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+ margin-bottom: 0em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + height: 4px; + border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ + border-style: solid; + border-color: #000000; + clear: both; } + </style> +</head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44526 ***</div> +<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Report on the Radiolaria Collected by H.M.S. +Challenger During the Years 1873-1876, Second Part: Subclass Osculosa; +Index, by Ernst Haeckel</h1> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<table class="pg" border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td valign="top"> + Note: + </td> + <td> + Images of the original pages are available through + Internet Archive. See + <a href="https://archive.org/details/reportonradiolar02haecrich"> + https://archive.org/details/reportonradiolar02haecrich</a><br /> + <br /> + Project Gutenberg has the other two volumes of this work.<br /> + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm">First Part: Porulosa (Spumellaria and Acantharia)</a>: see http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm<br /> + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm">Plates</a>: see http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm + </td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> + <table class="sp2 transnote" title="Transcriber's note" summary="Transcriber's note"> + <tr> + <td class="w25">Transcriber's note:</td> + <td><span class="nothand">Some typographical errors in the printed + work have been corrected. The corrected text is underscored in red + <span class="correction" title="explanation will pop up">like + this</span>. Hover the cursor over the marked text and the explanation + should appear. </span>The Addenda & Errata (Second Part, pp. 1763-4) + have been applied and underscored in this way.</td> + </tr> + </table> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.1ex;"><span class="xx-larger"><span + class="gsp">REPORT</span></span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.6ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">ON THE</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.1ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">SCIENTIFIC + RESULTS</span></span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">OF THE</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2ex;"><span class="xxxx-larger">VOYAGE OF H.M.S. + CHALLENGER</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.1ex;"><span class="gsp">DURING THE YEARS 1873-76</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.7ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">UNDER THE COMMAND + OF</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="sc">Captain</span> + GEORGE S. NARES, R.N., F.R.S.</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.5ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">AND THE LATE</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:4.4ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="sc">Captain</span> + FRANK TOURLE THOMSON, R.N.</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.5ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">PREPARED UNDER THE + SUPERINTENDENCE OF</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:-0.1ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">THE LATE</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.6ex;"><span class="larger">Sir C. WYVILLE THOMSON, Knt., + F.R.S., &c.</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.2ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">REGIUS PROFESSOR OF NATURAL + HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">DIRECTOR OF THE CIVILIAN + SCIENTIFIC STAFF ON BOARD</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.3ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">AND NOW OF</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.5ex;"><span class="larger">JOHN MURRAY</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:5.2ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">ONE OF THE NATURALISTS OF THE + EXPEDITION</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="larger"><b><span + class="sc">Zoology—Vol. XVIII</span>.</b></span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:4.1ex;"><span class="larger"><b>SECOND PART</b></span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.4ex;"><b>Published by Order of Her Majesty's + Government</b></p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.4ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S + STATIONERY OFFICE</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.4ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">AND SOLD BY</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.4ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">LONDON:—EYRE & + SPOTTISWOODE, EAST HARDING STREET, FETTER LANE</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.4ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">EDINBURGH:—ADAM & + CHARLES BLACK</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.3ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">DUBLIN:—HODGES, FIGGIS, + & CO.</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.5ex;"><span class="larger">1887</span></p> + +<hr style="width:6em"/> + + <p class="sp5 ac" style="margin-bottom:8.3ex;"><span class="smaller"><i>Price (in Two Parts, with + a Volume of Plates) £5, 10s.</i></span></p> + + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.5ex;"><span class="larger">CONTENTS.</span></p> + +<hr style="width:6em"/> + + <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Report</span> on the <span class="sc">Radiolaria</span> collected + by <span class="sc">H.M.S. Challenger</span> during the years<br/> + 1873-1876.</p> + + <p class="ac">By <span class="sc">Ernst Haeckel</span>, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Zoology in the + University of Jena.</p> + + <p class="ac">SECOND PART.—OSCULOSA.</p> + + <p class="sp5 ac">(<span class="gsp">NASSELLARIA AND PHÆODARIA.</span>)</p> + + <p class="sp5 ac" style="margin-bottom:2.8ex;"><span class="larger">CONTENTS.</span></p> + + <table class="sp5 mc" title="Contents" summary="Contents"> + <tr> + <td class="ac larger pt05" colspan="7">SECOND PART.</td> + <td class="ar smaller pt05">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar pt05">II.</td> + <td class="pt05" colspan="6">Subclass OSCULOSA,</td> + <td class="ar pt05"><a href="#page889">889</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2"></td> + <td class="pt05" colspan="5">Legion III. NASSELLARIA vel MONOPYLEA,</td> + <td class="ar pt05"><a href="#page889">889</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="4"></td> + <td class="ac prhs">Order</td> + <td class="ar plhs prhs">11.</td> + <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Nassoidea</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page895">895</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="4"></td> + <td class="ac prhs">"</td> + <td class="ar plhs prhs">12.</td> + <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Plectoidea</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page898">898</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="4"></td> + <td class="ac prhs">"</td> + <td class="ar plhs prhs">13.</td> + <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Stephoidea</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page931">931</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="4"></td> + <td class="ac prhs">"</td> + <td class="ar plhs prhs">14.</td> + <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Spyroidea</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page1015">1015</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="4"></td> + <td class="ac prhs">"</td> + <td class="ar plhs prhs">15.</td> + <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Botryodea</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page1103">1103</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="4"></td> + <td class="ac prhs">"</td> + <td class="ar plhs prhs">16.</td> + <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Cyrtoidea</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page1126">1126</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2"></td> + <td class="pt05" colspan="5">Legion IV. PHÆODARIA vel CANNOPYLEA,</td> + <td class="ar pt05"><a href="#page1521">1521</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="4"></td> + <td class="ac prhs">Order</td> + <td class="ar plhs prhs">17.</td> + <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Phæocystina</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page1542">1542</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="4"></td> + <td class="ac prhs">"</td> + <td class="ar plhs prhs">18.</td> + <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Phæosphæria</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page1590">1590</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="4"></td> + <td class="ac prhs">"</td> + <td class="ar plhs prhs">19.</td> + <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Phæogromia</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page1642">1642</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="4"></td> + <td class="ac prhs">"</td> + <td class="ar plhs prhs">20.</td> + <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Phæoconchia</span>,</td> + <td class="ar"><a href="#page1710">1710</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="pt05" colspan="7"><span class="sc">Note on the Dimensions and + Measurements</span>,</td> + <td class="ar pt05"><a href="#page1760">1760</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="pt05" colspan="7">ADDENDA,</td> + <td class="ar pt05"><a href="#page1761">1761</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="pt05" colspan="7">ERRATA,</td> + <td class="ar pt05"><a href="#page1763">1763</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="pt05" colspan="7">INDEX,</td> + <td class="ar pt05"><a href="#page1765">1765</a></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page889">{889}</span></div> + + <h2><b>Legion III. NASSELLARIA,</b></h2> + + <p class="ac"><b>vel Monopylea, vel Monopylaria (Pls. 51-98).</b></p> + + <div class="poem pc26"> + <p><i>Nassellaria</i> (<i>inclusis</i> Spyridinis), Ehrenberg, 1875.</p> + <p><i>Monopylea</i>, Hertwig, 1879.</p> + <p><i>Monopylaria</i>, Haeckel, 1881.</p> + <p><i>Cyrtida</i> et <i>Acanthodesmida</i>, Haeckel, 1862.</p> + <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Errata."><i>Cricoidea</i>, Bütschli, 1882 (L. N. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#ln40">40</a>, p. 537) = <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span>.</span></p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—Radiolaria with simple membrane of the central capsule, which is + monaxon or bilateral, and bears on one pole of the main axis a porous area (porochora), forming + the base of a peculiar intracapsular cone (podoconus). Extracapsulum without phæodium. Skeleton + siliceous, very rarely wanting. Fundamental form originally monaxon, often dipleuric or + bilateral.</p> + + <p>The legion <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> vel <span class="sc">Monopylea</span>, in the + extent here defined, was constituted in 1879 by Richard Hertwig in his work Der Organismus der + Radiolarien (pp. 133-137). He gave to this large group the rank of an order, and united in it the + two families Acanthodesmida and Cyrtida, which I had constituted first in 1862 in my Monograph + (pp. 237, 265, 272); but he added, too, as a third family the Plagiacanthida, united by me with + the former. In the first system of Ehrenberg (1847, <i>loc. cit.</i>, pp. 53, 54), four families + belonging to the <span class="sc">Monopylea</span> were enumerated, the Halicalyptrina, + Lithochytrina, Eucyrtidina, and Spyridina. He united the three former under the name "Polycystina + solitaria," which he afterwards changed into <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (1875, Abhandl. + d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 157).</p> + + <p>In my Monograph of the Radiolaria (1862, pp. 265-345) forty-four genera of <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span> were enumerated (six Acanthodesmida and thirty-eight Cyrtida), + whilst the total number of genera in the whole class of Radiolaria at that time amounted to one + hundred and thirteen. But owing to the astonishing number of new and interesting forms of this + legion which I afterwards detected in the collection of the Challenger, in 1881 I distinguished in + my Prodromus not less than three hundred and seventeen genera. These were disposed in five large + main groups, retained in the present Report, with twenty-six families, viz., (1) <span + class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> (with three families), (2) <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> (with + four families), (3) <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> (with four families), (4) <span + class="gsp">Botryodea</span> (with three families), and (5) <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> + (with twelve families). The first two groups have an incomplete or rudimentary skeleton, and may + be united in the order <span class="gsp">Plectellaria</span>, whilst the other three families + possess a complete latticed shell, and <span class="pagenum" id="page890">{890}</span>may be + united as <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span>. The former correspond to the Acanthodesmida, the + latter to the Cyrtida in my Monograph.</p> + + <p>The character common to all <span class="sc">Monopylea</span> or <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, which separates them from all other Radiolaria, was first + recognised by Richard Hertwig in 1879, and consists in the singular structure of the monaxonian + central capsule, bearing on the basal pole a peculiar porous area or operculum, the "Porenfeld;" + we call it shortly the "porochora." It represents a circular or elliptical porous plate on the + basal pole of the vertical main axis of the central capsule, and bears a peculiar "podoconus" or + "Pseudopodien-Kegel," a conical body of singular structure, protruding inside the membrane into + the capsule. The pseudopodia arising from this peculiar "podoconus" proceed from the capsule + piercing the "porochora," whilst the other parts of the capsule are not perforated.</p> + + <p>The <span class="sc">Monopylea</span> are therefore "Merotrypasta," like the following fourth + legion, the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> or <span class="sc">Cannopylea</span>. But in these + latter we find on the basal pole of the monaxonian capsule only one single large main opening, + prolonged into a peculiar tube, and there is no trace of the typical "podoconus," characteristic + of all <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. The latter agree, however, with the former in the + possession of a basal opening, serving for the emission of the pseudopodia, and in the monaxonian + fundamental form, arising from this structure. Therefore these two legions of "Merotrypasta" + exhibit a wider divergence from the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> and <span + class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, the two legions of "Holotrypasta," in which the central capsule is + everywhere perforated by innumerable small pores (compare above, pp. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page5">5</a>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page6">6</a>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page716">716</a>).</p> + + <p><i>The Skeleton</i> in all <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> consists either of pure silica, + or of a peculiar silicate; never of acanthin (as in all <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>). The + siliceous bars and beams constituting it are invariably solid (as also in the <span + class="sc">Spumellaria</span>); never hollow (as in the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>). In the + small family of Nassellida alone (with the two genera <i>Cystidium</i> and <i>Nassella</i>) the + skeleton is entirely absent. In all other genera of <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> the + siliceous skeleton is more or less developed; imperfect, or quite rudimentary in the <span + class="gsp">Plectellaria</span> (<span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> and <span + class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>), but perfect and forming a regular lattice-shell in the <span + class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span> (<span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, <span + class="gsp">Botryodea</span>, and <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>). The different forms of this + skeleton exhibit an extraordinary variety, but may be reduced to a few very simple fundamental + forms, or even to a single, most simple original form. The comparative morphology is more + interesting, but also more difficult to understand than in any other Radiolaria.</p> + + <p>The geometrical fundamental form of the skeleton is in all <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> + monaxonial, the vertical main axis of the body, which is already indicated by the axis of the + central capsule with two different poles, being also expressed constantly in the form of the + skeleton. The lower or basal pole of the latter always exhibits a different shape from that of the + upper or apical pole. This difference is so striking in nearly all <span + class="sc">Monopylea</span>, that the two poles may be determined on the first view.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page891">{891}</span></div> + + <p>In the great majority of <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> not only is the monaxonial + fundamental form expressed, but also the dipleuric or bilateral, so that the symmetrical halves of + the body may be easily determined; the right and left halves exhibit the same symmetry as in the + vertebrates, so that we may distinguish an anterior ventral and a posterior dorsal face of the + body. The whole form is in this case determined by three dimensive axes, perpendicular to one + another, two of which are heteropolar, the third is homœopolar. The apical pole of the + vertical main axis (principal or longitudinal axis) is different from the basal pole. The ventral + pole of the horizontal sagittal axis (or dorso-ventral axis) is different from the dorsal pole. + The right pole of the horizontal transverse axis (lateral or frontal axis) is equal to the left + pole. Therefore the sagittal or median plane of the body (in which the principal and the sagittal + axis are crossed) divides it into symmetrical equal halves and is perpendicular to the frontal + axis.</p> + + <p>Three different original elements of structure are recognisable in the majority of <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, viz., (1) a vertical simple ring, the primary or sagittal ring, + placed vertically in the sagittal plane and enclosing the median plane of the central capsule; (2) + a basal tripod, composed of three diverging radial rods, which are united on the basal pole of the + central capsule and are either expanded horizontally or descend; (3) an ovate or subspherical, + simple lattice-shell, the cephalis or capitulum, which surrounds the central capsule and exhibits + a peculiar structure on its basal pole.</p> + + <p>These three important original elements of structure—the sagittal ring, the basal tripod, + and the latticed cephalis—are so united in the majority of <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span> that the cephalis rests upon the tripod and includes the sagittal + ring wholly or partially. The simplest realisation of this typical union is afforded by the + Archiperida and Tripospyrida, and these may be derived from the simpler important Stephanid + <i>Cortina</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, + fig. 9; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, + fig. 21; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>, + fig. 1). In this and in all other tripodal <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, the three basal + rods or the "cortinar feet" are constantly so arranged that an odd or posterior rod, the "caudal + foot" (<i>c</i>) is opposed to the two anterior paired rods, the "pectoral feet" (one right, + <i>p</i>″, and one left, <i>p</i>′). The caudal foot lies in the sagittal plane, and + is prolonged upwards into the dorsal rod of the sagittal ring (<i>b</i>), and over this in a free + ascending spine, the "apical horn" (<i>a</i>). The curved ventral rod of the ring (<i>r</i>) is + united above with the base of the apical horn, below with the common centre of the tripod or the + "cortinar centrum." The characteristic position of the central capsule in this skeleton of + <i>Cortina</i> is such that its basal pole (with the porochora) rests upon the centre of the + tripod, whilst its sagittal perimeter is separated from the surrounding ring by the calymma; the + numerous pseudopodia arising from its base diverge downwards and are supported and protected by + the three basal feet of the tripod (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>, + fig. 1). Compare also Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>, + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>.</p> + + <p>The typical skeleton of <i>Cortina</i>, a tripodal ring, becomes more developed in the Semantid + <i>Cortiniscus</i>, in which the basal parts of the three diverging feet are united <span + class="pagenum" id="page892">{892}</span>by a second horizontal ring, the cortinar or basal ring + (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, + figs. 11-13). The pores between the former and the latter, or the "cortinar pores," may be + regarded as the first beginning of the lattice-plate, composing the "cephalis" or the simple + primordial shell in the Archiperida and Tripospyrida, and transmitted from these by heredity to + the great majority of <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>.</p> + + <p>The "cephalis or capitulum" (the "Köpfchen" of the German authors) is therefore the most + important part of the skeleton in all <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span>, or in all <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span> possessing a complete lattice-shell. In the <span + class="gsp">Plectellaria</span>, however, or in those <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> which do + not possess a complete fenestrated shell, the "cephalis" is either imperfect or totally wanting. + The cephalis surrounds the enclosed central capsule on all sides in the form of an ovate or + subspherical lattice-shell, and is separated from it only by the jelly-like calymma. The sagittal + ring is either enclosed in the wall of the cephalis (whole or partially), separating its two + lateral halves, or it is enclosed in the cavity of the cephalis and connected with its sagittal + perimeter by short beams. The base of the cephalis (with the cortinar plate) often rests + immediately upon the centre of the tripod; in the majority of <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, + however, this near relation is altered by reason of later changes and secondary modifications.</p> + + <p>The number of various forms, developed from these simple original structural elements of the + skeleton, is astonishing, and there are described more than three hundred genera and nearly two + thousand species of this legion in the following pages. This large number may be easily increased + by subsequent observers. Since in all these <span class="sc">Monopylea</span> the characteristic + structure of the central capsule is identical, and also the structural elements of the siliceous + skeleton are similar, it is very probable that they may have arisen from a single common stock. + But it is very difficult (and at present impossible) to explain a natural monophyletic system of + this large legion. The greatest difficulty is presented by the fact that the three structural + elements mentioned above, viz., the sagittal ring, the basal tripod, and the latticed cephalis, + are not constantly united, but each alone may also constitute the skeleton by itself. In this + respect the following seven cases are possible, and are actually realised.</p> + + <p>A. The skeleton is composed of the sagittal ring only and of its spiny appendages, without + basal tripod and without latticed cephalis. This is the case in the majority of <span + class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> (Stephanida, Semantida, Coronida, and Tympanida).</p> + + <p>B. The skeleton is composed of a basal tripod only (<i>Plagiacantha</i>), or of a tripod in the + centre of which arises a vertical apical horn (<i>Plagoniscus</i>), and often of an irregular + framework, arising from the rods of the tripod; but there is neither a trace of a sagittal ring + nor a complete latticed cephalis. This is the case in the remarkable suborder <span + class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> (Plagonida and Plectanida).</p> + + <p>C. The skeleton is composed of a latticed cephalis only, a simple ovate or subspherical + fenestrated shell, which encloses the monopylean central capsule; there is no <span + class="pagenum" id="page893">{893}</span>trace of a sagittal ring nor of a basal tripod. This is + the case in the remarkable family of Cyrtocalpida (Archicorida and Archicapsida), in numerous + <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> and in other <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span>.</p> + + <p>D. The skeleton is composed of a sagittal ring and a basal tripod, without latticed cephalis. + This is the case in a few, but very important forms of <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>: + <i>Cortina</i>, <i>Stephanium</i>, <i>Cortiniscus</i>, <i>Stephaniscus</i>, <i>Podocoronis</i>, + and some allied genera.</p> + + <p>E. The skeleton is composed of a sagittal ring and a latticed cephalis, but without basal + tripod. This is the case in numerous <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span>, in the Circospyrida (or + Zygospyrida apoda: <i>Dictyospyris</i>, <i>Circospyris</i>) and some other <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>; and in a large number of <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> and + Cyrtoidea eradiata (a part of the Sethocyrtida, Theocyrtida, Lithocampida, and others).</p> + + <p>F. The shell is composed of a basal tripod and a latticed cephalis, but without any trace of + the sagittal ring. This is the case in numerous Cyrtoidea triradiata and multiradiata, and perhaps + in the majority of the following families—Tripocalpida, Tripocyrtida, Podocyrtida, and + Podocampida.</p> + + <p>G. The shell is composed of all three above-mentioned elements, of a sagittal ring, a basal + tripod, and a latticed cephalis. This is the case in the great majority of <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> (with a few exceptions only), and perhaps also in the majority of + <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>.</p> + + <p>The survey of these seven groups, A to G, each of which is represented by numerous living + forms, shows clearly how difficult and complicated the morphology and phylogeny of the numerous + <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> must be. For all possible combinations of the three original + structural elements are realised abundantly, and in such complicated relations, and so + intermingled in the different orders and families, that it seems nearly hopeless to answer the + question of their true origin. The identity in the structure of the central capsule, however, in + all these <span class="sc">Monopylea</span>, makes it probable that they have all arisen + originally from the skeletonless Nassellida (<i>Cystidium</i>, <i>Nassella</i>), either in a + monophyletic or in a polyphyletic way. In this respect the following phylogenetical hypotheses are + possible.</p> + + <p>1. Monophyletic hypothesis, deriving all <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> from a simple + sagittal ring (<i>Archicircus</i>, <i>Lithocircus</i>, &c., Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>). The groups + A, D, E, and G may be derived easily from such a ring, but the groups B, C, and F only by means of + the hypothesis that the original ring may be completely reduced and finally lost. This hypothesis + was stated by me in the years 1877 to 1879, when I had got the first general survey of the + astonishing number of new <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> in the Challenger collection, and as + I had found the sagittal ring in the majority of them. This, my former hypothesis, is mentioned by + Richard Hertwig (1879, <i>loc. cit.</i>, pp. 68, 126). It was afterwards supported with particular + energy by O. Bütschli (1882, Zeitschr. für wiss. Zool., Bd. XXXVI.).</p> + + <p>2. Monophyletic hypothesis, deriving all <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> from a basal + tripod (<i>Triplagia</i>, <i>Plagoniscus</i>, &c., Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>). The groups + B, D, F, and G, all triradiate, may <span class="pagenum" id="page894">{894}</span>be derived + easily from such a tripod; but the groups A, C, and E only by means of the hypothesis that the + original tripod may be completely reduced and finally lost. This hypothesis was employed in 1881 + in my Prodromus, since I had convinced myself that the "triradial structure" is prevalent in the + great majority of <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, and is perhaps more important than the + sagittal ring.</p> + + <p>3. Monophyletic hypothesis, deriving all <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> from a latticed + cephalis, a simple ovate or subspherical fenestrated shell without ring and tripod + (<i>Cyrtocalpis</i>, <i>Archicapsa</i>, &<i>c.</i>). The groups C, E, F, and G may be derived + easily from such a cephalis, but the groups A, B, and D only by means of the hypothesis that the + sagittal ring as well as the basal tripod may remain as the last remnants of a reduced cephalis. + This hypothesis was given in 1862 in my Monograph, where I constructed the first pedigree of + Radiolaria (p. 234). I there derived all the Cyrtida from the <span class="gsp">Sphæroidea</span> + (<i>Cyrtidosphæra</i>), supposing that <i>Cyrtocalpis</i> and some other Monocyrtida may form a + direct phylogenetical passage from the <span class="gsp">Sphæroidea</span> to the <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>.</p> + + <p>4. Polyphyletic hypothesis, deriving the different groups of <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span> from different skeletonless Nassellida, by development of simple + siliceous skeletons in different ways. Among the numerous polyphyletic hypotheses which are + possible, one of the simplest would be the supposition that three different fundamental forms of + skeleton may have arisen independently one from another: (1) a simple sagittal ring as original + form of the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> (A); (2) a + simple basal tripod as original form of the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> (B); (3) a simple + latticed cephalis as original form of the <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> and <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> (C). This triphyletic hypothesis is supported by R. Hertwig (1879, + <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 136); he assumes that the original skeletonless Nassellida (<i>Cystidium</i>) + have produced three different branches, his "Acanthodesmida" (= <span + class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>) with a primary ring, his + "Plagiacanthida" (= <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>) with a primary tripod, and his Cyrtida (= + <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> and <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>) with a primary + cephalis. This hypothesis seems rather probable on the first view; but it meets with the greatest + difficulties in view of the fact that these three original elements of the skeleton are more or + less evidently combined in the great majority of <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. The greatest + difficulty arises from the fact that often among very similar and closely allied forms the first + exhibits all three elements (A, B, C) combined, whilst the second has a combination of A and B, + the third of B and C, the fourth of A and C; and there are other forms, very similar to the + former, in which one element only is recognisable. Another difficulty arises from the fact that + the intimate structure of the cephalis in the majority of <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span> is + not perfectly known, and often exhibits structures which are difficult to explain with regard to + the three elements A, B, C. Under these circumstances further researches on the numerous + imperfectly known <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> are required, and chiefly accurate + observations on their more minute structure and on their important ontogeny.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page895">{895}</span></div> + + <p>We divide the immense legion of <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> into two large orders, the + <span class="gsp">Plectellaria</span> without complete lattice-shell, and the <span + class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span> with a complete lattice-shell or a "cephalis," including the + central capsule; the latter, of course, have arisen from the former. The <span + class="gsp">Plectellaria</span> comprise three different suborders, the <span + class="gsp">Nassoidea</span> (without skeleton), the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> (with a + tripodal skeleton, without ring), and the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> (with a primary + sagittal ring, with or without tripod). The <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span> again also + comprise three different suborders, the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> (with bilocular + cephalis and a sagittal constriction), the <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> (with multilocular + and lobate cephalis, exhibiting two or more constrictions and three or more lobes), and the <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> (with simple, unilocular cephalis, without constriction).</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Orders and Suborders of</i> <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>.</h5> + + <table class="sp3 mc w50 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Orders and Suborders of + Nassellaria" summary="Synopsis of the Orders and Suborders of + Nassellaria"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Order PLECTELLARIA.</p> + <p class="sp0">Nassellaria without complete lattice-shell.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">No skeleton,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">1. <span class="gsp">Nassoidea</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Skeleton with a basal tripod, without ring,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">2. <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Skeleton with a sagittal ring (usually without tripod),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">3. <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Order CYRTELLARIA.</p> + <p class="sp0">Nassellaria with a complete lattice-shell.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis bilocular, with a sagittal constriction,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">4. <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis multilocular, with two or more constrictions and lobes,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">5. <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis simple, without constriction and lobes,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">6. <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp3 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Orders and Suborders of + Nassellaria" summary="Synopsis of the Orders and Suborders of + Nassellaria"> + <tr> + <td colspan="5">I. Order PLECTELLARIA.<br/> + Nassellaria without complete lattice-shell.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No skeleton,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">1. <span class="gsp">Nassoidea</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Skeleton with a basal tripod, without ring,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">2. <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Skeleton with a sagittal ring (usually without tripod),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">3. <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5">II. Order CYRTELLARIA.<br/> + Nassellaria with a complete lattice-shell.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cephalis bilocular, with a sagittal constriction,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">4. <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cephalis multilocular, with two or more constrictions and + lobes,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">5. <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cephalis simple, without constriction and lobes,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">6. <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <h3>Order V. PLECTELLARIA, Haeckel, 1883.</h3> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> without complete + lattice-shell, usually with an incomplete skeleton, formed of a ring, a tripod, or an irregular + framework.</p> + + <h3>Suborder I. NASSOIDEA, Haeckel.</h3> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> without skeleton. + Single family Nassellida.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page896">{896}</span></div> + + <h4>Family XLV. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Nassellida</span></span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc30"> + <p><i>Cystidina</i>, Haeckel, 1883, Sitzungsb. Jena Ges. für Naturw., Februar 16.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> without skeleton. The soft body + composed of a monopylean central capsule (with porochora and podoconus) and of a surrounding + jelly-veil or calymma.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Nassellida</span> comprises the simplest and most primitive forms + of <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, the only group which is entirely without a skeleton. The + central capsule is therefore perfectly free and naked, enveloped by the calymma only, as in the + <span class="gsp">Colloidea</span> among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, in the + Phæodinida among the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>. Probably these naked and skeletonless + <span class="sc">Monopylea</span> must be regarded as surviving remnants of the common ancestral + group of this legion; but the possibility is not excluded that the few observed forms are either + young <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> which have not yet secreted a skeleton, or older <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span> which have lost their original skeleton.</p> + + <p>We distinguish in this small family two genera only: <i>Cystidium</i> with hyaline, not foamy + calymma, without extracapsular alveoles, and <i>Nassella</i>, with a very voluminous foamy + calymma, including numerous large alveoles; the former corresponds to <i>Actissa</i> and the + latter to <i>Thalassicolla</i> among the <span class="gsp">Colloidea</span> or the skeletonless + <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>. But in these two latter genera, as in all <span + class="sc">Peripylea</span>, the central capsule is perforated everywhere by innumerable small + pores; the two former genera, however, exhibit the same characteristic podoconus in the central + capsule, and the same porochora at its base, as all the other <span class="sc">Monopylea</span>. + The pseudopodia are protruded from the central capsule through the porochora only.</p> + + <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> is in the two observed genera either ovate or nearly spherical, + usually slightly tapering towards the basal mouth. Its transverse section is constantly circular. + The membrane of the capsule is usually rather thick and double-contoured, and bears on the + truncate basal pole a circular "porochora" or area porosa, through which the pseudopodia are + protruded. The <i>porochora</i> is either quite simple, circular, or in some species trilobed, + with three equal circular lobes, each of which is surrounded by a girdle of small granules. The + <i>podoconus</i>, or "pseudopodial-cone," arising vertically from the horizontal basal porochora, + is half as long as the central capsule, or longer, simply conical and finely striped + longitudinally. The <i>nucleus</i> lies usually in the uppermost part of the central capsule, + above or behind the podoconus, and is either spherical or ovate, sometimes kidney-shaped. It + includes one or more nucleoli.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Nassellida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Nassellida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Nassellida"> + <tr> + <td>Calymma hyaline, without alveoles,</td> + <td>382. <i>Cystidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Calymma foamy, with numerous large alveoles,</td> + <td>383. <i>Nassella</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page897">{897}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 382. <i>Cystidium</i>,<a id="NtA_1" href="#Nt_1"><sup>[1]</sup></a> R. Hertwig, 1879, + Organismus d. Radiol., p. 87.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Nassellida</span> with hyaline calymma, without + extracapsular alveoles.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cystidium</i> is the simplest and most primitive among all <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, and may be regarded as the common ancestral form of this legion, + for which it has the same high importance as <i>Actissa</i> for the <span + class="sc">Spumellaria</span>. The central capsule is quite simple, ovate or nearly spherical, and + included in a voluminous hyaline calymma, which contains no large alveoles. <i>Cystidium</i> + differs from <i>Actissa</i>, its probable ancestral form, in the possession of the "podoconus" and + its basal "porochora," characteristic of all <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> or <span + class="sc">Monopylea</span>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cystidium princeps,</i> n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Central capsule ovate, one and a third times as long as broad. Podoconus with simple circular + porochora, about half as long as the capsule, surrounded at its base by red granules of pigment. + Nucleus spherical. Three equal oil-globules in the endoplasm. No pigment in the voluminous + calymma, which includes numerous xanthellæ.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the central capsule 0.1, breadth 0.075; nucleus 0.035.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Maldive Islands (Haeckel), surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cystidium lecythium,</i> n. sp.</p> + + <p>Central capsule ovate, one and a half times as long as broad. Podoconus with simple circular + porochora, three-fourths as long as the capsule. Nucleus ellipsoidal. No oil-globules in the + endoplasm. No pigment and no xanthellæ in the calymma.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the central capsule 0.12, breadth 0.08; nucleus 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Cystidium inerme,</i> R. Hertwig.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cystidium inerme,</i> R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p. 87, Taf. + vii. figs. 1-1<i>b</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Central capsule subspherical, a little longer than broad. Podoconus about two-thirds as long as + the capsule, with trifid porochora, which is composed of three equal circular lobes. Nucleus + spherical. Numerous oil-globules in the endoplasm. The calymma includes numerous xanthellæ and + brown pigment around the mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the central capsule 0.06, breadth 0.05; nucleus 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, Messina (R. Hertwig), surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page898">{898}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 383. <i>Nassella</i>,<a id="NtA_2" href="#Nt_2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> nov. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Nassellida</span> with foamy calymma, containing + numerous large extracapsular alveoles.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Nassella</i> differs from the preceding <i>Cystidium</i>, its probable + ancestral form, in the development of numerous large alveoles in the extracapsular calymma, and + therefore exhibits the same relation to it that <i>Thalassicolla</i> bears to <i>Actissa</i> among + the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>. The foamy calymma is very voluminous, and includes + numerous symbiotic xanthellæ.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Nassella thalassicolla</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Central capsule spherical. Podoconus with simple circular porochora, half as long as the + capsule. Nucleus spherical. Numerous oil-globules in the endoplasm. Calymma spherical, without + pigment, with numerous xanthellæ and large alveoles.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the central capsule 0.12, nucleus 0.04, calymma 0.6.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300 (off Juan Fernandez), surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Nassella nassiterna</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Central capsule ovate. Podoconus two-thirds as long as the capsule, trifid, with three equal + circular lobes (as in <i>Cystidium inerme</i>). Nucleus ovate. Three equal large oil-globules in + the endoplasm, corresponding to the three lobes of the porochora. Calymma ovate, in the upper half + much more voluminous than in the lower, including numerous large alveoli and xanthellæ, and around + the mouth masses of black pigment.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the central capsule 0.1, nucleus 0.03, calymma 0.8.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.</p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <h3>Suborder II. PLECTOIDEA, Haeckel.</h3> + + <div class="poem smaller pc34"> + <p><i>Plectoidea</i> vel <i>Plectida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 423.</p> + <p><i>Plagiacanthida</i> (<i>sensu ampliori</i>), R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p. + 72.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> with a rudimentary, originally + tripodal skeleton, composed of radial spines, arising from one common central point or central + rod; the spines are simple or branched, and the branches may form by concrescence of their meeting + ends a loose wickerwork, but never a complete lattice-shell. Never a ring in the skeleton.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page899">{899}</span></div> + + <p>The suborder <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>, hitherto known by few species only of + "Plagiacanthida," comprises a large number of interesting <span class="sc">Nasselaria</span>, + which belong partly to the simplest and most primitive forms of this legion. It may be divided + into two different families, Plagonida and Plectanida. In the first family, Plagonida, the + monopylean central capsule is supported by a simple or rudimentary skeleton, composed only of a + variable number of radial spines united in a common centre. In the second family, Plectanida, the + branches of these radial spines become united and form a loose irregular framework with wide + meshes, partly enclosing the central capsule, but never a perfect lattice-shell.</p> + + <p>The <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> differ from the following suborder, the <span + class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, in the absence of the ring, characteristic of the latter. Some + slight traces, however, indicate a near affinity between the ringless <span + class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> and the ring-bearing <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>. Both these + suborders of <span class="gsp">Plectellaria</span> differ from the closely allied <span + class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span> (<span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, <span + class="gsp">Botryodea</span>, and <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>) in the absence of a complete + lattice-shell. The morphological relation and phylogenetic affinity between the former and the + latter have already been discussed in the preceding description of the legion <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (compare pp. <a href="#page891">891</a>-<a + href="#page894">894</a>).</p> + + <p>The first known species of <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> was observed in the North + Atlantic (on the Norwegian shore) in 1855 by my late friend Edouard Claparède, and described and + figured in his Études, &c. (1858), under the name <i>Plagiacantha arachnoides</i>. He + considered it as a new genus of Acanthometrina. Another species, from the Mediterranean, was + described in the same year by Johannes Müller as <i>Acanthodesmia dumetum</i> (1858, <i>loc. + cit.</i>, Taf. i. fig. 3). A third species, also Mediterranean, was figured by me in 1865 under + the name <i>Acanthodesmia polybrocha</i>. Finally, Richard Hertwig, 1879, in his Organismus der + Radiolarien, gave a very accurate description of another Mediterranean form, <i>Plagiacantha + abietina</i> (<i>loc. cit.</i>, Taf. vii. fig. 6). He first recognised the true character of <span + class="sc">Monopylea</span> in their monaxonian central capsule, and observed at the same time the + first <span class="sc">Nassellarium</span> without skeleton, called by him <i>Cyrtidium inerme</i> + (<i>loc. cit.</i>, Taf. vii. fig. 1). To these four known species, representing three different + genera, the rich collection of the Challenger has added so many new forms that we may distinguish + here not less than seventeen genera and sixty-one species. In my Prodromus (1881, p. 423) I + arranged these in two subfamilies, the Plagonida and Plectanida, constituting together the family + Plectida (identical with the "Plagiacanthida" of Hertwig and Bütschli). But at present, regarding + the important relations of these Plectida to the other <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, it + seems more convenient to give to them the rank of an independent suborder of Radiolaria, under the + name <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>.</p> + + <p>The peculiar structure of the central capsule of the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>, first + recognised by Richard Hertwig, allows no doubt of their being true <span + class="sc">Monopylea</span> or <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>; and also their siliceous, + originally triradiate skeleton indicates the nearest affinity to <span class="pagenum" + id="page900">{900}</span>the other families of this legion. But a very difficult and as yet + unsolved problem is the important question, in what manner these different groups of <span + class="sc">Nasselaria</span> are phylogenetically connected. Either the <span + class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>—as the simplest of all—are the original common ancestral + group of this whole legion (as I assumed in my Prodromus, 1881), or they are derived from the + <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> (by reduction of the sagittal ring), or they have originated + independently from them (if we suppose a polyphyletic origin of the <span + class="sc">Monopylea</span>. Compare above, p. <a href="#page893">893</a>, &c.). In any case + the typical "triradial structure" of the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>, prevalent also in + the other groups of this legion, is a very important and interesting fact.</p> + + <p>The triradial skeleton of the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> exhibits in the two families + of Plagonida and Plectanida a complete homology of development, so that each genus of the latter + may be derived from a corresponding genus of the former, simply arisen by concrescence or union of + the branches of the radial spines. Therefore the only difference between the two closely allied + families is, that the branches of the radial spines in the Plagonida remain free, whilst in the + Plectanida they produce a loose framework or wickerwork by union of their meeting ends. We express + this complete homology in the nomenclature of the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>, in each + genus of Plagonida retaining the syllable "Plag-"; in each genus of Plectanida, correspondingly, + the syllable "Plect-."</p> + + <p>The number of radial spines composing the skeleton is originally three, and in all not + triradial genera is probably derived from three. For better survey we may divide each family, + according to the different number of rays, into four different subfamilies: A, with three radial + spines (Triplagida and Triplectida); B, with four radial spines (Tetraplagida and Tetraplectida); + C, with six radial spines (Hexaplagida and Hexaplectida); and D, with numerous (seven to nine or + more) radial spines (Polyplagida and Polyplectida). The last three subfamilies have arisen + probably from the first triradial subfamily, by a secondary increase in the number of rays.</p> + + <p>The important signification of the triradial structure, recurring in the most different groups + of <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, has been already pointed out sufficiently by myself and by + R. Hertwig. But the triradial <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> offer also another interesting + relation of this characteristic structure, some simple forms of this order appearing nearly + identical with the isolated triradial spicula of certain <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span> + (Thalassosphærida and Sphærozoida). Even some more complex quadriradial and sexradial forms of the + latter reappear in exactly the same shape also in the former. This identity may be perhaps an + important indication of true affinity (compare below).</p> + + <p>The simplest and probably the most original kind of triradial structure is exhibited by the + genera <i>Triplagia</i> and <i>Triplecta</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, figs. 2, + 7). Here three equal radial spines lie in one horizontal plane and are united in a common central + point at equal angles, so that three lines connecting their distal ends form a regular equilateral + triangle. Simple triradial spicula of the same regular form are also found in many <span + class="pagenum" id="page901">{901}</span><span class="gsp">Beloidea</span> (<i>Lampoxanthium</i>, + <i>Sphærozoum</i>, &c., Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate2"><b>2</b></a> + and <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a>). The + central capsule of these simplest <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> (with vertical main axis) + rests perpendicularly on the horizontal triangle, formed by the triradial skeleton; the porochora + of the former (or the "area porosa") rests upon the central point of the latter.</p> + + <p>Another kind of triradial structure characterises the genera <i>Plagiacantha</i> and + <i>Plectophora</i>. The three radial spines united in the central point lie here not in one + plane, but diverge in different planes, so that they correspond to the three lateral edges of a + three-sided pyramid. Commonly the three spines are of equal size, and also the angles between + them equal, so that the pyramid is regular, sometimes very flat, at other times more elevated. + Spicula of exactly the same form are also found in some <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span>. + Probably the three divergent spines are homologous to the three basal feet of numerous <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>. The central capsule, + according to Hertwig, is placed in the apical part of the pyramid, the axes of both being + identical, and the porochora resting in the apex itself. This fact seems to contradict the + above-mentioned affinity; but since in <i>Triplecta</i> and <i>Triplagia</i> the three spines lie + horizontally, they may have changed this original position in different direction, in + <i>Plagiacantha</i> and <i>Plectophora</i> becoming divergent upwards, whereas in + <i>Plagoniscus</i> and <i>Plectaniscus</i> (as in the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> and <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>) directed downwards.</p> + + <p>The triradial structure, common to the Triplagida and Triplectida, is replaced by the + quadriradial structure in the Tetraplagida and Tetraplectida. Probably the latter have been + derived from the former by development of a fourth spine, and then this latter would correspond to + the "apical horn" of the other <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. But possibly also both + structures have originated independently from one another. We may distinguish not less than four + different kinds of the quadriradial structure. In the first case all four spines are equal, and + diverge from a common central point at equal angles in different directions, corresponding to the + four axes of a regular tetrahedron (<i>Tetraplagia</i> and <i>Tetraplecta</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, figs. 3, + 8).</p> + + <p>In the second case all four spines are also equal, but they are not united in a common central + point, but opposite in pairs on the two poles of a common central rod (<i>Plagonidium</i>). + Therefore the skeleton possesses here the same form as in the "geminate-biradiate" spicula of many + <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span> (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Thalassoxanthium bifurcum</i> and <i>Sphærozoum + furcatum</i>). The development of the short horizontal middle rod, connecting the two divergent + pairs of spines, is here probably effected by the porochora of the central capsule resting upon + it.</p> + + <p>Whilst in these two cases of quadriradial structure all four spines are equal, in two other + cases they become differentiated in a very remarkable manner. One spine is vertically directed + upwards, in shape and size different from the three others, which are directed downwards; the + former corresponding probably to the "apical horn," the latter to the three "basal feet," which + are found in the great majority of the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> <span class="pagenum" + id="page902">{902}</span>and <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>. Therefore we encounter here for + the first time that characteristic "cortinar structure" which is complete in <i>Cortina</i> and + <i>Cortiniscus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, + figs. 11-13, 21), and which may be regarded as the strongest argument for a close relationship, or + even for a common monophyletic origin of all <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>.</p> + + <p>The four spines, which we regard therefore as "cortinar spines," exhibit a twofold kind of + central junction. In the simpler case they are united in a common central point, on which rests + the porochora of the central capsule (<i>Plagoniscus</i> and <i>Plectaniscus</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, figs. 4, + 9). These forms are nearer to <i>Cortina</i>, and may be derived immediately from + <i>Tetraplagia</i> and <i>Tetraplecta</i> by differentiation of the four equal spines. In the + other case the four cortinar spines are separated in pairs, diverging from the two poles of a + short horizontal common "central rod" (<i>Plagiocarpa</i> and <i>Periplecta</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, figs. 5, + 10). These forms may be compared with the spicula of some <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span> and + derived from <i>Plagonidium</i>; but their basal central rod may be compared again with the basal + part of the sagittal ring of <i>Cortina</i>, and this comparison becomes very important in those + forms like <i>Plagiocarpa procortina</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, + fig. 5). Here the four spines approach very nearly to those of <i>Cortina</i>; the two ventral + spines (or pectoral feet) on the anterior pole of of the middle rod are equal, but very different + from the two dorsal spines, arising from the posterior pole; the lower odd spine of the latter + corresponds to the "caudal foot," the upper spine to the "apical horn" of <i>Cortina</i> and of + the <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span>. The vertical plane, determined by these two dorsal + spines, is the sagittal plane, and two opposite curved branches which lie in this plane (an upper + arising from the basal part of the apical spine and a lower arising from the anterior pole of the + middle rod) may be regarded as ventral parts of an incomplete sagittal ring. This interesting form + and some other similar Tetraplagida may be regarded either as beginning <span + class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> (<i>Cortina</i>, with incomplete sagittal ring) or as retrograde + <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> (<i>Cortina</i>, with partly reduced sagittal ring). In every + case they seem to indicate the near relationship between the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> + and <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>.</p> + + <p>Another argument for this close relationship may be found in the position of the central + capsule in the interesting genus <i>Plagiocarpa</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, fig. 5). + Its basal part (with the porochora) rests upon the common central rod, its ventral face upon the + ventral prolongation of the latter, its dorsal face upon the apical horn; its axis lies in the + sagittal plane. The three basal spines (the odd caudal and the paired pectoral feet) diverge from + its basal pole downwards in the same manner as in the Cortina, the Zygospyrida and the + Monocyrtida.</p> + + <p>Less important than those quadriradial Tetraplagida and Tetraplectida, are the sexradial <span + class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>, the Hexaplagida and Hexaplectida. These may be derived immediately + from the triradial <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> by prolongation of the three primary + original spines (of <i>Plagiacantha</i>) over the common central point. Here also two <span + class="pagenum" id="page903">{903}</span>different kinds of central junction are found. In the + simpler case all six radial spines arise from a common central point (<i>Hexaplagia</i> and + <i>Hexaplecta</i>). In the other case the six radial spines arise from the two poles of a short + horizontal common central rod, opposed in two groups, each of three spines (<i>Plagonium</i> and + <i>Plectanium</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, + figs. 6, 11). In this latter case the single corresponding spines of the two opposite groups are + usually parallel, and exhibit therefore exactly the same characteristic "germinate-triradiate" + form which is found in many <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span> (<i>e.g.</i>, in the common + <i>Sphærozoum punctatum</i> and the similar <i>Lampoxanthium punctatum</i>).</p> + + <p>The fourth and last group of this suborder contains the multiradiate <span + class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>, the Polyplagida and Polyplectida. Here the number of radial spines, + diverging from the common centre, exceeds six, and is commonly seven to nine, at other times ten + to twelve or more (<i>Polyplagia</i> and <i>Polyplecta</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, fig. 12). + When these two genera are better known from further accurate observations, they may probably be + divided into several different genera (as already proposed in my Prodromus, 1881), since not only + the number, but also the central junction and the arrangement of the numerous radial spines in the + few observed species seems to be very different. In some seven-radiate species (<i>e.g.</i>, + <i>Polyplecta heptacantha</i>) four larger spines seem to be true "cortinar spines," the three + smaller secondary productions of the former. In the nine-radiate species the nine spines seem to + be sometimes basal branches of three primary spines, at other times six secondary intercalated + between the three primary (like <i>Enneaphormis</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate57"><b>57</b></a>, fig. 9). In + those multiradial <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>, in which the number of spines amounts to + ten or twelve or more, the laws of disposition are not yet recognised.</p> + + <p>Comparing these different productions of the skeleton in the numerous <span + class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>, we find expressed two remarkable and very different affinities. On + the one hand many <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> exhibit exactly the same peculiar forms, + which are only found besides in the <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span> (as many species of + <i>Triplagia</i>, <i>Plagiacantha</i>, <i>Tetraplagia</i>, <i>Plagonidium</i>, <i>Hexaplagia</i>, + and <i>Plagonium</i>). On the other hand many <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> bear the same + characteristic composition of the skeleton (or the "cortinar structure") which is found in the + Cortinida among the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, and in numerous <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, which all agree in the + possession of three divergent basal feet and a vertical apical horn. A most important argument for + the close affinity of all these "cortinar <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>" seems to be given + by the fact that the sagittal ring, which in <i>Cortina</i> is combined with the quadriradial + structure, exhibits in the <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span> the most different stages of + development; in one group it is complete, in the second incomplete, and in the third it has + completely disappeared.</p> + + <p>The form of the radial spines composing the skeleton is usually three-sided prismatic, + gradually tapering from the thicker central base towards the distal apex; sometimes they are + slender pyramidal. More rarely the spines are cylindrical or slender conical. In the majority of + species the spines are straight, in the minority more or <span class="pagenum" + id="page904">{904}</span>less curved. In very few species only are they quite simple, without + branches. They are nearly always more or less branched, in many larger species very richly + ramified. The modes of ramification are rather variable. In the majority of <span + class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> the spines are rather regularly verticillate, bearing an increasing + number of verticils, each of which is composed of three divergent branches. These arise from the + three edges of the spine, and all the branches of one edge are usually parallel, either + perpendicular to the spine, or directed at an acute angle towards its apex. When the verticils are + numerous (five to ten or more), their size commonly tapers gradually towards the apex. Pinnate + spines occur more rarely than verticillate ones; in this case the two paired lateral edges only of + the prismatic spine bear opposite or alternate branches, whilst the odd middle edge bears no + ramules. In some species the spines are singly or doubly forked. In many species (mainly those + with cylindrical spines) the ramification of the spines is more or less irregular.</p> + + <p>Whilst in all Plagonida the branches of the spine remain perfectly free, in all Plectanida, + again, the meeting ends of the branches become united and grow together, and by this concrescence + a loose network arises, like wickerwork, which partly encloses the central capsule and the central + parts of the spines, on which it rests. The meshes of this loose wickerwork are large, either + quite irregular, of very different size and form, or more or less regular, with a certain form and + arrangement of the meshes, effected by the peculiar kind of ramification. Commonly the siliceous + threads of the arachnoidal wickerwork are very thin, often extremely delicate, representing + "pseudopodia metamorphosed into silex." Sometimes the wickerwork is spongy. Its surface is + constantly rough and bristly, with free ends of the spine-branches, never covered with a regular + lattice-plate, as in the <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span> (<span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, + <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>, and <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>).</p> + + <p>The entire form of the central wickerwork is in the minority of Plectanida quite irregular and + indefinite; in the majority, however, a certain more or less regular entire form is recognisable, + effected by a certain, more or less regular origin and mode of the connection of the meeting + branches. So in some species of <i>Triplecta</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, fig. 7) the + network represents a triangular plate, of <i>Plectophora</i> and <i>Plectaniscus</i> a three-sided + pyramid, of <i>Tetraplecta</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, + fig. 3) a tetrahedron, and in many other species a polyhedron of more or less regular form. Some + species of Plectanida become very similar to certain species of <span + class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, and <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>; so <i>Plectaniscus</i> and <i>Periplecta</i> approach to + <i>Cortina</i> and <i>Cortiniscus</i>, <i>Pteroscenium</i> and <i>Clathrocorys</i>, &c. + (compare Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate64"><b>64</b></a>, &c.). + They may represent a true phylogenetic connection between both groups. But in these cases also the + distinction is determined by the fact that the true <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> never + possess a complete sagittal ring (like the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>) nor a regular + lattice-shell (like the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>, + and <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page905">{905}</span></div> + + <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> constantly exhibits the + peculiar characters of the <span class="sc">Monopylea</span> or <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. It is commonly ovate, more rarely ellipsoidal or even spherical, + sometimes conical or lentelliptical. The lower or basal pole of its vertical main axis constantly + exhibits the characteristic "porochora" (or the area porosa) of the <span + class="sc">Monopylea</span>, and upon this rests the peculiar "podoconus" (or the + pseudopodial-cone) of this legion. On this porochora the central capsule is in immediate + connection with the central point of the skeleton, or the horizontal common central rod, from + which the radial spines arise. The endoplasm, or the protoplasm of the central capsule (besides + the podoconus), contains commonly one large alveole or several small vacuoles, and often + pigment-granules. The nucleus is large, spherical or ovate, and exhibits the same character as in + all the other <span class="sc">Monopylea</span>; it encloses usually a single nucleolus.</p> + + <p>The position of the central capsule and its topographical relation to the skeleton offers in + the different <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> some important and as yet unsolved problems, + which can be answered only by fresh and accurate observations on living specimens. In + <i>Triplagia</i> and <i>Triplecta</i>, where the triangular skeleton lies in a horizontal plane, + the vertical main axis of the central capsule is perpendicular to the central point of that + supporting triangle. In <i>Plagiacantha</i> and <i>Plectophora</i>, where the three radial spines + correspond to the edges of a flat pyramid, the capsule is enclosed in the pyramidal space of the + latter, its basal pole touching the apex; therefore in the normal position of the body the three + divergent rays are directed upwards. In <i>Tetraplagia</i> and <i>Tetraplecta</i> probably the + same position is retained, and therefore the fourth free spine, here developed, is probably + directed vertically downwards. In <i>Plagoniscus</i> and <i>Plectaniscus</i>, however, and + moreover, in the closely allied <i>Plagiocarpa</i> and the corresponding <i>Periplecta</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, figs. 5, + 10) the position of the central capsule, relative to the skeleton, seems to be inverse, and to + agree with that of the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> (<i>Cortina</i>, <i>Cortiniscus</i>, + &c.) and the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> (<i>Pteroscenium</i>, <i>Clathrocorys</i>, + &c.); the three divergent spines are here directed downwards (as basal feet), whilst the + opposite fourth spine is vertically directed upwards (as an apical horn); the capsule rests here + upon the tripod, which lies below it, and is inclined with its dorsal face to the apical spine. In + the majority of the other <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> the position of the central capsule + and its relation to the skeleton are not yet sufficiently observed, and require further accurate + researches. Its position seems to be very different in the several genera. The capsule is never + perforated by parts of the skeleton; this latter is constantly extra-capsular.</p> + + <p>The physiological value of the skeleton, with regard to the central capsule, is different in + the Plagonida and Plectanida; in the former it supports, in the latter it encloses the capsule + like a shell. In the Nassellida, where no skeleton is developed, the central capsule is quite free + and naked, enveloped only by the calymma.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page906">{906}</span></div> + + <p>The calymma or the extracapsular jelly-veil in all <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> is + voluminous, and encloses not only the central capsule completely, but also the skeleton wholly or + partially. Its form is of the greatest value for the development and configuration of the + skeleton. Sometimes the calymma is alveolate and foamy, as in <i>Nassella</i> and the common + <i>Thalassicolla</i>. In several other <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> the calymma seems to + include numerous small vacuoles, sometimes also pigment-granules. Xanthellæ are commonly scattered + in it in great numbers. The pseudopodia, arising in a large bunch from the porochora of the + capsule, and running along the branches of the radial spines, seem to be always numerous, richly + branched, and with a strong tendency to form anastomoses. The peculiar form of their network is + often exactly preserved in the conformation of the skeleton, produced by them. The peculiarities + of this network require further accurate observations, as does the whole organisation of the <span + class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Families of</i> <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>.</h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w50 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Families of Plectoidea" + summary="Synopsis of the Families of Plectoidea"> + <tr> + <td class="it1p05">I. Skeleton (originally tripodal) composed of radial spines united in a + common centre and supporting the central capsule, without wicker-work,</td> + <td class="wnw vbm">1. <span class="sc">Plagonida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1p05">II. Skeleton (originally tripodal) wattled, with irregular wicker-work, + composed of the united branches of radial spines and enveloping the central capsule,</td> + <td class="wnw vbm">2. <span class="sc">Plectanida</span>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Family XLVI. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Plagonida</span></span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc36"> + <p><i>Plagonida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 423.</p> + <p><i>Plagiacanthida</i> (<i>sensu strictiori</i>), Richard Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. + Radiol., p. 72.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> with a spiny skeleton, composed of + radial spines, which arise from a common central point or central rod, and support the free + central capsule.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Plagonida</span> comprises those <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span> in which the skeleton is only composed of united radial spines, + arising from a common centre, without any connection of meeting branches of the spines; the + rudimentary skeleton exhibits therefore neither a loose wickerwork (as in the closely allied + Plectanida), nor a ring (as in the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>), nor a complete + lattice-shell (as in the <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span>, the <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>, and <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>). The central capsule, which possesses all the characters of the + <span class="sc">Monopylea</span>, is therefore free, not enclosed, and only on one side supported + or partly protected by the radial spines or their branches.</p> + + <p>Two species only of Plagonida have been hitherto known. The first form described is the + <i>Plagiacantha arachnoides</i>, discovered thirty years ago (1855) by Claparède on the western + shore of Norway. Another species of the same genus, from the Mediterranean, was very accurately + described by Richard Hertwig in 1879 in his Organismus der <span class="pagenum" + id="page907">{907}</span>Radiolarien (<i>Plagiacantha abietina</i>). Upon these two species the + latter founded his family Plagiacanthida, a term which was afterwards employed by Bütschli and + others, for the whole group of <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>. Many new forms are contained + in the collection of the Challenger, so that we may describe here nine genera and thirty-four + species.</p> + + <p>The family Plagonida may be divided into four different subfamilies, according to the numbers + of the radial spines which compose the skeleton: Triplagida with three, Tetraplagida with four, + Hexaplagida with six, and Polyplagida with numerous (seven to nine or more) radial spines. These + are united commonly in one common central point, upon which rests the basal pole of the central + capsule, with the porochora. More rarely (in the genera <i>Plagonidium</i>, <i>Plagiocarpa</i>, + and <i>Plagonium</i>) the spines arise in two opposite groups (each with two or three spines) from + the two poles of a common central rod; in this case the basal pole of the central capsule with the + porochora rests upon the horizontal common rod, which corresponds probably to the basal part of + the sagittal ring of the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> and <span + class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span>.</p> + + <p>The different forms which the skeleton of the Plagonida assumes in the different genera of this + family, and the important relations which these exhibit on the one hand to the spicula of the + <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span>, and on the other hand to the shell of some <span + class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> (<i>Cortina</i>, <i>Cortiniscus</i>, &c.) and <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> (<i>Pteroscenium</i>, <i>Clathrocorys</i>, &c.), have been + already pointed out in the preceding description of the suborder <span + class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>. There it is also demonstrated, that all these different forms may + be derived from the simplest triradial forms, <i>Triplagia</i> and <i>Plagiacantha</i> (compare + above, pp. <a href="#page900">900</a>-<a href="#page904">904</a>).</p> + + <p>Whilst the genera of the Plagonida are characterised by the number of the radial spines and the + peculiar mode of junction in a common central point or at the two poles of a common central rod, + the different species of this family may be defined by the peculiar form of the spines and their + branches. These morphological characters have also been already described above. We repeat here + only that the radial spines in the majority of species are three-sided prismatic and verticillate, + each verticil commonly with three branches. The distal ends of these branches remain constantly + free, and are never united, as is always the case in the following family.</p> + + <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the Plagonida exhibits the general characters of all <span + class="sc">Monopylea</span> (compare above, p. <a href="#page890">890</a>). It is commonly ovate + or ellipsoidal, with vertical main axis; on the lower pole of the latter is the porochora (or the + "area porosa," from which all pseudopodia radiate). This is in immediate connection with the + central point or central rod of the skeleton, in which its radial spines are united. The + topographical relation of the supporting skeleton to the central capsule seems to exhibit in the + different genera of the Plagonida remarkable differences, as already demonstrated above (p. <a + href="#page905">905</a>).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page908">{908}</span></div> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Plagonida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Plagonida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Plagonida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Triplagida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Three radial spines.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Three spines lying in one horizontal plane,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">384. <i>Triplagia</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Three spines corresponding to the edges of a flat + pyramid,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">385. <i>Plagiacantha</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Tetraplagida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Four radial spines.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Four spines arising from one common central point.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">All four spines equal,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">386. <i>Tetraplagia</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">One apical spine opposed to three basal spines,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">387. <i>Plagoniscus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Four spines arising in two pairs from the poles of a common + central rod.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">All four spines equal,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">388. <i>Plagonidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">One apical spine opposed to three basal spines,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">389. <i>Plagiocarpa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>III. Subfamily Hexaplagida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Six radial spines.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Six spines arising from one common central point,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">390. <i>Hexaplagia</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Six spines arising in two opposite groups from the poles of + a common central rod,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">391. <i>Plagonium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>IV. Subfamily Polyplagida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Numerous radial spines.</p> + </td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Numerous (seven to nine or more) radial spines arising from + a common centre (either a central point or a branched rod),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">392. <i>Polyplagia</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Plagonida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Plagonida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="7">I. Subfamily Triplagida. Three radial spines.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three spines lying in one horizontal plane,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">384. <i>Triplagia</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three spines corresponding to the edges of a flat pyramid,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">385. <i>Plagiacantha</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7">II. Subfamily Tetraplagida. Four radial spines.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Four spines arising from one common central point.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">All four spines equal,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">386. <i>Tetraplagia</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">One apical spine opposed to three basal spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">387. <i>Plagoniscus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Four spines arising in two pairs from the poles of a common + central rod.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">All four spines equal,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">388. <i>Plagonidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">One apical spine opposed to three basal spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">389. <i>Plagiocarpa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7">III. Subfamily Hexaplagida. Six radial spines.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Six spines arising from one common central point,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">390. <i>Hexaplagia</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Six spines arising in two opposite groups from the poles of a + common central rod,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">391. <i>Plagonium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7">IV. Subfamily Polyplagida. Numerous radial spines.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Numerous (seven to nine or more) radial spines arising from a + common centre (either a central point or a branched rod),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">392. <i>Polyplagia</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Triplagida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 423.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plagonida</span> with three radial + spines.</p> + + <h5>Genus 384. <i>Triplagia</i>,<a id="NtA_3" href="#Nt_3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 423.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plagonida</span> with three radial spines, arising + from one common central point and lying in one horizontal plane.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Triplagia</i> and the following closely allied <i>Plagiacantha</i> may + be regarded as the simplest and most primitive forms of the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>, + perhaps as the common ancestral stock of this suborder. The skeleton is composed of three simple + or branched radial spines, arising from one common central point. These three spines in + <i>Triplagia</i> lie in one and the same plane, whilst in <i>Plagiacantha</i> they lie in + different planes. Therefore the former exhibits the simplest type of the triradial structure, + common to the majority of <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page909">{909}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Triplagia primordialis,</i> n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Spines straight, of equal size and similar form, equidistant, three-sided prismatic, each with + two pairs of opposite lateral branches, which are correspondingly parallel to the two other + spines; the proximal branches twice as long as the distal branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of each spine 0.2, of the basal branches 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Triplagia triradialis,</i> n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines straight, of equal size and similar form, equidistant, three-sided prismatic, regularly + pinnate, with six pairs of opposite pinnulæ, tapering gradually towards the distal ends; the basal + pinnulæ are again branched, with straight ramules.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of each spine 0.27, of the basal branches 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 256, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Triplagia horizontalis,</i> n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines curved, cylindrical, irregularly branched, with three primary and nine to twelve + secondary branches, which are also slightly curved. The angles between the bases of the three + spines are equal, but the size and form of the branches different.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three spines 0.15 to 0.25, of the basal branches 0.05 to + 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—West Tropical Pacific, Station 226, depth 4475 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 385. <i>Plagiacantha</i>,<a id="NtA_4" href="#Nt_4"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Claparède, 1856, + Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, November 13.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plagonida</span> with three radial spines, arising + from one common central point and corresponding to the edges of a three-sided pyramid.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Plagiacantha</i> agrees with the preceding <i>Triplagia</i> in the + simple structure of the triradial skeleton, composed of three diverging radial spines, which are + united in a common centre at the oral pole of the central capsule. But whilst the three radial + rods of <i>Triplagia</i> lie in one horizontal plane, here they lie in different planes and + correspond to the three edges of a flat pyramid. <i>Plagiacantha arachnoides</i>, described in + 1856 by Claparède, was the earliest known form of all <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page910">{910}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Plagiacantha arachnoides</i>, Claparède.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Plagiacantha arachnoides</i>, Claparède, 1856, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, November 13.</p> + <p><i>Plagiacantha arachnoides</i>, Claparède, 1858, Études sur les Infusoires et les + Rhizopodes, p. 462 (pl. xxii. fig. 8).</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra arachnoides</i>, Claparède, 1855, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. + d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 675.</p> + </div> + + <p>Spines straight, cylindrical, divided into three divergent straight branches of equal size; + each branch two to three times as long as the simple thicker basal part.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.12 to 0.2 of the branches 0.08 to 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, coast of Norway, Claparède, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Plagiacantha furcata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines straight, cylindrical, divided into two divergent straight branches of equal size, of + about the same length as the simple basal part. The spines and their branches are smooth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.24, of their fork-branches 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 254, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Plagiacantha dodecantha</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines straight, three-sided prismatic, in the middle with one verticil composed of three + divergent straight branches of equal size, of about the same length as the simple basal part. The + edges of the spines and their branches are thorny.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.24, of the branches 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Plagiacantha abietina</i>, Richard Hertwig.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Plagiacantha abietina</i>, Richard Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p. + 72, Taf. vii. figs. 6-6<i>b</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Spines straight, three-sided prismatic, with three verticils of three divergent straight + lateral branches, decreasing in size towards the distal end; the branches of the first verticil + about twice as long as those of the second, and four times as long as those of the third verticil. + All nine branches of each spine simple, straight, three-sided pyramidal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.3, of the basal branches 0.06 to + 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, Messina (R. Hertwig), surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Plagiacantha verticillata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines curved, three-sided prismatic, with six to nine verticils of three divergent branches, + decreasing in size towards the distal end; the branches of the first verticil about twice as long + as those of the fourth verticil. All branches simple, slightly curved, bristle-shaped.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.27, of the basal branches 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 296, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page911">{911}</span></div> + + <p>6. <i>Plagiacantha elatine</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines straight, three-sided prismatic, with prominent wing-like edges and ten to twelve + verticils of three divergent branches, decreasing in size towards the distal end; the branches of + the three or four basal verticils are again ramified and much larger than the simple branches of + the distal verticils.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.36, of the basal branches 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Tetraplagida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plagonida</span> with four radial + spines.</p> + + <h5>Genus 386. <i>Tetraplagia</i>,<a id="NtA_5" href="#Nt_5"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 424.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plagonida</span> with four equal radial spines, + arising from one common central point, and corresponding to the four axes of a tetrahedron.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Tetraplagia</i> is one of the most important <span + class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>, and possibly the common ancestral form of many <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (compare above, p. <a href="#page901">901</a>). The skeleton is + composed of four radial rods, diverging from one common centre in different directions, and + corresponding to the four axes, which extend from the central point of a tetrahedron to the + central points of its four faces. The whole skeleton of <i>Tetraplagia</i> exhibits therefore the + same form, which is observed in the single quadriradiate spicula of some <span + class="gsp">Beloidea</span> (in some species of <i>Lampoxanthium</i>, <i>Sphærozoum</i>, + &c.).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tetraplagia geometrica</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines straight, cylindrical, perfectly equal, corresponding in regular disposition exactly to + the four geometrical axes of a regular tetrahedron; in the middle arise from each spine two + opposite equal lateral branches of half the length of the spine.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.12, of the branches 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Tetraplagia phænaxonia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Spines straight or slightly curved, three-sided prismatic, with irregular short branches + arising from the three edges; the branches are thorny, tapering towards the apex.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.15, of the basal branches 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 332, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page912">{912}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Tetraplagia abietina</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Plagiacantha abietina</i>, var. <i>quadrispina</i>, Richard Hertwig, 1879, + Organismus d. Radiol., p. 73.</p> + </div> + + <p>Spines straight, three-sided prismatic, verticillate, with six to eight verticils of three + simple straight branches; the branches of each edge are parallel, tapering towards the distal end. + R. Hertwig regards this species only as a four-spined variety of his three-spined <i>Plagiacantha + abietina</i>; but a specimen, observed by me in Corfu, exhibited all the characters of + <i>Tetraplagia</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.2, of the basal branches 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina, Corfu), surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 387. <i>Plagoniscus</i>,<a id="NtA_6" href="#Nt_6"><sup>[6]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plagonida</span> with four unequal radial spines, + arising from one common central point; one vertical or apical spine opposed to three divergent or + basal spines.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Plagoniscus</i> agrees with the preceding <i>Tetraplagia</i> (its + probable ancestral form) in the possession of four radial spines, diverging from one common + central point. But whilst in this latter all four spines are equal, corresponding exactly to the + four axes of a tetrahedron, here in <i>Plagiocarpa</i> an important difference exists between one + vertical or apical spine and three other divergent basal spines; these latter corresponding + probably to the three "feet," the former to the single "apical horn" of the majority of <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. Perhaps we find here one of the oldest and simplest types of their + "triradial or cortinar structure" (compare above, p. <a href="#page902">902</a>).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Plagoniscus tripodiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Spines three-sided prismatic, thorny. Apical spine nearly straight, verticillate, with four to + five verticils of three thorny branches, tapering towards the apex. Three basal spines somewhat + shorter, curved, with three thorny edges.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the apical spine 0.2, of the basal spines 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 263, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Plagoniscus euscenium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines three-sided prismatic, thorny, with dentate edges, and three to six verticils of three + short branches. Apical spine straight, with six verticils, nearly twice as long as the three + curved basal spines, each of which bears three verticils; the basal verticils larger and ramified. + Resembles somewhat Euscenium eucolpium, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, + fig. 12, but has no latticed shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the apical spine 0.3, of the basal spines 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 247, surface,</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page913">{913}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Plagoniscus cortinaris</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines three-sided prismatic, straight, verticillate. Apical spine with twelve verticils, one + and a half times as long as the three basal spines, each of which bears eight verticils of three + branches. The branches are also prismatic, straight, on each edge parallel, tapering towards the + apex, in the three basal spines forked, in the apical spine more branched. Similar to the cortinar + skeleton of <i>Clathrocorys</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate64"><b>64</b></a>, + figs. 8-10).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the apical spine 0.24, of the basal spines 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 338, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Plagoniscus nassellaris</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines cylindrical, curved, irregularly branched. Apical spine half as long as, and less + branched than the three basal spines, which are sigmoidal, nearly horizontally expanded in the + proximal half, descending in the distal half.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the apical spine 0.1, of the three basal spines 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—West Tropical Pacific, Station 224, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 388. <i>Plagonidium</i>,<a id="NtA_7" href="#Nt_7"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 424.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plagonida</span> with four equal radial spines, + arising in pairs from the two poles of a common central rod.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Plagonidium</i>, and the following <i>Plagiocarpa</i> possess four + radial spines, like the two preceding genera. But whilst the four rods in these latter arise from + a common centre, here they arise in two pairs from the two poles of a common middle rod; they have + therefore exactly the same form which we find in the single spicula of some <span + class="gsp">Beloidea</span> (e.g., <i>Thalassoxanthium furcatum</i>, <i>Sphærozoum furcatum</i>, + &c.). Probably the middle rod is horizontal and serves as supporting base for the central + capsule, whilst two opposite spines are directed upwards, two other downwards.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Plagonidium bigeminum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines straight, three-sided prismatic, four to six times as long as the common central rod, + pinnate, with four to five pairs of opposite pinnulæ, the distal of which are simple, the proximal + again branched.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.16, of the middle rod 0.032.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page914">{914}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Plagonidium quadrigeminum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines cylindrical, curved, eight to ten times as long as the common central rod, in the distal + half forked; the fork-branches curved, somewhat longer than the basal part.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.18, of the middle rod 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean, Kerguelen Island, Station 159, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 389. <i>Plagiocarpa</i>,<a id="NtA_8" href="#Nt_8"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 424.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plagonida</span> with four unequal radial spines, + arising in pairs from the two poles of a common central rod; one ascending apical spine opposed to + three descending basal spines.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Plagiocarpa</i> agrees with the preceding <i>Plagonidium</i> in the + possession of a common horizontal middle rod, the two poles of which bear two pairs of divergent + spines; but whilst in the preceding all four spines are equal, here they are differentiated in the + same manner as in <i>Plagoniscus</i>, which differs only in the absence of the middle rod. The two + observed and closely allied species of this genus are of peculiar interest, since they belong + possibly to the common ancestral forms of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>; the basal + middle rod corresponds perhaps to the basal part of a sagittal ring, the apical spine to its + dorsal part, the three other spines to the basal feet (compare above, p. <a + href="#page902">902</a>).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Plagiocarpa procortina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <p>Spines cylindrical, curved, thorny, three to four times as long as the common middle rod. + Apical spine and the meeting caudal spine (or the posterior basal spine) somewhat longer and with + more numerous thorns than the two paired pectoral (or anterior) spines. From the common base of + the latter arises an anterior prolongation of the horizontal middle rod, which in the sagittal + plane is curved upwards and corresponds to the sternal foot of many <span + class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span>. An ascending branch of this spine is opposed to a descending + branch of the apical spine, both together forming an incomplete sagittal ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the two larger spines 0.15, of the two smaller 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Portofino near Genoa), surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Plagiocarpa procyrtella</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines of form and arrangement similar to those of the preceding species, but longer and more + branched, six to eight times as long as the shorter common middle rod. The two characteristic + <span class="pagenum" id="page915">{915}</span>opposed branches (the ascending branch of the basal + rod and the descending branch of the apical spine), which in the preceding species nearly compose + a sagittal ring, are here absent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the two larger 0.27, of the two smaller 0.21.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Iceland (Steenstrup), surface.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 3. <span class="sc">Hexaplagida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plagonida</span> with six radial + spines.</p> + + <h5>Genus 390. <i>Hexaplagia</i>,<a id="NtA_9" href="#Nt_9"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 424.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plagonida</span> with six radial spines, arising + from one common central point.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Hexaplagia</i> differs from the preceding genera of Plagonida in the + possession of six radial spines, diverging from one common central point. Commonly, these six + spines seem to lie opposite in pairs in three different meridian planes, and in this case + <i>Hexaplagia</i> may be regarded as a <i>Plagiacantha</i>, the three radial spines of which are + prolonged over the basal pole of the central capsule. But in other species the six spines seem to + lie in different planes. Further observations are required.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Hexaplagia arctica</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines opposite in pairs in three diameters, crossed in the common centre, straight, + three-sided prismatic, with dentate edges. The three pairs are equal, but the upper spine of each + pair only half as long as the lower spine.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the upper spine 0.13, of the lower 0.27.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Arctic Ocean (Greenland), in the stomach of a Medusa + (Olrik).</p> + + <p>2. <i>Hexaplagia antarctica</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines opposite in pairs in three diameters, crossed in the common centre, slightly curved, + three-sided prismatic, with verticillate branches; the three pairs are equal, but the lower spine + of each pair bears three to four verticils, each of three branches, and is two to three times as + long as the upper spine, which bears two verticils only.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the upper spine 0.12, of the lower 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page916">{916}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Hexaplagia collaris</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines in opposite pairs in three diameters, crossed in the common centre, straight, + cylindrical, pinnate, with three to four pairs of opposite lateral branches or regular pinnulæ. + All six spines are equidistant, of equal size and similar form, and lie with their branches nearly + in one horizontal plane. Therefore they are similar to the six radial rods in the collar septum of + many <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> (<i>e.g.</i>, + <i>Calpophæna</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, + fig. 18).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of all six spines 0.18, of their basal pinnulæ 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—East of New Zealand, Station 169, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Hexaplagia australis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines unequal, at unequal intervals, not opposite in pairs, cylindrical, irregularly branched + and curved. In this species a definite arrangement of the six different spines could not be + detected.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.3, of their largest branches 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South of Australia, Station 160, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 391. <i>Plagonium</i>,<a id="NtA_10" href="#Nt_10"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 423.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plagonida</span> with six radial spines, arising in + two opposite divergent groups from the two poles of a common central rod.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Plagonium</i> differs from the preceding closely allied + <i>Hexaplagia</i> in the remarkable peculiarity, that the six radial spines do not arise from one + common central point, but from the two poles of a common horizontal middle rod; three divergent + spines on each pole. The skeleton of <i>Plagonium</i> exhibits therefore the same remarkable form + which is found in the isolated spicula of numerous <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span> (<i>e.g.</i>, + <i>Lampoxanthium punctatum</i>, <i>Sphærozoum punctatum</i>), and bears the same relation to + <i>Hexaplagia</i> that <i>Plagonidium</i> does to <i>Tetraplagia</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Plagonium sphærozoum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <p>Spines straight and stout, three-sided prismatic, about twice as long as the common middle rod, + irregularly branched or nearly verticillate, with short thorny branches. Similar to the single + spicula of some species of <i>Sphærozoum</i> and <i>Lampoxanthium</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.12, of the middle rod 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page917">{917}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Plagonium lampoxanthium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines irregularly curved, slender, cylindrical, six to eight times as long as the common + middle rod, in the proximal half smooth, in the distal half covered with short thorns. (Similar to + an isolated spiculum of <i>Lampoxanthium punctatum</i> or of <i>Sphærozoum variabile</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a>, fig. 5.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.18, of the middle rod 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 240, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Plagonium arborescens</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines irregularly curved and branched, slender, cylindrical, thorny, twelve to sixteen times + as long as the middle rod; the branches are large, arborescent, their ramules again ramified and + very thorny.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.25, of the middle rod 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Plagonium trigeminum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines straight, slender, cylindrical, four to six times as long as the middle rod, in the + basal half smooth, in the distal half arborescent, with three to four irregular verticils of + ramified branches. (Similar to a single spiculum of <i>Sphærozoum verticillatum</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a>, fig. 7.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.15 to 0.2, of the middle rod 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Plagonium distriactis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines straight and stout, three-sided prismatic, smooth, ten to twelve times as long as the + middle rod; each on the distal end cleft into three divergent straight branches, which are again + trichotomous.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.15 to 0.18, of the middle rod 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 4. <span class="sc">Polyplagida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plagonida</span> with numerous (seven to + nine or more) radial spines.</p> + + <h5>Genus 392. <i>Polyplagia</i>,<a id="NtA_11" href="#Nt_11"><sup>[11]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plagonida</span> with numerous (seven to nine or + more) radial spines, arising from a common centre and lying in different planes.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page918">{918}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Polyplagia</i> alone represents the small subfamily of Polyplagida, + distinguished from the other Plagonida by the multiplication of the radial spines, the number of + which amounts to seven to nine or more. This increased number is commonly the result of an + intercalation of new spines between the three or four primary spines; it is sometimes also + effected by stronger development of branches of the latter, which become independent. The + following five species of this genus are very different, require further investigation, and + perhaps represent different genera<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p>1. <i>Polyplagia septenaria</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Seven radial spines, straight, three-sided prismatic, verticillate, of different sizes; four + larger spines correspond to the four axes of a tetrahedron (running from the centre to the four + corners), each with five to six verticils of three simple slender branches; one of these four main + spines seems to be the apical, the three others the basal spines of <i>Plagiocarpa</i>; in the + three meridian planes between the latter and the former lie the three smaller spines, diverging + upwards, each with two to three verticils. (Similar to <i>Polyplecta heptacantha</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, fig. 12, + but without connection between the branches.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the four major spines 0.26, of the three minor 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Polyplagia octonaria</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Eight radial spines, straight, three-sided prismatic, of equal size, arising in two opposite + groups from the two poles of a short common middle rod (as in <i>Sphærozoum arborescens</i>, Pl. + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a>, fig. 8, + and in other <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span>). The four spines of each group are divergent, six + to eight times as long as the middle rod, each spine armed with three to four verticils of thorny + branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.15, of the middle rod 0.022.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Polyplagia novenaria</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Nine radial spines of equal size, straight, cylindrical, lying nearly in a horizontal plane, or + forming a very flat pyramid. Near the common central point every three spines arise from a short + common rod, so that the centre of the skeleton is triradial. Each spine bears towards the apex two + divergent straight lateral branches. This species may have been derived from <i>Plagiacantha + arachnoides</i> by shortening and reduction of the basal parts of the three original branched + primary spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the nine spines 0.24, of the three basal rods 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Færöe Channel (Gulf Stream), John Murray, + surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Polyplagia duodenaria</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Twelve radial spines of equal size, arising from a common central point, and diverging in + different directions. The twelve spines are very large, opposite in six pairs, cylindrical, + longitudinally <span class="pagenum" id="page919">{919}</span>striped (the expression of + concentric lamellæ), and with spinulate surface, covered with innumerable small thorns. The basal + quarter of each spine is straight and simple, the second quarter twice forked, and these four + fork-branches are again in the outer half of the spine richly forked or ramified, with diverging, + slightly curved thin branches; each of the twelve spines with about sixty to eighty terminal + branches, the ends of which seem to fall into a spherical face. The position of this remarkable + species in this family is doubtful.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.12 to 0.16, of the simple basal part 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific (off Juan Fernandez), Station 299, surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Polyplagia viminaria</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Numerous (sixteen to twenty or more) radial spines of about equal size, arising from a common + central point and diverging in different directions, richly and more or less irregularly branched. + The ends of the numerous small branches seem to fall into a spherical face. The large spines of + this species have the same form and structure as in the preceding, nearly allied species, but are + more numerous and more irregularly branched and disposed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.25, of the simple basal part 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 241, surface.</p> + + <h4>Family XLVII. <span class="gsp">Plectanida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc20"> + <p><i>Plectanida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> with a wattled skeleton, composed + of the meeting and united branches of radial spines, which arise from a common central point or + central rod, and protect the partly enclosed central capsule.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Plectanida</span> comprises those <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span> in which the skeleton is composed of radial spines, arising from a + common centre, and of a loose wickerwork, produced by concrescence of the meeting branches of + those spines. This rudimentary wattled skeleton is either quite irregular or only slightly + regular, but it never assumes the form of a complete lattice-shell, as in the <span + class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span> (the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, <span + class="gsp">Botryodea</span>, and <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>), nor does it exhibit a ring + (as in the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>). The central capsule is partly or wholly + protected, and often entirely enclosed by the wattled skeleton.</p> + + <p>Three species only of Plectanida have been hitherto known. The first described form is + <i>Plectophora arachnoides</i>, which its discoverer Claparède observed in a living state in 1855 + on the western coast of Norway, and considered as a mere variety of his <i>Plagiacantha + arachnoides</i>. Two other species were afterwards observed in the Mediterranean, <i>Polyplecta + dumetum</i>, 1856, by Johannes Müller (united by him with <i>Acanthodesmia</i>) and <i>Polyplecta + polybrocha</i> by myself in 1864. Many new forms are found in the <span class="pagenum" + id="page920">{920}</span>collection of the Challenger, so that we may here distinguish eight + genera and twenty-seven species.</p> + + <p>The family Plectanida may be divided into four different subfamilies, according to the number + of the radial spines which compose the skeleton. Those four subfamilies, as also the genera + contained in them, correspond exactly to the four subfamilies of Plagonida, from which they have + originated: Triplectida with three, Tetraplectida with four, Hexaplectida with six, and + Polyplectida with numerous (seven to nine or more) radial spines. These spines are usually united + (as in the corresponding ancestral Plagonida) in one common central point, upon which rests the + basal pole of the central capsule, with the porochora. More rarely (in the genera + <i>Periplecta</i> and <i>Plectanium</i>) the spines arise in two opposite groups (each of two or + three spines) from the two poles of a common horizontal central rod, which supports the overlying + porochora of the central capsule.</p> + + <p>The different genera of <span class="correction" + title="Original reads 'Plectonida'.">Plectanida</span>, which are enumerated in the following + synopsis, correspond so exactly to the different genera of Plagonida described above, that + probably each of the former has arisen from a corresponding genus of the latter. The only + difference between the two is, that in all Plagonida the branches and ramules of the radial spines + end freely, without growing together, whilst in all Plectanida the meeting ends of the + neighbouring spines grow together and so produce a loose and irregular wickerwork. Therefore the + latter constantly possess meshes, which are missing in the former. As soon as any form of + Plagonida begins to produce meshes by concrescence of meeting branches of the spines, it passes + over into a corresponding form of Plectanida. The loose wickerwork or wattlework so produced is + sometimes very irregular, at other times more or less regular; but it never assumes the regular + form of a complete lattice-shell, as in the <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span> (<span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>, and <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>). The general differences which this wickerwork exhibits in the + different genera of Plectanida have been already described above (compare pp. <a + href="#page900">900</a>-<a href="#page904">904</a>).</p> + + <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the Plectanida agrees perfectly with that of the ancestral + Plagonida, as well in general form and structure as in the peculiar topographical relation to the + radial spines (compare above, p. <a href="#page905">905</a>). A slight difference between the two + families is effected by the higher development of the skeleton in the Plectanida. Since the + branches of the radial spines in this family become united and form a loose wickerwork, the + central capsule becomes more or less enclosed by the latter, and more perfectly protected, than in + the Plagonida, where the branches remain free. In this respect the Plectanida approach more nearly + to the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> with which they are connected by such transitional forms + as <i>Plectaniscus</i> and <i>Periplecta</i> on the one hand, <i>Cladoscenium</i> and + <i>Pteroscenium</i> on the other.