia are silvery mixed with brown; + the termen is very strongly bowed. The hind-wings are grey, shaded with purplish-grey towards + the termen; the cilia are grey.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The type specimen was captured at sugar in November.</p> + + <p class="ac">DECLANA GRISEATA, n. sp.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., + fig. 32 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred at Wellington in the North Island, and at Lake Wakatipu in the South + Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is 1⅛ inches, of the female + 1⅜ inches. <i>The fore-wings are dull slaty-grey, with a slightly paler central band</i>; + there is a fine oblique wavy transverse line at about one-fourth, another at about one-half, and + indications of a third at about three-fourths; <i>numerous minute black streaks are thickly + scattered over the wing, especially near the base and the termen</i>; the outline of the termen + is very slightly scalloped. The hind-wings are pale grey, darker near the termen. The body is + very dark slaty-grey. <i>The antennæ of the male are not bi-pectinated.</i></p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January, and is attracted by light. It is a scarce + species.</p> + + <p class="ac">DECLANA NIVEATA, Butl.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Declana niveata</i>, Butl., + Cist. Ent. ii. 500. <i>Atossa niveata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 104.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred at Dunedin, in the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"The expansion of the wings of the male is 30 mm. (about 1¼ inches). Fore-wings + elongate-triangular, costa somewhat sinuate, termen rounded, dentate; dull white, faintly + irrorated with grey; costa marked with short indistinct dark grey direct strigulæ; an irregular + line towards base, and another twice angulated about two-thirds, obscurely indicated by dark + grey scales; some scattered <span class="pagenum" id="page99">{99}</span>dark grey strigulæ + before termen. Hind-wings moderate, termen crenate, angularly projecting in middle; wholly + white.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">"I took one fine specimen at rest on a tree-trunk near Dunedin, in + February."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <div id="SPHINGIDAE"></div> + + <h2>Family 6.—<b>SPHINGIDÆ.</b></h2> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Head with dense appressed hairs. Ocelli absent. Eyes glabrous. Antennæ thickened + towards middle or posteriorly, in male ciliated with partial whorls. Labial palpi moderate, + ascending, with dense projecting scales. Thorax densely hairy beneath. Femora densely hairy. + Fore-wings with vein 1<i>b</i> furcate, 6 out of 8, 9 absent (rarely present in exceptional + individuals). Hind-wings with veins 3 and 4 approximated at base, 5 from middle of transverse + vein, parallel to 4, 6 and 7 connate or stalked, 8 connected by oblique bar with margin of cell + before middle, more or less approximated to 7 near beyond cell." (Plate <a + href="#plate1">I</a>., figs. 12 and 13, neuration of <i>Deilephila</i> [after Meyrick].)</p> + </div> + + <p>"This family is generally distributed, but is most plentiful in the tropics. The imagos are + usually large insects, with stout, heavy bodies, elongate-triangular fore-wings with very oblique + termen, and relatively small hind-wings; the wing muscles are very strong, and the flight + exceptionally powerful. Ovum spheroidal, smooth. Larva stout, usually with an oblique, projecting + anal horn, anterior segments sometimes retractile or raised in repose. Pupa + subterranean."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">Only one genus is represented in New Zealand, viz., <i>Sphinx</i>.</p> + + <div id="SPHINX"></div> + + <h3>Genus 1.—SPHINX.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Tongue strongly developed. Antennæ less than one-half, gradually thickened to + apex, then pointed, apex slender, hooked. Thorax with low double posterior tuft. Abdomen smooth, + broad, conical, pointed. Tibiæ with appressed scales.</p> + </div> + + <p>"A moderately large genus, ranging over the whole world, but principally characteristic of + America. Imago flying at dusk, feeding on the wing."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">This genus is represented in New Zealand by one almost cosmopolitan species.</p> + + <p class="ac">SPHINX CONVOLVULI, L.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Protoparce distans</i>, Butl. + <i>Sphinx convolvuli</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. 213.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 1.; Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., figs. 13 and 14 varieties of + larvæ.)</span></p> + + <p>This handsome insect often occurs in the northern portions of the North Island, but becomes + very rare southward of Napier and New Plymouth. In the South Island it has been taken at Nelson, + and recently a very mutilated specimen of what appears to be this species has been found by Mr. + Philpott, near West Plains, Invercargill. With these exceptions I have not heard of its appearance + in any other localities in the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 3½ inches. The fore-wings are greyish-brown + with several irregular, darker markings near the base; and a broad, dark, central band; beyond + the central band there is a very irregular, pale grey, toothed line. The hind-wings are + yellowish-grey, with four transverse, darker stripes, the outermost one strongly toothed. The + head and thorax are dark grey, paler on the back, with two conspicuous tufts of pale grey hair + on the shoulders. <i>The abdomen is grey, striped on the sides with rose-colour and + black.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>The larva feeds on <i>Convolvulus</i>. Like many of the caterpillars of the <i>Sphingidæ</i>, + there are two very distinct varieties: one is bright green, with white spiracles, and a series of + diagonal yellow lines above them; the other is dull yellowish-brown, with broad blackish-brown + dorsal and ventral lines, and a series of triangular blackish spots above the spiracles, which in + this variety are jet-black. In both these forms of <span class="pagenum" + id="page100">{100}</span>larvæ the anal horn is dark red tipped with black, and the skin is + covered with numerous fine wrinkles. The length of the caterpillar when full grown is 3½ + inches.</p> + + <p>About the middle or end of February these larvæ generally bury themselves in the ground, where + they are transformed into pupæ. They remain in that condition until the following summer.</p> + + <p>The pupa is about 2 inches in length and is of a dark mahogany-brown colour. It is furnished + with a large curved process, projecting from the lower side of the head, and containing the + enormous proboscis of the future moth.</p> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in November and December. It flies with incredible velocity at + evening dusk, and is often observed hovering over flowers, and whilst poised in the air above + them, extracts the honey with its long proboscis. Mr. A. P. Buller has very kindly furnished me + with the following interesting notes on the habits of this species, as observed by him in the + Auckland district<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p>"During the summer of 1879 I came across <i>S. convolvuli</i> in great numbers, near Ohinemutu, + in the Hot Lake district, frequenting at dusk a tall, delicately perfumed meadow flower + (<i>Œnothera biennis</i>, commonly called the evening primrose). They were to be seen on + the wing soon after sundown, and on warm, still evenings literally swarmed. It was an extremely + pretty sight to watch their rapid movements as they darted from flower to flower, never alighting, + and keeping up a constant vibration of their wings as they probed the yellow blossoms. They + appeared to be extremely local, for I only met with them on a few of the grassy slopes round the + shores of Lake Rotorua. I visited the same locality two years later, at the same season, and only + occasionally saw one, although the evening primrose was in full bloom at the time. In 1882 I + captured several at flowers of the trumpet-tree (<i>Brugmansia</i>) in a garden near Auckland. The + same summer I found large numbers of the larvæ at Waiwera (near Auckland), on a species of + convolvulus growing in profusion on the sandhills in the vicinity. Although the larvæ were so + abundant I never came across the perfect insect. I obtained some twenty or thirty of the pupæ, but + unfortunately was never successful in hatching out the imago. As far as my knowledge goes, this + beautiful moth is confined to the Auckland and Waikato districts, although I have heard of a + single specimen being taken in Hawkes Bay."</p> + + <p>I am also much indebted to Mr. Buller for the loan of a very perfect specimen of this moth, + expressly lent to me for figuring and describing in the present work.</p> + + <p class="sp5">Mr. Meyrick informs us that this insect occurs throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, + Australia and the islands of the South Pacific, wherever a suitable situation is found, and has + been met with far out at sea.<a id="NtA_43" href="#Nt_43"><sup>[43]</sup></a> In America it is + represented by a form which seems to be regarded as specifically distinct, but which he thinks is + probably identical. If this be the case the insect is practically cosmopolitan.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page101">{101}</span></div> + + <h1><span class="sans gsp fwb">III.—THE LASIOCAMPINA.</span></h1> + + <p class="sp5">Not represented in New Zealand.</p> + + <h1><span class="sans gsp fwb">IV.—THE PAPILIONINA.</span></h1> + + <p>The <i>Papilionina</i> are distinguished by the following characters<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Head rough-haired. Ocelli absent. Tongue developed. Antennæ slender, dilated + apically, forming a gradual or abrupt club. Labial palpi moderately long, more or less + rough-haired, terminal joint rather pointed. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Thorax more or less + hairy. Fore-wings with 1<i>b</i> simple, 1<i>c</i> absent, 5 usually from or above middle of + transverse vein. Hind-wings without frenulum, 1<i>c</i> absent, 3 and 4 usually connate, 8 + rising out of cell near base, rapidly diverging."—(Meyrick.) (See Plate <a + href="#plate1">I</a>., figs. 7, 8, 15, 16, 25, 26, 27.)</p> + </div> + + <p>This is one of the most interesting groups of the Lepidoptera. The insects comprised in it are + popularly known as butterflies, and from their bright colouring and conspicuous appearance are + always favourites with beginners. The <i>Papilionina</i> attain great development in the tropics, + especially in South America, where, it is said, a single valley sometimes contains as many species + as the whole of Europe. In New Zealand there are only fifteen species of butterflies, the group + being extremely poorly represented both here and in the South Pacific Islands.</p> + + <p>Formerly the <i>Papilionina</i> was known as the <i>Rhopalocera</i>, and was regarded as + constituting a division of equivalent value to the remainder of the Lepidoptera, which was termed + the <i>Heterocera</i>. For some time past entomologists have, however, practically abandoned this + classification of the order, the <i>Heterocera</i>, or moths, being clearly composed of several + groups each of equivalent value to the <i>Rhopalocera</i>, or butterflies. Mr. Meyrick states in + his 'Handbook of British Lepidoptera' that the <i>Papilionina</i> "stands rather conspicuously + isolated at the present day, but there is little doubt that its origin must be traced to the + <i>Thyrididæ</i>, a family of the <i>Pyralidina</i>."</p> + + <p>In this group the wings are generally held erect in repose, the under surface of the hind-wings + and the apical portion of the under surface of the fore-wings being nearly always protectively + coloured, these being portions of the wings exposed to view when the insect is at rest. There is + an unusual amount of ornamental colouring on the upper surface. The flight is invariably diurnal. + The larva has ten prolegs.</p> + + <p>The three following families of <i>Papilionina</i> are represented in New Zealand<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p class="sp3 ac">1. <a href="#NYMPHALIDAE"><span class="sc">Nymphalidæ</span></a>.<span + class="gap" style="width:2em"> </span>2. <a href="#SATYRIDAE"><span + class="sc">Satyridæ</span></a>.<span class="gap" style="width:2em"> </span>3. <a + href="#LYCAENIDAE"><span class="sc">Lycænidæ</span></a>.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page102">{102}</span></div> + + <div id="NYMPHALIDAE"></div> + + <h2>Family 1.—<b>NYMPHALIDÆ.</b></h2> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Anterior legs in both sexes much reduced, useless for walking; posterior tibiæ + without middle spurs. Fore-wings with veins 8 and 9 out of 7. Hind-wings with præcostal spur." + (Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., figs. 7 and 8.)</p> + </div> + + <p>"An extremely large family, mainly tropical. The species are of large or moderate size, usually + dark-coloured, with light or bright bands or rows of spots.</p> + + <p>"Ovum cylindrical or sub-conical, ribbed and often reticulated. Larva with pairs of tentacles + or more usually series of bristly spines. Pupa exposed, suspended by the tail, often angular or + with metallic spots."—(Meyrick.) (See Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., figs. 1, 2, and 3 + larvæ, 27, 31 and 32 pupæ.)</p> + + <p>We have three genera represented in New Zealand:—</p> + + <p class="sp3 ac">1. <a href="#ANOSIA"><span class="sc">Anosia</span></a>.<span class="gap" + style="width:2em"> </span>2. <a href="#VANESSA"><span class="sc">Vanessa</span></a>.<span + class="gap" style="width:2em"> </span>3. <a href="#JUNONIA"><span + class="sc">Junonia</span></a>.</p> + + <div id="ANOSIA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 1.—ANOSIA.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Eyes glabrous. Club of antennæ elongate, gradual. Fore-wings with vein 10 + separate. Hind-wings with transverse vein present." (Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., figs. 7 and + 8, neuration of <i>A. erippus</i>.)</p> + </div> + + <p>"A genus of moderate extent, generally distributed within the tropics, with two or three + species ranging beyond them. Imago with termen of fore-wings sub-concave. Larva with pairs of long + tentacles. Both larva and imago are protected by a strong nauseous scent, or taste, and are + uneatable to birds."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">We have two species in New Zealand.</p> + + <p class="ac">ANOSIA ERIPPUS, Cr.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Papilio archippus</i>, Fabricius, Spec. Ins., p. 55, n. 243 (1781). <i>Danais + archippus</i>, Butler, Butterflies of N. Z., Trans. N. Z. Inst. x. 265. <i>Anosia plexippus</i>, + L.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 1, fig. 2 under side; Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 3 + larva, fig. 27 pupa.)</span></p> + + <p>This handsome insect has occurred from time to time at various localities in both the North and + the South Islands, but does not appear to be generally common. Particulars of the early captures + of this butterfly are thus given by Mr. Enys<a id="NtA_44" href="#Nt_44"><sup>[44]</sup></a>: + "First recorded as a New Zealand insect by Mr. Fereday, in a paper read before the Canterbury + Institute, January 2, 1874, and printed in vol. vi. of 'Transactions.' Mr. Fereday received the + butterfly from F. H. Meinertzhagen, of Hawkes Bay. Dr. Hector also obtained it in Westland. It has + also been caught near Auckland. In vol. xi. of 'Transactions' Mr. F. W. Sturm records that he + first saw this insect, or a closely allied one, at the Reinga, up the Wairoa River, Hawkes Bay, + December, 1840, or January, 1841. In 1848 he captured a number at the Waiau, a tributary to that + river. Again in 1861 he captured three on the Rangitikei River near Mr. Birch's run. He also + records other captures." From these records it will be seen that the insect was observed as early + as 1840, and it thus seems scarcely probable that it was accidentally introduced by man, as Mr. + Butler appears to suppose.<a id="NtA_45" href="#Nt_45"><sup>[45]</sup></a> Recently <i>A. + erippus</i> has occurred many times in the neighbourhood of Cook's Straits. In 1879 several + specimens were bred from larvæ found by Mr. C. W. Lee near Wangaehu. In 1881 I captured two + specimens near Nelson and saw three others. In 1890 two specimens were taken by Mr. R. I. + Kingsley, and in January of the following year I captured two more, all near Nelson. During the + autumn of 1892 <span class="pagenum" id="page103">{103}</span>one specimen was taken near Otaki by + Mr. Rutherfurd, and several others were seen. The same year a specimen was also taken by Sir James + Hector at Petone. In 1896, I understand from Mr. Kingsley, several specimens were again seen in + the Nelson district.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is from 3¾ to 4¼ inches. Above, all the wings are rich + orange-brown bordered with black, the veins are also black. There are two rows of small white + spots round the margins of all the wings, and several orange-brown spots near the apex of the + fore-wings. Beneath, the markings are similar, except that the white spots are larger, and the + hind-wings are very pale yellowish-brown. The male has a black chitinous spot on vein 2 of the + hind-wings which is wanting in the female; the wing-veins in the male are also slightly + narrower.</p> + </div> + + <p>The larva of this insect feeds on most of the different kinds of milkweed (<i>Asclepias</i>), + and also upon dogbane (<i>Apocynum</i>). A single caterpillar, fully grown, which was found in a + building in the centre of the town of Wellington, formed the subject from which the figures of the + metamorphosis of this insect were taken, but this specimen did not afford sufficient material for + an exhaustive investigation of the life-history. The following account, taken from Professor + Riley's 'Third Annual Report of the Noxious, Beneficial, and other Insects of the State of + Missouri,' is therefore inserted<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>"The egg is invariably deposited on the under side of a leaf, and is conical and delicately + reticulate with longitudinal ribs, and fine transverse striæ. It is yellowish when first + deposited, but becomes grey as the embryo within develops.</p> + <p>"In about five days after laying the egg hatches, and the young larva as soon as hatched + usually turns round and devours its egg-shell—a custom very prevalent with young + caterpillars. At this stage it differs considerably from the mature larva; it is perfectly + cylindrical, about 0·12 inch long, and of much the same thickness throughout. The head is jet + black and polished; the colour of the body is pale greenish-white, with the anterior and + posterior horns showing as mere black conical joints, and with two transverse-oval black warts, + nearer together, on the first joint. It is covered with minute black bristles, arising from + still more minute warts.</p> + <p class="sp0">"When the young larva is three or four days old a dusky band appears across the + middle of each joint, and by the fifth or sixth day it spins a carpet of silk upon the leaf, and + prepares for its first moult. After the first moult the anterior horns are as long as the + thoracic legs, the posterior ones being somewhat shorter; the characteristic black stripes show + quite distinctly, but the white and yellow stripes more faintly. After this it undergoes but + slight change in appearance, except that the colours become brighter, and that at each + successive moult the horns become relatively longer. There are but three moults, and the + intervals between them are short, as the larvæ frequently acquire their full growth within three + weeks from hatching.</p> + </div> + + <p>"As soon as the larva is full grown it spins a little tuft of silk to the under side of + whatever object it may be resting upon, and after entangling the hooks of its hind legs in the + silk it lets go the hold of its other legs and hangs down, with the head and anterior joints of + the body curved. In this position it hangs for about twenty-four hours, during which the fluids of + the body naturally gravitate towards the upturned joints, until the latter become so swollen that + at last, by a little effort on the part of the larva, the skin bursts along the back behind the + head. Through the rent thus made the anterior portion of the pupa is protruded, and by constant + stretching and contracting the larval skin is slipped and crowded backwards until there is but a + small shrivelled mass gathered around the tail. Now comes the critical period—the + culminating point.</p> + + <p>"The soft and supple chrysalis, yet showing the elongate larval form with distinct traces of + its prolegs, hangs heavily from the shrunken skin. From this skin <span class="pagenum" + id="page104">{104}</span>it is to be extricated and firmly attached to the silk outside. It has + neither legs nor arms, and we should suppose that it would inevitably fall while endeavouring to + accomplish this object. But the task is performed with the utmost surety, though appearing so + perilous to us. The supple and contractile joints of the abdomen are made to subserve the purpose + of legs, and by suddenly grasping the shrunken larval skin between the folds of two of these + joints as with a pair of pincers, the chrysalis disengages the tip of its body and hangs for a + moment suspended. Then with a few earnest, vigorous, jerking movements it succeeds in sticking the + horny point of its tail into the silk, and firmly fastening it by means of a rasp of minute claws + with which that point is furnished. Sometimes severe effort is needed before the point is properly + fastened, and the chrysalis frequently has to climb by stretching the two joints above those by + which it is suspended, and clinging hold of the shrivelled skin further up. The moment the point + is fastened the chrysalis commences, by a series of violent jerkings and whirlings, to dislodge + the larval skin, after which it rests from its efforts and gradually contracts and hardens. The + really active work lasts but a few minutes, and the insect rarely fails to go through with it + successfully. The chrysalis is a beautiful object, and as it hangs pendant from some old + fence-board or from the under side of an <i>Asclepias</i> leaf, it reminds one of some large + eardrop; but, though the jeweller could successfully imitate the form, he might well despair of + ever producing the clear pale-green and the ivory-black and golden marks which so characterize + it.</p> + + <p>"The chrysalis state lasts but a short time, as is the case with all those which are known to + suspend themselves nakedly by the tail. At the end of about the tenth day the dark colours of the + future butterflies begin to show through the delicate and transparent skin, and suddenly this skin + bursts open near the head, and the newborn butterfly gradually extricates itself, and stretching + forth its legs and clambering on to some surrounding object, allows its moist, thickened, and + contracted wings to hang listlessly from the body."</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in March and April, hibernated specimens being met with + in the spring. It is a most striking species on the wing, and one which, when once seen, is not + likely to be forgotten.</p> + + <p class="ac">ANOSIA BOLINA, L.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Diadema nerina</i>, Butler, Butterflies of N. Z., p. 13. + Female.—<i>Papilio nerina</i>, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 509, n. 277 (1775); Donovan, Ins. of + New Holland, pl. 27, fig. 1 (1805). <i>Papilio iphigenia</i>, Pap. Exot., 1, pl. lxvii., figs. + D, E, (1775). Var. <i>Papilio proserpina</i>, Cramer, Pap. Exot., 3, pl. ccxviii., figs. C, D, + (1782). Male ? <i>Papilio auge</i>, Cramer, Pap. Exot., 2, pl. cxc., figs. A, B (1779).)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. 7 ♂, 8 ♀, 9 under side.)</span></p> + + <p>This fine species appears to be rare in New Zealand, but I think it has now occurred often + enough to entitle it to a place amongst our native butterflies. The following is a list of the + captures so far as I am able to ascertain them<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p>From Mr. Eny's 'Catalogue of New Zealand Butterflies'<a id="NtA_46" + href="#Nt_46"><sup>[46]</sup></a> the first specimen taken appears to have been a male, which was + captured by Dr. Sinclair, of Auckland, and sent to the British Museum before the year 1855. The + Rev. Richard Taylor also caught one male specimen in his garden at Wanganui, and saw another, the + only <span class="pagenum" id="page105">{105}</span>two he observed in thirty-four years. Dr. + Baker saw one in his garden at Christchurch on lilac flowers, also a male. Mr. R. W. Fereday<a + id="NtA_47" href="#Nt_47"><sup>[47]</sup></a> records the capture of the first female specimen by + a son of Mr. Thomas Tanner, near Napier, in January, 1876. On the 18th of March, 1885, Mr. R. I. + Kingsley<a id="NtA_48" href="#Nt_48"><sup>[48]</sup></a> took a fine female specimen in Nelson, + and on the 25th of March, 1886, I saw another female specimen in the same locality; I also + understand that quite a number of specimens of both sexes have been recently captured in the + neighbourhood of Auckland.<a id="NtA_49" href="#Nt_49"><sup>[49]</sup></a></p> + + <p>From the foregoing records, I think that there are very good reasons for regarding this as an + indigenous species, as it is very improbable that such a large number of specimens would have been + accidentally introduced to the various localities at so many different times.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is 3½ inches, of the female 4 inches. On + the upper side all the wings of the male are rich brownish-black, with a large white blotch in + the middle of each, surrounded by a patch of brilliant flashing blue; there is also a small + white spot near the apex of the fore-wings and a series of white crescent-shaped markings on the + termen of all the wings. The fore-wings of the female are brownish-black, with a patch of deep + orange-brown near the tornus; there is a series of four very large oval white spots on the + costa, beyond the middle, a smaller white spot near the apex, and three rows of small white + marks parallel to the termen; the hind-wings are brownish-black, with a broad white band across + the middle, several small white spots, and a double series of white markings parallel to the + termen; all the wings of the female have brilliant bluish reflections near the white spots. On + the under side the wings of both sexes are rich brown with white markings, and a double series + of white crescents on the termen.</p> + </div> + + <p>The female appears to be very variable in almost every respect.</p> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in January, February and March. From its large size and brilliant + colouring it is easily recognised. Although rare in New Zealand, it is very common in Australia. + It also occurs in Java, New Guinea and the Loyalty Islands. A smaller representative is found in + Samoa (<i>Anosia otaheitæ</i>, Feld.), which is probably only a variety of this species.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The figures and descriptions of this insect are taken from Australian specimens, + which were kindly forwarded to me by the late Mr. Olliff.</p> + + <div id="VANESSA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 2.—VANESSA.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">Eyes hairy. Club of antennæ abrupt. Fore-wings with vein 10 separate. Hind-wings + with transverse vein present.</p> + </div> + + <p>"A moderate genus, principally characteristic of the Northern Hemisphere. Larva with six or + seven rows of bristly spines. Pupa with angular prominences, often with golden metallic + spots."—Meyrick.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Of this very beautiful and interesting genus we have three species in New + Zealand.</p> + + <p class="ac">VANESSA GONERILLA, Fabr.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Papilio gonerilla</i>, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 498, n. 237 (1775); Donovan, + Ins. New Holland, pl. 25, fig. 2 (1805). <i>Vanessa gonerilla</i>, White in Taylor's New + Zealand, pl. 2, fig. 1 (1855).)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. 5, 6 under side; Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., figs. 1 and 2 + larvæ, 31 and 32 pupæ.)</span></p> + + <p>This handsome insect is the most familiar of New Zealand butterflies. It is very common and + generally distributed throughout the country.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page106">{106}</span></div> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p>The expansion of the wings varies from 2⅜ to 2¾ inches. Above, all the wings are + black, becoming bronzy towards the body. <i>The fore-wings have a band of dark red nearly across + the middle, and a series of three small blue spots, and three larger white spots near the apex. + The hind-wings have a broad dark red band near the termen, containing two pairs of black spots + with blue centres.</i> On the under side the fore-wings are dark brown, with a broad patch of + red in the middle, and a very conspicuous eye-like mark on the costa, consisting of a black + central spot surrounded by a blue ring, and encircled by a yellow crescent towards the termen. + The hind-wings are brownish-grey, with many darker and paler markings; the four spots on the + upper surface are faintly indicated on the under side by blackish rings and central dots; the + colouring of the under side varies a good deal. It is considerably darker and duller in some + specimens than in others.</p> + <p class="sp0">The egg, which is deposited on a nettle-leaf, is barrel-shaped, ornamented with a + series of longitudinal ribs meeting in a central spot on the top. It is pale green, with the + ribs white. The young larva, when first hatched, is dusky-yellow, with the spines black. In + about a week it moults for the first time, and is then of an almost uniform brown, with the + lateral lines faintly indicated. Ten days later it again sheds its skin, after which time the + white lateral markings are considerably stronger. The full-grown larva varies from black to + reddish-brown, with interrupted pale lateral and dorsal lines. On the third and fourth segments + there are four spines, on the fifth to eleventh seven spines; the twelfth segment has six + spines, and the thirteenth two spines. There are numerous white dots all over the larva. The + spines vary from pale green to black. The caterpillar is considerably attenuated at each end, + the central portions being somewhat swollen. Length about 1½ inches.</p> + </div> + + <p>This caterpillar constructs for itself a small tent by fastening together several of the leaves + of its food-plant. In this dwelling it can feed, safely concealed from all enemies. There are two + kinds of nettles constituting the food of this insect—one a small plant, which generally + grows in little patches amongst ferns in the forest (<i>Urtica incisa</i>), the other a large + shrub or tree often found in rather open situations near rivers (<i>Urtica ferox</i>). The shrub + is easily recognised by the formidable array of long, white spines which project from the midrib + of each leaf. The larvæ of <i>V. gonerilla</i> are much more easily collected on the tree nettle + than on the dwarf species; their leafy tents being easily detected by an examination of the + foliage. When once discovered the larvæ are best obtained by cutting off, with a pair of strong + scissors, the leaves which form their habitations. Like most larvæ of the genus <i>Vanessa</i>, + these caterpillars are extremely voracious and soon eat themselves out of house and home. Those + feeding on the tree nettle have an unlimited supply of leaves available both for food and shelter, + but in the case of larvæ, which are dependent on the dwarf nettle for their supplies, no doubt + individuals must occasionally die of starvation, as we sometimes observe large patches of the + <i>Urtica incisa</i> completely destroyed by the larvæ of this butterfly. In some seasons these + larvæ may be found as early as the middle of September, and continue abundant until the middle or + end of January.</p> + + <p>When full grown, this caterpillar suspends itself by the tail to a little patch of silk, which + it has spun on the under side of a leaf, having also drawn two or three other leaves around it in + the same way as the feeding larva. In this situation it hangs, with the head and three anterior + segments slightly curved upwards, for nearly twenty-four hours before the transformation to the + pupa state occurs. I have often watched these larvæ changing, and as their manœuvres during + the process exactly resemble those of <i>Anosia erippus</i> a special description is unnecessary. + The actual transformation may be easily observed in this species, as the larvæ are common and + <span class="pagenum" id="page107">{107}</span>can be obtained in large numbers. It is well worth + watching, and if a good many specimens are kept at once, some of them are sure to change at a + convenient time for observation. The pupa varies from pale yellowish-brown to dark purplish-brown, + darker on the wing-cases and ventral surface. The spines on the back are golden. The whole insect + is also speckled with brown or black dots. The pupa varies considerably in size as well as in + colour. In this insect the pupa state is of very short duration, usually only lasting about a + fortnight. I am informed by Mr. Helms that the pupa of <i>Vanessa gonerilla</i> is often destroyed + by the common hemipteron, <i>Cermatulus nasalis</i>, which penetrates its shell by means of its + long rostrum, and speedily consumes the liquid internal portions.</p> + + <p>The perfect insect usually emerges early in the morning. It dries its wings for a few hours + whilst resting on the old nettle-leaves which formed its home when a larva. The increasing warmth + of the sunshine soon hardens the wings sufficiently to allow the new-born butterfly to fly + away.</p> + + <p>This insect is very common in most situations from January till April. It lives through the + winter, appearing again on fine days towards the end of August. During the spring and early summer + these hibernated individuals occur in great profusion, a few specimens always remaining until the + earliest of the new ones have emerged; so that about December we may occasionally observe both + hibernated and recent specimens together.</p> + + <p>In the autumn these butterflies may be seen feeding on the flowers of the scabious and the + white rata, thus preparing for their long winter sleep. In the spring, however, the insect is most + abundant in the vicinity of the nettle-plants, where the females are busily engaged depositing + their eggs.</p> + + <p>I have noticed that this insect possesses the power of emitting a distinct grating or hissing + noise, evidently closely resembling the sound, which has been observed to be emitted by several + European species of the genus.<a id="NtA_50" href="#Nt_50"><sup>[50]</sup></a> This sound is only + made when a specimen is roused from a semi-torpid condition; and it is thought that it may be + useful to the insect for the purpose of intimidating intruders during its period of + hibernation.</p> + + <p class="sp3">This butterfly is a rapid flier and may often be seen pursuing a straight course + high above the tree-tops, apparently migrating in search of fresh breeding-grounds. It appears to + have a singular liking for hill-tops, and a specimen which has selected one of these places will + keep on returning to the same spot, after being repeatedly frightened away. In such situations, if + the weather be calm and sunny, we may frequently see two specimens engaged in aerial battle. They + fly upwards, and coursing round each other with great velocity, almost disappear in the clear blue + sky. A few seconds later the two insects, gently fanning their wings in the warm sunshine, are + again seen in their respective places.</p> + + <p class="ac">VANESSA ITEA, Fabr.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Papilio itea</i>, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 498, n. 238 (1775); Donovan Ins. New + Holland, pl. 26, fig. 1 (1805). <i>Vanessa itea</i>, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 321, n. 57 + (1819); White in Taylor's New Zealand, pl. 2, figs. 2, 2 (1855). <i>Bassaris itea</i>, Hubner, + Samml. Esot. Schmett. (1816-24). <i>Pyrameis itea</i>, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lepid., p. 202 + (1849).)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. 3, fig. 4 under side.)</span></p> + + <p>This beautiful butterfly is, I believe, fairly abundant in the northern portions of the North + Island, but becomes scarcer southwards of Napier and New Plymouth. In the <span class="pagenum" + id="page108">{108}</span>South Island I believe I once saw a specimen at Nelson, but beyond that I + can find no record of its occurrence there.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 2 inches. The fore-wings are black, becoming + reddish-brown speckled with gold towards the base; <i>there is a very broad yellow band nearly + across the middle, and one yellow and two white spots near the apex</i>. The hind-wings are rich + reddish-brown, broadly bordered with black, especially towards the costa; there are four small + black spots with blue centres near the termen, and a blue stripe bordered with black at the + tornus. The under surface closely resembles that of <i>Vanessa gonerilla</i>, except that the + red patch on the fore-wings is replaced by pale yellow, and the markings on the hind-wings are + more sharply defined.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect appears from January till April, hibernated specimens occurring in the + spring. It is very fond of selecting a perch on the top of a hill, and often engages in violent + encounters with <i>Vanessa gonerilla</i>. During the contest both insects course round each other + with great rapidity, and generally ascend to a considerable elevation. They almost invariably + return to their former resting-places. This is a fortunate habit for the collector, as it + frequently enables him to ultimately capture a specimen, which he has almost touched with the net + on several previous occasions. I have noticed this propensity to return to a favourite perch in + the European species of the genus <i>Vanessa</i>, so that it is most likely a congenital habit, + probably of great antiquity.</p> + + <p class="sp3">This insect has a fine appearance when flying; the large yellow spots on the + forewings are then very conspicuous, and ensure its immediate and certain recognition.</p> + + <p class="ac">VANESSA CARDUI, L.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Vanessa cardui</i>, L. <i>Cynthia kershawii</i>, McCoy, Ann. and Mag. Nat. + Hist. iv., vol. i. p. 76 (1868). <i>Pyrameis cardui</i>, var. <i>P. kershawii</i>, Butler, + Erebus and Terror Lep., p. 29 (1874).)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. 1, 2 under side.)</span></p> + + <p>This elegant butterfly occurs throughout both islands, but is very irregular in its appearance. + In some years it is quite abundant, whilst in others scarcely a specimen will be seen. During the + summer of 1889-1890 it was extremely plentiful in the Wellington district, being at that time much + commoner than <i>Vanessa gonerilla</i>, but its appearance in such large numbers as this was, I + think, very exceptional.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings varies from 2 to 2¼ inches. <i>Above, all the wings + are orange-red, spotted and mottled with black.</i> The fore-wings are bronzy towards the base; + <i>in the black apex there are five white spots</i>. Near the termen of the hind-wings three of + the black spots have blue centres. On the under side of the fore-wings the markings are very + similar to those on the upper side, except that there are several additional white blotches, and + the orange-red ground colour has a rosy blush towards the base. The hind-wings are very + beautifully mottled with an elaborate series of pale brown, purplish-grey, yellowish-brown, and + white markings; three of the large spots near the termen have pale blue centres.</p> + </div> + + <p>I have not yet met with the larva of this insect, neither can I find any record of its having + been observed in New Zealand. The following description by Mr. Stainton is taken from a European + specimen:<a id="NtA_51" href="#Nt_51"><sup>[51]</sup></a> "The spiny larva is brown with two + dorsal and two lateral yellow lines; on the third, fourth, and twelfth segments there are four + spines; on the fifth to eleventh segments seven spines, and on the thirteenth two spines; it feeds + solitarily in rolled thistle-leaves."</p> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in January, February, March and April, hibernated specimens + occurring from August until December. It is a much more wary butterfly than either <i>Vanessa + gonerilla</i> or <i>V. itea</i>, and can seldom be captured after it has once been <span + class="pagenum" id="page109">{109}</span>disturbed, although it will often return to the same spot + several times in succession. In fact, owing to its extreme timidity, its capture is generally + attended with some difficulty.</p> + + <p>This insect is found almost throughout the entire world. In specimens from the Northern + Hemisphere the black spots on the hind-wings have no blue centres, and the butterflies are a + little larger than those found in the Southern Hemisphere, otherwise the two insects are exactly + alike. The southern form has been called <i>V. kershawii</i> by several writers, but the + differences do not appear to me to be sufficiently important to merit a distinct specific name, + especially as both forms occur together in South Africa.</p> + + <p class="sp3">This insect has frequently been observed at various places on the European + Continent migrating in vast swarms; and it seems probable that its strong migratory instinct may + have led to its enormously wide range at the present time.</p> + + <div id="JUNONIA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 3.—JUNONIA.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Eyes glabrous. Club of antennæ abrupt. Fore-wings, with vein 10 separate. + Hind-wings with transverse vein, absent between veins 4 and 5." (Meyrick.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">We have one species in New Zealand.</p> + + <p class="ac">JUNONIA VELLEDA.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 16, fig. 17 under side.)</span></p> + + <p>This butterfly was very common in the neighbourhood of Wellington during the summer of 1886-87. + To the best of my knowledge the insect had not previously been observed in New Zealand, but I + understand from Mr. R. Holloway that he has since met with it on the sea-coast near New Plymouth, + in 1893, and at Motueka in 1898.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is nearly 2 inches. On the upper side all the wings + are dull blackish-brown, with greenish or bronzy reflections. The fore-wings have two broad + orange-brown stripes on the costa, and <i>a very large patch of the same colour along the + termen, containing a large black spot with a bluish-white centre</i>; there are three irregular + whitish marks near the apex of the wing, and a minute blue-centred ocellus. The hind-wings have + <i>two very large orange-brown spots almost touching each other near the termen; each of these + contains a large blue-centred ocellus in the middle</i>; there are also two terminal rows of + brown crescent-shaped markings. Underneath, the markings of the fore-wings resemble those of the + upper side, but they are very much paler, and the ground colour is light brown. The hind-wings + are pale brown, with a wavy black line across the middle, followed by a brown shading towards + the termen; there are also four small round black spots and a series of irregular black dots + near the termen.</p> + </div> + + <p>The perfect insect occurred very plentifully in December, January and February, and was fond of + settling on barren, stony places in the hot sunshine. It was very timid and difficult to catch, + darting off with great rapidity when approached. During the season I managed to secure about nine + specimens, some of them in very good condition. I am unable to explain the sudden appearance of + this butterfly in New Zealand during the above-mentioned year. The large numbers, which were + observed over extended areas, almost seem to forbid its accidental importation from Australia, + whilst the distance of New Zealand from that continent would render immigration a most unlikely + circumstance. On the other hand, if the insect is a regular inhabitant of this country, it is + strange that it had never before been observed. When on the wing, its superficial resemblance to + <i>Vanessa cardui</i> may have led to its having been overlooked, and hence it is very desirable + that entomologists should use every effort to detect it in the future.</p> + + <p class="sp3">According to Mr. Olliff, this butterfly has a very wide geographical range, being + <span class="pagenum" id="page110">{110}</span>found in Java, Sumatra, Tasmania and all parts of + the Australian Continent. About the year 1830 it was described by Stephens, in his 'British + Entomology,' under the name of <i>Cynthia hampstediensis</i>, on account of its having been taken + at Hampstead, the well-known suburb of London. Subsequently it transpired that the specimen in + question was no doubt of foreign origin, its "appearance" having been due to a practical joke + perpetrated on the British Lepidopterists of the day.</p> + + <div id="SATYRIDAE"></div> + + <h2>Family 2.—<b>SATYRIDÆ.</b></h2> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Characters of <i>Nymphalidæ</i>, but fore-wings with vein 12 greatly dilated + towards base." (Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., figs. 25, 26, and 27, neuration of <i>Erebia + pluto</i>.)</p> + </div> + + <p>"A large group of very general distribution. The species are usually of moderate size, + generally dark coloured with light bands or spots, and with several round, black, white-centred + spots on lower surface. Some of them are more fond of shady places than is customary in this + group.</p> + + <p>"Ovum spherical-ovate, surface reticulated and often ribbed. Larva more or less tapering + towards extremities, with short hairs; segment 13 ending in two points; feeding on grass. Pupa + suspended by the tail or unattached, sometimes subterranean."—(Meyrick.) (See Plate <a + href="#plate3">III</a>., figs. 4 and 5 larvæ, 28 and 29 pupæ.)</p> + + <p>Of this family we have three genera represented in New Zealand<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p class="sp3 ac">1. <a href="#ARGYROPHENGA"><span class="sc">Argyrophenga</span></a>.<span + class="gap" style="width:2em"> </span>2. <a href="#DODONIDIA"><span + class="sc">Dodonidia</span></a>.<span class="gap" style="width:2em"> </span>3. <a + href="#EREBIA"><span class="sc">Erebia</span></a>.</p> + + <div id="ARGYROPHENGA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 1.—ARGYROPHENGA.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">Eyes glabrous. Club of antennæ somewhat abrupt. Fore-wings with lower margin of + cell greatly dilated towards base; veins 8, 9, 10, and 11 out of 7; vein 12 greatly dilated + towards base.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Of this genus there is one species in New Zealand.</p> + + <p class="ac">ARGYROPHENGA ANTIPODUM, Doubleday.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Argyrophenga antipodum</i>, Doubleday, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 307 + (1845); Gen. Diurn. Lepid. pl. 63, fig. 6 (1851); Butler, Erebus and Terror Lep., pl. 8, figs. + 4, 7 (1874).)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 4 ♂, 5 ♀, 3 variety, 6 under side of ♂, 7 under + side of variety; Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 4 larva, fig. 29 pupa.)</span></p> + + <p>This species occurs commonly on the tussock lands from Christchurch to Invercargill. In the + provinces of Nelson and Marlborough it is, I believe, confined to situations having elevations of + from 2,000 to 4,000 feet above the sea-level. It has never been captured in the North Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings varies from 1⅜ to 1¾ inches. <i>Above, all the + wings are dull brownish-black, paler near the body; the outer portion of each is covered with a + large patch of bright orange-brown (northern form), or fawn colour (southern form); on the + fore-wings this patch contains a large oval black spot, with two white dots in the middle; on + the hind-wings there are two, three, or four black spots, with one white dot in the centre of + each</i>; beneath, the markings on the fore-wings resemble those of the upper surface, except + that there are often several short silvery stripes near the apex; the hind-wings are dull + yellow, with silver streaks between the veins, and one broader streak in the centre of the wing. + The female is much paler than the male, with the borders of the wings whitish.</p> + </div> + + <p>This insect is extremely variable. The colouring appears to be much influenced by local + conditions. On the Dun Mountain, Nelson district, at an elevation of about 2,700 feet, a very + small light form occurs in which the sexes are almost exactly alike. There are only two perfect + spots on the upper surface of the hind-wings; the other spot is <span class="pagenum" + id="page111">{111}</span>rudimentary, and has no white central dot. On the under side there are no + silver stripes near the apex of the fore-wings, and only five or six silver stripes on the + marginal portions of the hind-wings (see Plate <a href="#plate11">XI</a>., figs. 3 and 7). At + Kekerangu, on the "Chalk Range," at an elevation of from 3,000 to 4,000 feet, a similar but + slightly larger form occurs. On the Tableland of Mount Arthur, Nelson district, 3,600 to 4,600 + feet above the sea-level, the females are paler than in either of the preceding forms, and the + males darker, so that the sexes are well marked; but there are no silvery stripes on the under + side of the apex of the fore-wings, and usually only five stripes on the marginal portions of the + hind-wings. Finally, in the Canterbury, Otago and Southland butterflies (southern form), we have + the large, very dark reddish-brown coloured male insect with large ocelli, and the extremely pale + yellow female with small ocelli, the two sexes here exhibiting the greatest differentiation. On + the under side, the male has several small silver stripes near the apex of the fore-wings, and + seven stripes on the marginal portions of the hind-wings. (See Plate <a href="#plate11">XI</a>., + figs. 4, 5, and 6.) In elevated situations in Canterbury, however, I have taken a somewhat similar + variety to that found on the Mount Arthur Tableland. I have also taken similar forms on Mount + Robert near Lake Rotoiti, Nelson district, these having, in addition, numerous white hairs on the + wings near the body.</p> + + <p>Besides these extreme variations, which appear to be largely dependent on local conditions, + great variability exists with respect to the number and size of the ocelli or white-centred spots. + In some specimens there are no ocelli on the hind-wings; in others, two, three, or four very + minute ones, whilst others have all four very large. Occasionally specimens have a minute ocellus + below the large one on the fore-wings. Were it not for the intermediate varieties, there would + probably be little hesitation in separating the extreme forms of this insect into several distinct + species; but as they are connected by a host of intermediate forms, it is quite impossible even to + divide them into varieties.