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page921">{921}</span></div> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Plectanida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Plectanida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Plectanida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">I. Subfamily Triplectida. Three radial spines.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Three spines lying in one horizontal plane,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">393. <i>Triplecta</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Three spines corresponding to the edges of a flat + pyramid,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">394. <i>Plectophora</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">II. Subfamily Tetraplectida Four radial spines.</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Four spines arising from one common central point.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">All four spines equal,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">395. <i>Tetraplecta</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">One apical spine opposed to three basal spines,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">396. <i>Plectaniscus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Four spines arising in two pairs from the poles of a common + central rod; one apical spine different from three basal spines,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">397. <i>Periplecta</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">III. Subfamily Hexaplectida. Six radial spines.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Six spines arising from one common central point,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">398. <i>Hexaplecta</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Six spines arising in two opposite groups from the poles of + a common control rod,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">399. <i>Plectanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">IV. Subfamily Polyplectida. Numerous radial spines.</td> + <td></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Numerous (seven to nine or more) radial spines arising from + a common centre (either a central point or a branched rod),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">400. <i>Polyplecta</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Plectanida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Plectanida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="7">I. Subfamily Triplectida. Three radial spines.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three spines lying in one horizontal plane,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">393. <i>Triplecta</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three spines corresponding to the edges of a flat pyramid,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">394. <i>Plectophora</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7">II. Subfamily Tetraplectida. Four radial spines.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Four spines arising from one common central point.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">All four spines equal,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">395. <i>Tetraplecta</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">One apical spine opposed to three basal spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">396. <i>Plectaniscus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Four spines arising in two pairs from the poles of a common + central rod; one apical spine different from three basal spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">397. <i>Periplecta</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7">III. Subfamily Hexaplectida. Six radial spines.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Six spines arising from one common central point,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">398. <i>Hexaplecta</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Six spines arising in two opposite groups from the poles of a + common control rod,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">399. <i>Plectanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7">IV. Subfamily Polyplectida. Numerous radial spines.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Numerous (seven to nine or more) radial spines arising from a + common centre (either a central point or a branched rod),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">400. <i>Polyplecta</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Triplectida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition</i>.—<span class="gsp">Plectanida</span> with three radial + spines.</p> + + <h5>Genus 393. <i>Triplecta</i>,<a id="NtA_12" href="#Nt_12"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 424.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition</i>.—<span class="gsp">Plectanida</span> with three radial spines, arising + from one common central point and lying in one horizontal plane.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Triplecta</i> is the simplest and most primitive of the Plectanida, + and may therefore be regarded as the prototype of this family. The skeleton represents a + triangular lattice-plate with three radial beams. On the central union of the latter rests the + oral pole of the central capsule. Since the axis of the latter is vertical, the lattice-plate must + be horizontal, serving for the expansion of the pseudopodia. <i>Triplecta</i> has arisen from + <i>Triplagia</i> by union of the branches of its three radial spines. In the simplest case only + three large meshes are formed, corresponding probably to the three cortinar meshes in the collar + septum of many <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Triplecta triangulum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines straight, equal, smooth, cylindrical, each in the basal half with one pair of divergent + straight lateral branches. The opposed branches of every two neighbouring spines are united by a + <span class="pagenum" id="page922">{922}</span>thin convex bow. In this way arises a very simple, + equilateral triangular skeleton, with three equal large meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.14, sides of the triangle 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Triplecta triactis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <p>Spines straight, equal, three-sided prismatic, pinnate, each with three to four pairs of + opposite slender pinnulæ or lateral branches; the pinnulæ of each spine are correspondingly + parallel to the main rods of the other two spines. All pinnulæ branched and connected by a few + slender bows, marking the sides of a regular triangle.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions</i>.—Length of the spines 0.15, sides of the triangle 0.17.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 394. <i>Plectophora</i>,<a id="NtA_13" href="#Nt_13"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 424.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plectanida</span> with three radial spines, arising + from one common central point and corresponding to the edges of a three-sided pyramid.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Plectophora</i> has been derived from <i>Plagiacantha</i> by union of + the meeting neighbouring branches of the three radial spines, and exhibits therefore to it the + same relation that <i>Triplecta</i> bears to <i>Triplagia</i>. The loose framework so produced + corresponds to the three sides of a flat pyramid and supports the central capsule.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Plectophora triomma</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines equal, straight, three-sided prismatic, thorny, connected by three convex bows, the + meeting branches of lateral spines arising in one pair from the middle part of each spine. + Therefore the skeleton exhibits three large ovate meshes only.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.12, of the meshes 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 238, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Plectophora arachnoides</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Plagiacantha arachnoides</i>, var., Claparède, 1858, Études sur les Infusoires + et les Rhizopodes, p. 462, Taf. xxii. fig. 9.</p> + </div> + + <p>Spines straight, cylindrical, trifid, with one pair of lateral branches. The nine diverging, + straight, and smooth branches are connected in the distal part by slender concave bows, so that + the whole skeleton exhibits nine wide meshes, three larger pentagonal and six smaller + triangular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.14, of their branches 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, west coast of Norway (Claparède), + surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page923">{923}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Plectophora novena</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines slightly curved, three-sided prismatic, thorny, with two pairs of lateral branches. The + six smaller distal branches end freely, whilst the six larger basal branches are connected by + slender convex bows. There are therefore nine wide meshes, as in the preceding closely allied + species.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.18, of the basal branches 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Færöe Channel (Gulf Stream) (John Murray), + surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Plectophora pyramidalis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines straight, three-sided prismatic, with three to four verticils of short lateral branches. + The branches of the basal verticils are again ramified, and form by connecting bows a delicate + loose framework, covering the three sides of a flat pyramid, the three edges of which are the + three radial spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.2, base of the pyramid 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 267, surface.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Tetraplectida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plectanida</span> with four radial + spines.</p> + + <h5>Genus 395. <i>Tetraplecta</i>,<a id="NtA_14" href="#Nt_14"><sup>[14]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 424.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plectanida</span> with four equal radial spines, + arising from one common central point and corresponding to the four axes of a tetrahedron.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Tetraplecta</i> has been derived from <i>Tetraplagia</i> by union of + the neighbouring branches of the four radial spines, diverging from a common point in different + directions. In some forms of this genus the four rods seem to correspond exactly to the four axes, + which are directed from the centre of a tetrahedron towards its four corners; whilst in other + forms the four rods and the angles between them are perhaps not perfectly equal.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tetraplecta tetrahedra</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines straight, equal, three-sided prismatic, pinnate, each with three or four pairs of + opposite straight slender pinnulæ or lateral branches; the pinnulæ of each side are + correspondingly parallel. <span class="pagenum" id="page924">{924}</span>All pinnulæ connected by + a few slender bridges, thus producing a delicate network with irregular rhomboidal meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.15, of the basal branches 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Tetraplecta quadricornis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines in the basal half straight, in the distal half slightly curved and irregularly branched, + with two to three pairs of unequal alternate lateral branches, the distal ends of which are + connected by a few slender bows, marking the six edges of an irregular tetrahedron.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.22, of the basal branches 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Tetraplecta pinigera</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>Spines three-sided prismatic, straight, or in the basal half slightly curved, verticillate; + each spine with six to eight three-branched regular verticils, tapering gradually towards the + distal end. All branches of each spine lie parallel in three equidistant meridian planes, and are + connected by delicate parallel threads, perpendicular to the branches. Therefore the skeleton + consists of four pine-shaped trees and twelve delicate triangular wings with rectangular + meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.25 to 0.3, of the basal branches 0.1 to + 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 396. <i>Plectaniscus</i>,<a id="NtA_15" href="#Nt_15"><sup>[15]</sup></a> nov. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plectanida</span> with four unequal radial spines, + arising from one common central point; one vertical or apical spine opposed to three divergent or + basal spines.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Plectaniscus</i> has probably been derived from <i>Plagoniscus</i> by + reticular union of the neighbouring branches of the four radial spines, and exhibits therefore to + it the same relation that <i>Tetraplecta</i> bears to <i>Tetraplagia</i>. Whilst in these two + latter genera the four spines are equal, in the two former genera there is an important difference + between a vertical spine (or apical horn) and three divergent (commonly larger) spines, + corresponding to the three basal feet of the triradiate <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. + Perhaps, therefore, <i>Plectaniscus</i> is one of the remotest ancestors of the latter; but + differs in the absence of a complete lattice-shell.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page925">{925}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Plectaniscus cortiniscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Spines straight, three-sided prismatic, with three to four verticils of short perpendicular + branches; the branches of the distal verticils are simple and free, those of the proximal + verticils again ramified and connected by an arachnoidal network of delicate threads. The vertical + apical spine (or horn) is scarcely one-third or half as long as the three divergent basal spines + (or feet), and the angle between it and the latter is smaller.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the apical spine 0.05 to 0.1, of the three basal spines 0.18 + to 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Plectaniscus tripodiscus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines curved, cylindrical, with a variable number of irregular branches, which in the distal + half of the spines are free, in the basal half again ramified and connected by a loose spongy + framework. The apical spine is shorter and simpler, nearly straight, less ramified.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the apical spine 0.1, of the three basal spines 0.15 to + 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 238, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Plectaniscus archiscenium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines slightly curved, three-sided prismatic, with two to three verticils of short curved + branches. The vertical apical spine is about twice as long as the three basal spines, and + connected with them by an irregular loose framework. The three basal spines are connected together + only by a simple ring, so that between them remain three large collar holes, like those of the + similar and closely allied <i>Archiscenium quadrispinum</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the apical spine 0.32, of the three basal spines 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Plectaniscus cladoscenium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines curved, three-sided prismatic. The three basal spines pinnate, with four to five pairs + of opposite curved pinnulæ; the distal pairs are simple and free, the basal pairs branched and + connected by an irregular delicate framework, which together with the apical spine forms a spongy + cap-shaped shell, similar to <i>Cladoscenium</i>. Apical spine about half as long, simple.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions</i>.—Length of the apical spine 0.1, of the three basal spines 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Plectaniscus clathrocorys</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines straight, three-sided prismatic, with seven or eight verticils of ramified branches, + which in the basal half are connected by an irregular loose framework. In the distal half each of + the three divergent basal spines (or feet) is connected with the longer apical spine (or horn) by + a <span class="pagenum" id="page926">{926}</span>fenestrated triangular lattice wing. Therefore + the skeleton becomes very similar to <i>Clathrocorys</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate64"><b>64</b></a>, figs. + 8-10), but wants the regular central cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the apical spine 0.2, of the basal spines 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 397. <i>Periplecta</i>,<a id="NtA_16" href="#Nt_16"><sup>[16]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 424.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plectanida</span> with four unequal radial spines, + arising in pairs from the two poles of a common central rod; one ascending apical spine opposed to + three descending basal spines.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Periplecta</i> has probably been derived from <i>Plagiocarpa</i> (by + concrescence of the meeting spine branches), and has the same important relation to a part of the + triradial <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> (<i>Cortina</i>, &c.) and <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> (<i>Pteroscenium</i>, &c.). It differs from the latter only in + the fact that the loose irregular framework connecting the bases of the four cortinar spines is + not a regular lattice-shell.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Periplecta cortina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, + fig. 10).</p> + + <p>Spines of very different size and shape, three-sided prismatic. The apical spine (or horn) is + larger, nearly straight, and bears a verticil of three large divergent branches, which are again + ramified. The three basal spines (or feet) are curved, pinnate, each with three to five pairs of + opposite simple curved branches. A small common central rod separates the two united pectoral feet + from the two other spines (the caudal foot and the apical horn). The three basal feet are + connected by three convex bows composing a horizontal collar ring, and since the central rod is + prolonged between the pectoral feet to the ring, a very remarkable collar septum is formed with + four cortinar meshes. Above this septum an irregular spongy shell, including the central capsule, + is formed by a delicate framework, interwoven between the apical horn and the three basal + feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the apical spine 0.25 to 0.3, of the three basal spines 0.15 + to 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Periplecta pteroscenium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines of very different size and shape, three-sided prismatic, verticillate. The apical spine + (or horn) with ten to twelve verticils, is one and a half times as long as the three basal spines + (or feet), which bear six to eight verticils only; each verticil with three branches which by + communicating ramules form a loose irregular wickerwork. Similar to <i>Pteroscenium pinnatum</i>, + Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, + figs. 14-16, but without a regular lattice-shell. A short basal central rod separates two equal + (pectoral) spines from two unequal spines, the larger of the latter is the apical, the shorter the + caudal spine.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the apical spine 0.26, of the three basal spines 0.17.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page927">{927}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Periplecta monocyrtis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines of nearly equal size and shape, cylindrical, irregularly branched. The apical spine is + straight, more branched and nearly twice as long as the three basal spines. All four spines in the + basal third connected by a loose spongy framework, approaching the form of some Monocyrtida.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the apical spine 0.24, of the basal spines 0.13.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 3. <span class="sc">Hexaplectica</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plectanida</span> with six radial + spines.</p> + + <h5>Genus 398. <i>Hexaplecta</i>,<a id="NtA_17" href="#Nt_17"><sup>[17]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 425.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plectanida</span> with six radial spines, arising + from one common central point.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Hexaplecta</i> has probably been derived from <i>Hexaplagia</i> by + concrescence of the meeting branches of the six spines, and therefore has to it the same relation + that <i>Plectophora</i> bears to <i>Plagiacantha</i>. The two species here described represent + perhaps two different genera, since in the first all six spines are equal, opposed in pairs, in + the second different in pairs (three upper smaller and three lower larger).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Hexaplecta triaxonia</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines equal, opposite in three crossed pairs, straight, three-sided prismatic, thorny, in the + distal half with three leaf-shaped, dentate edges, in the basal half with three verticils of + slender branches, which are connected by parallel threads, and so form an arachnoidal network with + rectangular or rhomboidal meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.22, of their basal branches 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Hexaplecta tricladonia</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines unequal, three larger spines (in the lower half of the body) being opposite to three + smaller spines (in the upper half). The latter are nearly horizontally expanded, each bearing + three straight divergent branches. The larger are stronger, twice as long and armed with three + verticils, each of three branches. All six spines are slender, three-sided prismatic. Their + branches are very thin, thread-shaped, and form by their union a loose network with irregular + polygonal meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the larger spines 0.25, of the smaller 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 291, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page928">{928}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 399. <i>Plectanium</i>,<a id="NtA_18" href="#Nt_18"><sup>[18]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 424.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plectanida</span> with six radial spines, arising in + two opposite divergent groups from the two poles of a common central rod.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Plectanium</i> has been derived from <i>Plagonium</i> by concrescence + of the meeting branches, and bears therefore to it the same relation that the preceding + <i>Hexaplecta</i> exhibits to <i>Hexaplagia</i>. Whilst in these two latter genera the six spines + arise from a common central point, they arise here in two divergent groups from the two poles of a + horizontal common middle rod, similar to the spicula of many <span + class="gsp">Beloidea</span>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Plectanium trigeminum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Spines straight and stout, six to eight times as long as the common middle rod, three-sided + prismatic; in the distal half thickened, with three divergent terminal thorns; in the basal half + with three to four verticils of thin lateral branches, which are again ramified, and by their + united threads produce an irregular loose framework.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.25, basal breadth 0.005, terminal breadth 0.02; + length of the middle rod 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Plectanium ovodimare</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines straight and stout, three-sided prismatic, about four times as long as the common middle + rod, gradually thinned towards the distal end; in the basal half with two to three verticils of + forked branches, which are dichotomously ramified, and by their united threads form a loose ovate + framework.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.17, of the middle rod 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 236, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Plectanium sphærozoum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spines straight, cylindrical, ten to twelve times as long as the common middle rod, with six to + eight verticils of thorny branches, tapering towards the distal end; the branches of the verticils + are simple in the distal half, again ramified in the basal half, and here connected together by + irregularly branched threads forming a loose framework. (Resembles one spiculum of <i>Sphærozoum + verticillatum</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a>, + fig. 7, but is more richly branched, with united ramules.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.2, of the middle rod 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page929">{929}</span></div> + + <h4>Subfamily 4. <span class="sc">Polyplectida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plectanida</span> with numerous (seven + to nine or more) radial spines.</p> + + <h5>Genus 400. <i>Polyplecta</i>,<a id="NtA_19" href="#Nt_19"><sup>[19]</sup></a> Haeckel.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Plectanida</span> with numerous (seven to nine or + more) radial spines, arising from a common centre and lying in different planes.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Polyplecta</i> comprises provisionally all Plectanida possessing seven + or more radial spines, united in the centre of the framework. It may be derived from + <i>Polyplagia</i> by meeting and concrescence of the free branches. But as in the latter genus, + here also the few observed species are very different, perhaps of different origin, and may be + afterwards better separated as representatives of diverse genera.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Polyplecta heptacantha</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Heptaplegma heptacantha</i>, Haeckel, 1882, MS.</p> + </div> + + <p>Seven unequal spines divergent from one common central point, slender, slightly curved, + three-sided prismatic. Four spines are much larger, twice to three times as long and as thick as + the three smaller spines. One of the four larger spines is directed upwards (as "apical horn"), + whilst the three others diverge downwards (as "basal feet"). Each of the four larger spines bears + five to seven equidistant verticils of three divergent branches, the proximal of which are + branched, the distal simple. The three smaller spines lie nearly horizontally, midway between the + odd apical spine and the three basal spines, and in the same meridian planes with them; each bears + one verticil of three divergent branches. All the branches are united by arachnoidal threads, + composing a loose wickerwork with irregular, generally quadrangular meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the four larger spines 0.27 to 0.33, of the four smaller 0.1 + to 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Polyplecta enneacantha</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Enneaplegma enneacantha</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 425.</p> + </div> + + <p>Nine equal and equidistant, straight, cylindrical radial spines, lying nearly in one plane, + arise from an irregular spongy central framework; six of them seem to be secondary, intercalated + between three equidistant primary spines, which are united in the centre. (This species resembles + in the nine-radial structure the remarkable <i>Enneaphormis rotula</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate57"><b>57</b></a>, fig. 9, and + may perhaps be derived from a similar species; but it has no regular latticed shell.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.22, diameter of the framework 0.17.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page930">{930}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Polyplecta decacantha</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Pentaplegma decacantha</i>, Haeckel, Prodromus, p. 425.</p> + </div> + + <p>Ten radial spines, curved, cylindrical, irregularly branched, diverge in different directions + and seem to arise in pairs from an irregular central framework, in the centre of which five + primary spines are united; the latter correspond probably to the five spines of + <i>Pentaspyris</i>, &c. The density of the spongy central framework did not allow of an + accurate investigation, and makes it doubtful whether this species is not a <i>Spongiomma</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 0.3 to 0.4, diameter of the framework 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Polyplecta polybrocha</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p>? <i>Acanthodesmia polybrocha</i>, Haeckel, 1865, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xv. p. 368, + Taf. xxvi. fig. 3.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Plegmosphæra polybrocha</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 455.</p> + </div> + + <p>Numerous (twenty to thirty or more) radial spines, thin, cylindrical, curved and irregularly + branched, arising from an irregular central spongy framework, are connected by numerous slender + arches. The specimen observed by me in 1880 in Portofino was a true <i>Polyplecta</i>, with three + primary spines centrally united, between which numerous other spines were intercalated. The + similar specimen, however, observed in 1864 in Villafranca, and figured, <i>loc. cit.</i>, was + perhaps a <i>Plegmosphæra</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the radial spines 0.05 to 0.1, diameter of the framework + 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Villafranca, Portofino), surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Polyplecta dumetum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthodesmia dumetum</i>, J. Müller, 1868, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 30, Taf. i. Fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Numerous (ten to twelve or more) radial spines, thin and straight, with a few straight lateral + branches, diverge in different directions and are connected by a few slender curved arches. Some + similar forms, but more developed, with numerous branches and curved rods, are found in the + Pacific Radiolarian ooze, and represent probably different species.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the radial spines 0.05 to 0.08, of the branches 0.02 to + 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, French shore (Cette and Saint Tropez), + Johannes Müller, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page931">{931}</span></div> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <h3>Suborder III. STEPHOIDEA, Haeckel.</h3> + + <div class="poem smaller pc39"> + <p><i>Stephoidea</i> vel <i>Stephida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 444.</p> + <p><i>Acanthodesmida</i> (<i>sensu ampliori</i>), Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. + xxxvi. p. 495.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> without complete lattice-shell, + with a skeleton composed of one or more simple rings, which may be united by a loose framework and + are separated by large openings or gates. One primary or sagittal ring, determining the sagittal + or median plane of the bilateral body, encloses the monaxonian central capsule.</p> + + <p>The suborder <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, hitherto known by a few species only of + "Acanthodesmida," comprises a large number of interesting <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (now + more than two hundred species), which possess peculiar interest for the morphology and phylogeny + of this legion. The monaxonian central capsule of the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> is + surrounded either by one simple ring or by a complex system of several loosely connected rings; + these may be united by a loose framework of connected branches, but never produce a complete + lattice-shell, as is constantly the case in the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, <span + class="gsp">Botryodea</span>, and <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>. Therefore there remain + between the parts of the connected rings a few large openings which we call "gates," separating + them from the numerous small "pores" of the complete lattice-shells. In the most simple case, if + only one ring be formed, there is also present only one "gate," the aperture of this simple + ring.</p> + + <p>The first known species of <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> were observed in the + Mediterranean by Johannes Müller in 1856, and described and figured in his last treatise (1858) + under the names <i>Lithocircus annularis</i> (<i>loc. cit.</i>, Taf. i. fig. 1) and + <i>Acanthodesmia vinculata</i> (<i>loc. cit.</i>, Taf. i. figs. 4-7). In the following year I + myself observed two other living species in the Mediterranean, and described them in my Monograph + (1862, pp. 268, 270) as <i>Zygostephanus mülleri</i> (Taf. xii. fig. 2) and <i>Prismatium + tripleurum</i> (Taf. iv. fig. 6). For these four longest known <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> + I founded the new family of Acanthodesmida (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 265), but united with them two + other similar genera which I afterwards separated:—<i>Plagiacantha</i> (belonging to the + <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>) and <i>Dictyocha</i> (belonging to the <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>).</p> + + <p>When, in 1876, I received the rich material of the Challenger collection, I was astonished to + find in it an enormous number of new, similar, and partly very interesting "Acanthodesmida," which + were afterwards arranged in my Prodromus (1881, p. 444) in thirty-eight different genera and four + "subfamilies," all united in one single large family, "Stephida or Monopylaria cricoidea." I + retain here this natural group in the same sense, but give to it the rank of a "suborder," + separating at the same time its four subfamilies as substantial "families." Since the names of the + <span class="pagenum" id="page932">{932}</span>latter, proposed in the Prodromus, were not quite + suitable, I replace them here by the following more convenient names<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it1 sp2"> + <p>1. Family Stephanida (= Monostephida, 1881, p. 447). Skeleton entirely formed by one simple + ring (the primary vertical sagittal ring). The only "gate" is the simple aperture of the + ring.</p> + <p>2. Family Semantida (= Dyostephida, 1881, p. 446). Skeleton composed of two rings, + perpendicular to one another; the primary vertical sagittal ring bears at the base a horizontal + basal ring; between the two rings two or more "basal gates remain."</p> + <p>3. Family Coronida (= Triostephida, 1881, p. 445). Skeleton composed of two crossed vertical + or meridional rings, perpendicular to one another—the primary sagittal ring and the + secondary frontal ring. Commonly the two vertical rings are united at the base by a horizontal + basal ring, and between them remain two or more "basal gates."</p> + <p class="sp0">4. Family Tympanida (= Parastephida, 1881, p. 446). Skeleton composed of two + parallel horizontal rings, and upper mitral ring, and a lower basal ring, both connected by + vertical or divergent columellæ, which are parts of vertical rings (primary sagittal, and + secondary frontal ring).</p> + </div> + + <p>The peculiar structure of the central capsule of the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, and + their character as true <span class="sc">Monopylea</span>, were first recognised by Richard + Hertwig, who in 1879, in his Organismus der Radiolarien, gave an excellent detailed description of + it (<i>loc. cit.</i>, pp. 68-72, Taf. vii. figs. 4, 5). He also pointed out the near affinity of + these "Acanthodesmida" with the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> or Zygocyrtida, uniting the + latter with the former family.</p> + + <p>A fuller explanation of this affinity, and of the morphological and phylogenetic importance of + the "Acanthodesmida," as ancestral forms of the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> and <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, was given in 1882 by Bütschli (Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. + pp. 495-501). He described in detail some important fossil forms of Acanthodesmida as different + species of "<i>Stephanolithis</i>," a name which Ehrenberg had employed for various ring-like + fragments of Radiolarian shells, sponges, and other fossil bodies. The four fossil species which + Bütschli described represent four different genera of <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, viz., + <i>Semantis</i> (<i>spinescens</i>), <i>Semantrum</i> (<i>mülleri</i>), <i>Semantidium</i> + (<i>haeckelii</i>), and <i>Tristephanium</i> (<i>hertwigii</i>). On the phylogenetic conclusions, + derived from these accurate observations, compare above, p. <a href="#page893">893</a>, &c. + The topographical signification of the parts, employed by Bütschli, is contrary to mine; he calls + my dorsal side the "anterior," and my ventral side the "posterior."</p> + + <p>The geometrical fundamental form of the body in nearly all <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> + (with few exceptions) is distinctly bilateral or "dipleuric," so that we can easily distinguish + the <span class="pagenum" id="page933">{933}</span>three different dimensive axes: the principal + axis with different apical and basal poles, the sagittal axis with different dorsal and ventral + poles, and the lateral axis with equivalent right and left poles. In only a few genera this + bilateral symmetry is not expressed, and a simpler, more regular fundamental form appears. The + latter may be either primary (in the monaxonian <i>Archicircus</i> and <i>Lithocircus</i>) or + secondary, afterwards acquired (in the octahedral <i>Trissocircus</i> and <i>Trissocyclus</i>, the + cubical <i>Lithocubus</i>, the prismatic <i>Eutympanium</i>, and some other forms).</p> + + <p>The most important element of the skeleton, with which the formation begins, in all <span + class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> is the simple primary or sagittal ring, lying vertically in the + sagittal or median plane of the body and surrounding the monaxonian central capsule. This sagittal + ring is the only essential element of the skeleton in all Stephanida, and is completely preserved + in all Semantida, also in the greater part of the Coronida and Tympanida. It is partially reduced + in the small groups of the true Acanthodesmida (subfamily of Coronida) and the Dystympanida and + Eutympanida (subfamilies of Tympanida). Here only the vertical parts of it are preserved (dorsal + and ventral rod), whilst the horizontal parts are lost (mitral and basal rod).</p> + + <p>The sagittal ring lies constantly in the vertical median plane of the body, and therefore + divides the enclosed central capsule into a right and a left half. It is rarely regular or + subregular, commonly dipleuric or distinctly bilateral, so that we may easily distinguish its + dorsal and ventral, apical and basal parts. The most important of these four parts or "rods" is + the "basal rod" or the inferior part, because here the ring is in closer connection with the + central capsule and its "porous area"; here peculiar spines or branches are commonly developed, + which even on the isolated ring immediately determine the basal pole. The opposite upper part, or + the "mitral rod," is also often distinguished by the peculiar appendages. The posterior part, or + the "dorsal rod" (the anterior rod, <i>a</i>, in the description of Bütschli), is commonly more + straight, often quite vertical. The opposite anterior part, or the "ventral rod" (the posterior + rod, <i>b</i>, of Bütschli), is usually more convex, and often strongly curved or + semicircular.</p> + + <p>Whilst this dipleuric or bilateral (commonly obliquely ovate or nearly triangular) form of the + sagittal ring is distinctly preserved in by far the greater number of <span + class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, it is replaced in some few genera by a more regular, amphithect, + diphragmatic, or biradial form. In this case we may often suppose a primary regularity to exist, + the dorsal and ventral parts being not yet differentiated, as in <i>Archicircus</i> and + <i>Lithocircus</i>, <i>Zygostephanus</i> and <i>Protympanium</i>, and perhaps also in some other + forms. But in other cases the regularity is, on the contrary, secondary, being derived from + original bilateral forms.</p> + + <p>The rod of the sagittal ring is either cylindrical (with circular transverse section) or + angular (commonly with triangular transverse section). In nearly all <span + class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> (with very few exceptions) branches or apophyses are developed from + the ring, regularly disposed and often of great morphological importance. Commonly these <span + class="pagenum" id="page934">{934}</span>apophyses are developed in pairs, growing symmetrically + on both sides of the ring. The most important of these apophyses are:—(1) Basal apophyses, + arising from the basal hole of the ring; (2) mitral apophyses, arising from the apical pole; (3) + dorsal apophyses, arising from the middle of the dorsal rod; and (4) ventral apophyses, arising + from the middle of the ventral rod. The two former arise in the principal axis, the two latter in + the sagittal axis of the body. Very frequently the latter pair is replaced by two pairs of + transverse branches, one inferior (mandibular) and one superior (orbital). The apophyses of the + ring are either simple or branched, often very large, richly ramified, and give origin to a number + of further products.</p> + + <p>Whilst in the Stephanida the primary sagittal ring alone represents the whole skeleton, it + produces in all other <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> one or more secondary rings. The most + important of these is the horizontal basal ring, appearing first in the Semantida (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>). From the + base of the sagittal ring there arise in the horizontal basal plane two pairs of lateral branches + or "basal apophyses." The curved opposite branches of the corresponding pairs become united on + each side of the primary ring (right and left), and so produce a second, horizontal ring, + perpendicular to the former. This basal ring encloses two paired basal gates, which are enclosed + on the medial side by the basal rod of the sagittal ring, and on the lateral side by two united + apophyses (<i>Semantis</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, + figs. 1, 2). These two primary basal gates are of the greatest morphological importance; we call + them the "jugular gates or jugular pores" (in the description of Bütschli, the pores I, <i>loc. + cit.</i>, p. 498). The dorsal pair of basal apophyses (on their posterior edge) are the coracal + rods, <i>e</i> (rods <i>e</i> of Bütschli); the opposite ventral pair (on their anterior edge) are + the clavicular or furcular rods, <i>f</i> (rods <i>e</i>1 of Bütschli); compare Pls. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, and their + explanation.</p> + + <p>The skeleton of <i>Semantis</i>, the prototype of the Semantida, thus assumes the + characteristic form of a signet-ring. The basal ring enclosing the two jugular pores corresponds + to the seal-plate. It is commonly more or less horizontal; but often the apophyses descend + obliquely (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, + figs. 1, 2, 13, &c.), more rarely laterally (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate29"><b>29</b></a>, fig. 11). + The further development of this typical form is essentially effected by the production of new + basal pores in the horizontal seal-plate. In <i>Semantrum</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, figs. 3, 4, + 5) we find already four basal gates. Behind the jugular gates is formed a second pair, the + "cardinal gates" (pores II of Bütschli). These are enclosed on the anterior margin by the coracal + rods (<i>e</i>), on the posterior margin by the scapular rods (<i>d</i>), a third pair of basal + apophyses, arising behind the former from the sagittal ring and uniting with them (the rods + <i>e</i>2 of Bütschli). Commonly the two posterior, or cardinal gates are much larger than the two + anterior, jugular gates. This characteristic basal plate of <i>Semantrum</i>, with two pairs of + basal pores, is of the greatest morphological importance, as it is inherited in by far the greater + number of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, though not so generally as Bütschli supposes. + The basal ring of <i>Semantrum</i> is either more circular <span class="pagenum" + id="page935">{935}</span>or elliptical, or more polygonal, and is connected with the basal rod of + the sagittal ring by three pairs of radial apophyses, the anterior furcular, the middle coracal, + and the posterior scapular rods.</p> + + <p>A third important form of Semantida is <i>Semantidium</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, figs. 6, + 7). Here we find three pairs of basal pores in the seal-plate; the third pair, newly formed, + consists of the cervical gates (<i>e</i>), bounded in front by the scapular rods (<i>d</i>), + behind by a fourth pair of basal apophyses, the cervical rods.</p> + + <p>The basal apophyses of the sagittal ring are not only of great morphological importance, + because they produce by their union three typical pairs of basal gates or "collar pores," but also + because their prolongations often appear as typical basal feet. The distal prolongations of the + coracal rods appear in <i>Semantiscus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, + figs. 16-18) as two pectoral feet, those of the scapular rods as two tergal feet, whilst the + opposite prolongations of the basal rod of the sagittal ring appear as two "sagittal feet" (in + front an anterior or sternal, and behind a posterior or caudal foot). In the typical + <i>Cortiniscus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, + figs. 11-13) only three feet are developed; an odd caudal and two paired pectoral feet (compare + above, p. <a href="#page891">891</a>). The typical basal ring of the Semantida, with its paired + basal gates (<i>Semantis</i>), reappears in the majority of the Coronida, differing from the + former in the development of a second vertical ring, which lies in the frontal plane + (perpendicular to the sagittal ring), and which we therefore call the frontal ring. In only one + small group of the Coronida the basal ring is absent, namely, in the Zygostephanida, and here the + frontal ring appears in the simplest form, as a complete elliptical meridian ring, crossing the + sagittal ring perpendicularly on the two poles of the main axis (<i>Zygostephanus</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, figs. 1-4), + Four large lateral gates between the two rings remain open. This form may be derived directly from + the Stephanida in the following way; from both poles of a simple sagittal ring there arise two + opposite lateral apophyses, which in the frontal plane become curved one towards the other, and + united in the poles of the transverse axis. The basal apophyses would be the coracal rods. But it + is also possible that <i>Zygostephanus</i> was derived from <i>Semantis</i> by the loss of the + furcular rods.</p> + + <p>The three typical rings (or the "dimensive rings") of the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> + appear in their most complete form in the subfamily Trissocyclida (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, figs. 7, + 13). Here all three rings are undivided and completely developed in the three dimensive planes, + perpendicular one to another. Between them there remain eight large open gates; the four superior + are the four "lateral gates" of <i>Zygostephanus</i>, the four inferior are the four basal gates + of <i>Semantrum</i>. The four latter are originally much smaller than the four former; but in + <i>Trissocircus</i> and <i>Trissocyclus</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, figs. + 10-12) they reach the same size. Therefore all eight gates are here of equal form and similar + size, and the basal ring, now a true equatorial ring, divides the two meridional rings into two + equal halves.</p> + + <p>In the Eucoronida, a third subfamily of Coronida, the sagittal and the basal rings <span + class="pagenum" id="page936">{936}</span>are complete, but the frontal ring is incomplete, its + basal part being wanting (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>, + figs. 4-6). Therefore we find here six large gates between the three rings; four upper lateral + gates (between the two crossed vertical rings) and two lower basal gates (between the basal rod of + the sagittal ring and the two halves of the basal ring). <i>Eucoronis</i>, the type of this + subfamily, may be derived either directly from <i>Semantis</i> by development of a frontal ring, + or from <i>Tristephanium</i> by loss of the basal part of the frontal ring.</p> + + <p>A quite simple basal ring with a single gate, distinguishes the fourth subfamily of Coronida, + the Acanthodesmida (<i>sensu restricto</i>), the genera <i>Coronidium</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>, figs. 1, 2, + 7, 8) and <i>Acanthodesmia</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, + fig. 5). The horizontal basal ring alone is here complete, whilst both vertical rings (the + sagittal and frontal rings) are incomplete, their basal parts being wanting. Therefore there are + here five gates, four lateral and one basal. These forms may be derived from <i>Eucoronis</i> by + loss of the basal rod of the primary sagittal ring.</p> + + <p>The Tympanida, the fourth family of <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, exhibit another type + of ring structure. Here two parallel horizontal rings are constantly developed, one on the apical + pole, the other on the basal pole of the sagittal ring. The latter is the same basal ring as in + the Semantida and Coronida. The former is a "mitral ring," developed in the same manner, by union + of two pairs of horizontal lateral branches, which arise on both sides from the apical rod (or + mitral rod) of the sagittal ring. In the simplest case these two parallel horizontal rings are + connected only by the sagittal ring, which is either complete (<i>Protympanium</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, fig. 14) or + incomplete (<i>Parastephanus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, + fig. 21). But commonly also an incomplete frontal ring is present, so that the two horizontal + rings are connected by four vertical or subvertical rods; two of these "columellæ" are the dorsal + and ventral rods of the sagittal ring, the two others are the lateral rods of the frontal ring. + Between the former and the latter are sometimes developed two, four, or more accessory columellæ + (probably halves of accessory incomplete diagonal meridian rings). In this way arise the + characteristic "drum-forms" of many Tympanida, in which the two parallel horizontal rings + correspond to the upper and lower rings of a drum, whilst the connecting vertical columellæ + correspond to its parallel lateral rods (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, + figs. 1, 2, &c.).</p> + + <p>Originally the two horizontal rings of these "drum-shells" are both bisected by the complete + sagittal ring, each provided with two lateral gates (Protympanida). But in the Eutympanida both + rings exhibit one simple gate only, the apical and the basal rod of the sagittal ring being lost. + In the Paratympanida both rings are closed by a secondary lattice-plate whilst in the Dystympanida + the upper (mitral) ring alone is closed by such a plate, the lower (basal) ring is open. In some + Eutympanida the shell assumes the strange form of a regular geometrical cube, the twelve edges of + which are represented by thin rods of silex (<i>Lithocubus</i>)—its four upper edges + represent the mitral ring, the four lower the basal ring; two opposite of the four vertical <span + class="pagenum" id="page937">{937}</span>cube-edges are the lateral halves of the frontal ring, + the two other alternate ones are the remaining halves of the reduced sagittal ring (dorsal and + ventral rod) (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>, + fig. 12).</p> + + <p>In many Tympanida and Coronida a loose irregular lattice or framework is developed, which + partly closes the large open gates. But this never reaches the completeness of a true + lattice-shell, such as we find in the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, <span + class="gsp">Botryodea</span>, and <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>. In by far the greater number + of <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> the corners, and partly also the rods, of the shell are + armed with numerous irregular spines, often forked or richly branched. Among these spines the + descending "basal apophyses" possess a peculiar importance, since by their regular number and + disposition they correspond to the radial rods of the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>, and to + the typical "feet" of the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> and <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>. The most important of them are the three cortinar feet (one caudal + and two pectoral) of <i>Cortina</i>, <i>Cortiniscus</i>, &c. (compare above, p. <a + href="#page891">891</a>).</p> + + <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> exhibits in the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> the same + characteristic structure as in all other <span class="sc">Monopylea</span>, first exactly pointed + out by Richard Hertwig in 1879 (Organismus der Radiol., p. 71, Taf. vii. figs. 4, 5). Its form is + commonly ovate or ellipsoidal, sometimes also lentelliptical or nearly spherical. It exhibits + constantly on the basal pole the porochora or porous area, and in the basal half the podoconus or + pseudopodial cone. From the surrounding sagittal ring it is separated by a thick jelly-like + calymma, which commonly exhibits numerous zooxanthellæ. The numerous pseudopodia are commonly + branched, with rather rare anastomoses. The membrane of the central capsule is thick.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Families of</i> <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>.</h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w50 smaller vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Plectanida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Plectanida"> + <tr> + <td class="it1p05">I. Skeleton composed of the simple vertical sagittal ring only, without + secondary rings,</td> + <td class="wnw vbm">1. <span class="sc">Stephanida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1p05">II. Skeleton composed of two crossed rings, a vertical sagittal and a + horizontal basal ring,</td> + <td class="wnw vbm">2. <span class="sc">Semantida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1p05">III. Skeleton composed of two crossed vertical meridional rings (a primary + sagittal and a secondary frontal ring), commonly also with a horizontal basal ring,</td> + <td class="wnw vbm">3. <span class="sc">Coronida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1p05">IV. Skeleton composed of two parallel horizontal rings (upper mitral and + lower basal ring), both connected by a vertical sagittal ring (and often by a vertical frontal + ring),</td> + <td class="wnw vbm">4. <span class="sc">Tympanida</span>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Family XLVIII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Stephanida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>).</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc22"> + <p><i>Monostephida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 447.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition</i>.—<span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> with a simple sagittal ring, + without any lattice-work.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Stephanida</span> is the most simple of all <span + class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, and probably the common ancestral group of this suborder (compare + above, p. <a href="#page933">933</a>). The skeleton <span class="pagenum" + id="page938">{938}</span>consists of a simple ring only, surrounding the central capsule, and + armed commonly with simple thorns or with larger branched spines. The branches of these spines are + constantly free, never joining together. Therefore the shell exhibits no trace of fenestration or + lattice-work, no pores or gates, except the simple large gate of the ring itself. In all other + <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> we find secondary gates or lattice-work.</p> + + <p>The first known form of this family is <i>Lithocircus annularis</i>, described by Johannes + Müller in 1858 (Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 29, Taf. i. fig. 1). He observed already + the central capsule ("Blase") surrounded by the circular ring of silex, and the calymma + ("Strahlige Gallert") enveloping the whole body. The peculiar structure of the soft body, + particularly the "area porosa" on the basal pole of the central capsule, and the pseudopodial cone + within it, were first accurately described by Hertwig (in 1879). A great number of simple rings, + similar to these, were found in the Challenger collection, and are here arranged in six genera and + forty-eight species.</p> + + <p>The simple ring of silex, which alone forms the skeleton of the Stephanida, corresponds to the + primary or sagittal ring of the other <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, and lies therefore + vertically in the median or sagittal plane of the body. We can therefore distinguish on it four + different segments, rods or bows, two of which are more horizontal, two more vertical. The former + are one upper bow or apical rod, and one lower bow or basal rod. The latter are one posterior bow + or dorsal rod, and one anterior bow or ventral rod. Sometimes each of these four component bows is + distinguished by a corner-spine, or by a pair of divergent branches.</p> + + <p>In the two simplest (and probably oldest) genera of Stephanida, in <i>Archicircus</i> and + <i>Lithocircus</i>, the dorsal and ventral rods of the ring are equal and cannot be distinguished; + therefore the fundamental form is here amphithect, diphragmatic, or biradial (the poles of the + sagittal axis being equal). In the four other genera the dorsal rod is more straight (often + vertical) and more or less different from the ventral, convexly curved rod; therefore the + fundamental form is here dipleuric or bilateral, as in the greater number of all <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (the poles of the sagittal axis being unequal). The general form of + the ring in this latter case is commonly obliquely ovate or nearly triangular, the basal pole + being more pointed, the apical pole more rounded (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>).</p> + + <p>The rods or bows of the ring are either roundish or cylindrical (with circular or elliptical + transverse section), or they are prismatic or angular (commonly with triangular transverse + section). In the latter case one edge usually is prominent in the sagittal plane (on the convex + outside of the ring), whilst two other edges diverge laterally on both sides of it. The inner or + concave margin of the ring is commonly smooth.</p> + + <p>The inner perimeter of the large gate, enclosed by the ring, is commonly rounded (elliptical or + ovate), rarely angular. However, the outer perimeter of the ring is <span class="pagenum" + id="page939">{939}</span>nearly always polygonal, with prominent corners, and usually from these + arise thorns or branched spines which are regularly disposed. Regarding this disposition we may + distinguish three cases: A, the spines lie in the sagittal plane and form a single row, arising + from the median edge; B, the spines lie on both sides of the latter and form two parallel rows, + arising from the two lateral edges; C, the spines represent a combination of A and B, and are + disposed in three rows, two paired rows arising from the two lateral edges, and an odd middle row + between them, arising from the median edge. The spines are simple, without branches, in + <i>Archicircus</i> and <i>Zygocircus</i>; more or less branched in <i>Lithocircus</i> and + <i>Dendrocircus</i>. The branches are often richly ramified or arborescent, and exhibit great + variety in size, special form, and direction (compare Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>).</p> + + <p>The number and disposition of the spines or groups of spines are usually constant, and may be + employed in the further progress of our knowledge, to distinguish a number of genera and + subgenera. Very commonly (perhaps in the majority of the Stephanida) we find six groups of spines, + an apical group on the upper rod of the sagittal ring, a basal group on the lower rod (on the + porochora of the central capsule), two ventral groups on the anterior rod, and two dorsal groups + on the posterior rod. In other species we find four or eight groups instead of six, and sometimes + a larger number.</p> + + <p>The most important of these apophyses of the ring are the basal spines, arising from its basal + pole, where the porochora of the central capsule rests upon it. They are often much larger and + more branched than the other spines, and attain a peculiar morphological value in the small + subfamily Cortinida. Here we find three or four regularly disposed "basal spines," which may be + compared to the typical "basal feet" of the <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span>, appearing in the + majority of <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>. + <i>Cortina</i>, one of the most important <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, bears three typical + divergent feet on the base of the simple ring, two paired anterior or "pectoral feet," and an odd + posterior or "caudal foot." The latter appears as a direct basal prolongation of the dorsal rod of + the ring, and is opposed to an upper prolongation of the same, which corresponds to the "apical + horn" of the <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>, figs. 1-3). + As already explained above, these three basal feet of <i>Cortina</i> possess the highest + phylogenetic value, since they may also be compared with the three primary radial spines of the + <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>, and so connect the <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span> and + the <span class="gsp">Plectellaria</span>. <i>Stephanium</i> differs from <i>Cortina</i> in the + possession of four basal feet, an odd anterior or "sternal foot" being added to the three typical + feet of the latter (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, + figs. 20, 21). Some forms of <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> (<i>Plagoniscus</i>, + <i>Plectaniscus</i>, &c.) seem to be nearly related to these Cortinida, and may be easily + transformed into them by development of a complete ring, embracing the central capsule. They seem + to demonstrate the near affinity of all these triradiate <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (Pl. + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, figs. 4, + 5, 9, 10).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page940">{940}</span></div> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Stephanida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Stephanida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Stephanida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Lithocircida.</p> + <p class="sp0">No typical basal feet on the base of the ring (no cortinar feet).</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Ring diphragmatic or amphithect; dorsal and ventral bow + equal.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Ring smooth or thorny, without branched spines.</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">401. <i>Archicircus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Ring armed with branched spines,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">402. <i>Lithocircus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Ring dipleuric, bilateral; dorsal and ventral bow + different.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Ring smooth or thorny, without branched spines,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">403. <i>Zygocircus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Ring armed with branched spines.</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">404. <i>Dendrocircus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Cortinida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Three or four typical basal feet on the ring (cortinar feet).</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Three basal feet (and an apical horn).</td> + <td></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">One caudal and two lateral feet,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">405. <i>Cortina</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Four basal feet (and an apical horn).</td> + <td></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Two sagittal and two lateral feet,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">406. <i>Stephanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Stephanida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Stephanida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="7">I. Subfamily Lithocircida. No typical basal feet on the base of the ring (no + cortinar feet).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Ring diphragmatic or amphithect; dorsal and ventral bow + equal.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Ring smooth or thorny, without branched spines.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">401. <i>Archicircus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Ring armed with branched spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">402. <i>Lithocircus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Ring dipleuric, bilateral; dorsal and ventral bow different.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Ring smooth or thorny, without branched spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">403. <i>Zygocircus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Ring armed with branched spines.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">404. <i>Dendrocircus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7">II. Subfamily Cortinida. Three or four typical basal feet on the ring + (cortinar feet).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three basal feet (and an apical horn).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">One caudal and two lateral feet,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">405. <i>Cortina</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Four basal feet (and an apical horn).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two sagittal and two lateral feet,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">406. <i>Stephanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Lithocircida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition</i>.—<span class="gsp">Stephanida</span> without typical basal + feet or cortinar feet.</p> + + <h5>Genus 401. <i>Archicircus</i>,<a id="NtA_20" href="#Nt_20"><sup>[20]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition</i>.—<span class="gsp">Stephanida</span> with a simple amphithect or + diphragmatic ring, smooth or thorny, without branched spines and basal feet.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Archicircus</i> is the most primitive and simplest form of all <span + class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, and probably the common ancestral form, not only of this suborder, + but of the greater number of all <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (compare above, p. <a + href="#page893">893</a>). The skeleton consists only of a quite simple sagittal ring, in which + commonly a slight difference of both poles of the main axis (basal and apical pole) is visible, + but no difference between the dorsal and the ventral bow of the ring. In my Prodromus (1881, p. + 447) the species of <i>Archicircus</i> were disposed partly in the subgenus <i>Monostephus</i>, + partly in the genus <i>Lithocircus</i>.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Monostephus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 447.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Ring circular, elliptical, or ovate, without prominent + corners.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Archicircus princeps</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Gate circular. Ring circular, smooth, its transverse section also circular. The simplest form + of all <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.05 to 0.08; thickness of the ring 0.006 to + 0.008.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page941">{941}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Archicircus monostephus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, fig. + 17).</p> + + <p>Gate circular. Ring circular, with three elegantly denticulate edges (one outer median and two + lateral edges). Transverse section of the ring triangular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.06 to 0.08; thickness of the ring 0.01 to + 0.008.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Archicircus ellipsis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Gate elliptical. Ring elliptical, on the inner margin smooth, on the outer margin with fifteen + to twenty equal, short, simple, or slightly forked thorns. Transverse section ovate.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.05 to 0.09; thickness of the ring 0.01 to + 0.014.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms; + also fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Archicircus ovalis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Gate ovate. Ring elliptical, smooth, with three prominent, slightly distorted edges, without + thorns; in the transverse section triangular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.08 to 0.12; thickness of the ring 0.006 to + 0.009.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Archicircus monopylus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Gate ovate. Ring ovate, thorny, with three distorted edges, in the transverse section + triangular; surface covered with numerous simple small thorns arising from the three edges.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.1 to 0.15; thickness of the ring 0.01 to + 0.012.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Archistephus</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Ring polygonal, with four to six or more prominent corners + (and commonly with simple spines arising from the corners).</p> + + <p>6. <i>Archicircus quadratus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Gate square. Ring square, with three edges and four short simple pyramidal spines on the four + corners, opposite in pairs in two perpendicular diameters. Transverse section triangular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.08; thickness of the ring 0.008.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page942">{942}</span></div> + + <p>7. <i>Archicircus rhombus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <p>Gate rhombic. Ring rhombic, with four prominent edges and four pairs of short, divergent, + pyramidal spines on the four corners, arising from the lateral edges of the four rods, about as + long as the radius of the gate.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.04 to 0.08; thickness of the ring 0.007 to + 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Archicircus duodenus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Gate square or rhombic. Ring rhombic, with three prominent edges and twelve stout and straight + pyramidal spines, about as long as the radius of the gate. In each of the four corners are three + divergent spines, arising from the three edges of each two meeting rods.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.08; thickness of the ring 0.012.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, surface (Rabbe).</p> + + <p>9. <i>Archicircus primordialis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Gate ovate. Ring hexagonal, with three prominent edges and six short pyramidal thorns at the + six corners; the basal thorn is either simple or forked.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.07; thickness of the ring 0.01 to 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Archicircus hexacanthus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Gate subregular, hexagonal. Ring hexagonal, with three sharp edges and six equal radial + pyramidal spines, arising from the six corners and placed in the plane of the ring, about as long + as the diameter of the gate.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.05 to 0.07; thickness of the ring 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Archicircus hertwigii</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocircus annularis</i>, R. Hertwig (<i>non</i> J. Müller), 1879, Organismus + der Radiol., p. 69. Taf. vii. fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Gate hexagonal, with prolonged main axis. Ring hexagonal, with two prominent edges and six + pairs of equal, short, conical spines, arising from the two edges of the six rods at the six + corners and divergent on each side of the plane of the ring. The basal spine-pair is doubled, + therefore there are in all fourteen spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.05 to 0.07; thickness of the ring 0.005 to + 0.006.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina), Hertwig, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page943">{943}</span></div> + + <p>12. <i>Archicircus triglyphus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Gate ovate. Ring hexagonal, with three prominent edges and twenty-two to twenty-four simple + curved spines, arising from the six corners and about as long as the diameter of the gate. In the + basal corner arise six to nine larger spines, protecting the basal pole of the central capsule. + From each of the five other corners arise three spines, diverging from the three edges.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.07 to 0.11; thickness of the ring 0.008 to + 0.011.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>13. <i>Archicircus sexangularis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>Gate hexagonal or subcircular. Ring hexagonal, with two sharp prominent edges and six pairs of + divergent spines, about as long as the radius of the gate, and arising from the two edges at the + six corners. The two apical and the two basal spines are simple and conical, whilst the eight + other spines, arising in pairs from the two dorsal and the two ventral corners, are slightly + forked.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.06 to 0.08; thickness of the ring 0.01 to + 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 402. <i>Lithocircus</i>,<a id="NtA_21" href="#Nt_21"><sup>[21]</sup></a> J. Müller, + 1856, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 484.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stephanida</span> with a simple amphithect or + diphragmatic ring, armed with branched spines, without typical basal feet.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Lithocircus</i> is the oldest known form of all <span + class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, founded by J. Müller in 1856 for his <i>Lithocircus annularis</i>, + the first species of this suborder described. We retain here this cosmopolitan form as the typical + representative of the genus, which differs from the preceding <i>Archicircus</i>, its ancestral + form, in the development of branched radial spines.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Lithocircus annularis</i>, J. Müller.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocircus annularis</i>, J. Müller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 29, Taf. i. fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Gate circular. Ring circular, with four forked or simply branched spines, opposite in pairs in + two diameters, perpendicular one to the other. Spines with slender curved fork-branches, about as + long as the diameter of the gate. The specimen figured by J. Müller bears a supernumerary fifth + spine; numerous other specimens observed by me exhibited a regular cross of four spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.1 to 0.15; length of the spines 0.01 to + 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, + surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page944">{944}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Lithocircus quadricornis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Gate square. Ring square, with three sharp denticulate edges, and four large bunches of richly + branched spines on the four corners. In each corner arise three curved spines, about as long as + the diameter of the ring; their numerous irregular branches are forked and curved like the antlers + of deer.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.07; length of the horns 0.06 to 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Lithocircus decimalis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>, fig. + 15).</p> + + <p>Gate elliptical. Ring pentagonal, with three prominent edges and five pairs of branched spines + on the five corners. In each corner arise two or three curved spines, about as long as the radius + of the gate, each with two to four forked branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.08; length of the spines 0.03 to 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Lithocircus hexablastus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>, fig. + 17).</p> + + <p>Gate elliptical. Ring hexagonal, with three prominent edges and six pairs of branched spines, + arising from the six corners. Each of the twelve spines is short and stout, only half as long as + the radius of the gate, and bears a bunch of ten to twenty short, densely aggregated, conical or + horn-like curved branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.1; length of the spines 0.02 to 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Lithocircus crambessa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Gate elliptical or subcircular. Ring hexagonal, with three wing-shaped distorted edges and six + groups of branched spines, arising from the six corners. In each corner arise three short and + stout divergent spines, each bearing a bunch of numerous short roundish branches like a + cauliflower, scarcely as long as the thickness of the ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the ring 0.1 to 0.12, length of the spines 0.01 to + 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Lithocircus tarandus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, + fig. 19).</p> + + <p>Gate circular. Ring hexagonal, with three sharp edges and six pairs of large branched spines, + arising from the flat lateral edges on the six corners. Each of the twelve spines is horizontally + expanded, longer than the diameter of the ring and dichotomously forked like the antlers of a + <span class="pagenum" id="page945">{945}</span>reindeer. If the lateral ends of the branches of + this species become united in the frontal plane, we get <i>Microcubus</i>, the four upper spines + forming the mitral ring, the four middle the equatorial ring, and the four lower the basal + ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions</i>.—Diameter of the gate 0.08; length of the spines 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat</i>.—Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Lithocircus furcatus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Gate ovate. Ring ovate, with three sharp prominent edges. The two lateral edges are smooth. The + median edge (in the sagittal plane) bears sixteen to twenty forked spines (commonly eight dorsal, + eight ventral, and four basal). All the spines are of nearly equal size, slightly curved, and + about half as long as the short sagittal axis of the ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions</i>.—Diameter of the gate 0.08 to 0.12; length of the spines 0.03 to + 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat</i>.—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Lithocircus magnificus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>, fig. + 16).</p> + + <p>Gate ovate or nearly elliptical. Ring ovate, with three prominent edges, and numerous richly + branched spines arising from the three edges. The specimen figured, which I observed living in the + Mediterranean, exhibited eight bunches of larger spines, three dorsal, three ventral, one apical, + and one basal bunch; the latter much larger than the seven others. Each bunch was composed of two + to four larger and numerous smaller spines, their branches curved and forked. The ovate purple + central capsule, with a distinct podoconus, filled more than the half of the gate.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions</i>.—Diameter of the gate 0.1 to 0.13; length of the spines 0.05 to + 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat</i>.—Mediterranean (Portofino, 1880), Atlantic (Canary Islands), + Station 354, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 403. <i>Zygocircus</i>,<a id="NtA_22" href="#Nt_22"><sup>[22]</sup></a> Bütschli, 1882, + Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. 496.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition</i>.—<span class="gsp">Stephanida</span> with a simple dipleuric or + bilateral ring, smooth or thorny, without branched spines and basal feet.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Zygocircus</i> and the following <i>Dendrocircus</i> differ from the + two preceding older genera in the bilaterally symmetrical or dipleuric form of the sagittal ring. + Whilst in <i>Archicircus</i> and <i>Lithocircus</i> the two sagittal halves or bows of the ring, + the dorsal and ventral bow, are equal (therefore the fundamental form amphithect or diphragmatic), + here both bows become distinctly different; the dorsal bow is constantly more straight (often + vertical), the ventral bow more convex (obliquely ascending). This dipleuric differentiation is + most important, as it is transmitted to the greater number of <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> + by heredity.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page946">{946}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Zygocircus sagittalis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Gate ovate. Ring half ovate or nearly triangular, with three curved edges and three prominent + corners, one apical and two basal protuberances. Dorsal rod vertical, twice as long as the + horizontal basal rod. Ventral rod convexly curved.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.05 to 0.07; height of the tubercles 0.01 to + 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Zygocircus trigonus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Gate triangular. Ring triangular, with three curved edges and three prominent corners, which + are prolonged into nine divergent conical spines; three spines arising from the three edges of + each corner. Dorsal rod vertical; ventral and basal rods curved and convergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.11 to 0.13; length of the spines 0.01 to + 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Sunda Archipelago (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Zygocircus tetragonus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Gate ovate. Ring quadrangular, without edges, with four simple conical spines of different + sizes; one smaller apical, one larger basal, and two equatorial spines of middle size (one dorsal + and one ventral). Dorsal and ventral rod curved.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.04 to 0.06; length of the spines 0.018 to + 0.026.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Zygocircus rhombicus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Gate rhombic. Ring rhombic, with three prominent edges, and eight short conical curved spines + arising from the lateral edges at the four corners of the rhombus. The basal and ventral spine are + larger than the apical and dorsal spine; the ventral rod is more curved (with smaller angle) than + the shorter dorsal rod. The medial edge of the ring is smooth, without spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.08; length of spines 0.02 to 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Zygocircus pentagonus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <p>Gate roundish pentagonal. Ring very thick (about as thick as the radius of the gate), + irregularly pentagonal, with prominent sagittal edge. On both sides of the latter arise at the + five corners five pairs of short simple irregularly curved spines. The four ventral spines are + larger than the four dorsal, and the two basal spines larger than the eight former, forked. (In + fig. 8 the basal spines are turned upwards.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.07; length of the spines 0.04 to 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page947">{947}</span></div> + + <p>6. <i>Zygocircus hexagonus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Gate irregularly hexagonal. Ring obliquely hexagonal, thick, without edges, with six short and + stout conical spines on the six corners. The two spines of the curved ventral rod are longer than + the two spines of the straight dorsal rod. The apical spine is smaller and the basal spine larger + than the four others.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions</i>.—Diameter of the gate 0.07 to 0.09; length of the spines 0.01 to + 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat</i>.—North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Zygocircus triquetrus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Gate obliquely ovate. Ring obliquely hexagonal, with three sharp edges and three short conical + spines on each of the six corners. Therefore each hexagonal edge bears six short radial spines of + equal size.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions</i>.—Diameter of the gate 0.04 to 0.08; length of the spines 0.01 to + 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat</i>.—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Zygocircus dodecanthus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Gate semicircular. Ring semicircular or irregularly hexagonal, without edges, with twelve short + blunt spines, arising in pairs from the six corners; two apical, two basal, and between them two + equatorial corners. Three pairs of spines remain on the straight dorsal rod, three on the curved + ventral rod.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions</i>.—Diameter of the gate 0.04 to 0.06; length of the spines 0.01 to + 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat</i>.—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 268; depth 2650 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Zygocircus acacia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Gate obliquely ovate. Ring semi-ovate, with straight dorsal and curved ventral rod, partly with + distorted edges. Six bunches of numerous short and straight conical spines arise from the ring, + one larger bunch (often trifid) from the apex, two smaller bunches from the dorsal, two from the + ventral rod, and one very large bunch from the base. The six bunches are often more separated, + smaller, and the spines shorter than in the figured specimen, which passes over into + <i>Dendrocircus</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions</i>.—Diameter of the gate 0.12 to 0.16; length of the spines, 0.01 to + 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat</i>.—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Zygocircus polygonus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Gate irregularly roundish or ovate. Ring irregularly polygonal or sometimes nearly circular, + without edges, armed with a single series of ten to fifteen short pyramidal spines, which are + irregularly <span class="pagenum" id="page948">{948}</span>disposed in the sagittal plane. The + ventral rod is strongly curved, often semicircular, the dorsal rod less curved or nearly + straight.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions</i>.—Diameter of the gate 0.05 to 0.07; length of the spines 0.004 to + 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat</i>.—Cosmopolitan—Atlantic, Pacific; also fossil in + Barbados.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Zygocircus bütschlii</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Zygocircus productus</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. + xxxvi. p. 497.</p> + </div> + + <p>Gate obliquely ovate. Ring irregularly roundish, semi-ovate or ovate, with interrupted and + distorted edges, and with a large number (ten to twenty or more) of simple, irregularly formed and + asymmetrically disposed spines; commonly some larger spines at the base.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions</i>.—Diameter of the gate 0.05 to 0.09; length of the spines 0.005 to + 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat</i>.—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Zygocircus productus</i>, Bütschli.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Zygocircus productus</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi p. 496.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocircus productus</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p. 69, + Taf. vii. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Gate obliquely ovate. Ring obliquely ovate, with three complete prominent edges and with + numerous (ten to twenty or more) simple, short conical spines, arising in three series from the + three edges; commonly some smaller spines at the base.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions</i>.—Diameter of the gate 0.1 to 0.2; length of the spines 0.005 to + 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat</i>.—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 404. <i>Dendrocircus</i>,<a id="NtA_23" href="#Nt_23"><sup>[23]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 447.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition</i>.—<span class="gsp">Stephanida</span> with a simple dipleuric or + bilateral ring, armed with branched spines, without typical basal feet.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Dendrocircus</i> has the same dipleuric or bilaterally symmetrical + form of the sagittal ring as its ancestral genus <i>Zygocircus</i>. It differs from the latter in + the development of branched radial spines, and therefore bears to it the same relation as the + amphithect <i>Lithocircus</i> does to the simpler <i>Archicircus</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Dendrocircus quadrangulus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Gate irregularly quadrangular or nearly semicircular. Ring quadrangular, edgeless, with four + unequal sides; ventral rod more curved and with longer sides than the dorsal rod. From the four + edges arise four strong, irregularly branched spines, about as long as the diameter of the gate, + <span class="pagenum" id="page949">{949}</span>with curved branches; the ventral and basal spines + larger than the dorsal and apical spines. Similar to <i>Lithocircus quadricornis</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>, fig. 9), + but less branched, and with a striking difference between the shorter dorsal and the longer + ventral rod.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.04 to 0.06; length of the spines 0.05 to + 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 256, depth 2950 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Dendrocircus dodecarrhiza</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Gate obliquely ovate. Ring irregularly quadrangular, with three prominent edges. From the + latter arise at the four corners twelve divergent, irregularly branched spines (three in each + corner), about as long as the radius of the gate, with curved branches; the three basal spines + larger than the nine others.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.08 to 0.1; length of the spines 0.04 to + 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean (Maldive Islands), surface (Haeckel).</p> + + <p>3. <i>Dendrocircus dodecancistra</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Gate obliquely ovate or nearly elliptical. Ring irregularly ovate, with three distorted edges + and six pairs of branched spines. The two ventral pairs are much more distant than the two dorsal + pairs, the ventral rod being longer and more curved than the dorsal rod. All twelve spines are of + nearly equal size, are more or less curved, about as long as the diameter of the gate, and each + bears six to twelve irregular short branches at the end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.07 to 0.08; length of the spines 0.05 to + 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 342, depth 1445 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Dendrocircus arborescens</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Gate irregularly roundish or nearly circular. Ring of the same form, with slight edges and six + pairs of elegant arborescent spines (one apical, two dorsal, two ventral, and one basal pair); the + three latter somewhat larger than the three former. Each tree is larger than the ring, in the + basal half simple, in the distal half forked, each fork-branch with numerous dichotomous terminal + branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.06 to 0.08; length of the spines 0.12 to + 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Dendrocircus elegans</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>, + fig. 13).</p> + + <p>Gate irregularly ovate. Ring thick, ovate, with three denticulate edges and six bunches of + stout, branched and spinulate, curved spines. The four ventral spines are more distant than the + four dorsal, the ventral rod being more curved than the dorsal. The latter bears above the two + apical spines. The two basal spines are much larger, deeply forked; their four fork-branches may + be compared to the four basal feet of <i>Stephanium</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the ring 0.09 to 0.11; length of the spines 0.03 to + 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page950">{950}</span></div> + + <p>6. <i>Dendrocircus barbadensis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Gate irregularly ovate or nearly semicircular. Ring of the same oblique form, thick, with + interrupted and distorted edges, armed with eight to twelve larger irregularly formed and branched + acute spines; between them numerous conical smaller spines. This common species is very + polymorphous and variable.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the ring 0.05 to 0.08; length of the spines 0.005 to + 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Dendrocircus stalactites</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>, fig. + 14).</p> + + <p>Gate obliquely ovate. Ring irregularly ovate or roundish, very thick, without edges, armed with + numerous (eight to twelve or more) short and stout branches, which are shorter than the diameter + of the gate, irregularly disposed and branched, with very numerous clustered blunt ramules.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the gate 0.07 to 0.09; length of the spines 0.02 to + 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Cortinida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stephanida</span> with typical basal + feet (or cortinar feet).</p> + + <h5>Genus 405. <i>Cortina</i>,<a id="NtA_24" href="#Nt_24"><sup>[24]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stephanida</span> with a simple dipleuric or + bilateral ring, bearing at the base three divergent feet (one odd caudal and two paired lateral + feet).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cortina</i> and the following <i>Stephanium</i> represent together the + small but very important group of Cortinida, differing from the simple Lithocircida in the + possession of three typical basal feet, which are transmitted to the majority of the <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span> by heredity, and produce their peculiar triradial structure. They + appear therefore as a combination of the simple ring (<i>Zygocircus</i>) with three basal feet + (<i>Plagonium</i>). One of these three divergent feet is the odd caudal foot, opposite to the + apical horn; the two others are the paired lateral or pectoral feet. (On the probable origin and + the typical signification of <i>Cortina</i> compare above, pp. <a href="#page891">891</a>-<a + href="#page894">894</a>.)</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cortina tripus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <p>Ring ovate, smooth, or with a few short thorns. Apical horn oblique, curved, simple, smooth, + about as long as the sagittal axis of the ring. Feet divergent, curved, simple, smooth, about as + <span class="pagenum" id="page951">{951}</span>long as the horn; the caudal foot shorter than the + two pectoral feet. Very variable in form and size.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the ring 0.06 to 0.09, breadth 0.04 to 0.06; length of the + feet 0.05 to 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, surface and in + various depths.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cortina typus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Ring kidney-shaped or nearly semicircular, with revolute vertical dorsal rod and strongly + curved ventral rod; both rods with two pairs of spine-bunches. Apical horn nearly straight, + thorny, longer than the ring, directed a little obliquely backwards. Feet slightly curved, of + equal length, two to three times as long as the ring; each armed with few large bunches of curved + spines, which are more developed in the caudal foot than in the two pectoral feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the ring 0.14, breadth 0.08; length of the feet 0.2 to + 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Cortina conifera</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Ring subcircular, smooth. Apical horn and the three divergent feet of equal size and similar + form, cylindrical, straight, about as long as the ring, at the distal end thickened, with a dimply + cone (similar to <i>Tripospyris conifera</i> and <i>Tripospyris eucolpa</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, figs. 4, + 7).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the ring 0.08, breadth 0.06; length of the feet 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Cortina furcata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Ring elliptical, with three forked horizontal spines (one on the dorsal and two on the ventral + rod). Apical horn and the three divergent feet of equal size, somewhat longer than the ring, + slightly curved, in the distal half forked.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the ring 0.07, breadth 0.05; length of the feet 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms. <span + class="correction" title="Added by Errata.">Fossil in Barbados.</span></p> + + <p>5. <i>Cortina dendroides</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Ring ovate, with six pairs of branched horizontal spines, three on the dorsal and three on the + ventral rod. Apical horn very large, arborescent, about as long and as broad as the ring. Feet + similar to the horn, also richly branched, of equal size. All the rods and their branches curved, + with prominent distorted edges.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the ring 0.13 to 0.17, breadth 0.1 to 0.12; length of the + feet <span class="correction" title="Original reads '01.5'.">0.15</span> to 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page952">{952}</span></div> + + <p>6. <i>Cortina cervina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, + fig. 21).</p> + + <p>Ring ovate, with four pairs of forked horizontal spines (two dorsal and two ventral pairs). + Apical horn straight and stout, as long as the ring, with trifid point. Three feet equal, widely + divergent, very large, branched like a deer's antler, with very numerous short and stout, curved + and pointed branches. All rods and branches roundish, without edges.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the ring 0.1, breadth 0.07; length of the feet 0.12 to + 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 406. <i>Stephanium</i>,<a id="NtA_25" href="#Nt_25"><sup>[25]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stephanida</span> with a simple dipleuric or + bilateral ring, bearing at the base four divergent feet (two sagittal and two lateral feet).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Stephanium</i> differs from the preceding nearly allied <i>Cortina</i> + in the production of four basal feet; the new foot, missing in the latter, is the anterior or + sternal foot. Therefore <i>Stephanium</i> may be regarded as the archetype of all those <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span> in which, on the base of the sagittal ring, there are developed four + typical feet—two sagittal feet (the posterior caudal and anterior sternal foot) and two + lateral feet (right and left). On the origin of <i>Stephanium</i> compare above, p. <a + href="#page893">893</a>, &c.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Stephanium quadrupes</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, + fig. 20).</p> + + <p>Ring ovate, with three prominent dentate edges and a short pyramidal apical horn. Four feet all + of nearly equal size, about as long as the ring, also with three thorny edges, in the upper half + divergent, in the lower convergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the ring 0.12, breadth 0.08; length of the feet 0.11 to + 0.13.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Stephanium tetrapus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Ring elliptical, without edges, thorny, with a stout, thorny apical horn of the same length. + Four feet curved and irregularly branched, divergent, of different size. The two sagittal feet + (the anterior sternal and posterior caudal) about as long as the ring. The two lateral feet (right + and left) nearly twice as long, more richly branched.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the ring 0.16, breadth 0.11; length of the feet 0.15 to + 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms. <span + class="correction" title="Added by Errata.">Fossil in Barbados.</span></p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page953">{953}</span></div> + + <h4>Family XLIX. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Semantida</span></span>, n. fam.</h4> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> with a single vertical ring (the + primary sagittal ring), bearing on its base a horizontal ring (basal or cortinar ring) with two to + four or more basal gates (or cortinar pores).</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Semantida</span> differs from the preceding Stephanida in the + development of a small horizontal ring on the base of the primary vertical sagittal ring. By the + crossing of these two rings a small latticed basal plate is formed, with one or two pairs of + pores; rarely with a greater number of "basal pores." The production of this characteristic "basal + plate" is of the greatest morphological importance, as the beginning of the numerous different + lattice-formations, which are differentiated in the great majority of <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span>.</p> + + <p>In my Prodromus (1881, p. 446) I had enumerated the Semantida with three genera (Nos. 298 to + 300) as a separate subfamily of the Dyostephida or "Stephoidea biannularia," and characterised + these "Dyostephanida" by the following definition: "Skeleto annulis duobus composito, qui in + duobus planis invicem perpendicularibus jacent; altero annulo (sagittali) verticali, altero + (basali) horizontali." As the names there given were already employed with another signification, + and as the Zygostephanida (there united with the Dyostephanida) are more closely related to the + Coronida, I now change the names, and propose to call the family Semantida, expressing by this + term the typical similarity of the skeleton to a signet-ring (<i>Semantis</i>, <i>Semantrum</i>, + <i>Semantidium</i>).</p> + + <p>At about the same time, some <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> of this family were accurately + described by Bütschli (1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. 495, Taf. xxxii. figs. 6, 7, + 8). He called them <i>Stephanolithis</i>, a name which Ehrenberg had employed, not for complete + shells of Radiolaria, but for isolated parts of such, and for siliceous fragments of different + skeletons, needles of Sponges, &c. The three species described by Bütschli represent three + different genera of our Semantida, viz., <i>Semantis spinescens</i> (with two gates in the basal + plate), <i>Semantrum mülleri</i> (with four gates), and <i>Semantidium haeckelii</i> (with six + gates). He pointed out the great morphological value of the fenestrated basal plate and its paired + gates, as beginnings of numerous other <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. But his opinion, that + in all <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, derived from + these, two pairs of basal gates were constant, was erroneous, nor was the formation of the first + pair naturally explained; he supposed that the formation of the basal plate begins by development + of an odd sagittal apophysis, arising from the base of the primary sagittal ring. But this odd + sagittal apophysis ("der unpaare mediane Kieselfortsatz c1", <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 497) is in + reality not a primary <span class="pagenum" id="page954">{954}</span>and essential part of the + skeleton, but secondary and of little morphological value, absent in the majority of the Semantida + and of the other <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>.</p> + + <p>We divide our family Semantida into two different subfamilies, which possibly possess a direct + phylogenetic relation to the two subfamilies of Stephanida:—The Semantiscida have no typical + feet, and have arisen directly from the Lithocircida; the Cortiniscida, however, possess the three + typical basal feet of <i>Cortina</i>, and may therefore be derived directly from the Cortinida. + Since these three cortinar feet are probably identical with the three primary radial rods of the + <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>, an immediate affinity also to these <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span> is indicated.</p> + + <p>The Semantiscida, which do not possess these three basal cortinar feet, are the simpler forms + of the family. The simplest of all, and perhaps the common ancestral form of the whole family, is + <i>Semantis</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, + figs. 1, 2). It may be derived from <i>Archicircus</i> or <i>Zygocircus</i> by development of two + pairs of horizontal apophyses on its base, around the porochora of the central capsule. The two + rods of each side (right and left), becoming curved one towards the other, and meeting laterally, + form a simple horizontal gate, and the two paired basal gates together, a horizontal ring or basal + ring, to which the primary sagittal ring is perpendicular. In the next allied genus, + <i>Semantrum</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, + figs. 3-5), three pairs of horizontal apophyses are developed, and therefore two pairs of basal + gates produced, an anterior and a posterior. In the third genus, <i>Semantidium</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, figs. 6, + 7), three pairs of basal pores or gates are visible, surrounded and separated by four pairs of + horizontal apophyses, which arise from the base of the sagittal ring. Finally, in + <i>Clathrocircus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, + figs. 8-10) the number of apophyses is much increased, and two parallel rows of pores are + developed along the two sides of the sagittal ring.</p> + + <p>The basal plate or the "seal," developed from the base of the primary sagittal ring or + "signet-ring," is therefore a horizontal ring, which becomes bisected by the latter, and exhibits + either one pair of primary "basal gates" or two or three pairs of these important basal pores, + rarely more. Since these pores possess the greatest morphological value, and are probably + everywhere homologous, we give to them and to the separating apophyses certain names, and call the + anterior pair of gates, "jugular pores" (<i>i</i> in our figures, the pair I of Bütschli); the + middle (usually the largest) pair, "cardinal pores" (<i>k</i> in our figures, the pair II of + Bütschli), and the posterior, smaller pair, "cervical pores," <i>l</i>. The typical pairs of rods, + by the union of which these basal pores arise, are the following:—(1) the clavicular or + furcular rods, <i>f</i>, the first pair (rods <i>e</i>1 of Bütschli), (2) the coracal rods, + <i>e</i>, between the jugular and cardinal pores (rods <i>e</i> of Bütschli), (3) the scapular + rods, <i>g</i>, between the cardinal and cervical pores (rods <i>e</i>2 of Bütschli), (4) the + cervical rods, the fourth pair of apophyses, the most posterior, <i>h</i>. Bütschli supposes that + the topographical succession of the three typical pairs of basal pores is also the chronological + succession, the jugular being formed first, the <span class="pagenum" + id="page955">{955}</span>cardinal second and the cervical pores third but it seems that this + succession is often altered and that the cardinal pores (the largest), appear first, the jugular + pores (in front of them) second and the cervical pores third (or perhaps sometimes in the inverse + succession).</p> + + <p>The Cortiniscida, the second subfamily of Semantida, differ from the preceding Semantiscida in + the possession of three typical basal feet, which are probably inherited from the Cortinida, and + perhaps indirectly from the Plagonida (<i>Plagoniscus</i>). The simplest and the most important + form of this second family is <i>Cortiniscus</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, figs. + 11-13), differing from its probable ancestral form, <i>Cortina</i>, in the development of a basal + ring, produced by horizontal union of the basal apophyses. The three typical feet are the same as + in all triradiate <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, two paired pectoral feet + (<i>p</i><sub>1</sub>, <i>p</i><sub>11</sub>) diverging on the anterior base of the sagittal ring, + whilst the odd caudal foot (<i>c</i>) lies on its posterior base in the sagittal plane and appears + as a basal prolongation of the dorsal rod of the sagittal ring; the upper part of the dorsal rod + is usually prolonged into an ascending apical horn. In <i>Stephaniscus</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, figs. 14, + 15) four basal feet are visible, an anterior or sternal foot (<i>z</i>) being added as a + prolongation of the basal rod of the ring, opposite to the caudal foot. Finally, + <i>Semantiscus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, + figs. 16-18) is distinguished by the possession of six divergent basal feet, probably identical + with those of all six-radiate <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>; three of these may be regarded + as primary and perradial, the odd caudal and the paired pectoral feet; the three other + intercalated as secondary or interradial feet, the odd sternal (<i>z</i>) and the paired tergal + feet (<i>t</i><sub>1</sub>, <i>t</i><sub>11</sub>).</p> + + <p>The basal plate of these Cortiniscida exhibits the same important differences as in the + preceding Semantiscida, either one, or two, or three pairs of basal gates being developed. But + there occur also in some species (mainly in <i>Cortiniscus</i>) only three basal gates, an odd + anterior (between the two pectoral feet and a connecting horizontal bar), and two paired posterior + (between the two pectoral and the odd caudal foot). It requires further accurate researches to + solve the important problem, what the true homologies of these typical basal pores and the + separating bars are in the different genera of Semantida. In <i>Semantiscus</i> there are three + pairs of basal pores in the horizontal seal, corresponding to those of <i>Semantidium</i> and the + radial rods or bars between, these are the basal parts of the six radial feet; therefore the odd + caudal foot (<i>t</i>) seems to be the posterior, and the odd sternal foot (<i>z</i>) the anterior + prolongation of the basal part of the primary sagittal ring; the two paired anterior or pectoral + feet (<i>p</i><sub>1</sub>, <i>p</i><sub>11</sub>) the prolongations of the coracal rods + (<i>e</i>) and the two paired posterior or tergal feet (<i>t</i><sub>1</sub>, + <i>t</i><sub>11</sub>), the prolongations of the scapular rods (<i>g</i>). But it is not yet + certain whether these six radial feet and the separating gates of the basal plate are all the same + and truly homologous in all six-radiate <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. In every case the + comparative study of the Semantida is of the highest value for the accurate knowledge of the <span + class="sc">Monopylea</span>.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page956">{956}</span></div> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Semantida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Semantida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Semantida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Semantiscida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Basal ring without typical, regularly disposed basal feet (no cortinar + feet).</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Only two, four, or six basal pores (no dorsal and ventral + pores).</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Two basal pores,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">407. <i>Semantis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Four basal pores,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">408. <i>Semantrum</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Six basal pores,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">409. <i>Semantidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Besides four basal pores, also apical pores or dorsal and + ventral pores along the whole ring,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">410. <i>Clathrocircus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Cortiniscida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Basal ring with typical, regularly disposed basal feet (cortinar feet).</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Three basal feet.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">One odd caudal foot and two paired lateral feet,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">411. <i>Cortiniscus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Four basal feet.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Two sagittal and two lateral or pectoral feet,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">412. <i>Stephaniscus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Six basal feet.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Two sagittal, two pectoral, and two tergal feet,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">413. <i>Semantiscus</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Semantida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Semantida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="7">I. Subfamily Semantiscida. Basal ring without typical, regularly disposed + basal feet (no cortinar feet).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Only two, four, or six basal pores (no dorsal and ventral + pores).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two basal pores,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">407. <i>Semantis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Four basal pores,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">408. <i>Semantrum</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Six basal pores,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">409. <i>Semantidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Besides four basal pores, also apical pores or dorsal and ventral + pores along the whole ring,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">410. <i>Clathrocircus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7">II. Subfamily Cortiniscida. Basal ring with typical, regularly disposed basal + feet (cortinar feet).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three basal feet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">One odd caudal foot and two paired lateral feet,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">411. <i>Cortiniscus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Four basal feet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two sagittal and two lateral or pectoral feet,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">412. <i>Stephaniscus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Six basal feet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two sagittal, two pectoral, and two tergal feet,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">413. <i>Semantiscus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Semantiscida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Semantida</span> without typical basal + feet or cortinar feet.</p> + + <h5>Genus 407. <i>Semantis</i>,<a id="NtA_26" href="#Nt_26"><sup>[26]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Semantida</span> with two basal pores (or jugular + pores), without typical basal feet.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Semantis</i>, the most primitive and the oldest of the Semantida, is + of the greatest morphological interest, as the first form of <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> + which produces gates or pores by communicating branches, and therefore the probable ancestral form + not only of this family, but of the greater number of all <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, and + perhaps even of all <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>. + <i>Semantis</i> arises from <i>Archicircus</i> by the production of two pairs of lateral branches + from the basilar rod of the sagittal ring, one anterior pair of clavicular rods, and one posterior + pair of coracal rods. By junction of the clavicular and coracal rod on each side arises a left and + a right pore, the "jugular pore or jugular gate."</p> + + <p>1. <i>Semantis biforis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, + fig. 2).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring obliquely ovate, nearly trapezoidal, with six pairs of short mammillated knobs or + branches; dorsal rod straight, vertical, with two pairs of knobs, ventral rod strongly convex, + also with <span class="pagenum" id="page957">{957}</span>two pairs of knobs; two other pairs in + the apical rod. Basilar rod horizontal, straight. Basal ring with six pairs of similar knobs, + three on each side. Basal gates ovate or nearly triangular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.09, breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Semantis distoma</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Sagittal and basal ring nearly of the same form as in the preceding species, but half as thick + and armed with numerous branched spines which are about half as long as the diameter of the main + gate, and with thin and curved pointed branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.11, breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Semantis dipyla</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring kidney-shaped, very thick, with six pairs of short, thorny, or irregularly + tuberculated knobs (two dorsal, two apical, and two ventral pairs). Basal ring smooth, scarcely + half as thick, horizontal, with two semicircular basal gates, about half as broad as the main + gate. From the two opposite lateral corners of the basal ring two slender upwardly curved spines + arise, resembling the basal part of a commencing frontal ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.08, breadth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Semantis sigillum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring elliptical, with four pairs of stout arborescent spines (two apical and two + equatorial pairs), which are irregularly branched and forked, with numerous thin lateral branches. + Apex with a short conical trifid vertical horn. Basal ring thorny, with obliquely descending + slightly curved bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.12, breadth 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Semantis distephanus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring thin, semicircular, smaller than the thin basal ring, which exhibits two + semicircular gates. Both rings are armed with numerous small spines of equal size, which on the + former are arranged in two, on the latter in three regular rows. (The basal rod of the sagittal + ring, separating the two basal gates, in fig. 3 is, by mistake, not distinctly enough drawn.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.06, breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page958">{958}</span></div> + + <p>6. <i>Semantis spinescens</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Stephanolithis spinescens</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p.160, Taf. i. fig. 29.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Stephanolithis spinescens</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. + xxxvi. p. 497, Taf. xxxii. figs. 7<i>a</i>, 7<i>b</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Sagittal ring ovate with four pairs of thin, irregularly branched spines, two apical pairs, one + on the straight dorsal rod and one on the curved ventral rod. Basilar rod with a posterior and an + anterior forked rod (commencing caudal and sternal foot). Basal ring square, with two lateral + spines, and two triangular gates scarcely one-third as broad as the ring-gate. An internal + ascending procolumna (rod <i>c</i><sub>1</sub> in the figure of Bütschli) connects the basal and + ventral rods of the sagittal ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.1, breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 408. <i>Semantrum</i>,<a id="NtA_27" href="#Nt_27"><sup>[27]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Semantida</span> with four basal pores (two anterior + jugular and two posterior cardinal pores), without typical basal feet.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Semantrum</i>, one of the most important of the <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, arises from the preceding <i>Semantis</i> by duplication of the two + basal gates. Behind the pair of coracal rods there arises from the basilar rod of the sagittal + ring a third pair of lateral horizontal branches, the scapular rods. These become connected with + the coracal rods on each side, and so produce a second posterior pair of basal pores, the + "cardinal gates." These are constantly larger than the anterior "jugular gates." Therefore the + vertical ring of <i>Semantrum</i> possesses a horizontal basal ring with four very characteristic + gates, enclosed by three pairs of lateral curved and connected branches, and these become + transmitted by heredity to the majority of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Semantrum quadrifore</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring subcircular or ovate, with three edges and four sagittal forked spines on the odd + edge (two dorsal and two ventral spines). Basal ring decagonal, with ten simple or forked spines + on the ten corners. Jugular gates tetragonal. Cardinal gates pentagonal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.09, breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 351, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page959">{959}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Semantrum tetrastoma</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring semicircular, thorny, without edges. Basal ring tetragonal or nearly cordate, + with a small anterior and a large posterior bow-shaped incision; on the lateral edges with + numerous irregular thorns. Jugular gates pear-shaped. Cardinal gates nearly kidney-shaped.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.1 to 0.14, breadth 0.07 to 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Semantrum tetrapylum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring elliptical, tuberculate. Basal ring trapezoidal, also with roundish thick rods + and small irregular tubercles on the margin. Jugular gates ovate, two-thirds as broad as the + triangular cardinal gates.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.08, breadth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Semantrum mülleri</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Stephanolithis mülleri</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. + xxxvi pp. 499, 539, Taf. xxxii. figs. 8<i>a</i>, 8<i>b</i>, 8<i>c</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Sagittal ring nearly semicircular or obliquely ovate, thorny. Basal ring also nearly + semicircular, with two slight sagittal incisions (one anterior and one posterior), on the lateral + edges with numerous small thorns. Jugular pores (pair I of Bütschli) pear-shaped. Cardinal pores + (pair II of Bütschli) triangular. Sometimes (but not constantly) a pair of cervical bows connects + the scapular bars with the subvertical dorsal rod of the sagittal ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.09, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Semantrum sphragisma</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring circular, smooth. Basal ring also nearly circular and smooth; its four basal + gates of nearly equal size, elliptical or subcircular; the jugular pores scarcely smaller than the + cardinal pores. All rods smooth, cylindrical, without edges and thorns.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.08, breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms; also + fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Semantrum bütschlii</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring triangular, with vertical straight ascending dorsal rod, horizontal straight + basilar rod and obliquely ascending, slightly curved ventral rod; all rods nearly cylindrical, + with irregular <span class="pagenum" id="page960">{960}</span>branched thorns and distorted edges. + Jugular pores triangular, scarcely half as broad as the large semicircular cardinal pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.11, breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Semantrum signarium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring obliquely ovate, thorny. Basal ring kidney-shaped or nearly pentagonal, with + broad concave dorsal incision and five larger branched spines on the five corners; between them + smaller thorns. Jugular gates pear-shaped, scarcely half as broad as the triangular cardinal + gates.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.12, breadth 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 409. <i>Semantidium</i>,<a id="NtA_28" href="#Nt_28"><sup>[28]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Semantida</span> with six basal pores (two anterior + jugular, two middle cardinal, and two posterior cervical pores), without typical basal feet.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Semantidium</i> exhibits a further developmental stage of the basal + plate of the Semantida. Whilst this plate in <i>Semantis</i> possesses one pair of basal pores, + and in <i>Semantrum</i> two pairs, here in <i>Semantidium</i> it has three pairs. The new third + pair is produced on the dorsal edge of the basal plate, which becomes connected with the basal + part of the dorsal rod of the sagittal ring by a pair of cervical rods. The middle pair of pores + (the cardinal) are always larger than the anterior (jugular) and the posterior (cervical pores). + The same form of basal plate is preserved in numerous <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> and <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, as a "cortinar septum with six collar pores," (<i>e.g.</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, fig. + 18).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Semantidium hexastoma</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring ovate, thorny. Basal ring rhombic or nearly square, with four short conical + descending spines on the four prominent edges (two sagittal and two lateral); between them + numerous smaller irregular thorns. Jugular and cervical gates nearly equal, ovate, half as broad + as the triangular cardinal gates between them.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.14, breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Semantidium sexangulum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring ovate, with six pairs of short branched thorns (two apical, two dorsal, and two + ventral). Basal ring hexagonal, with three pairs of short branched thorns on the six corners (one + <span class="pagenum" id="page961">{961}</span>sagittal pair, one posterior and one anterior). All + six gates of the basal plate triangular, the jugular and cervical a little smaller than the + cardinal gates.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.1, breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Semantidium haeckelii</i>, Bütschli.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0">Stephanolithis Haeckelii, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. + pp. 499, 538, Taf. xxxii. figs. 6<i>a</i>, 6<i>b</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Sagittal ring elliptical, with three pairs of short horizontal branched spines, one apical and + two equatorial pairs (one dorsal and one ventral). Basal ring roundish hexagonal, with numerous + short thorns on the margin. Jugular pores ovate, about half as broad as the ovate cardinal pores + and twice as broad as the small cervical pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.08, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Semantidium signatorium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring semicircular, thorny; basal ring pentagonal, with short spines on the margin and + five stronger thorny spines on the five corners. Jugular pores ovate, smaller than the triangular + cervical pores. Cardinal pores two to three times as large as each of the former, pentagonal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.08, breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 341, depth 2300 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 410. <i>Clathrocircus</i>,<a id="NtA_29" href="#Nt_29"><sup>[29]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 447.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Semantida</span> with a variable number of pores on + the apical and the basal part of the ring, symmetrically arranged, without typical basal feet.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Clathrocircus</i> comprises those Semantida in which the sagittal ring + bears not only basal pores (as in the three preceding genera) but also apical pores (on the + opposite pole of the main axis), or a variable number of pores along the whole ring. All these + pores are symmetrically arranged in pairs. In the simplest form there are only two apical pores + opposite to four basal pores, whilst in the highest state of development the whole ring bears two + complete circles of pores. At both poles of the transverse axis two large lateral gates remain + open. If these become closed by lattice-work, <i>Clathrocircus</i> passes over into + <i>Dictyospyris</i>.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page962">{962}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Clathrocircus hexaporus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring circular, smooth, with three pairs of pores (one apical and two basal). The two + apical pores are triangular with two lateral spines, and correspond to the two mitral gates of the + Tympanida. The four basal pores form a hexagonal basal plate, with six lateral spines, and + correspond to the four basal pores of <i>Semantrum</i>; the two jugular are pear-shaped, and half + as broad as the two triangular cardinal pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.08, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific, many Stations, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Clathrocircus octoporus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring elliptical, smooth, with four pairs of pores (two apical and two basal). The four + apical pores are of nearly equal size, subcircular, and form a regular cross around the apical + pole. The four basal pores are ovate, and form a quadrangular plate, armed with marginal thorns; + the two jugular pores are somewhat smaller than the two cardinal pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.11, breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Clathrocircus decaporus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring ovate, thorny, with five pairs of pores (two apical and three basal). The four + apical pores are roundish and form a cross. The six basal pores are triangular and form a + hexagonal plate with thorny margin; the two jugular pores are somewhat larger than the two + cervical, and half as broad as the two cardinal pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.09, breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 256, depth 2950 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Clathrocircus stapedius</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring ovate, smooth, with six pairs of pores (two apical and four basal). The four + apical pores are of nearly equal size and form a quadrangular mitral plate with two large lateral + horns. The eight basal pores are of very different size (the four central far larger than the two + anterior and the two posterior), and form a hexagonal basal plate, also with two large lateral + horns. The four branched lateral horns (two upper and two lower) form together an incomplete + frontal ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.1, breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page963">{963}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Clathrocircus dictyospyris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring ovate, thorny, with eight pairs of pores. The four apical and the four basal + pores are elliptical and far larger than the four dorsal and the four ventral pores. Resembles a + <i>Dictyospyris</i> with open lateral gates.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.08, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Clathrocircus multiforis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring circular, smooth, with ten to twelve pairs of roundish pores, forming together a + complete lattice-girdle with two parallel circular rows of pores. Four larger of these are the + four gates of the basal ring (two jugular and two cardinal pores).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the ring 0.1 to 0.15, breadth 0.03 to 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Cortiniscida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Semantida</span> with large, typical, + regularly disposed basal feet (originally three cortinar feet, one odd caudal and two paired + pectoral).</p> + + <h5>Genus 411. <i>Cortiniscus</i>,<a id="NtA_30" href="#Nt_30"><sup>[30]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Semantida</span> with three typical basal feet (an + odd caudal foot and two paired lateral or pectoral feet).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cortiniscus</i> is of peculiar importance, as the common ancestral + form of the <i>Cortiniscida</i>, or those Semantida in which the basal ring is provided with + typical, regularly disposed basal feet—three, four, or six. Since these typical basal feet + (or "cortinar feet") are preserved in the greater number of all <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, determining their triradial structure, they possess a great + morphological value. <i>Cortiniscus</i> exhibits the same three primary feet as <i>Cortina</i>, + from which it differs in the production of two or more basal pores (between the odd caudal and the + paired lateral feet).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cortiniscus tripodiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring ovate, thorny, with three prominent, distorted edges; its dorsal rod nearly + straight and vertical, with one or two pairs of short thorns; its ventral rod strongly curved, + with three or four pairs of divergent thorns. Basal ring larger than the sagittal ring, with two + semicircular gates and obliquely ascending halves, which on the inner and lower edge are smooth, + <span class="pagenum" id="page964">{964}</span>on the outer and upper thorny. Apical horn and the + three divergent feet nearly equal, straight, about as long as the sagittal ring, with three thorny + edges.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.1 to 0.12, breadth 0.07 to 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cortiniscus dipylaris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, fig. + 13).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring nearly semicircular, with prominent distorted edges and six pairs of small + roundish papillate tubercles (three pairs on the straight dorsal, three on the curved ventral + rod). Apical horn short and stout, with a tuberculate knob. Basal ring smaller than the sagittal + ring with two elliptical gates. Three feet short and stout, irregularly branched like a + cauliflower, with numerous short papillate tubercles.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.11, breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Cortiniscus tripylaris</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring elliptical, smooth. Apical horn conical, smooth. Basal ring larger than the + sagittal ring, with three elliptical gates of equal size; two paired, posterior (jugular pores) + between the basal parts of the caudal foot and the two pectoral feet, and an odd, anterior + (sternal pore) between the basal parts of the two pectoral feet and a connecting horizontal convex + sternal bow.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.09, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Cortiniscus tetrapylaris</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring elliptical, with four pairs of short branched thorns, two posterior on the + straight dorsal, and two anterior on the curved ventral rod. Basal ring smaller than the sagittal + ring, with four triangular gates; the two anterior (jugular pores) a little smaller than the two + posterior (cardinal pores). Apical horn and the three divergent feet shorter than the sagittal + ring, irregularly branched, with curved, often tuberculate branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.08 to <span class="correction" + title="Original reads '0.012'.">0.12</span>, breadth 0.06 to 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Cortiniscus typicus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, + fig. 12).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring ovate, thorny, with three distorted edges; dorsal rod nearly straight and + vertical prolonged upwards into a stout thorny apical horn, downwards into the caudal foot. Basal + ring smaller than the sagittal ring, with four elliptical or nearly triangular gates; the two + anterior (jugular pores) about half as large as the two posterior (cardinal pores). Three feet of + equal size, thorny, divergent, straight or slightly curved, about as long as the diameter of the + sagittal ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.14 to 0.18, breadth 0.1 to 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, at various + depths.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page965">{965}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 412. <i>Stephaniscus</i>,<a id="NtA_31" href="#Nt_31"><sup>[31]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Semantida</span> with four typical basal feet (two + sagittal and two lateral or pectoral feet).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Stephaniscus</i> differs from the preceding <i>Cortiniscus</i> in the + production of a fourth (sternal) foot, and therefore exhibits the same relation to it that + <i>Stephanium</i> among the Stephanida bears to <i>Cortina</i>. It differs from <i>Stephanium</i>, + in the production of a basal ring, with pores or gates between the bases of the basal feet. Two of + these feet are sagittal (the posterior caudal and the anterior sternal foot), whilst the other two + are lateral or pectoral (right and left). The basal lattice-plate exhibits either two pores + ("jugular gates") or four pores (two anterior jugular and two posterior cardinal gates).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Stephaniscus tetrapodius</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring nearly circular, smooth, with a short conical apical horn. Basal ring square, + smooth, with two triangular gates. Four feet simple, equal, conical, divergent, about as long as + the diameter of the ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.08, breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Stephaniscus quadrifurcus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, fig. + 14).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring subcircular, thorny with a small thorny apical horn. Basal ring also nearly + circular, with two large semicircular gates and a few small thorns. All four feet curved and + forked, the fork-branches again ramified, with numerous short curved and pointed branches. The + two lateral feet (right and left) are larger and more branched than the two sagittal feet (sternal + and caudal foot).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.12, breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Stephaniscus quadrigatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, fig. + 15).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring oblique, ovate, with three prominent thorny edges; its dorsal rod nearly straight + and vertical, the ventral rod strongly curved; apex with a small curved horn. Basal ring with a + few short thorns and four gates of different size; the two anterior (jugular pores) ovate or + nearly triangular, two-thirds as broad as the two posterior subcircular or pentagonal (cardinal + pores). All <span class="pagenum" id="page966">{966}</span>four feet simple, curved, with three + edges, the posterior (caudal) foot larger, the anterior (sternal) foot smaller than the two + lateral (pectoral) feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.09, breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 351, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Stephaniscus medusinus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring elliptical, thorny, with a larger apical horn. Basal ring nearly square, with + short marginal thorns and four large ovate gates of nearly equal size. All four feet of equal size + divergent, curved, irregularly branched, with short curved branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.13, breadth 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms. <span + class="correction" title="Added by Errata.">Fossil in Barbados.</span></p> + + <h5>Genus 413. <i>Semantiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_32" href="#Nt_32"><sup>[32]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Semantida</span> with six typical basal feet (two + sagittal, two pectoral, and two tergal feet).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Semantiscus</i> may be the archetype of those <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span> which exhibit six typical basal feet, in combination with the + sagittal ring. Three of these are the primary feet of <i>Cortina</i> and <i>Cortiniscus</i>, the + other three are secondary productions between the former. The basal ring may possess either two, + four, or six basal pores.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Semantiscus hexapodius</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, fig. + 16).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring elliptical, with a large branched apical horn. Basal ring small, square, with two + small triangular gates (or jugular pores). From its periphery there arise six short and stout + cylindrical feet, one very large (caudal) from the posterior corner, two tergal on each side, two + opposite (pectoral) from the lateral corners, and one odd sternal from the anterior corner. All + six spines bear a bunch of ten to twenty stout pointed conical branches, partly simple, partly + forked.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.12, breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Semantiscus hexaspyris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, fig. + 18).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring semicircular, broad, latticed, with two pairs of irregular dorsal and two pairs + of ventral pores. The dorsal rod is straight and vertical, prolonged upwards into a short serrate + apical horn, downwards into a straight linear caudal foot. The ventral rod is curved and prolonged + into a similar sternal foot. Basal ring hexagonal, with four ovate gates (two smaller jugular and + two larger cardinal pores); its four lateral corners prolonged into four curved thorny lateral + feet (two <span class="pagenum" id="page967">{967}</span>anterior larger pectoral, and two + posterior smaller tergal feet). This species may be regarded as a commencing <i>Hexaspyris</i> or + <i>Liriospyris</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.08, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Semantiscus hexapylus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, fig. + 17).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring ovate, thorny, with a small apical horn. Basal ring with six roundish or nearly + triangular gates; the two jugular pores are smaller than the two cardinal and larger than the two + cervical pores. The separating bars between these six pores are prolonged into six straight, + thorny widely divergent feet; three larger feet (the caudal and the two pectoral) with a pair of + apophyses, three smaller between them simple (the sternal and the two tergal feet).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the sagittal ring 0.13, breadth 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Family <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">L. Coronida</span></span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc21"> + <p><i>Triostephida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Stephoidea</span> with two crossed vertical rings, + perpendicular one to the other (the primary sagittal and the secondary frontal ring). Usually + their common base bears a horizontal basal ring, but a mitral ring (or a horizontal ring at the + apex) is never developed.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Coronida</span> comprises those <span + class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> in which the primary sagittal ring (of the Stephanida and Semantida) + becomes crossed by a second vertical ring, the lateral or frontal ring. Between these two vertical + meridian rings, perpendicular to one another, four large apertures remain constantly open, the + "lateral" gates. But besides these four constant openings, usually (excepting only in the + Zygostephanida) other gates are developed on the common base of the two crossed rings, produced by + a third, horizontal, basal ring. These basal gates are the same which we have found already in the + Semantida.</p> + + <p>The distinction of the Coronida from the other <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> is always + easy. In the Stephanida and Semantida, the frontal ring, or the second meridian ring, which we + find in all Coronida, is never developed. On the other hand these latter never exhibit the typical + "mitral ring," or the second, upper, horizontal ring, which distinguishes the Tympanida.</p> + + <p>We distinguish here, among the Coronida, four different subfamilies, which perhaps afterwards + may be better separated as families. Of these four groups the Zygostephanida and Acanthodesmida + exhibit the nearest relationship to the Stephanida, whilst the Eucoronida and Trissocyclida + possess a closer affinity with the Semantida.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page968">{968}</span></div> + + <p>The Zygostephanida, constituting the first subfamily, exhibit four large gates only, and differ + from all other Coronida in the absence of a basal ring and of basal gates. Therefore the skeleton + is entirely composed of two crossed vertical rings, perpendicular to one another; the first is the + primary or sagittal ring (inherited from the Stephanida), the second is the new lateral or frontal + ring. The four large lateral gates are either quite simple (<i>Zygostephanus</i>) or partly closed + by loose and irregular lattice-work (<i>Zygostephanium</i>). The Zygostephanida may be derived + directly from the Stephanida by development of lateral branches forming a frontal ring. They + commonly possess the same characteristic spines or branches, and the same typical difference + between the straight dorsal rod and convex ventral rod of the sagittal ring, which we found in the + greater number of Stephanida. The frontal ring is commonly elliptical or kidney-shaped, and much + larger than the ovate sagittal ring.</p> + + <p>The Acanthodesmida, forming the second subfamily of Coronida, differ from all other members of + this family in the possession of a large simple basal gate, surrounded by a simple horizontal + basal ring. Only this ring is complete, whilst the two crossed vertical meridian rings (the + primary sagittal and the secondary frontal ring) are incomplete, both truncated at the base by the + basal ring. Therefore there remain here between the three rings five large gates (recognised + previously by Johannes Müller in 1856 in <i>Acanthodesmia</i>): four lateral gates (the same as in + the Zygostephanida) and one central basal gate. The latter is always quite simple and serves for + the emission of the pseudopodia, arising from the basal pole of the central capsule. The four + lateral gates are either quite simple (<i>Coronidium</i>) or partly closed by irregular loose + lattice-work (<i>Acanthodesmia</i>). The subfamily Acanthodesmida may be derived either directly + from the Stephanida (by development of a central basal gate) or from the Eucoronida (by loss of + the basilar part of the sagittal ring).</p> + + <p>The Eucoronida, the third subfamily, are the most important group of the Coronida; their + numerous species are much more frequent and more widely distributed than those of the other three + subfamilies. They may be derived immediately from the Semantida by the development of a lateral or + frontal ring. This remains incomplete in the basal part, whilst the two other rings, perpendicular + to it (the vertical sagittal ring and the horizontal basal ring), are complete. Therefore the + shell constantly exhibits six large open gates between the three rings; four lateral gates (the + same as in the Zygostephanida and Acanthodesmida) and two basal gates (inherited from + <i>Semantis</i>); the latter correspond to the "jugular pores" of the <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>; they remain constantly + simple. The four lateral gates may also remain simple (<i>Eucoronis</i>) or they may become partly + closed by irregular loose lattice-work (<i>Plectocoronis</i>). The remarkable genus + <i>Podocoronis</i> is distinguished by the development of typical descending basal feet, which are + regularly disposed and correspond to the typical "cortinar feet" of the other <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. There may be developed either two lateral feet (as lower <span + class="pagenum" id="page969">{969}</span>prolongations of the segments of the frontal ring), or + three feet (one caudal and two pectoral, as in <i>Cortina</i> and <i>Cortiniscus</i>), or four + feet (two sagittal and two lateral, as in <i>Stephanium</i> and <i>Stephaniscus</i>), or six feet + (two sagittal, two pectoral, two tergal, as in <i>Semantiscus</i>), sometimes numerous feet (as in + <i>Petalospyris</i> and <i>Anthocyrtis</i>, &c.).</p> + + <p>The Trissocyclida represent the fourth and last subfamily of Coronida, distinguished from all + others in the possession of three complete rings, perpendicular one to another, and of eight large + gates separated by them. Two of the three rings are vertical (the primary sagittal and the + secondary frontal ring), the third is horizontal (the basal ring). The four upper gates correspond + to the four lateral gates of the preceding three subfamilies; the four lower gates are the same as + the four basal gates of <i>Semantrum</i> (two primary jugular and two secondary cardinal gates); + therefore the Trissocyclida may be derived directly from these Semantida by development of a + complete frontal ring. Probably the two jugular gates were originally smaller than the two + cardinal, but usually they have become equal. In <i>Tristephanium</i> (the common ancestral form + of the Trissocyclida) and in the closely allied <i>Tricyclidium</i> the four basal gates remain + smaller than the four lateral gates. But in two other genera, <i>Trissocircus</i> and + <i>Trissocyclus</i>, the four lower or basal gates reach the same size as the four upper or + lateral gates; therefore all eight gates become equal and the basal ring becomes equatorial. In + the most regular species of the latter genera also the three rings become perfectly equal and + cannot be any longer distinguished. Here the original bilateral (or dipleuric) fundamental form of + the shell passes over into a regular cubic or octahedral form (with three equal, isopolar axes, + perpendicular one to another). The eight large gates of the Trissocyclida usually remain simple + (<i>Tristephanium</i>, <i>Trissocircus</i>), but sometimes they become partly closed by loose + lattice-work (<i>Tricyclidium</i>, <i>Trissocyclus</i>).</p> + + <p>The original rings, and the secondary rods or bars, composing the loose framework of the + Coronida are either roundish (with circular or elliptical transverse section) or three-edged (with + triangular transverse section), rarely quadrangular or provided with distorted edges. The branches + or spines arising from them, are either simple or branched, and offer a great variety in number, + form, and disposition. The most important forms are those which develop the three typical basal + feet of <i>Cortina</i>, <i>e.g.</i>, <i>Podocoronis cortina</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>The <i>Central Capsule</i> of the Coronida is the same as in the other <span + class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> (comp. p. <a href="#page937">937</a>), and offers all those + characteristic peculiarities of "Monopylea" which we have mentioned above in the general + description of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (p. <a href="#page890">890</a>). Usually it + is spherical or ellipsoidal, often violin-shaped or bilobed, with a sagittal constriction. The + porochora of its basal pole is in close contact with the base of the sagittal ring.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page970">{970}</span></div> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Coronida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Coronida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Coronida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Zygostephanida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Four lateral gates (no basal gate).</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Two meridional rings (sagittal and frontal) complete, + perpendicular to one another (no basal ring).</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Four lateral gates simple,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">414. <i>Zygostephanus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Four lateral gates partly latticed,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">415. <i>Zygostephanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Acanthodesmida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Five large gates (four lateral and one simple basal).</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Two meridional rings (sagittal and frontal) incomplete, + both truncated by the complete horizontal basal ring.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Four lateral gates simple,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">416. <i>Coronidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Four lateral gates partly latticed,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">417. <i>Acanthodesmia</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>III. Subfamily Eucoronida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Six large gates (four lateral and two basal).</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Two rings (the sagittal meridional ring and the horizontal + basal ring) complete, the frontal meridian ring incomplete.</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Basal ring without larger descending feet.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Gates simple,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">418. <i>Eucoronis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Gates partly latticed,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">419. <i>Plectocoronis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Basal ring with large, regularly disposed, descending feet. + Gates simple,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">420. <i>Podocoronis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>IV. Subfamily Trissocyclida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Eight large gates (four upper lateral and four lower basal).</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">Two meridional rings (sagittal and frontal) and the + horizontal basal ring complete. All three complete rings perpendicular to one another.</td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Four upper gates larger than the four lower.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Gates simple,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">421. <i>Tristephanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Gates partly latticed,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">422. <i>Tricyclidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">All eight gates of equal size.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Gates simple,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">423. <i>Trissocircus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Gates partly latticed,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">424. <i>Trissocyclus</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Coronida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Coronida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="9">I. Subfamily Zygostephanida. Four lateral gates (no basal gate).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Two meridional rings (sagittal and frontal) complete, + perpendicular to one another (no basal ring).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Four lateral gates simple,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">414. <i>Zygostephanus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Four lateral gates partly latticed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">415. <i>Zygostephanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="9">II. Subfamily Acanthodesmida. Five large gates (four lateral and one simple + basal).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Two meridional rings (sagittal and frontal) incomplete, both + truncated by the complete horizontal basal ring.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Four lateral gates simple,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">416. <i>Coronidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Four lateral gates partly latticed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">417. <i>Acanthodesmia</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="9">III. Subfamily Eucoronida. Six large gates (four lateral and two basal).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Two rings (the sagittal meridional ring and the horizontal basal + ring) complete, the frontal meridian ring incomplete.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Basal ring without larger descending feet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Gates simple,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">418. <i>Eucoronis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Gates partly latticed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">419. <i>Plectocoronis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Basal ring with large, regularly disposed, descending feet. Gates + simple,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">420. <i>Podocoronis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="9">IV. Subfamily Trissocyclida. Eight large gates (four upper lateral and four + lower basal).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Two meridional rings (sagittal and frontal) and the horizontal + basal ring complete. All three complete rings perpendicular to one another.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Four upper gates larger than the four lower.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Gates simple,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">421. <i>Tristephanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Gates partly latticed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">422. <i>Tricyclidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">All eight gates of equal size.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Gates simple,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">423. <i>Trissocircus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Gates partly latticed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">424. <i>Trissocyclus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Zygostephanida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 446.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Coronida</span> with four large lateral + gates, without basal gate. Skeleton composed of two complete vertical rings, perpendicular one to + another—the primary sagittal and the secondary frontal ring.</p> + + <h5>Genus 414. <i>Zygostephanus</i>,<a id="NtA_33" href="#Nt_33"><sup>[33]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 268.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Coronida</span> with four large, simple, lateral + gates, without basal gate and lattice-work. Skeleton composed of two simple meridional rings, + perpendicular to one another.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Zygostephanus</i>, founded by me in 1862 for the Mediterranean + <i>Zygostephanus mülleri</i>, is the simplest and most primitive of all the Coronida, and may + <span class="pagenum" id="page971">{971}</span>therefore be regarded as the common ancestral form + of this family. The simple skeleton is composed of two meridional rings only, perpendicular one to + another—a sagittal and a frontal ring.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Zygostephus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 446.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—The two vertical rings of nearly equal height, therefore + without sagittal constriction.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Zygostephanus dissocircus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Both rings elliptical, of nearly equal height, smooth, without spines. Frontal ring somewhat + longer than the sagittal. No sagittal constriction.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the rings 0.07, breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Zygostephanus serratus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Both rings elliptical, of nearly equal height, with a serrate prominent edge on the outer + convexity (in the transverse section three-edged). No sagittal constriction.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the rings 0.08, breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Zygostephanus mülleri</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Zygostephanus mülleri</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 268, Taf. + xii. fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Both rings elliptical, of nearly equal height, armed with numerous (about fifty) slender curved + spines, as long as the radius of the rings; commonly each ring with twelve pairs of divergent + spines. No sagittal constriction.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the rings 0.06, breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Zygostephanus ramosus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Both rings elliptical, of nearly equal height, armed with numerous branched spines, which are + arranged on each ring in two divergent rows; the branches of the spines are curved and partly + protect the open gates. No sagittal constriction.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the rings 0.07, breadth 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page972">{972}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Zygostephaniscus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 446.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—The two vertical rings of different heights; the frontal + ring higher than the sagittal ring, therefore with a sagittal constriction in the median + plane.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Zygostephanus reniformis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Frontal ring kidney-shaped, in the upper half convex, in the lower concave, in the latter with + a deep sagittal constriction, armed with numerous irregular short spines. Sagittal ring thicker + and lower, only two-thirds as high, with four pairs of short divergent spines (two ventral and two + dorsal pairs).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.13, breadth 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Zygostephanus violina</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Frontal ring violin-shaped, on the upper and the lower margin concave, with a deep sagittal + constriction, armed with numerous irregular spines, which are partly simple, partly branched. + Sagittal ring thicker and lower, only half as high, with a few short conical spines at the apical + and basal poles.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Zygostephanus bicornis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Frontal ring violin-shaped, on the upper and the lower margin concave, with a deep sagittal + constriction; its two halves pentagonal. Between numerous smaller spines there arise from the + frontal ring six groups of larger branched spines, two odd in the corners of the highest points + (curved like two horns), two branched pairs on the prominent lateral corners (at right and left), + and two pairs in the corners of the lowest points (like four branched basal feet). Sagittal ring + only two-thirds as high, with four pairs of irregular spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.11, breadth 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 415. <i>Zygostephanium</i>,<a id="NtA_34" href="#Nt_34"><sup>[34]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 446.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Coronida</span> with four large, partly latticed, + lateral gates, without basal gate. Skeleton composed of two meridional rings perpendicular to each + other.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Zygostephanium</i> differs from the preceding ancestral genus + <i>Zygostephanus</i> in the development of lattice-work along the two crossed rings, produced by + their anastomosing branches. Therefore the four large lateral gates between them, which are quite + simple, in the preceding genus here become more or less fenestrated.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page973">{973}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Zygostephanium dizonium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Tympaniscus dizonius</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.</p> + </div> + + <p>Both rings elliptical, of nearly equal height, smooth, without spines. Sagittal ring with four + pairs of small pores (two apical pairs and two basal pairs). Frontal ring with three pairs of + small pores (one pair lateral, one pair above and one pair below).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.08, breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Zygostephanium paradictyum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Frontal ring kidney-shaped, in the upper half convex, in the lower concave, in the latter with + a deep sagittal constriction. Sagittal ring ovate, about two-thirds as high as the frontal ring. + Both rings three-edged, armed with numerous short and branched bristle-shaped spines, which + anastomose along their three edges and produce two series of irregular polygonal pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.08, breadth 0.13.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 236, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Zygostephanium constrictum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Frontal ring violin-shaped, concave on the upper and lower margins, with a deep sagittal + constriction. Sagittal ring ovate, about two-thirds as high as the frontal ring. Both rings + covered with numerous branched irregular spines, which partly anastomose along the edges of the + rings, and produce small irregular polygonal pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Acanthodesmida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Coronida</span> with five large gates + (four lateral and one basal). Skeleton composed of three rings, perpendicular one to another, two + of which are vertical and incomplete (the primary or lateral, and the secondary or frontal), the + third is horizontal and complete (the tertiary or basal ring).</p> + + <h5>Genus 416. <i>Coronidium</i>,<a id="NtA_35" href="#Nt_35"><sup>[35]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 445.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Coronida</span> with five large simple gates (four + lateral and one basal). Skeleton composed of two incomplete meridional rings and one complete + basal ring, without lattice-work.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page974">{974}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Coronidium</i> and the following, nearly allied <i>Acanthodesmia</i>, + form together the peculiar subfamily of Acanthodesmida—not in the wider sense in which I + first founded this group (1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 265), but in the restricted sense, which is + exactly defined in my Prodromus (1881, p. 445). According to this definition, the shell is + composed of three different rings, perpendicular to one another; only one of these is complete, + the simple horizontal basal ring; the two others are incomplete and vertical (the primary or + sagittal and the secondary or frontal ring). Therefore there remain constantly between the three + rings five characteristic large openings or gates; four of these are lateral (between the halves + of the two meridional rings), the fifth is basal, enclosed by the horizontal basal ring. The + longest known type of this subfamily is <i>Acanthodesmia vinculata</i>, the five characteristic + gates of which are clearly distinguished by its discoverer, Johannes Müller ("Das Gehäuse besteht + nur aus den Leisten zwischen fünf grossen Lücken"). The Acanthodesmida may be derived from the + Eucoronida by reduction of the basilar rod of the sagittal ring. If in <i>Eucoronis</i> this basal + rod be lost, <i>Coronidium</i> arises.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Coronidium dyostephanus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Frontal ring elliptical, with few scattered thorns, twice as broad as high, and three times as + broad as the smooth rhombic basal ring. Sagittal ring semicircular, very stout, twice as thick as + the two other rings, with short lateral thorns (in the figure seen from the apical pole, which + exhibits a four-lobed dimple). Basal gate rhombic.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.08, breadth 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Coronidium diadema</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>Frontal ring kidney-shaped, one and a half times as broad as high, with a slight sagittal + constriction. Sagittal ring ovate, smaller, about of the same size as the elliptical basal ring. + Rods of all three rings cylindrical, bearing numerous short and stout curved spines, partly + simple, partly branched. Four bunches of larger spines on the four corners of the basal ring, and + one very large bunch on the apical pole. Basal gate elliptical, one and a half times as broad as + long.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.13, breadth 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Coronidium cervicorne</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Frontal ring kidney-shaped, twice as broad as high, one and a half times as broad as the + elliptical basal ring, both with a slight sagittal constriction. Sagittal ring ovate. All three + rings <span class="pagenum" id="page975">{975}</span>(in the figure seen from the apical pole) + with cylindrical rods, armed with numerous stout spines, branched like a deer's antler. Basal gate + rather oblong, twice as broad as long.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.08, breadth 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Coronidium acacia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>, + fig. 2).</p> + + <p>Frontal ring and sagittal ring nearly circular, of equal size, truncated at the base. Basal + ring circular, somewhat smaller. All three rings with prominent edges, bearing bunches of short + and straight pointed spines, like those of an Acacia. Basal gate circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 417. <i>Acanthodesmia</i>,<a id="NtA_36" href="#Nt_36"><sup>[36]</sup></a> J. Müller, + 1856, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Coronida</span> with five large, partly latticed + gates (four lateral and one basal). Skeleton composed of two incomplete, partly fenestrated + meridional rings, and one complete basal ring.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Acanthodesmia</i>, the oldest known form of all Coronida, differs from + the preceding <i>Coronidium</i>, its ancestral form, in the development of irregular loose + lattice-work along the rings, and therefore bears to it the same relation that + <i>Zygostephanium</i> does to <i>Zygostephanus</i>. The first species described by Johannes + Müller, <i>Acanthodesmia vinculata</i> ("with five large gates between the bars of the shell") + remains the true type of this genus; the second species described by him (<i>Acanthodesmia + dumetum</i>) belongs to the Plectanida (<i>Polyplecta</i>).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Acanthodesmia vinculata</i>, J. Müller.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Acanthodesmia vinculata</i>, J. Müller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 30, + Taf. i. figs. 4-6 (<i>non</i> 7).</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocircus vinculatus</i>, J. Müller, 1856, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 484.</p> + </div> + + <p>Frontal ring violin-shaped, one and a half times as broad as high, with a sagittal + constriction. Sagittal ring ovate, smaller. The four gates between the two rings are partly + fenestrated by a few thin threads, irregularly branched and connecting the two rings. A few short + thorns are scattered here and there. Basal gate elliptical.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Nice), Atlantic (Canary Islands), surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page976">{976}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Acanthodesmia ceratospyris</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Frontal ring violin-shaped, one and a half times as broad as high, with a deep sagittal + constriction. Sagittal ring semicircular, half as high as the frontal ring. The four gates between + the two rings are partly fenestrated by anastomosing branches of the numerous, irregularly + branched spines, which cover all three rings. Basal gate nearly circular, smaller than the + sagittal ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.08, breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Acanthodesmia corona</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Frontal ring kidney-shaped, nearly twice as broad as high, with a flat sagittal constriction. + Sagittal ring semicircular. The four gates between the two rings are partly fenestrated by an + arachnoidal network, composed of thin, irregularly branched threads, arising from the rings. The + edges of all three rings are armed with irregular thorns. Basal gate circular, larger than the + sagittal ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.08, breadth 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Acanthodesmia mülleri</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Frontal ring kidney-shaped with a deep sagittal constriction. Sagittal ring ovate. The four + gates between the two rings irregularly fenestrated, with a few large polygonal meshes. Edges of + the rings with a few scattered thorns. Basal gate violin-shaped.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.1, breadth 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 3. <span class="sc">Eucoronida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Coronida</span> with six large gates + (four lateral and two basal gates). Skeleton composed of three rings perpendicular to one another, + two of which are complete (the vertical sagittal, and the horizontal basal ring); the third is + incomplete (the vertical frontal ring).</p> + + <h5>Genus 418. <i>Eucoronis</i>,<a id="NtA_37" href="#Nt_37"><sup>[37]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 445.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Coronida</span> with six large simple gates (four + lateral and two basal). Skeleton composed of two complete rings (the sagittal and basal) and one + incomplete (frontal) ring. Basal ring without typical feet.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page977">{977}</span></div> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Eucoronis</i> and the following two nearly allied genera + (<i>Plectocoronis</i> and <i>Podocoronis</i>) compose together the important subfamily Eucoronida. + In this typical main group of Coronida the shell is constantly composed of three rings and six + gates. The vertical sagittal ring and the horizontal basal ring are complete (as in the + Semantida); the vertical frontal ring is incomplete. Between these three rings remain six large + open gates, the four upper (or lateral) are always much larger than the four lower (or basal + gates). <i>Eucoronis</i> may be derived from <i>Semantis</i> by development of the frontal + ring.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Acrocoronis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Rings smooth or rough, armed with numerous short spines or + thorns.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Eucoronis perspicillum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Frontal ring elliptical, twice as broad as high, with a slight constriction at the apical pole, + armed with three pairs of short conical spines, one apical pair (near the constriction) and two + lateral pairs (one upper and one lower pair). Sagittal ring of the same height, half the breadth + and double the thickness, also armed with three pairs of spines (one basal, one dorsal, and one + ventral pair).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.11, breadth 0.22.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Eucoronis lævigata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Frontal ring elliptical, smooth, one and a half times as broad as high, without sagittal + constriction, with horizontal basal gates. Sagittal ring of the same height and thickness, also + elliptical and smooth. No spines on either of the smooth rings.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.1, breadth 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Eucoronis nephrospyris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <p>Frontal ring kidney-shaped, in the upper half convex, in the lower concave, with a sagittal + constriction (often much deeper than in the specimen figured). Sagittal ring ovate, about + two-thirds as high as the frontal ring. Rods of both rings without edges, cylindrical, armed with + numerous short conical thorns.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.1 to 0.12, breadth 0.15 to 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, many + Stations, surface and at various depths.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page978">{978}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Eucoronis angulata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Frontal ring violin-shaped, twice as broad as high, on the upper and the lower margin concave, + with a deep sagittal constriction. Sagittal ring pentagonal, with straight horizontal basal rod, + two-thirds as high as the frontal ring. Rods of both rings with sharp prominent edges, bearing + numerous short pyramidal spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.09, breadth 0.17.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Lithocoronis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Rings armed with numerous large, branched or arborescent + spines.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Eucoronis cervicornis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Frontal ring kidney-shaped, in the upper half convex, in the lower concave, with sagittal + constriction. Sagittal ring ovate, two-thirds as high as the frontal ring. Both rings armed with + numerous stout spines, irregularly branched like a deer's antler. (Very similar to <i>Coronidium + cervicorne</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>, + fig. 1, which I formerly confounded with it, but differing in the complete sagittal ring, which in + the latter form is incomplete and has lost its basal part.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 264, surface.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Eucoronis arborescens</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Frontal ring kidney-shaped, with a deep sagittal constriction in the concave basal part. + Sagittal ring ovate, half as high as the frontal ring. Both rings armed with numerous thin, richly + branched and arborescent spines (branches much thinner and more numerous than in the preceding and + following species).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.15, breadth 0.25.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Equatorial Atlantic, Station 247, surface.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Eucoronis challengeri</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocoronis challengeri</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.</p> + </div> + + <p>Frontal ring violin-shaped, one and a half times as broad as high, with a strong sagittal + constriction. Sagittal ring nearly circular, two-thirds as high as the frontal ring. Both rings + armed with numerous irregularly branched spines. (The specimen figured, with red central capsule + and numerous xanthellæ, was observed living by me at the Canary Islands.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.1 to 0.12, breadth 0.14 to 0.17.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, surface and at + various depths.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page979">{979}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 419. <i>Plectocoronis</i>,<a id="NtA_38" href="#Nt_38"><sup>[38]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Coronida</span> with six large, partly latticed + gates (four lateral and two basal). Skeleton composed of two complete rings (the sagittal and + basal) and one incomplete (frontal) ring. Basal ring without developed typical feet.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Plectocoronis</i> differs from the preceding <i>Eucoronis</i>, its + ancestral form, in the development of loose irregular lattice-work along the two meridional rings, + and therefore bears to it the same relation that <i>Acanthodesmia</i> does to <i>Coronidium</i>. + If the lattice-work become more complete and close the gates, these Coronida pass over directly + into <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> (Zygospyrida).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Plectocoronis anacantha</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Basal ring and frontal ring elliptical, without sagittal constriction. Sagittal ring ovate. The + frontal and sagittal rings are bordered on both edges with an incomplete series of small irregular + pores. All three rings smooth, without spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.1, breadth 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Plectocoronis triacantha</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Basal ring and frontal ring nearly circular, without sagittal constriction. Sagittal ring + elliptical, prolonged at the apex into an apical horn from which two branched lateral bows descend + and unite with the uppermost parts of the frontal ring. Four other small bows descend from the + lowermost parts of the latter and unite with the basal ring. From the lateral corners of the basal + ring descend two short vertical feet. (May be regarded as derived from <i>Podocoronis + toxarium</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, + Fig. 7, by development of the bows connecting the rings.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.11, breadth 0.13.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Plectocoronis pentacantha</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Basal ring and frontal ring kidney-shaped, with deep sagittal constriction. Sagittal ring + ovate, prolonged at the apex into an oblique horn. From the edges of the angular rings delicate + threads arise, which anastomose and form irregular arachnoidal meshes, partly closing the four + open lateral gates. Two basal gates simple. From the four nodal points of the basal ring there + arise four, short diverging feet, comparable to rudimentary cortinar feet (two lateral from the + frontal ring and two sagittal from the primary ring, as basal prolongations).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page980">{980}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 420. <i>Podocoronis</i>,<a id="NtA_39" href="#Nt_39"><sup>[39]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 445.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Coronida</span> with six large gates (four lateral + and two basal). Skeleton composed of two complete rings (the sagittal and basal) and one + incomplete (frontal) ring. Basal ring provided with typical, regularly disposed, descending feet + (cortinar feet).</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Podocoronis</i> differs from the two preceding nearly allied genera in + the development of typical radial feet on the basal ring, which by their regular disposition and + their general appearance among the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> and <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> obtain great morphological importance. According to the different + number and disposition of these basal feet (or "cortinar feet"), the following subgenera may be + distinguished (regarded in my Prodromus, 1881, p. 445, as separate + genera):—<i>Dipocoronis</i> with two lateral feet, <i>Tripocoronis</i> with three cortinar + feet (most important!), <i>Tetracoronis</i> with four crossed feet, <i>Hexacoronis</i> with six + radial feet, <i>Stylocoronis</i> with numerous (8 or more feet). These subgenera have important + relations to the corresponding genera of Zygospyrida.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Dipocoronis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal ring with two descending lateral feet (right and + left) as prolongations of the frontal ring.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Podocoronis dipodiscus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Basal ring nearly circular, with two conical, straight, parallel descending feet, which are + direct lateral prolongations of the subcircular frontal ring, and half as long as it. The ovate + sagittal ring bears at the apex a short conical vertical horn. All rings nearly smooth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Podocoronis toxarium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <p>Basal ring elliptical, with two descending, slightly curved conical feet, lateral prolongations + of the subcircular frontal ring. The ovate sagittal ring bears at the apex a cylindrical vertical + horn, which is connected by two descending lateral arches (or galear arches) with the uppermost + part of the frontal ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.1, breadth 0.13.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page981">{981}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tripocoronis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal ring with three descending feet (one caudal and two + pectoral).</p> + + <p>3. <i>Podocoronis cortiniscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Basal ring violin-shaped, with three straight divergent thorny feet, about as long as the ovate + sagittal ring. The dorsal part of the latter is straight, vertical, and prolonged downwards into + the caudal foot, upwards into a stout, thorny, vertical apical horn. The ventral part is + semicircular and gives off the lateral branches, forming the kidney-shaped sagittal ring. All the + rings and their apophyses are armed with stout thorns. This and the following tripodal species may + be directly derived from <i>Cortina</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.1, breadth 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Podocoronis tripodiscus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Basal ring kidney-shaped, with three large divergent curved feet, nearly twice as long as the + semicircular sagittal ring. The straight dorsal part of the latter is prolonged downwards into the + caudal foot, upwards into a large branched apical horn, curved backwards. Differs from the + preceding species mainly in the longer curved apophyses and in the larger violin-shaped frontal + ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 238, surface. <span class="correction" + title="Added by Errata.">Fossil in Barbados.</span></p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Tetracoronis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal ring with four descending feet (two sagittal and two + lateral).</p> + + <p>5. <i>Podocoronis tetrapodiscus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Basal ring kidney-shaped, with four stout and straight divergent feet, about as long as the + sagittal ring; two of them are lateral and arise from the basal corners of the violin-shaped + frontal ring (at its junction with the basal ring); two are sagittal, and arise from the basal + corners of the semicircular sagittal ring (one posterior caudal and one anterior sternal). The + straight dorsal part of the sagittal ring is prolonged upwards into an apical horn. All the rings + are thorny.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.15, breadth 0.25.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Hexacoronis</i>, Haeckel</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal ring with six radial descending feet (two sagittal, + two pectoral, and two tergal feet).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page982">{982}</span></div> + + <p>6. <i>Podocoronis hexapodiscus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Basal ring violin-shaped, with six conical, vertically descending feet, half as long as the + sagittal ring; two of them are sagittal (arising from the two basal corners of the sagittal ring, + caudal and sternal feet); the other four are lateral, and prolongations of the forked basal parts + of the frontal ring, which is inserted on the basal ring with two forked branches; the anterior + correspond to the pectoral, the posterior to the tergal feet of <i>Hexaspyris</i>. All the rings + are thorny.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.11, breadth 0.17.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 5. <i>Stylocoronis</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal ring with numerous (eight to twelve or more) + descending feet.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Podocoronis petalospyris</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Basal ring violin-shaped, with ten to twelve flat lamellar, vertically descending feet, about + as long as the ovate sagittal ring. Frontal ring twice as broad as long, elliptical. All rings + nearly smooth. Similar to a <i>Petalospyris</i> without lattice-work.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.1, breadth 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Podocoronis polypodiscus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Basal ring elliptical, with fifteen to eighteen conical, curved, descending feet, half as long + as the ovate sagittal ring. Frontal ring kidney-shaped, one and a half times as broad as long. All + the rings armed with short conical spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 4. <span class="sc">Trissocyclida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 446.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Coronida</span> with eight large gates + (four superior lateral and four inferior basal). Skeleton composed of three complete rings, + perpendicular to one another; two of which are vertical (the primary or sagittal and the secondary + or frontal ring), the third is horizontal (the tertiary or basal ring).</p> + + <h5>Genus 421. <i>Tristephanium</i>,<a id="NtA_40" href="#Nt_40"><sup>[40]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Coronida</span> with eight large, simple gates of + different sizes; the four upper or lateral gates larger than the four lower or basal gates. + Skeleton composed of three simple complete rings, perpendicular to one another.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page983">{983}</span></div> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Tristephanium</i>, and the three following genera derived from it, + represent together the interesting subfamily of Trissocyclida (Prodromus, 1881, p. 446). These + differ from all other Coronida in the possession of three complete rings, perpendicular to one + another. The first of these is the vertical sagittal ring, the second the vertical frontal ring, + and the third the horizontal basal ring. Since these three rings lie in the three dimensive + planes, they are perpendicular to one another; and between them remain eight large open gates. + Originally the four upper or lateral gates (corresponding to those of <i>Zygostephanus</i>) are + much larger, the four lower or basal gates (corresponding to those of <i>Semantrum</i>) much + smaller; but afterwards the latter may reach the size of the former, so that the basal ring + becomes equatorial (in <i>Trissocircus</i> and <i>Trissocyclus</i>). The common ancestral form of + the Trissocyclida (<i>Tristephanium</i>) may be derived directly either from <i>Semantrum</i> (by + complete development of the frontal ring) or from <i>Eucoronis</i> (by complete development of + four basal gates).</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Triostephus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Sagittal and frontal ring of different size and form.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tristephanium dimensivum,</i> n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring ovate, with a large thorny apical horn, smaller than the two other rings. Frontal + ring violin-shaped, with a deep sagittal constriction. Basal ring also violin-shaped, in the + sagittal axis constricted. Its four gates (two jugular and two cardinal) of nearly equal size. All + three rings angular, armed with scattered, stout, thorny spines, which are larger in the basal + half.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.08, breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Tristephanium octopyle,</i> n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring ovate, nearly smooth, smaller than the two other rings. Frontal ring + kidney-shaped, with a deep basal constriction. Basal ring violin-shaped. The jugular gates about + half as large as the cardinal gates. Rods of the rings cylindrical, with few scattered thorns.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.09, breadth 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Tristephanium hertwigii,</i> Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthodesmia hertwigii</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. + xxxvi. pp. 499, 539, Taf. xxxii. figs. 9<i>a</i>-9<i>c</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Sagittal ring ovate or nearly semicircular; its dorsal rod straight, smooth (fig. 9<i>c</i>, + <i>a</i>), its ventral rod (<i>b</i>) curved, thorny. Frontal ring much larger, thorny, + violin-shaped, with a slight sagittal <span class="pagenum" id="page984">{984}</span>constriction. + Basal ring smaller than the sagittal ring, thorny, kidney-shaped, with four different gates; the + two cardinal pores much larger than the two jugular pores. (The four basal pores are often much + larger than in the specimen figured by Bütschli. Also the number, form, and size of the spines is + very variable.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.07 to 0.09, breadth 0.17 to 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tristephaniscus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Sagittal and frontal ring of equal size and form.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Tristephanium quadricorne</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Sagittal and frontal ring of equal size and form, larger than the circular basal ring. From the + four corners, in which the latter crosses the two former, arise four strong, divergent spines, + branched like a deer's antler. Some smaller spines are scattered on the rings, and a bunch of four + spines arises on the apical pole. The four upper gates are triangular, the four lower nearly + semicircular, the latter of equal size, half as large as the former.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.13, breadth 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 342, depth 1445 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 422. <i>Tricyclidium</i>,<a id="NtA_41" href="#Nt_41"><sup>[41]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 446.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Coronida</span> with eight large, partly fenestrated + gates; the four upper or lateral gates larger than the four lower or basal gates. Skeleton + composed of three latticed complete rings, perpendicular to one another.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Tricyclidium</i> differs from the preceding <i>Tristephanium</i>, its + ancestral form, in the development of loose rudimentary lattice-work along the rings, and + therefore bears to it the same relation that <i>Plectocoronis</i> does to <i>Eucoronis</i>. It may + pass directly over into <i>Dictyospyris</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tricyclidium dictyospyris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, fig. + 13).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring ovate, twice as thick as the two other larger rings, which become very thin, + thread-like at the lateral junction, and are both slightly violin-shaped, in the middle sagittal + plane constricted; the frontal ring larger than the basal. All three rings bear small scattered + spines, which are irregularly branched, and by anastomoses of the thread-like branches form small + irregular meshes along the rings. The four basal gates are of equal size.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.11, breadth 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page985">{985}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Tricyclidium semantrum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring ovate, smaller than the violin-shaped frontal ring and larger than the elliptical + basal ring. All three rings of nearly equal thickness, armed with short irregular branches, which + are partly connected, and forming small irregular meshes along the rings. The four basal gates are + of different sizes; the two anterior (jugular) gates only half as large as the two posterior + (cardinal) gates.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 423. <i>Trissocircus</i>,<a id="NtA_42" href="#Nt_42"><sup>[42]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 446.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Coronida</span> with eight large simple gates of + equal size. Skeleton composed of three simple complete rings, perpendicular to one another.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Trissocircus</i>, and the following nearly allied <i>Trissocyclus</i>, + differ from the two preceding ancestral genera in the remarkable growth of the four basal gates, + which reach the size of the lateral gates. Therefore both hemispheres of the shell (the upper or + apical and the lower or basal) here become equal and the basal ring becomes equatorial. Sometimes + even all three rings attain the same size, so that it is difficult or impossible to distinguish + them. In this curious case the Coronida exhibit a striking resemblance to some <span + class="gsp">Sphæroidea</span>.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tricircarium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Sagittal ring smaller than the two other rings, which are + both elliptical.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Trissocircus lentellipsis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>All three rings elliptical, of different sizes, smooth, without spines. The sagittal ring is + the smallest, but two to three times as thick as the other two rings, which have the larger + (transverse) axis common. The smaller (sagittal) axis of the sagittal ring is also the smaller + axis of the equatorial ring, whilst the larger (principal) axis of the former is the smaller axis + of the frontal ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.07, breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Trissocircus binellipsis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring circular, smaller than the other two rings, which are both equal, elliptical, + slightly constricted on the poles of the principal and transverse axes. The axis of the circular + sagittal <span class="pagenum" id="page986">{986}</span>ring is the shorter axis of the frontal + and equatorial ring, and about half as long as their longer axis. All three rings smooth, without + spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.08, breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Trissocircus octostoma</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, + fig. 11).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring circular, smaller than the other two rings, which are both equal, elliptical, + distinctly constricted at the poles of the principal and transverse axes. The axis of the circular + sagittal ring is the shorter axis of the frontal and equatorial ring, about one-third shorter than + their longer axis. All three rings armed with short, irregularly branched spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.1, breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Ceylon (Belligemma), Haeckel, surface.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tricirconium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—All three rings equal, circular.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Trissocircus octahedrus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>All three rings equal, circular, smooth, their rods cylindrical (in the transverse section + circular). From each pole of the three equal axes arises a short conical spine; these six spines + correspond to the six corners of a regular octahedron.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of all three rings 0.08, thickness 0.006.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Trissocircus globus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>, + fig. 13).</p> + + <p>All three rings equal, circular, thorny; their rods prismatic (in the transverse section + triangular), with three sharp dentated edges and scattered branched thorns. From each pole of the + three equal axes (which correspond to the three axes of a regular octahedron) arises a bunch of + larger spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of all three rings 0.12, thickness 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 424. <i>Trissocyclus</i>,<a id="NtA_43" href="#Nt_43"><sup>[43]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 446.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Coronida</span> with eight large, partly fenestrated + gates of equal size. Skeleton composed of three complete latticed rings, perpendicular to one + another.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Trissocyclus</i> differs from its nearly allied ancestral form + <i>Trissocircus</i> only in the development of small anastomosing branches along the edges of the + rings. The incomplete lattice-work, produced by these anastomoses, partly protects the eight large + gates. The three rings are either of equal or of different sizes.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page987">{987}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tricyclarium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Sagittal ring circular, smaller than the other two rings, + which are both elliptical.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Trissocyclus stauroporus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring circular, smaller than the other two equal elliptical rings. On each of the six + corners (or crossing points of every two rings) are developed four small pores, forming a cross + around the poles of the three axes. All three rings smooth, without spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.09, breadth 0.13.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Trissocyclus triaxonius</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Sagittal ring circular, smaller than the two other equal elliptical rings. From the edges of + all three rings are developed small branches, which by irregular ramification and anastomoses form + small irregular meshes along the rings. Similar to <i>Trissocircus octostoma</i>, but with thicker + rings; it may be developed from the latter species by connection of the branches which border the + rings.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tricyclonium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—All three rings equal, circular.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Trissocyclus sphæridium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>All three rings equal, circular, thorny; their rods prismatic, three-sided, with three + denticulate edges; the teeth of the lateral edges become branched, and form by anastomoses of the + branches small irregular meshes, which partly protect the eight large open gates.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the three rings 0.16, thickness 0.012.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Belligemma, Ceylon (Haeckel), surface</p> + + <h4>Family LI. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Tympanida</span></span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc21"> + <p><i>Parastephida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 446.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> with two parallel horizontal + rings, an upper mitral and a lower basal ring; both connected by complete or incomplete vertical + rings, or by parallel vertical columellæ.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page988">{988}</span></div> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Tympanida</span> (or Parastephida) differs from the other <span + class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> in the development of two horizontal rings, which lie in horizontal + planes and arise from the upper and the lower poles of the primary sagittal ring. Therefore the + same formation, which we found in the Semantida on the basal pole only of the main axis, here + takes place also on its apical pole. On both poles arise at each side from the sagittal ring two + corresponding pairs of curved branches: the lateral ends of the opposite branches (dorsal and + ventral branch) become united in the frontal plane and so form two complete horizontal rings. The + upper ring, composed of the superior or mitral branches, may be called the mitral ring, the lower + ring, formed by the inferior or basal branches, the basal ring. Both rings are commonly of nearly + equal size, more rarely of different sizes. Their connection is effected either by the primary + (sagittal) ring only, or also by secondary vertical rings, a frontal ring in the lateral plane, or + some diagonal meridian rings between the latter and the former. These vertical rings, which + connect both horizontal rings in the form of "columellæ," may be either complete or incomplete; in + the latter case their apical and basal parts are lost, the dorsal and ventral parts only being + preserved.</p> + + <p>The Tympanida develop a great variety of different forms, greater than in the three other + families of <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, so that we may distinguish here not less than + sixteen genera and seventy-two species. Hitherto only three species were known: <i>Prismatium + tripleurum</i>, figured in 1862 in my Monograph, <i>Tympanidium barbadense</i>, figured by Bury in + the "fossil Polycystins of Barbados," and <i>Tympaniscus fibula</i>, described in 1875 by + Ehrenberg as a <i>Ceratospyris fibula</i>. The number of species in this large and richly + developed group will be considerably augmented by further researches. A great many of them exhibit + remarkable relations to different <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. For better survey of the + whole family we distinguish here four subfamilies, the first of which (Protympanida) is probably + the common ancestral group of the other three. They may have been derived originally either from + the Semantida or directly from the Stephanida.</p> + + <p>The first subfamily, Protympanida, exhibits a complete primary or vertical sagittal ring, + bearing on the upper part a horizontal mitral ring, on the lower part a horizontal basal ring. + Therefore the gates of these two parallel rings become bisected by the sagittal ring, each divided + into a right and a left half. The sagittal ring itself becomes divided by the two horizontal rings + into four parts or rods; two opposite of these are more or less vertical; the dorsal (posterior) + and the ventral (anterior) rod; the two other rods are more or less horizontal; the mitral (upper) + and the basal (lower) rod.</p> + + <p>In <i>Protympanium</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, + fig. 14), the simplest and most primitive form of Tympanida, the connection of the two horizontal + rings is effected only by the dorsal and ventral rods of the sagittal ring forming two parallel + more or less vertical "columellæ." In all other Protympanida accessory columellæ are developed + between the latter. In the greater number we find two secondary columellæ in the lateral plane, + being the lateral <span class="pagenum" id="page989">{989}</span>segments of an incomplete frontal + ring (<i>Acrocubus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, + figs. 15-17). Between the latter and the former there are sometimes developed four tertiary + columellæ, as segments of two crossed incomplete diagonal rings (<i>Tympanidium</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, figs. 1, + 18). At other times we find six columellæ; here probably the frontal ring is cleft into halves on + each side (<i>Tympaniscus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, + figs. 4-7). Some genera are distinguished by the development of an equatorial ring, or a third + horizontal ring (between the upper mitral and the lower basal ring); this equatorial ring is + either complete (<i>Microcubus</i> Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, + figs. 8-10) or incomplete, developed only laterally (<i>Octotympanum</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, figs. 2, + 3). The genus <i>Toxarium</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, + figs. 18-20) is distinguished by the development of accessory pairs of bows in the frontal plane, + upper or galear bows and lower or thoracal bows, remarkable as beginnings of the accessory joints, + which we distinguish in many <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> and <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> as "galea and thorax."</p> + + <p>The second subfamily of Tympanida are the Paratympanida, in which the two horizontal rings + become closed by lattice-work. The numerous columellæ connecting the two rings are here either + divergent (<i>Paratympanum</i>, with two unequal rings, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, fig. 14) or + parallel and vertical (<i>Lithotympanum</i>, with two equal rings, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, fig. 1). + The shell of the latter assumes the form of a drum.</p> + + <p>A third small subfamily, Dystympanida, is represented by a single genus only, + <i>Dystympanium</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, + figs. 15, 16). Here only the upper or mitral ring is closed by lattice-work, whilst the lower or + basal ring exhibits quite a simple opening, a large "basal gate" which has probably arisen by loss + of the basilar rod of the sagittal ring. These curious forms exhibit a remarkable resemblance to + some Monocyrtida, and also to the <i>Dictyocha</i> (<span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>).</p> + + <p>The fourth subfamily, the Eutympanida, are distinguished by the simple wide aperture of the two + horizontal rings; the upper enclosing a simple "mitral gate," the lower a simple "basal gate." + Here probably the two horizontal parts of the sagittal ring (the upper mitral rod and the lower + basilar rod) are lost by reduction; its two vertical parts (the dorsal and ventral rods) only + remaining and forming the two parallel columellæ, which connect the two horizontal rings + (<i>Parastephanus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, + fig. 21). In this group also secondary columellæ are commonly developed between the two rings, + alternating with the two primary columellæ. <i>Pseudocubus</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, figs. 11, + 12), resembling an obelisk, exhibits four divergent columellæ; the two sagittal of these are + probably the vertical parts of the primary ring, whilst the two lateral are the halves of an + incomplete frontal ring. In <i>Lithocubus</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>, fig. 12) + the four columellæ are parallel and vertical, the two rings being equal; the shell here assumes + the form of a geometrical cube. <i>Prismatium</i> is distinguished by three parallel columellæ; + two of these are probably parts of a frontal ring, whilst the third is the remains of a reduced + sagittal ring. In <i>Circotympanum</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, + fig. 17) and in <i>Lithotympanum</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>, + fig. 11) the number of the columellæ is augmented, there being six to eight or more; in the former + they are divergent <span class="pagenum" id="page990">{990}</span>(the two rings being of + different sizes), in the latter parallel (the two rings being equal); the fundamental form of the + former is a truncated pyramid, of the latter a prism.</p> + + <p>Comparing these differences between the four subfamilies of Tympanida, we may suppose that the + common ancestral group are the Protympanida, derived from the Semantida by the formation of a + mitral ring. If the two horizontal rings become closed by lattice-work, the Paratympanida arise. + When the mitral ring only becomes latticed, the basal ring being simple, the Dystympanida + originate. Finally, the fourth subfamily, the Eutympanida, may be derived from the Protympanida by + the loss of the two horizontal parts of the sagittal ring.</p> + + <p>The two horizontal rings (upper mitral and lower basal) and the two vertical rings (primary + sagittal and secondary frontal), which thus compose the loose framework of the Tympanida, are + rarely smooth, commonly armed with spines or branches, similar to those of the Coronida. The rods + or bars are either roundish (with circular transverse section) or angular (commonly with + triangular transverse section). The paired branches of the two vertical rings often preserve the + characteristic arrangement inherited from the Semantida and Stephanida. The two horizontal rings + sometimes exhibit typical apophyses, which recur in the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> and + <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>. The mitral ring may possess one odd apical horn and two paired + frontal horns (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, + figs. 16, 17, 19, 23). The basal ring sometimes bears the three typical feet of <i>Cortina</i> + (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, + figs. 16, 22), one odd caudal foot and two paired pectoral feet. Sometimes a fourth (sternal) foot + is developed (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, + fig. 4), at other times only two lateral feet (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, figs. 5, + 6).</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Tympanida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp3 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Tympanida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Tympanida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Protympanida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Two horizontal rings (upper mitral ring and lower basal ring) bisected by the + complete sagittal ring.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="7" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace11sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Two horizontal rings connected by two columellæ.</td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">One complete sagittal ring (no frontal ring),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">425. <i>Protympanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">Two horizontal rings connected by four columellæ (the + halves of the sagittal and the frontal ring).</td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">No equatorial ring.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">No galear and thoracal bows,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">426. <i>Acrocubus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Galear and thoracal bows,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">427. <i>Toxarium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi wnw">An equatorial ring.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Equatorial ring complete,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">428. <i>Microcubus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Equatorial ring incomplete,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">429. <i>Octotympanum</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Two horizontal rings connected by six or eight + columellæ (three or four vertical rings).</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Six columellæ (three meridional rings),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">430. <i>Tympaniscus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Eight columellæ (four meridional rings),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">431. <i>Tympanidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Paratympanida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Two horizontal rings fenestrated.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Two horizontal rings closed by a lattice-plate, + connected by numerous columellæ.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Two rings unequal (columellæ divergent),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">432. <i>Paratympanum</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Two rings equal (columellæ parallel),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">433. <i>Lithotympanum</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp2 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Tympanida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Tympanida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="9" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Protympanida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Two horizontal rings (upper mitral ring and lower basal ring) bisected by the + complete sagittal ring.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Two horizontal rings connected by two columellæ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">One complete sagittal ring (no frontal ring),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">425. <i>Protympanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Two horizontal rings connected by four columellæ (the halves of + the sagittal and the frontal ring).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">No equatorial ring.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No galear and thoracal bows,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">426. <i>Acrocubus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Galear and thoracal bows,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">427. <i>Toxarium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">An equatorial ring.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Equatorial ring complete,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">428. <i>Microcubus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Equatorial ring incomplete,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">429. <i>Octotympanum</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Two horizontal rings connected by six or eight columellæ (three or + four vertical rings).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Six columellæ (three meridional rings),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">430. <i>Tympaniscus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Eight columellæ (four meridional rings),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">431. <i>Tympanidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="9" class="sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Paratympanida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Two horizontal rings fenestrated.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Two horizontal rings closed by a lattice-plate, connected by + numerous columellæ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two rings unequal (columellæ divergent),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">432. <i>Paratympanum</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two rings equal (columellæ parallel),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">433. <i>Lithotympanum</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="9" class="sp0"> + <p>III. Subfamily Dystympanida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Mitral ring fenestrated, basal ring simple.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Two horizontal rings connected by numerous (six to eight or more + columellæ).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Mitral ring closed by a lattice-plate, basal ring simple,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">434. <i>Dystympanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="9" class="sp0"> + <p>IV. Subfamily Eutympanida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Two horizontal rings (upper mitral ring and lower basal ring) simple. Apical + and basal parts of the sagittal ring lost.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Two horizontal rings connected by two or three columellæ (four or + five open gates).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Two columellæ (parts of the sagittal ring),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">435. <i>Parastephanus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three columellæ (parts of the half sagittal and the frontal + ring),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">436. <i>Prismatium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Two horizontal rings connected by four or more columellæ (six or + eight or more open gates).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Four columellæ</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two rings unequal,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">437. <i>Pseudocubus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two rings equal,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">438. <i>Lithocubus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Six to eight or more columellæ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two rings unequal,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">439. <i>Circotympanum</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two rings equal,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">440. <i>Eutympanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page991">{991}</span></div> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Tympanida + (contd.)" summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Tympanida + (contd.)"> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>III. Subfamily Dystympanida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Mitral ring fenestrated, basal ring simple.</p> + </td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Two horizontal rings connected by numerous (six to eight or more + columellæ).</td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Mitral ring closed by a lattice-plate, basal ring + simple,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">434. <i>Dystympanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="6" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>IV. Subfamily Eutympanida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Two horizontal rings (upper mitral ring and lower basal ring) simple. Apical + and basal parts of the sagittal ring lost.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace9sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Two horizontal rings connected by two or three columellæ + (four or five open gates).</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Two columellæ (parts of the sagittal ring),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">435. <i>Parastephanus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Three columellæ (parts of the half sagittal and the frontal + ring),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">436. <i>Prismatium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">Two horizontal rings connected by four or more columellæ + (six or eight or more open gates).</td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Four columellæ</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Two rings unequal,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">437. <i>Pseudocubus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Two rings equal,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">438. <i>Lithocubus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Six to eight or more columellæ.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Two rings unequal,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">439. <i>Circotympanum</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Two rings equal,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">440. <i>Eutympanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Protympanida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tympanida</span> with two bisected + horizontal rings, connected by the complete vertical sagittal ring. (The upper mitral ring and the + lower basal ring become divided by the complete primary or sagittal ring into two horizontal + symmetrical gates, two mitral gates on the apical and two basal gates on the basal pole.)</p> + + <h5>Genus 425. <i>Protympanium</i>,<a id="NtA_44" href="#Nt_44"><sup>[44]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 447 (<i>sensu emend.</i>).</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tympanida</span> with two bisected horizontal rings, + connected by two vertical columellæ.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Protympanium</i>, is the most simple form of all Tympanida, and + probably the common ancestral form of this family. It arises from <i>Lithocircus</i> by the + development of two horizontal rings, perpendicular to the primary sagittal ring. The upper or + mitral ring arises by lateral union of two pairs of superior branches, the lower or basal ring by + union of two pairs of basal branches of the primary vertical ring.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Protympanium primordiale</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Mitral and apical ring of equal size, elliptical, smooth, somewhat smaller than the connecting + thorny sagittal ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the two horizontal rings 0.12, of the sagittal ring + 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, at various depths.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page992">{992}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Protympanium amphipodium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, fig. + 14).</p> + + <p>Mitral and apical rings of equal size, thin, elliptical, smooth, larger than the broad + connecting sagittal ring. The latter bears on the apical and on the basal pole two divergent + straight spines (lying in the frontal plane), the two apical (or horns) somewhat smaller and not + so spiny as the two basal spines (or feet). In the frontal plane there arise from the two + horizontal rings on each side two small opposite spines (remnants or beginnings of the lateral + frontal ring?).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the two horizontal rings 0.11, of the sagittal ring + 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Protympanium trissocircus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Mitral ring smaller than the basal ring; both rings circular, rough. Sagittal ring in size + between the two former. All three rings covered with very small thorns.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the mitral ring 0.08, of the sagittal ring 0.1, of the + basal ring 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 426. <i>Acrocubus</i>,<a id="NtA_45" href="#Nt_45"><sup>[45]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 447.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tympanida</span> with two bisected horizontal rings, + connected by four vertical columellæ. No equatorial ring.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Acrocubus</i> is the most primitive of those remarkable Tympanida, the + skeleton of which represents more or less exactly the form of a geometrical cube. A simple + complete sagittal ring bears on the superior and on the inferior part two opposite pairs of + lateral branches; by union of the convergent branches of each side there arise two horizontal + parallel quadrangular rings, which are bisected by the sagittal ring. Therefore the superior ring + encloses two triangular mitral gates, the inferior two triangular basal gates. The lateral corners + of the two gates of each side are connected by a vertical rod or columella. These two parallel + columellæ are the remaining middle parts of the secondary or frontal ring, which is incomplete on + the superior and on the inferior face of the body. If the sagittal ring also become incomplete, by + the loss of the superior and inferior part (the anterior and posterior only remaining), then + <i>Acrocubus</i> is transformed into <i>Lithocubus</i>.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Apocubus</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal ring without descending feet.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page993">{993}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Acrocubus octopylus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <p>Mitral ring somewhat smaller than the basal ring; both rings rhombic, with curved outlines. + Sagittal ring elliptical, with six pairs of nodulate protuberances. Four columellæ curved. Nodal + points without radial spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Acrocubus tesseralis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Mitral ring of the same size as the basal ring; both rings square, smooth, with straight + outlines. Sagittal ring also square, smooth. Four columellæ straight. Nodal points without radial + spines. The shell has the form of a regular geometrical cube, the edges of which are represented + by the rings.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the frontal ring 0.1, breadth 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Dipocubus</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal ring with two descending feet.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Acrocubus brachiatus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Mitral ring smaller than the basal, both rings square, with thick straight rods. Sagittal ring + tuberculate, square, equatorial part thinner. Four columellæ curved, the two lateral ones + prolonged downwards into two vertical parallel straight feet of half their length.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the cube 0.12; length of the feet 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Acrocubus amphistylus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Mitral and basal rings of nearly equal size, square, with thick curved rods. Sagittal ring + elliptical, in the equatorial part thinner. Frontal ring tuberculate. Four columellæ curved, the + two lateral ones prolonged downwards into two vertical, tuberculate feet of half their length.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the cube 0.13; length of the feet 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Acrocubus arcuatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, + fig. 15).</p> + + <p>Mitral and basal rings, as well as the sagittal ring, of the same form as in the preceding + nearly allied species. The two lateral columellæ are prolonged not only downwards into two short + <span class="pagenum" id="page994">{994}</span>vertical feet, but also upwards into two curved + bows, which are united in a vertical ascending horn, arising from the apical pole of the sagittal + ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the cube 0.14; total height 0.21.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Tripocubus</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal ring with three descending feet (one odd caudal and + two paired lateral).</p> + + <p>6. <i>Acrocubus lasanum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Mitral ring smaller than the basal, both rings square, with curved rods. Sagittal ring ovate, + prolonged upwards into an occipital simple horn, downwards into a caudal foot. Two lateral + columellæ prolonged downwards into two pectoral feet. All three feet conical, about as long as the + height of the cube.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the cube 0.08; length of the feet 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Acrocubus cortina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, + fig. 16).</p> + + <p>Mitral ring smaller than the basal, both rings elliptical, with curved rods. Sagittal ring + ovate, prolonged upwards into an occipital horn, downwards into a caudal foot, as in the preceding + species. As in the latter, also, the two lateral columellæ are prolonged downwards into two + pectoral feet, but also upwards into two convergent horns, which are united with the occipital + horn (commencing the formation of a galea). Rings and feet somewhat thorny.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the cube 0.16; total height 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Tetracubus</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal ring with four descending feet (two sagittal and two + lateral).</p> + + <p>8. <i>Acrocubus tetrapodius</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Mitral and basal rings of the same size, square, with straight rods, sagittal ring also square. + The four vertical columellæ are nearly parallel and straight, prolonged upwards into four short + conical horns, downwards into four longer conical feet. (The shell has nearly the form of a + geometrical cube, the eight corners of which are prolonged into eight vertical conical spines, + four smaller ascending and four larger descending.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the cube 0.09; length of the feet 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page995">{995}</span></div> + + <p>9. <i>Acrocubus amphithectus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, fig. + 17).</p> + + <p>Mitral ring smaller than the basal, both rings elliptical, with curved rods. Four columellæ + thorny, also curved, divergent downwards, prolonged upwards into four thorny convergent horns, + downwards into four larger branched divergent feet. The two sagittal horns and feet (anterior and + posterior) are smaller than the two lateral (right and left); therefore the fundamental form of + this species is distinctly amphithect (as in the <i>Ctenophora</i>).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Breadth of the cube 0.12; total height 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 427. <i>Toxarium</i>,<a id="NtA_46" href="#Nt_46"><sup>[46]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tympanida</span> with two bisected horizontal rings, + connected by four vertical columellæ. In the frontal plane two galear bows project upwards, and + two thoracal bows downwards.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Toxarium</i> differs from its ancestral form <i>Acrocubus</i> in the + development of two pairs of peculiar bows, placed in the lateral or frontal plane; the upper pair + projects above the mitral gates, and may be called the "galear bows," the lower pair projects + below the basal gates of the cubical shell, and may be called the "thoracal bows." Both pairs are + produced originally by the development of two forked vertical spines, arising in the frontal plane + on both poles of the principal axis from the sagittal ring (compare <i>Protympanium + amphipodium</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, + fig. 14). The apical fork-branches become connected with the lateral corners of the mitral gates, + the basal branches with those of the basal gates. By development of lattice-work between the bows + and the rings some <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> (<i>Amphispyris</i>, &c.) may have + arisen. The important genus <i>Toxarium</i> may be divided into three subgenera. In + <i>Toxellium</i> all the bows are simple, in <i>Toxonium</i>, all are forked; in <i>Toxidium</i>, + the galear bows are simple, the thoracal bows forked.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Toxellium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Galear and thoracal bows simple.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Toxarium circospyris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate88"><b>88</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Galear and thoracal bows simple, of about the same size as the frontal bows between them; all + bows armed with scattered simple conical spines. Sagittal constriction deep, half as long as the + whole shell. Lateral outlines of the shell nearly parallel.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.16, breadth 0.13.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page996">{996}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Toxarium subcirculare</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Galear and thoracal bows simple, armed with scattered simple spines of about equal size, + smaller than the smooth frontal bows between them. Sagittal constriction very flat. Therefore the + frontal perimeter of the shell is nearly circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.15, breadth 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic (Antilles), Weber, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Toxarium thorax</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, + fig. 18).</p> + + <p>Galear bows simple, smaller than the frontal bows, and these again smaller than the simple + thoracal bows; therefore the shell increases in breadth towards the base, and resembles the + skeleton of the thorax of one of the higher vertebrates (the bow-pairs corresponding to rib-pairs, + the ventral part of the sagittal ring to the sternum, the dorsal part to the vertebral column). + Sagittal constriction very deep. All bows are armed with scattered, irregularly branched + spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.17, breadth 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Toxarium constrictum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Galear and thoracal bows simple, of nearly equal size, larger than the frontal bows between + them. Therefore the shell is constricted in the equatorial plane. Sagittal constriction also deep. + All bows armed with scattered, irregularly branched spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.14, breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 236, surface.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Toxidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Galear bows simple, thoracal bows forked.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Toxarium cordatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, + fig. 19).</p> + + <p>Galear bows simple, thoracal bows forked, both somewhat smaller than frontal bows; all bows + armed with scattered simple conical spines, mostly developed at the thoracal bows. Both galear + bows are united in a central vertical columella, which arises from the apex of the sagittal ring, + and is prolonged into an apical horn. Therefore the sagittal constriction exists only in the basal + half of the inversely cordate shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.18, breadth 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page997">{997}</span></div> + + <p>6. <i>Toxarium furcatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Galear bows simple, thoracal bows forked, both somewhat broader than the frontal bows. Shell + therefore slightly constricted in the equatorial plane. Sagittal constriction rather deep, equal + in the apical and basal parts. All bows armed with scattered spines, which are partly simple, + partly forked.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.14, breadth 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Toxarium pedatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Galear bows simple, smaller than the frontal bows, which are again smaller than the thoracal + bows. Therefore the breadth of the shell increases towards the base. Sagittal constriction flat in + the apical part, deep in the basal part. All bows armed with small irregularly scattered spines; + at the base six larger divergent feet (two lateral, two anterior, and two posterior).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.17, breadth 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Toxonium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Galear and thoracal bows forked.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Toxarium costatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Galear and thoracal bows forked, smaller than the frontal bows, all bows thorny, without larger + spines. Sagittal constriction on both poles deep. Lateral outlines of the shell nearly + parallel.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.15, breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Socotra (Haeckel), surface.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Toxarium bifurcum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, + fig. 20).</p> + + <p>Galear and thoracal bows forked, the former smaller than the frontal bows, the latter larger. + Sagittal constriction rather flat on the apical pole, which bears a vertical forked horn, very + deep on the basal pole of the primary ring. All bows armed with numerous spines, which are partly + simple, partly forked, and mainly developed at the basal part of the thoracal bows.