</p> + + <p>In a paper communicated to the 'Entomologist' in February, 1889,<a id="NtA_52" + href="#Nt_52"><sup>[52]</sup></a> by Mr. W. W. Smith, the author makes some interesting remarks on + the variation of this butterfly, as observed by him in Canterbury and Otago. After pointing out + the great diversity exhibited by different specimens in the depth of colouring, and in the number + and size of the ocelli, he states that in his opinion the greatest variation occurs during the + summers that succeed wet winters. In the year 1888 I had the opportunity of inspecting a most + interesting series of this insect, presented by Mr. Smith to the Wellington Museum. They embraced + specimens of very varied colouring, and included, amongst other remarkable forms, a male, which + was entirely destitute of all ocelli, both on the fore- and on the hind-wings. Amongst these + specimens, however, I did not see any resembling those I have described from Nelson and + Marlborough. This collection has, I regret to say, since been disposed of by the Museum + authorities, and cannot therefore be utilised by New Zealand students.</p> + + <p>The larva of this insect feeds on the tussock grass (<i>Poa australis</i>). Its length, when + full grown, is about 1 inch. The top of the head is furnished with a very large process, which + projects forwards. The body is much attenuated towards the tail, which is bifid. The general + colour is dull green, with a crimson line on each side and numerous alternate lines of yellow and + white. The legs and prolegs are very small. There are four wrinkles on the posterior edges of each + segment.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page112">{112}</span></div> + + <p>When feeding, this caterpillar rests on a blade of the tussock, where it is very inconspicuous. + It appears to prefer the dead or drier portions of the grass, and feeds and grows very slowly. It + is strictly diurnal in its habits, relapsing into a death-like repose at night.</p> + + <p>The pupa is suspended by the tail to an upright blade of the tussock. In the specimen I reared, + I was fortunate enough to witness the actual transformation, and during the process, observed it + seizing hold of the larval skin with its posterior segments, its manœuvres whilst thus + engaged exactly resembling those of the pupa of <i>Anosia erippus</i>, described above by + Professor Riley.</p> + + <p>The length of the pupa is about ½ inch. Its colour is bright green, with a reddish line along + the edge of each wing-case, and several white lines on the sides and back.</p> + + <p>The perfect insect appears from December till the end of March. It is usually very abundant + where found, the males being more numerous than the females in the proportion of about five to + one. It flies amongst the tussock grass in a weak and aimless manner. When rapidly pursued it has + a habit of plunging into a tussock and closing its wings, where it remains quite invisible until + the danger is past.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The silver stripes on the under side of the hind-wings are very protective to the + insect when at rest on its food-plant, the striped coloration of the larva and pupa no doubt + serving similar protective purposes.</p> + + <div id="DODONIDIA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 2.—DODONIDIA, Butl.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">Characters as in <i>Argyrophenga</i>, except that vein 11 of the fore-wings rises + from upper margin of cell, shortly before transverse vein.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">We have one species in New Zealand.</p> + + <p class="ac">DODONIDIA HELMSI, Fereday.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Dodonidia helmsi</i>, + Fereday, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xv. 193.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 14, fig. 15 under side; Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 5 + larva, fig. 28 pupa.)</span></p> + + <p>A single specimen of this interesting butterfly was discovered by Mr. R. Helms, in 1881, on the + Paparoa Range, near Greymouth, at an elevation of about 1,500 feet above the sea-level. Until + within the last three years only three other specimens had been captured, viz., one near + Wainui-o-mata, in Mr. A. P. Buller's collection; one on the Dun Mountain, Nelson, at an elevation + of about 2,500 feet, which is in my collection; and one on the Tableland of Mount Arthur, at about + 3,300 feet, which was kindly given to me by Mr. C. W. Palmer. In the summer of 1894-95 several + specimens were captured by Mr. P. Marshall near Wanganui,<a id="NtA_53" + href="#Nt_53"><sup>[53]</sup></a> and during the same season Messrs. Smithers and Hawthorne + discovered the insect in considerable abundance at a locality near Silverstream, in the Wellington + district. During the two following summers additional specimens were obtained near Silverstream, + and I was fortunate enough to discover there a number of specimens of the larva, which furnished + the material for the illustration and description of the preparatory stages of the insect given in + this work.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 2 inches. <i>On the upper side all the wings + are dark brown. The fore-wings have two broad bands of yellowish-orange, the outer one + containing a <span class="pagenum" id="page113">{113}</span>small patch of dark brown near the + costa, which touches a white-centred black ocellus. The hind-wings have one large patch of + yellowish-orange containing two ocelli; a large ocellus, surrounded by a broad ring of + reddish-orange, is situated on the tornus</i>; the tornus is produced into two very broad but + short tails, which are bordered with white cilia. On the under side the fore-wings are light + ochreous-yellow; there is a shaded brown patch at the base; the termen is broadly bordered with + brown, the border containing a silver streak; two broad brown patches are situated on the costa, + the outer one terminated by a small ocellus, and enclosing a silvery patch near the apex of the + wing. <i>The hind-wings are silvery, narrowly bordered with deep reddish-brown, with five deep + reddish-brown stripes running from the costa towards the tornus</i>; the fourth stripe from the + base of the wing contains three ocelli surrounded by yellow rings; a conspicuous ocellus is + situated at the tornus, surrounded by a broad orange-red ring.</p> + </div> + + <p>This insect appears to vary a little in the extent of the yellowish-orange colouring of the + upper side. It also varies in size, specimens from the North Island being slightly larger than + those from the South Island.</p> + + <p>The larva feeds on a species of sedge (<i>Galinia setifolia</i>), which always grows abundantly + in the birch forests, where the butterflies are found. When full grown the length of this + caterpillar is about 1¼ inches. Its body is much attenuated at each end and rather stout in the + middle; the head and tail are bifid; there are numerous straight, shallow, transverse wrinkles on + each segment, especially towards the head. The colour is green, with a number of fine, paler and + darker green, dorsal and lateral lines; the head and thirteenth segment are yellowish. The legs + are very minute, and the prolegs of moderate size. It is extremely susceptible to the attacks of a + Dipterous parasite. In fact, out of thirty larvæ kept by Mr. Hawthorne and myself, no less than 75 + per cent. were thus destroyed. This larva feeds on the leaves of the sedge, eating out long + notches parallel to the veins of the leaf. These notches are the best guides to follow in + searching for the larva, as the colouring of the caterpillar renders its discovery amongst the + food-plant extremely difficult. The larvæ should be looked for during the end of December or the + beginning of January.</p> + + <p>The pupa is rather stout, light green, with the edge of the wing-case and the prominences + formed by the back and palpi, edged with crimson and white. It is suspended by the tail to any + firm object in the neighbourhood of the sedge.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in February. It frequents sunny glades in the birch + forest, usually at considerable elevations above the sea-level. Mr. Helms informs me that he has + seen specimens near Greymouth in October, and hence concludes that there are two broods in the + year. The butterfly is very difficult to capture, as it has a most provoking habit of resting on + the foliage of the birch-trees, just out of the collector's reach. I am unable to explain the + object of the remarkable colouring of the under side of this insect, but it is probably + protective, although in what way has yet to be discovered.</p> + + <div id="EREBIA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 3.—EREBIA, Dalm.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Eyes glabrous. Club of antennæ abrupt." (Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., figs. + 25, 26, and 27 neuration of <i>Erebia pluto</i>.)</p> + </div> + + <p>"An extensive and essentially Alpine genus inhabiting the mountains of Europe, Asia, North + America, and South Africa. Pupa unattached amongst stem bases of grass."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">We have two species in New Zealand.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page114">{114}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">EREBIA PLUTO, Fereday.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Erebia pluto</i>, Fereday. <i>Erebia merula</i>, Hewitson, Ent. Mo. Mag. xii. + 10 (1874). <i>Oreina othello</i>, Fereday, Trans. N. Z. Inst. viii. 302, 304, pl. ix. (1876). + <i>Percnodaimon pluto</i>, Butl., Ent. Mo. Mag. xii. 153 (1876); Catalogue of N. Z. Butterflies, + 10.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 8 ♂, 9 ♀, 10 under side.)</span></p> + + <p>This fine butterfly has occurred plentifully on many mountain-tops in the South Island, from + Nelson to Lake Wakatipu. It has never been observed in the North Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is 1¾ inches, of the female 2 inches. + <i>On the upper side all the wings are a very rich bronzy-black. The fore-wings have a paler + patch near the apex, containing two small, and three large black ocelli with white centres</i>; + these ocelli are usually joined together. On the under side all the wings are considerably paler + and greyer. The hind-wings have a series of pale spots near the termen, and a paler shade across + the middle.</p> + </div> + + <p>The insect varies chiefly in the number of ocelli. On the upper side of the fore-wings there + are sometimes only four, the minute ocellus on the costa being absent, whilst occasionally a small + extra ocellus appears below the normal series. On the under side this last-mentioned ocellus is + very frequently, but not invariably, present. In some female specimens an extremely minute ocellus + may be detected on the upper surface of the hind-wings near the termen. On the under side of the + hind-wings in both sexes the series of pale terminal spots are often absent, and the general depth + of the colouring varies considerably.</p> + + <p>Mr. Fereday has described and figured a very interesting variation occurring in the structure + of the costal veins of this species,<a id="NtA_54" href="#Nt_54"><sup>[54]</sup></a> vein 11 of + the fore-wings sometimes running into 12 (see Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., fig. 26), and + sometimes being entirely absent (fig. 25). After reading Mr. Fereday's article I examined the + specimens in my own collection, and found that all those taken on Mount Arthur and on Mount Peel, + in the Nelson district, had veins 11 and 12 joined, whilst the two specimens I took on Mount Enys, + Castle Hill, West Coast Road, had vein 11 absent. As, however, Mr. Fereday has specimens + exhibiting both forms of neuration, from Castle Hill and from Mount Hutt, I do not think it likely + that the peculiarity is confined to butterflies from any particular locality. Like Mr. Fereday, I + have observed that the specimens having veins 11 and 12 joined, are smaller than those having vein + 11 absent.</p> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in January, February and March. It frequents shingle slopes on + mountains, at elevations ranging from 4,000 to 6,000 feet above the sea-level. Sometimes the + butterflies occur in considerable numbers, flying in a lazy, aimless manner in the scorching + sunshine, but instantly retreating into crevices between the stones when the sun is obscured. I + have observed that this species is most abundant in the neighbourhood of the carpet grass, on + which I fully anticipate its larva feeds. It seldom, however, settles on this grass, preferring to + alight on the shingle, which, owing to the rarefied air existing at such high elevations, soon + becomes intensely heated by the sun's rays.</p> + + <p class="sp3">When disturbed this insect flies with considerable rapidity and thus often eludes + the net, so that the capture of a good series of specimens on a rugged mountain-top is usually + very exciting, if not actually dangerous work. As with many other <span class="pagenum" + id="page115">{115}</span>insects, mountain ranges are more prolific in this butterfly than + isolated peaks. Mount Peel, situated to the west of Mount Arthur, is the best locality I know of + for this and many other Alpine species. Its gentle slopes enable the collector to work with + perfect ease and safety, whilst the patches of rich soil occurring nearly to the top of the + mountain support an unusually varied Alpine flora of great interest.</p> + + <p class="ac">EREBIA BUTLERI, Fereday.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Erebiola butleri</i>, + Fereday, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xii. 264; Catalogue of N. Z. Butterflies, 19.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 11 ♂, 12 ♀, 13 under side.)</span></p> + + <p>This interesting butterfly was described from three dilapidated specimens captured by Mr. J. D. + Enys at Whitcombe's Pass, Canterbury, on March 8, 1879, at about 4,000 feet above the sea-level. + From that time I believe no other specimens had been found until January, 1894, when I took quite + a large number on the Humboldt Range, at the head of Lake Wakatipu, at elevations ranging from + 4,000 to 5,000 feet above the sea-level.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is 1⅝ inches, of the female 1½ + inches. <i>On the upper side all the wings of the male are smoky-brown; the fore-wings have a + large black ocellus near the apex, enclosing two white dots, followed by a smaller ocellus + towards the dorsum; the hind-wings have three black spots near the termen, sometimes enclosing + white dots.</i> Occasionally these ocelli are surrounded by a patch of deep reddish-brown. The + female is much paler, with large patches of yellowish-brown surrounding the ocelli. On the under + side the fore-wings of the male are smoky-brown, with an irregular blotch of reddish-brown near + the apex, surrounding a small white-centred black ocellus. <i>The hind-wings are dark + reddish-brown, with several conspicuous black-edged silvery markings, and four yellowish-red + spots near the termen.</i> The under side of the female is very much paler.</p> + </div> + + <p>This butterfly varies considerably on the upper side in the number and size of the ocelli, and + in the extent of the reddish-brown markings which surround them; on the under side the silvery + spots on the hind-wings are also variable.</p> + + <p>The perfect insect has been taken in January and March. It evidently frequents mountains in the + South Island, at elevations of about 4,000 feet, but does not appear to be generally distributed + in such localities. It seldom settles on the shingle, mostly resting on the snow grass, on which + its larva probably feeds. It is a smaller insect than <i>E. pluto</i>, and flies much more feebly. + These characteristics will at once enable the collector to distinguish it from <i>E. pluto</i> + when on the wing.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Immediately a cloud obscures the sun these butterflies retreat into the tufts of + the snow grass, remaining closely hidden there until the sun shines out again. This circumstance + makes the capture of the insect, even in a favourable locality, a matter of considerable + uncertainty, as bright sunshine is more often the exception than the rule on the summits of high + mountains.</p> + + <div id="LYCAENIDAE"></div> + + <h2>Family 3.—<b>LYCÆNIDÆ.</b></h2> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Anterior legs developed, but tarsi of ♂ more or less abbreviated, or with + one or both claws absent; posterior tibiæ without middle spurs. Fore-wings with vein 7 absent, 8 + and 9 stalked or coincident. Hind-wings without præcostal spur." (Plate <a + href="#plate1">I</a>., figs. 15, 16, neuration of <i>Chrysophanus salustius</i>.)</p> + </div> + + <p>"The family is large and very generally distributed. The species are of moderate size or more + often rather small, usually blue, dark brown, or coppery-orange in colouring, often with series of + small black pale-ringed spots on lower surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page116">{116}</span></div> + + <p>"Ovum flattened—spherical or subcylindrical, reticulated and sometimes ribbed, seldom + smooth. Larva stout, with few hairs. Pupa attached by tail and a central belt of silk, or + sometimes unattached or subterranean."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p>We have two genera represented in New Zealand, viz.:—</p> + + <p class="sp3 ac">1. <a href="#CHRYSOPHANUS"><span class="sc">Chrysophanus</span></a>.<span + class="gap" style="width:2em"> </span>2. <a href="#LYCAENA"><span + class="sc">Lycæna</span></a>.</p> + + <div id="CHRYSOPHANUS"></div> + + <h3>Genus 1.—CHRYSOPHANUS, Hb.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Eyes glabrous. Club of antennæ elongate. Fore-wings with vein 6 separate, 8 and + 9 stalked." (Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., figs. 15 and 16 neuration of <i>C. + salustius</i>).</p> + </div> + + <p>"An extensive and nearly cosmopolitan genus. Larva short, stout, attenuated at extremities, + with short hairs. Pupa attached by the tail and central belt of silk, or sometimes unattached on + the ground."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">There are three New Zealand species.</p> + + <p class="ac">CHRYSOPHANUS SALUSTIUS, Fabr.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Chrysophanus salustius</i>, Fabr., Butler, Butterflies of N. Z., Trans. N. Z. + Inst. x. 263. <i>Chrysophanus rauparaha</i>, Fereday, Trans. N. Z. Inst. ix. 460. + <i>Chrysophanus maui</i>, ib. x. 252.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. 18 ♂, 19 ♀, 20 and 21 under side; Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., figs. 2, 3, 4, and 5 varieties.)</span></p> + + <p>This pretty little butterfly appears to be very common in most parts of New Zealand. I have + records of its occurrence in abundance at various localities, from Napier southwards to + Invercargill.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings varies from 1 to 1½ inches. <i>On the upper side all + the wings are brilliant shining copper, with black markings.</i> Fore-wings with three spots + near the middle, then a row of black spots, often forming a band nearly parallel with the + termen, another row on the termen, generally touching the narrow black border of the wing. + Hind-wings resembling fore-wings, except that there is only one elongate spot in the centre, and + the terminal series of spots is nearly always separated from the black border. In the female the + black spots are united and form bands, those on the termen often having violet or blue centres. + The veins in both sexes are indicated by black lines, which are often double in the male, when + the vein itself is coppery. On the under side the fore-wings are orange-brown, bordered with + yellow; the spots resemble those of the upper side, except that the terminal series are + generally faint or obsolete towards the costa. The hind-wings vary from light yellow to dull + brown; the spots are dull greyish, the posterior series often having white centres.</p> + </div> + + <p>From the foregoing it may be seen that the variation in this insect is considerable. After a + careful examination of a large number of specimens taken at various localities in both North and + South Islands, I am, however, unable to find characters of sufficient constancy to entitle any of + the forms to specific rank. The most striking of these varieties appears to be that described by + Mr. Bates as <i>Chrysophanus feredayi</i>.<a id="NtA_55" href="#Nt_55"><sup>[55]</sup></a> (See + Plate <a href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 2, upper side; Plate <a href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. + 21, under side.) On the upper surface it has the central series of spots almost forming a band in + the male, and the coppery ground colour is paler than in the typical form. On the under side the + borders of the fore-wings, and the whole of the hind-wings are dull brown. This form closely + resembles <i>C. rauparaha</i>, Fereday.<a id="NtA_56" href="#Nt_56"><sup>[56]</sup></a> <i>C. + maui</i>, Fereday, is evidently that variety of the male having the veins bordered with two fine + black lines. Mr. Fereday states that he has never been able to find the female of his <i>C. + maui</i>. This is readily accounted for by the fact, that the female of <i>C. maui</i> is nothing + more than the female of <i>C. salustius</i>.</p> + + <p>Recently two very remarkable aberrations of <i>C. salustius</i> have come under my <span + class="pagenum" id="page117">{117}</span>notice; one captured by Mr. Hawthorne at Karori, in which + the hind-wings are almost entirely suffused with blackish-brown, excepting a small patch of copper + colour near the centre, and two patches on the termen. Another specimen, taken by Mr. Grapes near + Paraparaumu, has the fore-wings also suffused with blackish-brown, except near the middle, where + there are five coppery patches between the veins. On the under side there are six large oblong + spots near the termen of the fore-wings, and a series of dusky oblong spots on the hind-wings. + (See Plate <a href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 3, fig. 4 under side.) Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 5, represents another variety discovered by Mr. Grapes on the + coast near Paikakariki, in the Wellington district. It is remarkable for the bright blue terminal + spots which are present in both sexes.</p> + + <p>The eggs of <i>C. salustius</i>, when first deposited, are pale green with yellow + reticulations, the whole egg having a honeycombed appearance when magnified. They become uniform + pale yellow before hatching. The young larva is shaped somewhat like a wood-louse. The head is + quite hidden by the three anterior segments, which are much larger than the rest. After the first + moult the larva becomes bright green, with a crimson line down the back; the head is then larger, + and the three anterior segments considerably reduced. Unfortunately the life-history could not be + investigated beyond this point, as the larvæ all died. The time of year when this occurred was + late autumn, and it therefore seems probable that the larvæ hibernate and undergo their + transformation early the following spring.</p> + + <p>The perfect insect first appears in November and continues abundant until the middle or end of + February. Specimens of what I believe to be a second brood may be taken in March and April if the + weather be fine, but in stormy seasons these are frequently not observed. I have also noticed that + the autumnal specimens are usually smaller and paler in colour than those captured in the + spring.</p> + + <p class="sp3">This butterfly frequents open situations, and in fine, sunny weather it is often + very common.</p> + + <p class="ac">CHRYSOPHANUS ENYSII, Butl.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Chrysophanus enysii</i>, + Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. xiii. 153 (1876).)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. 22 ♂, 23 ♀, 24 under side.)</span></p> + + <p>This species is tolerably common in the Wellington district, and I expect it will be found to + occur in most localities in the North Island. I have also taken the insect at Nelson, but have not + heard of its capture elsewhere in the South Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings varies from 1 to 1¼ inches. On the upper surface both + sexes resemble some of the females of <i>Chrysophanus salustius</i>, except that the dark + markings are very much broader, and the coppery colour is paler and less lustrous. On the under + side the fore-wings are pale yellowish-brown, bordered with darker brown, with three black spots + near the middle, and a chain of black spots beyond the middle. <i>The hind-wings are yellow, + with a very large irregular patch of purplish brown extending over the costal and terminal + portions.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>This insect varies chiefly in the extent of the dark markings on the upper side, which + sometimes very much encroach on the golden ground colour. The spaces between veins 2, 3, and 4, + near their origin are sometimes yellow and sometimes black, but, as every intermediate form + exists, cannot be distinguished as species. Mr. Fereday regards the form with the black spaces as + <i>C. feredayi</i>, Bates. As previously stated, however, I am inclined to think that <i>C. + feredayi</i>, Bates, is the same form as <i>C. rauparaha</i>, Fereday.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page118">{118}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">This butterfly is essentially a forest-loving species, and may sometimes be taken + quite plentifully in sunny openings on fine days, during December and January. It is not nearly so + common as <i>C. salustius</i>, and I do not think that there is more than a single brood in a + season.</p> + + <p class="ac">CHRYSOPHANUS BOLDENARUM, White.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Lycæna boldenarum</i>, White, Proc. Ent. Soc., Ser. 3, 1, p. 26 (1862). + <i>Chrysophanus boldenarum</i>, Butl., Zool. Erebus and Terror, Ins. Lep., p. 29, n. 8, pl. 8, + figs. 8, 9 (1874).)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate12">XII</a>., figs. 13, 14, ♂ varieties, 15 under side of ♂, 16 + ♀, 17 under side of ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This brilliant little butterfly is very common in most localities in the South Island. In the + North Island it has occurred at Lakes Wairarapa and Taupo.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is ⅞ inch. On the upper side the male has all + the wings brown, <i>tinged with the most brilliant glistening purple</i>. The fore-wings have + two or three black spots near the middle, a curved series beyond the middle, and on the termen. + The hind-wings have two black spots near the middle, a series beyond the middle, and a terminal + series, generally with blue centres. All the wings are narrowly bordered with black. The female + is pale yellowish-brown, the spots resemble those of the male, except that all the marginal + series have bright purple or blue centres. On the under side the fore-wings of both sexes are + pale yellow, bordered with slaty-blue: the spots are the same as on the upper side. The + hind-wings are brownish-grey in male, slaty-grey in female, with the basal portion darker, and + the spots of the upper side always indicated.</p> + </div> + + <p>This insect is extremely variable, but I do not think it likely that any of the numerous forms + will prove sufficiently constant to be regarded as distinct species. The male varies in the size + and number of the black spots, many of which are often absent; in the extent of the purple sheen + which is sometimes absent from the hind-wings, sometimes partially absent from the fore-wings, and + sometimes extends over the whole of both pairs of wings; also in the colour of such sheen, which + often inclines towards blue. Some specimens are much paler than others, and so far as my + experience goes, these are chiefly found at considerable elevations; in such specimens, the ground + colouring inclines towards yellow or orange, and the purple sheen is very brilliant, and extends + over the whole of the wings. The female of this form is proportionately paler. Other specimens + have the hind-wings almost black with no purple sheen, whilst in others the purple sheen remains. + Another form has the usual markings, but the hind-wings are deep orange-brown, without purple + sheen, which is also absent from the outer portions of the fore-wings. One female in my collection + is dull brown, with yellow markings between the two rows of black spots. The under side is still + more variable. One very striking form has only the basal portions of the fore-wings yellow, the + rest of the ground colour is pale bluish-grey, and the spots black. On the hind-wings there are a + number of black spots near the base; then an irregular band of black, and then a double row of + marginal spots. An almost unlimited number of varieties appears to connect this form with one, in + which all the markings on the hind-wings are nearly obsolete. The specimens of this insect taken + in each district appear to exhibit differences from those taken elsewhere, but specimens also + differ from the same district, so that at present we are unable to detect any well-marked local + variation, or topomorphism, as it has been termed. It is consequently highly desirable that + collectors should endeavour to obtain specimens from as many localities as possible, so that the + nature of the variation of this butterfly may be better understood.</p> + + <p>Mr. Fereday states<a id="NtA_57" href="#Nt_57"><sup>[57]</sup></a> that after carefully + examining a patch of <i>Donatia <span class="pagenum" id="page119">{119}</span>novæzealandiæ</i>, + a plant he had noticed much frequented by this butterfly, he succeeded in finding a larva which + there could be little doubt would have given rise to this insect, had it lived. The following is + taken from his description: The caterpillar is shaped like a wood-louse, hairy, and pale green. + There is a series of conical purplish spots down the back, edged first with white, and then with + dull red. On the sides there is a series of pale pinkish oblique stripes, blended with dull red + towards the spiracles.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect is very common in dry, stony places, generally near river-beds, + during January, February and March. It flies only a short distance when disturbed, but is very + quick on the wing, and hence difficult to catch until one becomes accustomed to it. In some places + these little butterflies are so abundant that they take wing like a swarm of blow-flies. They + seldom open their wings whilst at rest, so that when perched on the ground they are very + inconspicuous.</p> + + <div id="LYCAENA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 2.—LYCÆNA, F.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Eyes hairy. Club of antennæ elongate. Fore-wings with vein 6 separate, 8 and 9 + stalked.</p> + </div> + + <p>"A large genus of nearly universal distribution. Imago usually with a horny apical hook on + anterior tibiæ. Larva short, stout, attenuated at extremities, with short hairs. Pupa attached by + tail and often a central belt of silk, or unattached or subterranean."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">Represented in New Zealand by two species.</p> + + <p class="ac">LYCÆNA PHŒBE, Murray.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Lycæna phœbe</i>, + Murray, Ent. Mo. Mag., 1873, 107.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. 10, 11 under side.)</span></p> + + <p>This little butterfly is extremely abundant in the neighbourhood of Nelson. I have also taken + it in plenty in several localities in the Wellington district, and suspect it is common throughout + the North Island. In other parts of the South Island its place appears to be taken by <i>L. + oxleyi</i>.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is 1 inch, of the female ⅞ inch. On + the upper side all the wings are pale blue, broadly bordered with dull brown. The cilia are + white, faintly barred with brownish. <i>On the under side all the wings, are pale + slaty-grey.</i> There is a faint blackish spot, edged with white, near the middle of the + fore-wings, and two rows of similar spots near the termen. The hind-wings have several very + faint white-edged spots near the base, a row near the middle, and another row almost entirely + white near the termen.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect frequents waste grounds and sandhills, generally beside roads + and river-beds, and when found is usually very common. It is on the wing from the beginning of + October until the end of March.</p> + + <p class="ac">LYCÆNA OXLEYI, Feld.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Lycæna oxleyi</i>, Felder, + Reise de Novara Lep. ii., 280, pl. 35, fig. 6, 1865.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. 12 under side.)</span></p> + + <p>According to Mr. Enys<a id="NtA_58" href="#Nt_58"><sup>[58]</sup></a> this butterfly is common + in both islands. I have taken specimens in the Canterbury and Nelson districts.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">On the upper side this species can only be distinguished from the preceding by + its somewhat brighter colour, and by the cilia which are more sharply barred with brown. <i>On + the under side the whole of the fore-wings, and the central portions of the hind-wings between + the outer and inner series of spots, are much darker and browner than in L. phœbe</i>; + the spots themselves are also considerably darker, and the central series of the hind-wings is + almost black. A careful examination, however, shows that the markings are practically identical + in both species, although of different degrees of <span class="pagenum" + id="page120">{120}</span>intensity. In view of the great variability, which many species of this + genus are known to exhibit in other countries, I am inclined to think that this butterfly's + claim to specific distinction is a very slender one.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect may be taken in similar situations to <i>Lycæna + phœbe</i>.</p> + + <h2>REPUTED NEW ZEALAND BUTTERFLIES.</h2> + + <p class="sp3">The following species are recorded by various observers as having occurred in New + Zealand. In nearly every case they are only represented by single specimens. They cannot, in my + opinion, be regarded as properly belonging to the fauna<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p class="ac">1. HAMADRYAS ZOILUS,<a id="NtA_59" href="#Nt_59"><sup>[59]</sup></a> Fabr.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 1 inch. On the upper side all the wings are black, + becoming brown towards the base; the fore-wings have three dull white spots near the apex; the + hind-wings have the whole of the central portions white.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Stated by Dieffenbach to occur in New Zealand, probably in error, as it has not + since been observed. An Australian species. Mr. W. W. Smith, however, informs me, that his eldest + son recently saw near Ashburton a specimen of what he believed to be this butterfly; but as he was + unable to capture it he cannot speak with any degree of certainty.</p> + + <p class="ac">2. EUPLOÆ —— sp?</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 2¾ inches. On the upper side all the wings are + dull, brownish-black, with a series of large white terminal spots.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Two or three specimens of this insect are stated by Mr. T. W. Kirk to have been + taken near Flat Point on the east coast of the North Island, but no further details are + forthcoming. The late Mr. Olliff, to whom I forwarded a sketch of the insect, informed me that it + was not represented in the Sydney collections of Australian and South Sea Island butterflies, but + he thought it might be a Malayan species of <i>Euploæ</i>.</p> + + <p class="ac">3. VANESSA ATALANTA,<a id="NtA_60" href="#Nt_60"><sup>[60]</sup></a> L.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is from 2½ to 2¾ inches. "The fore-wings are black, + with a broad deep red central band, and with one large and five small white spots near the apex. + The hind-wings are black, with a broad deep red band at the termen, in which are four black + spots; at the tornus is a large blue-and-black spot."<a id="NtA_61" + href="#Nt_61"><sup>[61]</sup></a></p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Mr. T. W. Kirk states<a id="NtA_62" href="#Nt_62"><sup>[62]</sup></a> that he + captured a specimen of this familiar English butterfly in the Wellington Botanical Gardens, in the + summer of 1881. On a subsequent occasion he saw several others. No specimens have since been + detected.</p> + + <p class="ac">4. VANESSA URTICÆ, L.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is from 2 to 2¼ inches. "The fore-wings are + reddish-orange with three large black spots on the costa (the third followed by a white spot), + two smaller black spots near the centre, and one large one on the dorsum; a dark border, + containing cresentic blue spots, runs along the termen. The hind-wings are black at the base, + then reddish-orange, with a blue-spotted dark border along the termen."<a id="NtA_63" + href="#Nt_63"><sup>[63]</sup></a></p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Mr. Kirk states<a id="NtA_64" href="#Nt_64"><sup>[64]</sup></a> that he also + obtained specimens of this very common English butterfly during the same season and in the same + locality as <i>Vanessa atalanta</i>. None have been seen by other observers.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page121">{121}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">5. CATOPSILIA CATILLA,<a id="NtA_65" href="#Nt_65"><sup>[65]</sup></a> Cramer.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is nearly 3 inches. On the upper side all the wings + of the male are pale sulphur-yellow, with a minute brown mark at the apex. The female is paler, + with a brown spot in the centre of the fore-wings, and a chain of brown spots on the termen + towards the apex.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp5">A single male specimen of this butterfly was captured in the grounds of St. John's + College, Auckland, and is now in the Auckland Museum. The species is very common in Australia, and + as this is the only specimen observed it was no doubt accidentally introduced from that country on + board a steamer.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page122">{122}</span></div> + + <h1 class="sp3"><span class="sans gsp fwb">V.—THE PYRALIDINA.</span></h1> + + <p class="sp5">Not dealt with in this volume.</p> + + <h1 class="sp3"><span class="sans gsp fwb">VI.—THE PSYCHINA.</span></h1> + + <p>The <i>Psychina</i> are distinguished by the following characters<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Eyes glabrous. Maxillary palpi rudimentary or obsolete (yet sometimes well + marked in pupa). Posterior tibiæ, with spurs very short, middle spurs often absent. Fore-wings + with vein 1<i>b</i> furcate, 1<i>c</i> usually developed, 5 more or less approximated to 4. + Hind-wings with frenulum, retinaculum often very broad, 1<i>c</i> present, 8 connected or + anastomosing with cell." (See Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., figs. 30, 31 neuration of + <i>Œceticus omnivorus</i>.)</p> + </div> + + <p>"This ancient group, which furnishes the origin of the five preceding, is not now very + prominent, though much more numerous in warm regions.</p> + + <p>"Imago with fore-wings more or less elongate-triangular, hind-wings ovate, often rather + small.</p> + + <p>"Larva with 10 prolegs, usually with few hairs.</p> + + <p>"Pupa with segments 8-11 free, usually 7 also (except in <i>Psychidæ</i>), in male 12 also; + protruded from cocoon in emergence."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p>The <i>Psychina</i> and <i>Micropterygina</i> are included amongst the <i>Micros</i> by most + modern authors. I have, however, described and figured certain conspicuous and interesting species + belonging to both these groups. The insects in question have, until so very recently, been + regarded as <i>Macros</i>, that I think it would be a mistake to omit them in the present volume. + There can, however, be no question that the modern view is the correct one, and that + notwithstanding the large size of some of the species, they are really closely allied to those + <i>Micro-Lepidoptera</i>, with which they are now associated.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Of the <i>Psychina</i> we have one family represented in New Zealand—the + <i>Psychidæ</i>.</p> + + <div id="PSYCHIDAE"></div> + + <h2>Family 1.—<b>PSYCHIDÆ.</b></h2> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Head densely rough-haired. Ocelli large. Tongue obsolete. Antennæ half the + length of the fore-wings or less, in male strongly bi-pectinated to apex. Labial palpi very + short, hairy. Thorax densely hairy above and beneath. Abdomen, femora, and tibiæ densely hairy, + posterior tibiæ without middle spurs, end spurs extremely short. Fore-wings with vein 1<i>a</i> + anastomosing with 1<i>b</i> before middle; 1<i>c</i> (if present) coincident with 1<i>b</i> + beyond middle, 7 absent. Hind-wings, with vein 8, connected by bar with upper margin of cell. + Female apterous, without legs or developed antennæ.</p> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page123">{123}</span></div> + + <p>"A rather small family of universal distribution, but commoner in warm countries. Male imago + with thinly scaled wings, without markings; flight strong and swift, sometimes in sunshine. The + female is almost wholly helpless; the abdomen is at first greatly distended with eggs, and + ultimately shrivels up.</p> + + <p>"Ovum oval, smooth. Larva inhabiting a strong portable silken case, covered with fragments of + stick or refuse. Pupa within the larval case."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p>There are two genera in New Zealand closely allied to each other.</p> + + <p class="sp3 ac">1. <a href="#OECETICUS"><span class="sc">Œceticus</span></a>.<span + class="gap" style="width:2em"> </span>2. <a href="#OROPHORA"><span + class="sc">Orophora</span></a>.</p> + + <div id="OECETICUS"></div> + + <h3>Genus 1.—ŒCETICUS, Guild.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Ocelli present. Antennæ ⅓, in male strongly bi-pectinated, much more + shortly on apical half. Labial palpi extremely short, rough-haired. Abdomen in male very + elongate, roughly hairy. Legs hairy, tibiæ without spurs, posterior tarsi extremely short and + stout. Fore-wings with veins 4 and 5 short-stalked, 7 sometimes out of 9, 8 and 9 stalked, + forked parting-vein well defined. Hind-wings with veins 4 and 5 stalked, forked parting-vein + well defined, 8 connected by bar with cell beyond middle. An additional vein (9) rising from 8 + beyond bar, another (10) from 8 before bar, and another (11) from base of costa running into 8 + before 10." (See Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., figs. 30, 31.)</p> + </div> + + <p>"This generic name was wrongly spelt <i>Oiketicus</i> by its originator and others, for which + there is no possible justification. I have corrected it."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p>Although I have made several examinations of fully denuded wings of <i>Œ. omnivorus</i>, + I have been unable to discover any trace of the additional veins mentioned by Mr. Meyrick. The + hair-like scales which clothe the wings of this insect are very long and slender, and might easily + be mistaken for a short vein, if placed in the requisite position. I am disposed to think that the + examination of undenuded specimens has led to the discrepancy between the results.</p> + + <p class="sp3">We have one species.</p> + + <p class="ac">ŒCETICUS OMNIVORUS, Fereday.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Liothula omnivora</i>, + Fereday, Trans. N. Z. Inst. x., 260, pl. ix. <i>Œceticus omnivorus</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. + Inst. xxii. 212.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 6 ♂; Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 26, larva in + its case; fig. 25 ditto withdrawn from case.)</span></p> + + <p>This interesting species is seldom seen as an imago in the natural state, although the cases + constructed by its larva are of common occurrence. Specimens of these cases have been noticed at + several localities between Palmerston, in the North Island, and Invercargill, in the South Island, + so that apparently the insect is common, and generally distributed throughout New Zealand.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is from 1¼ to 1½ inches. <i>The fore-wings + are very elongate and narrow. All the wings are blackish-brown, and sparsely covered with + scales</i>, the hind pair being semi-transparent. The body is very hairy, and deep black. The + antennæ are broadly bi-pectinate at the base, becoming almost filiform towards the apex. The + female insect is apterous, having a close superficial resemblance to a large maggot. The head + and thorax are very small, and the legs and antennæ rudimentary. The extremity of the body is + furnished with a two-jointed ovipositor, and there are a few scattered yellowish scales on + various parts of the insect. Its length is about 1 inch.</p> + </div> + + <p>The eggs of this species are deposited inside the old case, which the female insect never + leaves during the whole of her life. The young larva when first hatched is about ⅛ inch in + length. Its head and three anterior segments are corneous and much larger than the others, which + are rather soft with the exception of the last one. These little <span class="pagenum" + id="page124">{124}</span>larvæ are extremely active, and immediately after hatching leave the old + case, and roam in all directions over the tree, letting themselves down from branch to branch by + silken threads. They carry the posterior portion of their body elevated in the air, walking whilst + doing so by means of their strong thoracic legs.</p> + + <p>The food-plants of this species are numerous. The following are a few of them: Manuka + (<i>Leptospermum scoparium</i> and <i>ericoides</i>, <i>Cupressus macrocarpa</i>, <i>Pinus + insignis</i>), and various species of willow, &c. These, it will be observed, include several + introduced trees. In fact, the insect is a very general feeder. About three days after leaving the + egg, the little caterpillar constructs a minute, conical-shaped, silken case, which it carries + almost in an upright position on its posterior segments. Later on in life this case becomes too + heavy to be held vertically, and is afterwards dragged along by the larva, and often allowed to + hang downwards. The case has two apertures—a large one in front, through which the head of + the larva is projected, and a smaller one at the posterior extremity, which allows the pellets of + excrement to fall out of the case, as soon as they are evacuated.</p> + + <p>Owing to the apterous and completely helpless condition of the female imago, it is evident that + the dispersal of this insect must take place in the larval state. Distribution is of course quite + impossible without a female being transported in some way, and from observations made on a good + many larvæ of various ages, I am disposed to think that the migration of this insect to new + localities takes place at an early age, possibly soon after its emergence from the egg. On this + account I think that the occurrence of the moth in both North and South Islands is of great + interest, as it would seem to indicate the existence of some connection between the two islands, + at a period not sufficiently remote to have allowed any appreciable modification to take place in + the insect's structure and habits. At the same time, it should be borne in mind, that the + protection afforded the larva by its case, and its ability to feed on so many different plants, + may have rendered any modification unnecessary for the preservation of the species during recent + times. The length of the full-grown caterpillar is about 1 inch. The head is dull yellow speckled + with black. The first three segments are very hard, dark brown, with numerous white markings. The + remaining segments are considerably thickened near the middle of the insect, rudimentary prolegs + being present on the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth segments of the larva. The anal prolegs are + very strong, and are furnished with numerous sharp hooklets, which retain the larva very firmly in + its case. As the caterpillar grows, it increases the length of its domicile from the anterior, + causing it gradually to assume a more tubular form, tapering towards the posterior aperture, which + is enlarged from time to time. The outside is covered with numerous fragmentary leaves and twigs + of various sizes, placed longitudinally on the case, and, frequently, near the anterior aperture + the materials, owing to their recent selection, are fresh and green. The interior is lined with + soft, smooth silk of a light brown colour, the thickness of the whole fabric being about the same + as that of an ordinary kid glove, and so strong that it is impossible to tear it, or indeed to cut + it, except with sharp instruments. The size of the case, when the caterpillar is mature, varies + considerably, ranging from 2¼ to 3 inches or more in length, and about ¼ inch in diameter, the + widest portion being a little behind the anterior aperture.</p> + + <p>During the day the larva closes the entrance, and spins a loop of very strong silk <span + class="pagenum" id="page125">{125}</span>over a twig, the ends being joined to the upper edges of + the case on each side; in this way it hangs suspended, the caterpillar lying snugly within. I have + often known a larva to remain thus for over three weeks without moving, and afterwards resume + feeding as before; this probably occurs whilst the inmate is engaged in changing its skin. At + night the larvæ may be seen busily engaged: they project the head and first four segments of the + body beyond the case, and walk about with considerable rapidity, often lowering themselves by + means of silken threads; the only locomotive organs are, of course, their strong thoracic legs, + which appear to easily fulfil their double function of moving both larva and case. If disturbed, + these insects at once retreat into their cases, closing the anterior aperture with a silken cord, + which is kept in readiness for the purpose, and pulled from the inside by the retreating larva. + This operation is most rapidly performed, as the upper edges of the case are flexible, and thus + fold closely together, completely obstructing the entrance. When full grown, this caterpillar + fastens its case to a branch with a loop of strong silk, which is drawn very tight, preventing the + case from swinging when the plant is moved by the wind, and also rendering the insect's habitation + more inconspicuous, by causing it to resemble a broken twig. The anterior aperture is completely + closed, the loose edges being drawn together and fastened like a bag. The posterior end of the + case is twisted up for some little distance above the extremity, thus completely closing the + opening there situated. It is lined inside with a layer of very soft silk spun loosely over the + sides, and partly filling up each end. In the centre of this the pupa lies with its head towards + the lower portion of the case, the old larval skin being thrust backwards amongst the loose silk + above the insect.</p> + + <p>The male and female pupæ may very easily be distinguished. The male pupa is rather attenuated, + and has all the organs of the future moth plainly indicated on the integument, as is usual with + lepidopterous pupæ. The female pupa, on the contrary, is merely a chain of segments, with a few + faint indications of rudimentary organs on the anterior extremity. It is, moreover, much larger + than the male pupa.</p> + + <p>The insect remains in this condition during the winter months. About September the male pupa + works its way down to the lower end of the case, forces open the old aperture there situated, and + projects the head and thorax, the pupa being secured from falling by the spines on its posterior + segments, which retain a firm hold in the silk. Its anterior portion then breaks open, and the + moth makes its escape, clinging to the outside of its old habitation, and drying its wings.