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.2, breadth 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 428. <i>Microcubus</i>,<a id="NtA_47" href="#Nt_47"><sup>[47]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 447.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tympanida</span> with two bisected horizontal rings, + connected by four vertical columellæ, which are bisected again by an equatorial ring.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page998">{998}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Microcubus</i> is derived from its ancestral form <i>Acrocubus</i> by + development of a third horizontal ring, which lies in the equatorial plane, parallel to the upper + mitral and the lower basal ring. Whilst these latter are both bisected by the complete vertical + sagittal ring, the equatorial ring is complete, and connected at the poles of the sagittal axis + with the principal ring, and at the poles of the transverse axis with the frontal ring. Therefore + the shell exhibits not eight large gates as in <i>Acrocubus</i>, but twelve, viz., four horizontal + gates (two superior mitral and two inferior basal), four upper vertical gates (between the mitral + and the equatorial ring), and four lower vertical gates (between the basal and the equatorial + ring).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Microcubus dodecastoma</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>All twelve gates simple, irregularly ovate or pentagonal. Frontal ring on the sides concave, + constricted by the equatorial ring. All rings curved, armed with short irregular thorns. No larger + basal spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.13, breadth 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Microcubus pentacircus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>All twelve gates simple. Frontal ring on the sides convex, not constricted by the equatorial + ring. All rings tuberculate, with irregular roundish knots. No larger basal spines. Similar to the + preceding species; but the five rings are much thicker and tuberculate (not thorny); the twelve + gates are therefore relatively smaller.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Microcubus zonarius</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>All twelve gates simple, ovate. Frontal ring on the sides convex, not constricted by the + equatorial ring, nearly twice as broad as long. All rings thorny, very thin, except only the broad + angular sagittal ring. No larger basal spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Microcubus quadrupes</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>All twelve gates simple, square. Frontal ring square, not constricted by the equatorial ring. + All rings smooth, quadrangular. Basal ring with four short vertical conical feet, two of which + (right and left) are inferior prolongations of the frontal ring, and arise from the lateral + corners of the <span class="pagenum" id="page999">{999}</span>basal gates; two others are + prolongations of the sagittal ring (sternal and caudal), and arise from the medial corners of the + basal gates. (The shell is like a small cube with four feet.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.13, breadth 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Microcubus cornutus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Eight gates (two mitral, two basal, and four superior) simple; four inferior gates fenestrated + by arachnoidal irregular threads. Frontal ring square, constricted on the sides by the equatorial + ring. Basal ring with four short conical vertical feet, as in the preceding species. Sagittal ring + with a vertical horn on the apex. All rings with small scattered thorns.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.11, breadth 0.13.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 235, surface.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Microcubus amphispyris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Four gates (two mitral and two basal) simple; eight lateral gates (four superior and four + inferior) fenestrated by arachnoidal irregular threads. Frontal ring convex, not constricted by + the equatorial ring. Basal ring with six short conical divergent feet (two sagittal and four + lateral). Sagittal ring with an apical horn. (Resembles some <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 429. <i>Octotympanum</i>,<a id="NtA_48" href="#Nt_48"><sup>[48]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tympanida</span> with two bisected horizontal rings + converging laterally and connected in the lateral poles of the equatorial plane. Eight large + gates.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Octotympanum</i> differs from all other Tympanida in the peculiar + connection of the two horizontal rings, which here reach the maximum of their growth, converge + towards the equator, and come into direct contact on the poles of the equatorial transverse axis. + Therefore the shell appears to be composed of three complete vertical meridian rings, the middle + of which (the sagittal ring) is free and simple; the two other (subfrontal) rings are grown + together at the lateral poles of the equatorial plane; commonly at these poles there arises (on + the right and left) a strong lateral spine, and the base of this (or the crossing point of the two + touching horizontal rings) corresponds to the remnants of the shortened frontal ring. The + crown-shaped shell exhibits therefore eight large gates; two superior (mitral) and two inferior + basal gates, two larger anterior (facial) and two larger posterior (occipital) gates. Seen from + the lateral poles <span class="pagenum" id="page1000">{1000}</span>only two of the former are + visible, and represent the figure of a vertical 8; seen from the sagittal poles, only two of the + latter are visible, in the form of a larger horizontal <img src="images/eight.png" + style="width:1.1em;" alt="eight"/>. <i>Octotympanum</i> may be derived from <i>Acrocubus</i> by + reduction of the lateral frontal ring to a knot (or cross-point), and by maximal extension of the + two parallel horizontal rings, which become curved downwards laterally and touch at the lateral + poles.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Octotympanum octospinum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Mitral gates smaller than the basal gates; upper halves of the two lateral meridional rings + smaller than the lower halves. Rings with few scattered thorns; four larger simple spines, nearly + horizontal in the equatorial plane; two on the poles of the sagittal axis, two on the poles of the + lateral axis. Four other large spines, nearly vertical at the four lowermost basal points of the + subfrontal rings.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.09, breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Octotympanum octonarium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Mitral gates of the same size as the basal gates; upper and lower halves of the meridional + rings of equal size. Rings armed with numerous stout, thorny, simple and forked spines; four very + large branched spines in the equatorial plane, nearly horizontal, two on the poles of the + sagittal, two on the poles of the transverse axis, the latter curved downwards.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Octotympanum arborescens</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Mitral gates smaller than the basal gates, the lower halves of the lateral rings being broader + than the upper halves. Rings very spiny, armed with numerous branched spines; ten very large + arborescent spines on the lateral rings; two on the poles of the transverse axis, eight on the + prominent corners of the diagonal axes (four upper and four lower); sagittal ring thorny.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.8, breadth 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Octotympanum cervicorne</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Mitral and basal gates of equal size, the lower and upper halves of the two crossed lateral + rings being nearly equal. Rings armed with numerous branched spines; two very large spines, + similar to the antlers of a deer, on the poles of the lateral axis; their branches about half as + large as the whole shell. Sagittal ring nearly smooth, with few small thorns on the poles of the + main axis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.16, breadth 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1001">{1001}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 430. <i>Tympaniscus</i>,<a id="NtA_49" href="#Nt_49"><sup>[49]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tympanida</span> with two bisected horizontal rings, + which are connected by three vertical meridional rings (or six columellæ).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Tympaniscus</i> and the following <i>Tympanidium</i> differ from all + preceding Tympanida in the multiplication of the vertical columellæ, which connect the two + horizontal bisected rings. <i>Tympaniscus</i> exhibits six columellæ, which may be regarded as + halves of three meridional rings. Only one, however, of these is complete (the sagittal ring, + which bisects the mitral and the basal ring); the two other meridional rings (placed in diagonal + planes) may be regarded as produced by lateral bifurcation of an incomplete frontal ring; this + appears to be already foreshadowed in the preceding <i>Octotympanum</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tympaniscus corona</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Basal ring larger than the mitral ring, with numerous irregular short spines but without + descending feet. Six columellæ strongly curved, in the lower half thicker and thorny; the four + lateral much thinner than the two sagittal. Apex of the jointed sagittal ring with a conical + horn.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Tympaniscus bipes</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Basal ring of about the same size as the mitral ring, with two lateral descending feet, which + are parallel and vertical, simple, without spur, half as long as the sagittal ring. The latter is + ovate, twice as long and broad as the two circular frontal rings.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Breadth of the shell 0.14, length 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Tympaniscus dipodiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, figs. 5, + 6).</p> + + <p>Basal ring smaller than the mitral ring, with two lateral descending feet, which are nearly + parallel and vertical, obtuse, about as long as the sagittal ring, and which bear on the outside a + horizontal spur. Sagittal ring hexagonal, very stout, with a caudal appendix at the base, and with + a small sagittal arch, bearing a stout spinulate double knob at the apex. The two subfrontal rings + depressed, twice as broad as high, on the outside thorny, connected at each side in the lower half + by a double transverse arch.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Breadth of the shell 0.18, length 0.08 (with spines 0.18).</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1002">{1002}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Tympaniscus tripodiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Basal ring of about the same size as the mitral ring, with three large and stout divergent feet + (two lateral and one caudal). Sagittal ring stout, broader than the two spiny subsagittal rings; + the upper part of the latter bears two ascending arches, which are united with the large apical + horn arising from the apex of the sagittal ring. Six columellæ nearly vertical, slightly curved on + the outside; their lateral edges armed with numerous simple or forked spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Breadth of the shell 0.1, total length 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Tympaniscus quadrupes</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Basal ring larger than the mitral ring, with four short vertical three-sided pyramidal feet of + equal size (two lateral and two sagittal); the feet are three-sided pyramidal, with finely + denticulate median edges, and bear at the base a horizontal thorny spur. Sagittal ring at the apex + with a very large cross-shaped horn, bearing two horizontal thorny lateral branches; the horn is + supported by an anterior and a posterior arch. Six columellæ strongly curved and dentate.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Breadth of the shell 0.15, length 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Tympaniscus fibula</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratospyris fibula</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xx. fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Basal ring of about the same size as the mitral ring, with six large conical descending feet; + these are prolongations of the six columellæ, nearly of the same length, slightly divergent, and + bear at the base a strong horizontal spur. The six columellæ are strongly curved, spiny, and bear + above small arches, which are united with the apical horn of the sagittal ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Breadth of the shell 0.09, height 0.05; total height 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Tympaniscus dodecaster</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Basal ring of the same size as the mitral ring, with six very large and six alternating + smaller, slightly divergent, curved feet, about as long an the shell; the larger are the basal + prolongations of the six curved, thorny columellæ. Mitral ring spiny, not overgrown with arches, + as in the similar preceding species.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1003">{1003}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 431. <i>Tympanidium</i>,<a id="NtA_50" href="#Nt_50"><sup>[50]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 447.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tympanida</span> with two bisected horizontal rings, + which are connected by four vertical meridional rings (or eight columellæ).</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Tympanidium</i> differs from all other Protympanida in the development + of four vertical rings, placed in four different meridional planes. Only one of these is complete, + the primary sagittal ring; the three others are incomplete, inserted on the two horizontal rings, + which are formed by the paired mitral and basal branches of the sagittal ring; one of these three + lies in the frontal plane, the two others in diagonal meridional planes (between the frontal and + sagittal). The shell therefore exhibits twelve large gates, four of which are horizontal (the two + superior mitral and the two inferior basal gates); the eight others are vertical, separated by the + eight columellæ, or the halves of the four meridional rings. In the subgenus <i>Tympanomma</i> the + number of gates amounts to sixteen, the four lateral gates being bisected by an incomplete + equatorial ring. The genus <i>Tympanidium</i> may be derived from <i>Acrocubus</i> by development + of the two diagonal rings (between the frontal and sagittal).</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tympanura</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with twelve gates; the four lateral gates + simple.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tympanidium foliosum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Shell with twelve gates; the four lateral gates simple. Basal gates of the shell larger than + the mitral gates. Sagittal ring ovate, much smaller than the three other meridional rings, which + are armed with numerous large elegant spines, bearing a lanceolate leaf on a thin pedicle. The + sagittal ring bears a bunch of similar spines only at the apex, and on both poles of the sagittal + axis (in the equator) a single forked spine, with two thorny branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.09 (with spines 0.25), breadth 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Tympanidium spinosum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell with twelve gates; the four lateral gates simple. Basal and mitral gates of about equal + size. Shell similar to that of the preceding species, differing mainly in the different armature; + the numerous spines, covering the convex outside of the four vertical rings, are not leaf-shaped, + but conical, short, of very variable size, partly simple, partly irregularly branched.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.08 (with spines 0.2), breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1004">{1004}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tympanomma</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with sixteen gates (eight median gates, paired on + both sides of the sagittal ring, and eight lateral gates, paired on both sides of the frontal + ring). The four lateral gates of the two preceding species (subgenus <i>Tympanura</i>) are + bisected in <i>Tympanomma</i> by the lateral parts of an incomplete equatorial ring.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Tympanidium binoctonum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, fig. + 18).</p> + + <p>Shell with sixteen gates; the four lateral gates double, bisected by the lateral parts of an + incomplete equatorial ring. Basal gates nearly rectangular, of the same breadth as the pentagonal + mitral gates, but twice as long. Equatorial outline of the shell (seen in fig. 18 from the apical + pole) octagonal. All rods of the shell thin, smooth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Transverse axis of the shell 0.1, sagittal axis 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Tympanidium barbadense</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0">"Hollow cylinder," &c., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xvi. fig. + 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell with sixteen gates; the four lateral gates double, bisected by an incomplete equatorial + ring. Basal gates kidney-shaped, of the same breadth as the circular mitral gates, but twice as + long. Equatorial outline of the shell elliptical. All rods of the shell thin, smooth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Transverse axis of the shell 0.12, sagittal axis 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in South Naparima, Trinidad, Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Tympanidium staurocircum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell with sixteen gates; the four lateral gates double, bisected by an incomplete equatorial + ring. Basal and mitral gates of the shell of about equal size, roundish. Equatorial outline of + the shell violin-shaped, with a sagittal constriction. All rods of the shell armed with short + irregular spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Transverse axis of the shell 0.12, sagittal axis 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Paratympanida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 447.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tympanida</span> with two fenestrated + horizontal rings, which are connected by a variable number of vertical rods or columellæ. The + shell therefore becomes more completely latticed than in the other Tympanida, and approaches that + of the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1005">{1005}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 432. <i>Paratympanum</i>,<a id="NtA_51" href="#Nt_51"><sup>[51]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 447.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tympanida</span> with two latticed horizontal rings, + connected by numerous descending and diverging columellæ; mitral ring smaller than the basal + ring.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Paratympanum</i> and the following nearly allied <i>Lithotympanum</i> + form together the small subfamily of Paratympanida, distinguished from the other Tympanida by the + fenestration of the two parallel horizontal rings. These rings in <i>Lithotympanum</i> are both + equal, whilst in <i>Paratympanum</i>, the basal ring is larger than the mitral ring; therefore the + connecting rods or columellæ are in the former parallel and vertical, in the latter divergent and + descending. Two opposite ones of these columellæ are parts of the primary sagittal ring, two + others are parts of the lateral or frontal ring, whilst the remainder are afterwards intercalated. + <i>Paratympanum</i> may be derived from <i>Dystympanium</i> by fenestration of the basal ring.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Paratympanum hexastylum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Six divergent columellæ, about as long as the diameter of the hexagonal mitral ring, connect it + with the larger hexagonal basal ring. Lattice of the mitral ring hemispherical, with six roundish + pores, surrounding a central apical horn. Lattice of the basal ring with one large central pore, + surrounded by numerous peripheral pores. Rings and rods smooth, without spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.07; breadth of the mitral ring 0.06, of the + basal ring 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Paratympanum octostylum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, fig. + 14).</p> + + <p>Eight divergent columellæ, about as long as the diameter of the octagonal mitral ring, connect + it with the larger circular basal ring, and bear at each end a divergent, strong, conical spine. + Lattice-plate of both rings slightly convex, with numerous subregular circular pores, smooth, + without surface spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Breadth of the mitral ring 0.06, of the basal ring 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Paratympanum decastylum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Ten divergent columellæ, only half as long as the diameter of the decagonal mitral ring, + connect it with the larger circular basal ring. Lattice-plate of the mitral ring nearly + hemispherical of the basal ring flat, both with numerous irregular roundish pores and scattered + spines. Margin of both rings spiny.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Breadth of the mitral ring 0.08, of the basal ring 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1006">{1006}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 433. <i>Lithotympanum</i>,<a id="NtA_52" href="#Nt_52"><sup>[52]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 447.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tympanida</span> with two latticed horizontal rings, + connected by numerous parallel and vertical columellæ; mitral and basal rings of equal size.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Lithotympanum</i> has the form of a cylindrical drum, the two + fundamental faces of which (the mitral and basal gates) are closed by lattice-work. Both + horizontal rings are equal, whilst in the preceding <i>Paratympanum</i> the basal gate is larger + than the mitral. It may be derived from the latter by equalisation of these two rings, or directly + from <i>Dystympanium</i> by fenestration of the basal ring.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Lithotympanum tuberosum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Both lattice-plates slightly convex; the mitral plate with six larger marginal pores and one + central pore separated by numerous smaller pores; the basal plate with seven large pores only (one + central and six peripheral). Surface and margin of the plates uneven, with roundish prominent + dimpled tubercles. Both rings connected by ten to twelve simple cylindrical vertical + columellæ.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.13, breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Lithotympanum spinosum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Both lattice-plates flat, with numerous irregular roundish pores of variable size. Surface + thorny. Margin with numerous irregular spines, directed upwards on the mitral, downwards on the + basal plate. Both rings connected by eight simple cylindrical vertical columellæ.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 + fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 3. <span class="sc">Dystympanida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tympanida</span> with fenestrated mitral + ring and simple open basal ring; both horizontal rings connected by numerous vertical or divergent + columellæ.</p> + + <h5>Genus 434. <i>Dystympanium</i>,<a id="NtA_53" href="#Nt_53"><sup>[53]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tympanida</span> with two horizontal rings, + connected by numerous (six to eight or more) divergent columellæ. The upper mitral ring is smaller + and latticed, the lower basal ring larger and open.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1007">{1007}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Dystympanium</i>, representing a peculiar subfamily, differs from all + other Tympanida in the different shape of the two parallel horizontal rings. The upper or mitral + ring is closed by a lattice-plate (as in <i>Paratympanum</i>), the lower or basal ring is simple + and open (as in <i>Eutympanium</i>). <i>Dystympanium</i> may therefore be regarded as an + intermediate form between these two genera, and may perhaps be derived from <i>Paratympanum</i> by + loss of the lower lattice-plate.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Dystympanium dictyocha</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, figs. 15, + 16).</p> + + <p>Basal ring circular, with eighteen to twenty short conical divergent spines. Mitral ring about + two-thirds as broad, hexagonal, with six ascending spines on the six corners. The latter are + connected with the former by six simple, straight, obliquely descending columellæ, about as long + as the diameter of the mitral ring. Mitral lattice-plate slightly convex, with seven roundish + pores (six peripheral pores around a central pore).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.09, mitral ring 0.06; length of the + columellæ 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Dystympanium distephanus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Basal ring hexagonal, with six larger spines at the six corners, and numerous smaller ones + between them. Mitral ring half as broad as the basal ring, also with six angular spines. The + latter are connected with the former by six divergent curved columellæ, about as long as the + diameter of the basal ring. Mitral lattice-plate flat, with irregular roundish pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.1, mitral ring 0.05; length of the + columellæ 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Dystympanium medusa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Basal ring circular, with eight larger and numerous smaller divergent spines. Mitral ring + two-thirds as broad as the basal ring, octagonal, with eight conical ascending spines on the eight + corners. The latter are connected with the former by eight divergent, curved columellæ, as long as + the diameter of the mitral ring. Mitral lattice-plate nearly hemispherical, with nine circular + pores (eight peripheral pores around one central pore).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.12, mitral ring 0.08; length of the + columellæ 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 4. <span class="sc">Eutympanida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tympanida</span> with two simple + horizontal rings, which are connected by a variable number of vertical rods or columellæ. + Therefore the shell exhibits a large simple mitral gate on the upper, and a large simple basal + gate on the lower side; between the two a variable number of lateral gates.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1008">{1008}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 435. <i>Parastephanus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 446.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tympanida</span> with two simple horizontal rings, + connected by two vertical columellæ.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Parastephanus</i> is the simplest among the Eutympanida, and exhibits + only two vertical rods or columellæ, which connect the two parallel horizontal rings. One of these + latter must be regarded as the mitral or superior ring, the other as the basal or inferior ring; + whilst the two parallel columellæ, connecting both, are the remaining vertical parts of the + sagittal ring, the upper and lower parts of which are lost. By loss of the latter + <i>Parastephanus</i> has probably been derived from <i>Protympanium</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Parastephanus circularis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Two horizontal rings smooth, circular, of equal size, connected by two curved smooth columellæ, + which are somewhat shorter than the diameter of the rings.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the rings 0.08, length of the columellæ 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Parastephanus quadrispinus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, fig. + 21).</p> + + <p>Two horizontal rings smooth, elliptical or nearly circular, of equal size, connected by two + vertical, slightly curved columellæ, which are about as long as the radius of the rings. Each ring + bears two simple lateral spines, which in the mitral ring are curved downwards, in the basal ring + upwards, possibly the last remains of a reduced frontal ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the rings 0.09, length of the columellæ 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 236, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Parastephanus asymmetricus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Two horizontal rings thorny, of equal size, irregularly ovate or nearly semicircular, and of + somewhat asymmetrical form. The two connecting parallel columellæ are straight, cylindrical, about + as long as the diameter of the rings. The peculiar asymmetry in the form of the rings raises the + possibility that the two columellæ in this species are the remaining parts of a frontal ring, and + that the sagittal ring has altogether disappeared. In this case the convex half of both rings + would be the ventral, the straight half the dorsal part.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the rings 0.1, length of the columellæ 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1009">{1009}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Parastephanus dispar</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Two horizontal rings elliptical, thorny, of different sizes, the basal ring one and a half + times as broad as the mitral ring. The two connecting columellæ are curved, somewhat longer than + the diameter of the mitral ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.09, mitral 0.06; length of the columellæ + 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 436. <i>Prismatium</i>,<a id="NtA_54" href="#Nt_54"><sup>[54]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1862, + Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 270.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tympanida</span> with two simple horizontal rings, + connected by three vertical columellæ.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Prismatium</i> was hitherto the only known form of the Tympanida, and + the only species described in 1862 in my Monograph was <i>Prismatium tripleurum</i> (<i>loc. + cit.</i>, p. 270, pl. iv. fig. 6). A new species from the Challenger collection (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, fig. 22), + <i>Prismatium tripodium</i>, explains the true structure of this remarkable genus. The skeleton is + composed of nine siliceous rods, corresponding to the edges of a trilateral prism. Six of these + are horizontal, and enclose the two parallel triangular horizontal gates, the superior of which is + formed by the mitral or coryphal, and the inferior by the basal or cortinar ring. The three other + rods are vertical and nearly parallel, and connect (as lateral edges of the prism) the + corresponding corners of the two parallel horizontal triangles. Two of these vertical columellæ, + together with the two horizontal parallel rods connecting them, represent the complete frontal + ring, whilst the third vertical columella is the posterior half of the sagittal ring, the other + parts of which are lost.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Prismatium tripodium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, + fig. 22).</p> + + <p>Mitral ring triangular, somewhat smaller than the triangular basal ring, both connected at the + corners by three vertical, slightly curved columellæ. From the six corners arise six radial spines + of different size and form; the two paired spines of the mitral ring are simple and very small, + whilst those of the basal ring are three times as long and bear a lateral branch. The odd spine of + the third corner is on both rings larger, and distinguished by some thorns. This difference seems + to indicate that these two odd spines correspond to the apical horn and the caudal foot of + <i>Cortina</i>, and the columella between them is the rest of the reduced sagittal ring. In this + case the quadrangular vertical ring, which is composed of the two paired columellæ and the two + connecting horizontal rods, would be probably the frontal ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.09, breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1010">{1010}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Prismatium tripleurum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Prismatium tripleurum,</i> Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 270, Taf. iv. fig. 6.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthodesmia prismatium</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 799.</p> + </div> + + <p>Mitral and basal rings of equal size, equilateral triangular, both connected at the corners by + three vertical equal columellæ. From the six corners arise six short, equal, conical radial + spines. The nine rods of the shell correspond to the nine edges of a triangular equilateral + prism.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.044, breadth 0.032.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 437. <i>Pseudocubus</i>,<a id="NtA_55" href="#Nt_55"><sup>[55]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tympanida</span> with two simple horizontal rings of + different sizes, connected by four divergent columellæ.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Pseudocubus</i> exhibits the characteristic form of an obelisk, or a + truncated four-sided pyramid. The four edges of this obelisk, or the four "columellæ," are the + remaining parts of the two incomplete vertical rings; two opposite edges are the dorsal and + ventral rod of the sagittal ring; the two alternate edges between these are the lateral rods of + the frontal ring. The two horizontal rings, which become connected by the four divergent + columellæ, are the smaller mitral ring and the larger basal ring; both are either square or nearly + circular.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Pseudocubus obeliscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Mitral ring square, with circular gate and two divergent simple spines on each corner. Basal + ring twice as broad, square, with four convex sides and one simple spine on each corner. Four + columellæ straight. All twelve rods with three smooth edges.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Breadth of the mitral ring 0.02, of the basal ring 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Pseudocubus octostylus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Mitral ring square, with one stout pyramidal spine on each corner. Basal ring twice as broad, + square, also with a single strong spine on each corner. Four columellæ straight. All twelve rods + with three smooth edges.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Breadth of the mitral ring 0.04, of the basal ring 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1011">{1011}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Pseudocubus hexapylus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>Mitral ring circular, two-thirds as broad as the subcircular, or nearly square, basal ring; + both rings with a simple spine on the two sagittal corners (dorsal and ventral), with a forked or + branched larger spine on the two lateral corners (right and left). All twelve rods more or less + curved and thorny.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Breadth of the mitral ring 0.07, of the basal ring 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 438. <i>Lithocubus</i>,<a id="NtA_56" href="#Nt_56"><sup>[56]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 447.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tympanida</span> with two simple horizontal rings of + equal size, connected by four parallel vertical columellæ.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Lithocubus</i> is very remarkable for the regular cubical form of the + skeleton, which is composed of twelve siliceous rods, corresponding to the twelve edges of a cube. + Eight of these are horizontal, and enclose the two parallel square horizontal gates, the superior + mitral and the inferior basal gate. The four other rods are vertical, parallel, and connect (as + lateral edges of the cube) the corresponding corners of the two horizontal squares. Two opposite + ones of these four vertical columellæ are the remaining halves of the incomplete sagittal ring; + the two alternate are the remaining halves of the incomplete frontal ring. The four lateral gates + between these four columellæ are also square or rectangular, and either of the same size as the + two horizontal gates, or somewhat larger. <i>Lithocubus</i> may be derived from <i>Acrocubus</i> + by reduction of the coryphal and the basal part of the primary sagittal ring, the only remaining + parts of which are the anterior and the posterior columellæ.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Lithocubus geometricus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, fig. + 13).</p> + + <p>The twelve rods, corresponding to the edges of the geometrical cube, are straight and smooth; + the eight corners provided with a small conical thorn. The shell exhibits six equal square sides, + and represents therefore exactly the geometrical form of a cube.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the cube 0.05; thickness of the bars 0.008.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Lithocubus octacanthus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>The twelve rods of the cubical shell are slightly curved, convex, smooth, as in the similar + preceding species. It differs from that in the development of eight slender radial spines, arising + from the eight corners of the geometrical cube, from two to three times as long as its diameter, + and lying opposite in pairs in its diagonals.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the cube 0.06; length of the spines 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Canary Islands, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1012">{1012}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Lithocubus vinculatus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthodesmia vinculata</i>, J. Müller, 1856 (<i>partim</i>), Abhandl. d. k. + Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, Taf. i. fig. 7 (not 4-6).</p> + </div> + + <p>The twelve rods of the cubical shell are curved and armed with scattered, simple, short spines. + The figure 7 of Johannes Müller (<i>loc. cit.</i>) corresponds exactly to the Mediterranean form + observed by me at Portofino, and is quite different from his true <i>Acanthodesmia vinculata</i> + (<i>loc. cit.</i>, figs. 4-6), so that I have no doubt he did observe these two different species + (compare above, p. <a href="#page975">975</a>).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the cube 0.07; length of the spines 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Nice, Portofino).</p> + + <p>4. <i>Lithocubus astragalus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>The twelve rods of the cubical shell are stout and slightly curved, armed with numerous, + simple, and irregularly branched spines. Eight larger spines, branched like a deer's antler, arise + from the eight corners of the cube.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the cube 0.1 to 0.12; length of the corner spines 0.05 to + 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 439. <i>Circotympanum</i>,<a id="NtA_57" href="#Nt_57"><sup>[57]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tympanida</span> with two simple different + horizontal rings, connected by numerous (six to eight or more) divergent columellæ.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Circotympanum</i> comprises those Tympanida in which two simple + horizontal rings of different size (an upper smaller "mitral ring," and a lower larger "basal + ring") are connected by a variable number of divergent rods or columellæ (at least six or eight). + <i>Circotympanum</i> is probably derived from <i>Tympaniscus</i> or <i>Tympanidium</i> by partial + reduction of the sagittal ring, the upper (apical) and lower (basal) part of which is lost. The + geometrical fundamental form is a truncated pyramid with six to eight or more edges.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Circotympanum hexagonium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Mitral and basal ring hexagonal, the latter twice as broad as the former, each with a simple + small spine on the six corners. Six columellæ nearly straight, as long as the radius of the basal + ring. All rods with three prominent edges.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Breadth of the mitral ring 0.06, of the basal ring 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1013">{1013}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Circotympanum octogonium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>, fig. + 17).</p> + + <p>Mitral and basal rings octagonal, the latter one and a half times as broad as the former. Eight + columellæ slightly curved, thorny. The mitral ring bears on each corner a short ascending spine, + the basal ring a larger, thorny, obliquely descending spine, which has some recurved thorns on the + upper edge. All rods more or less thorny.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Breadth of the mitral ring 0.06, of the basal ring 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Circotympanum decagonium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Mitral and basal rings circular, the latter nearly twice as broad as the former, both armed + with scattered irregular thorns. Ten columellæ smooth, curved.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Breadth of the mitral ring 0.07, of the basal ring 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 440. <i>Eutympanium</i>,<a id="NtA_58" href="#Nt_58"><sup>[58]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 447.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tympanida</span> with two simple equal horizontal + rings, connected by numerous (six to eight or more) parallel and vertical columellæ.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Eutympanium</i> contains those Tympanida in which the drum-shaped + shell is composed of two simple, parallel and equal horizontal rings, and numerous vertical and + parallel rods or columellæ connecting them. The number of the latter is at least six or eight. Two + opposite of these must be regarded as remaining vertical parts of the sagittal ring, two others as + parts of the frontal ring, whilst the other columellæ (between the former and the latter) are + secondary and intercalated. Therefore <i>Eutympanium</i> may be derived from <i>Tympanidium</i> by + reduction and loss of the apical and basal parts of the sagittal ring.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Eutympanium musicantum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Eight parallel and vertical columellæ, simple, straight and smooth. Both horizontal rings + equal, circular, each armed with eight to twelve short conical thorns.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the shell 0.09, breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1014">{1014}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Eutympanium octonarium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Eight vertical columellæ slightly curved, thorny. Both horizontal rings equal, octagonal, each + armed with eight large, irregularly-branched spines, which on the mitral ring are directed + obliquely upwards, on the basal ring downwards.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Eutympanium coronarium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Eight thorny columellæ, obliquely descending and curved like a bow, divergent in the upper + part, convergent in the lower. Basal ring circular, mitral ring octagonal. Both horizontal rings + armed with eight stout thorny spines, which on the mitral ring are smaller and directed obliquely + upwards, on the basal ring larger and directed downwards, each with a recurved hook.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Eutympanium militare</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>, + fig. 11).</p> + + <p>Ten parallel and vertical columellæ straight and smooth, cylindrical. Both horizontal rings + equal, circular, armed with numerous short conical spines, divergent in all directions. Ten to + twenty spines on each ring larger than the others.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the shell 0.1, breadth, 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Eutympanium dodecarium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Twelve vertical columellæ, slightly curved, smooth. Mitral and basal rings circular, both + horizontal rings armed with twelve stout, irregularly-branched spines, which are prolongations of + the columellæ, and on the mitral ring directed upwards, on the basal ring downwards.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Height of the shell 0.13, breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1015">{1015}</span></div> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <h3>Order VI. CYRTELLARIA, Haeckel, 1881.</h3> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition</i>.—<span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> with a complete + lattice-shell enveloping the central capsule.</p> + + <h3>Suborder I. SPYROIDEA, Haeckel.</h3> + + <div class="poem smaller pc39"> + <p><i>Spyridina</i>, Ehrenberg (<i>pro parte</i>), 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 54.</p> + <p><i>Zygocyrtida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 291.</p> + <p><i>Zygocyrtida</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. 501.</p> + <p><i>Acanthodesmida</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus der Radiol., p. 68.</p> + <p><i>Spyrida</i> vel <i>Spyroidea</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 440.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> with a complete lattice-shell, + exhibiting constantly a bilocular cephalis with a sagittal constriction.</p> + + <p>The suborder <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, and the two following closely allied + suborders, <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> and <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, represent + together that large group of Radiolaria which I first described in my Monograph (1862, pp. 272, + 280) as the family Cyrtida, but afterwards as a separate order (or sublegion) under the name <span + class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span> (1883, Jena. Sitzungsber., Feb. 16, p. 18). This group comprises + all those <span class="sc">Monopylea</span> or <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> which possess a + complete lattice-shell, whilst the preceding <span class="gsp">Plectellaria</span> never develop a + perfect fenestrated shell enveloping the central capsule. The <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> + differ from the other <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span> (<span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> and + <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>) in the bilocular shape of the cephalis, which is bisected by + the sagittal ring and a corresponding longitudinal constriction into two symmetrical halves.</p> + + <p>The <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> appear in the first system of Polycystina of Ehrenberg + (1847, <i>loc. cit.</i>, pp. 53, 54) as the fourth of his seven families, under the name + Spyridina, with the following definition:—"Testæ nucleo destitutæ (associatæ et coalitæ); + cellulæ binæ clathratæ, nucis forma amplæ, strictura longitudinali levius discretæ." Ehrenberg + united them with his "Polycystina composita or <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>" and separated + them from the closely allied "Polycystina solitaria or <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>." He + distinguished among them five genera, two of which have no external appendages + (<i>Dictyospyris</i> and <i>Pleurospyris</i>), whilst the other three possess spiny or lamellar + appendages (<i>Ceratospyris</i>, <i>Cladospyris</i>, and <i>Petalospyris</i>). These five genera + and the accompanying definitions were also repeated in the same terms in the last system of + Ehrenberg (1875, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 157). In my Monograph (1862, pp. 280, 291) the <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> are enumerated as a <span class="pagenum" + id="page1016">{1016}</span>subfamily of the Cyrtida, under the name Zygocyrtida, with the + following definition:—"Lattice-shell divided by an annular sagittal longitudinal + constriction into two neighbouring equal joints or chambers." I adopted at that time the above + five genera of Ehrenberg, only eight species of which were known.</p> + + <p>Richard Hertwig gave in 1879 the first accurate description of the central capsule of the <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, and demonstrated that they possess the same characteristic structure + of the capsule, with a porochora and a podoconus, that is common to all <span + class="sc">Monopylea</span>. He separated the Zygocyrtida from the other Cyrtida, and united them + with the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> (<i>Lithocircus</i>) in the family Acanthodesmida. In + my Prodromus (1881, p. 449) I adopted that division and put the "Spyrida or <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>" as a separate family between the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> + and <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>. I there gave the following + definition:—"<i>Monopylaria gemina</i>, testa silicea clathrata gemina, cameris binis juxta + compositis, annulo verticali sagittali contiguis, capsula centrali a testa inclusa. Promorpha + dipleura vel bilaterali, dextro et sinistro antimero symmetricis, plano sagittali annuloque + separatis. Polum superiorem axis verticalis vel principalis plerumque spina apicalis (vel + occipitalis) occupat, polum inferiorem ostium clathratum (poris tribus aut quatuor aut pluribus) + et spina caudalis (posterior). Ad dextram et sinistram duæ spinæ laterales distant. Ab hac forma + tripoda (Monocyrtida triradiata acuta cum annulo mediano) diversæ Spyridum formæ derivandæ sunt." + I there divided the Spyrida into seven subfamilies and forty-eight genera. Bütschli in 1882 + published accurate researches on the Zygocyrtida in his Beiträge zur Kenntniss der + Radiolarien-Skelete, insbesondere der der Cyrtida (Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. 501, + Taf. xxxii.). He gave a very exact anatomical description of the skeleton of several fossil <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> of Barbados, and pointed out their close affinity to the + Acanthodesmida on the one hand, and to the Cyrtida on the other. Regarding their phylogenetical + relation, he supposed that the Zygocyrtida have descended from the Acanthodesmida (our <span + class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>) and are the ancestors of all other Cyrtida. The best part of this + valuable paper of Bütschli is his exact description of the sagittal ring and its apophyses, + producing the basal plate; and the general conception thus derived of the essential parts of the + skeleton in all <span class="sc">Monopylea</span>, bearing a sagittal ring. But his general + conclusions were partly erroneous, since the fossil <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> and <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> of Barbados, upon which they were founded, contain only the minority + of genera of the large group; and many important and typical forms remained unknown to him.</p> + + <p>The numerous new genera discovered in the rich collection of the Challenger, and mainly in the + wonderful Radiolarian ooze of the Central Pacific (Stations 263 to 274) throw a new light upon the + complicated affinities of the whole group, and manifest a far greater richness in developmental + variations and admirable morphological productions than Bütschli could suppose. The following + description, however, must remain very incomplete, since the exact and thorough study of all + individual forms, in the same manner as <span class="pagenum" id="page1017">{1017}</span>Bütschli + had done in the case of a small number of species, would require several years. I can therefore + only give the basis of further researches.</p> + + <p>In the majority of <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> the three essential elements of the + Nassellarian skeleton are easily recognisable, viz.:—A, the vertical sagittal ring of the + <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>; B, the basal tripod of the <span + class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>, and C, the latticed cephalis of the <span + class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span>. These three elements are constantly so combined that the primary + sagittal ring bisects the cavity of the lattice-shell and produces an external, longitudinal, more + or less distinct constriction, separating the lateral inflated halves of the bilocular cephalis; + while the three divergent feet of the basal tripod descend from the cortinar or basal plate of the + cephalis. The number of the feet is often augmented; they are rarely wanting (probably reduced). + The sagittal ring is constantly present, though its relation to the shell-wall exhibits many + modifications. The bilocular form of the fenestrated cephalis, with its sagittal constriction, is + characteristic of all true <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, and separates them from the <span + class="gsp">Botryodea</span> (with multilobate cephalis) on the one hand, and from the <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> (with simple cephalis) on the other. There are, however, some + intermediate forms between these three suborders of <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span>, which + show a direct transition to one another. Almost constantly the length of the three dimensive axes + in the cephalis of the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> is so different that the lateral or + frontal axis is the longest, the sagittal or dorso-ventral axis the shortest, and the principal or + longitudinal axis intermediate between them. As in all dipleuric or bilaterally symmetrical forms, + the two poles of the frontal axis are equal, whilst the two poles of the sagittal and of the + principal axis are more or less different. In only a few forms of <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> these differences are difficult to make out; usually the dorsal side + is distinctly different from the ventral, and the apical side from the basal. A perfect knowledge + of the dipleuric shell requires therefore accurate observation from all six sides.</p> + + <p>The suborder of <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> is here divided into four different + families. In the first and original family, the Zygospyrida, the shell is represented by the + bilocular cephalis only. The second family, Tholospyrida, is distinguished by a fenestrated cupola + or galea, a hemispherical or conical dome, arising from the upper or coryphal face of the + cephalis. In the third family, Phormospyrida, a thorax is developed, or a fenestrated basal + chamber, arising from the lower or basal face of the cephalis. The fourth family, Androspyrida, + combines the characters of the second and the third family, a galea arising from the upper and a + thorax from the lower face of the cephalis.</p> + + <p>The bilocular cephalis, as the most important and constant part of the skeleton in all <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, requires a further general consideration. Its lattice-work, very + variable in the numerous species, is usually more or less different on the six sides of the + nut-shaped shell. Its most important part is the horizontal basal plate or lower face, and the + sagittal ring arising from it in the vertical median plane. This part of the shell corresponds + exactly to the skeleton of the Semantida, and exhibits the same modifications <span + class="pagenum" id="page1018">{1018}</span>as in that family; it is therefore probable that the + majority of the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> (if not the whole group) have been derived + directly from the Semantida by further development of network from the fenestrated ring of + <i>Clathrocircus</i>. Whilst in this latter Semantid the two lateral sides of the central capsule + remain naked, in the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> they become enclosed and covered by + lattice-work, which arises on the right and left from the ring. In some forms, however, as in the + <i>Ceratospyris acuminata</i> of Hertwig, and in my Perispyrida, the frontal ring also of the + Coronida and the mitral ring of the Tympanida appear as the initial parts of a complete latticed + cephalis.</p> + + <p>The basal plate of the cephalis, or the "cortinar plate," the "Basal-Scheibe" of Bütschli, has + constantly, according to this author, two pairs of pores, an anterior smaller pair of jugular + pores (the pores I of Bütschli) and a posterior larger pair of cardinal pores (the pores II in his + description) (compare Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, + figs. 3, 6). This applies to the majority of <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, but by no means + to the whole group. We find basal plates with two pores only (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, fig. 1), + with three pores (figs. 2, 5), with six pores (figs. 4, 7), with nine pores (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, fig. 2), + &c. The forms with two basal pores may be derived directly from <i>Semantis</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>, figs. 1, + 2); the common forms with four pores from <i>Semantrum</i> (figs. 3-5); the rarer forms with six + pores from <i>Semantidium</i> (figs. 6, 7); and the forms with three pores from + <i>Cortiniscus</i>, &c. In this as well as in other respects the variety of different forms + and of developmental variations is far greater than Bütschli (1882, <i>loc. cit.</i>) supposed. + The bars between the pores of the basal plate possess the same value and the same names as in the + Semantida (compare above, p. <a href="#page954">954</a>).</p> + + <p>The coryphal plate of the cephalis, its upper or apical lattice-plate, does not exhibit such + important differences as the opposite basal plate, is far less variable, and is usually pierced by + numerous, smaller pores. Some larger pores lie, often in pairs, on the right and left side of the + sagittal constriction, and have in some groups a regular form and disposition. Either in the + middle of the coryphal plate, or (usually) nearer to its dorsal margin, there arises in majority + of <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> an apical horn, directed either vertically or more or less + obliquely backwards. In many <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> three horns are developed in the + coryphal plate, the odd middle apical horn and two paired frontal or lateral horns arising on each + side of the latter and directed more forwards (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, figs. + 9-12). Sometimes the apical horn disappears, while the two frontal horns remain (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>The anterior or ventral plate of the cephalis (the "Hinterseite" of Bütschli), and the + posterior or dorsal side (the "Vorderseite" of that author), exhibit in the majority of <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> more or less marked differences in the number, form, and disposition + of their pores, which require a far more accurate description than is here possible. Usually the + sagittal constriction of these two plates, produced by the primary vertical ring, is deeper and + sharper in the middle of the ventral than in that of the dorsal plate. On both sides of the ring + there appear in each plate usually two or three pairs of larger pores, whilst numerous smaller + pores are situated towards the lateral sides. We may <span class="pagenum" + id="page1019">{1019}</span>distinguish the large pores of the ventral plate as facial pores (upper + orbital, middle nasal, and lower maxillary pores), and the opposite large pores of the dorsal + plate as occipital pores (upper epoccipital, middle mesoccipital, and lower suboccipital pores). A + closer comparison of these pores, and of the separating bars in the numerous <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, may show a regularity of development similar to that offered by the + homologies of the parts in the skeleton of the Echinodermata, or of the bones in the skull of the + Vertebrata.</p> + + <p>The two convex lateral plates of the cephalis, or the right and left sides, both symmetrically + equal, do not exhibit the same regularity in the shape, number, and disposition of the pores that + the four other sides do. Usually their pores are much smaller and more numerous. In very few forms + only a distinct frontal ring is visible (corresponding to that of the Coronida), and in this case + the lateral pores are sometimes disposed symmetrically on both sides of this ring. These <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> may have arisen directly from corresponding forms of Coronida.</p> + + <p>The sagittal ring (or the primary vertical ring) inherited from the Stephanida and Semantida, + shows in the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> great variety in its form and in its relation to + the cephalis. These variations are far greater than Bütschli (1882, <i>loc. cit.</i>) supposed. We + may distinguish the following six principal cases:—A. The ring lies completely in the wall + of the cephalis, and causes a deep sagittal constriction in it. In this case the lower part or + basal segment of the ring separates the basal pores into pairs; its anterior part or ventral rod + the facial pores; its upper part or coryphal rod the apical pores; and its posterior part or + dorsal rod the occipital pores. No part of the ring is free in the shell-cavity. B. The greater + part of the ring lies enclosed in the shell-wall; only its dorsal rod arises free in the + shell-cavity and ascends vertically or obliquely to the apex, where it is usually prolonged into + the apical horn. This seems to be the most common case. C. The coryphal and the basal part of the + ring lie enclosed in the shell-wall, with its dorsal and ventral rod free in the shell-cavity; the + dorsal rod ascends vertically to the apex, the ventral rod obliquely upwards to the upper part of + the facial plate (the nasal or orbital region). This case, regarded by Bütschli as the usual one, + is far less common than he supposed. D. The greater part of the ring lies free in the + shell-cavity, its basal rod only is enclosed in the shell-wall, and separates the right from the + left group of the cortinar pores. This case seems to be rarer than the preceding. E. The whole + ring lies free in the shell-cavity, and is connected with the sagittal constriction of the + shell-wall by numerous short radial beams. The distance of the shell-wall from the enclosed ring + is usually least on the basal rod, and greatest on the dorsal rod. F. The whole ring lies free in + the shell-cavity (as in the preceding case), and is connected by numerous short radial beams with + a secondary larger, concentric sagittal ring, which is developed in the longitudinal constriction + of the shell-wall.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1020">{1020}</span></div> + + <p>Comparing these six principal cases, in respect of the relation of the primary sagittal ring to + the cephalis of the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, we may suppose that they represent + together a continuous phylogenetical series of which the first (A) is the original, and the last + (F) the latest case; and that the true cause of the various changes is a successive separation of + the ring, which becomes more and more free and independent from the lattice-plate of the cephalis. + Since the intimate study of the structure of the cephalis in many <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> is very difficult, it requires further accurate observations (from + all six sides of the shell). There are also some other more difficult complications of its + structure, which cannot be solved without exact study and extended comparison.</p> + + <p>Of peculiar importance for the differentiation of the numerous genera of the <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> are the basal feet or the descending and diverging apophyses, which + are developed from the base of their cephalis. In general they exhibit the same typical shape + which we find in the <span class="gsp">Plectellaria</span> as well as in the <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, and which we regard therefore as an important common character of + the majority of <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. We may therefore distinguish here also the + three primary, and the other ones as secondary feet. The three primary feet, or the "cortinar + feet," are the same that we found in the Plagonida and Plectanida, in <i>Cortina</i> and + <i>Cortiniscus</i> among the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, and in the majority of <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>. They also reappear in the same characteristic disposition and + connection with the basal plate of the cephalis, in the majority of <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>. The odd caudal foot (<i>c</i>) is the lower prolongation of the + dorsal rod of the sagittal ring, which is prolonged upwards into the apical horn. The two paired + pectoral feet, however (<i>p′</i>, <i>p′′</i>), are the descending prolongations + of the coracal rods (<i>e</i>) which separate the jugular pores (<i>i</i>) from the cardinal pores + (<i>k</i>) of the cortinar plate (compare Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, + figs. 2-6).</p> + + <p>The three cortinar feet are nearly equally developed in the majority of <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> (compare Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate89"><b>89</b></a>). But + often the odd caudal foot exhibits a different shape from that of the two paired pectoral feet, + and in many genera of the group it becomes more or less rudimentary. It has quite disappeared in + the subfamily Dipospyrida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate85"><b>85</b></a>); + here the two pectoral feet only are developed (often excessively), and are usually opposite in the + frontal plane. Such dipodal forms, very common in the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, are + never found in the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>.</p> + + <p>The secondary feet, which we contrast with the three primary feet as later productions, exhibit + great variations in number and development. Very frequently three interradial secondary feet + become developed, alternating with the three primary cortinar or perradial feet, and opposed to + them in pairs (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, + figs. 7, 8). In these hexapodal <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> (or Hexaspyrida) an odd + anterior or sternal foot (<i>z</i>) is opposite to the odd caudal foot, and two paired posterior + or tergal feet (<i>t′</i>, <i>t′′</i>) to the two pectoral feet. When the + sternal foot becomes rudimentary or lost, pentapodal forms arise (Pentaspyrida, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, figs. + 9-11), and when the two odd feet (caudal and sternal) disappear, tetrapodal forms arise with two + pairs of feet (Therospyrida, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate89"><b>89</b></a>, + figs. 5, 6). The latter differ from <span class="pagenum" id="page1021">{1021}</span>those + quadrupedal forms in which two opposite sagittal feet (the caudal and sternal) alternate in the + form of a cross with two paired lateral or pectoral feet (Tetraspyrida, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, figs. 19, + 20). In many <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> the number of basal feet is greatly increased, and + they form a regular radial corona around the basal plate, like a circle of tentacles (Polyspyrida, + Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>). In + this latter case the feet are usually flat and lamellar, whilst in the other groups they exhibit a + very variable form, as is seen in Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate89"><b>89</b></a>.</p> + + <p>The <i>Central Capsule</i> of the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> has been accurately + observed in only a few genera, and requires a further exact examination regarding the different + modifications which occur in their different families. It is very probable that these will agree + with the well known modifications in the corresponding groups of <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>. The characteristic Monopylean structure of the capsule (with + porochora and podoconus) was first described by Richard Hertwig in his <i>Ceratospyris + acuminata</i> (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 72, taf. vii. fig. 2). I found the same afterwards in many + other forms. In the Zygospyrida and Tholospyrida the central capsule seems to be usually bilobate + (bisected by the sagittal ring), and enclosed in the two chambers of the cephalis. The two lobes + of the capsule (right and left) are equal and connected by a smaller middle part, which contains + the transverse elliptical nucleus and is enclosed by the sagittal ring; often each lobe contains a + large oil-globule. In some forms, however, three or four lobes (sometimes perhaps more) are + developed, which pierce the cortinar pores of the basal plate and depend freely between the basal + feet (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, + fig. 19). In the Phormospyrida and Androspyrida the formation of such basal lobes seems to be more + frequent; they are here enclosed by the thorax. Usually each lobe contains a large oil-globule. In + <i>Nephrospyris</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate90"><b>90</b></a>) + and in some similar genera the central capsule is violin-shaped, deeply bisected by the sagittal + ring; in each of the two lobes a series of oil-vesicles is developed at both poles of the + transverse axis (figs. 7, 10); the nucleus, a transverse cylindrical body, is placed in the + latter. In the periphery of the voluminous calymma of this singular genus a large number of + globular cells are developed (figs. 7, 10), probably symbiotic xanthellæ. In some forms of + <i>Nephrospyris</i> these xanthellæ are enclosed by a peculiar inflated girdle, developed in the + periphery of the kidney-shaped skeleton (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate90"><b>90</b></a>, + figs. 1, 4-6).</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Families of</i> <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>.</h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w50 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Families of Spyroidea" + summary="Synopsis of the Families of Spyroidea"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">Shell without thorax; no second shell-joint, developed + from the base of the cephalis.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis without galea (or apical cupola),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">1. <span class="sc">Zygospyrida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis with a galea (or apical cupola),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">2. <span class="sc">Tholospyrida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">Shell with a thorax, or a second shell-joint, developed + from the base of the cephalis.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis without galea (or apical cupola),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">3. <span class="sc">Phormospyrida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis with a galea (or apical cupola),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">4. <span class="sc">Androspyrida</span>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Families of Spyroidea" + summary="Synopsis of the Families of Spyroidea"> + <tr> + <td colspan="5">Shell without thorax; no second shell-joint, developed from the base of the + cephalis.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cephalis without galea (or apical cupola),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">1. <span class="sc">Zygospyrida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cephalis with a galea (or apical cupola),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">2. <span class="sc">Tholospyrida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5">Shell with a thorax, or a second shell-joint, developed from the base of the + cephalis.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cephalis without galea (or apical cupola),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">3. <span class="sc">Phormospyrida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cephalis with a galea (or apical cupola),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">4. <span class="sc">Androspyrida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1022">{1022}</span></div> + + <h4>Family LII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Zygospyrida</span></span>, n. fam. (Pls. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>).</h4> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> without galea and thorax; the shell + consisting of the bilocular cephalis only and its apophyses.</p> + + <p>The family Zygospyrida is by far the richest among the four families of <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, the number of genera in the whole suborder amounting to forty-five, + in the former to twenty-eight; and the number of species in the latter to two hundred and + thirty-seven, in the former to one hundred and seventy-two. The number of individuals also found + in many species of Zygospyrida is far greater than in any species of the three other families. The + shell of the Zygospyrida is represented by the bilocular cephalis only, and never develops a galea + (as in the Tholospyrida) nor a thorax (as in the Phormospyrida and Androspyrida). The three latter + families have therefore been derived from the former as their common ancestral group.</p> + + <p>The Zygospyrida are very similar and nearly related to the Monocyrtida, and in both groups the + cephalis alone represents the whole shell. Therefore in 1882, Bütschli, in the paper mentioned + above (p. <a href="#page1016">1016</a>), maintained the opinion, that these two groups were + identical. But there is this important difference between them, that in the Zygospyrida (as in all + <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>) the cephalis is bilocular, with a sagittal constriction, + separating the right and left chambers. In the Monocyrtida, however (as in all <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>), the cephalis is unilocular, forming a quite simple chamber without + sagittal constriction. Correspondingly the primary sagittal ring in all Zygospyrida is well + preserved and usually complete, while in the Monocyrtida it is never complete, and often quite + absent. Another difference is indicated by the form of the central capsule, which in the + Zygospyrida is usually bilobed, and more developed in the frontal axis, whilst in the Monocyrtida + it is commonly ovate, and more developed in the principal axis.</p> + + <p>The important questions of the origin and phylogenetical relation of these two similar groups + of <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> form a very complicated and difficult problem, and we do + not at present possess the means of solving it. It may be that a part of the Monocyrtida has been + derived from the Zygospyrida (as Bütschli erroneously supposes for all), but the contrary is also + possible. A third possibility is the independent origin of both groups from the Semantida. But we + shall see afterwards, in the description of the Monocyrtida, that a great part of this group may + with greater probability be derived from the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> than from the + <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, and that another part of them has probably been derived quite + independently from the Nassellida. Regarding the complicated relations of these similar groups, + mentioned above (pp. <a href="#page892">892</a>-<a href="#page894">894</a>), it seems hopeless + here to discuss further their difficult affinities; but in any case it seems useful or even + necessary to separate the Monocyrtida from the Zygospyrida.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1023">{1023}</span></div> + + <p>The cephalis of the Zygospyrida possesses all the characteristic features which we have + described above as belonging to the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> in general (p. <a + href="#page1017">1017</a>), and a survey of the Pls. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a> exhibits the + most important modifications of its shape (compare also Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, figs. + 1-13). Therefore we may avoid useless repetitions by referring to the description given above. We + will only point out that the bilocular character of the cephalis (in opposition to the simple + cephalis of the Monocyrtida) in the majority of Zygospyrida is apparent on the first view, and + that it is always demonstrated by an accurate examination of the sagittal ring and its relation to + the longitudinal constriction of the cephalis (compare p. <a href="#page1019">1019</a>). The basal + plate or cortinar plate exhibits usually four typical pores (two smaller jugular, <i>i</i>, and + two larger cardinal, <i>k</i>), but this is by no means a general rule, as Bütschli thought; + moreover, instead of four cortinar pores, there are frequently found three or six or some other + numbers (compare above, p. <a href="#page1018">1018</a>).</p> + + <p>The top of the cephalis in the majority of Zygospyrida bears an apical horn, as an upper + prolongation of the dorsal rod of the sagittal ring; it is often of unusual size and shape (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate85"><b>85</b></a>, figs. 5-11; + Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, fig. + 8, &c.). In several genera two lateral or frontal horns are developed on both sides of the + former (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, + figs. 9-12; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate86"><b>86</b></a>, + figs. 5-13). Sometimes these two alone are present, while the original apical horn is lost by + reduction (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, + fig. 12). In other genera the apical face bears no horns; probably they are lost by reduction.</p> + + <p>The greatest variety of forms is produced in the Zygospyrida by the different number, + disposition, and shape of the feet, or the basal apophyses arising from the base of the cephalis. + Regarding these remarkable differences, we may distinguish eight subfamilies. The common ancestral + group of all are probably the Tripospyrida, which possess the three typical basal feet of + <i>Cortina</i> and <i>Cortiniscus</i>, an odd caudal and two paired pectoral feet (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>). From these + may be derived the Dipospyrida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate85"><b>85</b></a>) + by loss of the caudal foot, the Tetraspyrida by development of an odd sternal foot (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, figs. 7, 8, + 19), and the Hexaspyrida by development of three secondary interradial between the three primary + perradial feet. The Pentaspyrida may have been derived from the latter by loss of the sternal foot + (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, + figs. 9-11), and the Therospyrida by loss of the two sagittal feet (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate89"><b>89</b></a>, figs. 5, + 6). The Polyspyrida bear numerous (seven to twelve or more, often twenty to thirty) basal feet, + forming a corona around the cortinar plate (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>); they may + have been derived from the Tripospyrida or Hexaspyrida by further multiplication of the feet. + Finally, the Circospyrida exhibit no feet at all (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate89"><b>89</b></a>, figs. + 7-12); they may be derived either from one of the preceding groups by complete reduction and loss + of the basal apophyses, or directly from those Semantida which have no feet (<i>Semantis</i>, + <i>Semantrum</i>, <i>Clathrocircus</i>, &c.).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1024">{1024}</span></div> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Zygospyrida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Zygospyrida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Zygospyrida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Tripospyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Three basal feet. (One odd caudal and two paired pectoral.)</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Apex of the shell with one horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">441. <i>Tripospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Apex of the shell with three horns,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">442. <i>Triceraspyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Apex of the shell without horns,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">443. <i>Tristylospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Apex with two large coryphal holes, right and left,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">444. <i>Cephalospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="6" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Dipospyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Two basal lateral feet. (Originally the two pectoral feet.)</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace8sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">Two feet free, not grown together.</td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Feet simple, not branched, without lateral spines.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">One horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">445. <i>Dipospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">No horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">446. <i>Brachiospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Feet branched like a tree.</td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">One horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">447. <i>Dendrospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Feet with a series of lateral spines.</td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">One horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">448. <i>Dorcadospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Two feet grown together and uniting to form a ring. Apex + with a horn.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Feet simple,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">449. <i>Gamospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Feet with a series of lateral spines,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">450. <i>Stephanospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>III. Subfamily Tetraspyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Two sagittal and two lateral feet.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Feet simple, not branched.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Apex with one horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">451. <i>Tetraspyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Apex without a horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">452. <i>Tessarospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>IV. Subfamily Hexaspyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Six basal feet.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Two sagittal, two pectoral, and two tergal feet.</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Apex with one horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">453. <i>Hexaspyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Apex with three horns,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">454. <i>Liriospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Apex without a horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">455. <i>Cantharospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>V. Subfamily Pentaspyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Five basal feet.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">One caudal, two pectoral, and two tergal feet.</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Apex with one horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">456. <i>Clathrospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Apex with three horns,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">457. <i>Ægospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Apex without a horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">458. <i>Pentaspyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>VI. Subfamily Therospyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Four paired lateral feet. (Two pectoral and two tergal.)</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Apex with one horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">459. <i>Zygospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Apex with three horns (one apical and two frontal),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">460. <i>Elaphospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Apex with two lateral or frontal horns,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">461. <i>Taurospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Apex without a horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">462. <i>Therospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>VII. Subfamily Polyspyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Numerous (seven to twelve or more) basal feet.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Apex with one horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">463. <i>Petalospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Apex with three horns (one apical and two frontal),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">464. <i>Anthospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Apex with numerous horns,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">465. <i>Ceratospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Apex without a horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">466. <i>Gorgospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>VIII. Subfamily Circospyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">No basal feet.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Apex with one horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">467. <i>Circospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Apex without a horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">468. <i>Dictyospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Zygospyrida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Zygospyrida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="9" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Tripospyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Three basal feet. (One odd caudal and two paired pectoral.)</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Apex of the shell with one horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">441. <i>Tripospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Apex of the shell with three horns,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">442. <i>Triceraspyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Apex of the shell without horns,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">443. <i>Tristylospyris</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Apex with two large coryphal holes, right and left,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">444. <i>Cephalospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="9" class="sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Dipospyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Two basal lateral feet. (Originally the two pectoral feet.)</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Two feet free, not grown together.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Feet simple, not branched, without lateral spines.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">One horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">445. <i>Dipospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">446. <i>Brachiospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Feet branched like a tree.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">One horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">447. <i>Dendrospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Feet with a series of lateral spines.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">One horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">448. <i>Dorcadospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Two feet grown together and uniting to form a ring. Apex with a + horn.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Feet simple,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">449. <i>Gamospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Feet with a series of lateral spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">450. <i>Stephanospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="9" class="sp0"> + <p>III. Subfamily Tetraspyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Two sagittal and two lateral feet.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Feet simple, not branched.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Apex with one horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">451. <i>Tetraspyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Apex without a horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">452. <i>Tessarospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="9" class="sp0"> + <p>IV. Subfamily Hexaspyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Six basal feet.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Two sagittal, two pectoral, and two tergal feet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Apex with one horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">453. <i>Hexaspyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Apex with three horns,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">454. <i>Liriospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Apex without a horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">455. <i>Cantharospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="9" class="sp0"> + <p>V. Subfamily Pentaspyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Five basal feet.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">One caudal, two pectoral, and two tergal feet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Apex with one horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">456. <i>Clathrospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Apex with three horns,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">457. <i>Ægospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Apex without a horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">458. <i>Pentaspyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="9" class="sp0"> + <p>VI. Subfamily Therospyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Four paired lateral feet. (Two pectoral and two tergal.)</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Apex with one horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">459. <i>Zygospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Apex with three horns (one apical and two frontal),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">460. <i>Elaphospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Apex with two lateral or frontal horns,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">461. <i>Taurospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Apex without a horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">462. <i>Therospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="9" class="sp0"> + <p>VII. Subfamily Polyspyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Numerous (seven to twelve or more) basal feet.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Apex with one horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">463. <i>Petalospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Apex with three horns (one apical and two frontal),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">464. <i>Anthospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Apex with numerous horns,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">465. <i>Ceratospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Apex without a horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">466. <i>Gorgospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="9" class="sp0"> + <p>VIII. Subfamily Circospyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">No basal feet.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Apex with one horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">467. <i>Circospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Apex without a horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">468. <i>Dictyospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1025">{1025}</span></div> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Tripospyrida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 441.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> tripoda, with three + descending basal feet (the same as in <i>Cortina</i>, an odd posterior or caudal foot and two + paired anterior or pectoral feet).</p> + + <h5>Genus 441. <i>Tripospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_59" href="#Nt_59"><sup>[59]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 441.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with three basal feet and one + apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Tripospyris</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, figs. 1-7) + is in the large group of <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> probably the most original and typical + form, from which, as a common ancestral form, all other genera of this polymorphous suborder may + be derived. The shell is usually shaped like a nut or thorax, and exhibits two paired lateral + chambers, which are separated by a distinct sagittal ring and a slighter or deeper sagittal + constriction. The dorsal rod of the ring is prolonged at the upper pole into an ascending apical + horn, at the lower pole into a descending caudal foot, whilst two paired pectoral or lateral feet + arise from the anterior pole of the basal rod. These three divergent basal feet and the apical + horn are the same four typical radial spines which we have encountered already in + <i>Plagoniscus</i> (Plagonida), in <i>Plectaniscus</i> (Plectanida), in <i>Cortina</i> + (Stephanida), and in <i>Cortiniscus</i> (Semantida). Compare above, p. <a href="#page891">891</a>. + From all these <span class="gsp">Plectellaria</span>, <i>Tripospyris</i> differs in the + development of a complete bilocular lattice-shell, having the characters of the true <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>. The numerous species of this genus may be placed in different + subgenera, according to the different number of collar pores or cortinar pores in the basal plate + (two, three, four, six, or more). These differences are very important, however difficult to make + out; the following system therefore is a provisional one, and requires further accurate + observations.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tripospyrantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal plate with two large pores only (the primary jugular + pores of <i>Semantis</i>).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tripospyris cortina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, about as long as broad, with slight ovate sagittal stricture, and broad + primary ring in its wall. Basal plate with two large kidney-shaped collar pores only (cardinal + pores). Facial and occipital plates each with two pairs of large annular pores, and ten to twelve + pairs of small lateral pores. Apical horn and the three basal feet of equal length, one and a half + times as long as the shell, three-sided prismatic, straight, divergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; horn and feet 0.15 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1026">{1026}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Tripospyris cortiniscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, one and a third times as long as broad, with sharp ovate sagittal + stricture and broad primary ring. Basal plate with two large cardinal pores only. Occipital plate + with two pairs of very large pores; facial plate and lateral sides with numerous smaller irregular + roundish pores. Apical horn small, conical, curved, half as long as the three basal feet, which + are club-shaped and three-edged, with thinner bases and half as long as the shell, strongly + divergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.12 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.03 long, feet 0.06 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Tripospyris semantis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, + figs. 2, 3).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, somewhat broader than long, with slight sagittal stricture and + subcircular parietal primary ring. Basal plate with two large semicircular cardinal pores. Facial + and occipital plate each with two pairs of large annular pores and an odd large subapical pore; + lateral sides with very numerous small roundish pores. Apical horn and caudal foot club-shaped, + half as long as the shell, angular, simple; the two pectoral feet somewhat longer, nearly + vertical, and at the distal end with a small incision, nearly forked.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.12 broad; horn and feet 0.05 to 0.07 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Tripospyris diomma</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Shell thorax-shaped, smooth, twice as broad as long, with deep sagittal stricture, two vaulted + ovate bosoms and smaller ovate internal primary ring. Basal plate with two large ovate cardinal + pores. Facial plate with three pairs, occipital plate with four pairs of large annular pores; the + other lattice-work loose, with small and numerous irregular polygonal pores. Apical horn and + caudal feet slender and thin, curved, shorter than half the shell; two pectoral feet also small, + widely divergent, more or less curved, deeply forked.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.16 broad; horn and feet 0.2 to 0.25 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tripospyrella</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal plate with three large collar pores (two paired + posterior cardinal pores, and an odd anterior sternal pore).</p> + + <p>5. <i>Tripospyris triomma</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratospyris triomma</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xxi. fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subspherical, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture and circular internal ring. + Basal plate with three large pores, which are sometimes (but not in every specimen) surrounded by + a <span class="pagenum" id="page1027">{1027}</span>circle of very small pores. The other + lattice-work with numerous small roundish pores. Apical horn small, oblique, about as long as the + shell. Three feet very large, cylindrical, curved, widely divergent, four to five times as long as + the shell. (In Ehrenberg's description the caudal foot is erroneously described as "frontal + spine"; its figure exhibits the basal plate.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 to 0.09 diameter; horn 0.06 long, feet 0.3 to 0.4 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Barbados.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Tripospyris conifera</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, + figs. 7, 7<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly hemispherical, papillate, with slight sagittal stricture and semicircular internal + ring. Basal plate with three large pores (sometimes, as in the figured specimen, with some small + accessory peripheral pores). The other lattice-work with subregular circular pores. Apical horn + shorter than the three basal feet, but of similar form, like an elegant ovate dimpled cone, + spinulate, with a smooth spindle-shaped pedicle, about as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.1 broad; horn 0.06 long, feet 0.08 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Tripospyris triplecta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell thorax-shaped, spiny, with deep sagittal stricture and semicircular internal ring. Basal + plate with three large collar pores. Facial plate with four pairs, occipital plate with three + pairs of large annular pores; the other pores small, subregular, circular. Apical horn and the + feet slender, three-sided pyramidal, about as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.11 broad; horn and feet 0.1 to 0.15 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, Corfu (Haeckel), surface.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Tripospyrissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal plate with two pairs of collar pores (two larger + posterior cardinal pores and two smaller anterior jugular pores).</p> + + <p>8. <i>Tripospyris semantrum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Shell thorax-shaped, thorny, with deep sagittal stricture and subcircular ring. Basal plate + with four large collar pores (two smaller ovate jugular, and two larger pentagonal cardinal + pores). Facial and occipital plates also each with two pairs of large annular pores; lateral sides + with smaller irregular polygonal pores. Apical horn and the three feet slender, prismatic, + divergent, longer than the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet 0.11 to 0.13 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Cape of Good Hope (Wilhelm Bleek), + surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1028">{1028}</span></div> + + <p>9. <i>Tripospyris capitata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, spiny, with slight sagittal stricture and ovate internal ring. Basal plate + with four large collar pores. Facial plate with three pairs and occipital plate with two pairs of + large roundish annular pores; lateral lattice with smaller irregular pores. Apical horn and the + three feet subcylindrical, about half as long as the shell, straight, divergent, with a spherical, + spinulate knob at the distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.09 long, 0.1 broad; horn and feet 0.05 to 0.06 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Tripospyris clavata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratospyris clavata</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. + xxxvi. p. 539, Taf. xxxii. fig. 13, <i>a-c</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subspherical, compressed, rough, with slight sagittal stricture and ovate internal + primary ring. Basal plate with four large collar pores (fig. 13<i>a</i>, <i>loc. cit.</i>). The + other lattice-work with irregular small roundish pores. Apical horn and the three feet short and + thick, scarcely half as long as the shell, with a roundish spinulate knob at the distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.07 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet 0.02 to 0.03 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Tripospyris tessaromma</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nearly cubical, spiny, with deep sagittal stricture and subcircular ring. Basal plate + with four large collar pores. Facial and occipital plates each also with two pairs of large square + annular pores; lateral pores irregular polygonal. Apical horn half as long as the feet, which are + three times the length of the shell, cylindrical, slightly curved.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.12 broad; horn 0.15 long, feet 0.3 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Tripospyromma</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal plate with six or more collar pores. Commonly two + small anterior jugular pores, two large middle cardinal pores, and two small posterior cervical + pores; sometimes several small accessory collar pores.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Tripospyris hexomma</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>Shell thorax-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture and semicircular internal + primary ring. Basal plate with three pairs of pores. Facial plate with two pairs, occipital plate + with four pairs of large annular pores. Lateral pores smaller, irregular, polygonal. Apical horn + and caudal foot half as long as the shell and as the two pectoral feet; all four spines + cylindrical, two to three times as long as the shell, slightly curved.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.12 broad; horn and feet 0.2 to 0.4 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1029">{1029}</span></div> + + <p>13. <i>Tripospyris semantidium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, thorny, with sharp sagittal stricture and subcircular ring. Basal plate with + three pairs of large pores. Facial and occipital plates each with three pairs of large squarish + pores. Lateral pores small and numerous, irregular roundish. Apical horn half as long as the shell + and the three feet; all four spines straight, cylindrical, with thickened club-shaped end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.12 long, 0.13 broad; horn 0.06 long, feet 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>14. <i>Tripospyris eucolpos</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Shell thorax-shaped, smooth, with two vaulted bosoms, separated by a deep sagittal stricture + and an internal primary ring. Basal plate constricted, with three pairs of collar pores. The other + lattice-work with subregular circular pores. Apical horn and the three feet shorter than the + shell, straight, divergent; their inner half thinner, cylindrical, smooth, their outer half an + ovate dimpled cone.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.13 broad; horn and feet 0.06 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>15. <i>Tripospyris tribrachiata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cladospyris tribrachiata</i>, Ehrenberg, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 68, Taf. xxi. fig. 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and numerous, very small circular + pores. Basal plate with numerous small pores. Apical horn and the three divergent feet very large + and stout, straight, three-sided prismatic, with dentate edges, two to three times as long as the + shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell diameter 0.05; horn and feet 0.1 to 0.15 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>16. <i>Tripospyris furcata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, + fig. 11).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with deep sagittal stricture and broad ring. Basal plate with three + pairs of small pores. Facial and occipital <span class="correction" + title="Original reads 'faces'.">plates</span> each with a pair of very large holes. Apical horn + and caudal foot simple conical, two pectoral feet forked or irregularly branched.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; horn and feet 0.05 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 442. <i>Triceraspyris</i>,<a id="NtA_60" href="#Nt_60"><sup>[60]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 441.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with three basal feet and three + coryphal horns.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Triceraspyris</i> has arisen from the preceding ancestral + <i>Tripospyris</i> by the development of two paired frontal horns, so that the shell here bears + six appendages, <span class="pagenum" id="page1030">{1030}</span>three superior or coryphal spines + and three inferior or basal spines; two of these are odd and dorsal (the apical horn and the + caudal foot), the four others are paired and ventral (the frontal horns and the pectoral feet). + The numerous species of this genus may be divided into three subgenera, according to the simple or + branched shape of the ascending horns and of the descending feet.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Triospyris</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 441.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Horns and feet simple, not branched nor forked.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Triceraspyris tripodiscus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores irregular roundish, two + pairs of larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with three large pores. Horns and feet + slender cylindrical, straight, divergent; three horns about as long as the shell, three feet twice + as long.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; horn 0.05 long, feet 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Triceraspyris cortiniscus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores small and numerous, + subregular roundish. Basal plate with two large pores (?). Apical horn conical, short, half as + long as the shell and the two lateral horns, which are curved outwards. All three feet equal, + cylindrical, strongly curved and divergent, twice to three times as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.08 broad; horn 0.04 to 0.08 long, feet 0.15 to 0.2 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Triceraspyris didiceros</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratospyris didiceros</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xxi. fig. 6.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, thorny, with superficial sagittal stricture. Pores large, irregular roundish. + Basal plate with four larger pores. Apical horn and caudal foot small, conical, shorter than half + the shell. The two frontal horns longer, slender conical. The two pectoral feet very large, + cylindrical, nearly parallel, vertical, slightly curved, twice to three times as long as the + shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.09 broad; two sagittal spines 0.02 long, two + lateral horns 0.04 long, two lateral feet 0.15 to 0.25 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Triospyrium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Horns simple, not branched; feet forked or branched.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1031">{1031}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Triceraspyris furcata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratospyris furcata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xx. fig. 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores numerous, irregular + roundish. Basal plate with four large pores. Three horns small, conical, shorter than half the + shell. Three feet large, cylindrical, curved, about twice as long as the shell, forked at the + distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.08 broad; horns 0.02 long, feet 0.1 to 0.12 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Triceraspyris giraffa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, mammillate, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores numerous, subregular + circular. Basal plate with nine pores (three larger central and three alternate pairs of smaller + peripheral, as in Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, + fig. 2). Three horns equal, straight, divergent, shorter than the shell, in the basal half + cylindrical, in the distal half spindle-shaped. Three feet cylindrical, twice as long as the + shell, nearly parallel, vertical, at the distal end divergent, with a recurved branch near the + base.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.1 broad; horns 0.05 to 0.07 long, feet 0.16 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Triceraspyris gazella</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with sharp sagittal stricture. Pores large, irregular roundish; + two or three pairs of larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with three large + triangular pores. Three horns simple, about as long as the shell, the apical straight, the two + frontal elegantly curved. Three feet somewhat longer, slender, curved, with a recurved branch near + the base, repeatedly forked at the distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.05 long, feet 0.08 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean (Cocos Islands), surface (Rabbe).</p> + + <p>7. <i>Triceraspyris corallorrhiza</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, spiny, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores irregular polygonal or roundish. + Basal plate with two large semicircular pores. Three horns slender, simple, about half as long as + the shell. Three feet of the same length, slender, divergent, irregularly branched like coral.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; horn and feet 0.03 to 0.05 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Triceraspyris maniculata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, without external sagittal stricture. Pores subregular circular. + Basal plate with four large pores (?). Three horns simple, straight, divergent, spindle-shaped, + half <span class="pagenum" id="page1032">{1032}</span>as long as the shell. Caudal foot of the + same form, twice as long. Two pectoral feet cylindrical, curved, twice as long as the shell, + palmate, divided at the distal end into five short fingers.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 diameter; horns 0.04 long; lateral feet 0.12 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Triceraspyris longicornis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, papillate, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores irregular roundish. Basal + plate with six pores (?). Apical horn short, conical, two frontal horns very large, curved, widely + divergent, longer than the shell. Three feet of about the same length, irregularly branched.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; lateral horns and feet 0.15 to 0.2 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Triospyridium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Horns and feet forked or branched.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Triceraspyris damaecornis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, smooth, compressed, with broad sagittal ring. Pores irregular roundish; one + pair of very large pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with four large collar pores. Three + horns and three feet short, divergent, slightly curved, about half as long as the shell, + irregularly branched. (In general form very similar to <i>Elaphospyris damaecornis</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, fig. 10, + with which I formerly confounded it.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; horns and feet 0.04 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Triceraspyris arborescens</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores irregular roundish; three pairs of + larger pores on both sides of the ring. Basal plate with two large collar pores. Three horns about + half as long as the shell, with few irregular terminal branches. (Beginning of a cupola.) Three + feet strong, cylindrical, twice as long as the shell, richly branched, arborescent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.09 long, 0.1 broad; horns 0.05 long, feet 0.2 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 443. <i>Tristylospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_61" href="#Nt_61"><sup>[61]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 441.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with three basal feet, without + apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Tristylospyris</i> exhibits in general the same structure as the + typical genus <i>Tripospyris</i>, its ancestral form. It differs from the latter in the absence of + the apical <span class="pagenum" id="page1033">{1033}</span>horn, which is completely reduced, and + may therefore be regarded as the simplest prototype of all tripodal Cyrtellaria without a + horn.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tristylospyrula</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet simple, not branched nor forked.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tristylospyris palmipes</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, fig. + 14).</p> + + <p>Shell companulate, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores irregular roundish, three + pairs of larger annular pores on each side of the broad ring. Basal plate with four large collar + pores. Feet half as long as the shell, slightly divergent, straight, prismatic, with a broad, + hand-like, radially striped plate at the distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.09 broad; feet 0.06 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Tristylospyris scaphipes</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, fig. + 13).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with sharp sagittal stricture. Pores very small and numerous, + circular; two pairs of larger pores on both sides of the ring. Basal plate with four large pores + (?). Feet about half as long as the shell, angular, shovel-shaped, straight, parallel, + vertical.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; feet 0.04 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Tristylospyris clavipes</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, fig. + 15).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, rough, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores small, subregular circular. Basal + plate with three large pores. Feet about as long as the shell, slender, straight, divergent, with + a spinulate knob at the thickened distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; feet 0.05 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Tristylospyris triceros</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratospyris triceros</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xxi. fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, without external sagittal stricture. Pores circular, not + numerous. Basal plate with four large collar pores. Feet large, cylindrical, three to four times + as long as the shell, strongly curved and divergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.07 broad; feet 0.15 to 0.2 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1034">{1034}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tristylospyrium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet forked or branched.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Tristylospyris furcata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, rough, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores subregular circular. Basal + plate with three large collar pores. Feet cylindrical, three to four times as long as the shell, + strongly curved and divergent, at the distal end forked, with two short (sometimes ramified) + branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; feet 0.2 to 0.3 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic (off Patagonia), Station 318, surface.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Tristylospyris ramosa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>, fig. + 23).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, tuberculate, with a prominent sagittal ring. Pores irregular roundish. + Basal plate with three large pores. Feet large, straight, widely divergent, about twice as long as + the shell, prismatic, irregularly branched. (Compare the following species.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 in diameter; feet 0.15 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Tristylospyris tripodiscium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>, fig. + 22).</p> + + <p>Shell subovate, tuberculate, very similar to the preceding species. It differs from this in the + very different size of the irregular pores and the greater breadth of the pedal branches. The + basal plate in a complete specimen (observed afterwards from the base) exhibited four large collar + pores of the usual form, whilst in the similar preceding species it had three pores. In the + similar <i>Tripodiscium sphærocephalum</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>, fig. 21) + the basal mouth is quite simple and open.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.09 long, 0.1 broad; feet 0.12 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 444. <i>Cephalospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_62" href="#Nt_62"><sup>[62]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 441 (<i>sensu emend.</i>).</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with three basal feet and two + large apical openings or coryphal holes, one on each side of the ring-apex. No true horns.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cephalospyris</i> comprises some few Tripospyrida of very peculiar + shape, differing from all other Zygospyrida in the possession of two large apical holes or + coryphal apertures, lying on each side of a latticed sagittal septum, which is formed by the upper + part of the sagittal ring. The sagittal stricture is deep, with a complete <span class="pagenum" + id="page1035">{1035}</span>primary ring. The vertical axis of the slender ovate shell is much + greater than the transverse. The network is very delicate, with very small and numerous triangular + or polygonal pores. The central capsule encloses peculiar concrements (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, fig. + 28).