</p> + + <p>The perfect insect must be about from September till December, but I have never then observed + it. The only specimen I have seen was noticed flying very rapidly in the street in Wellington, in + July. I was at first unable to tell what species it was, as it had a most unusual appearance on + the wing, but its subsequent near approach enabled me to ascertain for certain that it was a + specimen of this insect. In captivity I have also noticed the extreme activity of the male when + first emerged. Indeed this moth is so vivacious, that it often happens, owing to the emergence + usually taking place very early in the morning, that specimens are more or less injured by their + efforts to escape, before they are discovered in the breeding cage. This restless energy of the + male is no doubt essential to the insect's well-being, as the females, hidden away in their cases + and incapable of any movement, must of necessity be very hard to discover. The power of locomotion + lost in the one sex is thus doubled in the other. Considering the protection <span class="pagenum" + id="page126">{126}</span>afforded this insect by the case, which it inhabits during its + preparatory stages, its enormous mortality from the attacks of a parasitic dipteron (<i>Eurigaster + marginatus</i>) is very remarkable. In this connection the following analysis of 38 cases, + gathered at random, may be of interest<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <p>26 had parasites.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>8 were dead.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>2 contained eggs.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>2 contained living pupæ, 1 male and 1 female respectively.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Amongst some of these parasites I once obtained a specimen, which was in its turn + infested by a secondary or hyper-parasite, belonging to the genus <i>Pteromalus</i>, in the order + Hymenoptera. Eighteen of these minute insects emerged from a single pupa of <i>E. marginatus</i>. + The method by which the <i>Pteromalus</i> introduces its eggs into the dipterous larva, which is + in its turn enclosed in a caterpillar, is not at present known to entomologists; but it seems + probable that the eggs of the hyper-parasite are either deposited in the eggs of the dipterous + insect, or else on the very young larvæ, before they penetrate the skin of the caterpillar.<a + id="NtA_66" href="#Nt_66"><sup>[66]</sup></a></p> + + <div id="OROPHORA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 2.—OROPHORA, Fereday.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Ocelli present. Antennæ ⅔, in male moderately bi-pectinated throughout. + Labial palpi rudimentary, hairy. Abdomen densely hairy. Fore-wings with veins 4 and 5 + short-stalked, 7 and 8 out of 9. Hind-wings with veins 4 and 5 stalked, parting-vein well + defined, 8 connected by bar with cell beyond middle, and additional vein (9) rising out of 8 + before bar."</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">We have one species.</p> + + <p class="ac">OROPHORA UNICOLOR, Butl.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Psyche unicolor</i>, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1877, 381. <i>Orophora + toumatou</i>, Fereday, Trans. N. Z. Inst. x. 262, pl. ix. <i>Orophora unicolor</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. 212.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 7 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This odd-looking little insect has been found by Mr. Fereday, at Rakaia.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is hardly 1 inch. <i>All the wings are rather broad, + rounded, and very sparsely covered with dusky brown hair-like scales</i>; the body is very + hairy, and the antennæ are slightly bi-pectinated. The female is apterous.</p> + </div> + + <p>The life-history is thus described by Mr. Fereday: "I have never seen the larva. Its case + measures in length about 16 lines (1⅜ inches); the exterior is covered with pieces of stems + of grass from a line to 5 lines in length, laid longitudinally and in the manner of thatch; the + interior is thinly lined with fine silk. The cases are found fixed to the twigs of the Wild + Irishman (<i>Discaria toumatou</i>), but it may be inferred from the covering of the case, that it + probably does not feed on the shrub but upon the tussock grass, generally growing where the shrub + is found. It is some years since I found the cases on <i>Discaria toumatou</i>, growing in the + river-beds of the Rakaia and Waimakariri, on the Canterbury Plains, and I did not find any case in + its earlier stage before the larva had fed up and changed into the pupa state."<a id="NtA_67" + href="#Nt_67"><sup>[67]</sup></a></p> + + <p class="sp5">All Mr. Fereday's specimens were bred from the cases, and to the best of my belief + no one has ever observed the insect on the wing. It is evidently a very scarce species, and is + probably restricted to a few river-beds in the South Island.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page127">{127}</span></div> + + <h1 class="sp3"><span class="sans gsp fwb">VII.—THE TORTRICINA.</span></h1> + + <p class="sp5">Not dealt with in this volume.</p> + + <h1 class="sp3"><span class="sans gsp fwb">VIII.—THE TINEINA.</span></h1> + + <p class="sp5">Not dealt with in this volume.</p> + + <h1><span class="sans gsp fwb">IX.—THE MICROPTERYGINA.</span></h1> + + <p>The following are the principal characters of the <i>Micropterygina</i><span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Fore-wings with an oblique membranous dorsal process (jugum) near base, forming + with the dorsal margin a notch or sinus, which receives the costa of the hind-wings. Hind-wings + without frenulum, 1<i>c</i> present, with 11 or more veins, neuration essentially, almost or + quite identical with that of fore-wings. Fore-wings and hind-wings more than usually remote at + origin.</p> + </div> + + <p>"In the two families, which constitute this highly interesting group, is fortunately preserved + a type of <i>Lepidoptera</i> whose existence could never have been inferred from a study of other + forms. Without a knowledge of these two families the true origin of the order could never have + been more than a matter of more or less probable conjecture. The <i>Micropterygidæ</i> are the + primeval ancestors of all the Lepidoptera, indicating their origin from the <i>Trichoptera</i> so + nearly that one or two more discoveries might make it hard to draw any line of demarcation. The + <i>Hepialidæ</i> are an offshoot from the <i>Micropterygidæ</i> (with considerable extinction of + intermediate forms), constituting a separate line of development quite unconnected with any other + <i>Lepidoptera</i>; if, as is possible, this separate stem may have ever given rise to other + branches forming distinct families, all trace of their existence seems to have been lost.</p> + + <p>"Imago with fore-wings and hind-wings more or less semi-oval, termen and dorsum forming a + nearly uniform curve.</p> + + <p>"Larva with few hairs, with 10 to 16 prolegs, or apodal, living concealed.</p> + + <p>"Pupa in <i>Hepialidæ</i> with segments 7 to 11 and in male 12, in <i>Micropterygidæ</i> with + all segments free."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">In this work the <i>Hepialidæ</i> alone are dealt with, the <i>Micropterygidæ</i> + being reserved <span class="pagenum" id="page128">{128}</span>for a future work. It may, however, + again be mentioned that the last-named family contains amongst its New Zealand representatives + <i>Palæomicra chalcophanes</i>, a species which more closely approximates in structure to a + Neuropterous insect than does any other member of the <i>Lepidoptera</i>. This insect is + consequently regarded by Mr. Meyrick as the most ancient species of the order yet known. The + survival of <i>Palæomicra</i> in New Zealand is quite in accord with the existence of such forms + as <i>Apteryx</i> and <i>Dinornis</i> amongst the birds, the tuatara lizard (<i>Sphenodon</i>) + amongst reptiles, and <i>Peripatus</i> amongst <i>Myriapoda</i>, archaic forms which have been + preserved in this country through its long isolation from continental areas, and the resulting + absence of more recent competing forms.</p> + + <div id="HEPIALIDAE"></div> + + <h2>Family 1.—<b>HEPIALIDÆ.</b></h2> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Head rough. Ocelli absent. Tongue obsolete. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Tibiæ + without spurs. Fore-wings with all main veins and costa connected by bars near base, 1<i>b</i> + furcate, forked parting vein strong." (Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., figs. 22, 23, 24, 28, + 29.)</p> + </div> + + <p>"By no means an extensive family, yet of universal distribution. It stands more conspicuously + isolated than any other group of <i>Lepidoptera</i>, for although it is without doubt a terminal + development from the <i>Micropterygidæ</i> (that is one from which no existing family has + originated), the gap between them is considerable; exotic genera, whilst differing in various + details, are remarkably uniform in the more important peculiarities of structure, and do not at + all tend to bridge the gap. The relatively large size of the <i>Hepialidæ</i> (of which some + species exceed six inches in expanse of wing) may be attributed to the larval habits, which render + these insects independent of the seasons or fluctuations of food-supply, thus removing the check + which ordinarily limits growth. The modified type of neuration may have resulted directly from the + increase of size, involving a great strengthening of the main veins beneath the costa to support + the weight. As a consequence of this strengthening, the flight of the larger species is very + powerful, and to this, combined with a choice of larval food, which is often rather + indiscriminate, may perhaps be ascribed the wide range of the group, rather than to its antiquity. + It is probably of Indo-Malayan origin, and must have existed in that region long enough to acquire + fixity of type before its dispersal, which, geologically speaking, may not have been exceedingly + remote."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p>There are two genera represented in New Zealand.</p> + + <p class="sp3 ac">1. <a href="#HEPIALUS"><span class="sc">Hepialus</span></a>.<span class="gap" + style="width:2em"> </span>2. <a href="#PORINA"><span class="sc">Porina</span></a>.</p> + + <div id="HEPIALUS"></div> + + <h3>Genus 1.—HEPIALUS, F.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Antennæ ⅛ to ¼, in male lamellate or simple. Palpi short, drooping, + hairy. Posterior tibiæ usually densely rough-haired, in male sometimes with long projecting tuft + above. Fore-wings with vein 7 from angle, 8 remote, 9 and 10 stalked. Hind-wings as fore-wings, + 8 seldom connate or stalked with 7." (Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., figs. 22 and 23, neuration + of <i>Hepialus virescens</i>, 24 head of ditto.)</p> + </div> + + <p>"A genus of universal distribution, but not very numerous in species. Ovum spheroidal, smooth. + Larva elongate, active. Pupa with segmental whorls of spines, enabling it to move actively before + emergence."—(Meyrick.)</p> + + <p class="sp3">Represented by one species only—the largest moth we have in New Zealand.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page129">{129}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">HEPIALUS VIRESCENS, Dbld.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Hepialus virescens</i>, Dbld., Dieff. New Zeal., ii. 284; White, Taylor New + Zeal., pl. i. 6. <i>Hepialus rubroviridans</i>, White, l.c., pl. i. 1. <i>Charagia + virescens</i>, Walk., Bomb., 1569; Scott, Trans. Ent. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii. 28. <i>C. + fischeri</i>, Feld., pl. lxxx. 1. <i>C. hectori</i>, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 380. + <i>Hepialus virescens</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst., xxii., 211.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 16 ♂, 17 ♀; Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. + 23 larva, 30 pupa.)</span></p> + + <p>This large and conspicuous insect appears to be generally distributed throughout the North + Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is 4 inches, of the female sometimes fully + 5½ inches. The fore-wings of the male are <i>bright green, with a series of paler ring-shaped + markings between the veins; an irregular row of white spots crosses the wing near the + middle</i>, and a small white spot is situated on the costa at the base. The hind-wings are very + pale yellowish-brown near the body, becoming pure white in the middle, and pale green on the + termen. The head and thorax are green, the abdomen is white, tinged with green at the apex. The + female has all the wings of a relatively more attenuated shape; <i>the fore-wings are green, + mottled with black</i>; the hind-wings are pale reddish-brown, shaded with green near the + termen; the abdomen is also reddish-brown, becoming green at the extremity.</p> + </div> + + <p>The species is rather variable in both sexes. In the male the white spots on the fore-wings + vary considerably in size, and there are occasionally several additional spots near the body. In + the female the black markings of the fore-wings are sometimes much more extensive than the green + ground colour. This dark form of the female was described by Butler as a distinct species, under + the name of <i>Charagia hectori</i>. In both sexes the green colouring is occasionally entirely + absent, a dull orange-brown taking its place. I formerly attributed this peculiarity to the + effects of fading, but Mr. Norris has shown me a very perfect specimen of this variety, which he + bred from the pupa, he having noticed the orange-brown colouring immediately after the insect + emerged.</p> + + <p>The transformations of this insect are very interesting. The female lays an enormous number of + very small, round, yellowish eggs, which she seems to deposit quite indiscriminately. The young + larvæ consequently have to find their way along the ground to the stems of their food-plant, a + large percentage no doubt perishing before they succeed in doing so, and this circumstance + probably accounts for the great number of eggs produced.</p> + + <p>The food-plants of this species are numerous; the following are a few of them: "wineberry" or + "currant" (<i>Aristotelia racemosa</i>), apparently the favourite; "manuka" (<i>Leptospermum + ericoides</i>); "ki-ki" (<i>Astelia solandri</i>); "black maire" (<i>Olea apetela</i>); titoki + (<i>Alectryon excelsum</i>); and <i>Melicope</i>. The larva tunnels the stems of these trees, + feeding entirely on the wood, which it bites off with its strong mandibles.</p> + + <p>For the most part it inhabits the main stem of the tree, its gallery always having an outlet, + which is covered with a curtain of silk and refuse, and is spun exactly level with the surrounding + bark, and very inconspicuous. These burrows usually run towards the ground, and are mostly two or + three inches from the surface of the trunk. In some instances the larvæ inhabit branches, in which + case, if they are small, the tunnels are made near the centre. Later on in its life, but probably + some time before its transformation into the pupa, the caterpillar of this insect constructs a far + more complicated burrow than the above. It consists of a spacious, irregular, but shallow cavity, + just under the bark, having a very large opening to the air, which is entirely covered <span + class="pagenum" id="page130">{130}</span>with a thin silken curtain, almost exactly the same shape + and size as the numerous marks occurring at intervals on the trunks of many of the trees. Three + large tunnels open into this shallow cavity: one in the centre, which runs into the middle of the + stem, and one on each side, which run right and left just under the bark. These lateral tunnels + are usually very short, but sometimes they extend half-way round the tree, and occasionally even + join one another on the opposite side. The central tunnel has a slightly upward direction for a + short distance inwards, which effectually prevents it from becoming flooded in wet weather; + afterwards it pursues an almost horizontal course until it reaches the centre of the tree, when it + appears to suddenly terminate. This, however, is not the case, for, if the gallery floor be + carefully examined a short distance before its apparent termination, a round trap-door will be + found, compactly constructed of very hard, smooth silk, and corresponding with the surrounding + portion of the tunnel so exactly that it almost escapes detection. When this lid is lifted a long, + perpendicular shaft is disclosed, which runs down the middle of the tree to a depth of 14 or 16 + inches, and is about ½ inch in diameter. The upper end of this shaft is lined with silk, which + forms a framework on which the trap-door rests when closed. The lid itself is of a larger size + than the orifice which it covers, and this makes it extremely difficult, if not impossible, to + force it open from the exterior, especially as it always fits down very closely as long as the + insect remains in its burrow. The object of this contrivance is, no doubt, to prevent the ingress + of enemies, large numbers of spiders, slugs, wood-lice, and various orthoptera being frequently + found in both central and lateral tunnels, but they are quite unable to pass the trap-door. The + galleries of individual larvæ are all wonderfully alike, the only differences observable being in + the length of the perpendicular shaft, and in the direction of the horizontal burrow, which is + sometimes curved. These variations are usually caused by the presence of other tunnels in the + tree, which the larva appears to carefully avoid; at least I have never known an instance where a + larva has allowed its tunnel to communicate with another one, whether inhabited or otherwise.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The caterpillar, when full grown, measures from 2½ to 3 inches in length. It is + tolerably uniform in thickness, and of a dull yellow colour. The head is large, dark brown, very + irregularly striated, and covered with a few short bristles. The first segment is hard and + shining with the back and sides ruddy-brown. Its spiracle, which is very large, is situated near + the posterior margin, and a little above it there is a dull black spot, filling a slight + concavity about the same size as the spiracle itself. Each remaining segment has on its dorsal + surface two horny plates, and two similar plates are situated on each side immediately below the + spiracle. The body of the larva is thinly covered with yellow and black bristles. In many + specimens the ventral surface and connecting membrane between the horny plates is pale purple. + Younger specimens differ in being of an olive-green colour, which is much more pronounced, when + they are small.</p> + </div> + + <p>The last act performed by the caterpillar, prior to undergoing its transformation, is the + construction of the above-described trap-door at the top of its burrow. This done the insect + retreats to the bottom, its posterior segment resting on the termination of the vertical gallery. + In the course of a few days the skin is cast off and worked downwards to the bottom of the burrow, + underneath the last segment of the pupa.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">This pupa varies from 2 to 2½ inches in length. It is attenuated in form and pale + reddish-yellow in colour. The head and dorsal portion of the thorax are dark brown and harder + than the rest of the body. The edges of the abdominal segments are furnished dorsally with a row + of small <span class="pagenum" id="page131">{131}</span>hooklets above and below all the + divisions; on the ventral surface there is only a single row, which is situated in front of each + articulation.</p> + </div> + + <p>As development progresses in the pupa it becomes darker in colour, especially on the + wing-cases, where, in some female specimens, the future black markings of the moth are quite + discernible as long as two months before emergence. Other specimens remain pale in colour until + within a fortnight or three weeks of the appearance of the imago, when the green colouring of the + wings suddenly becomes visible through their semi-transparent envelopes.</p> + + <p>When about to emerge the pupa works its way up the vertical tunnel by means of the + above-mentioned hooklets, forces open the trap-door, and wriggles along the horizontal burrow + until it reaches the air, only the last three or four segments remaining in the tree. Its anterior + portions then break open and the moth crawls out and expands its wings in the ordinary way, + resting on the trunk of the tree, until they are of sufficient strength and hardness for + flight.</p> + + <p>The perfect insect appears in October and November. Although it must be common, it is rarely + seen; specimens are consequently best obtained in the pupa state and reared in captivity. The + easiest way to find the pupa is to pass a straw into the horizontal burrow, and move it about + until it touches the trap-door. The collector is at once apprised of this circumstance by a + distinct hollow sound, produced by the straw when it comes in contact with the lid, which acts + like a miniature drum. If no such sound is heard after moving the straw into every possible + position, it may be assumed either that the insect has left the burrow, or that it is inhabited by + a larva only. When, however, a pupa is actually discovered, a section of the tree-trunk should be + cut out, extending from about two inches above the horizontal burrow to about one foot below it, + and the log, thus obtained, taken home. Should a number of pupæ be found in one tree the whole + trunk may then be taken, if practicable, and kept in a well-lighted room or a conservatory, until + the enclosed insects emerge. The specimens usually come out of the pupa at about five or six + o'clock in the evening, and if intended for the cabinet should be killed before dark, as they very + soon injure themselves when flying.</p> + + <p>The best time of year to obtain the pupa of this insect is during August and September, as most + of the specimens are then in that condition. Apart from the indications above described, burrows + containing larvæ may often be known by the fresh pellets of excrement which are present near the + opening. The vacated burrows frequently have the remains of the old pupa shell at the entrance, + and generally look gnarled and weather-worn. These indications are useful as guides to the + collector before exploring the burrow with a straw in the manner above described.</p> + + <p class="sp3">This insect is much attracted by light, and in consequence sometimes enters + shop-windows and houses. In fact nearly all the <i>captured</i> specimens are so taken, the moth + being very rarely found in its native forests. This circumstance is no doubt due to its very + perfect protective colouring which, notwithstanding its large size, causes it to be almost + invisible, when resting on the branch of a tree. On one occasion I discovered a specimen in this + situation; being obliged to leave it for a short time, I experienced the utmost difficulty in + finding it again, although I had taken a special note of its position. This species appears to be + much persecuted by insectivorous birds, as we may frequently see its large green wings lying on + the ground, where they are very conspicuous.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page132">{132}</span></div> + + <div id="PORINA"></div> + + <h3>Genus 2.—PORINA.</h3> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Antennæ ¼-<span class="spp">2</span>⁄<span class="suu">5</span>, in male + bi-pectinated, or more or less shortly bi-dentate. Palpi moderate, porrected, basal joint + rough-haired, second joint rough-haired or almost smooth, terminal joint smooth, sometimes + subclavate. Posterior tibiæ densely rough-haired. Fore-wings with vein 7 from angle of cell, 8 + and 9 out of 10, rising from upper margin much before angle. Hind-wings as in + fore-wings."—(Meyrick.) (Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., figs. 28 and 29 neuration of + <i>Porina signata</i>.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Of this genus we have eight species in New Zealand.</p> + + <p class="ac">PORINA DINODES, Meyr.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Porina dinodes</i>, Meyr., + Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. 206.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 8.)</span></p> + + <p>This handsome species was discovered at Invercargill by Professor Hutton.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is 2¾ inches. The fore-wings are dark brown. There is + an irregular white mark with a brown centre at the base, several white dots and crescentic marks + near the middle, an oblique series of double crescentic marks followed by a considerably fainter + series near the termen. The hind-wings are yellowish-brown; the cilia of all the wings are + white, barred with dark brown. <i>The antennæ of the male are strongly bi-pectinated.</i></p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">Described and figured from a specimen in Mr. Fereday's collection.</p> + + <p class="ac">PORINA MAIRI, Buller.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Porina mairi</i>, Buller, + Trans. N. Z. Inst. v. 279, pl. xvii., Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. 207.)</span></p> + + <p>A single specimen of this fine species was discovered by Sir Walter Buller on the Ruahine + Ranges, in the Wellington district, during the summer of 1867.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 5 inches. "Wings large, broad, front-wings + produced, ovate-triangular, pale dirty testaceous; six black spots terminating veins on outer + margin, and bounded by a lunated marginal white band; a submarginal series of arrow-headed black + spots, and beyond these a series of rounded spots, the first four encircled with white, the rest + with pale brown; two broken, black discal lines filled in with brown; a broad irregular band to + below centre of wing, beyond cell, and formed of three black lines with brown interspaces; a + triangular white spot below cell and a white patch terminating it and traversed by two black + crosses; two diverging black bars surrounded with white in centre of cell and a third surrounded + with dirty testaceous near base; a large irregular patch of whitish-brown below end of cell, + bounded on internal area by three unequally formed patches which together almost form the sides + of a large triangle; two small spots near base; hind-wings greyish, becoming browner towards + outer margin and crossed by eight interrupted black bars."—(Buller).</p> + </div> + + <p>The type specimen of this species was unfortunately lost in the wreck of the barque 'Assaye' in + 1890. I have copied the above from Sir Walter Buller's original paper, and it may be well to point + out that his description proceeds from the termen to the base, being the <i>reverse</i> order to + that followed by me in all the other descriptions in this work.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The so-called "vegetable caterpillar" (infested with the <i>Sphæria</i> fungus + [<i>Cordiceps robertsii</i>]) is, I think, very probably the larva of this insect. It was formerly + supposed to be the larva of <i>Hepialus virescens</i>; but I have pointed out elsewhere<a + id="NtA_68" href="#Nt_68"><sup>[68]</sup></a> that this is certainly erroneous, the larva of <i>H. + virescens</i> living in the stems of trees, and never going beneath the ground, even to pupate, + whilst the "vegetable" larva is subterranean. The real point to be discovered is the precise + species of <i>Lepidoptera</i> this caterpillar would develop into, if not attacked by the fungus; + but at present no definite information has been obtained on the subject.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page133">{133}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">PORINA ENYSII, Butl.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Porina enysii</i>, Butl., + Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 381, pi. xlii. 7. <i>Porina enysii</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. + xxii. 207.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 9 ♂, fig. 10 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This species appears to be confined to the North Island, where it is rather rare.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is 2½ inches, of the female 3½ inches. The + fore-wings are dark orange-brown, more or less marbled with yellow and dark brown; there is a + very variable number of small dull white spots margined with black and arranged irregularly on + the wing. <i>The hind-wings are pinkish-brown, tinged with ochreous on the termen.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>This species varies a good deal in the extent of the darker markings, and number and position + of the dull white spots. When alive it is usually very strongly tinged with pink.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in December and January, and frequents forests. It is + especially fond of resting on the stems of tree-ferns in the daytime, where, however, it is + extremely inconspicuous, and can only be discovered by very careful searching. It is also very + partial to light, and specimens might perhaps be secured more plentifully, if a good attracting + lamp were exhibited in a suitable locality.</p> + + <p class="ac">PORINA CHARACTERIFERA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Hepialus characterifer</i>, + Walk., Suppl. 594. <i>Oxycanus impletus</i>, ib. 598. <i>Porina characterifera</i>, Meyr., Trans. + N. Z. Inst. xxii. 208.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 11 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This fine species has been taken in the North Island at Auckland, Kaitoke, and Wellington.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 3 inches. The fore-wings are rather dull + yellow, finely marbled with black; <i>there are two conspicuous irregular black marks a little + above the middle of the dorsum. The hind-wings are very dark purplish-brown with the cilia + yellow, barred with brown.</i> The head and thorax are dull yellow, speckled with black, and the + abdomen is dark purplish-brown, barred with dull white, with a yellow tuft at the apex.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in October, November, and December. At present I am only + aware of four specimens in collections, viz., two in the British Museum, taken at Auckland; one in + Mr. Meyrick's collection, taken by Mr. H. B. Kirk on the Rimutaka Ranges, at an elevation of about + 1,500 feet; and one kindly given to me by Mr. W. R. Morris, who took it at Wadestown, near + Wellington.<a id="NtA_69" href="#Nt_69"><sup>[69]</sup></a> It is evidently a scarce species, but + may be looked for in the forest districts of the North Island.</p> + + <p class="ac">PORINA CERVINATA, Walk.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(<i>Elhamma cervinata</i>, Walk., Suppl. 595. <i>Porina vexata</i>, ib. 597. + <i>Pielus variolaris</i>, Gn., Ent. Mo. Mag. v. 1. <i>Porina fuliginea</i>, Butl., Cist. Ent. + ii. 488. <i>Porina cervinata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. 208.)</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 12 ♂, fig. 18 variety of ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This insect is fairly common, and generally distributed throughout the country. It is very + abundant in the Manawatu district.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. The fore-wings vary from + brownish-black to dull yellow; there are several small white spots near the base margined with + black, and an obscure cloudy central streak, sometimes containing one or two minute irregular + white marks; near the termen a broad, pale, wavy line runs from the costa to the dorsum, and + contains several elongate dull white spots, margined with black; another series of smaller spots + is often situated between this line and the termen; there is a terminal row of small black + spots. The <span class="pagenum" id="page134">{134}</span>hind-wings vary from pale + greyish-brown to dull yellow. The cilia of all the wings are barred with dark brown.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species is extremely variable. In many cases a large number of the spots is wanting. Mr. + Meyrick states that the northern specimens are more yellow-ochreous, and more distinctly spotted + than the southern ones. He adds that "the ochreous forms are easily distinguished from other + species by the numerous spots and the absence of a continuous pale discal streak; the fuscous + forms are sometimes very similar in colouring to <i>P. despecta</i>, but they are distinctly + shorter-winged, and the compound discal spots appear to be a good character."</p> + + <p>I have taken several specimens of what appears to be a variety of this species on the Tableland + of Mount Arthur. It is much paler than the typical form, the markings much less distinct, and the + central portions of the fore-wings very pale yellow (see fig. 18).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The moth appears in October. It is very much attracted by light.</p> + + <p class="ac">PORINA DESPECTA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Hepialus despectus</i>, + Walk., Suppl. 594. <i>Porina despecta</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. 209.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 13 ♀.)</span></p> + + <p>This species has occurred in the South Island, at Christchurch, the Otira River and Lake + Wakatipu.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is from 1½ to 1¾ inches. The fore-wings are dull brown + with several irregular dull white markings near the centre of the wing. The hind-wings are also + dull brown. In general appearance it closely resembles the last-mentioned species (<i>P. + cervinata</i>), <i>but may always be recognised by its longer and narrower wings, smaller body + and antennæ, and absence of distinct markings near the termen</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears in January, and is usually taken at light.</p> + + <p class="ac">PORINA UMBRACULATA, Gn.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Pielus umbraculatus</i>, Gn., + Ent. Mo. Mag. v. 1. <i>Porina umbraculata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. 209.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 14 ♂.)</span></p> + + <p>This species is probably common, and generally distributed throughout the country. It has been + taken at Palmerston, North Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch, Invercargill and Stewart Island.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings of the male is 1¾ inches, of the female 2¼ inches. The + fore-wings are dull yellowish-brown; <i>in the centre there is a broad longitudinal blackish + streak, containing a conspicuous straight white stripe, occasionally broken into two or three + very elongate spots</i>; there are often several black dots along the termen. The hind-wings are + dull ochreous, strongly tinged with pink towards the base.</p> + </div> + + <p>This species varies considerably in the depth of the ground colour, and in the number of the + black dots. A blackish shaded line, parallel to the termen, is also frequently present. The + species may, however, be at once recognised by the straight, white, central stripe of the + fore-wings.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears from October till January, and is generally captured at + light.</p> + + <p class="ac">PORINA SIGNATA, Walk.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(<i>Elhamma signata</i>, Walk., + Bomb. 1563. <i>Porina novæ-zealandiæ</i>, ib. 1573. <i>Porina signata</i>, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. + Inst. xxii. 210.)</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">(Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 15 ♂; Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 6 + larva.)</span></p> + + <p>Apparently an abundant species in the North Island, having been taken <span class="pagenum" + id="page135">{135}</span>commonly at Napier, Palmerston and Wellington. I suspect it occurs in the + South Island also, but I have no records of its capture there.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The expansion of the wings is from 2 to 2¼ inches. The fore-wings are dark + brownish-ochreous, becoming dull white near the middle and on the termen; <i>there is a shaded + central, longitudinal, blackish band containing several white spots, forming an irregular stripe + in the middle of the wing</i>; there are also many irregular markings with dull white centres, + chiefly situated near the veins, and often arranged in two or three rows parallel to the termen. + All the markings are very variable, but the insect may be at once known by the irregular central + white stripe. When alive the entire colouring is always strongly tinged with pink.</p> + </div> + + <p>I have often found a large subterranean caterpillar, that I believe to be the larva of this + insect; but as I have never succeeded in rearing a specimen, I cannot assign it to this species + with absolute certainty.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp2"> + <p class="sp0">The length of this larva when full grown is nearly 3 inches. Its colour is dirty + white, becoming darker on the back. The head is dark brown, very rough and horny; the three + first segments are also horny on the dorsal surface. The rest of the body is very much softer, + and is furnished with several horny tubercles, each of which emits a long bristle.</p> + </div> + + <p>This larva is very lively when disturbed. It usually disgorges a large quantity of black juice + from the mouth, biting meantime, in order no doubt to frighten its enemies. It feeds on the roots + of various grasses.</p> + + <p class="sp5">The perfect insect appears in January, February and March, and is often extremely + abundant at light.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page137">{137}</span></div> + + <h1 class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3ex;"><span class="x-larger">APPENDIX.</span></h1> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller"><span class="sc">By FLORENCE W. + HUDSON.</span></span></p> + + <p class="sp3 ac">A BRIEF DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF THE PLANTS MENTIONED IN THIS WORK.</p> + + <p>The following list of trees, shrubs, &c, has been prepared to assist entomologists in + recognising the various food-plants mentioned in connection with the insects described in the + foregoing pages. In order to meet the requirements of beginners, all botanical terms have been + omitted. Those desiring precise scientific information on these plants, will of course consult + works specially dealing with botany.</p> + + <div class="smaller sp5"> + <p><span class="sc">Aciphylla squarrosa</span> (Spear-grass). A plant often found on the + sea-coast, or open hilly country, with long, very sharp spines instead of leaves. The flowers + are very small, and are placed round a tall central shoot, which is also covered with + spines.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Asclepias</span> (Milkweed).</p> + <p><span class="sc">Astelia solandri.</span> A plant found growing on the stems of large forest + trees. It has very long, narrow, dark green leaves springing from the base of the plant, and + lemon-coloured flowers arranged on a long stem. The berries are bright crimson.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Alectryon excelsum</span> (Titoki). A moderate-sized tree with leaves rather + long, toothed, and light green. The fruit has a very remarkable appearance; it consists of a + shining black seed, partially surrounded by a bright red fleshy covering.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Apocynum</span> (the common Periwinkle).</p> + <p><span class="sc">Aristotelia racemosa</span> (Wine-berry, New Zealand Currant, Makomako). A + well-known tree, often found in clearings in the forest, where it usually takes the place of the + original trees; in fact this plant seems to seize on every vacant space. Its leaves are pale + green, the flowers are much like those of the garden "flowering currant," and the berries are + small and dark red.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Beilschmiedia tawa</span> (Tawa tree). A handsome tree, with very long, + narrow, light green leaves, and smooth bark.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Brachyglottis repanda</span> (Wharangi). One of the early flowering shrubs, + with large bunches of small, strong-scented, white flowers. The leaves are large and pale green, + the under side being white.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Carmichælia</span>, or New Zealand Broom. A genus of shrubs closely + resembling the common broom, but with very small flowers, more or less streaked with blue or + lilac.</p> + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page138">{138}</span></div> + <p><span class="sc">Carpodetus serratus.</span> A pretty shrub or small tree with rather small, + serrated, bright green leaves and numerous clusters of small whitish fragrant flowers, followed + by nearly globular hard green fruits.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Carex subdola</span> (Sedge).</p> + <p><span class="sc">Coprosma.</span> A genus of shrubs with small, generally rather dull green + leaves, insignificant flowers, and bright, variously coloured berries. One common species, + <i>Coprosma fœtidissima</i>, has a most objectionable odour when cut or bruised.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cordyline australis</span> (Ti-tri, or Cabbage tree, as it is usually + called). This is one of the most remarkable-looking trees in New Zealand. It much resembles a + palm in general appearance. The leaves are long and narrow, with parallel veins; the flowers are + whitish, very numerous, growing in drooping clusters at the top of the tree.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cyathea dealbata</span> (Silver tree fern). A large tree fern, growing from + ten to forty feet high, with a slender black stem, and dark green fronds silvery underneath.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Discaria toumatou</span> (Wild Irishman, Tumatakuru). A straggling shrub, or + small tree, often common in dry, open places. It is furnished with numerous long sharp spines, + with several very insignificant flowers and leaves at the base of each spine.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Donatia novæzealandiæ.</span> A small Alpine plant, with very short stems, + around each of which are placed numerous leaves. It has a superficial resemblance to a moss.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Fagus cliffortioides</span> (Mountain Beech, but more often known as Birch + or Black Birch). A very handsome forest tree, usually growing in somewhat elevated localities. + It has small light green leaves, and black stems with very rough bark.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Fuchsia excorticata</span> (our native Fuchsia). A very common tree or shrub + growing in the forest. The bark is pale reddish-brown; the leaves rather elongate, dark green, + with pale under-side. The flowers closely resemble those of the cultivated fuchsia, but are less + brightly coloured. This plant partially sheds its leaves in winter.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Galinia setifolia.</span> A large, grass-like plant growing in clumps, with + very long, dark green leaves, which cut the fingers unless the plant is carefully handled. A + number of small, brown flowers is situated near the top of a tall stem, in the centre of each + clump.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Haloragis alata.</span> A herbaceous plant abundant on dry hills; the leaves + are deeply indented, slightly rough, and arranged on opposite sides of the stem. The flowers are + small and green; the fruit is a nut with small wings attached.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Leptospermum scoparium</span> (Manuka, Tea tree). A small tree, growing + usually in poor soil. The leaves are very small and dull green, and the numerous star-like + flowers are white, tinged with pink.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Melicope simplex.</span> A somewhat straggling shrub with very small, + roundish, light green leaves.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Melicytus ramiflorus</span> (Mahoe or Hinahina). A shrub or tree. The leaves + are moderately toothed, bright green, and very pretty. The flowers are in clusters, hanging from + the bases of the leaves; the fruit is violet-coloured with black seeds.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Metrosideros scandens</span> (White Rata). A common climbing shrub with + small, roundish, glossy, dark green leaves and very numerous feathery white flowers. The seed + has a powdery appearance, and is enclosed in a large capsule.</p> + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page139">{139}</span></div> + <p><span class="sc">Muhlenbeckia adpressa.</span> A common climbing plant, generally found near + the edge of the forest. It has a very tangled growth. Leaves heart-shaped or broadly oblong; in + young plants, three-lobed; spike, many-flowered.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Myosotis arvensis</span> (Forget-me-not).</p> + <p><span class="sc">Myrtus bullata</span> (Ramarama). A remarkably pretty shrub with + reddish-brown or green leaves, much crinkled. The flowers are white, tinged with pink, and very + much resemble those of the English myrtle. Berries about the size of currants, red or + purple.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Œnothera biennis</span> (the Evening Primrose). This herb grows to + the height of two or three feet. It has large, bright yellow flowers, opening towards evening. + Found in sandy soil on the sea-coast.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Olea apetala</span> (Maire, New Zealand Olive). A shrub or small tree with + broad leaves, and insignificant flowers growing on opposite sides of the flower-stalk.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Olearia traversii</span> (Ake-ake). A small tree or shrub with oval, very + wavy, thick, pale green leaves, white underneath. The flowers are very small, yellowish-white + and strongly scented. They do not appear till late in autumn.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Panax arborea.</span> A small tree with bright, glossy green, compound + leaves. Each leaf consists of five separate leaflets on distinct footstalks, connected with + branch by a long, stout stem. The large bunches of black berries are very conspicuous in the + autumn.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Pennantia corymbosa.</span> A small tree with oval, serrated, bright green + leaves, and handsome clusters of sweet-scented white flowers.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Piper excelsum</span> (Kawa-kawa). A small tree generally growing in damp + places. The leaves are broad, heart-shaped, bright green, and nearly always riddled with + holes.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Pittosporum eugenioides</span> (Tarata). A shrub or small tree, with rather + elongate, pale green wavy leaves, and bundles of fragrant, small, yellow flowers.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Pittosporum tenuifolium</span>, var. <span class="sc">Nigrescens</span> + (Matipo). A very ornamental shrub with small, shining, bright green leaves, and black stems. The + flowers are dark purple, and rather buried among the foliage.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Plagianthus betulinus</span> (South Island Ribbon Wood). A tree of moderate + size. The leaves are rather light green, and doubly serrated. The flowers are small, white, with + red anthers, and very numerous.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Poa australis</span> (Tussock). One of the common native grasses of New + Zealand. It grows in large clumps, often about two feet in height. It is especially common in + open situations in the South Island.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Pomaderris ericifolia</span> (Tauhinu, or Cotton Wood). A shrub usually + growing in rather exposed places. The leaves are very small, pointed, dull green above and white + underneath. They are placed very closely on the stems, which are also white. The flowers are + dull yellowish-white, and grow in clusters.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Pteris incisa.</span> A soft, light green, straggling fern, growing in open + places in the forest, and round decayed logs.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Scabious</span> ("Pincushion"). An introduced garden plant. The flowers are + of many different colours—the name "pincushion," gives the best description of appearance. + It is very attractive to insects.</p> + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page140">{140}</span></div> + <p><span class="sc">Senecio bellidioides.</span> A common mountain herb, with rather dark green + leaves, and a small tuft of bright yellow daisy-like flowers.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Senecio scandens</span> (called by settlers French Ivy). A common climbing + plant having a superficial resemblance to ivy, but with much brighter green leaves, and yellow + flowers.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Senecio vulgaris</span> (Groundsel). A common garden weed.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Solanum aviculare</span> (Poro-poro, or Potato Plant). A shrub, with very + dark green, pointed leaves, purple underneath, and bright purple flowers resembling those of the + potato.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Todea hymenophylloides.</span> One of the "crape" ferns, growing in very + shady places in the forest. It has soft, graceful, light green fronds.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Urtica ferox</span> ("Nettle Tree"). It has prickly, light green leaves, + with very long thick spines; a row of these spines is situated along the midrib of each leaf. It + grows in open situations.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Urtica incisa</span> (Ground Nettle). A herbaceous plant found in shady + places amongst ferns. The leaves are covered with spines, which give a very sharp sting when + touched.</p> + <p class="sp0"><span class="sc">Veronica</span> (Koromiko). A genus of shrubs, found commonly on + the margins of forests, and on hill-tops. The leaves are rather long, smooth, and dark green, + and the flowers are mostly purplish-white.</p> + </div> + + <div id="page141"></div> + + <h1 class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:3ex;"><span class="x-larger">INDEX TO GENERAL + SUBJECTS.</span></h1> + + <table class="sp5 mc" title="Index to General Subjects" summary="Index to General Subjects"> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td><span class="smaller">PAGE</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Abdomen,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Adaptive characters,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexvi">xvi</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Air-tubes,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pageix">ix</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Alpine Lepidoptera, colours of,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexv">xv</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Anastomosis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexii">xii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Antennæ of imago,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagex">x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="hid">Ante</span>"<span class="hid">næ</span> of larva,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pageix">ix</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Apex of wing,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexii">xii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Arctic Lepidoptera, colours of,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexv">xv</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Base of wing,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexi">xi</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Biliary vessels of imago,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="hid">Bil</span>"<span class="hid">iry ves</span>"<span class="hid">els</span> + of larva,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagex">x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Bi-pectinated,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagex">x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Butterflies,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page101">101</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Cæcum,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Caterpillars,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pageix">ix</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Classification,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexvi">xvi</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Clavate intestine,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagex">x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Coincidence of veins,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexii">xii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Colon of imago,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="hid">Col</span>"<span class="hid">n</span> of larva,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagex">x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Concurrence of veins,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexii">xii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Connection of veins,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexii">xii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Contrast colours,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexv">xv</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Costa,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexi">xi</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Coxa of imago,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="hid">Co</span>"<span class="hid">a</span> of larva,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pageix">ix</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Crown,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagex">x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Digestive system of imago,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="hid">Dige</span>"<span class="hid">tive sy</span>"<span + class="hid">tem</span> of larva,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagex">x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Divergence of character,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexiv">xiv</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Dorsum,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexi">xi</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Ecdysis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagex">x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Egg,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pageix">ix</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Eyes, compound,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagex">x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="hid">Ey</span>"<span class="hid">s,</span> simple,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagex">x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Face,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagex">x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fasciculate-ciliated,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexi">xi</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p class="sp0">Femur of imago,</p> + </td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="hid">Fe</span>"<span class="hid">ur</span> of larva,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pageix">ix</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Filiform,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexi">xi</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Frenulum,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexii">xii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Geographical distribution,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexix">xix</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Haustellum,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexi">xi</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Head,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagex">x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Ilium of imago,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="hid">Il</span>"<span class="hid">um</span> of larva,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagex">x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Imago,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagex">x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Inheritance,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexiv">xiv</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Jugum,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexii">xii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Labium of imago,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexi">xi</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="hid">La</span>"<span class="hid">ium</span> of larva,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pageix">ix</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Labrum of imago,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexi">xi</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="hid">La</span>"<span class="hid">rum</span> of larva,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pageix">ix</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Larva,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pageix">ix</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Legs of imago,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="hid">Le</span>"<span class="hid">s</span> of larva,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pageix">ix</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Lepidoptera, descent of,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="hid">Lepido</span>"<span class="hid">tera,</span> arrangement of,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexviii">xviii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Mandibles of imago,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexi">xi</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="hid">Mandi</span>"<span class="hid">les</span> of larva,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pageix">ix</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Maxillæ of imago,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexi">xi</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="hid">Maxi</span>"<span class="hid">læ</span> of larva,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pageix">ix</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Mimicry,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexv">xv</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Natural selection,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexiv">xiv</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Neuration,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexii">xii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Obsolescence of veins,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexii">xii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Ocelli,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagex">x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Œsophagus of imago,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="hid">Œsop</span>"<span class="hid">agus</span> of larva,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagex">x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Ornamental colouring,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexv">xv</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Palpi, labial, of imago,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexi">xi</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p class="sp0"><span class="hid">Pal</span>"<span class="hid">i, la</span>"<span + class="hid">ial,</span> of larva,</p> + </td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pageix">ix</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="hid">Pal</span>"<span class="hid">i,</span> maxillary, of imago,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexi">xi</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="hid">Pal</span>"<span class="hid">i, maxill</span>"<span + class="hid">ry,</span> of larva,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pageix">ix</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Pectinated,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagex">x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Præcostal spur,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexii">xii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Proboscis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexi">xi</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Prolegs,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pageix">ix</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Protective resemblance,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexiv">xiv</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Pseudoneuria,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexii">xii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Pubescent,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexi">xi</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Pupa,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagex">x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Retinaculum,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexii">xii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Salivary vessels,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Serrate,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexi">xi</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Sexual selection,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexvi">xvi</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Species, origin of,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Spinneret,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagex">x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Spinning vessels,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagex">x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Spiracles,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pageix">ix</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Stalking of veins,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexii">xii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Struggle for existence,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexiv">xiv</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Sucking stomach,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>"Survival of the Fittest",</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexiv">xiv</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Termen,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexi">xi</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Tibia of imago,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="hid">Ti</span>"<span class="hid">ia</span> of larva,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pageix">ix</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Tongue,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexi">xi</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Tornus,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexii">xii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Unipectinated,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagex">x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Variation,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>"Vegetable caterpillar",</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page132">132</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Veins of wings,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexii">xii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Ventriculus of imago,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="hid">Ventri</span>"<span class="hid">ulus</span> of larva,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagex">x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Warning colours,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexv">xv</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Wings,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexi">xi</a></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div id="page142"></div> + + <h1 class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:3ex;"><span class="x-larger">SPECIAL INDEX.</span></h1> + + <div class="poem pc28 sp3"> + <p>Names of Groups are printed in capitals (CARADRININA, &c.).</p> + <p><span class="hid">Nam</span>"<span class="hid">s of</span> Families, in small capitals (<span + class="sc">Arctiadæ</span>, &c.).</p> + <p><span class="hid">Nam</span>"<span class="hid">s of</span> Sub-families, in sanserif italic + (<span class="sans fsi">Poliades</span>, &c.).</p> + <p><span class="hid">Nam</span>"<span class="hid">s of</span> Genera, in roman beginning with a + capital (Agrotis, &c.).</p> + <p><span class="hid">Nam</span>"<span class="hid">s of</span> Species, in roman (annulata, + &c.).</p> + <p><span class="hid">Nam</span>"<span class="hid">s of</span> Synonyms, in ordinary italic + (<i>doubledayi</i>, &c.).</p> + </div> + + <table class="sp5 mc" title="Special Index" summary="Special Index"> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td><span class="smaller">PAGE</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>abrogata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>absconditaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>acceptrix</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page18">18</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>acetina</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page7">7</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>acidaliaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page77">77</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>acontistis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page11">11</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>acroiaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>acutata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page76">76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>admirationis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page31">31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>adonis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page63">63</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>ægrota,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page64">64</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Agrotis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page30">30</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>agrionata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page40">40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>agorastis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page18">18</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>alcyone,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page24">24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>alectoraria,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>alopa,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page12">12</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>anceps,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page69">69</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>anguligera</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>angusta</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page18">18</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>annulata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page2">2</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Anosia,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page102">102</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>antarctica,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page42">42</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>anthracias,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>antipoda</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page10">10</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>antipodaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page87">87</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>antipodum,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page110">110</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>aquosata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>arachnias</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page23">23</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>archippus</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page102">102</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="sc">Arctiadæ</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page1">1</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>ardularia</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page57">57</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>arenacea</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page87">87</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>argentifera</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page35">35</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Argyrophenga,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page110">110</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>arida,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>aristarcha,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page85">85</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>aristias,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page42">42</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>armigera,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page32">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>arotis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page12">12</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Asaphodes,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page54">54</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>asterope,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page24">24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Asthena,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>astrapia</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page82">82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>assata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>atalanta,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page120">120</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p class="sp0">atristriga,</p> + </td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page10">10</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>atronivea,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page95">95</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>attracta</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page86">86</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>auge</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page104">104</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>aulacias</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page12">12</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Azelina,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page92">92</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05"> + <td>beata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page63">63</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>bicomma</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page7">7</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>bilineolata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>bisignata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Bityla,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page29">29</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>blenheimensis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page13">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>boldenarum,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page118">118</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>bolina,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page104">104</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>boreophilaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page88">88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>brephos,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page75">75</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>brephosata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page75">75</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>bryopis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page62">62</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>bulbulata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>butleri,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page115">115</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05"> + <td>cærulea,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page8">8</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>calida</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>callicrena,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page73">73</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>callichlora,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>camelias,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page65">65</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="sc">Caradrinidæ</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page5">5</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="sans fsi">Caradrinides</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page29">29</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>CARADRININA,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page1">1</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>caprimulgata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page86">86</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>cardui,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page108">108</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>cataphracta,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page61">61</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>catapyrrha</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>catilla,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page121">121</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>catocalaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page75">75</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Catopsilia,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page121">121</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>ceramodes</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page8">8</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>cerapachoides,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page32">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>ceraunias,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page14">14</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>cervinata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page133">133</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Chalastra,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page88">88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>chalcites,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page35">35</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>chalcophanes,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page128">128</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>chaotica</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>characterifera,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page133">133</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p class="sp0"><i>charybdis</i>,</p> + </td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>chionogramma,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page65">65</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>chorica,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page66">66</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>chlamydota,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page59">59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>chlorias,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page63">63</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Chloroclystis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>chrysopeda,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Chrysophanus,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page116">116</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>cidariaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>cinerascens</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page88">88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>cinerearia,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>clarata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page61">61</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>cœleno,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page26">26</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>comma,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page7">7</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>composita,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page22">22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>conferta</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page32">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>congregata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>congressata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>conversata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>convolvuli,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page99">99</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>cookaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page91">91</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>corcularia</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Cosmodes,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page33">33</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>cosmodora,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page62">62</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>cucullina,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page27">27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>cymosema</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page56">56</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05"> + <td>Dasypodia,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page35">35</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Dasyuris,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page69">69</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>debilis</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page18">18</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>deceptura</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page9">9</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Declana,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page94">94</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>defigurata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page29">29</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>dejectaria,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page86">86</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>delicatulata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page59">59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>deltoidata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>denotatus,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page45">45</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>dentigera</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page22">22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>descriptata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>despecta,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page134">134</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>desiccata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page87">87</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Diadema, <i>see</i>, Anosia,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page102">102</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>diatmeta,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page21">21</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Dichromodes,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>diffusaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>dinodes,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page132">132</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p class="sp0">dione,</p> + </td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page14">14</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>disjungens,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page15">15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>dissociata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>distans</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page99">99</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Dodonidia,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page112">112</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>donovani</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page46">46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>dotata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page24">24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>doubledayi</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page2">2</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Drepanodes,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page91">91</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>dryas,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page43">43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05"> + <td>egregia,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page96">96</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>elegans,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page33">33</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Elvia,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page46">46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>encausta</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page89">89</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>enysii (Chrysophanus),</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page117">117</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>enysii (Dasyuris),</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page69">69</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="hid">eny</span>"<span class="hid">ii</span> (Porina),</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page133">133</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>ephyraria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page91">91</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Epirranthis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page79">79</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Erana,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page28">28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Erebia,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page113">113</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>erebinata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page86">86</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>erichrysa,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page4">4</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>eriosoma</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page35">35</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>erippus,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page102">102</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Euchœca,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page51">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>euclidiata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>eupitheciaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Euploæ,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page120">120</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>exprompta</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page86">86</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>exsularis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page34">34</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>extranea</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page13">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05"> + <td>falcata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page66">66</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>falcatella,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page76">76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>felix</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page90">90</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>fenerata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page82">82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>feredayi</i> (Declana),</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page96">96</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>feredayi</i> (Chrysophanus),</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page116">116</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>ferox,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page74">74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>figlinaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page77">77</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>fischeri</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page129">129</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>flexata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page90">90</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p class="sp0">floccosa,</p> + </td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page96">96</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>fortinata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page93">93</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>fragosata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page84">84</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>fuliginea</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page133">133</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>fuscinata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page48">48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>fusiplagiata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page89">89</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05"> + <td>gallaria,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page92">92</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>GEOMETRINA, <i>see</i> NOTODONTINA,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page38">38</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>glaucata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page46">46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>glyphicata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>gobiata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>gonerilla,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page105">105</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Gonophylla,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page90">90</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>graminosa,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page28">28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>griseata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page98">98</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>griseipennis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page9">9</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>gypsotis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05"> + <td><i>haastaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page91">91</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Hamadryas,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page120">120</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>hectori (Dasyuris),</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page70">70</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>hectori</i> (Hepialus),</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page129">129</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>helias,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page64">64</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Heliothis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page32">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>helmsi,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page112">112</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>hemipteraria,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>hemizona,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page48">48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="sc">Hepialidæ</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page128">128</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Hepialus,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page128">128</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>hermione,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page98">98</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>homomorpha</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page69">69</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>homoscia,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page21">21</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>humeraria,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page89">89</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>humerata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>humillima,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page83">83</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>huttonii,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page5">5</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Hybernia,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page87">87</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Hydriomena,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page46">46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="sc">Hydriomenidæ</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page38">38</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="sans fsi">Hypenides</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page34">34</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Hypenodes,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page34">34</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05"> + <td>Ichneutica,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page14">14</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>immunis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page7">7</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>impletus</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page133">133</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>implexa</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page7">7</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>inamænaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page57">57</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>inceptura</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page9">9</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>inclarata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>inclinataria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page40">40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>inconspicua</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page31">31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>inconstans</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page9">9</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>indicataria,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>indistincta</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page85">85</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>indocilis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page88">88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>inductata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>infantaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>infensa,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page23">23</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>innocua</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page7">7</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>innominata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page31">31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>inoperata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>inopiata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>insignis (Melanchra),</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page16">16</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>insignis (Notoreas),</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page71">71</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>invexata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Ipana,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page94">94</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>iphigenia</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page104">104</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p class="sp0">itea,</p> + </td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page107">107</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>isoleuca,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page72">72</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>juncicolor</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page12">12</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>junctilinea,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page98">98</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Junonia,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page109">109</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05"> + <td><i>kershawii</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page108">108</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05"> + <td>LASIOCAMPINA,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page101">101</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>leptomera,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page94">94</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Leptomeris,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page77">77</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>lestevata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page39">39</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Leucania,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page8">8</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>lichenodes,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>lignana,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page26">26</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>lignifusca</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page18">18</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>lignisecta</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page26">26</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>lignosata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page86">86</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>lilacina</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page36">36</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>limonodes,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page57">57</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>lithias,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page17">17</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>lophogramma,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page59">59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>lucidata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page64">64</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>lupinata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page83">83</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Lycæna,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page119">119</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="sc">Lycænidæ</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page115">115</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Lythria,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05"> + <td>maculata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>mairi,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page132">132</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Mamestra, <i>see</i> Melanchra,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page15">15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>manxifera</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page95">95</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>maori</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page22">22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>maoriata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page86">86</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>margarita,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page6">6</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>maui</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page116">116</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>maya,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page17">17</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>mechanitis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page72">72</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>megaspilata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Melanchra,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page15">15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="sans fsi">Melanchrides</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page8">8</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>melinata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page85">85</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>menanaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page87">87</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>merope,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page19">19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>merula</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page114">114</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Metacrias,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page4">4</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>micrastra,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page12">12</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="sc">Micropterygidæ</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>MICROPTERYGINA,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>mitis</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page27">27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Miselia,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page6">6</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>mistata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page40">40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>mixtaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>mnesichola,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>moderata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page9">9</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="sc">Monocteniadæ</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page77">77</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>monoliata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>morosa</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page26">26</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>muriferata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page91">91</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>muscosata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>mutans,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page18">18</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05"> + <td><i>nehata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>nelsonaria,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page90">90</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>nephelias,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page61">61</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>nereis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page43">43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>nerina</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page104">104</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p