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cephalospyris cancellata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Shell slender ovate, two and a half times as long as broad, with deep sagittal stricture and + complete ring. Network very delicate, with very small and numerous, irregular polygonal pores. The + two large apical holes are separated by a latticed triangular sagittal septum, the apex of which + represents a rudimentary horn. Basal plate with two large collar holes. Three feet slightly + curved, divergent, about half as long as the breadth of the shell; the caudal foot slender, much + thinner than the two stout pyramidal pectoral feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.32 long, 0.13 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cephalospyris ovata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slender, ovate, twice as long as broad, with deep sagittal stricture and complete ring. + Network very delicate, with very small and numerous triangular pores (on both poles intermingled + with irregular polygonal pores). The two large apical holes are separated by a latticed triangular + sagittal septum, the upper edge of which is concave and bears two rudimentary horns. Basal plate + with four large collar holes. Three feet latticed, slightly curved, convergent, scarcely + one-eighth as long as the breadth of the shell. The central capsule filled up by concrements.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.32 long, 0.16 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Cephalospyris triangulata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, fig. + 28).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, one and a half times as long as broad, with deep sagittal stricture and complete + ring. Network very delicate and regular, with small triangular pores of equal size. The two large + apical holes are separated by a latticed semilunar septum, the upper edge of which is concave, and + bears two rudimentary horns. Basal plate with three large collar holes (?). Three feet latticed, + conical, nearly parallel and vertical (the caudal curved), about half as long as the breadth of + the shell. The ovate central capsule contains peculiar amyloidal concentric concrements.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.2 long, 0.14 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Dipospyrida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 441.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> dipoda, with two + descending lateral basal feet (probably corresponding to the pectoral feet of <i>Cortina</i>).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1036">{1036}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 445. <i>Dipospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_63" href="#Nt_63"><sup>[63]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 441.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with two simple free basal feet + and one apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Dipospyris</i> and the following five genera represent together the + interesting subfamily of Dipospyrida, which always bear two opposite lateral feet only. Therefore + in this bipedal group the biradial or bilateral type of the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> is + particularly expressed. Such bipedal forms never occur in the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>. + The topographical relation of the two lateral feet to the rods of the collar-plate, and to the + cortinar pores separated by these, leaves no doubt that they correspond to the pectoral feet of + <i>Cortina</i> and <i>Tripospyris</i>, and therefore that the Dipospyrida have originated from the + Tripospyrida by loss of the caudal foot. <i>Dipospyris</i> is the simplest form of the + Dipospyrida, with two simple free feet.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Dipospyris bipes</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell thorax-shaped, smooth, with deep sagittal stricture, two vaulted bosoms, and subregular + circular pores. Basal plate with two large collar pores only. Horn and feet equal, conical, + straight, about as long as the shell; the feet widely divergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; horn and feet 0.1 to 0.15 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Dipospyris mystax</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratospyris mystax</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xx. fig. 6.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell elliptical spinulate, with slight collar stricture and large subregular circular pores. + Basal plate with three pores (?) Horn small conical, oblique, shorter than the shell. Feet slender + conical, longer than the shell, slightly curved, divergent. At the base of the columella, between + the two feet, a small rudiment of the last caudal foot is visible.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.1 broad; horn 0.02, feet 0.12 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Dipospyris cubus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, + fig. 18).</p> + + <p>Shell box-shaped, subcubical, papillate, without external sagittal stricture, with numerous + subregular circular pores. Basal plate with three very large collar pores, surrounded by a circle + of smaller pores. Apical horn short and thick, scarcely half as long as the shell. Feet of the + same form, longer than the shell, widely divergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.11 broad; horn 0.03 long, feet 0.14 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1037">{1037}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Dipospyris chelifer</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate85"><b>85</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Shell elliptical, compressed, nodose, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular roundish + pores. Basal plate with three pores (?). Apical horn stout, conical, twice to four times as long + as the shell (often much longer than in the figured specimen). Feet scarcely longer then the + shell, cylindrical, slightly curved towards one another.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; horn 0.2 to 0.3 long, feet 0.1 to 0.15 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Dipospyris irregularis</i>, n. sp. <span class="correction" title="Added by Errata.">Pl. + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate85"><b>85</b></a>, fig. + 2.</span></p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, without external sagittal stricture, with small circular pores. Basal plate + with four pores. Apical horn small, conical, shorter than the shell. Feet three to four times as + long as the shell, cylindrical, irregularly curved, very variable in size and form.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.1 broad; horn 0.02 to 0.04 long, feet 0.2 to 0.3 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Dipospyris sigmopodium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell violin-shaped, thorny, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular roundish pores. Basal + plate with four collar pores. Horn straight, conical, about as long as the shell. Feet twice as + long, cylindrical, markedly divergent, S-shaped, curved.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; horn 0.06 long, feet 0.2 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms; also + fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Dipospyris forcipata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate85"><b>85</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate with four larger and + a circle of six to ten smaller pores. Horn cylindrical, straight, two to three times as long as + the shell. Feet three to five times as long as the shell, cylindrical, semicircular, with + convergent and crossed distal ends. (If these ends grow together, <i>Gamospyris</i> arises.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.11 broad; horn 0.15 to 0.2 long, feet 0.2 to 0.4 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 268, depth 2600 to 3000 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 446. <i>Brachiospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_64" href="#Nt_64"><sup>[64]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 441.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with two simple free basal feet, + without apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Brachiospyris</i> differs from the preceding <i>Dipospyris</i>, its + ancestral form, only in the absence of the reduced apical horn, and therefore bears to it a + similar <span class="pagenum" id="page1038">{1038}</span>relation to that which the hornless + <i>Tristylospyris</i>, among the Tripospyrida, bears to the horned <i>Tripospyris</i>. + <i>Brachiospyris</i> may therefore also be derived from <i>Tristylospyris</i> by loss of the + caudal foot.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Brachiospyris ocellata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratospyris ocellata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xx. fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, thorny, with slight sagittal stricture and irregular roundish pores. Basal + plate with four large and four alternate pairs of smaller pores. Two feet cylindrical, straight, + divergent, two to three times as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.11 broad; feet 0.2 to 0.3 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms; also fossil + in Barbados.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Brachiospyris diacantha</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Ceratospyris diacantha</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. + d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 303.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, compressed in the sagittal axis, convex on the frontal face, + concave on the sagittal face, with a slight sagittal stricture; with large irregular roundish + pores. Basal plate with three very large pores. Two feet cylindrical, curved, S-shaped, about + twice as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; feet 0.1 to 0.15 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea), Station 206, depth + 2100 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 447. <i>Dendrospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_65" href="#Nt_65"><sup>[65]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 441.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with two free lateral feet, + forked or branched like a tree. Apex with a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Dendrospyris</i> differs from its ancestral form <i>Dipospyris</i> in + the ramification of the two large lateral feet, which descend from the base of the shell, and are + usually very large and stout, sometimes simply forked.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Dendrospyris stylophora</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratospyris stylophora</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xx. fig. 10.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, thorny, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate with four pores. Apical + horn and the two divergent feet straight, cylindrical, larger than the shell, forked at the distal + end. <span class="pagenum" id="page1039">{1039}</span>(The size and number of the fork-branches is + variable; the horn is sometimes simple. In some specimens a rudimentary remnant of the lost caudal + foot is visible.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; horn and feet 0.1 to 0.12 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Dendrospyris dirrhiza</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratospyris dirrhiza</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xx. fig. 9.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, spiny, very similar to the preceding species. It differs from that mainly in + the growth of the cylindrical feet, which are not straight and divergent, but more or less curved + and convergent; their distal ends are sometimes simply forked, sometimes repeatedly dichotomous. + The size and form of the apical horn are also very variable.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet 0.07 to 0.09 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Dendrospyris bibrachiata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cladospyris bibrachiata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 68, Taf. xxi. fig. 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with sharp stricture and numerous very small circular pores. Apical + horn and the two feet very large and stout, straight, prismatic, with irregular lateral branches + on their edges, twice to four times as long as the shell (The horn in the Ehrenberg's figure is + broken off.) This species is closely allied to <i>Tripospyris tribrachiata</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; horn and feet 0.1 to 0.2 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Dendrospyris furcata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, tuberculate, with irregularly roundish pores. Basal plate with two large + pores. Apical horn simple, conical, as long as the shell. Feet cylindrical, twice as long, in the + proximal half parallel, vertical, in the distal half with two stout divergent equal fork-branches, + one of which is directed dorsally, the other ventrally.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.08 broad; horn 0.06 long, feet 0.1 to 0.15 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Dendrospyris polyrrhiza</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate85"><b>85</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, rough, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate with three pores (?). + Apical horn simple, conical, half as long as the shell. Feet cylindrical twice to three times as + long as the shell, semicircular, with a strong conical tooth in the middle of their outer convex + edge; their distal ends convergent, divided into a bunch of numerous short irregular branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.7 long, 0.08 broad; horn 0.03 long, feet 0.15 to 0.25 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1040">{1040}</span></div> + + <p>6. <i>Dendrospyris ramosa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, spiny, with irregular roundish pores. Basal plate with three pairs of pores. + Apical horn cylindrical, spinulate, twice to three times as long as the shell. Feet as long as the + horn, S-shaped, widely divergent, irregularly branched, with widely distant pointed branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; horn and feet 0.2 to 0.3 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Dendrospyris arborescens</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate85"><b>85</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate with four central + larger and ten to twelve peripheral smaller pores. Apical horn cylindrical, twice as long as the + shell, in the distal half spinulate or tuberculate. Feet about three times as long as the shell, + cylindrical, nearly vertical, in the distal half irregularly branched, with dense bunches of + aggregated blunt branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.09 broad; horn and feet 0.12 to 0.18 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 448. <i>Dorcadospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_66" href="#Nt_66"><sup>[66]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 441.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with two free lateral feet armed + with a series of secondary spines. Apex with a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Dorcadospyris</i> and the closely allied <i>Stephanospyris</i> differ + from the other Dipospyrida in the development of a series of secondary spines on the convex outer + margin of the two large curved lateral feet, which therefore appear semipinnate. In some species + this peculiar armature attains an extraordinary size, whilst the shell itself is very small, as in + <i>Dorcadospyris dinoceras</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate85"><b>85</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Dorcadospyris dentata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate85"><b>85</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, tuberculate with small regular circular pores. Basal plate with four larger + pores. Apical horn three to four times as long as the shell, slender conical, smooth. Feet more or + less convexly curved towards one another; the distal ends not crossed. In the convex edge of each + arm a series of five to ten smooth conical teeth, not longer than the shell. This common species + is very variable and often asymmetrical; the figured specimen is an asymmetrical one, in which the + two arms exhibit different curves; in the normal form both arms have the same curve, now more, now + less convex.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; horn 0.2, feet 0.03 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 267 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1041">{1041}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Dorcadospyris antilope</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate85"><b>85</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, tuberculate, with small regular circular pores. Basal plate with four + larger pores. Apical horn four to six times as long as the shell, straight, cylindrical, smooth. + Feet of the same length, crescentic or nearly semicircular, with crossed distal ends. On the + convex edge of each foot a series of twelve to fifteen smooth conical teeth, partly longer than + the shell. (Very variable in size and curvature of the feet, and number of their teeth.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.09 long, 0.11 broad; horn and feet 0.4 to 0.6 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Dorcadospyris lunulata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical spinulate, nearly of the same shape as in the preceding species, but with a + short conical horn (scarcely as long as the shell); the feet are much mere slender, crescentic, + and bear twenty to thirty smaller smooth conical teeth (shorter than the shell). The distal ends + of the feet are crossed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.06 long, feet 0.03 to 0.06 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Dorcadospyris decussata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate85"><b>85</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, very similar to that of the two preceding species. Horn small + conical, about as long as the shell. Feet more than semicircular, more strongly curved than in any + other species, each with four to eight small conical teeth, shorter than the shell; distal ends + crossed. (In this species also, besides the normal symmetrical form, there often occurs an + asymmetrical form of the two feet; one of these frequent anomalies is shown in fig. 7.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; horn 0.05, feet 0.2 to 0.5 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Dorcadospyris dinoceras</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate85"><b>85</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, tuberculate, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate with four larger + central and eight to twelve smaller peripheral pores. Horn about as long as the shell, in the + basal half prismatic, smooth, in the distal half ovate or strobiliform, spiny. Feet very large and + strongly curved, together nearly heart-shaped, four to six times as long as the shell. Each foot + bears on its outer convex side a series of fifteen to twenty or more strong conical teeth, which + are again spinulate, perpendicular to the foot, and longer than the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.07 long, feet 0.3 to 0.5 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1042">{1042}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 449. <i>Gamospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_67" href="#Nt_67"><sup>[67]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 441.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with two simple lateral feet, + forming a ring by union.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Gamospyris</i> and the similar <i>Stephanospyris</i> differ from all + other <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> in the possession of a large basal ring, placed in the + frontal plane of the shell. This ring has been produced by concrescence of the distal ends of the + two large curved lateral feet of <i>Dipospyris</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Gamospyris circulus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, + fig. 19).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, tuberculate, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate with four larger + collar pores. Apical horn pyramidal, about as long as the shell. The connected feet form together + a circular or nearly circular smooth ring, the diameter of which is three to four times as great + as that of the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; diameter of the arm-ring 0.25 to + 0.33.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Gamospyris annulus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate with four large + central and a circle of eight to twelve small peripheral pores. Apical horn conical, twice as long + as the shell. The connected arms form together an elliptical smooth ring, which is five times as + long and three times as broad as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.09 broad; ring 0.33 long, 0.26 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 450. <i>Stephanospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_68" href="#Nt_68"><sup>[68]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 441.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with two lateral feet bearing a + series of secondary spines and forming a ring by union.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Stephanospyris</i> exhibits the same peculiar armature of the + semipinnate lateral feet as its ancestral genus <i>Dorcadospyris</i>, but differs from it in the + concrescence of the distal ends of the feet, to form a complete foot-ring. The former therefore + bears to the latter the same relation that <i>Gamospyris</i> does to <i>Dipospyris</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Stephanospyris cordata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate85"><b>85</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, tuberculate, with small regular circular pores. Basal plate with four + larger pores. Apical horn cylindrical, three times as long as the shell, with three to four + verticils <span class="pagenum" id="page1043">{1043}</span>of teeth. The connected feet form a + heart-shaped ring, four times as long and three times as broad as the shell. Each foot bears on + the outer convex edge four to six stout conical teeth, shorter than the shell. Distal ends crossed + and prominent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell diameter 0.1; length of the arm-ring 0.4, breadth 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Stephanospyris verticillata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate85"><b>85</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate with numerous small + pores. Apical horn cylindrical, four to six times as long as the shell, with six to ten verticils + of teeth. The connected feet form a circular ring, the diameter of which is four times as great as + that of the shell. Each foot bears ten to twelve conical teeth, about as long as the shell. Distal + ends not crossed and not prominent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.1, of the arm-ring 0.4.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Stephanospyris excellens</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, fig. + 20).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, tuberculate, with regular circular pores. Basal plate with numerous small + pores. Apical horn cylindrical, twice as long as the shell, with eight verticils of teeth. The + connected feet form an ovate ring, which is three times as long and two and a half times as broad + as the shell. Each foot bears eight conical spinulate teeth, about as long as the shell. The + crossed and prominent distal ends bear two parallel vertical teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.1, of the arm-ring 0.2 to 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 3. <span class="sc">Tetraspyrida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> tetrapoda, with four + descending basal feet, two of which are opposite in the sagittal plane (an odd caudal and an odd + sternal foot), whilst the two others are paired lateral or pectoral feet.</p> + + <h5>Genus 451. <i>Tetraspyris</i>,<a id="NtA_69" href="#Nt_69"><sup>[69]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 442.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with four basal feet crossed in + pairs (two sagittal and two lateral). Apex with a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Tetraspyris</i> and the following closely allied <i>Tessarospyris</i> + represent together the small subfamily of Tetraspyrida, characterised by the possession of four + descending basal feet, three of which correspond to the three original feet of the <span + class="pagenum" id="page1044">{1044}</span>ancestral genera <i>Cortina</i> and <i>Tripospyris</i>, + whilst the fourth in an odd anterior or sternal foot, produced by anterior prolongation of the + basilar segment of the sagittal ring. Here, therefore, two opposed feet lie in the sagittal plane + (a caudal and a sternal foot), whilst the two others are the paired lateral or pectoral feet, as + also in <i>Stephanium</i> and <i>Stephaniscus</i>, p. <a href="#page965">965</a>. The Tetraspyrida + ought not to be confounded with the Therospyrida (sixth subfamily), in which the four feet have + another signification.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tetrarrhabda</i>, Haeckel, 1881, p. 429.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet simple, not branched nor forked.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tetraspyris stephanium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture and small roundish pores; three + pairs of larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with four large collar pores. Apical + horn stout conical, half as long as the shell. Two pectoral feet somewhat longer than the two + sagittal feet, one and a half times as long as the shell. All four feet straight, three-sided + prismatic, strongly divergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; horn 0.04 long, feet 0.08 to 0.12 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Tetraspyris cubica</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nearly cubical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and small polygonal pores; some + larger pores on both sides of the ring. Basal plate with four large collar pores. Apical horn and + the four feet of equal size and form, about as long as the shell, cylindrical in the basal, + spindle shaped in the distal half.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.09 diameter; horn and feet 0.1 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil + in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tetracorethra</i>, Haeckel, 1831, Prodromus, p. 429.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet branched or forked.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Tetraspyris tetracorethra</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, figs. 19, + 20).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Tetracorethra mirabilis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439, and Atlas, loc. + cit.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular polygonal pores; two + pairs of larger pores at the flattened occipital face (fig. 20). Basal plate with four large + collar pores. Apical horn very long, thirty to forty times as long as the shell, slender + three-sided prismatic, straight, at the distal end irregularly branched, besom-shaped. Four basal + feet half as <span class="pagenum" id="page1045">{1045}</span>thick as the horn, eight to twelve + times as long as the shell, bristle-shaped, irregularly curved and branched, divergent, at the + distal end besom-shaped. Central capsule very large; the enclosed small campanulate part sends out + through the four collar pores four very long club-shaped basal lobes, half as long as the feet; + each lobe contains a large oil-globule (fig. 19).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.036 diameter; horn 1 to 1.5 mm. long, feet 0.3 to 0.4 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 270, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Tetraspyris calcarata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, smooth, very similar to that of the preceding species, but differing in the + following characters:—the two inferior occipital pores are four times (in the preceding + twice) as large as the two superior; the apical horn bears at its distal end only three simple + branches; the sternal foot is smaller than the three others, arises higher, is more divergent and + curved, and bears at its base a large horizontal conical spur.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.035 diameter; horn 1 to 1.2 long, feet 0.2 to 0.3 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Tetraspyris scoparia</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, rough, very similar to the two preceding species, but differing in the + following characters:—the four occipital pores are of nearly equal size; the apical horn is + simple, not branched; the four feet are forked near the base, so that apparently eight feet + diverge, each in the distal half richly branched, besom-shaped.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.038 diameter; horn 1 to 1.1 long, feet 0.4 to 0.5 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 452. <i>Tessarospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_70" href="#Nt_70"><sup>[70]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with four basal feet crossed in + pairs (two sagittal and two lateral). Apex without horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Tessarospyris</i> differs from the preceding <i>Tetraspyris</i>, its + ancestral genus, in the absence of the apical horn, and therefore bears to it the same relation + that <i>Tristylospyris</i> does to <i>Tripospyris</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tessarospyris clathrobursa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Clathrobursa dictyopus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439, and Atlas, pl. + liii. fig. 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nearly ovate, strongly compressed, smooth, one and a half times as long as broad, with + deep sagittal stricture in the basal half. Pores very small and numerous, irregularly roundish. + Basal plate with four very large triangular holes, two larger (posterior) cardinal, and two + smaller (anterior) <span class="pagenum" id="page1046">{1046}</span>jugular pores; above the + latter (on the frontal face) two large mental pores. Two pectoral feet large, half as long as the + shell, at the base fenestrated, vertical, and parallel. Two sagittal feet much smaller, nearly + horizontal, pyramidal (the caudal larger than the sternal foot). Two longitudinal pectoral ribs + arise on the frontal face.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.21 long, 0.14 broad; lateral feet 0.1, sagittal feet 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Tessarospyris nuciformis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, papillate, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores irregular roundish, on both + sides of the ring three to six times as large as on the lateral sides. Basal plate with four large + pores. Two pectoral feet cylindrical curved, twice as long as the shell and as the two sagittal + feet; the caudal is much stronger than the sternal foot.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; lateral feet 0.1, sagittal feet 0.05 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Tessarospyris seminulum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Petalospyris seminulum</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. pl. iii. fig. + 12.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and small circular pores; some + larger pores on both sides of the ring. Basal plate with two large (lateral) pores only. Four feet + nearly equal, short, conical, divergent, scarcely one-fourth as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; feet 0.016 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte), Stöhr.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 4. <span class="sc">Hexaspyrida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> hexapoda, with six + descending basal feet; three of these are primary (one odd caudal and two paired pectoral feet), + the other three are secondary, opposed diametrically to the former and alternating with them (one + odd sternal and two paired tergal feet).</p> + + <h5>Genus 453. <i>Hexaspyris</i>,<a id="NtA_71" href="#Nt_71"><sup>[71]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with six basal feet and one + apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Hexaspyris</i> and the two following closely allied genera represent + together the peculiar subfamily of Hexaspyrida, and differ from the other Zygospyrida in the + possession of six descending basal feet; three of these are the three original, perradial, or + primary basal feet of <i>Cortina</i>, <i>Cortiniscus</i>, <i>Plagoniscus</i>, <i>Plectaniscus</i>, + <i>Tripospyris</i>, &c.; the other three, usually opposed to the former diametrically, are + <span class="pagenum" id="page1047">{1047}</span>secondary or interradial; an odd sternal foot + (opposed to the odd caudal) and two paired tergal feet (opposed to the two paired pectoral).</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Hexaspyridium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet simple, not branched nor forked.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Hexaspyris alterna</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular polygonal pores; on each + side of the stricture two pairs of larger square annular pores. Basal plate also with four larger + collar pores. Apical horn twice as long as the shell, conical. Three primary feet (the apical and + the two pectoral) slender, curved, as long as the horn; three secondary feet (the sternal and the + two tergal) are half as long as the former and more highly inserted; all six feet strongly + divergent, cylindrical, pointed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.15 long, feet 0.08 to 0.14 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Hexaspyris setigera</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Ceratospyris setigera</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 66, + Taf. xx. fig. 11.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratospyris setigera</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. + xxxvi. p. 539, Taf. xxxii. figs. 11<i>a</i>, 11<i>b</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with a complete internal sagittal ring and numerous small + circular pores. Basal plate with four larger central and a circle of twelve to twenty smaller + peripheral pores. Apical horn half as long as the shell, bristle-shaped. Three primary feet longer + and more deeply inserted than the three secondary feet; all six feet strongly divergent, + bristle-shaped, shorter than the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.03 long; primary feet 0.05, + secondary 0.02 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Hexaspyris bütschlii</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratospyris triomma</i>, Bütschli (<i>non</i> Ehrenberg), 1882, Zeitschr. f. + wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. 539, Taf. xxxii. fig. 12, <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, spinulate, with a complete internal sagittal ring and subregular circular + pores. Basal plate with twelve pores (four larger central and eight smaller peripheral). Apical + horn stout, oblique, as long as the shell. Six feet of equal length, slightly divergent, nearly + vertical, slender, three to four times as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.07 broad; horn 0.06, feet 0.15 to 0.2 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1048">{1048}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Hexaspyris spinosa</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Petalospyris spinosa</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 98, Taf. + iii. fig. 14.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and irregular polygonal pores; on + each side of the stricture two pairs of larger pores. Basal plate with two large pores only. + Apical horn short, pyramidal, three primary feet half as long as the shell and twice as long as + the three secondary feet. All six feet pyramidal, slightly divergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.07 broad; horn 0.02, feet 0.02 to 0.04 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte, + Caltanisetta).</p> + + <p>5. <i>Hexaspyris ophirensis</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Petalospyris ophirensis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 297, Taf. ix. fig. 24.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, with deep sagittal stricture and numerous irregular roundish pores; two pairs + of larger pores on each side of the stricture. Apical horn short, curved. Six feet equal, + divergent, straight, slender, about as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.1 broad; horn 0.01, feet 0.05 to 0.08 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean (Zanzibar), depth 2200 fathoms, Pullen.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Hexacorethra</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet forked or branched.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Hexaspyris hexacorethra</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Hexacorethra magica</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, smooth, with sharp sagittal stricture and irregular roundish pores. Basal + plate with six larger collar pores. Apical horn very long and thin, three-sided prismatic, + straight, ten to twenty times as long as the shell, branched at the distal end. Six feet thinner, + bristle-shaped, six to eight times as long as the shell, divergent, irregularly curved, in the + distal part branched, besom-shaped; the sternal foot at its base with a large conical horizontal + spur.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.034 diameter; horn 0.4 to 0.8 long, feet 0.2 to 0.3 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, surface.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Hexaspyris articulata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratospyris articulata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xx. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture and small irregular roundish pores. + Basal plate with six pores (?). Apical horn conical, longer than the shell. Six feet very large, + thick <span class="pagenum" id="page1049">{1049}</span>cylindrical, divergent, three to four times + as long as the shell, with few irregular lateral branches (often much more developed than in + Ehrenberg's figure).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.036 long, 0.05 broad; horn 0.05, feet 0.1 to 0.15 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 454. <i>Liriospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_72" href="#Nt_72"><sup>[72]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 443.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with six basal feet and three + coryphal horns.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Liriospyris</i> differs from the preceding <i>Hexaspyris</i>, its + ancestral form, in the possession of three coryphal horns (one odd apical in the middle, and two + paired frontal horns on each side of it); it therefore bears to the latter the same relation that + <i>Triceraspyris</i> does to <i>Tripospyris</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Liriospyris hexapoda</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate86"><b>86</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and irregular roundish pores; two to + three pairs of large annular pores on each side of the stricture. Basal plate with four large + collar pores. Three horns and six feet nearly of the same size and of similar form, conical, + divergent, about one-third as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell diameter 0.09 to 0.1; horns and feet 0.03 to 0.04 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Liriospyris clathrata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Dictyospyris clathrus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 25.</p> + <p><i>Dictyospyris clathrata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 68, + Taf. xix. fig. 7.</p> + <p><i>Dictyospyris clathrata</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. pp. 506, + 539; Taf. xxxii. figs. 10<i>a</i>, 10<i>b</i>.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Petalospyris clathrus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 295.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate or nearly spherical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture. Three pairs of + large annular pores on each side of the stricture; a few smaller irregular pores on the lateral + sides. Basal plate with six large collar pores (Bütschli, <i>loc. cit.</i>, fig. 10<i>a</i>). + Three horns and six feet nearly of the same size and form; short, conical, slightly divergent or + nearly parallel, shorter than half the ring. (The size of the nine appendages is in this common + species rather variable; sometimes they are rudimentary, at other times much stronger than in the + good figure of Bütschli.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell diameter 0.08 to 0.09, horns and feet 0.01 to 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific; also fossil + in Barbados and Sicily.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1050">{1050}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Liriospyris heteropoda</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, nodose, with deep sagittal stricture and small circular pores; two pairs of + larger pores on each side of the stricture. Basal plate with four larger central and eight smaller + peripheral pores. Apical horn conical, as long as the shell and twice as long as the two curved + frontal horns. Three primary feet twice as long as the shell and as the three secondary feet, + which are more highly inserted. All six feet slender curved, divergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.11 broad; horn and secondary feet 0.08 long, + primary feet 0.15 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Liriospyris turrita</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratospyris turrita</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xx. fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, campanulate, smooth, with sharp sagittal stricture and irregular roundish pores; + three to four pairs of larger pores on each side of the stricture. Basal plate with four large + collar pores. Three horns short and stout, conical, fenestrated at the base. Six feet slender, + conical, nearly vertical, of equal size, only one-third as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.06 broad; horns 0.01 long, feet 0.03 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Liriospyris amphithecta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with distinct sagittal stricture and irregular roundish pores. + Basal plate with six larger and twelve smaller pores. Three horns conical, the apical as long as + the shell and twice as long as the curved frontal horns. Two pectoral feet cylindrical, very + large, curved, divergent, about three times as long as the shell and as the four other feet, which + are conical.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; apical horn 0.08, frontal horns 0.05 + long; length of the two pectoral feet 0.2, of the four others 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 455. <i>Cantharospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_73" href="#Nt_73"><sup>[73]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with six basal feet, without + apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cantharospyris</i> differs from the preceding two hexapodal genera in + the absence of horns on the coryphal face, and has therefore the same relation to them that the + hornless <i>Tristylospyris</i> bears to the one-horned <i>Tripospyris</i> and the three-horned + <i>Triceraspyris.</i></p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1051">{1051}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Cantharospyris carabus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular roundish pores. Basal plate with + six larger pores. Six feet of different sizes, cylindrical, curved; three primary feet (one caudal + and two pectoral) about as long as the shell and twice as long as the three secondary feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; feet 0.05 to 0.09 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms; Central + Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cantharospyris ateuchus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratospyris ateuchus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xxi. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture and unequal circular pores. Basal + plate with six larger pores. The two pectoral feet very large and stout, four to six times as long + as the shell, widely divergent, curved. The four other feet much smaller and thinner, about as + long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; length of the two larger feet 0.2 to 0.3, + of the four smaller 0.05 to 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Cantharospyris radicata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Ceratospyris radicata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 43; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. fig. 37.</p> + <p><i>Haliomma radicatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 83.</p> + <p><i>Petalospyris radicata</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 295.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Petalospyris radicata</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol xxvi. p. 79, Taf. + iii. fig. 11.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and irregular roundish pores; two + larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with six pores (?). Six feet of equal size and + similar form, conical, divergent, slightly curved, shorter than half the ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.08 broad; feet 0.02 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados and Sicily.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Cantharospyris platybursa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Platybursa compressa</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429; Atlas, pl. 53, + fig. 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, nearly discoidal circular, markedly compressed in the sagittal direction, with + slight basal stricture. Pores very numerous, irregular polygonal, with thin bars. Basal plate with + four very large pores. Six feet short, conical, nearly horizontally expanded. Two sagittal feet + (caudal <span class="pagenum" id="page1052">{1052}</span>and sternal) larger, about half as long + as the shell (shortened in the figure). The two sternal feet larger than the two small or + rudimentary tergal feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.15 long, 0.13 broad; feet 0.02 to 0.06 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 5. <span class="sc">Pentaspyrida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> pentapoda, with five + descending basal feet, one odd caudal foot, and two pairs of lateral feet (two anterior or + pectoral, and two posterior or tergal feet).</p> + + <h5>Genus 456. <i>Clathrospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_74" href="#Nt_74"><sup>[74]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with five basal feet and one + apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Clathrospyris</i> and the two following closely allied genera + represent together the small subfamily of Pentaspyrida, differing from the other Zygospyrida in + the possession of five descending feet on the basal face. Three of these are the primary cortinar + feet (of <i>Cortiniscus</i>, <i>Plagoniscus</i>, <i>Tripospyris</i>, &c.), whilst the two + others are secondary tergal feet. The Pentaspyrida may therefore be probably derived from the + Hexaspyrida by loss of the odd anterior or sternal foot.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Clathrospyris camelopardalis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores irregular roundish. Basal + plate with six pores (?). Two pectoral feet very large, twice as long as the shell, cylindrical, + curved. Two tergal feet half as long and thick as the pectoral. Caudal foot and apical horn + straight, conical, half as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.09 broad; horn and odd caudal foot 0.04 long; + pectoral feet 0.16, tergal 0.08 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 297, depth 1775 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Clathrospyris pyramidalis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Shell four-sided pyramidal, truncate, thorny, with a slight sagittal stricture. Pores very + large, polygonal roundish. Two pairs of large pores on each side of the ring (at the frontal and + the occipital plate). Lateral pores more numerous. Basal plate with four large pores. The four + edges of the pyramid are prolonged into four short pyramidal divergent lateral feet (one-third as + <span class="pagenum" id="page1053">{1053}</span>long as the shell). Caudal foot short. Horn at + the apex of the truncate pyramid with two lateral teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet 0.02 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Clathrospyris fusiformis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nearly cubical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores roundish; three pairs of + larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with six large pores. Five feet of equal + length, slender, spindle-shaped, about as long as the shell, divergent. Apical horn conical, and + half as long as the feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.05 long, feet 0.1 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 457. <i>Aegospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_75" href="#Nt_75"><sup>[75]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 442.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with five basal feet and three + coryphal horns.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Aegospyris</i> differs from the preceding <i>Clathrospyris</i>, its + ancestral form, in the possession of three horns on the coryphal face (one odd apical, and two + paired frontal horns on each side), and therefore bears to the latter the same relation that + <i>Triceraspyris</i> does to <i>Tripospyris</i>, and <i>Liriospyris</i> to <i>Hexaspyris</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Aegospyris aequispina</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores subregular circular. Basal + plate with four large collar pores. Three horns and five feet all of equal size and similar form, + slender conical, slightly curved, widely divergent, about as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.11 broad; horns and feet 0.08 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Aegospyris octospina</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nearly cubical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores subregular circular; two + pairs of larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with four large pores. Two paired + horns and four paired feet of equal size and similar form, S-shaped curved, twice as long as the + shell. Odd horn and odd feet half as long, straight, conical.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; six paired spines 0.2 long, two odd + spines 0.1 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 323, depth 1900 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1054">{1054}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Aegospyris longibarba</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratospyris longibarba</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xxi. figs. 1, 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores subregular circular. Basal + plate with four larger central, and eight smaller peripheral pores. Apical horn and caudal foot + short, straight, conical; two frontal horns longer, curved; four paired feet slender, curved, + twice as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; paired horns 0.03 long, paired feet 0.1 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Aegospyris aegoceras</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, + fig. 10).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores irregular roundish. Basal + plate with three large pores. Apical horn and caudal foot short, straight, spindle-shaped; two + frontal horns as long as the shell, strongly curved; four paired feet also curved, at the distal + end forked, divergent; the tergal thinner and as long as the shell, the pectoral thicker and twice + as long.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.09 broad; pectoral feet 0.1 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Aegospyris caprina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate86"><b>86</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, papillate, with sharp sagittal stricture. Pores irregular roundish, two pairs + of larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with six large pores. Eight spines all + straight, subvertical and nearly parallel, cylindro-conical. Two frontal horns and two tergal feet + about as long as the shell; odd horn shorter; odd foot longer. Two pectoral feet twice as long as + the shell, club-shaped, with a spinulate knob at the distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; pectoral feet 0.11 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 458. <i>Pentaspyris</i>,<a id="NtA_76" href="#Nt_76"><sup>[76]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 442.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with five basal feet, without + apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Pentaspyris</i> differs from the two preceding genera in the absence + of any coryphal horn, and represents therefore the pentapodal form among the hornless + Zygospyrida.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Pentaspyris pentacantha</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores irregular roundish, two + pairs of larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with four larger pores. All five feet + <span class="pagenum" id="page1055">{1055}</span>cylindrical, S-shaped curved, strongly divergent, + with few short branches, the two pectoral feet twice as long as the shell and the two tergal feet; + odd caudal foot shorter.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.13 broad; pectoral feet 0.2 long, tergal feet 0.1, + caudal foot 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Pentaspyris isacantha</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores small, regular circular. + Basal plate with six large pores (?). All five feet equal, cylindrical, C-shaped curved, slightly + divergent, about as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; feet 0.07 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 6. <span class="sc">Therospyrida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> tetrapoda with two + pairs of descending basal feet, one pair corresponding to the anterior or pectoral, the other pair + to the posterior or tergal feet of the Hexaspyrida.</p> + + <h5>Genus 459. <i>Zygospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_77" href="#Nt_77"><sup>[77]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 442.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with two pairs of lateral feet + and an apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Zygospyris</i> and the following three genera represent together the + peculiar subfamily of Therospyrida. These always possess four basal feet, like the Tetraspyrida; + but whilst in the latter group two feet are sagittal, and two lateral, in the Therospyrida there + are no sagittal feet at all, but the four feet are opposed in two lateral pairs; the anterior pair + corresponds to the pectoral, the posterior to the tergal feet of the Hexaspyrida and Pentaspyrida; + from these latter the Therospyrida have been derived by loss of the sagittal feet.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Zygospyris quadrupes</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores irregular roundish, on each + side of the ring two pairs of larger pores. Apical horn conical, straight. Four feet equal, + straight, divergent, conical, about as long as the shell and the horn.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.11 broad; horn and feet 0.1 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1056">{1056}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Zygospyris equus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, + fig. 16).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, rough, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores small and numerous, subregular + circular; no larger annular pores. Apical horn cylindrical, half as long as the shell. Two + pectoral feet somewhat smaller than the two tergal feet, about as long as the shell, slightly + divergent, cylindrical. The distal ends of the feet and of the horn form an ovate, dimpled and + spinulate cone.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.04 long, feet 0.06 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 460. <i>Elaphospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_78" href="#Nt_78"><sup>[78]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 442.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with two pairs of lateral feet + and three coryphal horns.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Elaphospyris</i> differs from the preceding <i>Zygospyris</i>, its + ancestral form, in the possession of three coryphal horns (one odd apical and two paired frontal + horns), and therefore bears to it the same relation that <i>Triceraspyris</i> does to + <i>Tripospyris</i> among the Tripospyrida.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Giraffospyris</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet simple, not branched nor forked.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Elaphospyris heptaceros</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Ceratospyris heptaceros</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 66, + Taf. xx. fig. 2.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Giraffospyris heptaceros</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture and subregular circular pores. + Basal plate with four large pores. Apical horn small, conical, shorter than the two curved lateral + horns, which are as long as the shell. Caudal and sternal feet small, conical, straight. Two + pectoral feet slender, divergent, S-shaped, about as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.07 broad; horns and feet 0.02 to <span + class="correction" title="Original reads '0.008'.">0.08</span> long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Elaphospyris capricornis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, spiny, with slight sagittal stricture and numerous small circular pores. + Basal plate with four large pores. Three horns slender, simple, about as long as the shell, the + middle one straight, the two lateral curved. Four feet of nearly equal size, slender, curved, + divergent, simple, twice as long as the shell and the horns.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.09 broad; horns 0.08 long, feet 0.15 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1057">{1057}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Corythospyris</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 443.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet branched or forked.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Elaphospyris damaecornis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Shell flat and broad, nearly triangular, with slight sagittal stricture and irregular roundish + pores; two very large pores on the frontal and on the occipital face, opposite on both edges of + the broad sagittal ring. Basal plate with four large central and several smaller lateral pores. + Three horns about half as long as the shell, with two to six irregular branches. Four feet of + equal size, about as long as the shell, divergent, forked, with four to six irregular terminal + branches. (The shell in fig. 10 is seen from the apical side.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.09 long, 0.13 broad; horns 0.05 long, feet 0.1 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, Rabbe, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Elaphospyris cervicornis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate86"><b>86</b></a>, fig. + 13).</p> + + <p>Shell polyhedral, spiny, with deep sagittal stricture and a small number of large roundish + pores; two pairs of large pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with four pores. Three large + horns as long as the shell arise from the apex between smaller conical spines; the middle odd horn + simple, the two lateral each with a pair of branches. Two pectoral feet very large, divergent, + with broad and irregular distal ramification, twice as long as the shell and as the two tergal + feet, which are less branched. (Fig. 13 exhibits the shell from the dorsal side.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.09 long, 0.11 broad; horns and smaller feet 0.07 to 0.09 long; + pectoral feet 0.16 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Elaphospyris alcicornis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate86"><b>86</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, spiny, with sharp sagittal stricture and large roundish pentagonally framed + pores; three pairs of larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with four larger and four + alternate smaller pores. There arise from the apex, between smaller spines, three large, + divergent, pyramidal horns, which are nearly as long as the shell, and connected by an arched + frontal bridge. Two pectoral feet very large, divergent, prismatic, longer than the shell, and at + the distal end with a bunch of thick spines. Two tergal feet half as long and thick, simple (in + the figure hidden behind the large pectoral feet).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.09 long, 0.11 broad; horns and smaller feet 0.06 long, + pectoral feet 0.12 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1058">{1058}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 461. <i>Taurospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_79" href="#Nt_79"><sup>[79]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 442.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with two pairs of lateral feet + and one pair of lateral horns.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Taurospyris</i> bears only two frontal horns in the coryphal face of + the shell, and may therefore be derived from the preceding closely allied <i>Elaphospyris</i> by + reduction and loss of the middle or apical horn.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Taurospyris cervina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, + fig. 12).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, thorny, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular roundish pores; three + pairs of larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with four large pores. Two horns + cylindrical, curved, widely divergent, about as long as the shell, branched. Four feet of nearly + equal length, also cylindrical and curved, divergent, somewhat longer than the shell, in the + distal half branched like a deer's antler.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.11 broad; horns 0.03 long, feet 0.06 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms; also fossil + in Barbados.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Taurospyris bovina</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and small circular pores. Basal + plate with six larger pores. Two horns conical, curved, divergent, about as long as the shell. Two + pectoral feet very large, twice as long as the shell and as the two thinner tergal feet; all four + feet curved, cylindrical, divergent, pointed at the distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; horns and posterior feet 0.1, anterior + feet 0.2 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 462. <i>Therospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_80" href="#Nt_80"><sup>[80]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 442.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with two pairs of lateral feet, + without apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Therospyris</i> has two pairs of lateral feet corresponding to those + of the preceding three genera, but differs from them in the complete absence of horns on the + coryphal face of the shell.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Therospyris canis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores irregular, roundish. Basal + plate with four longer pores. Surface covered with roundish tubercles. Four feet equal, divergent, + about as long as the shell, thickened at the distal end, club-shaped, not forked.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.11 broad; feet 0.09 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1059">{1059}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Therospyris felis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate89"><b>89</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, mammillate, with sharp sagittal stricture. Pores large, irregularly roundish + or polygonal, of somewhat different size. Basal plate with four large pores. Surface covered with + hemispherical pointed mammillæ. Four feet equal, divergent, half as long as the shell, at the + distal end forked, with few small branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.15 broad; feet 0.05 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Therospyris leo</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate89"><b>89</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly cubical, papillate, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores irregular, roundish; on + each side of the ring three pairs of larger pores (the undermost the largest). Basal plate with + two large pores. Surface covered with conical papillæ. Four feet equal, divergent, about as long + as the shell, with an external spur in the middle, and irregularly branched spines at the distal + end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; feet 0.09 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 7. <span class="sc">Polyspyrida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> polypoda, with + numerous descending basal feet (at least seven to nine, usually twelve to sixteen or more).</p> + + <h5>Genus 463. <i>Petalospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_81" href="#Nt_81"><sup>[81]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with numerous (seven to twelve or + more) basal feet and one apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Petalospyris</i> and the following three genera form together the + peculiar subfamily of Polyspyrida, differing from the other Zygospyrida in the multiplication of + the radial feet, which descend from the basal face of the shell; they may therefore be also called + "Zygospyrida multiradiata," and bear the closest relationship to the Archiphænida (or the + "Monocyrtida multiradiata"). They differ, however, from the latter in the presence of the distinct + sagittal stricture, characteristic of all <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>. The number of the + basal feet, which form a coronet around the margin of the basal plate, is commonly between twelve + and sixteen, but often more. Their form is usually flat, lamellar, but often also more or less + cylindrical or conical.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1060">{1060}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Petalospyrantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal plate with two large collar pores only, separated by + the base of the primary ring.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Petalospyris foveolata</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Petalospyris foveolata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 14; + Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 80, Taf. xxii. fig. 10.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, smooth, with distinct sagittal stricture and subregular circular pores. + Basal plate with two large collar pores only. Apical horn and the eight feet slender, conical, + slightly curved, about as long as the shell; feet somewhat divergent (often seven or nine instead + of eight).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell diameter 0.04 to 0.05; length of the horn and the feet 0.04 to + 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Petalospyris floscula</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture and subregular circular pores. + Basal plate with two large triangular pores only. Apical horn slender, conical, twice as long as + the shell. Twelve to sixteen feet flattened, leaf-shaped, broad, slightly divergent, as long as + the shell, with truncate distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.12 long, feet 0.05 to 0.07 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Petalospyrella</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal plate with three large collar pores (two paired + posterior cardinal, and an odd anterior sternal pore).</p> + + <p>3. <i>Petalospyris triomma</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, + fig. 14).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with sharp sagittal stricture and irregular roundish pores. + Basal plate with three large pores and three alternate smaller. Apical horn stout, conical, half + as long as the shell. Twelve to fifteen feet, divergent, curved, pointed, as long as the horn.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet 0.03 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Petalospyris platyacantha</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Petalospyris platyacantha</i>, Ehrenberg, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, 1875, p. 80, Taf. xxii. fig. 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and small irregular roundish pores. + Basal plate with three large pores (?). Apical horn very strong, three-sided pyramidal, twice as + <span class="pagenum" id="page1061">{1061}</span>long as the shell (its edge is described by + Ehrenberg as a "canaliculus.") Feet ten to twelve, flat, triangular, vertical, about as long as + the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; 0.07 long, feet 0.03 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Petalospyris corona</i>, Stöhr.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Petalospyris corona</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 98, Taf. iii. + fig. 13.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and very numerous small circular + pores; on each side of the stricture three larger annular pores (the undermost the largest). Basal + plate with three large pores only. Apical horn very small, conical. Feet twelve to eighteen, short + conical, nearly vertical, shorter than the half shell (in my specimen from Caltanisetta much + stouter than in that of Stöhr).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.09 broad; horn and feet 0.01 to 0.03 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte, + Caltanisetta).</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Petalospyrissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal plate with four collar pores (two larger posterior + cardinal and two smaller anterior jugular pores).</p> + + <p>6. <i>Petalospyris octopus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, + fig. 11).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with sharp sagittal stricture and irregular, roundish pores. + Basal plate with four larger pores. Horn slender, conical, half as long as the shell. Feet eight, + very slender, about three times as long as the shell, subvertical, with outer convex edge and + convergent ends.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.03 long, feet 0.2 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 342, depth 1445 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Petalospyris eupetala</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Petalospyris eupetala</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xxii. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture and scattered small circular + pores. Basal plate with four large collar pores (sometimes surrounded by several small peripheral + pores). Apical horn slender, conical, as long as the shell. Feet sixteen to twenty, laminated and + truncate, of the same length, nearly vertical and parallel.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet 0.05 to 0.07 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1062">{1062}</span></div> + + <p>8. <i>Petalospyris anthemis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, spinulate, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular, roundish pores. Basal + plate with four large pores of equal size. Apical horn conical, twice as long as the shell. Feet + twenty to thirty, laminated and truncate, as long as the shell, divergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.08 broad; horn 0.1 long, feet 0.6 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Petalospyris tessaromma</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, with slight sagittal stricture and few small pores; on each side of the + stricture four larger, square, annular pores. Basal plate with four large collar pores (two larger + cardinal and two smaller jugular pores). Horn and feet conical, about half as long as the shell. + Feet twenty to twenty-five, slightly curved, convergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell diameter 0.08; horn and feet 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil + in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Petalospyromma</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal plate with numerous (six or more) collar pores, + commonly three or four larger central, and six to twelve smaller peripheral pores.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Petalospyris novena</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, + fig. 12).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture and irregular, roundish pores. + Basal plate with nine pores (three large primary and three alternate pairs of small secondary + pores). Nine long corresponding feet, twice to four times as long as the shell (three very thick + primary, and three alternate pairs of thin secondary feet). All feet cylindrical, curved, widely + divergent. Horn conical.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet 0.15 to 0.25.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean (Cocos Islands), Rabbe, surface.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Petalospyris argiscus</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Petalospyris argiscus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 80, Taf. + xxii. figs. 1, 2.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Petalospyris argiscus</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. + xxxvi. p. 539, Taf. xxxii. fig. 17, <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture and irregular, roundish pores. + Basal plate with nine pores (three larger central and three alternate pairs of smaller peripheral + pores). <span class="pagenum" id="page1063">{1063}</span>Apical horn slender, spindle-shaped, + about as long as the shell. Twenty to twenty-five feet, of the same length, broad, lamellar and + truncate, nearly vertical, slightly divergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.1 broad; horn and feet 0.05 to 0.07 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Petalospyris papillata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nearly cubical, papillate, without external sagittal stricture, with small, irregular, + roundish pores. Basal plate with six pores (three larger and three alternate smaller). Apical horn + conical, half as long as the shell. Feet twenty to thirty, one-half to one-third as long, conical, + divergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell diameter 0.09; horn 0.04 long, feet 0.03 to 0.05 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.</p> + + <p>13. <i>Petalospyris dictyocubus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate86"><b>86</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly cubical, smooth, without external stricture, but with a complete, parietal, + square, sagittal ring. On each side of the ring four pairs of larger pores, whilst the lateral + pores are smaller and more numerous. Basal plate also with four pairs of larger pores and smaller + lateral pores. Apical horn and basal feet short, pyramidal, scarcely one-fourth as long as the + shell. The three primary feet are larger than the six to nine secondary feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell diameter 0.08; horn and feet 0.02 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p> + + <p>14. <i>Petalospyris bellidiastrum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture and irregular, roundish pores. + Basal plate with twelve pores (four central larger and eight peripheral smaller pores). Apical + horn slender, conical, about as long as the shell (sometimes ramified at the distal end). Feet + sixteen to twenty, broadly lamellar, truncate, divergent, about as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.1 broad; horn and feet 0.07 to 0.09 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil + in Barbados.</p> + + <p>15. <i>Petalospyris dinoceras</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, mammillate, without external stricture, but with complete external sagittal + ring. Pores subregular, circular. Basal plate with four large central pores, surrounded by a + circle of twelve to twenty small peripheral pores. Apical horn very large, spindle-shaped, one and + a half times as long as the shell. Feet twenty-five to thirty, broadly lamellar, truncate, + divergent, about as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.11 long, 0.13 broad; horn 0.15 long, feet 0.09 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1064">{1064}</span></div> + + <p>16. <i>Petalospyris furcata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with sharp sagittal stricture. Pores numerous, small, and circular; + no larger annular pores. Basal plate with four larger and four alternate pairs of smaller pores. + Horn conical, about as long as the shell. Feet fifteen to twenty, broadly lamellar, about twice as + long as the shell, in the distal half forked.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.04 long, 0.06 broad; horn 0.05 long, feet 0.1 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>17. <i>Petalospyris lobata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, + fig. 13).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores small, roundish; on each side + of the ring two pairs of larger annular pores. Basal plate with four pores. Horn stout, + three-sided prismatic, half as long as the shell. Feet twelve to sixteen, lamellar, lobate (the + most part with three lobes), nearly vertical, about as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell diameter 0.05; horn 0.03, feet 0.05 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 464. <i>Anthospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_82" href="#Nt_82"><sup>[82]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 443.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with numerous (seven to nine or + more) basal feet and three coryphal horns.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Anthospyris</i> differs from the preceding <i>Petalospyris</i>, its + ancestral form, in the possession of three horns on the coryphal face (one odd middle apical horn + and two paired frontal horns, one on each side). The former therefore bears to the latter the same + relation that <i>Triceraspyris</i> does to <i>Tripospyris</i> and <i>Liriospyris</i> to + <i>Hexaspyris.</i></p> + + <p>1. <i>Anthospyris mammillata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, fig. + 16).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, mammillate, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular, polygonal pores. + Basal plate with two large ovate pores (?). The pediculate apical horn and the two frontal horns + stout and short, conical, twice to three times as large as the conical papillæ of the surface. + Feet twelve to fifteen, lanceolate lamellar, pointed, divergent, about as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.08 broad; horns 0.03, feet 0.04 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1065">{1065}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Anthospyris spathulata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, fig. + 15).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, thorny, with slight sagittal stricture and irregular, roundish pores. Basal + plate with three large pores. The three horns spindle-shaped, half as long as the ten to twelve + thin feet, which are pediculate, shovel-shaped, a little divergent, and shorter than the + shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 diameter; horn 0.02 long, feet 0.04 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 250, depth 3050 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Anthospyris diaboliscus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Petalospyris diaboliscus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. + 12; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 80, Taf. xxii. fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and small circular pores. Basal plate + with four large pores. Apical horn straight conical, frontal horns curved laterally. Feet nine to + twelve, of about the same length as the horns and the shell, broad lamelliform, truncate, nearly + vertical, slightly curved.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.04 long, 0.07 broad; horns and feet 0.05 to 0.07 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Anthospyris arachnoides</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Petalospyris arachnoides</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 294, Taf. + xii. fig. 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture and irregular, polygonal pores. + Basal plate with four large pores (?). Apical horn straight, conical, longer than the two curved + lateral horns. Feet ten, slender, S-shaped, widely divergent, about as long as the shell is + broad.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.08 broad; horns 0.03 to 0.05 long, feet 0.08 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina), Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Anthospyris aculeata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate86"><b>86</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, spiny, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular, roundish pores. On each + side of the stricture three pairs of larger annular pores. Basal plate with two large square + pores. The three horns of the same size as, and similar form to, the ten to fifteen feet, slender + pyramidal, straight, divergent, about half as long as the shell. (This species is very variable + and closely allied to <i>Ceratospyris</i>.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell diameter 0.08 to 0.12; horns and feet 0.04 to 0.06 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, surface.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Anthospyris doronicum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, fig. + 18).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, spiny, with a deep sagittal stricture and small circular pores. On each side + of the stricture two pairs of very large square annular pores. Basal plate with four larger collar + <span class="pagenum" id="page1066">{1066}</span>pores and a corona of numerous small peripheral + pores. Three horns spindle-shaped, divergent, about half as long as the shell. Feet twenty-five to + thirty, broad, lamellar, lanceolate, pointed, divergent, nearly as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.13 broad; horns 0.06, feet 0.09 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 296, depth 1825 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Anthospyris tragopogon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, fig. + 17).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with distinct sagittal stricture and small regular circular + pores. Basal plate with numerous small pores. Apical horn very large, spindle-shaped, twice as + long as the shell; frontal horns small, scarcely one-fourth as long, curved laterally. Feet + twenty-five to thirty, three to four times as long as the shell, lamellar, lanceolate, pointed, + parallel, vertical.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.11 broad; apical horn 0.16, feet 0.2 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 465. <i>Ceratospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_83" href="#Nt_83"><sup>[83]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with numerous (seven to twelve or + more) basal feet and numerous coryphal horns.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Ceratospyris</i> differs from all the other Zygospyrida in the + possession of numerous large spines on the surface of the shell, which usually exhibits only a + small number of large pores or meshes. The lower spines which cover the inferior or basal face of + the shell (usually nine to twelve or more) may be compared to the descending "basal feet" of the + other Zygospyrida; the upper spines, however, which cover the superior or coryphal face (usually + six to nine, rarely more), may be regarded as "coryphal horns." In many species of this genus the + lattice-work of the shell is of a peculiar loose kind, with few large meshes, resembling the + wicker-work of the Plectanida.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Lophospyris</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 443.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Spines simple, not branched. Meshes of the shell usually + polygonal, or roundish with polygonal frames. Bars of the network prismatic.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Ceratospyris polygona</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate86"><b>86</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Shell polyhedral, with deep sagittal stricture, studded with twenty-four to thirty long simple + straight slender pyramidal spines, which are as long as the shell or longer. All pores large, + polygonal. On the frontal and the occipital face two pairs of very large pores only, the superior + <span class="pagenum" id="page1067">{1067}</span>pentagonal, larger than the inferior tetragonal. + Basal plate with two triangular pores. Bars of the loose framework three-sided prismatic, + thin.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; spines 0.06 to 0.12 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Ceratospyris pentagona</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratospyris pentagona</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 287, Taf. x. fig. 15.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell polyhedral, with slight sagittal stricture, studded with twenty-four to thirty small + simple conical spines, which are shorter than one-fourth of the shell. Most pores pentagonal. On + the frontal and the occipital face two pairs of large pores only, the superior smaller than the + inferior. Basal plate with four quadrangular pores. Bars of the network prismatic, thin.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.11 broad; spines 0.01 to 0.02 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Ceratospyris allmersii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate86"><b>86</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Shell polyhedral, with slight sagittal stricture, studded with thirty to forty prismatic spines + which are not longer than half the shell. Most pores pentagonal. On the frontal face two, on the + occipital three pairs of larger pores; the inferior the largest. Basal plate with two rhomboidal + pores (?). Bars of the network three-sided prismatic, thin. Dedicated to my dear friend, the + excellent poet and naturalist, Hermann Allmers, of Rechtenfleth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; spines 0.01 to 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Ceratospyris mulderi</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate86"><b>86</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>Shell polyhedral, with deep sagittal stricture, studded with fifty to seventy prismatic spines; + two inferior (pectoral) spines about as long as the shell, the others much shorter. Pores + polygonal. On the frontal and the occipital face one pair of very large pores. Basal plate with + two distinctly hexagonal pores. Bars of the loose network prismatic. Dedicated to my dear friend, + the excellent author and painter, Ludwig Mulder, of the Hague.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.12 broad; spines 0.01 to 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Sunda Straits (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Ceratospyris strasburgeri</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate86"><b>86</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell polyhedral, with slight sagittal stricture, studded with thirty to forty prismatic + spines, which are about half as long as the shell (two or four inferior are longer). Pores + roundish, with polygonal frames. On the frontal and occipital face two pairs of larger pores (the + superior <span class="pagenum" id="page1068">{1068}</span>smaller). Basal plate with two large + pentagonal pores. Bars of the network prismatic. Dedicated to my dear friend, the celebrated + botanist, Professor Eduard Strasburger, of Bonn.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.1 broad; spines 0.02 to 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Ceratospyris mülleri</i>, Stöhr.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratospyris mülleri</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. Taf. iii. fig. + 15.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell polyhedral, with slight collar stricture, studded with forty to fifty pyramidal spines, + shorter than half the shell. Pores circular, with pentagonal frames of the same breadth, all + nearly of equal size. (Basal plate with four pores?) Bars of the network prismatic. Dedicated to + Johannes Müller.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.1 broad; spines 0.01 to 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte (Stöhr).</p> + + <p>7. <i>Ceratospyris krausei</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate86"><b>86</b></a>, + fig. 10).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, with deep sagittal stricture, studded with forty to fifty strong conical + spines; six basal spines as long as the shell and two to three times as long as the others. Pores + roundish polygonal, twice to three times as broad as the bars; two pairs of larger pores on each + side of the ring. (Basal plate with four large pores?) Bars of the network rounded, thick. + Dedicated to my dear friend, the excellent author, Ernst Krause (Carus Sterne), of Berlin.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; spines 0.03 to 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea), Station 206, depth + 2100 fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Ceratospyris preyeri</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate86"><b>86</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, with slight sagittal stricture, studded with ten to twelve longer club-shaped + spines (about as long as the shell) and numerous smaller conical spines. Pores irregular, + roundish, numerous; two pairs of larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with four + large pores. Bars of the network rounded. Dedicated to my honoured friend and colleague, the + celebrated investigator of psychical ontogeny, Professor William Preyer, of Jena.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.09 broad; spines 0.02 to 0.08 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Ceratospyris echinus</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratospyris echinus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xx, fig. 12.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subspherical, with slight sagittal stricture, studded with numerous conical curved + spines; six basal and one apical spine are larger than the others, about as long as the shell. + Pores numerous, small, circular. Basal plate with numerous pores. Bars of the network + roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; spines 0.02 to 0.05 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1069">{1069}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Cladospyris</i>, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 54.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Spines forked or branched. Meshes roundish or + polygonal.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Ceratospyris ramosa</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Ceratopyris'.">Ceratospyris</span> + ramosa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xx. fig. 7.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cladospyris ramosa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, with slight sagittal stricture, studded with numerous conical, irregularly + branched spines. The largest about as long as the shell. Pores irregular, roundish; on each side + of the ring two pairs of larger pores. Basal plate with four pores. Bars of the network + roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; spines 0.02 to 0.08 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Ceratospyris carnerii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate86"><b>86</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, with sharp sagittal stricture, studded with numerous pyramidal spines; two + basal spines are larger, as long as the shell, and irregularly branched. Pores polygonal; on each + side of the ring three pairs of larger pores. Basal plate with four large pores. Dedicated to my + dear friend, the excellent monistic philosopher, B. von Carneri.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.09 long, 0.12 broad; spines 0.02 to 0.08 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Ceratospyris calorrhiza</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, fig. + 19).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, with deep sagittal stricture, studded with numerous conical strong spines, + about one-fourth as long as the shell. Basal spines irregularly branched, with root-like ends. + Pores irregular, roundish, some larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with four + larger pores. Bars of the network roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.14 broad; spines 0.02 to 0.04 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 466. <i>Gorgospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_84" href="#Nt_84"><sup>[84]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 443.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> with numerous (seven to twelve or + more) basal feet, without coryphal horns.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Gorgospyris</i> agrees with the three preceding genera in the + possession of numerous basal feet, but differs from them in the complete absence of any horns on + the coryphal face. It represents therefore the "hornless polypedal Zygospyrida," and may <span + class="pagenum" id="page1070">{1070}</span>be derived from <i>Petalospyris</i> by loss of the + original apical horn. The feet are commonly numerous, and often form a circle around the margin of + the basal plate, similar to the circle of tentacles in many Medusæ (Gorgon).</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Gorgospyrium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet simple, not branched.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Gorgospyris medusa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Shell hemispherical, papillate, with slight sagittal stricture and subregular circular pores. + Basal plate with three large collar pores (by mistake not correctly represented in the figure). + Ten to twelve slender feet, twice as long as the shell, strongly curved and divergent, of equal + length.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; feet 0.1 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Gorgospyris medusetta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell misshaped, smooth, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular, roundish pores. Basal + plate with three large collar pores, alternating with three pairs of smaller pores. Sixteen to + twenty slender feet, about as long as the shell, slightly curved and divergent, of nearly equal + length.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.08 broad; feet 0.05 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Gorgospyris ehrenbergii</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Petalospyris pentas</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xxii. fig. 11.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and unequal circular pores. Basal + plate with three large central pores, alternating with three pairs of smaller pores, and with a + peripheral circle of smaller pores. Twenty-four to thirty short truncated feet, shorter than half + the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.07 broad; feet 0.02 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Gorgospyris polypus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Shell hemispherical, papillate, with slight sagittal stricture and subregular circular pores. + Basal plate with four larger and four alternating smaller pores. Feet sixteen to twenty, slender, + carved, divergent; four primary feet larger, twice to three times as long as the shell and the + other feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.1 broad; feet 0.1 to 0.2 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1071">{1071}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Gorgospyris eurycolpos</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, rough, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular, roundish pores; two to + three pairs of larger annular pores on each side of the stricture. Basal plate with four large + collar pores. Feet eight, short, triangular, vertical, about one-fourth as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.13 broad; feet 0.02 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habits.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Gorgospyris liriope</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, thorny, with sharp sagittal stricture and irregular, roundish pores. Two + pairs of larger annular pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with two very large circular + pores only. Eight to ten short feet vertical, about one-fourth as long as the shell, with an + elegant papillate knob at the distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.1 broad; feet 0.02 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 323, depth 1900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Gorgospyris lamellosa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate with four larger and + four alternate pairs of smaller pores. Feet fifteen to twenty-five, broad, lamellar, vertical, + truncate, about as long as the shell, of irregular size and form, very variable.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.1 broad; feet 0.05 to 0.1 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Thamnospyris</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 443.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet divided or branched.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Gorgospyris schizopodia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Shell hemispherical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and small regular, circular pores. + Basal plate with four large central and a circle of small pores. Feet fifteen to twenty, broad, + lamellar, confluent at the base, about as long as the shell, irregularly divided or forked.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; feet 0.05 to 0.08 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Gorgospyris thamnopodia</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Thamnospyris thamnopodia</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 143.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular, roundish pores. + Basal plate with numerous small pores. Feet twenty to thirty, slender, curved, divergent, twice to + three times as long as the shell, irregularly branched.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; feet 0.15 to 0.25 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1072">{1072}</span></div> + + <h4>Subfamily 8. <span class="sc">Circospyrida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 443.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> apoda, without + descending basal feet.</p> + + <h5>Genus 467. <i>Circospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_85" href="#Nt_85"><sup>[85]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 444.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> without basal feet, with an + apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Circospyris</i> and the following closely allied genus + <i>Dictyospyris</i> represent together the small subfamily Circospyrida, differing from all other + Zygospyrida in the absence of feet on the basal face. They have probably arisen from the + Tripospyrida (<i>Tripospyris</i>) by reduction and loss of the feet (in the same way as the + eradiate <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> from the triradiate). But it is also possible that + many of the Circospyrida (if not all) are derived directly from the Semantida + (<i>Clathrocircus</i>) by the closing of the two lateral openings and by completing the + framework.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Circospyris nucula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, + fig. 13).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, compressed, smooth, with prominent sagittal ring. On each side of the ring + three to four pairs of very large annular polygonal pores. Lateral pores small and numerous, + roundish. Basal plate with two large pores only. Horn slender, conical, shorter than half the + shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.11 long, 0.13 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Circospyris gigas</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyospyris gigas</i>, Ehrenberg, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 68, Taf. xix. fig. 6.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with distinct sagittal stricture. On each side of the ring four + pairs of larger annular pores. Lateral pores roundish, smaller. Basal plate with four large + central and a circle of eight to twelve smaller peripheral pores. Horn cylindrical, about half as + long as the shell (in the inverted figure of Ehrenberg directed downwards).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 to 0.15 long, 0.15 to 0.2 broad; horn 0.05 to 0.08 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Circospyris tridentata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyospyris tridentata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xix. fig. 10, <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with sharp sagittal stricture. On each side of the ring two pairs of + large annular pores. Lateral pores roundish, smaller. Basal plate with six large pores. Horn + slender, cylindrical, about as long as the shell, with three sharp teeth at the distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.03 long, 0.05 broad; horn 0.03 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1073">{1073}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 468. <i>Dictyospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_86" href="#Nt_86"><sup>[86]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Zygospyrida</span> without basal feet, and without + coryphal horns.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Dictyospyris</i>, the last and simplest of the twenty-eight genera of + Zygocyrtida, may be regarded either as a primordial ancestral form of this large family, or more + probably as the last and most reduced form of it. In the former case the total absence of coryphal + horns and basal feet is primary, in the latter case secondary, effected by phylogenetic reduction + and loss. But it is also possible that in one part of the numerous species of this genus the + former case, and in another the latter takes place, and that one part of <i>Dictyospyris</i> may + be directly developed from the Semantida or Coronida (the lattice shell becoming complete), + another part arising from the Tripospyrida or Dipospyrida (the horns and feet becoming lost).</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Dictyospyrantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal plate with two large pores only (the primary jugular + pores of <i>Semantis</i>).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Dictyospyris distoma</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate89"><b>89</b></a>, + figs. 11, 12).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, smooth, or somewhat tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores not + numerous, large, roundish-polygonal; three pairs of large annular pores on each side of the ring. + Basal plate with two very large pentagonal roundish collar pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Dictyospyris stalactites</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate89"><b>89</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, covered with irregular ramified tubercles (like stalactites), with deep + sagittal stricture. Pores not numerous, large, irregular, roundish. Two pairs of large triangular + pores on each side of the ring (the inferior larger). Basal plate with two very large semicircular + collar pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms; also fossil + in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1074">{1074}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Dictyospyris biloba</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores very numerous, small, + circular. No larger pores on either side of the ring. Basal plate with two very large circular + pores, surrounded by a circle of smaller pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Dictyospyrella</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal plate with three large collar pores (two paired + posterior cardinal pores and an odd anterior sternal pore).</p> + + <p>4. <i>Dictyospyris triomma</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores not numerous, large, polygonal + roundish, two pairs of very large annular pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with three + large triangular pores. No free internal procolumella.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Zanzibar (Pullen), depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Dictyospyris tristoma</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyospyris tristoma</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xix. fig. 9.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores numerous, irregular, + roundish. Three pairs of larger annular pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with three + large semi-circular pores (the sternal odd pore apparently halved by an internal free + procolumella).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados and Sicily (Caltanisetta).</p> + + <p>6. <i>Dictyospyris triloba</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyospyris triloba</i>, Ehrenberg, 1876, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xix. fig. 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, spinulate, without external stricture, but with a complete internal sagittal + ring. Pores numerous, subregular circular; no larger annular pores. Basal plate with three large, + heart-shaped two-lobed collar pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1075">{1075}</span></div> + + <p>7. <i>Dictyospyris gigas</i>, Bütschli.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyospyris gigas</i>, Bütschli, 1880, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi., + p. 539, Taf. xxxii. fig. 14<i>a</i>, 14<i>b</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, with a half (ventral) sagittal stricture, and a nearly complete + internal ring. Pores very numerous and small, circular. No larger annular pores. Basal plate with + three large collar pores (the sternal odd pore apparently divided into two jugular pores by the + visible free procolumella.) (Compare <i>Circospyris gigas</i>, p. <a href="#page1072">1072</a> = + <i>Dictyospyris gigas</i>, Ehrenberg).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.14 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Dictyospyrissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal plate with four large collar pores (two larger + posterior cardinal and two smaller anterior jugular pores).</p> + + <p>8. <i>Dictyospyris fenestra</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0">Dictyospyris fenestra, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 68, Taf. xix. fig. 11.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nearly cubical, smooth, without external sagittal stricture. Internal sagittal ring + complete. Pores small, roundish; on each side of the ring two crossed pairs of large, square, + equal, annular pores. Basal plate also with four longer pores of nearly equal size.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Dictyospyris tetrastoma</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyospyris tetrastoma</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xix. fig. 12.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores numerous, irregular, + roundish. No larger annular pores. Basal plate with four large ovate collar pores (the two + cardinal twice as large as the two jugular pores).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; also fossil in + Barbados and Sicily.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Dictyospyris spinulosa</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p>Dictyospyris spinulosa, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 70, Taf. + xix. fig. 13.</p> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Ceratospyris borealis</i>, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. of Science and Arts, + vol. xxii. pl. i. fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, spinulate, without external stricture, with an internal free sagittal ring. + Pores numerous, irregular, roundish; on each side of the ring two pairs of very large square + pores. Basal plate with four large collar pores.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1076">{1076}</span></div> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750 + fathoms; also fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Dictyospyris mammillaris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate89"><b>89</b></a>, figs. 9, + 10).</p> + + <p>Shell mammillate, nut-shaped, with deep sagittal stricture. Mammillæ of the surface + hemispherical, with a conical apex. Pores not numerous, large, roundish. Two pairs of large pores + on each side of the ring. Basal plate with four large pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Dictyospyris anthophora</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate89"><b>89</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <p>Shell tuberculate, nut-shaped, nearly cubical, without external sagittal strictures. Pores not + numerous, large, polygonally roundish. Bars between them compressed, elevated, with large, + campanulate or flower-like tubercles on the nodal points. Basal plate with four large pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 349, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <p>13. <i>Dictyospyris quadriloba</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores numerous, small, circular, on + each side of the ring three to four times as large as on the lateral sides. Basal plate with four + very large collar pores and a circle of twenty to twenty-five very small peripheral pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.11 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>14. <i>Dictyospyris messanensis</i>, J. Müller.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Dictyospyris messanensis</i>, J. Müller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 46, Taf. ii. fig. 8.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyospyris messanensis</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 291.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, spinulate, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores numerous and small, irregular + roundish. No larger annular pores on the sides of the ring. Basal plate with four large, nearly + equal, pear-shaped collar pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean; Messina, surface.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Dictyospyromma</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal plate with six or more collar pores.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1077">{1077}</span></div> + + <p>15. <i>Dictyospyris hexastoma</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores small, irregular, roundish. + Three pairs of larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with six large pores; the middle + pair (cardinal) twice as large as the anterior (jugular) and the posterior (cervical).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>16. <i>Dictyospyris enneastoma</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ellipsoidal, smooth, without external sagittal stricture, but with an internal free + sagittal ring. Pores small and numerous, regular, circular. No larger annular pores. Basal plate + with nine pores, three larger interradial alternating with three pairs of adradial.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.11 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 297, depth 1775 fathoms.</p> + + <p>17. <i>Dictyospyris polystoma</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, mammillate, with distinct sagittal stricture. Pores small and numerous, + irregular, on each side of the ring three to five times as large as on the lateral sides. Basal + plate with twelve large pores (four central and four alternate pairs of peripheral).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.14 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Family LIII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Tholospyrida</span></span>, n. fam.</h4> + + <p class="ac">(Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, + figs. 7-10; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate89"><b>89</b></a>, + figs. 1-4; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, + figs. 14-16).</p> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> with a galea, but without thorax; + the shell being composed of the bilocular cephalis and of an aboral cupola or galea arising from + its coryphal face.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Tholospyrida</span> differs from the preceding Zygospyrida, its + ancestral group, in the development of a galea, <i>i.e.</i>, a fenestrated hemispherical or + dome-shaped cupola, which covers the upper face of the cephalis like a cap.</p> + + <p>Only three species of this family have been hitherto described: <i>Pylospyris</i> (or + <i>Spyridobotrys</i>) <i>trinacria</i>, figured in my Monograph (1862), <i>Pylospyris</i> (or + <i>Lithopera</i>) <i>denticulata</i>, figured by Ehrenberg (1872), and <i>Lophospyris</i> (or + <i>Ceratospyris</i>) <i>acuminata</i>, figured by Hertwig (1879). Fourteen new species have been + found in the collection of the Challenger, which we dispose here among five genera. These may be + derived from corresponding genera of Zygospyrida by the development of a galea.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1078">{1078}</span></div> + + <p>The number and disposition of the terminal feet around the basal plate do not vary so much in + the Tholospyrida as in the Zygospyrida. We find here only one genus with three feet, + <i>Tholospyris</i> (corresponding to <i>Tripospyris</i>); one genus with two lateral feet, + <i>Lophospyris</i> (corresponding to <i>Dipospyris</i>); and two genera with numerous feet, the + horned <i>Sepalospyris</i> and the hornless <i>Tiarospyris</i> (the former corresponding to + <i>Petalospyris</i>, the latter to <i>Gorgospyris</i>). The fifth genus (<i>Pylospyris</i>) has no + feet at all, and may be derived from <i>Circospyris</i> among the Zygospyrida.</p> + + <p>The cephalis exhibits in the Tholospyrida the same typical structure which we have described + above of all <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> (compare p. <a href="#page1017">1017</a>). The + cupola or galea, arising from its upper face, seems to be a secondary production, perhaps caused + by an apical growth of the central capsule, or in other cases by descending branches of the apical + horn, which cover the apical face of the calymma with protecting network.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Tholospyrida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w50 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Tholospyrida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Tholospyrida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Lophospyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Two or three basal (cortinar feet). Galea with a horn.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Three basal feet (two paired pectoral and an odd caudal),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">469. <i>Tholospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Two paired basal (pectoral) feet,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">470. <i>Lophospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Tiarospyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Numerous basal feet in a corona (six to nine or more).</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Galea with a horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">471. <i>Sepalospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Galea without a horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">472. <i>Tiarospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>III. Subfamily Pylospyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">No basal feet.</p> + </td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Galea with a horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">473. <i>Pylospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Tholospyrida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Tholospyrida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Lophospyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Two or three basal (cortinar feet). Galea with a horn.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Three basal feet (two paired pectoral and an odd caudal),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">469. <i>Tholospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two paired basal (pectoral) feet,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">470. <i>Lophospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Tiarospyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Numerous basal feet in a corona (six to nine or more).</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Galea with a horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">471. <i>Sepalospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Galea without a horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">472. <i>Tiarospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>III. Subfamily Pylospyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">No basal feet.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Galea with a horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">473. <i>Pylospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h5>Genus 469. <i>Tholospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_87" href="#Nt_87"><sup>[87]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 441.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tholospyrida</span> with three basal feet and an + apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Tholospyris</i> is probably the common ancestral form of the + Tholospyrida, and has arisen from <i>Tripospyris</i> by development of a galea or cupola; this is + composed of the apical horn, the lateral branches of which become connected with lateral spines + arising from the coryphal face of the cephalis, and of lattice-work developed between the former + and the latter. The three descending feet of the basal face are the typical cortinar feet (one odd + caudal and two paired pectoral), the same as in the old ancestral genera <i>Cortina</i>, + <i>Plagoniscus</i>, <i>Tripospyris</i>, &c.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tholospyrium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal feet simple, neither forked nor branched.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1079">{1079}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Tholospyris tripodiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate89"><b>89</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, smooth, as broad as long, with deep sagittal stricture. Cephalis compressed, + with irregular roundish pores; two or three pairs of larger annular pores on each side of the + ring. Basal plate with four large pores. Galea with two very large opposite holes (an occipital + and a frontal opening). A slender free perpendicular columella connects the uppermost part of the + sagittal ring with the strong three-sided pyramidal apical horn. All three feet of equal length, + half as long as the ring, three-sided, prismatic, divergent, with three dentated edges.