class="sp0"><i>nervata</i>,</p> + </td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page15">15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>niger</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>nigra,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>nigrosparsa</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page96">96</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>niphocrena,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page74">74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>niveata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page98">98</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>NOCTUINA, <i>see</i> CARADRININA,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page1">1</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>NOTODONTINA,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page38">38</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Notoreas,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page71">71</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>novæ-zealandiæ</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page134">134</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>nullifera,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page9">9</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Nyctemera,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page2">2</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="sc">Nymphalidæ</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page102">102</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05"> + <td>obarata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page66">66</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>obtruncata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page89">89</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>obtusaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page89">89</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>ochthistis</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page20">20</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>octans,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page25">25</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>octias,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page37">37</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Œceticus,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page123">123</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Oiketicus,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page123">123</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>omichlias,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page76">76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>omicron,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page22">22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>omnivora</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page123">123</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>omnivorus,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page123">123</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>omoplaca,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page23">23</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>ondinata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>ophiopa,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page93">93</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Orophora,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page126">126</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>orophyla,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page58">58</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>orphnæa,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page71">71</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Orthosia,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page6">6</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="sc">Orthostixidæ</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page79">79</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>otaheitæ</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page105">105</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>othello</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page114">114</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>oxleyi,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page119">119</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05"> + <td>Palæomicra,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page128">128</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>palthidata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page92">92</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>panagrata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page87">87</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>pannularia</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page86">86</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>PAPILIONINA,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page101">101</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>paracausta,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page15">15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>paradelpha,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page72">72</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Paradetis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page40">40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>parora,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page56">56</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>partheniata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page70">70</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>parvulata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page45">45</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>pastinaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>patularia</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page86">86</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>pelistis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page19">19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>pelurgata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page88">88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>perductata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>perornata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page72">72</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>perversata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>pessota,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page6">6</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>petrina,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>petropola</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page66">66</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>phaula,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page11">11</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>phœbe,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page119">119</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>phricias,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page27">27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Phrissogonus,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page45">45</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Physetica,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page8">8</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>pictula,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page19">19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>plagifurcata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>plena,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page17">17</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>plexippus</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page102">102</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p class="sp0">plinthina,</p> + </td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>plurilineata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>plurimata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page64">64</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Plusia,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page34">34</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="sc">Plusiadæ</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page33">33</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="sans fsi">Plusiades</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page34">34</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>plusiata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page7">7</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>pluto,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page114">114</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="sans fsi">Poliades</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page6">6</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>polychroa</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page16">16</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Porina,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page132">132</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>porphyrias,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>præfectata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>prasinias,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page65">65</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>primata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>prionistis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page27">27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>prionota,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>productata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page84">84</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>propria,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page11">11</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>proserpina</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page104">104</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>proteastis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page20">20</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>psamathodes</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page64">64</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="sc">Psychidæ</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page122">122</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>PSYCHINA,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page122">122</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>pulchella,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page3">3</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>pulchraria,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>punctilineata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>pungata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page84">84</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>purpurea,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page8">8</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>purpurifera,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page49">49</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>purdii,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page10">10</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>PYRALIDINA,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page122">122</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>pyramaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page61">61</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05"> + <td><i>ranata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page39">39</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>rauparaha</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page116">116</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>rectilineata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page45">45</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Rhapsa,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page36">36</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>rhodopleura,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page19">19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>RHOPALOCERA, <i>see</i> PAPILIONINA,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page101">101</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>rivularis</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>rixata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page49">49</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>rosearia,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page57">57</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>rubescens,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page25">25</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>rubraria,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page77">77</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>rubropunctaria,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page51">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>rubroviridans</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page129">129</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>rufescens,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page56">56</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>rudiata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page82">82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>rudisata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page82">82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05"> + <td>salustius,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page116">116</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Samana,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page76">76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="sc">Satyridæ</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page110">110</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>scabra</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page96">96</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>schistaria,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>scriptaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page86">86</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>scissaria,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page79">79</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>scotosialis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page36">36</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>selenophora,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page35">35</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Selidosema,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page82">82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="sc">Selidosemidæ</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page81">81</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>semialbata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>semifissata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page59">59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>semilisata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>semisignata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>semivittata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page13">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p class="sp0">sericea (Agrotis),</p> + </td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page31">31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>sericea (Bityla),</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page29">29</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>servularia</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Sestra,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page89">89</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>signata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page134">134</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>similata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>simplex,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page74">74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>simulans</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>siria,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page51">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>siris,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>sistens</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page9">9</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>squalida</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page49">49</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>specifica</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page9">9</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>sphæriata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>sphagnea</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page17">17</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Sphinx,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page99">99</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="sc">Sphingidæ</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page99">99</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>sphragitis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page43">43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>steropastis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page23">23</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="sc">Sterrhidæ</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page77">77</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>stigmaticata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page86">86</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>stinaria,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>stipata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page25">25</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p class="sp0"><i>strangulata</i>,</p> + </td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page48">48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>strategica (Metacrias),</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page4">4</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="hid">strat</span>"<span class="hid">gica</span> (Notoreas),</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page73">73</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>streptophora</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page88">88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>suavis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page83">83</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>subductata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page57">57</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>subitata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>subobscurata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page66">66</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>subochraria,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page48">48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>subpurpureata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>subtentaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>suffusa</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page30">30</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>sulcana,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page13">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>sulpitiata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page86">86</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05"> + <td>tartarea,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page21">21</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Tatosoma,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page39">39</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>temperata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page9">9</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Theoxena,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page79">79</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>thoracica</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page29">29</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>timarata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>timora,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page40">40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>TINEINA,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p class="sp0"><i>tipulata</i>,</p> + </td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page40">40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>TORTRICINA,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>toumatou</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page126">126</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>transitaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page40">40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>triphragma,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page49">49</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>tuhuata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>turbida</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page16">16</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05"> + <td>umbraculata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page134">134</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>undosata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page54">54</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>undulifera</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>unica,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page12">12</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>unicolor,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page126">126</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>unipuncta,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page13">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>urtica,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page120">120</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>usitata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page83">83</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>ustistriga,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page26">26</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Utetheisa,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page3">3</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05"> + <td>Vanessa,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page105">105</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>varians</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>variolaris</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page133">133</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>velleda,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page109">109</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p class="sp0"><i>venipunctata</i>,</p> + </td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page64">64</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Venusia,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page53">53</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>verriculata,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page53">53</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>vexata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page133">133</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>vigens</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page28">28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>virescens</i> (<i>Chera</i>),</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page9">9</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>virescens (Hepialus),</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page129">129</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>viridis</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page17">17</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>visata</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page51">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>vitiosa,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page20">20</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>vulcanica,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page75">75</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05"> + <td>xanthaspis,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page54">54</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Xanthia,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page7">7</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Xanthorhoe,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page56">56</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05"> + <td>ypsilon,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page30">30</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>ypsilonaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page59">59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pt05"> + <td><i>ziczac</i>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page93">93</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>zoilus,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page120">120</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>zopyra,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page74">74</a></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div id="page145"></div> + + <h1 class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:3ex;"><span class="x-larger">PLATES AND + EXPLANATIONS.</span></h1> + + <div id="plate1"></div> + + <h2>PLATE I.</h2> + + <h3>ANATOMICAL.</h3> + + <table class="sp3 w100 nothand smaller" title="Plate I" summary="Plate I"> + <tr> + <td class="w50 vmi" style="padding:0"> + <table class="mc" title="Plate I description" summary="Plate I description"> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">1.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Outline of a Lepidopterous insect showing the terms employed in + describing the various margins and angles of the fore- and hind-wings.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">2.</td> + <td class="it1p05">View of the under side of the head and first segment of the larva of + a Lepidopterous insect. AA, eyes; BB, antennæ; 1, labrum; 22, mandibles; 33, maxillæ; 4, + labium; 5, spinneret; <i>a</i>, coxa; <i>b</i>, trochanter; <i>c</i>, femur; <i>d</i>, + tibia; <i>e</i>, tarsus; <i>f</i>, claw (highly magnified).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">3.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Assumed type of neuration of fore-wing of a Lepidopterous insect. + (After Meyrick.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">4.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Ditto of hind-wing. (After Meyrick.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">5.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Side view of the head of <i>Vanessa gonerilla</i> with proboscis + extended. (Imago, Plate <a href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. 5.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">6.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Ditto with proboscis coiled up. (In both these figures only the basal + portions of the antennæ are shown.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">7.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Anosia erippus</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 1.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">8.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Ditto of hind-wing.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">9.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Digestive system of a Lepidopterous larva. A, œsophagus; D, + ventriculus; F, clavate intestine; E, ilium; H, colon; K, biliary vessels; O, spinning + vessels. (After Suckow.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">10.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Ditto of perfect insect. N, salivary vessels; C, sucking stomach; G, + cæcum. The rest as before. (After Herold.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Front view of the head of <i>Vanessa gonerilla</i> with the labial + palpi removed showing the organs of the mouth. AA, eyes; BB, antennæ (basal portion); + <i>l</i>, labrum; <i>mm</i>, mandibles; <i>pp</i>, maxillary palpi; C, proboscis formed + of elongated maxillæ (highly magnified).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">12.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Sphingidæ</i>. (<i>Deilephila</i>; after + Meyrick.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">13.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Ditto hind-wing. (After Meyrick.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">14.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Proleg of caterpillar highly magnified.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">15.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Chrysophanus salustius</i>. (Imago, + Plate <a href="#plate12">XII</a>., figs. 18-21.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">16.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Ditto of hind-wing.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">17.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Fasciculate-ciliated antenna of <i>Chloroclystis plinthina</i>. + (Imago, Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., fig. 8.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">18.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Serrate antenna of <i>Melanchra composita</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate5">V</a>., fig. 8.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">19.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Pubescent antenna of <i>Epirranthis alectoraria</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., figs. 42-47.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">20.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Bi-pectinated antenna of <i>Nyctemera annulata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate4">IV</a>., figs. 1, 2.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">21.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Leg of <i>Agrotis ypsilon</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate5">V</a>., figs. 35, 36.) 1, coxa; 2, trochanter; 3, femur; 4, tibia; 5, + tarsus; 6, claw; SS, spurs. (All these are highly magnified.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">22.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Hepialus virescens</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., figs. 16, 17.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">23.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Ditto of hind-wing.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">24.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Head of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">25.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Erebia pluto</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate11">XI</a>., figs. 8-10.) Vein 11 absent.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">26.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Ditto, veins 11 and 12 concurrent.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">27.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Ditto of hind-wing.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">28.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Porina signata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 15.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">29.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Ditto of hind-wing.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">30.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Œceticus omnivorus</i>. (Imago, + Plate <a href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 6.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">31.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Ditto of hind-wing.</td> + </tr> + </table> + </td> + <td class="w50 vmi"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl01.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl01.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp3 w100 handonly smaller" title="Plate I" summary="Plate I"> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">1.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Outline of a Lepidopterous insect showing the terms employed in describing + the various margins and angles of the fore- and hind-wings.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">2.</td> + <td class="it1p05">View of the under side of the head and first segment of the larva of a + Lepidopterous insect. AA, eyes; BB, antennæ; 1, labrum; 22, mandibles; 33, maxillæ; 4, labium; + 5, spinneret; <i>a</i>, coxa; <i>b</i>, trochanter; <i>c</i>, femur; <i>d</i>, tibia; + <i>e</i>, tarsus; <i>f</i>, claw (highly magnified).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">3.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Assumed type of neuration of fore-wing of a Lepidopterous insect. (After + Meyrick.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">4.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Ditto of hind-wing. (After Meyrick.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">5.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Side view of the head of <i>Vanessa gonerilla</i> with proboscis extended. + (Imago, Plate <a href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. 5.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">6.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Ditto with proboscis coiled up. (In both these figures only the basal + portions of the antennæ are shown.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">7.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Anosia erippus</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 1.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">8.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Ditto of hind-wing.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">9.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Digestive system of a Lepidopterous larva. A, œsophagus; D, + ventriculus; F, clavate intestine; E, ilium; H, colon; K, biliary vessels; O, spinning + vessels. (After Suckow.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">10.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Ditto of perfect insect. N, salivary vessels; C, sucking stomach; G, cæcum. + The rest as before. (After Herold.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Front view of the head of <i>Vanessa gonerilla</i> with the labial palpi + removed showing the organs of the mouth. AA, eyes; BB, antennæ (basal portion); <i>l</i>, + labrum; <i>mm</i>, mandibles; <i>pp</i>, maxillary palpi; C, proboscis formed of elongated + maxillæ (highly magnified).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">12.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Sphingidæ</i>. (<i>Deilephila</i>; after + Meyrick.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">13.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Ditto hind-wing. (After Meyrick.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">14.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Proleg of caterpillar highly magnified.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">15.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Chrysophanus salustius</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate12">XII</a>., figs. 18-21.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">16.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Ditto of hind-wing.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">17.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Fasciculate-ciliated antenna of <i>Chloroclystis plinthina</i>. (Imago, + Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., fig. 8.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">18.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Serrate antenna of <i>Melanchra composita</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate5">V</a>., fig. 8.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">19.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Pubescent antenna of <i>Epirranthis alectoraria</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., figs. 42-47.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">20.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Bi-pectinated antenna of <i>Nyctemera annulata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate4">IV</a>., figs. 1, 2.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">21.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Leg of <i>Agrotis ypsilon</i>. (Imago, Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + figs. 35, 36.) 1, coxa; 2, trochanter; 3, femur; 4, tibia; 5, tarsus; 6, claw; SS, spurs. (All + these are highly magnified.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">22.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Hepialus virescens</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., figs. 16, 17.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">23.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Ditto of hind-wing.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">24.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Head of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">25.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Erebia pluto</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate11">XI</a>., figs. 8-10.) Vein 11 absent.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">26.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Ditto, veins 11 and 12 concurrent.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">27.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Ditto of hind-wing.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">28.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Porina signata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 15.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">29.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Ditto of hind-wing.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">30.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Œceticus omnivorus</i>. (Imago, Plate + <a href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 6.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">31.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Ditto of hind-wing.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl01.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl01.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div id="plate2"></div> + + <h2>PLATE II.</h2> + + <h3>ANATOMICAL.</h3> + + <table class="sp3 w100 nothand smaller" title="Plate II" summary="Plate II"> + <tr> + <td class="w50 vmi" style="padding:0"> + <table class="mc" title="Plate II description" summary="Plate II description"> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">1.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Metacrias erichrysa</i>. (Imago, Plate + <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., fig. 5.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">2.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">3.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Head of <i>Nyctemera annulata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate4">IV</a>., figs. 1, 2.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">4.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">5.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">6.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Mamestra mutans</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate4">IV</a>., figs. 34-36.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">7.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">8.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Head of male of <i>Physetica cærulea</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate4">IV</a>., fig. 7.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">9.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Erana graminosa</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate5">V</a>., figs. 24-25.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">10.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Head of <i>Leucania nullifera</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate4">IV</a>., fig. 9.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">12.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Head of <i>Dasypodia selenophora</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate6">VI</a>., fig. 4.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">13.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Head of <i>Venusia verriculata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate6">VI</a>., figs. 30-31.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">14.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Plusia chalcites</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate6">VI</a>., fig. 3.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">15.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">16.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Rhapsa scotosialis</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate6">VI</a>., figs. 5-6.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">17.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">18.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Head of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">19.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Chloroclystis bilineolata</i>. (Imago, + Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., figs. 9-10.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">20.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">21.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Tatosoma agrionata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate6">VI</a>., figs. 26-27.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">22.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of male.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">23.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of female.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">24.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Head of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">25.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Venusia undosata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate6">VI</a>., figs. 33-34.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">26.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">27.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Paradetis porphyrias</i>. (Imago, Plate + <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., fig. 36.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">28.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of male.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">30.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Asthena pulchraria</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate6">VI</a>., figs. 37-38.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">31.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">32.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Head of <i>Hydriomena deltoidata</i>. (Imago, Plato VII., figs. + 1-9.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">33.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">34.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">35.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Asaphodes megaspilata</i>. (Imago, Plate + <a href="#plate7">VII</a>., figs. 17-20.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">36.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">37.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Xanthorhoe clarata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., figs. 31-32.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">38.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">39.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Lythria chrysopeda</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., figs. 33-34.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">40.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">42.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Dasyuris partheniata</i> (hind-wings as + in <i>Xanthorhoe</i>). (Imago, Plate <a href="#plate8">VIII</a>., figs. 30-31.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">43.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Notoreas brephos</i> (hind-wings also as + in <i>Xanthorhoe</i>). (Imago, Plate <a href="#plate8">VIII</a>., figs. 20-23.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">44.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Dichromodes petrina</i>. (Imago, Plate + <a href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 39.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">45.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">46.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Epirranthis alectoraria</i>. (Imago, + Plate <a href="#plate8">VIII</a>., figs. 42-47.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">47.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">48.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Head of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">49.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Leptomeris rubraria</i>. (Imago, Plate + <a href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 37.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">50.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">51.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Chalastra pelurgata</i>. (Imago, Plate + <a href="#plate9">IX</a>., figs. 33-36.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">52.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">53.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Sestra humeraria</i> (hind-wing as in + <i>Selidosema</i>). (Imago, Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., figs. 1-2).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">54.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Azelina gallaria</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate10">X</a>., figs. 13-23.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">55.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">56.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Declana floccosa</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate10">X</a>., figs. 39-47.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">57.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">58.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Head of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">59.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Selidosema dejectaria</i>. (Imago, Plate + <a href="#plate9">IX</a>., figs. 19-24.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">60.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">61.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Drepanodes muriferata</i>. (Imago, Plate + <a href="#plate10">X</a>., figs. 7-12.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">62.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">63.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Gonophylla nelsonaria</i>. (Imago, Plate + <a href="#plate10">X</a>., figs. 3-6.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">64.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + </table> + </td> + <td class="w50 vmi"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl02.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl02.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp3 w100 handonly smaller" title="Plate II" summary="Plate II"> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">1.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Metacrias erichrysa</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate4">IV</a>., fig. 5.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">2.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">3.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Head of <i>Nyctemera annulata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + figs. 1, 2.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">4.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">5.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">6.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Mamestra mutans</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate4">IV</a>., figs. 34-36.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">7.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">8.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Head of male of <i>Physetica cærulea</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate4">IV</a>., fig. 7.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">9.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Erana graminosa</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate5">V</a>., figs. 24-25.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">10.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Head of <i>Leucania nullifera</i>. (Imago, Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 9.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">12.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Head of <i>Dasypodia selenophora</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate6">VI</a>., fig. 4.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">13.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Head of <i>Venusia verriculata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate6">VI</a>., figs. 30-31.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">14.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Plusia chalcites</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate6">VI</a>., fig. 3.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">15.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">16.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Rhapsa scotosialis</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate6">VI</a>., figs. 5-6.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">17.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">18.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Head of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">19.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Chloroclystis bilineolata</i>. (Imago, Plate + <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., figs. 9-10.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">20.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">21.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Tatosoma agrionata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate6">VI</a>., figs. 26-27.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">22.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of male.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">23.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of female.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">24.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Head of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">25.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Venusia undosata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate6">VI</a>., figs. 33-34.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">26.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">27.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Paradetis porphyrias</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate6">VI</a>., fig. 36.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">28.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of male.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">30.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Asthena pulchraria</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate6">VI</a>., figs. 37-38.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">31.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">32.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Head of <i>Hydriomena deltoidata</i>. (Imago, Plato VII., figs. 1-9.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">33.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">34.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">35.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Asaphodes megaspilata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., figs. 17-20.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">36.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">37.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Xanthorhoe clarata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate7">VII</a>., figs. 31-32.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">38.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">39.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Lythria chrysopeda</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., figs. 33-34.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">40.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">42.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Dasyuris partheniata</i> (hind-wings as in + <i>Xanthorhoe</i>). (Imago, Plate <a href="#plate8">VIII</a>., figs. 30-31.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">43.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Notoreas brephos</i> (hind-wings also as in + <i>Xanthorhoe</i>). (Imago, Plate <a href="#plate8">VIII</a>., figs. 20-23.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">44.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Dichromodes petrina</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 39.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">45.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">46.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Epirranthis alectoraria</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., figs. 42-47.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">47.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">48.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Head of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">49.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Leptomeris rubraria</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 37.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">50.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">51.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Chalastra pelurgata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate9">IX</a>., figs. 33-36.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">52.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">53.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Sestra humeraria</i> (hind-wing as in + <i>Selidosema</i>). (Imago, Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., figs. 1-2).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">54.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Azelina gallaria</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate10">X</a>., figs. 13-23.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">55.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">56.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Declana floccosa</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate10">X</a>., figs. 39-47.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">57.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">58.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Head of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">59.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Selidosema dejectaria</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate9">IX</a>., figs. 19-24.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">60.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">61.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Drepanodes muriferata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate10">X</a>., figs. 7-12.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">62.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">63.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of fore-wing of <i>Gonophylla nelsonaria</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate10">X</a>., figs. 3-6.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">64.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl02.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl02.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div id="plate3"></div> + + <h2>PLATE III.</h2> + + <h3>PREPARATORY STAGES.</h3> + + <table class="sp3 w100 nothand smaller" title="Plate III" summary="Plate III"> + <tr> + <td class="w50 vmi" style="padding:0"> + <table class="mc" title="Plate III description" summary="Plate III description"> + <tr> + <td class="x-smaller ar">FIG.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="x-smaller ar">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">1, 2.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larvæ of <i>Vanessa gonerilla</i>. (Pupæ, figs. 31, 32; Imago, Plate + <a href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. 5.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page105">105</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">3.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Anosia erippus</i>. (Pupa, fig. 27; Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 1.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page102">102</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">4.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Argyrophenga antipodum</i>. (Pupa, fig. 29; Imago, Plate + <a href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 4.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page110">110</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">5.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Dodonidia helmsi</i>. (Pupa, fig. 28; Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 14.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page112">112</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">6.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Porina signata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 15.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page134">134</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">7.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Melanchra composita</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate5">V</a>., fig. 8.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page22">22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">8.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Erana graminosa</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate5">V</a>., fig. 24.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page28">28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">9.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Nyctemera annulata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate4">IV</a>., fig. 1.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page2">2</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">10.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Melanchra homoscia</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate5">V</a>., fig. 7.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page21">21</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Orthosia comma</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate5">V</a>., fig. 27.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page7">7</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">12.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Selidosema dejectaria</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate9">IX</a>., fig. 21.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page86">86</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">13, 14.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larvæ of <i>Sphinx convolvuli</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 1.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page99">99</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">15.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Melanchra mutans</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate4">IV</a>., fig. 34.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page18">18</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">16.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Melanchra vitiosa</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate4">IV</a>., fig. 42.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page20">20</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">17.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Selidosema aristarcha</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate9">IX</a>., fig. 17.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page85">85</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">18.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Declana atronivea</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate10">X</a>., fig. 33.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page95">95</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">19.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Epirranthis hemipteraria</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 48.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">20.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Sestra humeraria</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate10">X</a>., fig. 1.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page89">89</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">21.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Chalastra pelurgata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate9">IX</a>., fig. 34.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page88">88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">22.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Selidosema productata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate9">IX</a>., fig. 6.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page84">84</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">23.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Hepialis virescens</i>. (Pupa, fig. 30; Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 16.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page129">129</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">24.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Epirranthis alectoraria</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 42.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">25.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Œceticus omnivorus</i> withdrawn from case. + (Imago, Plate <a href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 6.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page123">123</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">26.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of ditto in its case.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">27.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Pupa of <i>Anosia erippus</i>. (Larva, fig. 3; Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 1.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page102">102</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">28.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Pupa of <i>Dodonidia helmsi</i>. (Larva, fig. 5; Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 14.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page112">112</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">29.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Pupa of <i>Argyrophenga antipodum</i>. (Larva, fig. 4; Imago, Plate + <a href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 4.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page110">110</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">30.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Pupa of <i>Hepialus virescens</i>. (Larva, fig. 23; Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 16.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page129">129</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">31, 32.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Pupæ of <i>Vanessa gonerilla</i>. (Larva, figs. 1, 2; Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. 5)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page105">105</a></td> + </tr> + </table> + </td> + <td class="w50 vmi"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl03.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl03.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp2 w100 handonly smaller" title="Plate III" summary="Plate III"> + <tr> + <td class="x-smaller ar">FIG.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="x-smaller ar">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">1, 2.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larvæ of <i>Vanessa gonerilla</i>. (Pupæ, figs. 31, 32; Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. 5.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page105">105</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">3.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Anosia erippus</i>. (Pupa, fig. 27; Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 1.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page102">102</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">4.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Argyrophenga antipodum</i>. (Pupa, fig. 29; Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 4.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page110">110</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">5.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Dodonidia helmsi</i>. (Pupa, fig. 28; Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 14.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page112">112</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">6.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Porina signata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a href="#plate13">XIII</a>., + fig. 15.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page134">134</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">7.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Melanchra composita</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate5">V</a>., fig. 8.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page22">22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">8.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Erana graminosa</i>. (Imago, Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 24.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page28">28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">9.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Nyctemera annulata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate4">IV</a>., fig. 1.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page2">2</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">10.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Melanchra homoscia</i>. (Imago, Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 7.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page21">21</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Orthosia comma</i>. (Imago, Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., + fig. 27.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page7">7</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">12.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Selidosema dejectaria</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate9">IX</a>., fig. 21.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page86">86</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">13, 14.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larvæ of <i>Sphinx convolvuli</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 1.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page99">99</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">15.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Melanchra mutans</i>. (Imago, Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 34.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page18">18</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">16.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Melanchra vitiosa</i>. (Imago, Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., + fig. 42.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page20">20</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">17.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Selidosema aristarcha</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate9">IX</a>., fig. 17.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page85">85</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">18.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Declana atronivea</i>. (Imago, Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., + fig. 33.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page95">95</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">19.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Epirranthis hemipteraria</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 48.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">20.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Sestra humeraria</i>. (Imago, Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., + fig. 1.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page89">89</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">21.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Chalastra pelurgata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate9">IX</a>., fig. 34.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page88">88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">22.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Selidosema productata</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate9">IX</a>., fig. 6.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page84">84</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">23.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Hepialis virescens</i>. (Pupa, fig. 30; Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 16.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page129">129</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">24.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Epirranthis alectoraria</i>. (Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 42.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">25.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of <i>Œceticus omnivorus</i> withdrawn from case. (Imago, + Plate <a href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 6.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page123">123</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">26.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Larva of ditto in its case.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">27.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Pupa of <i>Anosia erippus</i>. (Larva, fig. 3; Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 1.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page102">102</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">28.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Pupa of <i>Dodonidia helmsi</i>. (Larva, fig. 5; Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 14.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page112">112</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">29.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Pupa of <i>Argyrophenga antipodum</i>. (Larva, fig. 4; Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 4.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page110">110</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">30.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Pupa of <i>Hepialus virescens</i>. (Larva, fig. 23; Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 16.)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page129">129</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">31, 32.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Pupæ of <i>Vanessa gonerilla</i>. (Larva, figs. 1, 2; Imago, Plate <a + href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. 5)</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page105">105</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl03.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl03.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div id="plate4"></div> + + <h2>PLATE IV.</h2> + + <h3>CARADRININA.</h3> + + <table class="sp3 w100 nothand smaller" title="Plate IV" summary="Plate IV"> + <tr> + <td class="w50 vmi" style="padding:0"> + <table class="mc" title="Plate IV description" summary="Plate IV description"> + <tr> + <td class="x-smaller ar">FIG.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="x-smaller ar">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">1.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Nyctemera annulata</i> ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 9.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page2">2</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">2.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Nyct</span>"<span class="hid">mera ann</span>"<span + class="hid">lata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">3.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Utetheisa pulchella</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page3">3</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">4.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Metacrias strategica</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page4">4</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">5.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Meta</span>"<span class="hid">rias</span> + <i>erichrysa</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page4">4</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">6.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Meta</span>"<span class="hid">rias</span> + <i>huttonii</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page5">5</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">7.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Physetica cærulea</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page8">8</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">8.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Leucania griseipennis</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page9">9</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">9.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> + <i>nullifera</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page9">9</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">10.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> + <i>micrastra</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page12">12</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> + <i>purdii</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page10">10</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">12.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> + <i>atristriga</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page10">10</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">13.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> + <i>propria</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page11">11</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">14.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> + <i>acontistis</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page11">11</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">15.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> + <i>phaula</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page11">11</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">16.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> + <i>alopa</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page12">12</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">17.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> + <i>unica</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page12">12</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">18.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> + <i>arotis</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page12">12</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">19.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> + <i>sulcana</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page13">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">20.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia sul</span>"<span + class="hid">ana</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">21.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> + <i>semivittata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page13">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">22.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia semi</span>"<span + class="hid">ittata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">23.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> + <i>blenheimensis</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page13">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">24.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> + <i>unipuncta</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page13">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">25.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Ichneutica ceraunias</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page14">14</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">26.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ichne</span>"<span class="hid">tica + cera</span>"<span class="hid">nias</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">27.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ichne</span>"<span class="hid">tica</span> + <i>dione</i>, n. sp. ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page14">14</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">28.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Melanchra paracausta</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page15">15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar pr0">28<span class="smaller">A</span>.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra + para</span>"<span class="hid">austa</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">29.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>insignis</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page16">16</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">30.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra + insi</span>"<span class="hid">nis</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">31.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>maya</i>, n. sp. ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page17">17</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">32.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>plena</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page17">17</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">33.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>lithias</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page17">17</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">34.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>mutans</i> ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 15.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page18">18</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">35.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra mut</span>"<span + class="hid">ns</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">36.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra mut</span>"<span + class="hid">ns</span> ♂ variety</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">37.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>pictula</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page19">19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">38.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>rhodopleura</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page19">19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">39.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>cœleno</i>, n. sp. ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page26">26</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">40.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>proteastis</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page20">20</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">42.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>vitiosa</i> ♀<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 16.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page20">20</a></td> + </tr> + </table> + </td> + <td class="w50 vmi"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl04.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl04.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp3 w100 handonly smaller" title="Plate IV" summary="Plate IV"> + <tr> + <td class="x-smaller ar">FIG.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="x-smaller ar">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">1.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Nyctemera annulata</i> ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 9.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page2">2</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">2.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Nyct</span>"<span class="hid">mera ann</span>"<span + class="hid">lata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">3.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Utetheisa pulchella</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page3">3</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">4.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Metacrias strategica</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page4">4</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">5.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Meta</span>"<span class="hid">rias</span> + <i>erichrysa</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page4">4</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">6.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Meta</span>"<span class="hid">rias</span> <i>huttonii</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page5">5</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">7.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Physetica cærulea</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page8">8</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">8.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Leucania griseipennis</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page9">9</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">9.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> <i>nullifera</i> + ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page9">9</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">10.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> <i>micrastra</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page12">12</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> <i>purdii</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page10">10</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">12.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> + <i>atristriga</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page10">10</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">13.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> <i>propria</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page11">11</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">14.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> + <i>acontistis</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page11">11</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">15.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> <i>phaula</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page11">11</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">16.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> <i>alopa</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page12">12</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">17.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> <i>unica</i> + ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page12">12</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">18.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> <i>arotis</i> + ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page12">12</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">19.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> <i>sulcana</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page13">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">20.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia sul</span>"<span + class="hid">ana</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">21.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> + <i>semivittata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page13">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">22.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia semi</span>"<span + class="hid">ittata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">23.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> + <i>blenheimensis</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page13">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">24.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Leuc</span>"<span class="hid">nia</span> <i>unipuncta</i> + ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page13">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">25.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Ichneutica ceraunias</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page14">14</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">26.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ichne</span>"<span class="hid">tica cera</span>"<span + class="hid">nias</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">27.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ichne</span>"<span class="hid">tica</span> <i>dione</i>, + n. sp. ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page14">14</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">28.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Melanchra paracausta</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page15">15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar pr0">28<span class="smaller">A</span>.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra para</span>"<span + class="hid">austa</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">29.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> <i>insignis</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page16">16</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">30.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra insi</span>"<span + class="hid">nis</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">31.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> <i>maya</i>, n. + sp. ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page17">17</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">32.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> <i>plena</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page17">17</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">33.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> <i>lithias</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page17">17</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">34.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> <i>mutans</i> + ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 15.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page18">18</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">35.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra mut</span>"<span + class="hid">ns</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">36.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra mut</span>"<span + class="hid">ns</span> ♂ variety</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">37.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> <i>pictula</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page19">19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">38.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>rhodopleura</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page19">19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">39.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>cœleno</i>, n. sp. ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page26">26</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">40.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>proteastis</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page20">20</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">42.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> <i>vitiosa</i> + ♀<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 16.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page20">20</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl04.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl04.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div id="plate5"></div> + + <h2>PLATE V.</h2> + + <h3>CARADRININA.</h3> + + <table class="sp3 w100 nothand smaller" title="Plate V" summary="Plate V"> + <tr> + <td class="w50 vmi" style="padding:0"> + <table class="mc" title="Plate V description" summary="Plate V description"> + <tr> + <td class="x-smaller ar">FIG.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="x-smaller ar">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">1.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Melanchra octans</i>, n. sp.</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page25">25</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">2.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>merope</i>, n. sp. ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page19">19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">3.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>pelistis</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page19">19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">4.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra + peli</span>"<span class="hid">tis</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">5.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>diatmeta</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page21">21</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">6.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>tartarea</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page21">21</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">7.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>homoscia</i> ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 10.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page21">21</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">8.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>composita</i> ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 7.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page22">22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">9.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra + comp</span>"<span class="hid">sita</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">10.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>steropastis</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page23">23</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra + stero</span>"<span class="hid">astis</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">12.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>infensa</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page23">23</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">13.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>omoplaca</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page23">23</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">14.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>alcyone</i>, n. sp. ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page24">24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">15.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>asterope</i>, n. sp. ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page24">24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">16.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>dotata</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page24">24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">17.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>stipata</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page25">25</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">18.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>rubescens</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page25">25</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">19.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>lignana</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page26">26</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">20.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>ustistriga</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page26">26</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar pr0">20<span class="smaller">A</span>.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra + usti</span>"<span class="hid">triga</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">21.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>prionistis</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page27">27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">22.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>phricias</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page27">27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">23.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>cucullina</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page27">27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">24.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Erana graminosa</i> ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 8.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page28">28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">25.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Er</span>"<span class="hid">na grami</span>"<span + class="hid">osa</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">26.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Miselia pessota</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page6">6</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">27.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Orthosia comma</i> ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 11.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page7">7</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">28.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Orth</span>"<span class="hid">sia co</span>"<span + class="hid">ma</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">29.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Orth</span>"<span class="hid">sia</span> + <i>immunis</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page7">7</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">30.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Melanchra agorastis</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page18">18</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">31.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Orthosia margarita</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page6">6</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">32.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Xanthia purpurea</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page8">8</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">33.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Bityla defigurata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page29">29</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">34.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Bit</span>"<span class="hid">la</span> + <i>sericea</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page29">29</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">35.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Agrotis ypsilon</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page30">30</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">36.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Agr</span>"<span class="hid">tis yp</span>"<span + class="hid">ilon</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">37.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Agr</span>"<span class="hid">tis</span> + <i>admirationis</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page31">31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">38.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Agr</span>"<span class="hid">tis</span> + <i>sericea</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page31">31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">39.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Agr</span>"<span class="hid">tis</span> + <i>innominata</i>, n. sp. ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page31">31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">40.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Heliothis armigera</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page32">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">41.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Heli</span>"<span class="hid">this + armi</span>"<span class="hid">era</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">42.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Melanchra omicron</i>, n. sp. ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page22">22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">43.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>disjungens</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page15">15</a></td> + </tr> + </table> + </td> + <td class="w50 vmi"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl05.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl05.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp3 w100 handonly smaller" title="Plate V" summary="Plate V"> + <tr> + <td class="x-smaller ar">FIG.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="x-smaller ar">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">1.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Melanchra octans</i>, n. sp.</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page25">25</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">2.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> <i>merope</i>, + n. sp. ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page19">19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">3.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> <i>pelistis</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page19">19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">4.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra peli</span>"<span + class="hid">tis</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">5.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> <i>diatmeta</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page21">21</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">6.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> <i>tartarea</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page21">21</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">7.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> <i>homoscia</i> + ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 10.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page21">21</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">8.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>composita</i> ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 7.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page22">22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">9.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra comp</span>"<span + class="hid">sita</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">10.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>steropastis</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page23">23</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra stero</span>"<span + class="hid">astis</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">12.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> <i>infensa</i> + ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page23">23</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">13.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> <i>omoplaca</i> + ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page23">23</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">14.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> <i>alcyone</i>, + n. sp. ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page24">24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">15.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>asterope</i>, n. sp. ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page24">24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">16.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> <i>dotata</i> + ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page24">24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">17.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> <i>stipata</i> + ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page25">25</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">18.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>rubescens</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page25">25</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">19.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> <i>lignana</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page26">26</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">20.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>ustistriga</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page26">26</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar pr0">20<span class="smaller">A</span>.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra usti</span>"<span + class="hid">triga</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">21.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>prionistis</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page27">27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">22.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> <i>phricias</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page27">27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">23.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>cucullina</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page27">27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">24.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Erana graminosa</i> ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 8.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page28">28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">25.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Er</span>"<span class="hid">na grami</span>"<span + class="hid">osa</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">26.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Miselia pessota</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page6">6</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">27.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Orthosia comma</i> ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 11.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page7">7</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">28.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Orth</span>"<span class="hid">sia co</span>"<span + class="hid">ma</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">29.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Orth</span>"<span class="hid">sia</span> <i>immunis</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page7">7</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">30.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Melanchra agorastis</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page18">18</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">31.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Orthosia margarita</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page6">6</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">32.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Xanthia purpurea</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page8">8</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">33.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Bityla defigurata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page29">29</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">34.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Bit</span>"<span class="hid">la</span> <i>sericea</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page29">29</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">35.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Agrotis ypsilon</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page30">30</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">36.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Agr</span>"<span class="hid">tis yp</span>"<span + class="hid">ilon</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">37.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Agr</span>"<span class="hid">tis</span> + <i>admirationis</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page31">31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">38.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Agr</span>"<span class="hid">tis</span> <i>sericea</i> + ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page31">31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">39.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Agr</span>"<span class="hid">tis</span> + <i>innominata</i>, n. sp. ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page31">31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">40.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Heliothis armigera</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page32">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">41.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Heli</span>"<span class="hid">this armi</span>"<span + class="hid">era</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">42.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Melanchra omicron</i>, n. sp. ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page22">22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">43.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Mela</span>"<span class="hid">chra</span> + <i>disjungens</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page15">15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl05.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl05.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div id="plate6"></div> + + <h2>PLATE VI.</h2> + + <h3>CARADRININA AND NOTODONTINA.</h3> + + <table class="sp3 w100 nothand smaller" title="Plate VI" summary="Plate VI"> + <tr> + <td class="w50 vmi" style="padding:0"> + <table class="mc" title="Plate VI description" summary="Plate VI description"> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="ac"><span class="sc">Caradrinina.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="x-smaller ar">FIG.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="x-smaller ar">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">1.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Agrotis carapachoides</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page32">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">2.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Cosmodes elegans</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page33">33</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">3.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Plusia chalcites</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page35">35</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">4.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Dasypodia selenophora</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page35">35</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">5.