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.13 diameter, ring 0.08 long, feet 0.05 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Tholospyris fenestrata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate89"><b>89</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell roundish polyhedral, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture. Cephalis nearly cubical, + with irregularly roundish pores; two or three pairs of larger pores on each side of the ring. + Basal plate with two very large pores. Galea pyramidal, with two large occipital holes. Columella + enclosed in the dorsal wall of the galea, prolonged into an oblique pyramidal spine of the same + length. Two pectoral feet pyramidal, nearly vertical and as long as the ring, twice as long as the + caudal foot.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.12 diameter, ring 0.07, pectoral feet 0.05 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Tholospyris galeata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell helmet-shaped, thorny, with deep sagittal stricture. Cephalis campanulate, with + subregular circular pores. Basal plate with three large pores. Galea hemispherical, separated from + the cephalis by a sharp horizontal stricture; pores smaller. A slender free columella connects the + apex of the ring with the strong conical apical horn, which is half as long as the ring. All three + feet of equal length, divergent conical, as long as the horn.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.14 diameter, ring 0.09 long, feet 0.08 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tholospyridium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Basal feet forked or branched.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Tholospyris ramosa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate89"><b>89</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Shell helmet-shaped, smooth, with deep sagittal stricture. Cephalis nearly spherical, with + irregularly polygonal pores; four or five pairs of larger annular pores on each side of the strong + angular ring. Cupola flat, conical, with two pairs of larger pores. Columella enclosed in its + dorsal wall, <span class="pagenum" id="page1080">{1080}</span>bearing an irregularly branched + horn. Caudal foot short conical, simple. Two pectoral feet half as long as the shell, angular, + subvertical, irregularly branched.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.15 diameter, ring 0.1 long, pectoral feet 0.07 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Tholospyris cupola</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate89"><b>89</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped or cupola-shaped, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture. Cephalis not + distinctly separated from the galea, as the ring in the uppermost part of the shell-wall becomes + obliterated. Pores irregularly polygonal, small and numerous. Basal plate with four large pores. + Apical horn and the three divergent feet, irregularly branched; feet nearly as long as the shell, + about four times as long as the horn.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.14 diameter, ring 0.1 long, feet 0.12 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 470. <i>Lophospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_88" href="#Nt_88"><sup>[88]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 443 (<i>sensu emendato</i>).</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tholospyrida</span> with two lateral basal feet and + an apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Lophospyris</i> differs from the preceding <i>Tholospyris</i>, its + probable ancestral form, in the absence of the caudal foot, and therefore bears to it the same + relation that <i>Dipospyris</i> does to <i>Tripospyris</i>. The two pectoral feet are alone + developed and are placed opposite in the frontal plane. <i>Lophospyris</i> may also be derived + from <i>Dipospyris</i> by the formation of a galea.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Lophospyris dipodiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, fig. + 14).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, spinulate, with sharp transverse coronal constriction. Cupola hemispherical, half + as large as the nut-shaped cephalis. Pores irregularly roundish, much larger on the sagittal + constriction. Apical horn pyramidal, about half as long as the shell. Two lateral feet + cylindrical, strongly curved, about as long as the shell, with some irregular branches; together + forming a nearly complete circle.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.09 long, 0.08 broad; ring 0.04 long, feet 0.08 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Lophospyris acuminata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratospyris acuminata</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., p. 70, + Taf. vii. fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, smooth, without external transverse stricture. Cupola conical, half as long + and broad as the nut-shaped cephalis. Pores irregularly roundish, on each side of the sagittal + <span class="pagenum" id="page1081">{1081}</span>strictures much larger. Basal plate with four + large triangular pores. Apical horn slender, prismatic; its outer free part of the same length as + the inner columella, and as the two lateral feet, which are curved, shorter than half the + ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; ring 0.06 long; horn and feet 0.03 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, Messina (R. Hertwig).</p> + + <p>3. <i>Lophospyris comosa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, spiny, with deep transverse stricture. Cupola large, campanulate, nearly as long + and two-thirds as broad as the nut-shaped cephalis. Pores irregular, roundish, of little different + size, Basal plate with numerous (eight to twelve) similar pores. Apical horn large, nearly as long + as the shell, surrounded by a bunch of smaller divergent spines. Two lateral feet divergent, + larger than the shell, cylindrical; at the distal end irregularly branched, at the base surrounded + by some smaller spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.15 long, 0.11 broad; ring 0.08 long; feet 0.2 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 206, depth 2100 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 471. <i>Sepalospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_89" href="#Nt_89"><sup>[89]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 443.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tholospyrida</span> with numerous basal feet (eight + to twelve or more). Galea with a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Sepalospyris</i> has been derived from the similar <i>Petalospyris</i> + by development of a galea or cupola on the coryphal face of the cephalis, or from + <i>Tholospyris</i> by multiplication of the basal feet. The latter (in the two observed species + from twelve to twenty-five) form a regular corona around the basal plate.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Sepalospyris platyphylla</i>, n. sp. <span class="correction" + title="Added by Errata.">Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, + fig. 15.</span></p> + + <p>Shell ovate, rough, with sharp transverse stricture. Cupola with delicate network, + hemispherical, about two-thirds as long and broad as the nut-shaped thorax. Pores of the latter + irregular, roundish; two or three pairs of large pores on each side of the sagittal stricture. + Apical horn conical, half as long as the shell. Basal coronet with twelve to fifteen broad, + lamellar, truncate, vertical feet, somewhat shorter than the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.12 long, 0.13 broad; ring 0.06 long; horn 0.04; feet 0.05 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Sepalospyris polyphylla</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, rough, with deep transverse stricture. Cupola hemispherical, about one-third + as long and broad as the nut-shaped thorax. Pores irregular, roundish, a little different in <span + class="pagenum" id="page1082">{1082}</span>size. Apical horn pyramidal, about as long an the + shell. Basal coronet with twenty to twenty-five slender, lamellar, pointed, vertical feet, longer + than the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.11 long, 0.12 broad; ring 0.07 long; horn 0.1; feet 0.12 to + 0.18 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 472. <i>Tiarospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_90" href="#Nt_90"><sup>[90]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 443.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tholospyrida</span> with numerous basal feet (eight + to twelve or more). Galea without a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Tiarospyris</i> has probably been derived from the preceding + <i>Sepalospyris</i> by reduction and loss of the free apical horn; it therefore bears to it the + same relation that the similar <i>Gorgospyris</i> does to <i>Petalospyris</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tiarospyris pervia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <p>Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with deep sagittal stricture. Cephalis on the lateral sides with + numerous small roundish pores, on each side of the ring with a pair of very large holes. Basal + plate with two large collar pores. Cupola flat, cap-shaped, with two large parietal pores above + the ring. Coronet with eight conical, slightly divergent feet, about one-fourth as long as the + shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.1 broad; ring 0.06 long; feet 0.02 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Tiarospyris galea</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell helmet-shaped, with deep sagittal stricture. Cephalis with irregular, polygonal pores; on + each side of the ring two pairs of larger annular pores. Basal plate with four large pores. Cupola + high, conical, nearly as long as the cephalis, separated from it by a distinct coronal stricture. + Basal coronet with twelve to sixteen slender curved divergent feet, nearly as long as the + shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.16 long, 0.12 broad; ring 0.1 long; feet 0.15 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Tiarospyris mitra</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, + figs. 9, 10).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth. Cephalis on the lateral sides with small roundish, double-contoured + pores, on each side of the ring with three to five pairs of larger pores, each of which is closed + by a thin fenestrated lamella (different on the frontal face, fig. 9, and the dorsal face, fig. + 10). Cupola flat, cap-shaped, separated by a distinct coronal stricture, with similar pores. Basal + coronet with, ten to twelve short conical convergent feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.11 long, 0.12 broad; ring 0.04 long; feet 0.02 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1083">{1083}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Tiarospyris amphora</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>Shell amphora-shaped, in the upper half smooth, in the lower spiny, without external sagittal + stricture. Cephalis subspherical with a small number of irregular, large, roundish pores, which + are closed by a thin fenestrated lamella. Cupola flat, cap-shaped, with numerous small pores. Base + covered with numerous conical divergent feet of different sizes, the largest one-third as long as + the shell. Internal sagittal ring ovate, nearly free.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.14 long, 0.13 broad; ring 0.1 long; feet 0.04 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 473. <i>Pylospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_91" href="#Nt_91"><sup>[91]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881 + Prodromus, p. 443.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tholospyrida</span> without basal feet, with an + apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Pylospyris</i> was first known from a Mediterranean species, called by + me, in 1862, <i>Spyridobotrys trinacria</i>. As this name was given erroneously, on the + supposition of a near relation to the Botryodea (= Polycyrtida), I changed it afterwards to + <i>Pylospyris</i>. This genus differs from the other Tholospyrida in the total absence of basal + feet, and may therefore be derived either from them by reduction of the feet, or from + <i>Dictyospyris</i> by formation of a galea.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Pylospyris denticulata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithopera denticulata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 297, + Taf. xii. II. fig. 7.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithobotrys denticulata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. Akad. Berlin, p. + 203.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell spinulate, with slight coronal and deep sagittal constriction, with irregular, roundish + pores of variable size. Galea hemispherical, about half as long and broad as the nut-shaped + cephalis. No symmetrically disposed larger pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Galea 0.04 long, 0.06 broad; cephalis 0.08 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean, Ehrenberg. (Included in the ice.)</p> + + <p>2. <i>Pylospyris trinacria</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Spyridobotrys trinacria</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 341, Taf. + xii. figs. 8, 9.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell tuberculate, with sharp coronal and sagittal stricture. Galea campanulate, with very + small circular pores, and a short conical apical horn of the same length. Cephalis nut-shaped, + with large, irregular, roundish pores; two pairs of larger annular pores on each side of the + sagittal ring, also four larger pores in the basal plate.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Galea 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; cephalis 0.04 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, Messina, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1084">{1084}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Pylospyris canariensis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, fig. + 16).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, with deep coronal and slight sagittal constriction. Galea hemispherical, with + numerous small irregular, roundish pores, about half as long as the cephalis, with a slender + conical horn of twice the length. Cephalis nut-shaped, with larger roundish pores of very unequal + size, three pairs of larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with two larger pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Galea 0.03 long, 0.08 broad; cephalis 0.06 long, 0.11 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Canary Islands, surface.</p> + + <h4>Family LIV. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Phormospyrida</span></span>, Haeckel (<i>sensu + emendato</i>) (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, + figs. 13-15; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, + figs. 17-19).</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc22"> + <p><i>Phormospyrida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> with a thorax, without galea; the + shell composed of the bilocular cephalis and of a simple thorax arising from its basal face.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Phormospyrida</span> differs from the Zygospyrida, their ancestral + group, in the development of a thorax, or a second fenestrated shell-joint, which arises from the + lower face of the cephalis. It corresponds, therefore, to the Dicyrtida among the <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, and may perhaps be, wholly or partially, the ancestral group of the + latter. When the sagittal ring and the longitudinal constriction of the cephalis disappear, the + Phormospyrida pass over into the Dicyrtida.</p> + + <p>Only three species of this family have been hitherto known, which were found fossil in + Barbados, and described by Ehrenberg (1875) as <i>Lithobotrys stiligera</i> and <i>Petalospyris + confluens</i>, and by Bütschli (1882) as <i>Petalospyris anthocyrtoides</i>. Fifteen other species + are found in the Challenger collection, which we dispose here among five genera.</p> + + <p>Two of these five genera (the horned <i>Acrospyris</i> and the hornless <i>Phormospyris</i>) + possess the three typical basal feet of <i>Cortina</i> and <i>Tripospyris</i>, and may be derived + from these genera by the development of network between the bases of the feet. The three other + genera possess numerous feet, and may be derived in the same way from the Polyspyrida; the apical + face differs in the three genera, in <i>Desmospyris</i> it is hornless, in <i>Patagospyris</i> it + bears an apical horn, and in Rhodospyris three horns (an apical and two lateral or frontal).</p> + + <p>The cephalis in the Phormospyrida exhibits the same typical structure, which we have described + above, of all <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> (compare, p. <a href="#page1017">1017</a>). The + thorax or the second joint of the shell arises by reticular connection of the bases of the basal + feet, and represents a cylindrical or truncate-conical joint in the polypodal forms, or a + three-sided joint in the tripodal forms. The terminal aperture or the mouth of the thorax is + constantly open, and surrounded by the free ends of the feet.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1085">{1085}</span></div> + + <table class="sp4 mc w50 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Phormospyrida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Phormospyrida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Acrospyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Three basal cortinar feet (one odd caudal and two paired pectoral).</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">One apical horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">474. <i>Acrospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">No apical horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">475. <i>Phormospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Rhodospyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Numerous basal feet in a corona (nine to twelve or more.)</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">One apical horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">476. <i>Patagospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Three apical horns,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">477. <i>Rhodospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">No apical horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">478. <i>Desmospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Phormospyrida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Phormospyrida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Acrospyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Three basal cortinar feet (one odd caudal and two paired pectoral).</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">One apical horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">474. <i>Acrospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No apical horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">475. <i>Phormospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Rhodospyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Numerous basal feet in a corona (nine to twelve or more.)</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">One apical horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">476. <i>Patagospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Three apical horns,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">477. <i>Rhodospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No apical horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">478. <i>Desmospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Acrospyrida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 441 (<i>sensu + emendato</i>).</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Phormospyrida</span> with three basal + feet (an odd caudal and two paired pectoral).</p> + + <h5>Genus 474. <i>Acrospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_92" href="#Nt_92"><sup>[92]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 441.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Phormospyrida</span> with three basal feet and one + apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Acrospyris</i> is probably the oldest and most primitive among the + Phormospyrida, perhaps the original ancestral form of this family. It has been derived from + <i>Tripospyris</i> by the development of lattice-work between the three basal feet, forming a + second joint or thorax. It has also therefore a close relation to the simplest forms of the + triradiate Dicyrtida: <i>Dictyophimus</i>, <i>Clathrocanium</i>, &c. It differs from these in + the distinct sagittal constriction of the cephalis, which divides it into two lateral loculi.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Acrospyris clathrocanium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, fig. + 17).</p> + + <p>Shell tuberculate, with distinct collar and deep sagittal stricture. Cephalis nut-shaped, with + numerous irregular, roundish pores; three pairs of larger annular pores on each side of the ring. + Basal plate with four larger pores (two major cardinal and two minor jugular pores). Apical horn + slender, pyramidal, curved, about as long as the shell, with three recurved short spines. Thorax + three-sided, about twice as large as the cephalis, with three large basal holes and a broad riband + with numerous smaller holes; three ribs between them stout, pyramidal, strongly curved, prolonged + into three convergent crescentic feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.08 long, 0.11 broad; thorax 0.14 long, 0.16 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Acrospyris dictyophimus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth. Cephalis and thorax of nearly the same structure and form as in the preceding + species; it differs from the latter in the shape of the three stout basal feet, which are <span + class="pagenum" id="page1086">{1086}</span>straight, much longer than the thorax, divergent, and + at the broader base irregularly fenestrated, without three larger holes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.08 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Acrospyris pyramidalis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, with slight collar stricture. Cephalis campanulate, with deep + sagittal stricture and stout ring, armed with a strong pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax + shorter and broader, truncate. Pores irregular, roundish, scarce. Three feet divergent, + three-sided pyramidal, as long as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.02 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Acrospyris macrocephala</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spinulate, with deep sagittal and very deep collar stricture. Cephalis very large, + nut-shaped, twice as long and broad as the small, truncate, pyramidal thorax. Pores irregular, + roundish. Horn spindle-shaped, nearly as long as the cephalis; the three divergent feet are of the + same form and size as the horn, and arise as three ribs from the deep collar stricture.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.1 long, 0.15 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Acrospyris fragilis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell very thin-walled and fragile, with deep sagittal and collar strictures. Pores very small + and numerous, circular. Cephalis nut-shaped, nearly spherical, with a slender bristle-shaped horn + of the same length. Basal stricture with two large collar pores only (luminella). Thorax nearly + three-sided prismatic, longer than the cephalis, with three parallel ribs, prolonged into three + slender, long, bristle-shaped feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 475. <i>Phormospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_93" href="#Nt_93"><sup>[93]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 442 (<i>sensu emendato</i>).</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Phormospyrida</span> with three basal feet, without + apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Phormospyris</i> has been derived from <i>Acrospyris</i>, its + ancestral form, by reduction and loss of the apical horn; it therefore bears to the latter the + same relation that <i>Tristylospyris</i> has to the ancestral <i>Tripospyris</i>.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1087">{1087}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Phormospyris tricostata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, fig. + 15).</p> + + <p>Cephalis nut-shaped, thorny, with deep sagittal and collar strictures, half as large as the + pyramidal thorax. Mouth of the latter dilated and ciliated, twice as broad as the cephalis. Pores + irregular, polygonal, with thin bars. Three cylindrical, straight, divergent ribs descend in the + wall of the thorax, and are prolonged over the mouth into three short conical teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; thorns 0.08 long, 0.16 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Phormospyris tridentata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, fig. + 18).</p> + + <p>Cephalis nut-shaped, with deep sagittal and collar strictures, about twice as large as the + thorax. Mouth of the latter half as broad as the cephalis. Pores very small and numerous, + subregular, circular. Collar plate with four large triangular pores. In the wall of the thorax + three vertical prismatic ribs descend, which are prolonged over the mouth into three parallel feet + of the same length.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; thorns 0.04 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Phormospyris trifoliata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis nut-shaped, with deep sagittal and collar strictures, smaller than the thorax. Mouth + of the latter nearly as broad as the cephalis. Pores circular, double-contoured, larger in the + thorax than in the cephalis. The thorax has no lateral ribs, but bears around the mouth three + large triangular lamellar terminal feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Rhodospyrida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Phormospyrida</span> with a corona of + numerous (nine to twelve or more) basal feet.</p> + + <h5>Genus 476. <i>Patagospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_94" href="#Nt_94"><sup>[94]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 443.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Phormospyrida</span> with numerous basal feet (nine + to twelve or more) and an apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Patagospyris</i> and the two following closely allied genera differ + from the two preceding tripodal genera in the multiplication of the basal feet, and therefore have + to the latter the same relation that the Polyspyrida (<i>Petalospyris</i>) bear to the + Tripospyrida (<i>Tripospyris</i>). When the numerous basal feet of <i>Petalospyris</i> become + connected by lattice-work, <i>Patagospyris</i> arises.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1088">{1088}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Patagospyris confluens</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Petalospyris confluens</i>, Ehrenberg, 1885, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xxii. fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell tuberculate, with distinct sagittal and collar strictures. Pores irregular, roundish. + Cephalis nut-shaped, larger than the short truncate thorax. Horn conical, shorter than the + cephalis. Peristome with a coronet of twelve to fifteen short triangular feet, which are parallel + and vertical, slightly curved and shorter than the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.07 broad; thorax 0.03 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbadoes.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Patagospyris lanceolata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell tuberculate, with slight sagittal and sharp collar strictures. Pores subregular, + circular. Cephalis subspherical, about as large as the truncate subcylindrical thorax. Horn + spindle-shaped, about as long as the cephalis. Peristome with a coronet of fifteen to twenty + divergent lanceolate lamellar feet, longer than the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Patagospyris stiligera</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithobotrys stiligera</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 76, Taf. iii. fig. 17.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, hyaline, with deep sagittal and collar strictures. Pores very small and few. + Cephalis nut-shaped, bilobed, of the same breadth as the cylindrical thorax. Horn conical, about + as long as the cephalis. Peristome with a coronet of six to nine broad lamellar feet (in + Ehrenberg's figure broken off).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 to 0.05 diameter; thorax 0.06 long, 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Patagospyris anthocyrtis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, fig. + 19).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with deep sagittal and deep collar strictures. Pores irregular, roundish, of + various sizes, numerous. Cephalis nut-shaped, with two inflated bosoms, about twice as broad as + the short cylindrical thorax. Horn stout, pyramidal, about as long as the cephalis. Peristome with + a coronet of fifteen to twenty parallel and vertical triangular lamellar feet, nearly as long as + the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.1 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 477. <i>Rhodospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_95" href="#Nt_95"><sup>[95]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 443.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Phormospyrida</span> with numerous basal feet (nine + to twelve or more), and with three coryphal horns.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1089">{1089}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Rhodospyris</i> differs from the preceding <i>Patagospyris</i> in the + development of three coryphal horns (one odd middle apical horn, and two paired frontal horns on + each of its sides), and therefore bears the same relation to the latter that the similar + <i>Anthospyris</i> does to <i>Petalospyris</i>. When the numerous basal feet of <i>Anthospyris</i> + become connected by lattice-work, <i>Rhodospyris</i> arises.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Rhodospyris tricornis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, fig. + 13).</p> + + <p>Cephalis nut-shaped, with deep sagittal stricture, and three short apical horns of half its + length; the middle odd horn is straight, the two paired lateral horns are curved outwards. Thorax + somewhat larger than the cephalis, dilated around the wide open mouth, with a coronet of + twenty-five to thirty slender basal feet, which are slightly curved and convergent, about as long + as the thorax. Pores small, numerous and circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.07 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; horns + 0.02 long, feet 0.06 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Rhodospyris triceros</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis nut-shaped, with deep sagittal and deep collar stricture, and with three stout + divergent horns of nearly equal length. Thorax cylindrical, twice as long as the cephalis, and of + the same breadth, with a coronet of twelve to sixteen broad, lamellar, rectangular, perpendicular + feet around the mouth, about as long as the cephalis. Pores rather large, subregular, + circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Singapore (Trebing), surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 478. <i>Desmospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_96" href="#Nt_96"><sup>[96]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 443.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Phormospyrida</span> with numerous basal feet (nine + to twelve or more), without a coryphal horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Desmospyris</i> differs from the two preceding polypodal genera in the + complete absence of horns on the coryphal face of the cephalis. It therefore corresponds to + <i>Gorgospyris</i> among the Zygocyrtida, and arises when the numerous basal feet of the latter + become connected by lattice-work.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Desmospyris mammillata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, fig. + 14).</p> + + <p>Shell mammillate, with deep sagittal and slight collar constriction. Pores irregular, + roundish. Cephalis nut-shaped, larger than the inversely conical thorax, and twice as broad as the + constricted <span class="pagenum" id="page1090">{1090}</span>mouth. Coronet of the peristome with + twelve to fifteen short conical convergent feet, shorter than half the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Desmospyris cyrtocolpos</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with deep sagittal and collar strictures. Pores subregular, circular, + double-contoured, very small and numerous. Cephalis nut-shaped, larger than the short truncate + thorax. Coronet with eighteen to twenty-four slender, irregular, pointed, convergent feet, about + twice as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Desmospyris anthocyrtoides</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Petalospyris anthocyrtoides</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., + vol. xxxvi. pp. 533, 539, Taf. xxxii. fig. 19, <i>a-c</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell tuberculate, with slight sagittal and sharp collar strictures. Pores subregular, + circular. Cephalis nut-shaped, larger than the short truncate thorax. Coronet with fifteen to + twenty short conical, parallel and vertical feet, about as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; thorax 0.02 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Desmospyris carpocanium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with slight sagittal and slight collar strictures. Pores subregular, circular, + small and numerous. Cephalis campanulate, smaller than the ovate thorax. Coronet with fifteen to + twenty irregular lamellar feet, which are longer than the thorax, pointed, nearly vertical and + parallel.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.08 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Family LV. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Androspyrida</span></span>, n. fam. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate88"><b>88</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate90"><b>90</b></a>).</h4> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> with galea and thorax; the shell + composed of a bilocular cephalis and of two secondary joints, a galea arising from its upper face, + and a thorax arising from its lower face.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1091">{1091}</span></div> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Androspyrida</span> differs from the three preceding families of + <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> in the three-jointed shell, in which the galea of the + Tholospyrida and the thorax of the Phormospyrida are combined; it may therefore be derived from + the latter by development of a galea, or from the former by formation of a thorax. The common + ancestral group of these three families is probably the Zygospyrida. But it may be that a part of + the Androspyrida has originated directly from the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>.</p> + + <p>Two species only of this family were hitherto known, <i>Amphispyris reticulata</i> (figured, in + 1872, by Ehrenberg, as <i>Dictyospyris</i>) and <i>Sphærospyris sphæra</i> (described, in 1882, by + Bütschli, as <i>Dictyospyris</i>). Thirty new species were found in the collection of the + Challenger, and are here disposed in seven genera. But perhaps these may represent three different + families, which we here enumerate as subfamilies; the Lamprospyrida, Perispyrida, and + Nephrospyrida.</p> + + <p>The Lamprospyrida, the first subfamily, are tripodal <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> with + galea and thorax; they may therefore be regarded as a combination of <i>Tholospyris</i> and + <i>Acrospyris</i>. In the simpler form, <i>Androspyris</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, fig. 8), + the network of the shell is simple, and allows a very clear recognition of the internal structure. + In the splendid <i>Lamprospyris</i>, derived from it (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate89"><b>89</b></a>, figs. 13, + 14) the delicate network is more or less spongy. The large apical horn is branched and fenestrated + in the latter and simple in the former.</p> + + <p>The Perispyrida, the second subfamily, possess no free apophyses, but a three-jointed shell + with two distinct transverse strictures, an upper mitral and a lower collar stricture. The network + of this shell is incomplete in <i>Amphispyris</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate88"><b>88</b></a>, figs. 2-7), + being developed only in the frontal or lateral perimeter, thus making it probable that this + subfamily may have arisen directly from the Tympanida (<i>Toxarium</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate88"><b>88</b></a>, fig. 1; Pl. + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, figs. + 18-20). The network of <i>Tricolospyris</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate88"><b>88</b></a>, figs. 8-11) + is complete, of another shape in the cephalis than in the galea and thorax; it is doubled or + spongy in <i>Perispyris</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate88"><b>88</b></a>, + figs. 12, 13).</p> + + <p>The Nephrospyrida, the third subfamily, contains two very different genera only, each of which + may represent a separate family. <i>Sphærospyris</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, fig. 4) + possesses a spherical or subspherical lattice-shell, the central part of which includes a sagittal + ring, connected with the inner face of the sphere by a number of paired apophyses, corresponding + to those of <i>Lithocircus</i>; it may be easily confounded with some <span + class="gsp">Sphæroidea</span> (<i>Carposphæra</i>), but the enclosed ring leaves no doubt as to + its true origin. <i>Nephrospyris</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate90"><b>90</b></a>) + has a flat discoidal shell of considerable size, usually kidney-shaped or cordate, with a deep + sagittal incision at the base, indicating the region where the pseudopodia are protruded from the + porochora. The violin-shaped central capsule has two large lateral lobes on each side of the + including sagittal ring, and the transverse nucleus is perpendicular to its sagittal plane (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate90"><b>90</b></a>, figs. 7, + 10). <i>Sphærocircus</i> as well as <i>Nephrospyris</i> have probably arisen independently from + the Stephanida.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1092">{1092}</span></div> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Androspyrida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Androspyrida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Androspyrida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Lamprospyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Three free basal feet.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Lattice-work simple, not spongy.</td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Apical horn usually simple, not fenestrated,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">479. <i>Androspyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Lattice-work wholly or partly spongy.</td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Apical horn usually branched and fenestrated,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">480. <i>Lamprospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Perispyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">No free basal feet. Shell three-jointed.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell with two transverse coronal strictures (one superior + mitral and one inferior collar stricture).</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Lattice-work only complete in the frontal ring,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">481. <i>Amphispyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Lattice-work complete on all sides,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">482. <i>Tricolospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Lattice-work double or spongy,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">483. <i>Perispyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>III. Subfamily Nephrospyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">No free basal feet. Shell spherical or discoidal.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Shell without external transverse stricture.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Shell spherical or subspherical,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">484. <i>Sphærospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell discoidal, kidney-shaped or subcircular,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">485. <i>Nephrospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Androspyrida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Androspyrida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Lamprospyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Three free basal feet.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Lattice-work simple, not spongy.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Apical horn usually simple, not fenestrated,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">479. <i>Androspyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Lattice-work wholly or partly spongy.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Apical horn usually branched and fenestrated,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">480. <i>Lamprospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Perispyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">No free basal feet. Shell three-jointed.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell with two transverse coronal strictures (one superior mitral + and one inferior collar stricture).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Lattice-work only complete in the frontal ring,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">481. <i>Amphispyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Lattice-work complete on all sides,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">482. <i>Tricolospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Lattice-work double or spongy,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">483. <i>Perispyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="sp0"> + <p>III. Subfamily Nephrospyrida.</p> + <p class="sp0">No free basal feet. Shell spherical or discoidal.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell without external transverse stricture.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell spherical or subspherical,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">484. <i>Sphærospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell discoidal, kidney-shaped or subcircular,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">485. <i>Nephrospyris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Lamprospyrida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Androspyrida</span> with three free + basal feet (an odd posterior caudal foot and two paired anterior pectoral feet).</p> + + <h5>Genus 479. <i>Androspyris</i>,<a id="NtA_97" href="#Nt_97"><sup>[97]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Androspyrida</span> with three free basal feet and a + simple apical horn; lattice-work of the three-jointed shell simple, not spongy.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Androspyris</i> is probably the most original form of the + Androspyrida, and represents, together with the following <i>Lamprospyris</i>, the subfamily of + Lamprospyrida, which always possess three free basal feet, an odd posterior or caudal foot, and + two paired anterior or pectoral feet. It may be derived either from <i>Acrospyris</i> by + development of a cupola, or from <i>Tholospyris</i> by development of a thorax; the common + ancestral form of these three typical genera is, no doubt, <i>Tripospyris</i>. Some species of + <i>Androspyris</i> reach a considerable size and are distinguished by a peculiar external form + resembling somewhat a human figure.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Androspyris homunculus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell thorny, with two deep transverse constrictions and irregular polygonal pores. Galea + subspherical, with a strong pyramidal oblique horn, about two-thirds as large as the cephalis, + which has the form of a human thorax, includes a strong ovate sagittal ring, and bears on each + side a stronger lateral spine. Thorax short and broad, prolonged into three latticed divergent + feet; the <span class="pagenum" id="page1093">{1093}</span>two lateral (pectoral) feet are like + the legs of a human body, and are twice as long as the cephalis and as the tail-like caudal feet. + (The whole shell exhibits a curious similarity to a human figure, more than in the following + nearly allied species.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (including horn and feet) 0.4, breadth 0.1 to + 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Androspyris anthropiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, with two distinct transverse constrictions and irregular polygonal pores. Galea + ovate, with a slender conical oblique horn, about as large as the cephalis, which exhibits a deep + longitudinal furrow in the sagittal dorsal line. Thorax half as long, prolonged into three short + latticed feet; the terminal spines of the two lateral feet are vertical and parallel, that of the + caudal foot larger, directed obliquely backwards.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (including horn and feet) 0.35, breadth 0.1 to + 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Androspyris pithecus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, + fig. 20).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with two slight transverse constrictions. Galea conical, with a short conical + horn, longer than the nut-shaped cephalis. Thorax with three nearly vertical and parallel feet of + equal length. Pores in the galea and thorax very small and numerous, circular, in the cephalis + much larger, irregular, roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (including horns and feet) 0.25, breadth 0.06 to + 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Androspyris aptenodytes</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with two slight transverse constrictions and irregular, roundish pores. Galea + hemispherical, with a short conical horn, about as large as the roundish cephalis and half as + large as the ovate thorax. The three feet arise immediately beyond the collar stricture, are + equal, divergent, curved, about as long as the cephalis, and are not terminal (as in the three + preceding species), but lateral appendages of the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.2, breadth 0.05 to 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 480. <i>Lamprospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_98" href="#Nt_98"><sup>[98]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 447.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Androspyrida</span> with three free basal feet and a + fenestrated apical horn; lattice-work of the three-jointed shell wholly or partly spongy.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Lamprospyris</i> differs from the preceding <i>Androspyris</i>, its + ancestral form, mainly in the higher development of the lattice-work of the large shell. Whilst + this in <span class="pagenum" id="page1094">{1094}</span>the latter genus is a simple + lattice-plate, it here becomes more or less spongy, and sometimes forms a very dense and delicate + wickerwork. The apical horn and the three basal feet are commonly also fenestrated. The two + annular strictures, which separate the cephalis from the conical cupola and the inflated thorax, + are commonly not so distinct as in the preceding genus. Some species belong to the largest + Spyroidea and reach more than half a millimetre in length.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Lamprospyris darwinii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate89"><b>89</b></a>, fig. + 13).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly pear-shaped, with two distinct annular strictures, and uneven papillate surface. + The total length is equal to twice the greatest breadth, and to seven times the length of the + ring. Apical horn free, irregularly branched and fenestrated, as long as the included columella + beyond it. The three diverging feet are strongly curved, S-shaped, and completely included by + loose lattice-work. In the middle of their length they give off a simple strong lateral branch. + The loose arachnoidal lattice-work is rather equally developed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the entire shell (including the apophyses) 0.5, greatest + breadth 0.25, ring 0.07 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Lamprospyris lyellii</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slender, pear-shaped, very similar to the preceding species, but differing in the + following characters—the branched horn is much larger and twice as long as the columella; + the two annular transverse strictures (separating the three joints) are deeper. The free internal + branches of the three included feet are forked. Lattice-work looser than in the preceding + species.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the entire shell 0.6, breadth 0.2, ring 0.09 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Lamprospyris huxleyi</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate89"><b>89</b></a>, + fig. 14).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, spiny, with two slight annular transverse strictures; their length equal to one + and a half times the breadth, and up to seven times the length of the ring. Apical horn quite + included by the loose lattice-work of the large conical cupola, which is as long as the cephalis + and thorax together. The three slender feet are also included in the lattice-work and only + one-third as long as the shell, nearly vertical. Lattice-work much denser than in the two + preceding species.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.4, breadth 0.26, ring 0.06 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Lamprospyris hookeri</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovato-conical, very similar to the preceding species, but smooth, not spiny. The apical + horn and the three feet are much longer, not included in the network, but freely prominent, half + <span class="pagenum" id="page1095">{1095}</span>as long as the shell and nearly vertical, + parallel. The arachnoidal lattice-work is much denser in the middle third (cephalis) than in the + upper third (cupola) of the lower third (thorax).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (without appendages) 0.45, breadth 0.3, ring 0.08 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Lamprospyris spenceri</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slender, ovate, very similar to the preceding species; differing from it in the larger + cupola, which is as long as the cephalis and thorax together. The three feet are much shorter and + weaker, more divergent. This differs from all four preceding species in the possession of a large + double apical horn; the two horns are strong, pyramidal, straight, strongly divergent, and as long + as the cupola.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (without the appendages) 0.3, breadth 0.2, ring + 0.05 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Perispyrida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 443.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Androspyrida</span> without free basal + feet, with three distinct joints separated by two parallel transverse strictures.</p> + + <h5>Genus 481. <i>Amphispyris</i>,<a id="NtA_99" href="#Nt_99"><sup>[99]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 444.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Androspyrida</span> without free basal feet, with + three distinct joints, separated by two transverse strictures; lattice-work of the shell only + complete in the frontal ring, with large open holes on the ventral and dorsal face.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Amphispyris</i> and the two following genera arising from it, + represent together the peculiar small subfamily of Perispyrida. This may have originated directly + from <i>Toxarium</i> (family Tympanida, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate88"><b>88</b></a>, + fig. 1; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, + figs. 18-20), the large holes between its arches and rings becoming filled up by lattice-work; in + <i>Amphispyris</i> this intercalated network remains incomplete on the ventral and dorsal faces, + whilst in <i>Tricolospyris</i> it becomes complete, and in <i>Perispyris</i> spongy.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Amphispyrium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—On each side of the ring-plane three pairs of large + annular meshes; no middle zygomatic ring is developed between the two tympanic transverse rings + (superior orbital and inferior maxillary ring).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1096">{1096}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Amphispyris thorax</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate88"><b>88</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>Shell thorax-shaped, as long as broad, with a deep sternal incision and two slight transverse + strictures. On each side of the ring-plane three pairs of large, irregular, annular holes of + nearly equal size, the middle holes nearly half as broad as the shell. No zygomatic bars between + the orbital and maxillary bars. Lateral lattice-girdle narrow, with few small roundish meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.17 long, 0.17 broad, ring 0.06 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Amphispyris quadrigemina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate88"><b>88</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Shell shaped like the "corpora quadrigemina cerebralia," with two deep crossed strictures, a + coronal transverse stricture and a sagittal sternal stricture. On each side of the ring plane + three pairs of large, irregular, annular, double holes, the middle holes larger than the upper and + lower holes, and about one-fourth as long as the shell. No zygomatic bars between the orbital and + maxillary bars. Lateral lattice-girdle broad, with numerous small meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.13 long, 0.16 broad, ring 0.07 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Amphispyris reticulata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyospyris reticulata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 289, Taf. x. fig. 19.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell thorax-shaped, one and one-fifth times as long as broad, with a deep sternal incision and + two distinct transverse strictures. On each side of the ring-plane three pairs of large annular + holes of nearly equal size, about one-third as long as the shell. No zygomatic bars between the + orbital and maxillary bars. Lateral girdle narrow, with few large polygonal meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.18 long, 0.15 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, depth 2200 fathoms (Pullen).</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Amphispyridium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—On each side of the ring-plane four pairs of larger + annular meshes; a middle horizontal zygomatic ring is developed between the two tympanic + transverse rings (superior orbital and inferior maxillary ring).</p> + + <p>4. <i>Amphispyris sternalis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate88"><b>88</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell thorax-shaped, one and one-fifth times as long as broad, with deep sternal incision and + two distinct transverse (tympanic) strictures. On each side of the ring-plane four pairs of large + irregular, annular holes; the fourth (inferior or buccal) pair is the longest. The middle of the + sagittal ring <span class="pagenum" id="page1097">{1097}</span>is crossed by horizontal zygomatic + bars (between the ascending orbital and the descending maxillary bars). Lateral lattice-girdle + narrow, with few large meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.24 long, 0.2 broad; ring 0.09 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Amphispyris subquadrata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate88"><b>88</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <p>Shell compressed, nearly square, spiny, with slight sternal incision and two distinct + transverse strictures. Similar to the preceding species; four pairs of irregular annular pores of + nearly equal size. Zygomatic ring complete. Lateral lattice-girdle narrow, with few large + meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.14 long, 0.12 broad; ring 0.06 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 285, depth 2275 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Amphispyris costata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate88"><b>88</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Shell compressed, nearly square, with slight sternal incision and two obliterated transverse + strictures. Similar to the two preceding species; with four pairs of large annular pores, the two + middle of which (the orbital and nasal holes) are much larger than the superior (frontal) and + inferior (oral) holes. Zygomatic ring incomplete. Lateral lattice-girdle broad, with very + numerous, small, irregular, polygonal pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.2 long, 0.16 broad; ring 0.07 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Amphispyris toxarium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate88"><b>88</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <p>Shell inflated, with deep sternal incision and two distinct transverse strictures. Similar to + the preceding species, but with deeper constriction and looser lattice-work. Four pairs of large, + irregular, annular pores, the central two of which are much larger. Zygomatic ring complete. + Lateral girdle broad, with irregular pores of very different size.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.2 long, 0.14 broad; ring 0.09 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 482. <i>Tricolospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_100" href="#Nt_100"><sup>[100]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 443.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Androspyrida</span> without free basal feet, with + three distinct joints, separated by two transverse strictures; lattice-work of the shell complete, + simple.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Tricolospyris</i> has arisen from the preceding <i>Amphispyris</i>, + its ancestral form, by development of lattice-work which completely closes the large open holes + remaining on the ventral and dorsal faces of the latter.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1098">{1098}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Tricolospyris kantiana</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate88"><b>88</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, one and a half times as long as broad, with two deep transverse strictures. Pores + of the cephalis large, roundish, of nearly equal size. Cupola and thorax hemispherical, of about + the same size and form, with numerous and small, double-contoured, roundish pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.12 long, 0.08 broad; ring 0.04 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Tricolospyris leibnitziana</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate88"><b>88</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, twice as long as broad, with two deep transverse strictures. Pores of the cephalis + large, roundish, polygonally framed, of very different size; two middle transverse rows of smaller + pores enclosed between a superior and an inferior row of very large pores. Cupola and thorax + hemispherical, about equal, with much smaller and very numerous roundish pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.15 long, 0.07 broad; ring 0.06 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Tricolospyris baconiana</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate88"><b>88</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, twice as long as broad, with two sharp strictures. Pores of the cephalis large, + very irregular, partly lobated. Cupola hemispherical, smaller than the campanulate thorax, both + with smaller irregular pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.15 long, 0.08 broad; ring 0.06 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 215, depth 2500 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Tricolospyris newtoniana</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate88"><b>88</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, slender, three times as long as broad, with two distinct strictures. Pores of the + cephalis very large, irregular. Cupola hemispherical, only one-third as long as the slender + inversely conical abdomen, both with irregular, much smaller pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.22 long, 0.08 broad; ring 0.05 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 206, depth 2100 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 483. <i>Perispyris</i>,<a id="NtA_101" href="#Nt_101"><sup>[101]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 444.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Androspyrida</span> without free basal feet, with + three distinct joints, separated by two transverse strictures; lattice-work of the shell double or + spongy.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Perispyris</i> differs from the preceding <i>Tricolospyris</i>, its + ancestral form, in the development of a secondary outer shell, which encloses the inner primary + one either like an enveloping cortical shell or like a spongy veil. This is produced by the + concrescence of meeting branches, which arise from spines of the inner shell.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1099">{1099}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Perispyris bicincta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate88"><b>88</b></a>, + fig. 13).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with two deep transverse annular strictures and a deep sagittal incision at the + sternal base; one and a half times as long as broad. Cephalis nut-shaped, with large irregular + roundish pores and very broad bars. Everywhere from its surface there arise numerous slender + arborescent radial beams; by the anastomoses of their ramified branches there arise the flat + cap-shaped cupola and the larger bilobed thorax; and also the external enveloping shell with loose + delicate network.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Inner shell 0.17 long, 0.1 broad; outer shell 0.23 long, 0.17 broad; + ring 0.06 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Perispyris spongiosa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell rough, with two distinct transverse strictures and a deep sternal incision, similar to + the preceding; the radial beams arising from the inner shell, and forming by anastomosing branches + the outer shell, are thinner and more numerous, and the framework of the latter on the surface is + very dense and spongy, therefore the shell is dark and not transparent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Inner shell 0.18 long, 0.12 broad; outer shell 0.24 long, 0.18 broad; + ring 0.08 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Perispyris lentellipsis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate88"><b>88</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, lentelliptical, with three different isopolar axes, perpendicular one to another. + Transverse and sagittal strictures are wanting; but the large enclosed ring and the two pairs of + large adjacent annular meshes indicate clearly the position and size of the hidden cephalis. The + two other joints (the cupola on the upper and the thorax on the lower pole of the cephalis) are + nearly equal, cap-shaped or hemispherical. The outer lentelliptical shell is little larger than + the inner, connected with it by numerous thin bristle-shaped radial beams, and exhibits a delicate + arachnoidal lattice-work.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Inner shell 0.15 long, 0.1 broad; outer shell 0.18 long, 0.13 broad; + ring 0.08 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 3. <span class="sc">Nephrospyrida</span> (vel <span class="sc">Paradictyida</span>, + Haeckel, 1881).</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Androspyrida</span> without free basal + feet and external constrictions. Shell either spherical or discoidal.</p> + + <h5>Genus 484. <i>Sphærospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_102" href="#Nt_102"><sup>[102]</sup></a> n. + gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Androspyrida</span> with a spherical or subspherical + shell, without basal incision and transverse constriction; without free basal feet.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1100">{1100}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Sphærospyris</i> differs from all other <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> in the regular spherical or spheroidal form of the lattice-shell. It + may therefore be easily confounded with some species of the <span class="gsp">Sphæroidea</span>; + but the internal sagittal ring, placed in the median plane of the fenestrated sphere and connected + with it by radial beams, leaves no doubt that it is derived from a true Spyroid, either + <i>Dictyospyris</i> or <i>Amphispyris</i>, or another genus. Sometimes also four larger collar + pores are visible.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Sphærospyris sphæra</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyospyris sphæra</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. vol. xxxvi. + pp. 511, 539, Taf. xxxii. fig. 15, <i>a</i>, <i>b.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, nearly spherical, slightly flattened at the base, with small regular circular + pores. In the centre of the basal plate a regular rectangular cross with four equal collar + pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.11, of the enclosed ring 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Sphærospyris quadriforis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell rough, nearly spherical, slightly flattened at the base, with small regular circular + pores. In the centre of the basal plate a bilateral symmetrical cross with four ovate collar + pores; two cardinal pores twice as large as the two jugular pores and six to eight times as broad + as the other shell-pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.26, of the enclosed ring 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Sphærospyris globosa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, perfectly spherical, with small subregular circular pores. In the centre of the + basal plate no larger collar pores. (The original collar pores are here of the same size as the + other pores, and cannot therefore be distinguished.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.13, of the enclosed ring 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 485. <i>Nephrospyris</i>,<a id="NtA_103" href="#Nt_103"><sup>[103]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 444.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Androspyrida</span> with a discoidal, kidney-shaped, + or subcircular shell, with a basal incision; without transverse constriction and free basal + feet.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Nephrospyris</i> is one of the most peculiar and most modified of the + <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, of extraordinary size, in this respect surpassing all other + genera of this <span class="pagenum" id="page1101">{1101}</span>suborder, and differing from them + in its flat discoidal form. The diameter of the compressed shell often reaches one half millimetre + or more; its perimeter is elliptical or nearly circular, smooth, constantly with a characteristic + deep sternal incision or a basal sinus on the basal pole of the main axis. The central sagittal + ring is comparatively small. The margin is often inflated like a delicate reticular girdle, and + contains a large number of peculiar spherical or roundish nucleated cells (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate90"><b>90</b></a>, figs. + 6-10). According to the observations of Dr. John Murray, made on living <i>Nephrospyris</i>, they + are Vorticellina, perhaps constant Symbiontes.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Nephrodictyum</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 444.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Network of the shell simple, with bars of nearly equal + breadth.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Nephrospyris renilla</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate90"><b>90</b></a>, + figs. 9, 10).</p> + + <p>Shell kidney-shaped, one and a half times as broad as long, and three times as long as the deep + kidney-shaped sternal incision. Ring with six pairs of branched apophyses, the bars of the apical + pair vertical, of the basal pair divergent. The corresponding bars of the two middle pairs (on the + frontal and the occipital face) form together on each side a large pentagonal or hexagonal + naso-orbital area, which is surrounded by four or five large polygonal meshes; the other meshes + become smaller towards the inflated margin. All meshes simple, without arachnoidal framework.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.3 to 0.4 long, 0.4 to 0.5 broad; ring 0.08 to 0.1 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Nephrospyris nephridium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell kidney-shaped, one and two-third times as broad as long, very similar to the preceding + species (or only a variety of it?). Ring with seven pairs of branched apophyses. The large + naso-orbital area is on the dorsal or occipital side simple, on the ventral or facial side divided + by an equatorial pair of transverse horizontal branches into two superior orbital, and two + inferior nasal holes. Sternal incision ovate. All meshes simple.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.25 to 0.35 long, 0.4 to 0.5 broad; ring .007 to 0.08 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Nephrospyris phaseolus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell kidney-shaped, twice as broad as long, very similar to the two preceding species (or only + a variety of them?). Ring with eight pairs of branched apophyses. The large naso-orbital area + (between the mitral and collar ring) is on the dorsal and on the ventral side divided by two + equatorial pairs of horizontal branches into two superior (orbital and occipital), and two + inferior (nasal and suboccipital) holes. Sternal incision cordate. All meshes simple.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.25 long, 0.5 broad; ring 0.06 to 0.07 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1102">{1102}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Nephrospyris cordata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell heart-shaped, about as long as broad. Ring with six pairs of branched apophyses (as in + <i>Nephrospyris renilla</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate90"><b>90</b></a>, + fig. 9). No equatorial transverse branches. Sternal incision cordate, deeper than in all other + species of the genus, nearly half as long as the shell. All meshes of the network simple.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.32 long, 0.36 broad; ring 0.05 to 0.06 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Paradictyum</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 444.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Network of the shell double; the larger meshes separated + by strong bars, and filled up by a very delicate secondary arachnoidal network.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Nephrospyris paradictyum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate90"><b>90</b></a>, figs. + 1-8).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Paradictyum paradoxum</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas, <i>loc. + cit.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nearly circular, ten times as broad as the inflated marginal girdle, and three times as + long as the sternal incision. Ring with six pairs of branched apophyses; the bars of the apical + pair nearly vertical, of the basal pair divergent; the corresponding and opposite bars of the two + middle pairs (on the occipital and on the frontal face) form together a large middle naso-orbital + area; above and below this lie six pairs of larger meshes. All larger meshes of the network are + filled up by very delicate arachnoidal framework. The inflated and delicately reticulated marginal + girdle of this and of the following closely allied species is usually filled up by nucleated + roundish cells (fig. 7), which are Vorticellinæ, according to the observations of Dr. John Murray + on living specimens.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.5 to 0.6, of the marginal girdle 0.05 to 0.07; + ring 0.07 to 0.09 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Nephrospyris paradoxa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell kidney-shaped, one and one-third times as broad as long, six times as broad as the + inflated marginal girdle, and half as long as the sternal incision. Ring with six pairs of + apophyses. Above and below the large naso-orbital holes lie ten pairs of larger meshes. All the + meshes are filled up by very delicate arachnoidal network.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.4 to 0.5, breadth 0.5 to 0.7; ring 0.06 to 0.08 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1103">{1103}</span></div> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <h3>Suborder II. Botryodea, Haeckel, 1881 (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>).</h3> + + <div class="poem smaller pc30"> + <p><i>Polycyrtida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 341.</p> + <p><i>Polycyrtida</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. 519.</p> + <p><i>Botryodea</i> (= <i>Botrida</i> vel <i>Botryida</i>), Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. + 439.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> with a complete + lattice-shell, exhibiting constantly a lobate and multilocular cephalis, with three to five or + more separated lobes, and two to three or more constrictions.</p> + + <p>The suborder <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> differs from the other <span + class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span> in the multilocular and lobate shape of the cephalis, which is + composed of at least three or four, often five or six, and sometimes even a greater number of + lobes, which are separated by constrictions and partly also by internal septa. This characteristic + shape is found neither in the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> (with bilocular cephalis) nor in + the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> (with simple cephalis). The affinities of the former group + to the two latter form a very complicated problem, which is not yet solved; the morphology of the + <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> is the most difficult part in the system of <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, and what we can here give, are incomplete and unsatisfactory + beginnings only.</p> + + <p>Up to the year 1860 only a single genus of the <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> was known, + <i>Lithobotrys</i>, one of the oldest genera of "<i>Polycystina</i>," and described by Ehrenberg + in 1844 (Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 74). He gave the following + definition:—"Loricæ siliceæ articuli in adulto non in seriem, sed in uvæ brevis formam, id + est in loculos plus minus discretos nonnullos contiguos dispositi. Proxime ad Lithocampem + accedit." In his first System (1847) <i>Lithobotrys</i> is placed with <i>Lithocampe</i> among his + family Lithochytrina. Afterwards (1860) Ehrenberg added two new genera, under the names + <i>Botryocampe</i> and <i>Botryocyrtis</i> and figured some species of these incompletely in his + last works (1872, 1875).</p> + + <p>In my Monograph I founded for these three genera the separate subfamily of Polycyrtida, added + as a fourth genus <i>Spyridobotrys</i>, and gave to the group the following definition (1862, loc. + cit., p. 341):—"Lattice-shell divided by two or more annular strictures, partly + longitudinally, partly transversely, into three or more unequal chambers, which are placed in + different planes and have a different relation to the poles of the shell-axis."</p> + + <p>The new and remarkable forms of <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>, which I subsequently found + in the Challenger collection, demonstrated that the <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> differ from + the other <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span> (the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> as well as + the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>) in a far higher degree than I formerly had supposed. A + synopsis of the figures in Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a> + will give sufficient evidence of this view. Therefore in my Prodromus (1881, p. 439) <span + class="pagenum" id="page1104">{1104}</span>I completely separated the <span + class="gsp">Botryodea</span> (or Botrida) from the other suborders of <span + class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span> (Spyrida and Cyrtida).</p> + + <p>Bütschli gave, in 1882, in his paper on the Cyrtida (<i>loc. cit.</i>) a very accurate + description of <i>Lithobotrys geminata</i>, and pointed out its close affinity to + <i>Lithocorythium</i> and <i>Lithomelissa</i>, and the importance of an oblique septum separating + the cephalis into a smaller anterior and a larger posterior lobe. His views on the <span + class="gsp">Botryodea</span> (as a subordinate group of the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>) + are however incomplete, since the peculiar forms, described in the following pages, were unknown + to him.</p> + + <p>According to the wide morphological divergence of the different <span + class="gsp">Botryodea</span>, and the numerous peculiar forms developed from it, we here divide + the whole group into three families and ten genera, with fifty-five species. These form, however, + only a small part of the large and varied mass of closely related forms which are found in the + rich collections of the Challenger. The great difficulty of researches on their intimate + structure, and the great amount of time required for it, prevented me from giving a more complete + and exact description than the one here given. The observation of the small shells from all the + different sides is a difficult task, requiring years of work, and its satisfactory explanation + would be possible only by means of numerous figures.</p> + + <p>The three families of <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>, here described, correspond to the + three first groups of <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>. The first family, Cannobotryida, + corresponds to the Monocyrtida clausa and to the Zygospyrida; their shell consists of a cephalis + only, without subsequent joints. The second family, Lithobotryida, corresponds to the Dicyrtida + and Phormospyrida; their shell is composed of a cephalis and a thorax, both joints being separated + by a transverse cortinar septum and a collar stricture. The third family, Pylobotryida, has a + three-jointed shell, like the Tricyrtida, with cephalis, thorax and abdomen.</p> + + <p>The cephalis is the most characteristic part of the shell of the <span + class="gsp">Botryodea</span> and its lobulate and multilocular shape separates them from the <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>. It represents the whole shell + in the Cannobotryida, and in the young state of the two other families, which afterwards develop a + thorax (Lithobotryida) and an abdomen (Pylobotryida). The typical lobulation of the cephalis is + probably originally caused by internal septa; and these may be originated by branches of the + internal columella, which corresponds either to the central ascending columella of the <span + class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> or to the excentric ascending dorsal rod of the sagittal ring of the + <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>. But afterwards, when the original septa disappear and are + lost by reduction, only the external constrictions remain to indicate the limits of the single + lobes.</p> + + <p>Among the internal septa and the corresponding external constrictions which effect the + lobulation of the cephalis, may be distinguished primary or constant septa and secondary or + inconstant septa. As primary septa we regard firstly an oblique frontal <span class="pagenum" + id="page1105">{1105}</span>septum and secondly a vertical sagittal septum. The frontal septum + (described accurately by Bütschli) has usually two or three pairs of pores and ascends obliquely + from the base to the anterior face of the cephalis, where it is inserted in the orbital region; it + divides the cephalis into a smaller anterior or facial lobe and a larger posterior or occipital + lobe. The latter is commonly higher and more developed than the former and partly covers its upper + face, like the crest of a helmet. The facial lobe is again bisected by an incomplete sagittal + septum and a corresponding partial constriction on the anterior face. We find, therefore, in this + original cephalis of the <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>, three primary lobes, an odd larger + occipital lobe and two paired smaller facial lobes. The typical trilobed cephalis may be regarded + perhaps as the common original form of the <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>.</p> + + <p>The secondary and inconstant constrictions which we find in many <span + class="gsp">Botryodea</span>, and which produce a greater number of lobes in the cephalis, require + further accurate observation. The following cases of lobation may be considered as the most + important:—(1) Cephalis with four lobes, opposite in two pairs (two larger occipital and two + smaller facial lobes, separated by a complete sagittal and an oblique frontal constriction); (2) + cephalis with four unequal lobes, two of which are odd and sagittal, two paired and lateral (the + odd occipital lobe usually larger and the odd mandibular lobe smaller than the two paired lateral + or buccal lobes); (3) cephalis with five lobes (a large odd occipital lobe and two pairs of + smaller lobes, anterior nasal, and lateral buccal lobes); (4) cephalis with five lobes, three of + which are odd (a posterior occipital, middle frontal, and anterior facial lobe), and one pair of + lateral lobes; (5) cephalis with six lobes, opposite in pairs (two larger occipital, two smaller + nasal and two intermediate lateral or buccal lobes); (6) cephalis with six lobes, two of which are + odd and sagittal (a large occipital and a smaller nasal lobe), four opposite in pairs (two + anterior and two posterior buccal lobes); (7) cephalis with seven lobes, three of which are odd (a + large posterior occipital, a middle frontal, and an anterior small nasal lobe), four opposite in + two pairs (an anterior buccal and a posterior temporal pair); (8) cephalis with eight lobes, two + of which are odd (a large posterior occipital and a small anterior frontal lobe) and six opposite + in three lateral pairs; (9) cephalis with nine lobes, three of which are odd (an occipital, a + frontal and a nasal lobe) and six opposite in three lateral pairs; (10) cephalis with ten lobes, + two of which are odd (a large occipital and a smaller frontal lobe) and the other eight opposite + in pairs; (11) cephalis with numerous lobes (twelve to fifteen or more) which are symmetrically + disposed on each side of the median plane; (12) cephalis with numerous lobes (twelve to fifteen or + more) which are irregularly and sometimes spirally conglomerated.</p> + + <p>All these different forms of lobation require a far more thorough examination than I can devote + to them, and may furnish examples of regular laws of development. The irregular forms are rather + common, and I have found some very irregular <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> <span + class="pagenum" id="page1106">{1106}</span>(not here described) in which I could not determine the + topographical regions of the cephalis. The difficulty in the examination of these complicated + forms is increased by their very small size, which does not reach the usual dimensions of the + other <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span>. In some cases I was able to observe on the base of the + cephalis the same typical cortinar pores (in two or three pairs), which we also find in the same + part of the cephalis in the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> and <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, and which are inherited from the Semantida.</p> + + <p>The thorax of the <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>, or the second shell-joint, absent in the + Cannobotryida, is usually of very simple form, ovate, truncate, conical or cylindrical, and + consists of a secondary joint, developed from the base of the cephalis. The thorax is usually + small, about the same size as the cephalis or a little larger, whilst in the <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> it is commonly much larger than the latter. Its terminal mouth is + closed by a lattice-plate in the Botryocellida, while it remains open in the Botryopylida and + Pylobotryida.</p> + + <p>The abdomen, or the third shell-joint, developed in the Pylobotryida only, generally also + exhibits a very simple shape, like the thorax, and it is a tertiary joint developed from the base + of the thorax. It exhibits to the latter the same relation as in the Tricyrtida. The terminal + mouth of the abdomen remains open in the Botryocyrtida; it becomes closed by a lattice-plate in + the Botryocampida.</p> + + <p>The lattice-plate forming the shell of the <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> is usually very + thin and fragile, with very small circular pores. These are often very numerous, at other times + scarce, and sometimes nearly wanting, so that the shell appears hyaline. In this group there never + occurs that great variety in form and size of the pores, which numerous <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> exhibit.</p> + + <p>The radial apophyses which are found in the majority of <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> seem + to correspond in position and relation to the typical radial beams of the other <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, viz., three descending basal feet arising from the base of the + cephalis, and an ascending vertical apical horn arising from the top of the cephalis. Here also + they seem to be inherited from the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> or <span + class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> (<i>Cortina</i>, <i>Cortiniscus</i>). But whilst these four typical + radial beams in the other <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> are usually simple spines or solid + rods, here they usually appear as hollow cylindrical tubes, the thin wall of which is pierced by + the same small pores as the shell. These porous tubes are either straight or slightly curved, + often inflated and ovate at the base. We find in their number and disposition the same variety as + in the simple radial spines of the other <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. The original number + may here also be seen in the development of four typical beams, an ascending apical tube on the + top of the cephalis, and three descending basal tubes on its base; the odd posterior tube of the + latter corresponds to the caudal foot, the two paired anterior to the pectoral feet. There is + often also a fourth foot developed opposite to the caudal, and representing a sternal tube. + Sometimes also two superior tubes are developed, a posterior occipital and an anterior frontal. + The different <span class="pagenum" id="page1107">{1107}</span>apophyses may be lost by reduction. + I have never observed <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> with more than five apophyses.</p> + + <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> is not yet sufficiently + known, no living species having been observed. In some preparations from specimens in the + Challenger collections, stained by Dr. John Murray with carmine immediately after the dredging + operation, single <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> are to be found in which the central capsule + is deeply coloured. In <i>Botryopera quinqueloba</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, fig. 2) it + filled up the greater part of the cephalis and seemed to be divided into some small lobes. In + <i>Lithobotrys sphærothorax</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, + fig. 15) it was divided into four lobes, three of which filled the trilobed cephalis, the fourth + large lobe occupying a great part of the spherical thorax. Details of their structure, + unfortunately, were not recognisable. There can, however, be no doubt that they are the same as in + all other <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Families of</i> <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>.</h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w50 smaller vx" title="Synopsis of the Families of Botryodea" + summary="Synopsis of the Families of Botryodea"> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">1. Shell monothalamous, consisting of the lobate cephalis only,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">1. <span class="sc">Cannobotryida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">2. Shell dithalamous, composed of a lobate cephalis and a simple + thorax,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">2. <span class="sc">Lithobotryida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">3. Shell trithalamous, composed of a lobate cephalis, a thorax and an + abdomen,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">3. <span class="sc">Pylobotryida</span>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Family LVI. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Cannobotryida</span></span>, Haeckel (<i>sensu + emendato</i>).</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc22"> + <p><i>Cannobotryida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 440.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—Botryodea monothalamia, the shell of which represents a lobate + cephalis, without thorax and abdomen.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Cannobotryida</span> (retained here with a stricter definition + than originally was given in my Prodromus) comprises those <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>, in + which the whole shell is represented by the cephalis alone, without thorax and abdomen. Since the + two latter joints, found in the two following families, are secondary productions, the + Cannobotryida must be regarded as the ancestral forms of all <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>, + in an ontogenetic as well as in a phylogenetic sense.</p> + + <p>Two species only of this family have been hitherto known, incompletely described by Ehrenberg + as <i>Lithobotrys triloba</i> and <i>Lithobotrys quadriloba</i>. A great number of similar forms + are to be found in the Radiolarian ooze of the Central Pacific, but they are very minute, and + difficult to examine. We can describe here only twelve species of these, which we arrange in two + genera; <i>Botryopera</i> without porous tubes, and <i>Cannobotrys</i> bearing a variable number + of porous cylindrical tubes (one to five). The number of lobes of the cephalis is also variable in + each genus (one to five or more). If in the future these minute and interesting shells should be + better examined, it would <span class="pagenum" id="page1108">{1108}</span>be advisable to + distinguish a number of genera according to the different number of the porous tubes and of the + lobes of the cephalis. The base of the latter is constantly closed by a basal lattice-plate, and + usually exhibits two or three pairs of cortinar pores, identical with those of the Semantida.</p> + + <p>The phylogenetic origin of the Cannobotryida may be found either in the Zygospyrida or in the + Monocyrtida; they differ from these two similar groups in the lobation of the cephalis, which is + effected by the development of internal septa and external constrictions.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Cannobotryida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w50 smaller vx" title="Synopsis of the Families of Botryodea" + summary="Synopsis of the Families of Botryodea"> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis without porous tubes,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">486. <i>Botryopera</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis with a variable number of porous tubes,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">487. <i>Cannobotrys</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h5>Genus 486. <i>Botryopera</i>,<a id="NtA_104" href="#Nt_104"><sup>[104]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cannobotryida</span> without tubes on the + cephalis.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Botryopera</i> is the simplest form among the <span + class="gsp">Botryodea</span>, the shell consisting of a lobate cephalis only, without tubes or + radial appendages. It may be derived either from <i>Dictyospyris</i> or from <i>Archicapsa</i> by + development of the horizontal fold in the frontal face of the shell, and the corresponding + internal frontal septum, which separates the larger occipital lobe from the smaller facial half; + the latter may be divided again into paired frontal lobes, lateral buccal lobes, &c. + <i>Botryopera</i> may be the common ancestral form of many <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Botryopera cyrtoloba</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Cephalis trilobate; the posterior odd occipital lobe helmet-shaped, about twice as large as the + two paired anterior frontal lobes, which are subovate and covered by the upper half of the former. + Pores small and numerous, subregular, circular; some larger pores at the base.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.08, basal breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Botryopera triloba</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithobotrys triloba</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 30.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis trilobate; the occipital lobe subcylindrical, one and a half times as long as the two + frontal lobes, which are slender, ovate and not covered by the former. Pores small and + numerous.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.05, breadth 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of the Mediterranean (Sicily, + Greece, &c.)</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1109">{1109}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Botryopera quadriloba</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithobotrys quadriloba</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 84.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis quadrilobate; the occipital lobe helmet-shaped, one and a half times as long as the + two paired hemispherical buccal lobes, and twice as large as the anterior frontal lobe. Pores not + numerous, rather large, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.06, breadth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados and North America (Virginia).</p> + + <p>4. <i>Botryopera quinqueloba</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Cephalis quinquelobate; the occipital lobe helmet-shaped, and twice as long as the two + hemispherical frontal lobes, three times as long as the subspherical lateral buccal lobes. Pores + scarce, small, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.07, basal breadth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Botryopera multiloba</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis multilobate; the posterior odd occipital lobe ovate, and of about the same size as the + anterior frontal half of the shell, which is clustered and divided into five to seven smaller + lobes, an odd subspherical sternal lobe, and on each side of it two or three pairs of smaller + subspherical lobes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.09, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 487. <i>Cannobotrys</i>,<a id="NtA_105" href="#Nt_105"><sup>[105]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus p. 440.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cannobotryida</span> with tubes on the cephalis.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cannobotrys</i> differs from the preceding <i>Botryopera</i> in the + development of hollow radial tubes, arising from the lobate cephalis in various numbers. According + to their number the genus may be divided into various subgenera: (1) <i>Cannobotrantha</i> + (<i>monocanna</i>) with a single apical tube; (2) <i>Cannobotrella</i> (<i>dicanna</i>) with two + divergent tubes, an ascending apical and a descending sternal one; (3) <i>Cannobotrissa</i> + (<i>tricanna</i>) with three tubes in the sagittal plane (an upper apical, a posterior caudal, and + an anterior sternal); (4) <i>Cannobotromma</i> (<i>tetracanna</i>) with four radial tubes disposed + like the four typical spines of <i>Cortina</i> (compare p. <a href="#page950">950</a>), and + <i>Cannobotrusa</i> (<i>pentacanna</i>) with five radial tubes disposed like the five typical + spines of <i>Stephanium</i> (p. <a href="#page952">952</a>). <span class="pagenum" + id="page1110">{1110}</span>Perhaps these five groups may be separated as five genera, possessing + near relations to five very different genera of <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> + (<i>Circospyris</i>, <i>Halicapsa</i>, <i>Archibursa</i>, <i>Cortina</i>, <i>Stephanium</i>, + &c.)</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cannobotrys monocanna</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis trilobate, with a single cylindrical straight apical tube on the apex of the occipital + lobe, which is helmet-shaped, and about one and a half times as long as the two subspherical + frontal lobes. Pores small and numerous, subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.05, breadth 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cannobotrys dicanna</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis quadrilobate, with two divergent tubes, an odd apical tube on the apex of the + posterior occipital lobe, and an odd sternal tube on the anterior frontal lobe. Between these two + odd lobes lie two paired lateral or buccal lobes, of about the same size. Shell nearly hyaline, + with very few minute pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.06, breadth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean; Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Cannobotrys tricanna</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Cephalis quinquelobate, with three curved cylindrical tubes in the sagittal plane; an ascending + apical tube on the apex of the helmet-shaped occipital lobe, and two horizontal tubes on the base + of the shell (a posterior caudal, <i>c</i>, and an anterior sternal, <i>z</i>). The two frontal + lobes are hemispherical, and twice as large as the two lateral buccal lobes. Pores very small and + numerous.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.08, basal breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Cannobotrys sagittalis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis multilobate, with three straight divergent cylindrical tubes in the sagittal plane; a + vertical apical tube on the apex of the ovate occipital lobe, and two horizontal tubes on the + base, as in the preceding similar species; it differs from the latter in the greater number of + lobes (seven or nine), the two frontal lobes being divided into two or four secondary lobules.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Cannobotrys cortina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>Cephalis quinquelobate, with four cylindrical nearly straight tubes of equal size; an + ascending, nearly vertical, apical tube on the apex of the occipital lobe, and three divergent + descending tubes <span class="pagenum" id="page1111">{1111}</span>on the base of the shell (an odd + posterior caudal tube and two paired anterior pectoral tubes). The two lateral buccal lobes are + twice as large as the two anterior frontal lobes, and half as large as the posterior odd occipital + lobe. The four tubes in this and the following species correspond probably to the four spines of + <i>Cortina</i> (p. <a href="#page950">950</a>).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.07, basal breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Cannobotrys tetracanna</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis multilobate, with four cylindrical curved tubes conical at their wider base, + corresponding to those of the preceding species and to the four spines of <i>Cortina</i>. The odd + occipital lobe is of about the same size as the anterior part of the shell, which is cleft into + three pairs of roundish lobes, one pair of anterior larger frontal lobes, and two pairs of smaller + lateral buccal lobes. Pores very few and minute.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.11, basal breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Cannobotrys pentacanna</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis quinquelobate, with five cylindrical slender curved tubes, three of which are placed + in the sagittal plane (a superior apical, a posterior caudal, and an anterior sternal), whilst the + other two are paired and diverge laterally (two pectoral tubes). The five tubes correspond exactly + to the five typical spines of <i>Stephanium</i> (p. <a href="#page952">952</a>). The helmet-shaped + occipital lobe of the shell is twice as large as each of the two anterior frontal lobes, and three + times as large as each of the two lateral buccal lobes. Pores numerous.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.07, basal breadth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Family LVII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Lithobotryida</span></span>, n. fam.</h4> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—Botryodea dithalamia, the shell of which is composed of a lobate + cephalis and a simple thorax, without abdomen.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Lithobotryida</span> comprises those <span + class="gsp">Botryodea</span> in which the shell is divided by a transverse annular constriction + into a lobate cephalis and a simple thorax. They correspond therefore to the Dicyrtida among the + <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, and to the Phormospyrida among the <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>. The thorax, or the second shell-joint, is in all these three + families a secondary production, arising from the base of the cephalis; therefore the + Lithobotryida must be phylogenetically derived from the Cannobotryida.</p> + + <p>Several species of <i>Lithobotrys</i> were first described by Ehrenberg as <i>Lithobotrys</i> + and <i>Lithocorythium</i>. These two genera are, however, identical, as has been <span + class="pagenum" id="page1112">{1112}</span>demonstrated by Bütschli (1882, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. + 519). Some other species united by Ehrenberg with <i>Lithobotrys</i> belong to other genera. The + number of Lithobotryida found in the "Radiolarian ooze" of the Challenger collection, is far + greater than that of the Cannobotryida and Pylobotryida. But only a small part of them could be + thoroughly examined and described here, so that their number may be greatly augmented by further + accurate researches. We here arrange those forms in four genera, representing two different + subfamilies. The terminal mouth of the thorax remains open in the Botryopylida, whilst it becomes + closed by a lattice-plate in the Botryocellida. In each group there are shells with and without + porous tubes. The number of these tubes, and also the number of lobes of the cephalis, is very + variable, and may in future serve for the distinction of more genera.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Lithobotryida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w50 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Lithobotryida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Lithobotryida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Botryopylida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Mouth of the thorax open.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis without porous tubes,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">488. <i>Botryopyle</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis with a variable number of porous tubes,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">489. <i>Acrobotrys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Botryocellida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Mouth of the thorax closed by a lattice-plate.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis without porous tubes,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">490. <i>Botryocella</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis with a variable number of porous tubes,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">491. <i>Lithobotrys</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Lithobotryida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Lithobotryida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Botryopylida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Mouth of the thorax open.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cephalis without porous tubes,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">488. <i>Botryopyle</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cephalis with a variable number of porous tubes,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">489. <i>Acrobotrys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Botryocellida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Mouth of the thorax closed by a lattice-plate.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cephalis without porous tubes,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">490. <i>Botryocella</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cephalis with a variable number of porous tubes,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">491. <i>Lithobotrys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h5>Genus 488. <i>Botryopyle</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 440.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Lithobotryida</span> without tubes on the cephalis, + and with the mouth of the thorax open.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Botryopyle</i> comprises the simplest forms of Lithobotryida, the + lobate cephalis bearing no tubes and the basal mouth of the thorax remaining open. It may be + derived either from <i>Dictyocephalus</i> or from <i>Desmospyris</i>, by development of lobes on + the cephalis and of an internal frontal septum, separating the larger occipital lobe from the + smaller frontal half of the shell. The latter may be divided again into anterior frontal lobes, + lateral buccal lobes, &c.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Botryopyle sethocorys</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Cephalis trilobate, separated by a deep collar constriction from the hemispherical thorax, + which is twice as broad. Occipital lobe helmet-shaped, little longer than the two hemispherical + frontal lobes. Surface spiny. Pores irregular, roundish, of very different size.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1113">{1113}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Botryopyle cribrosa</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithobotrys cribrosa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 76, + Taf. iii. fig. 20.</p> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Lithobotrys biceps</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 295, Taf. ix. fig. 23.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis trilobate, separated by a slight collar constriction from the ovate thorax, which is + somewhat smaller. Occipital lobe very large, helmet-shaped, longer than the thorax and twice as + long as the two subspherical frontal lobes. Pores regular, circular, scarce.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.11, breadth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Botryopyle cephalodes</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocorythium cephalodes</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iv. fig. 6.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis quinquelobate, separated by a slight collar constriction from the larger conical + thorax, which is gradually dilated towards the wide mouth. Occipital lobe helmet-shaped, little + longer than the frontal half of the cephalis, which is divided into two pairs of lateral chambers, + corresponding to the four crossed pores of the sagittal septum, figured by Ehrenberg. The figure + of the latter is inverse, seen from the frontal face, a part of the frontal wall having been + broken off.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Botryopyle dictyocephalus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Cephalis multilobate, separated by an oblique constriction from the subcylindrical thorax, + which is somewhat larger and slightly curved. Occipital lobe conical, of the same length as the + posterior part of the triangular frontal half of the shell, which is divided into five to seven + lobes, two or three odd lobes in the median part, and one or two pairs of lateral lobes; very + variable in size and form of the lobes. Mouth of the thorax wide, truncate.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Botryopyle inclusa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Cephalis multilobate, campanulate, separated by a sharp constriction from the inflated thorax, + which is nearly twice as long and broad. Both joints of the shell are irregularly lobate, with + numerous vaulted lobes of different sizes, and partly internal septa. Pores small and + numerous.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Candia), Spratt, depth 1620 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1114">{1114}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 489. <i>Acrobotrys</i>, Haeckel,<a id="NtA_106" href="#Nt_106"><sup>[106]</sup></a> + 1881, Prodromus, p. 440.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Lithobotryida</span> with tubes on the cephalis, and + with the mouth of the thorax open.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Acrobotrys</i> differs from the preceding <i>Botryopyle</i> in the + development of radial tubes, and from its probable ancestral form, <i>Cannobotrys</i>, in the + development of a thorax, the basal mouth of which remains open. According to the varying number of + the tubes we may distinguish the following five subgenera (corresponding to those of + <i>Cannobotrys</i>), viz., (1) <i>Acrobotrantha</i> (<i>monosolenia</i>) with a single (apical) + tube; (2) <i>Acrobotrella</i> (<i>disolenia</i>) with two divergent tubes (an apical and a + sternal); (3) <i>Acrobotrissa</i> (<i>trisolenia</i>) with three sagittal tubes (an apical, a + caudal, and a sternal); (4) <i>Acrobotromma</i> (<i>tetrasolenia</i>) with four tubes, like the + four typical spines of <i>Cortina</i>; and (5) <i>Acrobotrusa</i> (<i>pentasolenia</i>) with five + feet, corresponding to the five typical spines of <i>Stephanium</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Acrobotrys monosolenia</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis trilobate, with a single straight apical tube, which ascends vertically from the apex + of the occipital lobe, and is pointed at the distal end, with an anterior oblique aperture. Two + frontal lobes paired, ovate, half as long as the helmet-shaped occipital lobe. Thorax ovate, twice + as long as the cephalis. Pores very scarce.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Corfu), surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Acrobotrys disolenia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, + fig. 10).</p> + + <p>Cephalis trilobate, with three odd ovate lobes of nearly equal size in the sagittal plane and + two divergent straight slender cylindrical tubes, a vertical apical tube on the occipital lobe, + and a horizontal nasal tube on the frontal lobe; the middle lobe between them is somewhat smaller. + Thorax ovate, about twice as large as the cephalis, with constricted mouth. Pores small and + numerous.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Acrobotrys aquaria</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis quinquelobate, with two divergent long cylindrical curved tubes. Occipital lobe + helmet-shaped, with an ascending apical tube; nasal lobe conical, with a descending sternal tube; + <span class="pagenum" id="page1115">{1115}</span>between them a smaller odd middle lobe, and on + each side of the latter an ovate frontal lobe. Thorax inflate, twice as long and broad as the + cephalis. Pores small, scarce.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.09, breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Acrobotrys acuminata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <p>Cephalis sexlobate, with two divergent tubes. Occipital and frontal lobes ovate, odd; between + them a cupola-shaped apical lobe, bearing an ascending pointed apical tube. On each side at the + base a small buccal lobe, and between the paired buccal lobes an anterior nasal lobe with a + descending curved sternal tube. Thorax smaller than the cephalis. Pores numerous and small.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.11, breadth 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Acrobotrys auriculata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Cephalis quadrilobate, with three pointed and auriculate tubes, two ascending apical (an + anterior and a posterior) in the helmet-shaped occipital lobe, and a descending sternal tube on + the base of the frontal lobe; between the lobes two lateral paired buccal lobes. Thorax + campanulate, twice as broad as the cephalis. Pores rather large and numerous.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Acrobotrys trisolenia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <p>Cephalis quadrilobate, with four odd lobes and three divergent curved tubes, an ascending + apical tube in the conical occipital lobe, and two descending tubes on the anterior and posterior + basal lobes; between these three lobes a small central lobe. Thorax ovate, about as large as the + cephalis. Pores small and numerous.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.11, breadth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Acrobotrys tetrasolenia</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis trilobate, with four slender cylindrical tubes. Occipital lobe helmet-shaped, with an + apical tube on the apex and a caudal tube on the base. Two frontal lobes ovate, prolonged into two + paired pectoral tubes. The four tubes correspond in position to the four spines of Cortina. Thorax + inflate, ovate, larger than the cephalis. Pores very scarce, rather large, irregular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Acrobotrys pentasolenia</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis quinquelobate, with five short conical tubes; three divergent odd tubes arise from + three odd lobes; an apical from the occipital lobe, a posterior caudal from the suboccipital lobe, + and an <span class="pagenum" id="page1116">{1116}</span>anterior sternal from the nasal lobe. Two + paired lateral tubes arise from the base of two ovate frontal lobes. The five tubes correspond in + disposition to the five spines of Stephanium. Thorax truncate. Pores small.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 490. <i>Botryocella</i>,<a id="NtA_107" href="#Nt_107"><sup>[107]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 440.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Lithobotryida</span> without tubes on the cephalis, + and with the mouth of the thorax closed.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Botryocella</i> differs from the closely allied <i>Botryopyle</i> in + having the mouth of the thorax closed, and may be derived from it by development of a + lattice-plate, effecting this closure. It bears therefore the same relation to the latter that + <i>Dicolocapsa</i> has to <i>Dictyocephalus</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Botryocella nucula</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithobotrys nucula</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 76, Taf. + iii. fig. 16.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithobotrys adspersa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 76, Taf. iii. fig. 15.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis trilobate; occipital lobe helmet-shaped, nearly twice as long as the two ovate frontal + lobes. Thorax about as long as the cephalis. Pores very small and scarce.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.06, breadth 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Botryocella borealis</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithobotrys borealis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 294, Taf. ii. fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis trilobate; occipital lobe ovate, little longer than the two ovate frontal lobes. + Thorax about twice as long as the cephalis. Pores very numerous and small.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Greenland, depth 1000 to 2000 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Botryocella tricellaris</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis trilobate, with three odd sagittal lobes; the middle or central lobe larger than the + anterior frontal and smaller than the posterior occipital lobe. Thorax nearly spherical, about as + long as the cephalis. Pores small and scarce.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1117">{1117}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Botryocella quadricellaris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, fig. + 13).</p> + + <p>Cephalis quadrilobate; the helmet-shaped occipital lobe twice as long as the two paired + subspherical buccal lobes, and three times as long as the odd spherical frontal lobe. Thorax + nearly spherical, about as long as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 4475 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Botryocella quadrigemina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, fig. + 14).</p> + + <p>Cephalis quadrilobate, with two pairs of lateral ovate lobes and complete sagittal + constriction; the two occipital lobes nearly twice as large as the two frontal lobes. Thorax + ovate, separated from the cephalis by a collar septum with four cortinar pores (fig. 14).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.09, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Botryocella multicellaris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>Cephalis multilobate; occipital lobe helmet-shaped, very large, about twice as long and broad + as the frontal half of the shell, which is divided into six to eight small roundish clustered + lobes. Thorax subspherical, of about the same size as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific Station 297, depth 1775 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 491. <i>Lithobotrys</i>,<a id="NtA_108" href="#Nt_108"><sup>[108]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 74.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Lithobotryida</span> with tubes on the cephalis, and + with the mouth of the thorax closed.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Lithobotrys</i>, the oldest and first known of the <span + class="gsp">Botryodea</span>, was founded by Ehrenberg in 1844, and was one of his five oldest + genera of Polycystina. It represented by itself the suborder <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> + until the year 1860. The numerous species described by Ehrenberg belong to very different genera + of <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>, and partly also of <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>. + Following Bütschli (1882) we retain here the name <i>Lithobotrys</i> for those species, the type + of which is <i>Lithobotrys geminata</i>. The genus <i>Lithocorythium</i> of Ehrenberg is for the + greater part identical with it. When in the preceding genus <i>Acrobotrys</i> the mouth of the + thorax becomes closed by lattice work, <i>Lithobotrys</i> arises. In the latter as well as in the + former the number of tubes on the cephalis is different, and may characterise different + subgenera.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1118">{1118}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Lithobotrys geminata</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithobotrys geminata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 76, + Taf. iii. fig. 19.</p> + <p><i>Lithobotrys geminata</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi, p. 519, + Taf. xxxiii. fig. 27, a to c.</p> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Lithocorythium platylophus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iv. fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis trilobate, with a single apical tube in the apex of the helmet-shaped occipital lobe, + which is one and a half times as long as the two subspherical frontal lobes. Thorax ovate, one and + a half times as long as the cephalis, with few small pores in six to eight transverse rows.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Lithobotrys lithocorythium</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithocorythium oxylophus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 78, Taf. iv. figs. 3, 4.