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Rhapsa scotosialis</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page36">36</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">6.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Rha</span>"<span class="hid">sa scoto</span>"<span + class="hid">ialis</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">7.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Rhapsa octias</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page37">37</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="ac"><span class="sc">Notodontina.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">8.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Chloroclystis plinthina</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">9, 10.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chloro</span>"<span class="hid">lystis</span> + <i>bilineolata</i> varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chloro</span>"<span class="hid">lystis</span> + <i>nereis</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page43">43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">12.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chloro</span>"<span class="hid">lystis</span> + <i>dryas</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page43">43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">13, 14.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chloro</span>"<span class="hid">lystis</span> + <i>sphragitis</i> varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page43">43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">15, 16.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chloro</span>"<span class="hid">lystis</span> + <i>lichenodes</i> varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">17.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chloro</span>"<span class="hid">lystis</span> + <i>indicataria</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar pr0">17<span class="smaller">A</span>.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chloro</span>"<span class="hid">lystis + indic</span>"<span class="hid">taria</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">18.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chloro</span>"<span class="hid">lystis</span> + <i>maculata</i>, n. sp.</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">19.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Phrissogonus denotatus</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page45">45</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">20.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Chloroclystis antarctica</i>, n. sp.</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page42">42</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">21.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chloro</span>"<span class="hid">lystis</span> + <i>aristias</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page42">42</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">22.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chloro</span>"<span class="hid">lystis + ari</span>"<span class="hid">tias</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">23, 24.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Elvia glaucata</i> varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page46">46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">25.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Tatosoma lestevata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page39">39</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">26.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Tato</span>"<span class="hid">oma</span> + <i>agrionata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page40">40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">27.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Tato</span>"<span class="hid">oma agri</span>"<span + class="hid">nata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">28.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Tato</span>"<span class="hid">oma</span> + <i>timora</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page40">40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">29.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Tato</span>"<span class="hid">oma tim</span>"<span + class="hid">ra</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">30.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Venusia verriculata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page53">53</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">31.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ven</span>"<span class="hid">sia verri</span>"<span + class="hid">ulata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">32.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ven</span>"<span class="hid">sia</span> + <i>xanthaspis</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page54">54</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">33.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ven</span>"<span class="hid">sia</span> + <i>undosata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page54">54</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">34.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ven</span>"<span class="hid">sia undo</span>"<span + class="hid">ata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">35.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Euchœca rubropunctaria</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page51">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">36.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Paradetis porphyrias</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">37.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Asthena pulchraria</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">38.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ast</span>"<span class="hid">ena pulch</span>"<span + class="hid">aria</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">39-42.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Asthena schistaria</i> varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">43.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Hydriomena gobiata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">44.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hydri</span>"<span class="hid">mena + gobi</span>"<span class="hid">ta</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">45, 46.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hydri</span>"<span class="hid">mena</span> + <i>subochraria</i> varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page48">48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">47.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hydri</span>"<span class="hid">mena</span> + <i>prionota</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">48.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hydri</span>"<span class="hid">mena</span> + <i>siria</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page51">51</a></td> + </tr> + </table> + </td> + <td class="w50 vmi"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl06.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl06.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp3 w100 handonly smaller" title="Plate VI" summary="Plate VI"> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="ac"><span class="sc">Caradrinina.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="x-smaller ar">FIG.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="x-smaller ar">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">1.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Agrotis carapachoides</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page32">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">2.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Cosmodes elegans</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page33">33</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">3.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Plusia chalcites</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page35">35</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">4.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Dasypodia selenophora</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page35">35</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">5.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Rhapsa scotosialis</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page36">36</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">6.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Rha</span>"<span class="hid">sa scoto</span>"<span + class="hid">ialis</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">7.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Rhapsa octias</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page37">37</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="ac"><span class="sc">Notodontina.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">8.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Chloroclystis plinthina</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">9, 10.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chloro</span>"<span class="hid">lystis</span> + <i>bilineolata</i> varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chloro</span>"<span class="hid">lystis</span> + <i>nereis</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page43">43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">12.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chloro</span>"<span class="hid">lystis</span> + <i>dryas</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page43">43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">13, 14.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chloro</span>"<span class="hid">lystis</span> + <i>sphragitis</i> varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page43">43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">15, 16.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chloro</span>"<span class="hid">lystis</span> + <i>lichenodes</i> varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">17.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chloro</span>"<span class="hid">lystis</span> + <i>indicataria</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar pr0">17<span class="smaller">A</span>.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chloro</span>"<span class="hid">lystis indic</span>"<span + class="hid">taria</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">18.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chloro</span>"<span class="hid">lystis</span> + <i>maculata</i>, n. sp.</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">19.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Phrissogonus denotatus</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page45">45</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">20.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Chloroclystis antarctica</i>, n. sp.</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page42">42</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">21.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chloro</span>"<span class="hid">lystis</span> + <i>aristias</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page42">42</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">22.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chloro</span>"<span class="hid">lystis ari</span>"<span + class="hid">tias</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">23, 24.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Elvia glaucata</i> varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page46">46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">25.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Tatosoma lestevata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page39">39</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">26.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Tato</span>"<span class="hid">oma</span> <i>agrionata</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page40">40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">27.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Tato</span>"<span class="hid">oma agri</span>"<span + class="hid">nata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">28.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Tato</span>"<span class="hid">oma</span> <i>timora</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page40">40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">29.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Tato</span>"<span class="hid">oma tim</span>"<span + class="hid">ra</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">30.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Venusia verriculata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page53">53</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">31.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ven</span>"<span class="hid">sia verri</span>"<span + class="hid">ulata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">32.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ven</span>"<span class="hid">sia</span> <i>xanthaspis</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page54">54</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">33.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ven</span>"<span class="hid">sia</span> <i>undosata</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page54">54</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">34.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ven</span>"<span class="hid">sia undo</span>"<span + class="hid">ata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">35.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Euchœca rubropunctaria</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page51">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">36.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Paradetis porphyrias</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">37.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Asthena pulchraria</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">38.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ast</span>"<span class="hid">ena pulch</span>"<span + class="hid">aria</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">39-42.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Asthena schistaria</i> varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">43.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Hydriomena gobiata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">44.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hydri</span>"<span class="hid">mena gobi</span>"<span + class="hid">ta</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">45, 46.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hydri</span>"<span class="hid">mena</span> + <i>subochraria</i> varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page48">48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">47.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hydri</span>"<span class="hid">mena</span> + <i>prionota</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">48.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hydri</span>"<span class="hid">mena</span> + <i>siria</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page51">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl06.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl06.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div id="plate7"></div> + + <h2>PLATE VII.</h2> + + <h3>NOTODONTINA.</h3> + + <table class="sp3 w100 nothand smaller" title="Plate VII" summary="Plate VII"> + <tr> + <td class="w50 vmi" style="padding:0"> + <table class="mc" title="Plate VII description" summary="Plate VII description"> + <tr> + <td class="x-smaller ar">FIG.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="x-smaller ar">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">1-9.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Hydriomena deltoidata</i> varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">10.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hydri</span>"<span class="hid">mena</span> + <i>hemizona</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page48">48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hydri</span>"<span class="hid">mena</span> + <i>rixata</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page49">49</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">12.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hydri</span>"<span class="hid">mena</span> + <i>purpurifera</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page49">49</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">13.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hydri</span>"<span class="hid">mena</span> + <i>callichlora</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">14.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hydri</span>"<span class="hid">mena</span> + <i>similata</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">15.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hydri</span>"<span class="hid">mena</span> + <i>arida</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">16.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Asaphodes siris</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">17-19.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Asap</span>"<span class="hid">odes</span> + <i>megaspilata</i> ♂ varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar pr0">19<span class="smaller">A</span>, 20.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Asap</span>"<span class="hid">odes + megas</span>"<span class="hid">ilata</span> ♀ varieties</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">21.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Asap</span>"<span class="hid">odes</span> + <i>abrogata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">22.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Xanthorhoe rosearia</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page57">57</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">23.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe + rose</span>"<span class="hid">ria</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">24.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>orophylla</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page58">58</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">25.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe + orop</span>"<span class="hid">ylla</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">26.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>semifissata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page59">59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">27.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe + semifi</span>"<span class="hid">sata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">28.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>chlamydota</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page59">59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">29.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>stinaria</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">30.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>præfectata</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">31.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>clarata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page61">61</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">32.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe + cla</span>"<span class="hid">ata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">33.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>cataphracta</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page61">61</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">34.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe + catap</span>"<span class="hid">racta</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">35.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>beata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page63">63</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">36.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe be</span>"<span + class="hid">ta</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">37.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>ægrota</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page64">64</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">38.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>lucidata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page64">64</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">39.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>mnesichola</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">40.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>helias</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page64">64</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">41.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>prasinias</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page65">65</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">42.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>chionogramma</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page65">65</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">43.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe + chiono</span>"<span class="hid">ramma</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">44.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>chorica</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page66">66</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">45.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>obarata</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page66">66</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">46.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>limonodes</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page57">57</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">47.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>lophogramma</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page59">59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">48.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe + lopho</span>"<span class="hid">ramma</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">49.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>adonis</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page63">63</a></td> + </tr> + </table> + </td> + <td class="w50 vmi"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl07.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl07.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp3 w100 handonly smaller" title="Plate VII" summary="Plate VII"> + <tr> + <td class="x-smaller ar">FIG.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="x-smaller ar">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">1-9.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Hydriomena deltoidata</i> varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">10.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hydri</span>"<span class="hid">mena</span> + <i>hemizona</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page48">48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hydri</span>"<span class="hid">mena</span> + <i>rixata</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page49">49</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">12.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hydri</span>"<span class="hid">mena</span> + <i>purpurifera</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page49">49</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">13.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hydri</span>"<span class="hid">mena</span> + <i>callichlora</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">14.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hydri</span>"<span class="hid">mena</span> + <i>similata</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">15.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hydri</span>"<span class="hid">mena</span> + <i>arida</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">16.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Asaphodes siris</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">17-19.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Asap</span>"<span class="hid">odes</span> + <i>megaspilata</i> ♂ varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar pr0">19<span class="smaller">A</span>, 20.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Asap</span>"<span class="hid">odes megas</span>"<span + class="hid">ilata</span> ♀ varieties</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">21.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Asap</span>"<span class="hid">odes</span> <i>abrogata</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">22.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Xanthorhoe rosearia</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page57">57</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">23.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe rose</span>"<span + class="hid">ria</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">24.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>orophylla</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page58">58</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">25.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe orop</span>"<span + class="hid">ylla</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">26.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>semifissata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page59">59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">27.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe semifi</span>"<span + class="hid">sata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">28.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>chlamydota</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page59">59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">29.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>stinaria</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">30.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>præfectata</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">31.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> <i>clarata</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page61">61</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">32.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe cla</span>"<span + class="hid">ata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">33.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>cataphracta</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page61">61</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">34.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe catap</span>"<span + class="hid">racta</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">35.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> <i>beata</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page63">63</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">36.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe be</span>"<span + class="hid">ta</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">37.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> <i>ægrota</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page64">64</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">38.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>lucidata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page64">64</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">39.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>mnesichola</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">40.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> <i>helias</i> + ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page64">64</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">41.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>prasinias</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page65">65</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">42.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>chionogramma</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page65">65</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">43.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe chiono</span>"<span + class="hid">ramma</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">44.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>chorica</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page66">66</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">45.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>obarata</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page66">66</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">46.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>limonodes</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page57">57</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">47.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>lophogramma</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page59">59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">48.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe lopho</span>"<span + class="hid">ramma</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">49.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> <i>adonis</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page63">63</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl07.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl07.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div id="plate8"></div> + + <h2>PLATE VIII.</h2> + + <h3>NOTODONTINA.</h3> + + <table class="sp3 w100 nothand smaller" title="Plate VIII" summary="Plate VIII"> + <tr> + <td class="w50 vmi" style="padding:0"> + <table class="mc" title="Plate VIII description" summary="Plate VIII description"> + <tr> + <td class="x-smaller ar">FIG.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="x-smaller ar">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">1.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Xanthorhoe bulbulata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar pr0">2, 2<span class="smaller">A</span>.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>cineraria</i> varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">3.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Notoreas insignis</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page71">71</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">4-8.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> + <i>perornata</i> varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page72">72</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">9-11.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> + <i>mechanitis</i> varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page72">72</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">12-14.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> + <i>paradelpha</i> varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page72">72</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">15.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> + <i>strategica</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page73">73</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">16.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> + <i>callicrena</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page73">73</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">17.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> + <i>ferox</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page74">74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">18, 19.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> + <i>zopyra</i> ♂ varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page74">74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">20-23.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> + <i>brephos</i> varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page75">75</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">24.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> + <i>vulcanica</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page75">75</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">25.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> + <i>omichlias</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page76">76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">26.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> + <i>simplex</i>, n. sp. ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page74">74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">27.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> + <i>isoleuca</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page72">72</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">28.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Dasyuris enysii</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page69">69</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">29.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Dasy</span>"<span class="hid">ris</span> + <i>anceps</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page69">69</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">30.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Dasy</span>"<span class="hid">ris</span> + <i>partheniata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page70">70</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">31.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Dasy</span>"<span class="hid">ris + parth</span>"<span class="hid">niata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">32.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Dasy</span>"<span class="hid">ris</span> + <i>hectori</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page70">70</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">33.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Lythria chrysopeda</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">34.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Lyt</span>"<span class="hid">ria chrys</span>"<span + class="hid">peda</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">35.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Lyt</span>"<span class="hid">ria</span> + <i>euclidiata</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">36.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Samana falcatella</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page76">76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">37.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Leptomeris rubraria</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page77">77</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">38.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Lept</span>"<span class="hid">meris + rubr</span>"<span class="hid">ria</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">39.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Dichromodes petrina</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">40.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Dichr</span>"<span class="hid">modes</span> + <i>nigra</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">41.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Theoxena scissaria</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page79">79</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">42-47.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Epirranthis alectoraria</i> varieties.<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 24.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">48.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Epirr</span>"<span class="hid">nthis</span> + <i>hemipteraria</i> ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 19.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">49.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Epirr</span>"<span class="hid">nthis + hemipt</span>"<span class="hid">raria</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">50.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Selidosema fenerata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page82">82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">51.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Seli</span>"<span class="hid">osema + fen</span>"<span class="hid">rata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + </table> + </td> + <td class="w50 vmi"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl08.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl08.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp3 w100 handonly smaller" title="Plate VIII" summary="Plate VIII"> + <tr> + <td class="x-smaller ar">FIG.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="x-smaller ar">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">1.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Xanthorhoe bulbulata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar pr0">2, 2<span class="smaller">A</span>.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Xanth</span>"<span class="hid">rhoe</span> + <i>cineraria</i> varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">3.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Notoreas insignis</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page71">71</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">4-8.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> <i>perornata</i> + varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page72">72</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">9-11.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> + <i>mechanitis</i> varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page72">72</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">12-14.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> + <i>paradelpha</i> varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page72">72</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">15.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> + <i>strategica</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page73">73</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">16.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> + <i>callicrena</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page73">73</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">17.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> <i>ferox</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page74">74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">18, 19.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> <i>zopyra</i> + ♂ varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page74">74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">20-23.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> <i>brephos</i> + varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page75">75</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">24.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> + <i>vulcanica</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page75">75</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">25.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> <i>omichlias</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page76">76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">26.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> <i>simplex</i>, + n. sp. ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page74">74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">27.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Noto</span>"<span class="hid">eas</span> <i>isoleuca</i> + ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page72">72</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">28.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Dasyuris enysii</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page69">69</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">29.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Dasy</span>"<span class="hid">ris</span> <i>anceps</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page69">69</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">30.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Dasy</span>"<span class="hid">ris</span> + <i>partheniata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page70">70</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">31.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Dasy</span>"<span class="hid">ris parth</span>"<span + class="hid">niata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">32.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Dasy</span>"<span class="hid">ris</span> <i>hectori</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page70">70</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">33.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Lythria chrysopeda</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">34.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Lyt</span>"<span class="hid">ria chrys</span>"<span + class="hid">peda</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">35.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Lyt</span>"<span class="hid">ria</span> + <i>euclidiata</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">36.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Samana falcatella</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page76">76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">37.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Leptomeris rubraria</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page77">77</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">38.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Lept</span>"<span class="hid">meris rubr</span>"<span + class="hid">ria</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">39.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Dichromodes petrina</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">40.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Dichr</span>"<span class="hid">modes</span> + <i>nigra</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">41.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Theoxena scissaria</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page79">79</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">42-47.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Epirranthis alectoraria</i> varieties.<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 24.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">48.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Epirr</span>"<span class="hid">nthis</span> + <i>hemipteraria</i> ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 19.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">49.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Epirr</span>"<span class="hid">nthis hemipt</span>"<span + class="hid">raria</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">50.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Selidosema fenerata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page82">82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">51.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Seli</span>"<span class="hid">osema fen</span>"<span + class="hid">rata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl08.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl08.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div id="plate9"></div> + + <h2>PLATE IX.</h2> + + <h3>NOTODONTINA.</h3> + + <table class="sp3 w100 nothand smaller" title="Plate IX" summary="Plate IX"> + <tr> + <td class="w50 vmi" style="padding:0"> + <table class="mc" title="Plate IX description" summary="Plate IX description"> + <tr> + <td class="x-smaller ar">FIG.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="x-smaller ar">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">1.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Selidosema rudiata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page82">82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">2.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema ru</span>"<span + class="hid">iata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">3.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema</span> + <i>suavis</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page83">83</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">4.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema su</span>"<span + class="hid">vis</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">5.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema</span> + <i>humillima</i>, n. sp. ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page83">83</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">6-10.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema</span> + <i>productata</i> ♂ varieties.<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 22.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page84">84</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11-14.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema + prod</span>"<span class="hid">ctata</span> ♀ varieties</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">15.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema</span> + <i>melinata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page85">85</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">16.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema + meli</span>"<span class="hid">ata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">17.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema</span> + <i>aristarcha</i> ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 17.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page85">85</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">18.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema + arist</span>"<span class="hid">rcha</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">19-22.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema</span> + <i>dejectaria</i> ♂ varieties.<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 12.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page86">86</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">23, 24.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema + deje</span>"<span class="hid">taria</span> ♀ varieties</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">25-28.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema</span> + <i>panagrata</i> ♂ varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page87">87</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">29, 30.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema + pana</span>"<span class="hid">rata</span> ♀ varieties</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">31.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Hybernia indocilis</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page88">88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">32.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hybe</span>"<span class="hid">nia indo</span>"<span + class="hid">ilis</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">33, 34.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Chalastra pelurgata</i> ♂ varieties.<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 21.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page88">88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">35, 36.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chal</span>"<span class="hid">stra + pelu</span>"<span class="hid">gata</span> ♀ varieties</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">37.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Sestra flexata</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page90">90</a></td> + </tr> + </table> + </td> + <td class="w50 vmi"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl09.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl09.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp3 w100 handonly smaller" title="Plate IX" summary="Plate IX"> + <tr> + <td class="x-smaller ar">FIG.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="x-smaller ar">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">1.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Selidosema rudiata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page82">82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">2.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema ru</span>"<span + class="hid">iata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">3.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema</span> <i>suavis</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page83">83</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">4.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema su</span>"<span + class="hid">vis</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">5.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema</span> + <i>humillima</i>, n. sp. ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page83">83</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">6-10.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema</span> + <i>productata</i> ♂ varieties.<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 22.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page84">84</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11-14.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema prod</span>"<span + class="hid">ctata</span> ♀ varieties</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">15.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema</span> + <i>melinata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page85">85</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">16.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema meli</span>"<span + class="hid">ata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">17.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema</span> + <i>aristarcha</i> ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 17.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page85">85</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">18.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema arist</span>"<span + class="hid">rcha</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">19-22.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema</span> + <i>dejectaria</i> ♂ varieties.<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 12.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page86">86</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">23, 24.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema deje</span>"<span + class="hid">taria</span> ♀ varieties</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">25-28.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema</span> + <i>panagrata</i> ♂ varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page87">87</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">29, 30.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Selid</span>"<span class="hid">sema pana</span>"<span + class="hid">rata</span> ♀ varieties</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">31.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Hybernia indocilis</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page88">88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">32.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hybe</span>"<span class="hid">nia indo</span>"<span + class="hid">ilis</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">33, 34.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Chalastra pelurgata</i> ♂ varieties.<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 21.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page88">88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">35, 36.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chal</span>"<span class="hid">stra pelu</span>"<span + class="hid">gata</span> ♀ varieties</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">37.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Sestra flexata</i> ♀</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page90">90</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl09.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl09.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div id="plate10"></div> + + <h2>PLATE X.