</p> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Lithopera oxystauros</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iii. fig. 6.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis trilobate, with a single apical horn or a pointed tube in the apex of the + helmet-shaped occipital lobe, which is a little longer than the two ovate frontal lobes. Thorax + ovate, about as long as the cephalis, with very numerous and small pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Lithobotrys nasuta</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithobotrys nasuta</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 76, Taf. iii. fig. 21.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis quadrilobate, with a single descending sternal or nasal tube on the base of the + anterior or frontal lobe, which is half as long as the helmet-shaped occipital lobe and twice as + large as the two lateral buccal lobes. Thorax ovate, twice as long as the cephalis. Pores rather + large, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.11, broad 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Lithobotrys ornata</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithobotrys ornata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 76, Taf. iii. fig. 18.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis quinquelobate, with two divergent ascending tubes, a posterior occipital and an + anterior sternal or nasal tube. Occipital lobe campanulate, twice as large as the two frontal, and + four times as large as the two buccal lobes. Thorax ovate, twice as long as the cephalis. Pores + scarce and small. The specimen figured by Ehrenberg is very incomplete.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.09, breadth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1119">{1119}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Lithobotrys sphærothorax</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, fig. + 15).</p> + + <p>Cephalis trilobate, with two divergent cylindrical tubes, an ascending apical tube in the apex + of the ovate occipital lobe, and a descending sternal or nasal tube in the campanulate frontal + lobe; between the two lobes a smaller central lobe. Thorax spherical, twice as long as the latter. + Pores very small, numerous.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4575 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Lithobotrys mascula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, + fig. 16).</p> + + <p>Cephalis sexlobate, with two divergent cylindrical tubes, an ascending apical tube in the apex + of the helmet-shaped occipital lobe and a descending sternal tube on the base, between the two + kidney-shaped frontal lobes. The latter are half as large as the odd occipital lobe and of about + the same size as the two inflated lateral buccal lobes, which are separated by a small odd nasal + lobe.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.13, breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Lithobotrys orchidea</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, + fig. 17).</p> + + <p>Cephalis sexlobate, similar to the preceding species, but with five divergent and curved + cylindrical tubes, which correspond to the five spines of <i>Stephanium</i>; an apical tube on the + apex of the occipital lobe, a caudal tube on its base, a sternal tube between the two frontal + lobes, and two paired pectoral tubes between the latter and the lateral buccal lobes. Pores small + and scarce.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Family LVIII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Pylobotryida</span></span>, Haeckel (<i>sensu + emendato</i>).</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc21"> + <p><i>Pylobotryida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 440.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—Botryodea trithalamia, the shell of which is composed of a lobate + cephalis, a thorax, and an abdomen.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Pylobotryida</span> comprises those <span + class="gsp">Botryodea</span> in which the shell exhibits two parallel transverse annular + constrictions, and is divided by these into three successive joints, corresponding to the + cephalis, the thorax, and the abdomen of the Tricyrtida. As in the latter, the abdomen is here + also a later production, arising from the terminal mouth of the thorax; therefore the Pylobotryida + must be derived phylogenetically from the Lithobotryida.</p> + + <p>Two genera of Pylobotryida were incompletely described in 1860 by Ehrenberg, + <i>Botryocyrtis</i> and <i>Botryocampe</i>. We retain them here, with a stricter definition, + however. Two other genera were added in my Prodromus—<i>Pylobotrys</i> and + <i>Phormobotrys</i>. <span class="pagenum" id="page1120">{1120}</span>The small number of species + here enumerated may be easily increased, since numerous forms, belonging probably to this family, + are not sufficiently known. Their study is, however, very difficult and requires accurate + examination of the tiny shells from different sides.</p> + + <p>The four genera of Pylobotryida, here described, represent two different subfamilies. The + terminal mouth of the abdomen remains open in the Botryocyrtida, whilst it becomes closed by a + lattice-plate in the Botryocampida. There are in both groups shells with and without porous tubes; + the number of these tubes, and also the number and disposition of the lobes in the cephalis, + exhibits remarkable differences in the different species of those genera, and may in future serve + for their division into a greater number of genera.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Pylobotryida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w50 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Pylobotryida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Pylobotryida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Botryocyrtida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Mouth of the abdomen open.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis without porous tubes,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">492. <i>Botryocyrtis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis with a variable number of porous tubes,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">493. <i>Pylobotrys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Botryocampida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Mouth of the abdomen closed by a lattice-plate.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis without porous tubes,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">494. <i>Botryocampe</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis with a variable number of porous tubes,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">495. <i>Phormobotrys</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Pylobotryida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Pylobotryida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Botryocyrtida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Mouth of the abdomen open.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cephalis without porous tubes,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">492. <i>Botryocyrtis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cephalis with a variable number of porous tubes,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">493. <i>Pylobotrys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Botryocampida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Mouth of the abdomen closed by a lattice-plate.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cephalis without porous tubes,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">494. <i>Botryocampe</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cephalis with a variable number of porous tubes,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">495. <i>Phormobotrys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h5>Genus 492. <i>Botryocyrtis</i>,<a id="NtA_109" href="#Nt_109"><sup>[109]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 829.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Pylobotryida</span> without tubes on the cephalis, + and with the mouth of the abdomen open.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Botryocyrtis</i>, founded by Ehrenberg upon two Indian species, is the + simplest among the Pylobotryida. It may have been derived from <i>Botryopyle</i> by the + development of an abdomen (or a third shell-joint), the mouth of which remains open.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Botryocyrtis serpentis</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Botryocyrtis serpentis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 287, Taf. x. fig. 21.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis quadrilobate; the odd frontal and the two paired buccal lobes subspherical, about half + as large as the odd occipital lobe. Thorax inflated, about as long as the cephalis and half as + long as the ovate abdomen. Mouth of the latter constricted, of half the breadth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean (Zanzibar), depth 2200 fathoms, Pullen.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1121">{1121}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Botryocyrtis theocampe</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, fig. + 19).</p> + + <p>Cephalis quadrilobate; the odd frontal and the two paired buccal lobes hemispherical, about + half as large as the helmet-shaped occipital lobe. Thorax cylindrical, of equal length and + breadth, one and a half times as broad as the cephalis and as the cylindrical abdomen. Pores + rather large, irregular, roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Botryocyrtis cerebellum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, fig. + 18).</p> + + <p>Cephalis quinquelobate; the odd frontal and the two paired buccal lobes ovate, about half as + large as the two helmet-shaped paired occipital lobes (?). Thorax campanulate, twice as broad and + long as the cephalis and as the truncate cylindrical abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Botryocyrtis quinaria</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Botryocyrtis quinaria</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 287, Taf. x. fig. 16.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis quinquelobate; the odd occipital lobe ovate, twice as large as each of the other four + subspherical lobes, the two anterior (or frontal) of which are somewhat smaller than the two + posterior (or buccal). Thorax campanulate, somewhat larger than the truncate abdomen. Pores rather + large, irregular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.09, breadth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean (Zanzibar and Madagascar), surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 493. <i>Pylobotrys</i>,<a id="NtA_110" href="#Nt_110"><sup>[110]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 440.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Pylobotryida</span> with tubes on the cephalis, and + with the mouth of the abdomen open.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Pylobotrys</i> differs from the closely allied <i>Acrobotrys</i>, its + ancestral form, in the development of an abdomen or a third shell-joint, the basal mouth of which + remains open.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Pylobotrys putealis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, + fig. 21).</p> + + <p>Cephalis multilobate, with a single curved and descending tube on the base of its anterior part + (sternal tube). Occipital half of the cephalis divided into three large odd lobes (the largest + <span class="pagenum" id="page1122">{1122}</span>the apical); facial half divided into three to + five lobes, an odd frontal and one or two lateral pairs of small buccal lobes. Thorax truncate + conical, about as large as the cephalis and larger than the truncate abdomen. Pores regular + circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Pylobotrys fontinalis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, fig. + 20).</p> + + <p>Cephalis trilobate, with three ovate lobes in the sagittal plane, of nearly equal size, and two + divergent cylindrical tubes conical at the base. An ascending apical tube on the apex of the + occipital lobe and a descending sternal tube on the base of the frontal lobe. The middle lobe + between the former distinctly exhibits in the apical view (fig. 20) the collar septum with the + four cortinar pores. Thorax campanulate, larger than the cephalis and the truncate abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.11, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Pylobotrys cerebralis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, fig. + 22).</p> + + <p>Cephalis multilobate, with four divergent cylindrical tubes, which are cylindrical, obliquely + truncate at the mouth, and correspond in position to the four typical spines of <i>Cortina</i>; an + ascending apical tube and three descending basal tubes (an odd caudal and two paired pectoral). + The helmet-shaped occipital lobe is about as large as the frontal half of the cephalis, which is + divided into three pairs of smaller pyriform lobes. Thorax subspherical, about as large as the + cephalis and half as large as the inflated abdomen. Pores very scarce and small.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.15, breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, Rabbe, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 494. <i>Botryocampe</i>,<a id="NtA_111" href="#Nt_111"><sup>[111]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 829.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Pylobotryida</span> without tubes on the cephalis, + and with the mouth of the abdomen closed.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Botryocampe</i> may be derived from <i>Botryocyrtis</i> by development + of a basal lattice-plate, closing the terminal mouth of the abdomen. It is at the same time + closely allied to the Tricyrtid <i>Theocapsa</i>, and may be perhaps derived from this by lobation + of the cephalis.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1123">{1123}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Botryocampe inflata</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Botryocampe inflata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 296; + Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1872, p. 285, Taf. ii. fig. 4.</p> + <p><i>Botryocampe inflata</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 345.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithobotrys inflata</i>, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol. xxii. + p. 1, pl. i. fig. 15.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis trilobate, inflated, of about the same breadth and length as the tun-shaped thorax and + the hemispherical abdomen. Frontal lobes of the cephalis ovate, a little smaller than the ovate + odd occipital lobe. Pores numerous and small.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.05 to 0.08, breadth 0.02 to 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, Stations 267 + to 274, 241, 354, &c., surface, and in various depths.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Botryocampe theocapsa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis trilobate, half as long as the campanulate thorax, and one-third as long as the ovate + abdomen. Frontal lobes subspherical, scarcely half as long as the helmet-shaped occipital lobe. + Pores very small and scarce.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Botryocampe galea</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithobotrys galea</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 83.</p> + <p><i>Lithocorythium galea</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 29, a, b.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocorythium galea</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 330.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis quinquelobate, about as large as the ovate thorax, and twice as large as the + hemispherical abdomen (which is identical with the "crista obtusa finis anterioris" of Ehrenberg). + Occipital lobe helmet-shaped, about twice as long as the two pairs of lateral lobes (the superior + frontal and the inferior buccal lobes).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Botryocampe rotalia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, + fig. 23).</p> + + <p>Cephalis quinquelobate, half as large as the campanulate thorax and the subspherical abdomen. + Occipital lobe ovate, one and a half times as long as the two ovate frontal lobes, and three times + as long as the two subspherical buccal lobes. Collar septum with six distinct cortinar pores (two + anterior jugular, two middle cardinal and two posterior cervical, fig. 23).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1124">{1124}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Botryocampe camerata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, + fig. 24).</p> + + <p>Cephalis multilobate, about as long and half as broad as the irregularly campanulate thorax, + which is half as long as the subspherical large abdomen. Occipital lobe of the cephalis + helmet-shaped, larger than its uviform frontal part, which is divided into six to eight small + subspherical lobes. In the interior of the thorax and abdomen irregularly branched rods are + visible, which divide their inner space into compartments or incomplete chambers. Pores large, + regular, circular, hexagonally framed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.15, breadth 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 495. <i>Phormobotrys</i>,<a id="NtA_112" href="#Nt_112"><sup>[112]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 440.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Pylobotryida</span> with tubes on the cephalis, and + with the mouth of the abdomen closed.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Phormobotrys</i> differs from the similar and closely allied + <i>Pylobotrys</i> in the development of a basal lattice-plate closing the terminal mouth of the + thorax, and corresponds therefore to <i>Lithobotrys</i> among the Lithobotryida. As in the latter + and in <i>Cannobotrys</i>, &c., so here in <i>Phormobotrys</i>, different subgenera may be + distinguished, according to the different number and disposition of the radial tubes which become + developed from the lobate cephalis.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Phormobotrys trithalamia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, fig. + 26).</p> + + <p>Cephalis trilobate, with a single apical tube, which is only one-third as long, spindle-shaped, + pointed, with frontal opening. Frontal lobes ovate, two-thirds as long as the helmet-shaped + occipital lobe. Internal frontal septum of the cephalis with four large pores. Thorax cylindrical, + twice as long as the hemispherical abdomen. Pores small and numerous, irregular, roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.16, breadth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Phormobotrys pentathalamia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, fig. + 27).</p> + + <p>Cephalis quinquelobate, with a single conical apical tube of the same length, which has an + obliquely truncate frontal opening. Odd frontal and paired buccal lobes smaller than the sternal + and the occipital lobe. Internal frontal septum with six large pores. Thorax inflated, a little + larger than the subspherical abdomen. Pores subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.15, breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1125">{1125}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Phormobotrys hexathalamia</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Botryocampe hexathalamia</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 344, Taf. + xii. fig. 10.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis sexlobate, with a single apical horn, which is solid, vertical, cylindrical, pointed, + only one-third as long. Frontal lobes subcylindrical, nearly as long as the kidney-shaped + occipital lobe, three to four times as long as the small buccal lobes and the odd sternal lobe. + Thorax tun-shaped, smaller than the cephalis, larger than the hemispherical abdomen. Pores + numerous, subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.13 to 0.15, breadth 0.05 to 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, Messina, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Phormobotrys cannothalamia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, fig. + 25).</p> + + <p>Cephalis trilobate, of about the same breadth and length as the campanulate thorax, which is + three times as long as the flat cap-shaped abdomen. The middle (or central) lobe of the cephalis + is simple, nearly cubical, and smaller than the ovate occipital and frontal lobe. The two latter + are prolonged into two slender cylindrical divergent tubes. Pores small and very numerous.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Phormobotrys polythalamia</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis multilobate, of the same length and breadth as the subspherical thorax, and half as + long as the ovate abdomen. Occipital lobe helmet-shaped, about as large as the frontal half of the + cephalis, which is divided into six to eight lobes (two odd and two or three pairs of lateral + lobes). Four cylindrical tubes corresponding to the four typical spines of <i>Cortina</i>, an + ascending apical and three descending basal tubes (a posterior caudal and two anterior + pectoral).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.14, breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1126">{1126}</span></div> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <h3>Suborder III. CYRTOIDEA, Haeckel, 1862.</h3> + + <div class="poem smaller pc42"> + <p><i>Cyrtida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., pp. 272, 280.</p> + <p><i>Cyrtoidea</i> vel <i>Cyrtida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 425-439.</p> + <p><i>Polycystina solitaria</i>, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, pp. 53, 54.</p> + <p><i>Monodictya nassellaria</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + pp. 156, 157.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> with a complete lattice-shell, + exhibiting a simple or reduced cephalis, which is neither bilocular nor lobate, without sagittal + constriction.</p> + + <p>The order <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, described by me in 1862 as the family Cyrtida, is + by far the largest of all the main groups of Radiolaria, and remarkable from the extraordinary + variety of forms and the number of species. In the following system more than eleven hundred + species are described, comprising about one-fourth of the number of species in the whole class of + Radiolaria. This astonishing variety, however, is not effected by development of a large number of + different types, but by an extraordinary variability within certain restricted boundaries, similar + to what is seen among insects and birds. The number of genera, therefore, is comparatively small, + and they may all be disposed into four families only, which in my Monograph (1862, p. 280) were + distinguished as Monocyrtida, Dicyrtida, Tricyrtida and Stichocyrtida. If we divide these four + groups in the following pages into twelve families and twenty-four subfamilies, we are guided by + practical considerations only, hoping thereby to give a better survey of the difficult labyrinth + of Cyrtoidean morphology.</p> + + <p>The <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> are characterised by this wonderful richness of specific + forms not only in the present seas, but also for millions of years in the former ages of our + globe. The majority of all the fossil Radiolaria which are now known belong to this group, and + many species of it are so common that great rocks are formed by their union. The fact was first + observed by Ehrenberg, who in his first system of <i>Polycystina</i> (1847, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. + 54) enumerated forty-four genera and two hundred and eighty-two species; the <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, his Polycystina solitaria, form the preponderant majority of the + whole class, viz., twenty-five genera and one hundred and ninety-three species.</p> + + <p>In this first system (of 1847), as well as in the last systematic table of Ehrenberg (of 1875, + <i>loc. cit.</i>), the Cyrtida as "Polycystina solitaria" are opposed to all other Radiolaria, as + "Polycystina composita." The former bear the definition "Testæ siliceæ spatio interno ample + pervio, aut passim levius transverse constricto"; the latter, however, "Testæ siliceæ spatio + interno celluloso aut strictura longitudinali constricto." In reality these definitions are + insufficient, and the conclusions which Ehrenberg derived <span class="pagenum" + id="page1127">{1127}</span>from the organisation of the Polycystina solitaria and composita, were + quite erroneous. So also are the definitions of the three families into which he divided the + Polycystina solitaria, afterwards (in 1875) called by him "Monodictya nassellaria." These three + families were the Halicalyptrina, Lithochytrina and Eucyrtidina. With these were also united the + three genera of <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> known to Ehrenberg (<i>Lithobotrys</i>, + <i>Botryocampe</i>, <i>Botryocyrtis</i>). We entirely separate these here from the true Cyrtida, + on account of their lobate or multilocular cephalis.</p> + + <p>Whilst Ehrenberg only knew the skeleton of the Polycystina solitaria, the first observations of + living Cyrtida were published by Johannes Müller, 1858, in his fundamental treatise. He gave the + first description and figures of the central capsule of this group, with the characteristic lobes + developed from its basal part; and of the pseudopodia radiating on all sides (<i>loc. cit.</i>, + Taf. vi.). The forms described by him were all Mediterranean, one Dicyrtid (<i>Lithomelissa + mediterranea</i>), two Tricyrtids (<i>Eucyrtidium zancleum</i> and <i>Pterocanium charybdeum</i>), + and one Stichocyrtid (<i>Lithocampe tropeziana</i>).</p> + + <p>In my monograph (1862, p. 272-341) I gave a detailed description of all known and some new + Cyrtida, and characterised this family by the fundamental monaxonial form of the shell, with two + different poles (an upper apical and a lower basal pole), and by the unipolar growth, beginning + from the apical pole. I pointed out also the peculiar structure of the monaxonial central capsule. + At that time I divided the Cyrtida into five subfamilies, in which, however, the <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> (= Zygocyrtida), and the <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> (= + Polycyrtida) were united with the true <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> (Monocyrtida, Dicyrtida, + Stichocyrtida).</p> + + <p>The astonishing number of new and interesting forms of Cyrtida which I found in the rich + collection of the Challenger (beginning from 1876), and mainly in the Radiolarian ooze of the + Central Pacific (Stations 263 to 274), enabled me to give in my Prodromus, in 1881, a greatly + enlarged and amended system of this important group. I separated there the <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> (= Zygocyrtida), and the <i>Botryodea</i> (= Polycyrtida) from the + true <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> by restricted definition, pointing out the essential + differences in the structure of the cephalis in these groups of <span + class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span>. The latter name, as here used, is therefore identical with the + "Cyrtida" of my Monograph. In the Prodromus I divided the true Cyrtida (p. 426) into five + subfamilies and thirty tribes, corresponding to the differences in the number of the shell-joints + and of the radial apophyses, and in the shape of the closed or open mouth. These groups are here + retained, but reduced to four families and twenty-four subfamilies, since the Tetracyrtida are + better united with the Stichocyrtida (compare below).</p> + + <p>Richard Hertwig in his work Organismus der Radiolarien (1879, pp. 74 to 86) gave the first + accurate description of the finer structure of the central capsule of the Cyrtida, and pointed out + their character as true <span class="sc">Monopylea</span>, with porochora and <span + class="pagenum" id="page1128">{1128}</span>podoconus, and the peculiar shape of its nucleus. He + also published excellent figures of some interesting new species.</p> + + <p>O. Bütschli, 1882, in his valuable paper entitled: "Beiträge zur Kentniss der + Radiolarien-Skelette, insbesondere der der Cyrtida" (Zeitschr. für wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. + 485) made an attempt at a natural classification of the Cyrtida, which he derived from the <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> or Zygocyrtida. As already mentioned above, we cannot accept this + essay as the foundation of a true natural system, since the affinities of the <span + class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span> (and of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> as a whole) are far + more complicated and difficult than Bütschli supposed. His views were supported by accurate + observations only on the structure of the fossil <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> of Barbados; + these, however, represent the minority only of the genera, and many interesting and important + forms (mainly of true "Monocyrtida") remained unknown to Bütschli. A great part, however, of his + observations are very useful, and his remarks on comparative morphology are very suggestive.</p> + + <p>The <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> may be divided into families and subfamilies according + to three different principles, viz., (1) the number of joints into which the shell is divided by + transverse strictures; (2) the number of radial apophyses which arise from the shell; (3) the + shape of the basal mouth, which is either open or closed by a lattice-plate. At present every + attempt of classification in this large group must be more or less artificial, since the + affinities of the numerous smaller and larger groups are extremely complicated, and the ontogeny, + the only sure guide in this phylogenetical labyrinth, is perfectly unknown. It seems therefore the + most convenient to employ for our artificial classification, first, the number of shell-joints, + second, the radial structure, and third, the shape of the mouth.</p> + + <p>A. The number of joints into which the shell is divided by transverse constrictions, serves + here for the distinction of four primary groups or suborders of the <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, viz., (1) Monocyrtida with one joint; (2) Dicyrtida with two joints; + (3) Tricyrtida with three joints; and (4) Stichocyrtida with four or more joints. In my Prodromus + (1881, p. 426) I divided the latter group into Tetracyrtida (with four joints), and Stichocyrtida + (with five or more joints); but these two groups may be united, since the fourth and all the + succeeding joints are of rather indifferent shape and of little morphological value. The three + first joints, however, are usually very different and possess a high morphological importance, so + that we distinguish the first joint as cephalis, the second as thorax, and the third as abdomen. + The uppermost transverse constriction, which separates the two first joints, cephalis and thorax, + is the collar stricture and is usually caused by an internal fenestrated septum, the cortinar + septum. The second constriction, which separates the second and third joints (thorax and abdomen) + is called the lumbar constriction. The following constrictions (in the Stichocyrtida) are + indifferent and of little morphological interest, and require therefore no peculiar + designation.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1129">{1129}</span></div> + + <p>B. The radial structure, indicated by radial apophyses arising from the shell, offers three + principal differences, according to which the whole group of <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> + may be divided into three large groups or sections, viz., (1) Pilocyrtida, or Cyrtoidea + triradiata, with three radial apophyses; (2) Astrocyrtida, or Cyrtoidea multiradiata, with + numerous radial apophyses (four to nine or more); and (3) Corocyrtida, or Cyrtoidea eradiata, + without external radial apophyses. The majority of <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> are + Pilocyrtida, with three radial apophyses, which are probably homologous to the three primary feet + of the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> and of <i>Cortina</i> (therefore "cortinar feet"). The + Astrocyrtida, or the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> with a variable number of radial apophyses + (at least four to six) may be derived from the Pilocyrtida by interpolation of secondary or + interradial apophyses between the three primary or perradial apophyses. The Corocyrtida, however, + or the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> without external radial apophyses, may have originated + by reduction and loss of the latter, either from the Pilocyrtida or from the Astrocyrtida.</p> + + <p>C. The shape of the basal mouth in the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> exhibits two + essential differences only, viz., (1) the terminal mouth of the shell is a simple wide opening in + the Stomocyrtida, or (2) the terminal mouth is closed by a lattice-plate, in the Clistocyrtida. As + these two different cases occur in all the twelve families, which we have distinguished according + to the differences in the number of joints and in the radial structure, we get altogether + twenty-four subfamilies which are synoptically arranged in the following table<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <table class="sp4 mc ba smaller nothand" title="Synopsis of the families and subfamilies + of CYRTOIDEA" summary="Synopsis of the families and subfamilies + of CYRTOIDEA"> + <tr> + <th class="ba" style="width:13.8em">Synopsis of the four sections, twelve families and + twenty-four subfamilies of CYRTOIDEA.</th> + <th colspan="2" class="ba w25">PILOCYRTIDA.<br/> + Cyrtoidea triradiata.<br/> + (Three radial apophyses.)</th> + <th colspan="2" class="ba w25">ASTROCYRTIDA.<br/> + Cyrtoidea multiradiata.<br/> + (Four to nine or more apophyses.)</th> + <th colspan="2" class="ba w25">COROCYRTIDA.<br/> + Cyrtoidea eradiata.<br/> + (No radial apophyses.)</th> + </tr> + <tr class="ba"> + <th>Mouth of the shell.</th> + <th><i>Aperta</i>.</th> + <th><i>Clausa</i>.</th> + <th><i>Aperta</i>.</th> + <th><i>Clausa</i>.</th> + <th><i>Aperta</i>.</th> + <th><i>Clausa</i>.</th> + </tr> + <tr class="br ac pt05"> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi bb pb05">MONOCYRTIDA.<br/> + (Cyrtoidea monothalamia).</td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Tripocalpida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Phænocalpida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Cyrtocalpida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + </tr> + <tr class="bb br ac pb05"> + <td>Archipilida.</td> + <td>Archiperida.</td> + <td>Archiphormida.</td> + <td>Archiphænida.</td> + <td>Archicorida.</td> + <td>Archicapsida.</td> + </tr> + <tr class="br ac pt05"> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi bb pb05">DICYRTIDA.<br/> + (Cyrtoidea dithalamia).</td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Tripocyrtida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Anthocyrtida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Sethocyrtida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + </tr> + <tr class="bb br ac pb05"> + <td>Sethopilida.</td> + <td>Sethoperida.</td> + <td>Sethophormida.</td> + <td>Sethophænida.</td> + <td>Sethocorida.</td> + <td>Sethocapsida.</td> + </tr> + <tr class="br ac pt05"> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi bb pb05">TRICYRTIDA.<br/> + (Cyrtoidea trithalamia).</td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Podocyrtida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Phormocyrtida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Theocyrtida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + </tr> + <tr class="bb br ac pb05"> + <td>Theopilida.</td> + <td>Theoperida.</td> + <td>Theophormida.</td> + <td>Theophænida.</td> + <td>Theocorida.</td> + <td>Theocapsida.</td> + </tr> + <tr class="br ac pt05"> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi bb pb05">STICHOCYRTIDA.<br/> + (Cyrtoidea polythalamia).</td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Podocampida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Phormocampida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Lithocampida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + </tr> + <tr class="bb br ac pb05"> + <td>Stichopilida.</td> + <td>Stichoperida.</td> + <td>Stichophormida.</td> + <td>Stichophænida.</td> + <td>Stichocorida.</td> + <td>Stichocapsida.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp2 w100 ba smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the families and subfamilies + of CYRTOIDEA" summary="Synopsis of the families and subfamilies + of CYRTOIDEA"> + <tr> + <th class="ba w50">Synopsis of the four sections, twelve families and twenty-four subfamilies + of CYRTOIDEA.</th> + <th colspan="2" class="ba w50">PILOCYRTIDA.<br/> + Cyrtoidea triradiata.<br/> + (Three radial apophyses.)</th> + </tr> + <tr class="ba"> + <th>Mouth of the shell.</th> + <th><i>Aperta</i>.</th> + <th><i>Clausa</i>.</th> + </tr> + <tr class="br ac pt05"> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi bb pb05">MONOCYRTIDA.<br/> + (Cyrtoidea monothalamia).</td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Tripocalpida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + </tr> + <tr class="bb br ac pb05"> + <td>Archipilida.</td> + <td>Archiperida.</td> + </tr> + <tr class="br ac pt05"> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi bb pb05">DICYRTIDA.<br/> + (Cyrtoidea dithalamia).</td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Tripocyrtida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + </tr> + <tr class="bb br ac pb05"> + <td>Sethopilida.</td> + <td>Sethoperida.</td> + </tr> + <tr class="br ac pt05"> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi bb pb05">TRICYRTIDA.<br/> + (Cyrtoidea trithalamia).</td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Podocyrtida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + </tr> + <tr class="bb br ac pb05"> + <td>Theopilida.</td> + <td>Theoperida.</td> + </tr> + <tr class="br ac pt05"> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi bb pb05">STICHOCYRTIDA.<br/> + (Cyrtoidea polythalamia).</td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Podocampida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + </tr> + <tr class="bb br ac pb05"> + <td>Stichopilida.</td> + <td>Stichoperida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th></th> + <th colspan="2" class="ba w25">ASTROCYRTIDA.<br/> + Cyrtoidea multiradiata.<br/> + (Four to nine or more apophyses.)</th> + </tr> + <tr class="ba"> + <th>Mouth of the shell.</th> + <th><i>Aperta</i>.</th> + <th><i>Clausa</i>.</th> + </tr> + <tr class="br ac pt05"> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi bb pb05">MONOCYRTIDA.<br/> + (Cyrtoidea monothalamia).</td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Phænocalpida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + </tr> + <tr class="bb br ac pb05"> + <td>Archiphormida.</td> + <td>Archiphænida.</td> + </tr> + <tr class="br ac pt05"> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi bb pb05">DICYRTIDA.<br/> + (Cyrtoidea dithalamia).</td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Anthocyrtida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + </tr> + <tr class="bb br ac pb05"> + <td>Sethophormida.</td> + <td>Sethophænida.</td> + </tr> + <tr class="br ac pt05"> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi bb pb05">TRICYRTIDA.<br/> + (Cyrtoidea trithalamia).</td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Phormocyrtida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + </tr> + <tr class="bb br ac pb05"> + <td>Theophormida.</td> + <td>Theophænida.</td> + </tr> + <tr class="br ac pt05"> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi bb pb05">STICHOCYRTIDA.<br/> + (Cyrtoidea polythalamia).</td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Phormocampida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + </tr> + <tr class="bb br ac pb05"> + <td>Stichophormida.</td> + <td>Stichophænida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th></th> + <th colspan="2" class="ba w25">COROCYRTIDA.<br/> + Cyrtoidea eradiata.<br/> + (No radial apophyses.)</th> + </tr> + <tr class="ba"> + <th>Mouth of the shell.</th> + <th><i>Aperta</i>.</th> + <th><i>Clausa</i>.</th> + </tr> + <tr class="br ac pt05"> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi bb pb05">MONOCYRTIDA.<br/> + (Cyrtoidea monothalamia).</td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Cyrtocalpida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + </tr> + <tr class="bb br ac pb05"> + <td>Archicorida.</td> + <td>Archicapsida.</td> + </tr> + <tr class="br ac pt05"> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi bb pb05">DICYRTIDA.<br/> + (Cyrtoidea dithalamia).</td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Sethocyrtida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + </tr> + <tr class="bb br ac pb05"> + <td>Sethocorida.</td> + <td>Sethocapsida.</td> + </tr> + <tr class="br ac pt05"> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi bb pb05">TRICYRTIDA.<br/> + (Cyrtoidea trithalamia).</td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Theocyrtida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + </tr> + <tr class="bb br ac pb05"> + <td>Theocorida.</td> + <td>Theocapsida.</td> + </tr> + <tr class="br ac pt05"> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi bb pb05">STICHOCYRTIDA.<br/> + (Cyrtoidea polythalamia).</td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="sc">Lithocampida</span>.<br/> + <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td> + </tr> + <tr class="bb br ac pb05"> + <td>Stichocorida.</td> + <td>Stichocapsida.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1130">{1130}</span></div> + + <p>The cephalis, or the first shell-joint of the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, is in the + majority homologous with the cephalis of the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, from which it + differs in the reduction of the sagittal ring and the absence of the corresponding sagittal + constriction; its cavity is therefore simple, not bilocular. Its homology with the original + cephalis of the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> cannot be doubted, when its base exhibits the + typical basal pores of the Semantida. But in many cases these are wanting, and in a great number + of <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> (mainly of Monocyrtida) there is more or less evidence that + the original cephalis is lost, and that the real first joint is the thorax, the original second + joint. At present it is quite impossible to distinguish between the former and the latter shells, + and therefore in the following descriptions the first joint is always named cephalis and the + second thorax. In future, when the affinities of the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> become + better known, it will be necessary to distinguish the "Archicephalis," or true cephalis of all + <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> and of the majority of <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, from + the "Pseudocephalis" or the false cephalis of the minority (<i>e.g.</i>, of many Monocyrtida + aperta, Archipilida, Archiphormida, Archicorida, &c.).</p> + + <p>The thorax, or the second shell-joint of the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, is in the + majority homologous with the thorax of the Phormospyrida and Androspyrida, and therefore developed + by apophyses, which arise from the base of the cephalis and become united by transverse branches + forming a lattice-plate. Its size is generally in inverse proportion to that of the cephalis. The + more the cephalis becomes reduced, the more the thorax is developed. Its form is very variable, + usually three-sided pyramidal or prismatic in the triradiate, polyhedral in the multiradiate, and + conical or cylindrical in the eradiate <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>. Its terminal mouth is + either a simple wide opening, or closed by a lattice-plate. In the majority of <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> the thorax is separated from the cephalis not only by the external + collar constriction, but also by the internal cortinar septum, a horizontal lattice-plate which + exhibits the typical basal pores of the Semantida (usually two smaller jugular and two larger + cardinal pores). But this septum is often reduced or perfectly lost, and then the external collar + constriction alone indicates the separation of the cephalis and the thorax.</p> + + <p>The abdomen, or the third shell-joint of the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, absent in the + Monocyrtida and Dicyrtida (as also in all <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>), occurs constantly + in all Tricyrtida and Stichocyrtida. It is a simple large chamber in the Tricyrtida, but forms an + annulated body, composed of a variable number of successive joints, in the Stichocyrtida. The + constrictions between these joints, and also the lumbar constriction, between abdomen and thorax, + are usually provided with a lattice-girdle, projecting into the cavity of the shell, like a + diaphragm. Usually this horizontal girdle bears only a single circle of pores, rarely two or more. + In many <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> it is replaced by a solid horizontal ring of silex, and + often it is wanting. It originates by the insertion of the following shell-joint, which takes + place not on the terminal mouth of the preceding joint, but somewhat above it.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1131">{1131}</span></div> + + <p>The annular joints of the Stichocyrtida succeeding the third joint, and very variable in + number, may be regarded either as a series of new postabdominal chambers, succeeding the true + abdomen, or as secondary joints of the annulated abdomen itself. The latter view may be sustained + by the fact that these joints are usually of an indifferent shape, and do not possess the + characteristic features which we find in the first three joints, the abdomen, the thorax and the + cephalis.</p> + + <p>The lattice-work of the shell exhibits in the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> an + extraordinary variety, similar to that of the <span class="gsp">Sphæroidea</span>; it serves in + the first place for the distinction of species. The three first joints of the shell are often + distinguished by the different character of the lattice-work. The cephalis has usually very small + and simple pores. The lattice-work of the thorax is often characterised by radial structures. The + pores of the abdomen are usually very numerous and regular. The numerous joints in the annulated + abdomen of the Stichocyrtida commonly exhibit little variety.</p> + + <p>The closure of the mouth, effected by a convex or horizontal terminal lattice-plate, has a + different signification in the Monocyrtida and in the jointed <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>. + In the Monocyrtida clausa this closing plate is the original cortinar plate or the basal plate of + the cephalis. In the jointed <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, however, the lattice-plate which + closes the terminal mouth of the thorax or of the abdomen (of the last annular joint in the + Stichocyrtida), is produced by central union of the convergent edges, which grow centripetally + from the margin of the mouth of the last joint towards its centre.</p> + + <p>The radial apophyses arising from the shell of the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> may + probably be always derived from that tripodal structure which is found in all <span + class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>, in <i>Cortina</i> and <i>Cortiniscus</i> among the <span + class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, and in the majority of <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>. + Therefore the prototype of this radial structure would be <i>Plagoniscus</i> and <i>Cortina</i>, + with four radial spines united in a common point, the cortinar centrum; an ascending apical horn + and three descending basal feet. The odd posterior or caudal foot is usually similar in shape to + the two paired anterior or pectoral feet, but may be distinguished from these latter by its + relation to the apical horn. Very frequently an internal vertical free columella arises in the + cephalis, or instead of it an ascending rib in the dorsal wall of the cephalis, which connects the + base of the apical horn with the origin of the caudal foot. This is probably the remaining part of + the sagittal ring. More rarely also a part of the ventral rod of the latter is preserved, or on + the anterior pole of the basal rod of the cephalis an ascending procolumella arises which is + inserted on the frontal face of the cephalis, and sometimes prolonged into a nasal horn (the rod, + C, of Bütschli). These two odd horns, the posterior apical horn and the anterior nasal horn, are + usually different and divergent. In some genera a variable number of accessory radial horns is + developed on the convex face of the cephalis. In many hornless genera the free apical horn is + lost, but not unfrequently the columella is preserved which connects the caudal foot with that + point of the cephalis, in which formerly the apical horn was inserted.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1132">{1132}</span></div> + + <p>The three primary radial beams, corresponding to the three basal feet of <i>Plectaniscus</i> + and <i>Cortina</i>, exhibit in the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> the greatest variety in form + and size, and chiefly in their relation to the shell, the latter serving mainly for the + distinction of genera. Originally these three cortinar beams arise from the basal plate of the + cephalis, the odd caudal foot appearing as a prolongation of the basal rod of that plate, and the + paired pectoral feet as prolongations of its coracal rods (between the jugular and cardinal + pores). The lattice-work of the thorax is developed usually between the three cortinar feet, more + rarely inside or outside of them. Therefore the three beams appear commonly as three divergent + ribs in the wall of the thorax, and continue over its basal mouth as three free terminal feet. + With the increasing length of the shell and the number of its joints the three radial ribs are + also prolonged, and their free distal ends may be prominent at very different points, either as + three lateral wings or as three terminal feet. These are either solid spines or lattice-plates, + sometimes more or less ramified.</p> + + <p>The three radial apophyses are prevalent in the majority of the <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, which we call "Pilocyrtida" (or Cyrtoidea triradiata). Their number + increases in the Astrocyrtida (or Cyrtoidea multiradiata). The most frequent cases of + multiplication are here caused by the development of six or nine radial apophyses; these may be + enclosed ribs, or lateral wings, or terminal feet. In the sexradial <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> there are three secondary or interradial apophyses interpolated + between the three primary or perradial; in the nine-radial <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, + however, there are six adradial apophyses interpolated.</p> + + <p>A third and last great group is formed by the Corocyrtida or Cyrtoidea eradiata. These exhibit + no radial apophyses, neither enclosed ribs, nor free lateral wings, nor terminal feet. But in a + great number of them internal traces of an original triradiate structure are visible, mainly in + the cortinar septum between cephalis and thorax; this often exhibits three or four, and sometimes + six cortinar or collar pores, of the same typical shape as in the triradial <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>. Sometimes even an internal columella with three radial branches is + preserved, as in <i>Axocorys</i>. It is therefore very probable that a great part of these + Cyrtoidea eradiata (if not all) may be derived from triradiate or multiradiate ancestral forms, by + reduction and loss of the radial apophyses. In another part of this group, mainly in the + Monocyrtida eradiata (Cyrtocalpida) it is possible, or even probable, that their eradiate shell + has originated independently from Nassellida, and that they have no true relation to radial <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, first + observed by J. Müller (1858), and more fully described in my Monograph (1862), was very accurately + examined by Richard Hertwig (1879). His observations were confirmed by numerous new forms, which I + was able to examine in well-preserved preparations of the Challenger. The central capsule, + according to these, exhibits the same typical shape, which is characteristic of all <span + class="sc">Monopylea</span> (with porochora and podoconus), and may be derived with the latter + from the common ancestral forms, <i>Cystidium</i> and <i>Nassella</i> (= the skeletonless + Nassellida). In <span class="pagenum" id="page1133">{1133}</span>the majority, however, of <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, the capsule develops on its basal face a number of depending lobes, + as were also found in some <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> (and probably also <span + class="gsp">Botryodea</span>). In this respect we may distinguish two main forms of the capsule in + the <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span>, viz., the primary simple, not lobate form, and the + secondary lobate form. The central capsule is originally always enclosed in the cephalis, and has + there a simple, subspherical, ellipsoidal or ovate form. As soon as their growth increases, and + the enclosing cephalis becomes too narrow, it sends out prolongations in the form of basal lobes, + which depend from its base, and proceed through the pores of the basal lattice of the cephalis, or + the cortinar pores. In the great majority of <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> in which the + capsule was observed, either three or four such lobes were seen (already described by J. Müller). + Of course this number depends upon the number of cortinar pores, which is either three or four; + therefore in the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> with three pores in the cortinar plate, we + find three lobes of the central capsule (an odd posterior and two paired anterior); in the <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, however, with four pores in the cortinar plate (the majority) we + find four lobes of the central capsule (two smaller anterior jugular and two larger posterior + cardinal lobes). Usually each lobe is ovate or pear-shaped and encloses a large oil-globule, and + often also an apophysis of the cell-nucleus.</p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <h3>Section I. MONOCYRTIDA, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., pp. 280, 281.</h3> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—Cyrtoidea monothalamia, with simple, not jointed shell (or cephalis), + without transverse constrictions.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the three Families and six Subfamilies of Monocyrtida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w50 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Families and Subfamilies + of Monocyrtida" summary="Synopsis of the Families and Subfamilies + of Monocyrtida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>Family LIX. Tripocalpida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Three radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth open,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">1. Archipilida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth closed,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">2. Archiperida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>Family LX. Phænocalpida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Numerous radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth open,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">3. Archiphormida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth closed,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">4. Archiphænida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>Family LXI. Cyrtocalpida.</p> + <p class="sp0">No radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth open,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">5. Archicorida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth closed,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">6. Archicapsida.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Families and Subfamilies + of Monocyrtida" summary="Synopsis of the Families and Subfamilies + of Monocyrtida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>Family LIX. Tripocalpida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Three radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth open,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">1. Archipilida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth closed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">2. Archiperida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>Family LX. Phænocalpida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Numerous radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth open,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">3. Archiphormida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth closed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">4. Archiphænida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>Family LXI. Cyrtocalpida.</p> + <p class="sp0">No radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth open,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">5. Archicorida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth closed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">6. Archicapsida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Family LIX. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Tripocalpida</span></span>, n. fam.</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc29"> + <p><i>Archipilida et Archiperida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 427, 429.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—Monocyrtida triradiata. (<span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> with a + simple, not jointed shell, representing a simple cephalis, with three radial apophyses.)</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1134">{1134}</span></div> + + <p>The family Tripocalpida, composed of the Archipilida and Archiperida of my Prodromus, comprises + those <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> in which the lattice-shell is quite simple, without + transverse constriction, and bears three radial apophyses. The two subfamilies differ in the shape + of the basal mouth, which in the Archipilida is a simple wide opening, in the Archiperida closed + by a lattice-plate; the former are here divided into eight, the latter into seven different + genera.</p> + + <p>Only three species of this family were hitherto described, all three belonging to the + Archipilida, viz., (1) <i>Tripocalpis galea</i> (fossil in Barbados, figured by Ehrenberg, 1875, + as <i>Halicalyptra galea</i>), (2) <i>Tripodiscium campanula</i> (fossil in Sicily, figured by + Stöhr, 1880, as <i>Carpocanium</i>); and (3) <i>Tridictyopus elegans</i>, of which Richard Hertwig + gave an excellent description in 1879, with an accurate figure of the central capsule. All the + other species of the family (seventy) are new.</p> + + <p>The shell in the majority of Tripocalpida is ovate or campanulate, sometimes conical or + three-sided pyramidal. Three radial apophyses are constantly distinct, either three lateral wings + or three terminal feet; these are usually solid spines, rarely lattice-plates. The top of the + shell usually bears an apical horn, rarely two or more horns; often the horn is wanting. The + lattice-work of the shell is very various in the different species, and often of a remarkable + structure (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>, + figs. 6-8; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>, + figs. 4-8). The cavity of the shell is in all Archipilida, and in a part of the Archiperida + (<i>Peridium</i>, <i>Archipera</i>, <i>Archibursa</i>) quite simple. In the other part of the + Archiperida, however, constituting the peculiar group of Euscenida (genera 504-507), a vertical + columella arises in the centre of the basal plate, and is prolonged upwards in the apical horn; + this columella is either simple (<i>Euscenium</i>, <i>Archiscenium</i>) or branched + (<i>Cladoscenium</i>, <i>Pteroscenium</i>); in the latter case the ascending branches are disposed + in triradiate verticils and are inserted on the inner face of the shell (compare Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, figs. + 11-16, and Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>, + figs. 1-4).</p> + + <p>The phylogenetic origin of the Tripocalpida may be very divergent, and their morphological + affinity to the other <span class="gsp">Nassellaria</span> is a very complicated problem. The + Euscenida (genera 504-507) may be derived directly from the Plagonida (<i>Plagoniscus</i>) or + Plectanida (<i>Plectaniscus</i>). The Archibursida (genera 508-510) however, manifest a closer + affinity to the Tripospyrida, and may be derived from them by reduction of the sagittal ring and + constriction. In these two groups of Archiperida the shell may be regarded as a true cephalis. In + the Archipilida, however, where the shell has a wide basal opening and the three radial ribs arise + originally from the base of the apical horn, the shell itself may correspond to the thorax of the + Dicyrtida, and may be derived from these by loss of the cephalis. This is the more probable, as + sometimes a small remnant of the reduced cephalis is preserved (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>, fig. 8). + None of these difficult questions can be answered until a much closer morphological knowledge of + the Tripocalpida is acquired.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1135">{1135}</span></div> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Tripocalpida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Tripocalpida." + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Tripocalpida."> + <tr> + <td rowspan="8" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Archipilida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Basal mouth of the shell a simple wide opening.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="8" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace10sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Shell with three lateral ribs or wings, with or without + terminal feet.</td> + <td rowspan="5" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Three terminal feet.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Apex with a horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">496. <i>Tripocalpis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">No apical horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">497. <i>Tripodonium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Six to nine or more terminal feet.</td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">No apical horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">498. <i>Tripterocalpis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">No terminal feet.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Apex with a horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">499. <i>Trissopilium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">No apical horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">500. <i>Archipilium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell without lateral ribs or wings but with three terminal + feet.</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Feet simple or branched, not latticed.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Apex with a horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">501. <i>Tripilidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">No apical horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">502. <i>Tripodiscium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Feet latticed.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Apex with a horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">503. <i>Tridictyopus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Archiperida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Basal mouth of the shell closed by a lattice-plate.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="7" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace8sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">Shell in its axis with a free (simple or branched) internal + columella, prolonged into an apical horn.</td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Shell with three free feet, without lateral + lattice-wings.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Columella simple,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">504. <i>Euscenium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Columella branched,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">505. <i>Cladoscenium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Shell with three lateral lattice-wings, connecting the + three feet with the horn.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Columella simple,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">506. <i>Archiscenium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Columella branched,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">507. <i>Pteroscenium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell with simple cavity, without free + columella. Three free basal feet.</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">One apical horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">508. <i>Peridium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Two or more horns,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">509. <i>Archipera</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">No apical horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">510. <i>Archibursa</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Tripocalpida." + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Tripocalpida."> + <tr> + <td colspan="9" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Archipilida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Basal mouth of the shell a simple wide opening.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Shell with three lateral ribs or wings, with or without terminal + feet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three terminal feet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Apex with a horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">496. <i>Tripocalpis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No apical horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">497. <i>Tripodonium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Six to nine or more terminal feet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No apical horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">498. <i>Tripterocalpis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">No terminal feet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Apex with a horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">499. <i>Trissopilium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No apical horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">500. <i>Archipilium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Shell without lateral ribs or wings but with three terminal + feet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Feet simple or branched, not latticed.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Apex with a horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">501. <i>Tripilidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No apical horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">502. <i>Tripodiscium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Feet latticed.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Apex with a horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">503. <i>Tridictyopus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="9" class="sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Archiperida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Basal mouth of the shell closed by a lattice-plate.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Shell in its axis with a free (simple or branched) internal + columella, prolonged into an apical horn.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell with three free feet, without lateral lattice-wings.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Columella simple,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">504. <i>Euscenium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Columella branched,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">505. <i>Cladoscenium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell with three lateral lattice-wings, connecting the three feet + with the horn.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Columella simple,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">506. <i>Archiscenium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Columella branched,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">507. <i>Pteroscenium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Shell with simple cavity, without free columella. Three free basal + feet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">One apical horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">508. <i>Peridium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two or more horns,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">509. <i>Archipera</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No apical horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">510. <i>Archibursa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Archipilida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tripocalpida</span> with the basal mouth + of the shell open (vel Monocyrtida triradiata aperta).</p> + + <h5>Genus 496. <i>Tripocalpis</i>,<a id="NtA_113" href="#Nt_113"><sup>[113]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archipilida</span> (vel Monocyrtida triradiata + aperta) with three lateral ribs prolonged into three terminal feet. Apex with a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Tripocalpis</i> opens the series of Archipilida, or of those + Monocyrtida in which the monothalamous shell exhibits a distinct triradial structure, and a simple + open mouth, without cortinar lattice. <i>Tripocalpis</i> is probably the most primordial of the + Archipilida, and has three lateral ribs, which are prolonged into three free terminal <span + class="pagenum" id="page1136">{1136}</span>feet, and connected in the apex of the pyramidal or + campanulate shell with the apical horn. It may probably be derived from <i>Dictyophimus</i> by + loss of the cephalis. The central capsule is simple, spherical, or ellipsoidal.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tripocalpis plectaniscus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, smooth, about as long as broad, with irregular polygonal pores and + thin bars. Apical horn stout, three-sided pyramidal, about as long as the shell. From the three + edges of its base arise three prominent straight radial ribs, which are prolonged into three large + divergent feet, of equal size and the same form as the horn.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 diameter, horn and feet 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea), Station 206, depth 2100 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Tripocalpis galea</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Halicalyptra galea</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 74, Taf. ii. fig. 10.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, rough, about as long as broad, with irregular roundish pores and thick bars. + Apical horn stout, three-sided pyramidal, scarcely one-fourth as long as the shell. Beyond its + base there arise three prominent, slightly curved lateral ribs, which are prolonged into three + pyramidal, slightly divergent stout feet, somewhat shorter than the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 to 0.09 diameter, horn 0.02, feet 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Tripocalpis tricostata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate campanulate, one and a half times as long as broad, with regular circular pores, + disposed in alternate longitudinal rows. Apical horn three-sided pyramidal, stout, half as long as + the shell. In the middle of the shell there arise three wing-like lateral ribs, which are + prolonged into three broad, slightly curved, divergent terminal feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.12 long, 0.08 broad, horn and feet 0.06 to 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Tripocalpis triserrata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, nearly twice as long as broad. The three sides of the shell, between the three + large ribs, are provided each with nine delicate parallel, longitudinal, slightly curved ribs, + alternating with ten longitudinal rows of regular circular pores about as broad as the bars. + Apical horn short and broad, three-sided pyramidal; from the three edges of its base there arise + three wing-like serrate main ribs, which are prolonged into three short pyramidal terminal + feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.12 long, 0.07 broad, horn and feet 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1137">{1137}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Tripocalpis cortinaris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Shell hemispherical, one and a half times as broad as long, with regular, circular, hexagonally + framed pores, Apical horn stout, three-sided pyramidal, with three serrate edges. From the base of + the latter arise three strongly dentate and curved lateral ribs, with recurved teeth, and these + are prolonged into the serrate convex edge of the three basal feet, which are crescentic and twice + as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.1 broad; horn 0.06 long, feet 0.14 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 497. <i>Tripodonium</i>,<a id="NtA_114" href="#Nt_114"><sup>[114]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archipilida</span> (vel Monocyrtida triradiata + aperta) with three lateral ribs prolonged into three terminal feet. Apex without horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Tripodonium</i> differs from the preceding <i>Tripocalpis</i>, its + probable ancestral form, only in the loss of the apical horn (already very small in some forms of + the latter). It bears therefore to the latter the same relation that <i>Sethopilium</i> does to + <i>Dictyophimus</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tripodonium campanulatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, somewhat broader than high, with regular circular pores, twice as broad as + the bars. Three broad lateral wings, lamellar, triangular, are prolonged over the peristome into + three short triangular lamellar feet one-fourth as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; feet 0.02 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Tripodonium ovatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, one and one-third times as long as broad, with numerous and small circular pores, + scarcely as broad as the bars. Three prominent longitudinal ribs, arising in the lower half of the + shell-wall, are prolonged into three divergent conical curved feet, about half as long as the + shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.12 long, 0.09 broad; feet 0.06 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 498. <i>Tripterocalpis</i>,<a id="NtA_115" href="#Nt_115"><sup>[115]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archipilida</span> (vel Monocyrtida triradiata + aperta) with three lateral wings and a peristomial corona of numerous terminal feet. Shell ovate, + with constricted mouth, without apical horn.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1138">{1138}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Tripterocalpis</i> is distinguished from the other Archipilida by the + remarkable combination of three lateral wings and of numerous (six to nine or more) terminal feet. + It may be derived directly from the preceding <i><span class="correction" + title="Original reads 'Tripodocalpis'.">Tripocalpis</span></i> by multiplication of the terminal + feet. These are sometimes obliquely directed. The central capsule is ellipsoidal or ovate, and + fills up the greater part of the shell.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tripterocalpis phylloptera</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Shell slender, ovate, nearly twice as long as broad. Pores circular, of different sizes and at + unequal distances. Along the lower half of the shell there arise three broad triangular lamellar + wings. Peristome with twelve conical, nearly parallel and vertical feet, about one-sixth as long + as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.2 long, 0.12 broad; wings 0.1 long, feet 0.03 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Tripterocalpis conoptera</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, nearly as broad as long. Pores regular, circular, quincuncial, twice as broad as + the bars. In the middle of the shell there arise three conical, smooth, divergent wings, about + half as long as the shell. Peristome with six short triangular, oblique, convergent feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.16 long, 0.14 broad; wings 0.09 long; feet 0.02 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Tripterocalpis ogmoptera</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>, figs. + 3-5).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, nearly as broad as long. Pores small and numerous, circular or roundish, partly + confluent, double-contoured (fig. 4). In the middle of the shell there arise three very large + conical divergent wings, which are longitudinally striped and longer than half the shell. + Peristome with nine short triangular, oblique, convergent feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.18 long, 0.16 broad; wings 0.12 long, feet 0.02 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 499. <i>Trissopilium</i>,<a id="NtA_116" href="#Nt_116"><sup>[116]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archipilida</span> (vel Monocyrtida triradiata + aperta) with three lateral ribs or wings. Mouth smooth, without terminal feet. Apex with a + horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Trissopilium</i> and the following nearly allied <i>Archipilium</i> + differ from the other Archipilida in the absence of terminal feet, the peristome being quite + simple, and truncate. But there are three lateral wings, arising either from the apex or from the + lateral sides of the monothalamous shell. <i>Trissopilium</i> may perhaps be derived from + <i>Lithomelissa</i> by reduction of the cephalis.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1139">{1139}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Trissopilium tetraplecta</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell in the upper half three-sided pyramidal, in the lower half inversely hemispherical, of + equal length and breadth. Pores irregular, roundish, in the upper half larger. From the apex there + diverge four equal, straight and stout, three-sided pyramidal spines, one of which is vertically + ascending (the horn), the three others obliquely descending (the wings). The distal half of the + latter is free, whilst the proximal half forms three ribs, enclosed in the shell-wall. Mouth + constricted, half as broad as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long and broad, horn and wings 0.1 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Trissopilium lithomelissa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, one and one-third times as long as broad. Pores circular, of different sizes, + small and numerous. Apical horn very large, straight, cylindrical, vertical, longer than the + shell. Three lateral wings shorter, arising from the middle of the shell, conical, curved, + divergent. Mouth truncate, two-thirds as broad as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.11 long, 0.08 broad; horn 0.13 long, wings 0.09 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 500. <i>Archipilium</i>,<a id="NtA_117" href="#Nt_117"><sup>[117]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archipilida</span> (vel Monocyrtida triradiata + aperta) with three lateral ribs or wings. Mouth truncate, without terminal feet. Apex without + horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Archipilium</i> differs from the nearly allied <i>Trissopilium</i>, + its probable ancestral form, in the absence of the apical horn. The three lateral wings of the + ovate shell are stout spines. It may also be derived from the similar <i>Sethopilium</i> by + reduction and loss of the cephalis.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Archipilium orthopterum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, nearly cylindrical, scarcely broader than the truncate, widely open mouth. + Pores numerous, irregular, roundish, of very different sizes. Three lateral wings arising from the + middle zone, twice as long as the shell, straight, divergent, stout, cylindrical, longitudinally + striped.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.06 broad; wings 0.15 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Archipilium sigmopterum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, nearly campanulate, of equal length and breadth, one and one-third times + as broad as the truncate, slightly constricted mouth. Pores scarce, irregularly formed and <span + class="pagenum" id="page1140">{1140}</span>scattered, of very different sizes. Three lateral + wings, stout, prismatic, about as long as the shell widely divergent and S-shaped, curved.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 diameter, wings 0.08 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Archipilium cyrtopterum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, rough, twice as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores small and numerous, + subregular, circular, smaller than the bars. Three lateral wings cylindrical, crescentic, in the + upper half divergent, in the lower convergent, one and one-half times as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.09 long, 0.07 broad; wings 0.14 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 501. <i>Tripilidium</i>,<a id="NtA_118" href="#Nt_118"><sup>[118]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archipilida</span> (vel Monocyrtida triradiata + aperta) without lateral ribs, with three simple or branched terminal feet and an apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Tripilidium</i> differs from <i>Tripodonium</i> in the absence of the + three lateral ribs, and may be derived either from this ancestral form, or directly from + <i>Tripospyris</i> (by loss of the sagittal ring and constriction); perhaps also from + <i>Lychnocanium</i> (by reduction of the cephalis). We distinguish as two subgenera, + <i>Tristylocorys</i> (with simple feet) and <i>Tripodocorys</i> (with branched feet).</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tristylocorys</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet simple, not branched.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tripilidium cortina</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, rough, about as long as broad. Pores subregular, circular, larger in the + middle zone, twice to three times as broad as the bars. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the + shell. Apical horn straight and stout, three-sided pyramidal, about as long as the shell. Three + feet divergent, slightly S-shaped, curved, somewhat longer the the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 diameter, horn 0.09 long, feet 0.13 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Tripilidium hemisphæricum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell hemispherical, smooth, nearly twice as broad as long. Pores large, with thin bars, + irregular, roundish, of very different sizes. Mouth wide open. Apical horn conical, half as long + as <span class="pagenum" id="page1141">{1141}</span>the shell. Three feet slender cylindrical, + widely divergent, curved, nearly twice as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.14 broad; horn 0.05 long, feet 0.15 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Tripilidium lychnocanium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell hemispherical, thorny, one and a half times as broad as long. Pores regular, circular, + hexagonally framed, as broad as the bars. Mouth slightly constricted. Apical horn stout and short, + three-sided pyramidal. Three feet cylindrical, straight, divergent, twice to three times as long + as the shell. (Similar to <i>Lychnocanium favosum</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate61"><b>61</b></a>, fig. 6, + perhaps derived from it by reduction of the cephalis.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; horn 0.02 long, feet 0.2 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Tripilidium ovatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, one and one half times as long as broad. Pores regular, circular, as broad + as the bars. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the shell. Horn short, conical. Three feet + conical, curved, convergent, scarcely one-third as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.15 long, 0.11 broad; horn 0.02 long, feet 0.04 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Tripilidium clavatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nearly spherical, tuberculate, a little broader than long. Pores regular, circular, as + broad as the bars. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the shell. Apical feet and the three + divergent feet of equal size and similar form, about as long as the shell, straight, in the basal + half smooth, cylindrical, in the distal half club-shaped, dimpled. (Very similar to <i>Tripospyris + conifera</i> and <i>Tripospyris eucolpos</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, figs. 7 and + 4; but the spherical shell exhibits no trace of sagittal ring or constriction, and the simple + shell-cavity has a wide open mouth, and is not closed by a basal plate.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 diameter, horn and feet 0.08 to 0.09 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Tripilidium costatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>, + figs. 8, 8<i>a</i>, 8<i>b</i>).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, spinulate and costate, nearly twice as broad as long. Surface with fifteen to + twenty prominent longitudinal ribs, which are convergent towards each pole and elegantly + denticulate. The deep furrows between them are divided by delicate, parallel, transverse ribs into + numerous short and broad dimples (thirty to forty in each furrow); each dimple contains a small + pore, like a transverse <span class="pagenum" id="page1142">{1142}</span>fissure. The apex bears a + short and stout, three-sided pyramidal horn, the hollow base of which is closed by a small + cortinar septum with three collar pores (fig. 8<i>b</i>). This seems to indicate a rudimentary + cephalis and the derivation of this species from <i>Lychnocanium</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate61"><b>61</b></a>). Peristome + constricted, only one-fourth as broad as the shell, with three short, conical, nearly vertical + feet. The central capsule (fig. 8<i>a</i>) in the specimen examined was well preserved, + hemispherical, not lobate, and filled up the upper half of the shell-cavity (beyond the rudiment + of the cortinar septum).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.2 long, 0.12 broad; horn 0.01 long, feet 0.02 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Tripilidium elongatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell elongate, smooth, nearly cylindrical, in the upper third conical. Pores small and + numerous, regular, circular, half as broad as the bars, disposed in about thirty longitudinal + alternating rows. Peristome scarcely constricted. The apical horn and the three parallel feet are + of equal size and similar form, straight, conical, one-sixth as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.12 long, 0.06 broad; horn and feet 0.02 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tripodocorys, Haeckel</i>, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet forked or branched.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Tripilidium dichopodium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell hemispherical, nearly twice as broad as long, smooth. Pores irregular, roundish, twice to + four times as broad as the bars. Mouth wide open. Apical horn spindle-shaped, half as long as the + shell. Three feet cylindrical, nearly straight and parallel, as long as the shell, forked at the + distal end. (Exhibits an external similarity to <i>Tripospyris semantis</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, fig. 2, but + has no trace of sagittal ring and constriction, and the simple shell-cavity has a wide open + mouth.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—0.06 long, 0.1 broad; horn 0.03 long, feet 0.07 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Tripilidium cladopodium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, rough, about as long as broad. Pores subregular, circular, as broad as the + bars. Mouth slightly constricted. Apical horn and three divergent feet of nearly equal size and + form, three-sided prismatic, straight and stout, irregularly dentate and branched, somewhat longer + than the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 diameter; horn and feet 0.1 to 0.12 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1143">{1143}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 502. <i>Tripodiscium</i>,<a id="NtA_119" href="#Nt_119"><sup>[119]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archipilida</span> (vel Monocyrtida triradiata + aperta) without lateral ribs and apical horn, with three simple or branched terminal feet.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Tripodiscium</i> may be derived either from the preceding + <i>Tripilidium</i> by loss of the apical horn, or from the nearly related <i>Tristylospyris</i> by + loss of the sagittal ring and constriction. Some forms of the latter genus can scarcely be + distinguished from similar species of the former.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tripodiscinus</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet simple, not branched nor forked.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tripodiscium tristylospyris</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars. Mouth + constricted, half as broad as the shell, with three short spindle-shaped feet, which are nearly + parallel and vertical, half as long as the shell. (Similar to <i>Tristylospyris scaphipes</i>, Pl. + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, fig. 13, + but without sagittal ring and constriction.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.07 broad; feet 0.04 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Tripodiscium ovatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, rough, nearly as broad as long. Pores regular circular, double-contoured, twice as + broad as the bars. Mouth constricted, one-third as broad as the shell, with three convergent short + triangular feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.09 broad; feet 0.02 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Tripodiscium clavatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, one and a half times as long as broad. Pores irregular roundish, of + different sizes. Mouth constricted, two-thirds as broad as the shell, with three divergent, + straight club-shaped feet, nearly as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.12 long, 0.08 broad; feet 0.1 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1144">{1144}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Tripodiscium campanula</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Carpocanium campanula</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 96, Taf. + iii. fig. 9.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate or subspherical, smooth, about as long as broad. Pores small, regular + circular, as broad as the bars. Mouth constricted, about half as broad as the shell, with three + short conical descending feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.05 broad; feet 0.02 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms; fossil in + Sicily.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tripodisculus</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet branched or forked.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Tripodiscium furcatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, rough, nearly as broad as long. Pores subregular, circular, twice as broad as the + bars. Mouth constricted, two-thirds as broad as the shell, with three divergent parallel and + vertical feet, which are as long as the shell, and forked at the distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.09 long, 0.08 broad; feet 0.07 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Tripodiscium ramosum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, tuberculate, nearly as broad as long. Pores irregular, roundish, of very different + sizes. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the shell, with three large, divergent, irregularly + branched feet, nearly twice as long as the shell. (Similar to <i>Tristylospyris ramosa</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>, fig. 23, + but without sagittal ring and constriction.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.06 broad; feet 0.15 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Tripodiscium sphærocephalum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>, fig. + 21).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, rough, with circular pores of different sizes. Mouth constricted, circular, + simple, two-thirds as broad as the shell, with three large divergent feet, which are three-sided + prismatic, irregularly branched, and twice as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.08 broad; feet 0.12 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1145">{1145}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 503. <i>Tridictyopus</i>,<a id="NtA_120" href="#Nt_120"><sup>[120]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archipilida</span> (vel Monocyrtida triradiata + aperta) with three latticed terminal feet. Shell ovate or subconical, with an apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Tridictyopus</i> differs from the nearly allied <i>Tripilidium</i> in + the possession of three large fenestrated shovel-shaped feet, forming direct prolongations of the + large conical shell. The lattice work exhibits a peculiar elegant structure recurring in the + similar, perhaps nearly related, <i>Cephalospyris</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, fig. 10; + Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>, fig. + 28). The central capsule is large, ellipsoidal or ovate, and fills up the greater part of the + shell cavity (compare R. Hertwig, 1879, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 75).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tridictyopus vatillum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, about as long as broad (excluding horn and feet). Pores irregular, + polygonal, in the middle part more regular, triangular. Horn short and stout, three-sided + pyramidal. Three feet large, triangular, shovel-shaped, about half as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.14 long, 0.15 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Tridictyopus conulus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate conical, about one and a half times as long as broad (excluding horn and + feet). Pores mostly triangular, disposed in subregular hexagonal figures, which are separated by + bands of smaller irregular polygonal pores. Horn short and stout, three-sided pyramidal. Three + feet triangular shovel-shaped, convergent, about one-sixth as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.3 long, 0.2 broad; horn 0.04 long, feet 0.05 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Tridictyopus elegans</i>, R. Hertwig.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Tridictyopus elegans</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p. 75, Taf. + vii. fig. 3, 3<i>a</i>, 3<i>b.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, campanulate, about twice as long as broad (excluding horn and feet). + Most pores subregular triangular, with some irregular polygonal ones intermingled. The horn in the + two observed specimens was broken off, together with the conical apex of the shell. Three feet + triangular shovel-shaped, about one-sixth as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.3 long, 0.15 broad; feet 0.05 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina), R. Hertwig, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1146">{1146}</span></div> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Archiperida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, p. 429.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tripocalpida</span> with the basal mouth + of the shell fenestrated (vel Monocyrtida triradiata clausa).</p> + + <h5>Genus 504. <i>Euscenium</i>,<a id="NtA_121" href="#Nt_121"><sup>[121]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archiperida</span> (vel Monocyrtida triradiata + clausa) with a free simple internal columella, prolonged into an apical horn. Three basal feet + free, without lateral wings.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Euscenium</i> and the three following nearly allied genera form + together the remarkable small group of Euscenida, probably one of the oldest and most primitive of + all <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, and perhaps the common root of this suborder, arising + directly from the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>. The simple skeleton is composed of four + radial beams united in one point (the cortinar centrum). Three beams are directed downwards, and + form three divergent basal feet; the fourth beam is directed upwards and represents an apical + horn; its basal part is enclosed as "columella" in the cavity of the simple shell, the + lattice-work of which connects the four spines (compare above, <i>Plectaniscus</i>, p. 924). In + the genus <i>Euscenium</i>, the simplest of all, the columella is simple, and the three feet also + simple, without wings.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Euscenarium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Three feet simple, not branched.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Euscenium plectaniscus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, thorny, about as long as broad, with three dentate edges. + Framework very loose, with irregular polygonal meshes; in the middle of each of the three + triangular sides a horizontal band of denser network. Basal plate with three very large simple + collar-holes. The apical horn and the three feet are three-sided pyramidal, about half as long as + the columella, with three prominent irregularly dentate edges. The horn is straight, whilst the + three feet are hook-shaped, its distal end being curved downwards and inwards.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.11 long, 0.13 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Euscenium archicyrtis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, smooth, nearly as long as broad, with three straight edges + connected by irregular loose framework with polygonal meshes. Basal plate with three very large + <span class="pagenum" id="page1147">{1147}</span>simple collar-holes. The apical horn and the + three feet are three-sided prismatic, smooth, about twice as long as the columella, straight and + widely divergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Euscenium hemisphæricum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell hemispherical smooth, half as long as broad, with small and numerous subregular circular + pores. Basal plate with three large triangular simple collar-holes. Horn slender, three-sided + prismatic, twice as long as the columella. Feet very slender, with three denticulate edges, widely + divergent and curved like the quadrant of a circle.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.04 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Euscenium tricolpium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, + fig. 12).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Archiscenium tricolpium</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas, <i>loc. + cit.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>Shell cap-shaped, nearly hemispherical, with three vaulted hemispherical bosoms between the + three arches ascending from the feet to the horn. Network very irregular, with polygonal meshes, + of different form and size. Basal plate with three large primary and some smaller irregular + accessory collar-holes. Horn slender, straight, twice as long as the columella. Feet of the same + length, slender, widely divergent, slightly curved. The three edges of the horn and the feet are + elegantly denticulated.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.04 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Euscenium tripospyris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Tripospyris euscenium</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nearly spherical, smooth, with numerous small circular pores. Basal plate also with + numerous small pores. Horn and feet stout, three-sided prismatic, straight or slightly curved, + about as long as the thin, somewhat curved columella. This species is closely allied to + Tripospyris.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.11 to 0.12 diameter, horn and feet 0.08 to 0.1 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Euscenidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet forked or branched.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Euscenium furcatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, smooth, with numerous irregular roundish pores. Basal plate with nine pores + (three larger central and six smaller distal). Horn club-shaped, half as long as the columella. + <span class="pagenum" id="page1148">{1148}</span>Feet twice as long, cylindrical, parallel, + vertical, forked at the distal end. (Similar to <i>Tripospyris semantis</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>, fig. 2, but + without sagittal feet.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.06 broad; horn 0.04 long, feet 0.1 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Euscenium quadratum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, smooth with subregular square pores. Basal plate with three large pores. + Horn and feet of the same size and shape, twice as long as the columella, three-sided prismatic, + each with four or five verticils of lateral branches. (Similar to the cephalis of <i>Clathrocorys + murrayi</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate64"><b>64</b></a>, + fig. 8, but with four free spines without connecting lattice-wings.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.05 broad; horn and feet 0.12 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Euscenium ramosum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, rough, with small subregular circular pores. Basal plate with nine pores + (three larger central and six smaller distal pores). Horn and feet of the same size and form, + three to four times as long as the columella, three-sided prismatic, irregularly branched.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 diameter, horn and feet 0.15 to 0.2 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 505. <i>Cladoscenium</i>,<a id="NtA_122" href="#Nt_122"><sup>[122]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archiperida</span> (vel Monocyrtida triradiata + clausa) with a free branched internal columella, prolonged into an apical horn. Three basal feet + free, without lateral wings.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cladoscenium</i> differs from the preceding <i>Euscenium</i> only in + the ramification of the internal columella, which bears one or more verticils of three ascending + lateral branches. The three branches of each verticil lie in the same equidistant meridian planes + as the three basal feet, and are inserted with their distal ends on the inner surface of the + simple lattice-shell. The three feet are also branched, but without vertical lattice-wings. + <i>Cladoscenium</i> is perhaps closely allied to <i>Clathrocorys</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cladoscenium fulcratum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, with large irregular roundish pores. Basal plate with three large + pores. Columella with a single verticil of three ascending lateral branches. Apical horn as long + as the <span class="pagenum" id="page1149">{1149}</span>columella, simple, three-sided prismatic. + Feet twice as long, widely divergent, straight, prismatic, with some irregular basal branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 diameter, horn 0.05 long, feet 0.1 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cladoscenium ancoratum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, fig. + 13).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, smooth, with irregular polygonal pores. Basal plate with six pores (two + large cardinal, two smaller jugular and two still smaller cervical pores). Columella with a single + verticil of three ascending lateral branches (by mistake not distinct in the figure). Apical horn + and the three feet of the same form and size, slender, prismatic, twice to three times as long as + the shell, straight, in the distal half with three slender recurved branches, anchor-shaped.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; horn and feet 0.1 to 0.15 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Cladoscenium gladiatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, with irregular polygonal pores. Basal plate with three large pores. + Columella with two verticils of three ascending lateral branches. Apical horn as long as the + columella, three-sided prismatic. Feet of the same form, twice as long, in the distal half with + two opposite transverse branches, sword-shaped.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; horn 0.04 long, feet 0.1 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Cladoscenium pinnatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, with irregular polygonal pores. Basal plate with four pores (two major + cardinal and two minor jugular). Columella with two verticils of three ascending lateral branches, + and prolonged into a slender prismatic apical horn of twice the length, which bears four such + verticils. Feet twice as long as the horn, pinnate, each with four or five pairs of opposite + lateral branches, decreasing towards the thin distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.05 broad; horn 0.1 long, feet 0.2 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Cladoscenium verticillatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, with subregular square pores. Basal plate with nine pores (three larger + central and six smaller distal). Columella with three verticils of three ascending lateral + branches. Apical horn and the three basal feet of equal size and similar form, four to six times + as long as the columella, three-sided prismatic, each with four to five verticils of three lateral + branches, which are <span class="pagenum" id="page1150">{1150}</span>irregularly ramified and + tapering towards the distal end. (Similar to <i>Clathrocorys teuscheri</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate64"><b>64</b></a>, fig. 10, + but with four free spines, without connecting lattice-wings.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.06 broad; horn and feet 0.2 to 0.25 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Cladoscenium pectinatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, with irregular roundish pores. Basal plate with three large holes. + Columella with two verticils of three ascending lateral branches. Apical horn and the three feet + of nearly the same size and form, three to four times as long as the columella, straight, + three-sided prismatic, each with five to eight verticils of three simple lateral branches, + tapering towards the distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet 0.16 to 0.22 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 506. <i>Archiscenium</i>,<a id="NtA_123" href="#Nt_123"><sup>[123]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archiperida</span> (vel Monocyrtida triradiata + clausa) with a free simple internal columella, prolonged into an apical horn. Three basal feet + connected with the horn by three vertical lateral wings.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Archiscenium</i> and the following nearly allied <i>Pteroscenium</i> + are derived from the two preceding genera, from which they differ in the development of three free + vertical lateral lattice-wings; these arise from the upper edge of the three basal feet and + connect them with the three edges of the apical horn. The basal part of the latter, enclosed in + the shell, forms an internal free columella, which in <i>Archiscenium</i> is simple, not + branched.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Archiscenium quadrispinum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Shell hemispherical, smooth, with a small number of large irregular polygonal meshes and thin + bars. Basal lattice with three very large central meshes and six smaller peripheral meshes (two on + the base of each foot). Apical horn and the three feet of equal size and similar form, slender, + pyramidal, widely divergent, straight, as long as the shell-diameter. Three lateral wings small, + little prominent, each with two or three irregular meshes. Central capsule subspherical.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Archiscenium clathrocorys</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, smooth, with numerous irregular square meshes. Basal lattice with three very + large meshes. Apical horn and the three feet of equal size and similar form, three-sided + prismatic, <span class="pagenum" id="page1151">{1151}</span>widely divergent, straight, twice as + long as the shell-diameter. Three lateral wings broad, each with a basal row of few very large + irregular roundish meshes, and several distal rows of small square meshes. This species is very + similar to <i>Clathrocorys murrayi</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate64"><b>64</b></a>, + fig. 8), but has no trace of thorax-wall. The latter species may be derived from the former by + development of the thoracic lattice, which connects the three free feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Archiscenium tripterygium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell hemispherical, smooth, with numerous irregular roundish meshes of very different sizes. + Basal lattice with four large meshes, two major cardinal and two minor cardinal pores. Apical horn + and the three feet of similar form and size, slender prismatic, three to four times as long as the + shell; the horn straight, the feet curved. Three lateral wings very delicate, with a basal row of + few large irregular polygonal meshes, and several distal rows of similar small pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.04 long, 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Archiscenium cyclopterum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Shell hemispherical, with small irregular roundish pores. Basal lattice with four large meshes, + two major cardinal and two minor jugular pores. Apical horn and the three feet of similar form and + size, slender prismatic, straight, twice to four times as long as the shell. Three lateral wings + nearly semicircular, densely latticed, with the same pores as the shell, and smooth convex + margin.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Archiscenium callimitra</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, with irregular polygonal pores. Basal lattice with nine meshes (three larger + central and six smaller distal pores, as in <i>Callimitra carolotæ</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate63"><b>63</b></a>, fig. 8). + Apical horn straight, prismatic, slender, conical, twice as long as the shell. Feet longer and + more slender, slightly curved. Three lateral wings very broad, densely fenestrated, with irregular + polygonal pores of the same shape as in the similar <i>Callimitra carolotæ</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate63"><b>63</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.04 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 507. <i>Pteroscenium</i>,<a id="NtA_124" href="#Nt_124"><sup>[124]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archiperida</span> (vel Monocyrtida triradiata + clausa) with a free branched internal columella, prolonged into an apical horn. Three basal feet + connected with the horn by three vertical lateral wings.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1152">{1152}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Pteroscenium</i> differs from the preceding <i>Archiscenium</i> only + in the ramification of the internal columella, and therefore exhibits to it the same relation that + <i>Cladoscenium</i> bears to <i>Euscenium</i>. The branches of the columella form also here + verticils of ascending branches, three in each verticil, and their distal ends are inserted on the + inner surface of the lattice-shell.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Pteroscenium arcuatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, smooth, nearly conical, somewhat broader than long, with irregular dense + network of small circular pores. Columella straight, with two or three triradiate verticils of + horizontal lateral branches, which are inserted in the shell-wall. Horn slender pyramidal, as long + as the shell. Three divergent feet twice as long as the horn, strongly curved, thorny, + three-edged; the distance of their pointed ends twice as broad as the shell. From the outer edge + of each foot arise numerous ascending bristles, which are connected together and with similar + lateral branches of the horn by curved arches, forming three delicate spiny vertical wings.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Pteroscenium arcadophorum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, smooth, with irregular polygonal pores, very similar to the preceding + species but with much broader wings, forming several arcades with three to five rows of irregular + meshes. Columella with five or six triradiate verticils of lateral branches. Horn twice as long as + the shell, of the same length as the strongly curved spinulate feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.09 long, 0.11 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Pteroscenium pinnatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, figs. 14, + 15, 16).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, smooth, somewhat longer than broad, with irregular delicate network of small + roundish pores. Columella straight, with numerous (eight to twelve) triradiate verticils of + ascending lateral branches, which are inserted in the shell-wall. The uppermost end of the + columella is a conical apical horn. The three divergent feet are smooth, slender, conical, + slightly curved, about as long as the shell, pinnate, with six to ten pairs of ascending lateral + branches, parallel to those of the columella and inserted on the three vaulted lateral wings. + (Fig. 14 exhibits the outside of the shell, fig. 15 the internal structure of the cortina, fig. 16 + the basal view.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Pteroscenium spinulosum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, spinulate, about as long as broad, with small and numerous irregular + polygonal pores, very similar to the preceding species, but differing in the more slender form of + <span class="pagenum" id="page1153">{1153}</span>the horn and the feet, bearing more numerous + lateral branches (twelve to sixteen pairs on each foot). Columella with six to eight triradiate + verticils. Horn about as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Pteroscenium macropodium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, spinulate, with irregular polygonal pores; very similar to the two preceding + species, but differing in the size and shape of the three feet, which are for the most part solid, + triangular, nearly parallel, vertical, very slender, three times as long as the shell, latticed + only at the curved base, with few pairs of lateral branches. Columella with four to six triradiate + verticils, as long as the stout triangular pyramidal horn.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Pteroscenium tripocolpum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, spinulate, similar to <i>Euscenium tricolpium</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, fig. 12) + with three vaulted hemispherical bosoms between the three delicate arachnoidal vertical wings. + Network loose, very irregular, with polygonal meshes of very different sizes. Columella with three + or four triradiate verticils, as long as the slender pyramidal horn. Three feet twice as long, + somewhat curved, widely divergent, with three or four pairs of lateral branches. The three edges + of the feet and of the horn are elegantly denticulated.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 508. <i>Peridium</i>,<a id="NtA_125" href="#Nt_125"><sup>[125]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + p. 429.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archiperida</span> (vel Monocyrtida triradiata + clausa) without internal columella, with an apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Peridium</i> (or <i>Archiperidium</i>, Prodromus, <i>loc. cit.</i>) + and the two following nearly allied genera form together the small group of Archibursida, + differing from the four preceding genera (the Euscenida) in the absence of an internal free + columella. The three basal feet have therefore no direct connection with the apical horn. + <i>Peridium</i>, the ancestral form of the Archibursida, may have originated either from + <i>Euscenium</i> by reduction and loss of the columella, or directly from <i>Tripospyris</i> by + loss of the sagittal ring and the longitudinal constriction.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Peridarium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet smooth, simple, neither spiny nor branched.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1154">{1154}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Peridium lasanum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate with three large + meshes. Horn apical, vertical, of the same size and form as the three divergent smooth feet, + slender pyramidal, twice to three times as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell-diameter 0.06 to 0.07, length of the three spines 0.15 to + 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Peridium papillatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, papillate, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate with four meshes + (two major cardinal and two minor jugular pores). Horn occipital, oblique, three-sided pyramidal, + half as long as the shell and as the three widely divergent, subhorizontal, smooth feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell diameter 0.07 to 0.08, length of the horn 0.04, of the feet + 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Peridium curvipes</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell hemispherical, thorny, with irregular roundish pores. Basal plate with six pores (two + larger middle cardinal, two smaller anterior jugular and two smaller posterior cervical pores, as + in Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, + figs. 13, 18). Horn conical, oblique, arising from the middle of the occipital face, half as long + as the shell. Feet slender, conical, curved, smooth, twice as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.04 long, 0.06 broad; horn 0.02 long; feet 0.08 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific, Station 206, depth 2100 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Archiperidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet spiny or branched.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Peridium spinipes</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, rough or thorny, with irregular roundish pores. Basal plate with four pores (two + larger cardinal and two smaller jugular pores). Horn oblique, occipital, three-sided pyramidal, + half as long as the shell, connected with the caudal foot by a prominent crest. Three feet + horizontally expanded, prismatic, spiny, about as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.06 broad; horn 0.04 long, feet 0.06 to 0.09 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Peridium palmipes</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, + fig. 10).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, with irregular roundish pores. Basal plate with three large pores. Horn + oblique, three-sided pyramidal, about as long as the shell, inserted near its occipital base. + Three feet prismatic, slender, half as long, ending with a broad dentate plate.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.05 broad; horn 0.05 long, feet 0.03 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1155">{1155}</span></div> + + <p>6. <i>Peridium alatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical smooth, with regular circular, hexagonally-framed pores. Basal plate with + nine pores (three larger central and six smaller distal pores). Horn apical, of equal size and the + same form as the three feet, three-sided prismatic, with three broad prominent wings, somewhat + longer than the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet 0.1 to 0.12 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Peridium cervinum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, spiny, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate with four pores (?). + Horn apical, conical, about as long as the shell. Feet three to four times as long, cylindrical + curved, with irregular simple or forked branches like the antlers of a deer.