</h2> + + <h3>NOTODONTINA.</h3> + + <table class="sp3 w100 nothand smaller" title="Plate X" summary="Plate X"> + <tr> + <td class="w50 vmi" style="padding:0"> + <table class="mc" title="Plate X description" summary="Plate X description"> + <tr> + <td class="x-smaller ar">FIG.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="x-smaller ar">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">1, 2.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Sestra humeraria</i> varieties.<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 20.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page89">89</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">3, 4.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Gonophylla nelsonaria</i> ♂ varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page90">90</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">5, 6.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Gonop</span>"<span class="hid">ylla + nels</span>"<span class="hid">naria</span> ♀ varieties</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">7-10.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Drepanodes muriferata</i> ♂ varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page91">91</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11, 12.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Drepa</span>"<span class="hid">odes + murif</span>"<span class="hid">rata</span> ♀ varieties</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">13-20.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Azelina gallaria</i> ♂ varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page92">92</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">21-23.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Az</span>"<span class="hid">lina gall</span>"<span + class="hid">ria</span> ♀ varieties</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">24.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Az</span>"<span class="hid">lina</span> + <i>fortinata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page93">93</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">25.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Az</span>"<span class="hid">lina forti</span>"<span + class="hid">ata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">26.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Az</span>"<span class="hid">lina</span> + <i>ophiopa</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page93">93</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">27.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Az</span>"<span class="hid">lina ophi</span>"<span + class="hid">pa</span> ♂ variety</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">28.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Az</span>"<span class="hid">lina ophi</span>"<span + class="hid">pa</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar pr0">29, 31, 31<span class="smaller">A</span>.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Ipana leptomera</i> ♂ varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page94">94</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">30.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Az</span>"<span class="hid">lina lept</span>"<span + class="hid">mera</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">32.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Declana griseata</i>, n. sp.</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page98">98</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">33.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">De</span>"<span class="hid">lana</span> + <i>atronivea</i> ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 18.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page95">95</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">34.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">De</span>"<span class="hid">lana atro</span>"<span + class="hid">ivea</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">35.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">De</span>"<span class="hid">lana</span> + <i>egregia</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page96">96</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">36.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">De</span>"<span class="hid">lana</span> + <i>hermione</i>, n. sp. ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page98">98</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">37.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">De</span>"<span class="hid">lana</span> + <i>junctilinea</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page98">98</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">38.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">De</span>"<span class="hid">lana junct</span>"<span + class="hid">linea</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">39-43.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">De</span>"<span class="hid">lana</span> + <i>floccosa</i> ♂ varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page96">96</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">44-47.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">De</span>"<span class="hid">lana floc</span>"<span + class="hid">osa</span> ♀ varieties</td> + </tr> + </table> + </td> + <td class="w50 vmi"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl10.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl10.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp3 w100 handonly smaller" title="Plate X" summary="Plate X"> + <tr> + <td class="x-smaller ar">FIG.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="x-smaller ar">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">1, 2.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Sestra humeraria</i> varieties.<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 20.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page89">89</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">3, 4.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Gonophylla nelsonaria</i> ♂ varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page90">90</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">5, 6.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Gonop</span>"<span class="hid">ylla nels</span>"<span + class="hid">naria</span> ♀ varieties</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">7-10.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Drepanodes muriferata</i> ♂ varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page91">91</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11, 12.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Drepa</span>"<span class="hid">odes murif</span>"<span + class="hid">rata</span> ♀ varieties</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">13-20.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Azelina gallaria</i> ♂ varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page92">92</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">21-23.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Az</span>"<span class="hid">lina gall</span>"<span + class="hid">ria</span> ♀ varieties</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">24.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Az</span>"<span class="hid">lina</span> <i>fortinata</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page93">93</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">25.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Az</span>"<span class="hid">lina forti</span>"<span + class="hid">ata</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">26.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Az</span>"<span class="hid">lina</span> <i>ophiopa</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page93">93</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">27.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Az</span>"<span class="hid">lina ophi</span>"<span + class="hid">pa</span> ♂ variety</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">28.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Az</span>"<span class="hid">lina ophi</span>"<span + class="hid">pa</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar pr0">29, 31, 31<span class="smaller">A</span>.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Ipana leptomera</i> ♂ varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page94">94</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">30.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Az</span>"<span class="hid">lina lept</span>"<span + class="hid">mera</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">32.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Declana griseata</i>, n. sp.</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page98">98</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">33.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">De</span>"<span class="hid">lana</span> <i>atronivea</i> + ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 18.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page95">95</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">34.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">De</span>"<span class="hid">lana atro</span>"<span + class="hid">ivea</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">35.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">De</span>"<span class="hid">lana</span> <i>egregia</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page96">96</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">36.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">De</span>"<span class="hid">lana</span> <i>hermione</i>, + n. sp. ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page98">98</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">37.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">De</span>"<span class="hid">lana</span> + <i>junctilinea</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page98">98</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">38.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">De</span>"<span class="hid">lana junct</span>"<span + class="hid">linea</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">39-43.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">De</span>"<span class="hid">lana</span> <i>floccosa</i> + ♂ varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page96">96</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">44-47.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">De</span>"<span class="hid">lana floc</span>"<span + class="hid">osa</span> ♀ varieties</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl10.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl10.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div id="plate11"></div> + + <h2>PLATE XI.</h2> + + <h3>PAPILIONINA.</h3> + + <table class="sp3 w100 nothand smaller" title="Plate XI" summary="Plate XI"> + <tr> + <td class="w50 vmi" style="padding:0"> + <table class="mc" title="Plate XI description" summary="Plate XI description"> + <tr> + <td class="x-smaller ar">FIG.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="x-smaller ar">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">1.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Anosia erippus</i> ♀<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 3; Pupa, fig. 27.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page102">102</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">2.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ano</span>"<span class="hid">ia erip</span>"<span + class="hid">us</span> under side.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">3, 4.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Argyrophenga antipodum</i> ♂ varieties.<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 4; Pupa, fig. 29.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page110">110</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">5.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Argyro</span>"<span class="hid">henga + antip</span>"<span class="hid">dum</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">6, 7.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Argyro</span>"<span class="hid">henga + antip</span>"<span class="hid">dum</span> under sides.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">8.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Erebia pluto</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page114">114</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">9.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ere</span>"<span class="hid">ia pl</span>"<span + class="hid">to</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">10.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ere</span>"<span class="hid">ia pl</span>"<span + class="hid">to</span> under side.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Erebia butleri</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page115">115</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">12.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ere</span>"<span class="hid">ia butl</span>"<span + class="hid">ri</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">13.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ere</span>"<span class="hid">ia butl</span>"<span + class="hid">ri</span> under side.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">14.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Dodonidia helmsi</i> ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 5; Pupa, fig. 28.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page112">112</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">15.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Dodon</span>"<span class="hid">dia hel</span>"<span + class="hid">si</span> under side.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">16.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Junonia velleda</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page109">109</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">17.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Juno</span>"<span class="hid">ia vell</span>"<span + class="hid">da</span> under side.</td> + </tr> + </table> + </td> + <td class="w50 vmi"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl11.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl11.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp3 w100 handonly smaller" title="Plate XI" summary="Plate XI"> + <tr> + <td class="x-smaller ar">FIG.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="x-smaller ar">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">1.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Anosia erippus</i> ♀<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 3; Pupa, fig. 27.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page102">102</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">2.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ano</span>"<span class="hid">ia erip</span>"<span + class="hid">us</span> under side.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">3, 4.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Argyrophenga antipodum</i> ♂ varieties.<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 4; Pupa, fig. 29.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page110">110</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">5.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Argyro</span>"<span class="hid">henga antip</span>"<span + class="hid">dum</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">6, 7.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Argyro</span>"<span class="hid">henga antip</span>"<span + class="hid">dum</span> under sides.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">8.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Erebia pluto</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page114">114</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">9.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ere</span>"<span class="hid">ia pl</span>"<span + class="hid">to</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">10.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ere</span>"<span class="hid">ia pl</span>"<span + class="hid">to</span> under side.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Erebia butleri</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page115">115</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">12.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ere</span>"<span class="hid">ia butl</span>"<span + class="hid">ri</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">13.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ere</span>"<span class="hid">ia butl</span>"<span + class="hid">ri</span> under side.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">14.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Dodonidia helmsi</i> ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 5; Pupa, fig. 28.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page112">112</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">15.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Dodon</span>"<span class="hid">dia hel</span>"<span + class="hid">si</span> under side.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">16.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Junonia velleda</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page109">109</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">17.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Juno</span>"<span class="hid">ia vell</span>"<span + class="hid">da</span> under side.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl11.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl11.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div id="plate12"></div> + + <h2>PLATE XII.</h2> + + <h3>PAPILIONINA.</h3> + + <table class="sp3 w100 nothand smaller" title="Plate XII" summary="Plate XII"> + <tr> + <td class="w50 vmi" style="padding:0"> + <table class="mc" title="Plate XII description" summary="Plate XII description"> + <tr> + <td class="x-smaller ar">FIG.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="x-smaller ar">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">1.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Vanessa cardui</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page108">108</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">2.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Vane</span>"<span class="hid">sa car</span>"<span + class="hid">ui</span> under side.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">3.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Vane</span>"<span class="hid">sa</span> + <i>itea</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page107">107</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">4.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Vane</span>"<span class="hid">sa it</span>"<span + class="hid">a</span> under side.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">5.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Vane</span>"<span class="hid">sa</span> + <i>gonerilla</i>.<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., figs. 1 and 2; Pupa, figs. 31, 32.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page105">105</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">6.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Vane</span>"<span class="hid">sa goner</span>"<span + class="hid">lla</span> under side.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">7.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Anosia bolina</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page104">104</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">8.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ano</span>"<span class="hid">ia boli</span>"<span + class="hid">a</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">9.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ano</span>"<span class="hid">ia boli</span>"<span + class="hid">a</span> under side.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">10.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Lycæna phœbe</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page119">119</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Lyc</span>"<span class="hid">na ph</span>"<span + class="hid">be</span> under side.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">12.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Lyc</span>"<span class="hid">na</span> + <i>oxleyi</i>, under side.</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page119">119</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">13, 14.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Chrysophanus boldenarum</i> ♂ varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page118">118</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">15.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chryso</span>"<span class="hid">hanus + bolde</span>"<span class="hid">arum</span> under side of ♂</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">16.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chryso</span>"<span class="hid">hanus + bolde</span>"<span class="hid">arum</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">17.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chryso</span>"<span class="hid">hanus + bolde</span>"<span class="hid">arum</span> under side of ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">18.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chryso</span>"<span class="hid">hanus</span> + <i>salustius</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page116">116</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">19.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chryso</span>"<span class="hid">hanus + salu</span>"<span class="hid">tius</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">20.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chryso</span>"<span class="hid">hanus + salu</span>"<span class="hid">tius</span> under side</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">21.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chryso</span>"<span class="hid">hanus + salu</span>"<span class="hid">tius</span> under side of variety<br/> + (upper side, Plate <a href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 2.)</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">22.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chryso</span>"<span class="hid">hanus</span> + <i>enysii</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page117">117</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">23.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chryso</span>"<span class="hid">hanus + eny</span>"<span class="hid">ii</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">24.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chryso</span>"<span class="hid">hanus + eny</span>"<span class="hid">ii</span> under side.</td> + </tr> + </table> + </td> + <td class="w50 vmi"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl12.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl12.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp3 w100 handonly smaller" title="Plate XII" summary="Plate XII"> + <tr> + <td class="x-smaller ar">FIG.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="x-smaller ar">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">1.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Vanessa cardui</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page108">108</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">2.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Vane</span>"<span class="hid">sa car</span>"<span + class="hid">ui</span> under side.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">3.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Vane</span>"<span class="hid">sa</span> <i>itea</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page107">107</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">4.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Vane</span>"<span class="hid">sa it</span>"<span + class="hid">a</span> under side.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">5.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Vane</span>"<span class="hid">sa</span> + <i>gonerilla</i>.<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., figs. 1 and 2; Pupa, figs. 31, 32.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page105">105</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">6.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Vane</span>"<span class="hid">sa goner</span>"<span + class="hid">lla</span> under side.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">7.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Anosia bolina</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page104">104</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">8.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ano</span>"<span class="hid">ia boli</span>"<span + class="hid">a</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">9.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Ano</span>"<span class="hid">ia boli</span>"<span + class="hid">a</span> under side.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">10.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Lycæna phœbe</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page119">119</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Lyc</span>"<span class="hid">na ph</span>"<span + class="hid">be</span> under side.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">12.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Lyc</span>"<span class="hid">na</span> <i>oxleyi</i>, + under side.</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page119">119</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">13, 14.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Chrysophanus boldenarum</i> ♂ varieties</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page118">118</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">15.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chryso</span>"<span class="hid">hanus bolde</span>"<span + class="hid">arum</span> under side of ♂</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">16.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chryso</span>"<span class="hid">hanus bolde</span>"<span + class="hid">arum</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">17.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chryso</span>"<span class="hid">hanus bolde</span>"<span + class="hid">arum</span> under side of ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">18.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chryso</span>"<span class="hid">hanus</span> + <i>salustius</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page116">116</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">19.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chryso</span>"<span class="hid">hanus salu</span>"<span + class="hid">tius</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">20.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chryso</span>"<span class="hid">hanus salu</span>"<span + class="hid">tius</span> under side</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">21.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chryso</span>"<span class="hid">hanus salu</span>"<span + class="hid">tius</span> under side of variety<br/> + (upper side, Plate <a href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 2.)</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">22.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chryso</span>"<span class="hid">hanus</span> + <i>enysii</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page117">117</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">23.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chryso</span>"<span class="hid">hanus eny</span>"<span + class="hid">ii</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">24.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Chryso</span>"<span class="hid">hanus eny</span>"<span + class="hid">ii</span> under side.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl12.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl12.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div id="plate13"></div> + + <h2>PLATE XIII.</h2> + + <h3>NOTODONTINA, PAPILIONINA, PSYCHINA, AND MICROPTERYGINA.</h3> + + <table class="sp3 w100 nothand smaller" title="Plate XIII" summary="Plate XIII"> + <tr> + <td class="w50 vmi" style="padding:0"> + <table class="mc" title="Plate XIII description" summary="Plate XIII description"> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="ac"><span class="sc">Notodontina.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="x-smaller ar">FIG.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="x-smaller ar">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">1.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Sphinx convolvuli.</i><br/> + (Larva, Plate III, figs. 13 and 14.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page99">99</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="ac"><span class="sc">Papilionina.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">2-5.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Varieties of <i>Chrysophanus salustius</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page116">116</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="ac"><span class="sc">Psychina.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">6.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Œceticus omnivorus</i> ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., figs. 25, 26.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page123">123</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">7.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Orophora unicolor</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page126">126</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="ac"><span class="sc">Micropterygina.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">8.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Porina dinodes</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page132">132</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">9.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Pori</span>"<span class="hid">a</span> + <i>enysii</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page133">133</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">10.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Pori</span>"<span class="hid">a eny</span>"<span + class="hid">ii</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Pori</span>"<span class="hid">a</span> + <i>characterifera</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page133">133</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">12.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Pori</span>"<span class="hid">a</span> + <i>cervinata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page133">133</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">13.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Pori</span>"<span class="hid">a</span> + <i>despecta</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page134">134</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">14.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Pori</span>"<span class="hid">a</span> + <i>umbraculata</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page134">134</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">15.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Pori</span>"<span class="hid">a</span> + <i>signata</i> ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 6.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page134">134</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">16.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Hepialus virescens</i> ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 23; Pupa, fig. 30.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page129">129</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">17.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hepi</span>"<span class="hid">lus vire</span>"<span + class="hid">cens</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">18.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Porina cervinata</i> ♀ variety</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page133">133</a></td> + </tr> + </table> + </td> + <td class="w50 vmi"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl13.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl13.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp5 w100 handonly smaller" title="Plate XIII" summary="Plate XIII"> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="ac"><span class="sc">Notodontina.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="x-smaller ar">FIG.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="x-smaller ar">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">1.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Sphinx convolvuli.</i><br/> + (Larva, Plate III, figs. 13 and 14.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page99">99</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="ac"><span class="sc">Papilionina.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">2-5.</td> + <td class="it1p05">Varieties of <i>Chrysophanus salustius</i></td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page116">116</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="ac"><span class="sc">Psychina.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">6.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Œceticus omnivorus</i> ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., figs. 25, 26.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page123">123</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">7.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Orophora unicolor</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page126">126</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="ac"><span class="sc">Micropterygina.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">8.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Porina dinodes</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page132">132</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">9.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Pori</span>"<span class="hid">a</span> <i>enysii</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page133">133</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">10.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Pori</span>"<span class="hid">a eny</span>"<span + class="hid">ii</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">11.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Pori</span>"<span class="hid">a</span> + <i>characterifera</i> ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page133">133</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">12.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Pori</span>"<span class="hid">a</span> <i>cervinata</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page133">133</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">13.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Pori</span>"<span class="hid">a</span> <i>despecta</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page134">134</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">14.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Pori</span>"<span class="hid">a</span> <i>umbraculata</i> + ♂</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page134">134</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">15.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Pori</span>"<span class="hid">a</span> <i>signata</i> + ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 6.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page134">134</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">16.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Hepialus virescens</i> ♂<br/> + (Larva, Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 23; Pupa, fig. 30.)</td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#page129">129</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">17.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><span class="hid">Hepi</span>"<span class="hid">lus vire</span>"<span + class="hid">cens</span> ♀</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="wnw ar">18.</td> + <td class="it1p05"><i>Porina cervinata</i> ♀ variety</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page133">133</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3"><span class="ac w100 fcenter"><a href="images/nzlepspl13.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/nzlepspl13.jpg" alt="" title=""/></a></span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h1 class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3ex;"><span class="x-larger">Notes.</span></h1> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_1" href="#NtA_1">[1]</a> + <p>This organ is termed the tongue by Mr. Meyrick. As many mandibulate insects possess a true + tongue, and the proboscis of the <i>Lepidoptera</i> is not homologous with the tongue, but with + the maxillæ, I think the term is very misleading.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_2" href="#NtA_2">[2]</a> + <p>For the examination of the wings taken from <i>dried</i> specimens, I have found that + immersion in methylated spirits renders the veins visible after <i>partial</i> denudation with + the camel's-hair brush. With recent specimens, however, the scales can easily be <i>entirely</i> + removed.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_3" href="#NtA_3">[3]</a> + <p>I have found considerable difficulty and uncertainty in examining the neuration of undenuded + specimens.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_4" href="#NtA_4">[4]</a> + <p>Entom. xxvi. 220.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_5" href="#NtA_5">[5]</a> + <p>Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. 218.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_6" href="#NtA_6">[6]</a> + <p>'British Moths,' 31.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_7" href="#NtA_7">[7]</a> + <p>Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. 217.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_8" href="#NtA_8">[8]</a> + <p>Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. 216.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_9" href="#NtA_9">[9]</a> + <p>Ibid.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_10" href="#NtA_10">[10]</a> + <p>Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 7.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_11" href="#NtA_11">[11]</a> + <p>Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 10.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_12" href="#NtA_12">[12]</a> + <p><i>Leucania aulacias</i>, Meyr., is distinguished by having grey cilia to the hind-wings. The + species was described from a single specimen taken at Dunedin and now in Mr. Fereday's + collection. I have carefully examined this specimen, and find that the cilia, although + considerably injured, are distinctly grey. As, however, I think it undesirable to characterize + species so closely resembling each other from such meagre material, I here regard it as a + synonym of <i>Leucania arotis</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_13" href="#NtA_13">[13]</a> + <p>Report of American Department of Agriculture, 1881, p. 93.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_14" href="#NtA_14">[14]</a> + <p>Mr. Philpott informs me that the larva of <i>M. paracausta</i> closely resembles that of + <i>M. vitiosa</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_15" href="#NtA_15">[15]</a> + <p>This species has been recently named by Mr. Meyrick, but a description of it has not yet been + published.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_16" href="#NtA_16">[16]</a> + <p>The accurate ascertainment of the positions of the veins near the costa in this species is a + matter of considerable difficulty owing to the extremely dense tuft of hairs there situated.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_17" href="#NtA_17">[17]</a> + <p>Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 29.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_18" href="#NtA_18">[18]</a> + <p>Newman's British Moths, 319.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_19" href="#NtA_19">[19]</a> + <p>Meyrick, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 33.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_20" href="#NtA_20">[20]</a> + <p>Meyrick, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 35.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_21" href="#NtA_21">[21]</a> + <p>Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 35.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_22" href="#NtA_22">[22]</a> + <p>Meyrick, 'Handbook of British Lepidoptera,' 159.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_23" href="#NtA_23">[23]</a> + <p>Trans. N. Z. Inst. xi. 300.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_24" href="#NtA_24">[24]</a> + <p>Ib. xix. 38.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_25" href="#NtA_25">[25]</a> + <p>Since this was written I find that Mr. Meyrick has created a new genus, <i>Hyperaucha</i>, + for the reception of this insect. See 'Transactions of the Entomological Society of London,' + 1897, 383.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_26" href="#NtA_26">[26]</a> + <p>N. Z. 'Journal of Science,' July, 1884.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_27" href="#NtA_27">[27]</a> + <p>N. Z. 'Journal of Science,' July, 1884.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_28" href="#NtA_28">[28]</a> + <p>A second specimen of this variety has since occurred in the neighbourhood of Nelson.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_29" href="#NtA_29">[29]</a> + <p>Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 60.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_30" href="#NtA_30">[30]</a> + <p>Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 60.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_31" href="#NtA_31">[31]</a> + <p>N. Z. 'Journal of Science,' July, 1884.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_32" href="#NtA_32">[32]</a> + <p>Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 60.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_33" href="#NtA_33">[33]</a> + <p>Trans. N. Z. Inst. xviii. 208.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_34" href="#NtA_34">[34]</a> + <p>Ib. xvi. 71.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_35" href="#NtA_35">[35]</a> + <p>Ib.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_36" href="#NtA_36">[36]</a> + <p>Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 78.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_37" href="#NtA_37">[37]</a> + <p>Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 82.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_38" href="#NtA_38">[38]</a> + <p>Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 83.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_39" href="#NtA_39">[39]</a> + <p>Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 86.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_40" href="#NtA_40">[40]</a> + <p>In connection with these three species of <i>Notoreas</i> I should here mention that I have a + number of specimens in my collection which appear to me to establish a complete transition + between <i>N. mechanitis</i>, <i>N. paradelpha</i>, and <i>N. perornata</i>. From a careful + study of these specimens I am led to believe that these three forms are really only varieties of + one very variable species. Mr. Meyrick does not at present share this opinion, but I am disposed + to think that this is chiefly due to the comparatively limited number of specimens he has had + the opportunity of examining. In any case I do not regard the question of the specific or + varietal values of these, or indeed of any other forms, as matters of great scientific + importance, being, to a great extent, merely matters of individual opinion.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_41" href="#NtA_41">[41]</a> + <p>Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 57.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_42" href="#NtA_42">[42]</a> + <p>Mr. Meyrick now includes these three species in the genus <i>Gonophylla</i>. (<i>See</i> + Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, 387.)</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_43" href="#NtA_43">[43]</a> + <p>'Trans. N. Z. Inst.' xxii. 214.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_44" href="#NtA_44">[44]</a> + <p>'Catalogue of N. Z. Butterflies,' p. 21.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_45" href="#NtA_45">[45]</a> + <p>'Trans. N. Z. Inst.' x. 265.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_46" href="#NtA_46">[46]</a> + <p>'Cat. N. Z. Butterflies,' p. 22.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_47" href="#NtA_47">[47]</a> + <p>'Trans. N. Z. Institute,' x. 463.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_48" href="#NtA_48">[48]</a> + <p>Ibid. xviii. 205.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_49" href="#NtA_49">[49]</a> + <p>Since writing the above, I have been informed by Mr. Kingsley that one male specimen of <i>A. + bolina</i> was taken at Wakapuaka, in 1896, and two others reported as seen at Collingwood and + Nelson in March, 1897. Mr. A. P. Buller has also kindly informed me of the capture of a male + specimen in perfect condition, at Ohau, Manawatu district, in March, 1898.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_50" href="#NtA_50">[50]</a> + <p>See notes by Mr. Stainton in the Ent. Mo. Mag., xxv. pp. 225, 268.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_51" href="#NtA_51">[51]</a> + <p>'British Butterflies and Moths,' p. 103.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_52" href="#NtA_52">[52]</a> + <p>'Entomologist,' xxii. 37.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_53" href="#NtA_53">[53]</a> + <p>'Trans. N. Z. Inst.' xxviii. 312.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_54" href="#NtA_54">[54]</a> + <p>'Trans. N. Z. Inst.' xv. 197.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_55" href="#NtA_55">[55]</a> + <p>Ent. Mon. Mag. iv. p. 53.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_56" href="#NtA_56">[56]</a> + <p>'Trans. N. Z. Inst.' ix. 460; x. 252.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_57" href="#NtA_57">[57]</a> + <p>'Trans. N.Z. Inst.,' vol. x. 259.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_58" href="#NtA_58">[58]</a> + <p>'Catalogue of N. Z. Butterflies,' 22.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_59" href="#NtA_59">[59]</a> + <p>'Catalogue of New Zealand Butterflies,' 18, 23, Pl. II., fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_60" href="#NtA_60">[60]</a> + <p>Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 550.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_61" href="#NtA_61">[61]</a> + <p>Stainton's 'British Butterflies and Moths,' 103, Pl. II., fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_62" href="#NtA_62">[62]</a> + <p>Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 550.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_63" href="#NtA_63">[63]</a> + <p>Stainton's 'British Butterflies and Moths,' 106.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_64" href="#NtA_64">[64]</a> + <p>Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 550.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_65" href="#NtA_65">[65]</a> + <p>'Catalogue of N.Z. Butterflies,' 17, 23. Pl. IV., figs. 3, 4.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_66" href="#NtA_66">[66]</a> + <p>For further details on this subject see 'The Entomologist,' xiii. 245, and xviii. 159.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_67" href="#NtA_67">[67]</a> + <p>'Trans. N. Z. Inst.' x. (1877), 262.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_68" href="#NtA_68">[68]</a> + <p>'Entomologist,' xviii. 36.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_69" href="#NtA_69">[69]</a> + <p>Since writing the above I understand from Mr. Baunehr that he has met with several specimens + of this species in forest on the Dun Mountain, Nelson, at an elevation of about 2,000 feet.</p> + </div> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44551 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/44551-h/images/cover.jpg b/44551-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ddc5e19 --- /dev/null +++ b/44551-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/44551-h/images/lbrace3.png b/44551-h/images/lbrace3.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ac5039d --- /dev/null +++ b/44551-h/images/lbrace3.png diff --git a/44551-h/images/lbrace5.png b/44551-h/images/lbrace5.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a13f52a --- /dev/null +++ b/44551-h/images/lbrace5.png diff --git a/44551-h/images/lbrace6.png b/44551-h/images/lbrace6.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8e44772 --- /dev/null +++ b/44551-h/images/lbrace6.png diff --git a/44551-h/images/nzlepspl01.jpg b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl01.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..09d6dcb --- /dev/null +++ b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl01.jpg diff --git a/44551-h/images/nzlepspl02.jpg b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl02.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ebd76b --- /dev/null +++ b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl02.jpg diff --git a/44551-h/images/nzlepspl03.jpg b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl03.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..19bf942 --- /dev/null +++ b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl03.jpg diff --git a/44551-h/images/nzlepspl04.jpg b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl04.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..26f9e30 --- /dev/null +++ b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl04.jpg diff --git a/44551-h/images/nzlepspl05.jpg b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl05.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3f95be8 --- /dev/null +++ b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl05.jpg diff --git a/44551-h/images/nzlepspl06.jpg b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl06.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d8473f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl06.jpg diff --git a/44551-h/images/nzlepspl07.jpg b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl07.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..55cc030 --- /dev/null +++ b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl07.jpg diff --git a/44551-h/images/nzlepspl08.jpg b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl08.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e900691 --- /dev/null +++ b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl08.jpg diff --git a/44551-h/images/nzlepspl09.jpg b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl09.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..11dff92 --- /dev/null +++ b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl09.jpg diff --git a/44551-h/images/nzlepspl10.jpg b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl10.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5c9971c --- /dev/null +++ b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl10.jpg diff --git a/44551-h/images/nzlepspl11.jpg b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl11.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ab1fae7 --- /dev/null +++ b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl11.jpg diff --git a/44551-h/images/nzlepspl12.jpg b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl12.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b794751 --- /dev/null +++ b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl12.jpg diff --git a/44551-h/images/nzlepspl13.jpg b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl13.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..03c914b --- /dev/null +++ b/44551-h/images/nzlepspl13.jpg diff --git a/44551-h/images/tree.jpg b/44551-h/images/tree.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b541eab --- /dev/null +++ b/44551-h/images/tree.jpg diff --git a/44551-h/images/wnmark.jpg b/44551-h/images/wnmark.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4302c11 --- /dev/null +++ b/44551-h/images/wnmark.jpg |