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell diameter 0.1, horn 0.1 long, feet 0.3 to 0.4 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 509. <i>Archipera</i>,<a id="NtA_126" href="#Nt_126"><sup>[126]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 429.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archiperida</span> (vel Monocyrtida triradiata + clausa) without internal columella, with two or more apical horns.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Archipera</i> differs from the preceding <i>Peridium</i> only in the + multiplication of the apical horn, which in the latter is always simple. The number of horns is + usually two or three, sometimes four or more. The species bearing three horns may be derived + directly from <i>Triceraspyris</i> by loss of the sagittal ring.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Archipera cortiniscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, thorny, with large roundish pores, which are closed by sieve-plates with numerous + small porules. Basal plate with two pairs of simple large pores (two smaller jugular and two + larger cardinal, similar to Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>, + fig. 10<i>b</i>). Two horns divergent, curved, slender, pyramidal; the apical horn longer than the + shell, the frontal horn shorter. Three feet divergent, longer than the shell, three-sided + prismatic, at the distal end club-shaped, thorny.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.08 broad; horns and feet 0.11 to 0.14 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Archipera pentacantha</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, smooth, with numerous and small irregular roundish pores. Basal plate with + three larger pores. Two horns and three feet of nearly equal size and similar form, three-sided + <span class="pagenum" id="page1156">{1156}</span>prismatic, about as long as the shell diameter, + somewhat curved. The apical horn stands on the apex, the frontal horn half-way up the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.06 broad; horns and feet 0.05 to 0.07 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Archipera bicornis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, rough, with small regular circular, sparsely scattered pores. Basal plate with + four larger central and a peripheral coronal of twelve smaller pores. Two horns near the apex + widely divergent, somewhat shorter than the shell, of equal size and similar form. Three feet + twice as long, horizontally expanded. All five spines slender, three-sided pyramidal, + straight.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.06 broad; horns 0.05 long, feet 0.1 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Archipera tricornis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate with four large meshes + (two major cardinal and two minor jugular pores). On the apex three divergent pyramidal horns of + different size, one larger occipital and two smaller frontal horns. Three feet prismatic, about + twice as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell diameter 0.05, length of the feet 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Archipera quadricornis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, with a small number of irregular roundish, widely scattered pores. Basal + plate with four crossed meshes of nearly equal size. On the equator there arise four divergent + prismatic horns of nearly equal size, three of which correspond to the three feet, whilst the + fourth is opposite to the caudal foot. The three feet are also prismatic, as long as the shell, + horizontally expanded. (Similar to the upper half of <i>Lithomelissa decacantha</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate56"><b>56</b></a>, fig. 2, but + without thorax.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; horns and feet 0.06 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Archipera multicornis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell hemispherical, spiny, with irregular polygonal pores. Basal plate with six meshes (?). + Between the smaller spines of the surface arise six larger conical divergent horns. Three feet + also conical, divergent, about twice as long as the shell and the horns.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.07 broad; horns 0.05 long, feet 0.1 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1157">{1157}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 510. <i>Archibursa</i>,<a id="NtA_127" href="#Nt_127"><sup>[127]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archiperida</span> (vel Monocyrtida triradiata + clausa) without internal columella and without apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Archibursa</i> has probably arisen from <i>Peridium</i> by loss of the + apical horn, and is the only genus of Archiperida which bears no horn. The three basal feet are + well-developed. It differs from the similar <i>Tristylospyris</i> by the absence of the sagittal + ring and the corresponding longitudinal constriction.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Archibursa tripodiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, with irregular roundish pores. Basal plate with three large + triangular pores of equal size (fig. 6). Three feet widely divergent, straight, three-sided + prismatic, about as long as the diameter of the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.07, length of the feet 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Family LX. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Phænocalpida</span></span>, n. fam.</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc32"> + <p><i>Archiphormida</i> et <i>Archiphænida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 428, 429.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Monocyrtida</span> multiradiata. (<span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> with a simple, not jointed shell, resembling a simple cephalis, with + numerous radial apophyses (four to nine or more).</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Phænocalpida</span>, composed of the Archiphormida and + Archiphænida of my Prodromus, comprises those <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> in which the + lattice-shell is quite without transverse constriction, but bears numerous radial apophyses. The + two subfamilies differ in the shape of the basal mouth, which in the Archiphormida is a simple + wide opening, but is closed in the Archiphænida by a lattice-plate.</p> + + <p>Several Phænocalpida were formerly described by Ehrenberg, viz., <i>Halicalyptra virginica</i> + (in 1844) and <i>Litharachnium arachnodiscus</i> (in 1872, called by him <i>Carpocanium</i>, + though it is quite different from this genus, and closely allied to my <i>Litharachnium + tentorium</i>, figured in 1862). These forms belong to the Archiphormida (with open mouth). + Several fossil Archiphænida (with closed mouth) were figured by Ehrenberg, in 1875, as belonging + to <i>Petalospyris</i> (<i>ocellata</i>, <i>carinata</i>, <i>flabellum</i>), though the absence of + the sagittal ring and the corresponding longitudinal constriction demonstrates their character as + <i>Phænocalpis</i>.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1158">{1158}</span></div> + + <p>The Phænocalpida are probably an artificial family, composed of three or four (or perhaps more) + different groups, which have a quite different origin. The Litharachnida (genera 511-515) and the + Haliphormida (genera 516-518) are probably derived from the Sethophormida by loss of the cephalis, + the retrograde metamorphosis of which may be observed in all its different stages. The + Halicalyptrida (genera 519-521) are perhaps independent of the other Phænocalpida, and may be + Archicorida which have produced a corona of teeth around the mouth, without relation to lost + radial ribs. The Phænoscenida (<i>Phænocalpis</i>, <i>Phænoscenium</i>) may be derived from the + Euscenida (genera 504-507) by interpolation of interradial feet between the three primary ones, or + directly from the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>. The Calpophænida, on the other hand + (<i>Calpophæna</i>, <i>Archiphæna</i>), may have arisen from the Zygospyrida (<i>Petalospyris</i>, + <i>Gorgospyris</i>) by loss of the sagittal ring and the longitudinal constriction. The phylogeny + of the Phænocalpida is therefore a very complicated problem, as yet unsolved.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Phænocalpida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Phænocalpida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Phænocalpida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="11" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">I. Subfamily Archiphormida. Basal mouth of the shell a + simple wide opening.</td> + <td rowspan="11" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace19sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="8" class="vmi it1p05">Radial ribs enclosed in the wall of the shell, usually + prolonged into free terminal feet.</td> + <td rowspan="8" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace13sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell slender, pyramidal (without horn).</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell simple, with simple network,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">511. <i>Bathropyramis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell simple, with double network,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">512. <i>Cinclopyramis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell double, with an outer mantle,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">513. <i>Peripyramis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Shell flatly campanulate or discoidal (without horn).</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Radial ribs simple,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">514. <i>Litharachnium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Radial ribs branched,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">515. <i>Cladarachnium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell ovate, urceolate or campanulate.</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Mouth smooth, constricted (no horn),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">516. <i><span class="correction" + title="Printed 'Cyrtophormis', corrected by + Errata.">Cystophormis</span>.</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Mouth, with a corona of feet.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">With horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">517. <i>Haliphormis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">No horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">518. <i>Archiphormis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">No radial ribs in the wall of the shell. Mouth + surrounded by a corona of free terminal feet.</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Shell simple without mantle.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">With horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">519. <i>Halicalyptra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">No horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">520. <i>Carpocanistrum</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell double, with an external mantle (no horn),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">521. <i>Arachnocalpis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">II. Subfamily Archiphænida. Basal mouth closed by a + lattice-plate.</td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">In the axis of the shell-cavity a free + columella.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Columella simple,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">522. <i>Phænocalpis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Columella branched,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">523. <i>Phænoscenium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Shell-cavity simple, without axial + columella.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Apex with a horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">524. <i>Calpophæna</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">No apical horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">525. <i>Archiphæna</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Phænocalpida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Phænocalpida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="11">I. Subfamily Archiphormida. Basal mouth of the shell a simple wide + opening.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">Radial ribs enclosed in the wall of the shell, usually prolonged + into free terminal feet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Shell slender, pyramidal (without horn).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell simple, with simple network,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">511. <i>Bathropyramis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell simple, with double network,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">512. <i>Cinclopyramis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell double, with an outer mantle,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">513. <i>Peripyramis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Shell flatly campanulate or discoidal (without horn).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Radial ribs simple,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">514. <i>Litharachnium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Radial ribs branched,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">515. <i>Cladarachnium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Shell ovate, urceolate or campanulate.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Mouth smooth, constricted (no horn),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">516. <i>Cystophormis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Mouth, with a corona of feet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">517. <i>Haliphormis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">518. <i>Archiphormis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">No radial ribs in the wall of the shell. Mouth surrounded by a + corona of free terminal feet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell simple without mantle.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">519. <i>Halicalyptra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">520. <i>Carpocanistrum</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell double, with an external mantle (no horn),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">521. <i>Arachnocalpis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="11">II. Subfamily Archiphænida. Basal mouth closed by a lattice-plate.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">In the axis of the shell-cavity a free columella.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Columella simple,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">522. <i>Phænocalpis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Columella branched,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">523. <i>Phænoscenium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">Shell-cavity simple, without axial columella.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Apex with a horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">524. <i>Calpophæna</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">No apical horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">525. <i>Archiphæna</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1159">{1159}</span></div> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Archiphormida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Phænocalpida</span> with the basal mouth + of the shell open (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata aperta).</p> + + <h5>Genus 511. <i>Bathropyramis</i>,<a id="NtA_128" href="#Nt_128"><sup>[128]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archiphormida</span> (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with simple, slender pyramidal shell and numerous radial beams (six to nine or more). + Network simple, with large, unfenestrated, quadrangular meshes.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Bathropyramis</i> and the following four nearly allied genera form + together a peculiar group of Archiphormida, the Litharachnida, possessing near relations to + <i>Sethopyramis</i> and the allied Sethophormida, from which they are probably derived by + reduction and loss of the small cephalis. The shell in all these forms is distinctly pyramidal, + composed of numerous divergent radial beams (commonly six to nine), which form the edges of the + pyramid, and are connected by parallel horizontal rings. The quadrangular meshes so produced are + quite simple in <i>Bathropyramis</i>. This genus cannot be sharply separated from + <i>Sethopyramis</i>, its ancestral form.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Acropyramis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition</i>.—Shell smooth, without spines on the surface.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Bathropyramis acephala</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, slenderly pyramidal, with three cortinar pores at the apex and with six stout + radial beams or longitudinal ribs, connected by twelve to sixteen complete hexagonal horizontal + rings. Meshes nearly square, increasing gradually in size towards the mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.25 long, 0.15 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Bathropyramis quadrata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate54"><b>54</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, slenderly pyramidal, with three cortinar pores at the apex and nine stout radial + beams, connected by eight to twelve complete circular horizontal rings. Meshes subregular, square, + increasing in size gradually towards the circular mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.2 to 0.3 long, 0.12 to 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1160">{1160}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Bathropyramis trapezoides</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate54"><b>54</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, broadly pyramidal, with four cortinar pores at the apex and eight (or sometimes + nine) stout radial beams, connected by twelve to sixteen complete octagonal horizontal rings. + Meshes trapezoidal, of nearly equal length, but gradually increasing in breadth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.3 long, 0.3 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Bathropyramis interrupta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate55"><b>55</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, flatly pyramidal, nearly discoidal, with four cortinar pores at the apex and nine + to ten stout radial beams, connected by eight to sixteen interrupted rings; the rings are complete + only in the apical part, in the distal part more or less irregularly interrupted.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.12 long, 0.36 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Bathropyramis medusa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, flatly pyramidal, nearly discoidal, with four cortinar pores and numerous radial + beams (thirty to fifty); the four perradial of these are prolongations of the four cortinar beams, + and alternate with four interradial of the same size. Between these are intercalated eight + adradial beams arising from the third ring; and between the former and the latter, sixteen to + twenty-four peripheral radial beams, arising from the fourth to the sixth ring. The inner four to + six rings are complete, the outer ten to fifteen irregularly interrupted.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.3 to 0.4 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 338, surface.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Cladopyramis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition</i>.—Shell spiny, with prominent simple or branched spines on + the surface.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Bathropyramis spinosa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, slenderly pyramidal, with three cortinar pores at the apex and with nine strong + radial beams, connected by fifteen to twenty complete parallel rings. Meshes subregular square, + increasing gradually in size. Surface covered with simple, strong conical spines, arising from the + nodal points.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.24 long, 0.16 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1161">{1161}</span></div> + + <p>7. <i>Bathropyramis ramosa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate54"><b>54</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, slenderly pyramidal, with three cortinar pores at the apex, and with nine (or + sometimes eight or ten) strong radial beams, connected by fifteen to eighteen complete parallel + rings. Meshes subregular, square, increasing gradually in size. Surface covered with forked or + irregularly branched spines, arising from the nodal points.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.3 long, 0.17 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 512. <i>Cinclopyramis</i>,<a id="NtA_129" href="#Nt_129"><sup>[129]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archiphormida</span> (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with simple, slender, pyramidal shell, and numerous radial beams (six to nine or more). + Network double, with a delicate arachnoidal fenestration, filling up the large quadrangular + meshes.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cinclopyramis</i> differs from the preceding <i>Bathropyramis</i> in + the development of a very delicate secondary network, filling up the large quadrangular meshes, + which are produced by the crossing of the radial beams and the parallel horizontal rings. It + therefore bears the same relation to the preceding genus that <i>Plectopyramis</i> does to + <i>Sethopyramis</i>; it is perhaps derived directly from the former by loss of the small + cephalis.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cinclopyramis cribellum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cinclopyramis cribellum</i> = "Ladder of lattice-shape," Bury, 1862, + Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xii. fig. 6.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, pyramidal, with six strong radial ribs, which are connected by twelve to sixteen + complete horizontal rings. Meshes trapezoidal, filled up by a very delicate and regular secondary + network with square porules (two to four horizontal threads in each larger mesh).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.2 to 0.3 long, 0.12 to 0.16 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cinclopyramis infundibulum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate54"><b>54</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Shell slender, pyramidal, with nine strong radial ribs, which are connected by eighteen to + twenty-four complete horizontal rings. Meshes subregular square, filled up by a very delicate and + regular secondary network with square porules (ten to twelve horizontal threads in each larger + mesh). Apex of the pyramid with three very small cortinar pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.3 to 0.4 long, 0.2 to 0.25 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1162">{1162}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Cinclopyramis lithosestrum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slender, pyramidal, with twelve strong radial ribs (six primary longer and six secondary + shorter) connected by twelve to fifteen interrupted irregular rings. Meshes irregular square or + trapezoidal, filled up by a delicate secondary network with irregular polygonal porules.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.4 to 0.5 long, 0.2 to 0.3 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 513. <i>Peripyramis</i>,<a id="NtA_130" href="#Nt_130"><sup>[130]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archiphormida</span> (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with double, slenderly pyramidal shell, and numerous radial beams (six to nine or more). + Network double, with an external arachnoidal or spongy envelope around the primary + lattice-shell.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Peripyramis</i> differs from its probable ancestral form, + <i>Bathropyramis</i>, by development of a delicate external envelope around the primary shell, and + therefore bears to it the same relation that <i>Spongopyramis</i> among the Dicyrtida does to + <i>Sethopyramis</i>. It may also be derived directly from the former by loss of the cephalis.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Peripyramis circumtexta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate54"><b>54</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <p>Shell slender, pyramidal, with nine strong radial beams, connected by fifteen to twenty + transverse horizontal rings, which are partly complete, partly interrupted. Meshes subregular, + square. From the nodal points of the surface there arise branched spines, which at equal distances + from it are connected by thin threads, forming a delicate outer arachnoidal shell with large + irregular polygonal meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.32 long, 0.16 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Peripyramis spongiosa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slender, pyramidal, with nine strong radial beams, connected by twelve to eighteen + irregular interrupted rings. Meshes irregular, square or polygonal. From the whole surface arise + numerous branched spines, which by communication and dense ramification form an outer spongy + envelope around the shell. (Similar to <i>Spongopyramis spongiosa</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate56"><b>56</b></a>, fig. + 10.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.45 long, 0.32 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1163">{1163}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 514. <i>Litharachnium</i>,<a id="NtA_131" href="#Nt_131"><sup>[131]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 835.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archiphormida</span> (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with flatly conical, tent-shaped or nearly discoidal shell, and numerous, simple, radial + beams in its wall.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Litharachnium</i>, and the closely allied genus <i>Cladarachnium</i>, + differ from the preceding similar genera mainly in the flat form of the depressed shell, which is + not slenderly pyramidal, but more tent-shaped or nearly discoidal. The radial ribs are generally + not straight, but more or less curved. The top of the tent exhibits three or four important + meshes, the original pores of the cortinar septum. <i>Litharachnium</i> may be derived directly + from <i>Sethophormis</i> by reduction and loss of the cephalis.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Litharachnidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Apex with three cortinar pores (one odd sternal and two + paired cardinal pores).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Litharachnium tentorium</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0">Litharachnium tentorium, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 281, Taf. iv. + figs. 7-10.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell flatly conical or tent-shaped, with concave lateral outlines. Apex with three equal + cortinar pores. Twenty radial ribs at nearly equal distances. Between them very numerous and thin + secondary ribs, crossed by more than one hundred concentric rings. Pores square, as in all the + following species. Margin truncate, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.35 long, 0.8 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina).</p> + + <p>2. <i>Litharachnium araneosum</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate55"><b>55</b></a>, + figs. 8, 10).</p> + + <p>Shell flatly conical, nearly discoidal, with straight lateral outlines. Apex with three unequal + cortinar pores (one odd smaller sternal and two paired larger cardinal pores). Twenty radial ribs + at unequal distances, with numerous intercalated secondary ribs. Margin ciliate.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.18 long, 0.32 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1164">{1164}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Litharachnium arachnodiscus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Litharachnium arachnodiscus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 283.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Carpocanium arachnodiscus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. + d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 296; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1872, Taf. ii. fig. 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell flatly campanulate, nearly discoidal, with convex (?) lateral outlines. Apex with three + unequal cortinal pores. Nine stronger radial primary ribs complete; between them numerous + secondary intercalated ribs (sixty to seventy). Margin ciliate.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.03 long, 0.1 broad (?).</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Arctic Ocean (between Greenland and Iceland), depth 1000 + fathoms (Schaffner).</p> + + <p>4. <i>Litharachnium epeira</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate55"><b>55</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <p>Shell flatly conical or tent-shaped, with concave lateral outlines. Apex with three unequal + cortinar pores. Twelve stronger radial primary ribs complete; between them numerous (twenty-four + to thirty-six) thinner secondary, and very numerous (more than one hundred) tertiary ribs. Margin + reflexed, like the curved brim of a hat.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.12 long, 0.27 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Litharachnoma</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Apex with four cortinar pores (two anterior jugular and + two posterior cardinal pores).</p> + + <p>5. <i>Litharachnium discoides</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell flat, funnel-shaped, nearly discoidal, with concave outlines. Apex with four unequal + cortinar pores (two smaller jugular and two larger cardinal pores). Twelve strong primary or + perradial ribs alternating with twelve weaker secondary or interradial ribs; between these there + are twenty-four shorter tertiary or adradial ribs, and in the outer flat, discoidal, half of the + shell very numerous peripheral radial ribs (more than two hundred to three hundred). Margin flat, + discoidal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell about 0.2 long, 1.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Litharachnium pilidium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell flat, hat-shaped, with S-shaped outlines, in the upper half convex, in the lower half + concave. Apex with four equal crossed cortinar pores. Thirty primary ribs of equal size; four of + them are the prolongations of the four cortinar beams, eight intercalate between these secondary, + <span class="pagenum" id="page1165">{1165}</span>and the other eighteen tertiary. Between them + very numerous peripheral beams. Margin broad horizontal, reflexed like the brim of a "Bismarck" + hat.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.17 long, 0.38 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 515. <i>Cladarachnium</i>,<a id="NtA_132" href="#Nt_132"><sup>[132]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archiphormida</span> (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with flatly conical, tent-shaped or nearly discoidal shell, and numerous branched radial + beams.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cladarachnium</i> differs from the preceding <i>Litharachnium</i> only + in the ramification of the radial beams, the distal ends of which project over the margin of the + shell. Only one species of the genus has been observed.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cladarachnium ramosum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate55"><b>55</b></a>, figs. 5, + 6).</p> + + <p>Shell flatly conical or tent-shaped, with nearly straight lateral outlines; apical part + somewhat higher. Apex with three cortinar pores surrounded by a few girdles of larger pores. From + these there arise about twelve to fifteen strong radial beams at unequal distances; these are + somewhat curved and irregularly branched. The network between them has irregular polygonal meshes + and is more delicate towards the periphery. Margin with twenty-four to thirty irregular + indentations or concave excisions, separated by the prominent distal ends of the branched + ribs.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.16 long, 0.4 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 516. <i><span class="correction" title="Printed 'Cyrtophormis', corrected by + Errata.">Cystophormis</span></i>,<a id="NtA_133" href="#Nt_133"><sup>[133]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archiphormida</span> (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with ovate or urceolate shell and numerous radial ribs in its wall. Mouth more or less + constricted, smooth, truncated. Apex without horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i><span class="correction" title="Printed 'Cyrtophormis', corrected by + Errata.">Cystophormis</span></i>, like the preceding genera, exhibits numerous prominent radial or + longitudinal ribs in the wall of the urceolate shell; it differs from these in the constricted and + truncated mouth, with smooth margin of the peristome.</p> + + <p>1. <i><span class="correction" title="Printed 'Cyrtophormis', corrected by + Errata.">Cystophormis</span> pila</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Shell balloon-shaped, subspherical, with twenty denticulate meridional ribs, alternating with + twenty longitudinal rows of circular pores, which are twice as broad as the bars. Peristome + constricted and then dilated, smooth, half as broad as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.11 long, 0.09 broad; mouth 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1166">{1166}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i><span class="correction" title="Printed 'Cyrtophormis', corrected by + Errata.">Cystophormis</span> ærostatica</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>, figs. 2, + 3).</p> + + <p>Shell balloon-shaped, subspherical, with twenty smooth meridional ribs, alternating with twenty + longitudinal rows of circular pores, of the same breadth as the bars. Peristome constricted, about + half as broad as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.09 long, 0.07 broad; mouth 0.03 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i><span class="correction" title="Printed 'Cyrtophormis', corrected by + Errata.">Cystophormis</span> spiralis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, one and a half times as long as broad, with twenty spirally convoluted, elegantly + denticulated ribs, alternating with twenty spiral rows of small circular pores, of about the same + breadth as the bars. Peristome constricted, very small, only one-seventh as broad as the + shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.07 broad; mouth 0.01 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i><span class="correction" title="Printed 'Cyrtophormis', corrected by + Errata.">Cystophormis</span> tabulata</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>, + fig. 2).</p> + + <p>Shell urceolate and tabulate, twice as long as broad with twenty-five to thirty denticulated + longitudinal ribs crossed by twenty to twenty-four transverse rings. Pores therefore regularly + disposed in longitudinal and transverse rows; each pore circular, with a square frame. Peristome + constricted, scarcely half as broad as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.2 long, 0.1 broad; mouth 0.04 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms</p> + + <h5>Genus 517. <i>Haliphormis</i>,<a id="NtA_134" href="#Nt_134"><sup>[134]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54 (<i>sensu mutato</i>).</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archiphormida</span> (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with numerous radial ribs in the wall of the campanulate shell, prolonged into free + terminal feet. Apex with a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Haliphormis</i> (with an apical horn) and the following + <i>Archiphormis</i> (without a horn) comprise those Archiphormida in which the open mouth is more + or less constricted and surrounded by a coronet of radial feet, as terminal prolongations of the + radial ribs of its wall. The few forms, upon which Ehrenberg originally founded the genus + <i>Haliphormis</i>, are partly not recognisable, partly belong to other genera. We therefore give + here a new definition of the genus, as stated in my Prodromus, 1881, p. 428.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1167">{1167}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Haliphormis lagena</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>, + fig. 5)</p> + + <p>Shell bottle-shaped, twice as long as broad, tapering towards both ends, with nine longitudinal + curved ribs. These are connected by irregular transverse beams, and the quadrangular meshes, so + produced, are filled up by irregular, delicate, arachnoidal framework. The constricted mouth is + half as broad as the middle part of the shell and surrounded by nine slender convergent feet, the + free distal ends of the ribs. The apex bears a small knob with an oblique horn, perhaps the + rudimentary cephalis of <i>Sethamphora</i> or <i>Sethopyramis</i> (?).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.6 to 0.7 long, 0.3 to 0.4 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Haliphormis costata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, somewhat longer than broad, with twelve prominent longitudinal ribs, + alternating with twelve rows of regular circular pores. Mouth constricted half as broad as the + shell, with twelve long triangular feet, formed by the free distal ends of the ribs. Apical horn + short and stout, triangular pyramidal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.12 long, 0.1 broad; mouth 0.07 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 518. <i>Archiphormis</i>,<a id="NtA_135" href="#Nt_135"><sup>[135]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archiphormida</span> (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with numerous radial ribs in the wall of the campanulate or urceolate shell, prolonged + into free terminal feet. Apex without horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Archiphormis</i> differs from the preceding <i>Haliphormis</i>, its + probable ancestral form, in the absence of the apical horn. The number of the longitudinal ribs, + which are prolonged into terminal feet, is from six to nine or twelve or even more.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Archiphormis cancellata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0">(?) <i>Halicalyptra cancellata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. + Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 243.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell cup-shaped or campanulate, with six prominent ribs, prolonged into six terminal + triangular feet, one-third as long as the shell. Ribs connected by five or six transverse + horizontal rings; meshes between them rounded squarish. (As Ehrenberg has given no figure of this + species, its identity with the Challenger specimen is doubtful.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.06 broad; mouth 0.04 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1168">{1168}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Archiphormis campanulata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, with nine prominent denticulate ribs, prolonged into nine terminal feet, + which are broad, lamellar, truncate, nearly vertical, one-third as long as the shell. Pores + between the ribs circular, disposed in nine longitudinal and seven to eight transverse rows.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.09 long, 0.1 broad; mouth 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Archiphormis urceolata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Shell urceolate, with nine smooth prominent curved ribs, prolonged into nine triangular + convergent short feet, scarcely one-sixth as long as the shell. Pores between the ribs in nine + regular longitudinal rows, twice or three times as broad as long, quadrangular, eight to twelve + pores in each row. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.13 long, 0.11 broad; mouth 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 519. <i>Halicalyptra</i>,<a id="NtA_136" href="#Nt_136"><sup>[136]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54 (<i>sensu emendato</i>).</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archiphormida</span> (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata + aperta) without radial ribs in the wall of the campanulate or ovate shell. Mouth with a coronet of + radial feet. Apex with a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Halicalyptra</i> and the two following closely allied genera differ + from the preceding Archiphormida in the absence of radial ribs. The multiradiate structure is + indicated only by the terminal spines or feet, forming a coronet around the mouth. These feet are + either the free ends of reduced ribs, or new productions of the peristome. <i>Halicalyptra</i> may + be derived from <i>Calpophæna</i> and <i>Petalospyris</i> by loss of the basal lattice-plate of + the cephalis. But it is also possible that it has been derived from <i>Anthocyrtis</i> by loss of + the cephalis, and that its shell corresponds to the thorax of the latter.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Acrocalpis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell smooth, without spines or thorns (other than the + feet and the apical horn).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1169">{1169}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Halicalyptra virginica</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Halicalyptra virginica</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xviii. fig. 110.</p> + <p><i>Halicalyptra virginica</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 289.</p> + <p><i>Haliomma virginicum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 71.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Acrocalpis virginica</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, campanulate, nearly hemispherical. Pores subregular circular, about as broad as + the bars. Horn conical, half as long as the shell. Peristome scarcely constricted, with six + conical divergent feet, as long as the horn.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell diameter 0.04 to 0.05, length of the feet 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in tertiary rocks of Barbados and North America + (Richmond, Virginia).</p> + + <p>2. <i>Halicalyptra campanula</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis spinosa</i>, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xvii. fig. + 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, campanulate. Pores irregular, roundish, about as broad as the bars. Horn large + conical, about as long as the shell. Peristome not constricted, with six large divergent feet, + which are as long as the shell, lamellar, with dentate edges.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell diameter 0.07, length of the feet 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Halicalyptra ampulla</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Petalospyris foveolata</i>, var., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. ix. + fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, subspherical, inflate. Pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars. Horn + slender conical, about as long as the shell. Peristome constricted, with six divergent + cylindrical, irregularly curved feet, twice to three times as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell diameter 0.12, feet 0.2 to 0.3 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil + in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Halicalyptra novena</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, campanulate. Pores irregular, roundish. Horn slender conical, about as long as + the shell. Peristome slightly constricted, with nine slender divergent feet of the same length. + (Very similar to <i>Petalospyris foveolata</i>, Ehrenberg, but without internal columella and + ring, with perfectly simple shell-cavity and open mouth.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.09 diameter, feet 0.1 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Halicalyptra petalospyris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, campanulate. Pores small, circular, irregularly scattered. Horn stout, pyramidal, + about as long as the shell. Peristome scarcely constricted, with fifteen to twenty broad <span + class="pagenum" id="page1170">{1170}</span>lamellar or lanceolate feet, which are twice to three + times as long as the shell, parallel and vertical. (Very similar to <i>Petalospyris flabellum</i>, + &c., Ehrenberg, 1875, <i>loc. cit.</i>, Taf. xxii. figs. 6-8, but without any trace of + sagittal ring or columella.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 to 0.08 diameter, feet 0.15 to 0.25 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Echinocalpis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell spiny, covered with numerous spines or thorns + (besides the feet and the apical horn).</p> + + <p>6. <i>Halicalyptra spinosa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, ovate, inflate in the apical half. Pores irregular polygonal, four to eight times + as broad as the bars. Peristome constricted, half as broad as the shell, with nine slender + divergent feet, which like the apical horn are curved, twice to three times as long as the shell + and five to ten times as long as the numerous bristles of the surface.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.06 broad; feet 0.15 to 0.25 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Halicalyptra castanella</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, nearly spherical. Pores irregular roundish. Peristome constricted, scarcely + one-third as broad as the shell, with twelve to twenty slender, widely divergent feet, which like + the horn are irregularly curved, and longer than the shell. (Very similar to certain forms of the + Phæodarium <i>Castanella</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>, + fig. 2.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.13 diameter, feet 0.15 to 0.18 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 520. <i>Carpocanistrum</i>,<a id="NtA_137" href="#Nt_137"><sup>[137]</sup></a> n. + gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archiphormida</span> (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata + aperta) without radial ribs in the wall of the campanulate or ovate shell. Mouth with a corona of + radial feet. Apex without horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Carpocanistrum</i> differs from the similar preceding + <i>Halicalyptra</i> in the loss of the apical horn. It is very nearly related to the Dicyrtid + <i>Carpocanium</i> and may be easily confounded with it. But in the latter the uppermost part of + the shell-cavity includes a rudimentary cephalis with a cortinar septum, whilst in + <i>Carpocanistrum</i> <span class="pagenum" id="page1171">{1171}</span>the cephalis is entirely + lost, and the inner cavity quite simple. The number of the feet of the peristome is from nine to + twenty, sometimes more. The mouth is commonly more or less constricted.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Carpocanistrum novenum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, one and a third times as long as broad. Pores regular circular, + hexagonally framed, three times as broad as the bars, eight to ten on the greatest breadth of the + shell. Peristome strongly constricted, one-third as broad as the shell, with nine large ovate + lamellar, slightly convergent feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.06 broad; mouth 0.02 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Carpocanistrum flosculum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, rough, thick-walled, of equal breadth and length. Pores regular circular, of + the same breadth as the bars, twelve to fifteen on the greatest breadth of the shell. Peristome + slightly constricted, with twelve elegant lanceolate, nearly vertical, a little convergent + feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.07 broad; mouth 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Carpocanistrum giganteum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, very thick-walled, one and a third times as long as broad. Pores very + numerous and small, subregular circular, forty to fifty on the greatest breadth of the shell, of + about the same breadth as the bars. Peristome small, constricted, scarcely one-fourth as broad as + the shell, with twelve to fifteen short triangular vertical feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.28 to 0.31 long, 0.21 to 0.23 broad; mouth 0.06 to 0.07 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Carpocanistrum acephalum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, thin-walled, one and a fifth times as long as broad. Pores subregular + circular, twice as broad as the bars, sixteen to twenty on the greatest breadth of the shell. + Peristome slightly constricted, with fifteen to eighteen slender, slightly bent, nearly vertical, + and parallel feet, which are half as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.12 long, 0.1 broad; mouth 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1172">{1172}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Carpocanistrum evacuatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Shell urceolate, smooth, thin-walled, one and a half times as long as broad. Pores regular + circular, sixteen to twenty on the greatest breadth of the shell. Peristome slightly constricted, + with twenty to twenty-five small triangular vertical feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.07 broad; mouth 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Carpocanistrum pyriforme</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocarpium pyriforme</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 97, Taf. + iii. fig. 10.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped or subspherical, one and a fourth times as long as broad. Pores roundish, + polygonally framed (or with square meshes ?). Peristome strongly constricted, one-fourth as broad + as the shell, somewhat tubular, with twelve to twenty short vertical and parallel feet. The + position of this species is doubtful; perhaps it represents a peculiar genus.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.17 long, 0.14 broad; mouth 0.035 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte) Stöhr.</p> + + <h5>Genus 521. <i>Arachnocalpis</i>,<a id="NtA_138" href="#Nt_138"><sup>[138]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archiphormida</span> (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with an ellipsoidal or nearly spherical double shell; outer shell arachnoidal or spongy. + Peristome small, constricted with a corona of numerous radial feet. No apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Arachnocalpis</i> differs from the other Archiphormida by possessing a + double shell (like <i>Peripyramis</i>). The large shell, reaching nearly half a millimeter in + length is either ellipsoidal or nearly spherical, and composed of an inner primary and an outer + secondary shell. Its network is very delicate, in the outer envelope either spongy or arachnoidal. + This very remarkable genus has probably no true relation to the other Archiphormida but has been + derived from true <span class="gsp">Calpoidea</span> (<i>Mitrocalpis</i>) by development of a + corona around the mouth.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Arachnocalpis ellipsoides</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>, fig. + 13).</p> + + <p>Shell ellipsoidal, one and a half times as long as broad, on the apical pole hemispherical, on + the basal pole coronate, with an elegant prominent funnel-shaped peristome, which is one-eighth as + broad as the shell, fenestrated by very fine pores, and bears fifteen to twenty short conical + divergent teeth. Inner shell with irregular polygonal meshes of very different size, separated by + thin, <span class="pagenum" id="page1173">{1173}</span>finely-denticulate bars. Outer spongy shell + very delicate, arachnoidal, with numerous prominent conical spongy papillæ. Central capsule + ellipsoidal, half as long and broad as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.46 long, 0.32 broad; mouth 0.045 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Arachnocalpis sphæroides</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spheroidal, of the same structure as the preceding ellipsoidal species, with the same + form of the spongy envelope; differing from it in the globose form and the shorter peristome, + bearing only nine or ten small conical divergent teeth. Central capsule spherical.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.3 diameter, mouth 0.04 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 270, surface.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Archiphænida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Phænocalpida</span> with the basal mouth + of the shell fenestrated (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata clausa).</p> + + <h5>Genus 522. <i>Phænocalpis</i>,<a id="NtA_139" href="#Nt_139"><sup>[139]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archiperida</span> (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata + clausa) with an internal axial simple columella, prolonged outside into an apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Phænocalpis</i> and the following <i>Phænoscenium</i> comprise those + Archiphænida in which the vertical axis of the shell-cavity is occupied by a simple or branched + columella, arising from the centre of the base and prolonged into an apical horn. This columella + may be either the vertical rod of a <i>Plectaniscus</i> or the remnant of an original ring of + <i>Petalospyris</i>. The latter genus differs by its sagittal constriction.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Phænocalpis petalospyris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, rough, with irregular, roundish pores, larger than the bars. Columella + straight, central, thin, prolonged into a large apical horn with three dentate edges. Six basal + feet curved, divergent, lamellar, with a middle rib and dentate edges.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 long, 0.05 broad; horn and feet 0.06 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1174">{1174}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Phænocalpis ocellata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Petalospyris ocellata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xxii. fig. 9.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, with irregular roundish pores, about as broad as the bars. + Columella slightly curved and excentric, prolonged into a slender conical horn of the same length. + Six basal feet similar to the horn, slightly divergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.06 long, 0.07 broad; horn and feet 0.05 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Phænocalpis carinata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Petalospyris carinata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xxii. fig. 6.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, rough, with irregular roundish pores, smaller than the bars. Columella + straight, central, prolonged into a stout conical horn of the same length. Nine basal feet + slender, triangular, longer than the shell, nearly vertical, with a middle rib in the basal + half.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; horn 0.04 long, feet 0.08 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Phænocalpis flabellum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Petalospyris flabellum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, Taf. xxii. fig. 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate smooth, with very small circular pores, half as broad as the bars. Columella + straight, central, prolonged into a pyramidal horn of half the length. Twelve to fifteen basal + feet lamellar, linear, twice to three times as long as the shell, parallel and vertical, pointed + at the distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; horn 0.02 long, feet 0.1 to 0.12 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 523. <i>Phænoscenium</i>,<a id="NtA_140" href="#Nt_140"><sup>[140]</sup></a> n. + gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archiphænida</span> (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata + clausa) with an internal axial branched columella, prolonged outside into an apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Phænoscenium</i> differs from the preceding <i>Phænocalpis</i> in the + branched columella, which is connected by three or six ascending branches with the inner wall of + the shell. It bears therefore to the latter the same relation that <i>Cladoscenium</i> exhibits to + <i>Euscenium</i>. The former genera may have been derived from the latter by interpolation of new + interradial feet between the three primary perradial feet.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1175">{1175}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Phænoscenium hexapodium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, smooth, about as long as broad. Network delicate, with irregular polygonal + pores and thin bars. Columella with four to six ascending three-branched verticils, prolonged into + the conical hollow apical horn (with six to eight smaller verticils) which is about as long as the + shell. Six basal feet curved, divergent, of the same length, with pinnate middle rod.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.11 broad; horn and feet 0.08 to 0.09 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Section 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Phænoscenium cladopodium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, conical, smooth, somewhat broader than long. Network with irregular roundish + pores, about as broad as the bars. Columella with a single verticil of three ascending branches. + Horn pyramidal, stout, as long as the shell, with three dentate edges. Six feet divergent, + slightly curved, very unequal; three primary (or perradial) very large, longer than the shell, + three sided pyramidal, with three dentate edges; three secondary (or interradial) much smaller, + simple, shorter than the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; horn and feet 0.04 to 0.07 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Phænoscenium polypodium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, about as long as broad, smooth. Network with regular circular pores, twice + as broad as the bars. Columella with two verticils of three ascending branches, prolonged into a + stout conical horn of twice the length. Twelve to fifteen conical curved divergent feet, about as + long as the shell. The three primary feet are directly connected with the base of the + columella.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 diameter, horn 0.15 long, feet 0.07 to 0.09 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 524. <i>Calpophæna</i>,<a id="NtA_141" href="#Nt_141"><sup>[141]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archiphænida</span> (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata + clausa) with an apical horn and simple internal cavity of the shell without axial columella.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Calpophæna</i> and the following closely tied <i>Archiphæna</i> differ + from the two preceding genera of Archiphænida in the simple shell cavity, which encloses no + columella. They may be derived either from the preceding <i>Phænocalpis</i> by loss of the + columella, or directly from the Zygospyrida by reduction of the sagittal constriction and loss of + the primary ring. Different subgenera may be distinguished in <i>Calpophæna</i> according either + to the number of the feet or to their shape (being simple or branched).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1176">{1176}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Acrocorona</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet simple, not branched nor forked.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Calpophæna tetrarrhabda</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, tuberculate, with subregular circular pores. Apical horn conical, about as + long as the shell. Basal plate with a regular cross of four equal cortinar pores, separated by + four bars; these are crossed in the sagittal and frontal diameter, and prolonged into four equal + conical divergent feet, about as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 diameter, horn and feet 0.1 to 0.12 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 297, depth 1775 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Calpophæna hexarrhabda</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, figs. 17, + 18).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, rough, with irregular roundish pores. Apical horn conical, shorter than the + shell. Basal plate (fig. 18) with three pairs of triangular pores, two larger (cardinal) pores in + the middle, two smaller (cervical) at the dorsal, and two intermediate (jugular) at the ventral + side. The bars between them are prolonged into six equal cylindrical divergent feet, nearly as + long as the shell, provided with a spiny knob at the end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.09 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet 0.06 to 0.08 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Calpophæna ennearrhabda</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, spiny, with irregular, roundish pores. Apical horn cylindrical, longer than + the shell. Basal plate with nine collar pores, three larger central alternating with three pairs + of smaller peripheral (like Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, + fig. 2). Corona with nine slender cylindrical, slightly curved, divergent feet, somewhat longer + than the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.11 long, 0.1 broad; horn and feet 0.12 to 0.15 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Calpophæna enneaphylla</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, with regular circular pores. Apical horn pyramidal, half as long as the + shell. (Basal plate with four cortinar pores?) Corona with nine broad, lamellar, truncate, + vertical feet, about as long as the horn.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.12 long, 0.09 broad; horn and feet 0.06 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1177">{1177}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Calpophæna petalospyris</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, tuberculate, with irregular, roundish pores. Apical horn conical, shorter + than the shell. (Basal plate with nine pores?) Corona with twelve to twenty broad, lamellar, + truncate, vertical feet, of different sizes, somewhat irregular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; horn and feet 0.07 to 0.12 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Cladocorona</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet branched or forked.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Calpophæna tetracorethra</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, with irregular, roundish pores. Basal plate with four larger pores. + Apical horn and the four divergent basal feet of equal size and similar form, three to four times + as long as the shell, slender, bristle-shaped, curved, in the distal half irregularly branched. + (Very similar to the remarkable <i>Tetraspyris tetracorethra</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, figs. 19, + 20, but with shorter appendages and with simple spherical shell, which exhibits no trace of + sagittal ring and constriction.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.12 diameter, horn and feet 0.3 to 0.5 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Calpophæna hexacorethra</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, similar to the preceding species. Basal plate with six pores. + Apical horn and the six divergent feet twice to three times as long as the shell, bristle-shaped, + irregularly curved and branched. (Similar to <i>Hexaspyris hexacorethra</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, fig. 8, but + without sagittal ring and constriction.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.11 long, 0.13 broad; horn and feet 0.2 to 0.3 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 525. <i>Archiphæna</i>,<a id="NtA_142" href="#Nt_142"><sup>[142]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archiphænida</span> (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata + clausa), with simple internal cavity of the shell, without apical horn and axial columella.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Archiphæna</i> has the same simple cavity of the shell as the + preceding <i>Calpophæna</i>, but differs from it in the loss of the apical horn. It bears + therefore to the latter the same relation that <i>Gorgospyris</i> does to <i>Petalospyris</i>. The + two former genera may be derived from the two latter by loss of the sagittal ring and + constriction.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1178">{1178}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Coronophæna</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet simple, not branched nor forked.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Archiphæna gorgospyris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>, figs. 10, + 10<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Shell hemispherical, smooth, with small subregular, circular pores. Collar septum with four + large pores (fig. 10<i>a</i>). Twelve to fifteen feet, divergent, lamellar, truncate, about as + long as the shell. (Similar to certain forms of <i>Gorgospyris</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, figs. 1 to + 3, but with simple shell cavity, without sagittal ring and constriction, and without a + columella.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.04 broad; feet 0.03 to 0.04 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Archiphæna corona</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell crown-shaped, somewhat broader than long, at the base flattened, papillate, with + irregular roundish pores. Twenty to twenty-five feet, broad, lamellar, truncate, nearly vertical, + about twice as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.12 broad; feet 0.2 to 0.22 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Stephanophæna</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet branched or forked.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Archiphæna stephanoma</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, somewhat longer than broad, with subregular, circular pores. Margin of the + flattened base with a corona of about twenty unequal feet, which are partly simple, partly + irregularly branched, and about as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.11 long, 0.03 broad; feet 0.08 to 0.12 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Family LXI. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Cyrtocalpida</span></span>, n. fam.</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc30"> + <p>Archicorida et Archicapsida, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 427, 428.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Monocyrtida</span> eradiata. (<span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> with a simple, not jointed shell, representing a simple cephalis + without radial apophyses.)</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Cyrtocalpida</span>, composed of the Archicorida and Archicapsida + of my <span class="pagenum" id="page1179">{1179}</span>Prodromus, comprises those <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> in which the lattice-shell is quite simple, without transverse + constriction, and without radial apophyses. The two subfamilies differ in the shape of the basal + mouth, which in the Archicorida is a simple wide opening, but in the Archicapsida is closed by a + lattice-plate.</p> + + <p>Only a few species of this family were formerly known. Ehrenberg, in 1838, founded upon these + the genus <i>Cornutella</i>, one of the three oldest genera of Polycystina (<i>Cornutella</i>, + <i>Lithocampe</i>, <i>Haliomma</i>). In 1862 I described some living forms, with a central + capsule, as <i>Cyrtocalpis</i>. The Challenger collection contains a large number of new genera + and species.</p> + + <p>Probably the family Cyrtocalpida is an artificial group, comprising two or more different + subfamilies of very different origin. The Cornutellida (<i>Cornutella</i>, <i>Cornutanna</i>) have + probably been derived from the Sethocorida by loss of the cephalis, so that their conical shell + represents a thorax alone. The Mitrocalpida on the other hand (genera 528-531) may be originally + simple ovate shells (like <i>Gromia</i> and <i>Lecythium</i>), arising independently from the + Nassellida. The Archicapsida (<i>Halicapsa</i>, <i>Archicapsa</i>) are probably derived from the + Zygospyrida (<i>Dictyospyris</i>, <i>Circospyris</i>) by loss of the sagittal ring and + constriction. This is nearly certain, when the three or four typical cortinar pores appear in + their basal plate. Some forms of <i>Halicapsa</i> may be easily confounded with some forms of + Prunoidea (<i>Lithapium</i>).</p> + + <p>Those Cyrtocalpida, which possess a central capsule with three or four lobes, are probably + derived from Tripocyrtida by loss of the three feet, or from Sethocyrtida by loss of the cephalis, + since the lobes indicate the original presence of cortinar pores and of a cephalis. Those + Cyrtocalpida, however, in which a simple ovate shell encloses a simple central capsule without + lobes, may be original "Monocyrtida eradiata," without relation to any radial ancestral forms.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Cyrtocalpida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Cyrtocalpida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Cyrtocalpida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="6" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Archicorida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Basal mouth of the shell a simple wide opening.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">Shell with simple lattice-work (not double or spongy).</td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Shell conical, gradually dilated towards the mouth.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">With horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">526. <i>Cornutella</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">No horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">527. <i>Cornutanna</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Shell ovate or urceolate, with constricted mouth.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">With horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">528. <i>Archicorys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">No horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">529. <i>Cyrtocalpis</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Shell not simply latticed.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell ovate, double, with an external mantle,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">530. <i>Mitrocalpis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell ovate, with spongy irregular, lattice-work</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">531. <i>Spongocyrtis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Archicapsida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Mouth closed by a lattice plate.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Shell with an apical horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">532. <i>Halicapsa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Shell without horn on the apex,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">533. <i>Archicapsa</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Cyrtocalpida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Cyrtocalpida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="9">I. Subfamily Archicorida. Basal mouth of the shell a simple wide opening.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Shell with simple lattice-work (not double or spongy).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell conical, gradually dilated towards the mouth.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">526. <i>Cornutella</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">527. <i>Cornutanna</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell ovate or urceolate, with constricted mouth.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">528. <i>Archicorys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">529. <i>Cyrtocalpis</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Shell not simply latticed.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell ovate, double, with an external mantle,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">530. <i>Mitrocalpis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell ovate, with spongy irregular, lattice-work</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">531. <i>Spongocyrtis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="9">II. Subfamily Archicapsida. Mouth closed by a lattice plate.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Shell with an apical horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">532. <i>Halicapsa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Shell without horn on the apex,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">533. <i>Archicapsa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1180">{1180}</span></div> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Archicorida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cyrtocalpida</span>, with the basal + mouth of the shell open (vel Monocyrtida eradiata aperta).</p> + + <h5>Genus 526. <i>Cornutella</i>,<a id="NtA_143" href="#Nt_143"><sup>[143]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1838, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 128.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archicorida</span> with conical shell, gradually + dilated towards the wide open mouth. Apex armed with a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Cornutella</i> is one of the three oldest genera of Polycystina, + described by Ehrenberg, in 1838 (<i>Cornutella</i>, <i>Lithocampe</i>, and <i>Haliomma</i>). He + afterwards enumerated, in 1872 and 1875, a large number of fossil and living species, the majority + of which, however, belong to other genera of Monocyrtida and Dicyrtida (at least six or seven + different genera). We retain here as the true type of the genus the oldest known + species:—<i>Cornutella clathrata</i>, and the nearly allied forms <i>Cornutella + stylophæna</i>, <i>Cornutella mitra</i>, <i>Cornutella circularis</i>, &c. The simple conical + shell exhibits no distinct trace of an original cephalis, excepting the apical horn; it may have + originated either independently, or been derived from <i>Sethoconus</i>, by loss of the + cephalis.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Cornutellium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Axis of the conical shell straight. Pores polygonal, or + roundish with polygonal frames.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cornutella hexagona</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate54"><b>54</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, with straight outlines. Pores subregular, hexagonal, gradually + increasing in size towards the mouth; in about ten to twelve longitudinal series, in the upper + part very small. Horn slenderly conical, nearly bristle-shaped, long.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 to 0.15 long, 0.04 to 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, surface, and at + different depths.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cornutella sethoconus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate54"><b>54</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, with undulate outlines. Pores subregular, hexagonal, gradually + increasing in size towards the mouth, in about fifteen to eighteen longitudinal series, in the + upper part circular. Horn small, conical, short. The network is not so delicate as in the + preceding similar species.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.12 to 0.16 long, 0.06 to 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1181">{1181}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Cornutella distenta</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cornutella distenta</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 287, Taf. vi. III. fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, with straight outlines. Pores small, circular, regularly disposed in + six to eight alternating longitudinal rows, each pore surrounded by a large rhombic frame. The + connected frames form together a regular rhombic framework with obliquely crossed crests. Horn + conical, stout, large.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 to 0.15 long, 0.04 to 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Californian Sea, depth 2600 fathoms, + Ehrenberg.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Cornutella stiligera</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cornutella stiligera</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 1; + Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 68, Taf. ii. fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, with straight outlines. Pores subregular, rhombic or nearly square, + disposed in oblique series, separated by parallel obliquely ascending rings, which are crossed by + interrupted parallel bars. Horn slenderly conical or bristle-shaped, thin and long.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 to 0.12 long, 0.03 to 0.04 <span class="correction" + title="Original reads 'long'.">broad</span>.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Cornutissa</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Axis of the conical shell straight. Pores circular or + roundish, without polygonal frames.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Cornutella circularis</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cornutella circularis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 68, Taf. ii. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell wide, conical or funnel-shaped, with straight outlines. Pores very large, circular, ten + to twenty times as broad as the bars, in about nine to twelve longitudinal alternating rows, + increasing gradually towards the mouth. Horn very large, cylindrical.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 to 0.15 long, 0.08 to 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Cornutella mitra</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cornutella mitra</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 68, Taf. ii. fig. 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell wide, conical, campanulate, with convex outlines. Pores subregular, circular, nearly + equal in size, not regularly disposed in rows. Horn conical, stout.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.12 to 0.16 long, 0.08 to 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil + in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1182">{1182}</span></div> + + <p>7. <i>Cornutella clathrata</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Cornutella clathrata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1838, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 129; Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 39.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cornutella clathrata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, Taf. ii. fig. 9.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell wide, conical with slightly convex outlines. Pores regular, circular, gradually + increasing in size towards the mouth, disposed in twelve to fifteen longitudinal alternating rows. + Horn short and stout, conical. (Compare <i>Cornutella curvata</i>.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.15 to 0.2 long, 0.06 to 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; also fossil in + tertiary rocks of Barbados, Nikobar and Sicily.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Cornutella stylophæna</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Cornutella stylophæna</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 287, + Taf. vi. III. fig. 1.</p> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Cornutella tumens</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 287, Taf. vi. III. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, with undulate outlines. Pores subregular, circular, gradually + increasing in size, disposed in six to nine quincuncial alternating longitudinal rows. Horn very + long, cylindro-conical, sometimes about as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 to 0.13 long, 0.04 to 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Californian Sea, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Cornutella granulata</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cornutella granulata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 287, Taf. vi. III. fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, nearly cylindrical, with straight outlines, rounded at the apex. Pores + very small and numerous, punctiform, disposed into very numerous parallel transverse rows. Horn + small, conical (may be perhaps the shell of a Tintinnoid Infusorium?).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.02 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Californian Sea, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Cornutella annulata</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cornutella annulata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 287, Taf. ii. fig. 16.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, nearly cylindrical, with straight outlines, rounded at the apex. Pores + small and numerous, regular circular, of equal size, regularly disposed in ten to fifteen parallel + transverse series. Horn bristle-shaped. (Compare <i>Artostrobus annulatus</i>, <i>Cornutella + annulata</i>, Bailey.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 to 0.13 long, 0.03 to 0.04 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1183">{1183}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Cornutosa</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Axis of the conical shell curved. Pores circular or + roundish.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Cornutella curvata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Cornutella clathrata</i>, var., Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. figs. 39<i>a</i>, + <i>b</i>, <i>c</i>.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cornutosa clathrata</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, with curved axis; the curve lies in one plane and is not spirally + convoluted. Pores subregular, circular, of nearly equal size, quincuncially disposed. Horn short, + conical.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 to 0.15 long, 0.04 to 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in tertiary rocks of Sicily (Caltanisetta).</p> + + <p>12. <i>Cornutella spiralis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cornutura spiralis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, nearly cylindrical, very long, spirally contorted; its axis is an + ascending spiral line with two or three windings, widely distant. Pores irregular, square, small + and numerous.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.2 to 0.25 long, 0.05 to 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 527. <i>Cornutanna</i>,<a id="NtA_144" href="#Nt_144"><sup>[144]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archicorida</span> with conical shell, gradually + dilated towards the wide open mouth. Apex without horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cornutanna</i> has the same simple conical shell as the preceding + <i>Cornutella</i>, but differs from it in the total absence of an apical horn. It bears therefore + to the latter the same relation that <i>Cyrtocalpis</i> does to <i>Archicorys</i>. It may be + derived from <i>Sethoconus</i> by complete reduction of the cephalis and its horn.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cornutanna orthoconus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, with straight axis and straight outlines. Pores subregular, circular, + quincuncially disposed in nine to twelve alternating longitudinal series, gradually increasing in + size towards the mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 to 0.12 long, 0.03 to 0.04 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1184">{1184}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Cornutanna cyrtoconus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, with curved axis; the curve lies in one plane as in the similar + <i>Cornutella curvata</i>; the pores are smaller and more numerous than in this latter species, + and the rounded apex bears no horn.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.12 to 0.16 long, 0.05 to 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Cornutanna loxoconus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell wide, conical, with irregularly curved axis; the parts of the curve do not lie in one + plane. Pores very small and numerous, of nearly equal size.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.2 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 528. <i>Archicorys</i>,<a id="NtA_145" href="#Nt_145"><sup>[145]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archicorida</span> with simple urceolate or ovate + shell, constricted towards the mouth. Apex armed with a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Archicorys</i> and the following closely allied <i>Cyrtocalpis</i> + differ from the two preceding genera in the ovate or urceolate form of the shell, which is more or + less constricted towards the terminal mouth. The upper pole in <i>Archicorys</i> bears an apical + horn, which is absent in <i>Cyrtocalpis</i>. The origin of these two genera may be the same, + probably arising directly from Nassellida, and independently of the triradiate <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> or bilocular <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>. (Compare p. <a + href="#page1179">1179</a>.)</p> + + <p>1. <i>Archicorys galea</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth urceolate. Pores large, in the middle part hexagonal, towards both ends smaller + and polygonal. Apical horn stout, three-sided pyramidal, half as long as the shell. Mouth with a + short tubular peristome, about one-third as broad as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell (without horn) 0.15 long, 0.12 broad; horn 0.07 long, mouth 0.05 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Archicorys ampulla</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, thin-walled, bottle-shaped, in the upper half conical, in the lower half inflate, + subspherical. Pores subregular, circular, of the same breadth as the bars. Horn conical, stout, + <span class="pagenum" id="page1185">{1185}</span>/about one-third as long as the shell. Mouth + truncate, without peristome, about half as broad as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.15 long, 0.1 broad; horn 0.05, mouth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Archicorys microstoma</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, thick-walled, ovate. Pores large, subregular, circular, twice to four times as + broad as the bars. Horn small, conical, not larger than one pore. Mouth very small, truncate, + scarcely larger than one pore.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.07 broad; horn 0.012, mouth 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Archicorys globosa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nearly spherical, thorny, thick-walled. Pores very large, circular, separated by + spinulate frames, smaller towards each pole. Horn conical, large, nearly as long as the radius of + the shell; mouth truncate, simple, about one-third as broad as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell diameter 0.13, horn 0.06, mouth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Archicorys ovata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>, + fig. 10).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, rough, thick-walled. Pores regular, circular, of equal size, very small and + numerous, quincuncially disposed. Horn small, conical, sometimes (as in the figured specimen) + rudimentary. When it becomes lost, the species may be called <i>Cyrtocalpis ovata</i>. Mouth + truncate, small, simple, one-sixth as broad as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.2 long, 0.15 broad; horn 0.01 to 0.03 long, mouth 0.03 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 529. <i>Cyrtocalpis</i>,<a id="NtA_146" href="#Nt_146"><sup>[146]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 835.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archicorida</span> with simple urceolate or ovate + shell, constricted towards the mouth. Apex without horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cyrtocalpis</i> comprises a large number of common, very primitive + Monocyrtida, which in the simple ovate or urceolate form of the shell resemble the well known + <i>Gromia</i> among the Thalamophora. Its basal mouth is more or less constricted, as in <span + class="pagenum" id="page1186">{1186}</span>the preceding genus <i>Archicorys</i>, from which it + differs in the total absence of an apical horn. There is no trace of any triradial structure, + excepting in some smaller species, in which the basal part of the central capsule is trilobate; + these may be derived from the Dicyrtides <i>Sethocorys</i> or <i>Dictyocephalus</i>, by loss of + the cephalis and the cortinar septum. But the larger species, which have a quite simple, ovate, + central capsule (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>, + fig. 13), have probably an independent origin, from <i>Cystidium</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cyrtocalpis urceolus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>, + fig. 13).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, urceolate, with very delicate and elegant network. Pores in the middle part + large, regular, hexagonal, towards each pole smaller, irregular, roundish or polygonal. Mouth with + broad, hyaline, annular peristome, about one-third as broad as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.16 long, 0.12 broad; mouth 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Portofino near Genoa), surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cyrtocalpis reticulum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, urceolate, very similar to the preceding species, but differing from it in the + densely reticulated framework of the shell, which is composed of very numerous and small, + irregular, polygonal meshes of nearly equal size. Mouth without peristome, half as broad as the + shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.18 long, 0.15 broad; mouth 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Cyrtocalpis amphora</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cyrtocalpis amphora</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 286, Taf. v. + fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, urceolate with regular, circular pores of equal size, of about the same breadth + as the bars. Mouth with smooth peristome, about half as broad as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.12 long, 0.08 broad; mouth 0.04 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific; surface, and + at various depths.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Cyrtocalpis urna</i>, Stöhr.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cyrtocalpis urna</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 96, Taf. iii. + fig. 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, urceolate, with subregular, circular pores of different sizes, gradually + increasing towards the mouth, of about the same breadth as the bars. Mouth without peristome (?), + about half as broad as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.09 long, 0.06 broad; mouth 0.035 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1187">{1187}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Cyrtocalpis sethopora</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, urceolate, very thin-walled, with large irregular roundish meshes, each of which + is closed by a thin porous sieve-plate. Mouth two-thirds as broad as the shell, with a broad, + emarginate, longitudinally striped peristome. (Perhaps the shell of a Tintinnoid Infusorium?)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.05 broad; mouth 0.03 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Cyrtocalpis compacta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>, + figs. 7, 8).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, ovate, very thick-walled, with small, subregular, circular pores of equal size, + perpendicularly perforating the wall, about half as broad as the bars. Mouth small, only one-third + as broad as the compact shell. (Perhaps a reduced <i>Lithocampe</i> or <i>Lithomitra</i>?)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.08 long, 0.04 broad; mouth 0.015 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil + in Barbados.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Cyrtocalpis lithomitra</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>, figs. 5, + 6).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, slender, ovate, nearly cylindrical, with small subregular, circular pores, which + are disposed in nine to twelve transverse rows, and obliquely ascending perforate the wall. Mouth + wide, without peristome, about two-thirds as broad as the shell. (Compare <i>Lithomitra</i>, Pl. + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.09 long, 0.045 broad; mouth 0.03 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil + in Barbados.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Cyrtocalpis ovulum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cyrtocalpis obliqua</i>, var. <i>ovulum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. + Radiol., p. 286, Taf. v. fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, broad, ovate, with very numerous and small regular circular pores, quincuncially + disposed, twice as broad as the bars. Mouth without peristome, about half as broad as the + shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.09 long, 0.047 broad; mouth 0.04 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Cyrtocalpis obliqua</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cyrtocalpis obliqua</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 286, Taf. v. + figs. 4-11.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, irregularly ovate, more or less oblique, variable in size and form, sometimes + nearly spherical, at other times subcylindrical. Pores subregular, circular, once or twice the + breadth of the bars. Mouth simple without peristome, about half as broad as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.07 to 0.1 long, 0.05 to 0.08 broad; mouth 0.03 to 0.04 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1188">{1188}</span></div> + + <p>10. <i>Cyrtocalpis gromia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>, + fig. 11).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, ovate, very thick-walled, with subregular, circular pores of somewhat variable + size. The diameter of the internal, simple, subspherical cavity is five to six times as great as + the thickness of the wall. Mouth tubular, cylindrical, very narrow, only one-sixth as broad as the + shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.16 long, 0.11 broad; mouth 0.02 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 530. <i>Mitrocalpis</i>,<a id="NtA_147" href="#Nt_147"><sup>[147]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archicorida</span> with a double ovate or + ellipsoidal shell, composed of two parallel lattice-plates, which are connected by numerous beams. + Apex without horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Mitrocalpis</i> and the following closely allied <i>Spongocyrtis</i> + differ from the four preceding genera of Archicorida in the complicated structure of the + shell-wall, which in the former is double, in the latter spongy. The mouth is in both genera + constricted, narrow, and the apex without a horn. <i>Mitrocalpis</i> has been derived probably + from <i>Cyrtocalpis</i> in the same way as <i>Peripyramis</i> from <i>Bathropyramis</i>, by + development of spines on the surface of the shell, which at equal distances from the latter become + connected by branches, thus forming an outer envelope.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Mitrocalpis palliata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ellipsoidal, large, one and a third times as long as broad. Inner shell very thin-walled, + with irregular, polygonal pores of very variable size and form. From its nodal points there arise + numerous bristle-shaped radial beams, about as long as the diameter of the mouth, which are + connected at equal distances from the surface by delicate threads, forming the outer enveloping + shell. The surface of the latter is smooth. The thin bars of the inner shell are twice to four + times as broad as those of the outer. Mouth about one-seventh as broad as the shell, with a short + tubular peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.35 long, 0.27 broad; mouth 0.04, distance of both shells + 0.037.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 531. <i>Spongocyrtis</i>,<a id="NtA_148" href="#Nt_148"><sup>[148]</sup></a> + Dunikowski.</h5> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Spongocyrtis</i>, Dunikowski, 1882, Denkschr. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien, vol. + xlv. p. 31.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archicorida</span> with a spongy ovate shell, the + wall of which is composed of irregular spongy wickerwork. Apex without horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Spongocyrtis</i> differs from most other Monocyrtida in the spongy + structure of the shell, which is found in only very few other genera of <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, e.g., in <i>Spongopyramis</i> and <i>Spongomelissa</i>. It has been + derived either from the similar <span class="pagenum" + id="page1189">{1189}</span><i>Cyrtocalpis</i> by development of irregular spongy wickerwork on the + surface of the simple lattice-shell; or from <i>Arachnocalpis</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>, fig. 13) by + loss of the peristome.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Spongocyrtis montis ovis</i>, Dunikowski.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Spongocyrtis montis ovis</i>, Dunikowski, 1882, Denkschr. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Wien, vol. xlv. p. 31, Taf. vi. figs. 67, 68.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell broad, ovate, rough, spongy, thick-walled; length to the breadth = 4 : 3. + Spongy framework very dense and dark, with very small roundish pores. Mouth constricted, with a + short tubular peristome, about one-third as broad as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.35 long, 0.26 broad; mouth 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in the Alpine Lias (Schafberg bei Salzburg, + Dunikowski).</p> + + <p>2. <i>Spongocyrtis arachnoides</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ellipsoidal, spiny, spongy, thin-walled; length to the breadth = 3 : 2. Spongy + framework loose and delicate, with irregular polygonal meshes and arachnoidal thread-like bars. + Mouth constricted, without peristome, about one-fifth as broad as the shell. (Very similar to + <i>Arachnocalpis ellipsoides</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>, + fig. 13, but without corona around the mouth.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.32 long, 0.21 broad; mouth 0.04 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Archicapsida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cyrtocalpida</span>, with the basal + mouth of the shell fenestrated (vel Monocyrtida eradiata clausa).</p> + + <h5>Genus 532. <i>Halicapsa</i>,<a id="NtA_149" href="#Nt_149"><sup>[149]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881 + Prodromus, p. 429.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archicapsida</span> with an apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Halicapsa</i>, and the following closely allied <i>Archicapsa</i>, + represent together the small subfamily of Archicapsida, or of those Cyrtocalpida, in which the + basal mouth of the simple shell is closed by a lattice plate. This may be the original state of + this family, if it is derived from the Circospyrida (<i>Circospyris</i>, <i>Dictyospyris</i>) by + loss of the sagittal constriction and the primary ring. But it is also possible that the + Archicapsida have been partly derived from the Archicorida by secondary fenestration of the open + mouth. The genus <i>Halicapsa</i> may be easily confounded with the similar Ellipsid + <i>Lithapium</i> (compare p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page303">303</a>, + Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>, + figs. 8-10). The skeleton of both genera may be perfectly similar, the only distinction being the + structure of the central capsule, which in <i>Halicapsa</i> is that of the <span + class="sc">Monopylea</span>, in <i>Lithapium</i> that of the <span + class="sc">Peripylea</span>.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1190">{1190}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Calpocapsa</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Surface of the shell smooth or rough, but not spiny.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Halicapsa lithapium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, rough, one and a half times as long as broad. Pores subregular, circular, + twice as broad as the bars. Basal plate with four larger ovate cortinar pores (two larger cardinal + and two smaller jugular), and with six smaller peripheral pores (fig. 6). Horn of the apex + three-sided pyramidal, stout, half as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.16 long, 0.1 broad; horn 0.08 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Halicapsa triglochin</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, + figs. 3, 4).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, rough, a little longer than broad. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, of + the same breadth as the bars. Basal plate (fig. 4) without larger pores. Horn pyramidal, stout, + about half as long as the shell, with three short, horizontally divergent secondary spines at the + base (possibly remnants of three original cortinar feet?)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.11 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.06 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Halicapsa prunoides</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, tuberculate, a little longer than broad. Pores irregular, roundish, of + different sizes. Basal plate with four larger and six smaller pores. Horn pyramidal, stout, about + one-third as long as the shell. (May belong perhaps to the similar <span + class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> <i>Lithapium</i>, compare p. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page303">303</a> and Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>, figs. + 8-10.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.14 long, 0.12 broad; horn 0.05 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Echinocapsa</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Surface of the shell spiny, covered with thorns, papillæ + or larger spines.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Halicapsa papillata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell bottle-shaped, papillate, one and a half times as long as broad. Pores circular, much + larger in the middle part than towards the poles. The elevated frames between them bear on the + <span class="pagenum" id="page1191">{1191}</span>nodal points large blunt conical papillæ. Basal + plate without larger pores. Horn three-sided pyramidal, one-third as long as the shell, gradually + passing into the slender neck of the bottle.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.22 long, 0.15 broad; horn 0.07 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Halicapsa pyriformis</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Haliomma pyriforme</i>, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol xxii. + p. 1, pl. i. fig. 29.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, a little longer than broad, covered with numerous short conical spines. + Pores subregular, circular, of nearly equal size, twice as broad as the bars. Basal plate with + four crossed larger ovate pores (two larger cardinal and two smaller jugular pores). Horn stout + pyramidal, scarcely one-fourth as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.16 long, 0.14 broad; horn 0.04 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados, living in the North Pacific + (Kamtschatka)?</p> + + <p>6. <i>Halicapsa hystrix</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, + figs. 5, 6).</p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, subspherical, a little longer than broad, with scattered stout pyramidal + spines about as long as the radius of the shell. Pores subregular, circular, three times as broad + as the bars. Basal plate (fig. 6) without larger pores. Horn very large, pyramidal, longer than + the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.1 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.13 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 533. <i>Archicapsa</i>,<a id="NtA_150" href="#Nt_150"><sup>[150]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Archicapsida</span> without apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Archicapsa</i> differs from the preceding <i>Halicapsa</i> in the + absence of the apical horn, and represents the simplest form among the Monocyrtida clausa, a + simple, ovate, or pear-shaped shell without any appendages. The characteristic structure of the + basal lattice-plate (with three or four large cortinar pores) makes it probable that + <i>Archicapsa</i> has been derived either from <i>Halicapsa</i>, by loss of the horn, or directly + from <i>Dictyospyris</i>, by reduction of the sagittal ring and constriction.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Archicapsa triforis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, + figs. 1, 2).</p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, smooth, one and a half times as long as broad. Pores subregular, circular, + of about the same breadth as the bars. Basal plate (fig. 2) with three very large pores, three + times as broad as the others (one odd sternal pore and two paired cardinal pores).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.09 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1192">{1192}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Archicapsa quadriforis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, rough, a little longer than broad. Pores subregular, circular, twice as broad as + the bars. Basal plate with four larger ovate cortinar pores (two smaller jugular and two larger + cardinal pores).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.12 to 0.15 long, 0.1 to 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Archicapsa nonaforis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, thorny, one and a half times as long as broad. Pores regular, circular, + small, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars. Basal plate with nine cortinar pores (three + larger alternating with three pairs of smaller pores, as in Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate87"><b>87</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Shell 0.14 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <h3>Section II. DICYRTIDA, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., pp. 280, 296.</h3> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> dithalamia, with two-jointed shell, + being divided by a transverse collar stricture into an apical joint (or cephalis) and a basal + joint (or thorax).</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the three Families and six Subfamilies of Dicyrtida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w50 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Families and Subfamilies + of Dicyrtida" summary="Synopsis of the Families and Subfamilies + of Dicyrtida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>Family LXII. Tripocyrtida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Three radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth open,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">1. Sethopilida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth closed,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">2. Sethoperida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>Family LXIII. Anthocyrtida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Numerous radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth open,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">3. Sethophormida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth closed,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">4. Sethophænida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>Family LXIV. Sethocyrtida.</p> + <p class="sp0">No radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth open,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">5. Sethocorida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth closed,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">6. Sethocapsida.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Families and Subfamilies + of Dicyrtida" summary="Synopsis of the Families and Subfamilies + of Dicyrtida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>Family LXII. Tripocyrtida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Three radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth open,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">1. Sethopilida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth closed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">2. Sethoperida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>Family LXIII. Anthocyrtida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Numerous radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth open,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">3. Sethophormida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth closed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">4. Sethophænida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>Family LXIV. Sethocyrtida.</p> + <p class="sp0">No radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth open,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">5. Sethocorida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth closed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">6. Sethocapsida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Family LXII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Tripocyrtida</span></span>, n. fam.</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc29"> + <p><i>Sethopilida et Sethoperida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 431, 433.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Dicyrtida</span> triradiata. (<span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> with a two-jointed shell, divided by a transverse constriction into + cephalis and thorax, and bearing three radial apophyses.)</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1193">{1193}</span></div> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Tripocyrtida</span>, composed of the Sethopilida and Sethoperida + of my Prodromus, comprises those <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> in which the lattice-shell is + two-jointed and bears three radial apophyses. The two subfamilies differ in the shape of the + mouth, which in the Sethopilida is a simple wide opening, but in the Sethoperida is closed by a + lattice-plate; the former are here divided into sixteen, the latter into eight different genera. + Though probably the two shell-joints are not truly homologous in all Tripocyrtida, we call the + first joint here, as in all Dicyrtida, the cephalis, and the second joint the thorax.</p> + + <p>Numerous Tripocyrtida, living as well as fossil forms, were formerly described by Ehrenberg. + His genera <i>Dictyophimus</i>, <i>Clathrocanium</i>, <i>Lithomelissa</i>, and <i>Lychnocanium</i> + belong to the Sethopilida, and have the mouth open; his genera <i>Lithopera</i> and + <i>Lithochytris</i> (partly) belong to the Sethoperida, and have the basal mouth closed by a + lattice-plate. Many of these Tripocyrtida belong probably to the oldest forms of Dicyrtida, are + nearly related to the Phormospyrida, and therefore of special phylogenetic interest, as was + demonstrated by Bütschli (1882, <i>loc. cit.</i>, pp. 514-519). This near relation to certain + <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> (<i>Tripospyris</i>, <i>Acrospyris</i>, &c.) is + particularly striking in some forms of <i>Clathrocanium</i>, <i>Lithomelissa</i>, &c. Some + other Tripocyrtida seem to possess a closer relation to certain <span + class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> (<i>Plagoniscus</i>, <i>Plectaniscus</i>), so mainly some forms of + <i>Tripocyrtis</i> and <i>Dictyophimus</i>.</p> + + <p>The cephalis, or the first joint of the shell, corresponds usually to the whole shell of the + Zygospyrida and of numerous Monocyrtida, and exhibits various modifications of shape, which have + been already described in these latter families. It is usually subspherical or hemispherical and + armed with an apical horn. In a small number of genera the horn is lost, in some other genera + multiplied. The cephalis is separated from the thorax not only externally by the collar + constriction, but commonly also internally by a transverse horizontal fenestrated septum, which + usually exhibits three or four characteristic cortinar pores. The central capsule, originally + enclosed in the cephalis, develops usually three or four large pear-shaped cæcal sacs which pass + through the cortinar pores and depend into the thorax (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate55"><b>55</b></a>, figs. 2-11; + Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate60"><b>60</b></a>, + figs. 3-7, &c.).</p> + + <p>The thorax in this family exhibits a great variety of interesting modifications, mainly in the + development of the three radial apophyses arising from it. These may be either enclosed in the + wall of the thorax as ribs, or arise as free wings, very often prolonged over the mouth as three + terminal feet. Finally the three terminal feet only remain, whilst the original ribs are lost. The + special ornamentation of these three apophyses exhibits an extraordinary variety and elegancy of + structure, and many Tripocyrtida belong, no doubt, to the most graceful and admirable forms of + <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1194">{1194}</span></div> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Tripocyrtida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Tripocyrtida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Tripocyrtida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="16" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Sethopilida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth of the thorax a simple wide opening.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="16" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace27sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="9" class="vmi it1p05">A. Three radial ribs (or cortinar rods) partly or + completely enclosed in the wall of the thorax. No latticed vertical cephalic wings.</td> + <td rowspan="9" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace15sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05"><i>a.</i> Three thoracic ribs prolonged into three terminal + feet.</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis with a horn.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Feet solid,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">534. <i>Dictyophimus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Feet latticed,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">535. <i>Tripocyrtis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">No horn, feet solid,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">536. <i>Sethopilium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05"><i>b.</i> Three thoracic ribs prolonged into three lateral + wings.</td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Thorax perfectly latticed.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">With horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">537. <i>Lithomelissa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">No horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">538. <i>Psilomelissa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Thorax with spongy framework,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">539. <i>Spongomelissa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Thorax with three large lateral holes between the three + ribs,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">540. <i>Clathrocanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05"><i>c.</i> Three thoracic ribs completely enclosed in the + wall of the flat thorax</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Peristome simple, smooth,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">541. <i>Lamprodiscus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Peristome with a corona of spines,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">542. <i>Lampromitra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">B. Three radial ribs enclosed in the wall of the thorax and + connected with the cephalic horn by three latticed vertical wings.</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05"><i>a.</i> Thorax completely latticed</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">No frontal horn (four spines),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">543. <i>Callimitra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">With frontal horn (five spines),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">544. <i>Clathromitra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05"><i>b.</i> Thorax with three large lateral holes between the + three ribs. No frontal horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">545. <i>Clathrocorys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">C. Three radial beams (or cortinar rods) perfectly free, + not enclosed in the wall of the thorax.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Three beams outside the thorax, arising freely from the + collar stricture (no cephalic hole),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">546. <i>Eucecryphalus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Three beams inside the thorax. Cephalis with a large apical + hole,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">547. <i>Amphiplecta</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">D. Three radial terminal feet on the peristome + (the three original lateral ribs are lost).</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Feet solid,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">548. <i>Lychnocanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Feet latticed,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">549. <i>Lychnodictyum</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="8" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Sethoperida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth of the thorax closed by a lattice-plate.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="8" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace16sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Three divergent ribs (or cortinar rods) + enclosed either in the wall or in the cavity of the thorax.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Three ribs enclosed in the lattice-wall of the thorax,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">550. <i>Sethopera</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Three internal rods in the cavity of the thorax,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">551. <i>Lithopera</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Three divergent free lateral wings (as + prolongation of the three ribs) on the sides of the thorax.</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Three solid lateral spines.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis with horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">552. <i>Micromelissa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">No horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">553. <i>Peromelissa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Three latticed lateral wings. With horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">554. <i>Sethomelissa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Three free terminal feet (on the base of the + thorax).</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Three feet solid,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">555. <i>Tetrahedrina</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Three feet latticed.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell without external mantle,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">556. <i>Sethochytris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell with an arachnoidal mantle,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">557. <i>Clathrolychnus</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Tripocyrtida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Tripocyrtida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="11" class="sp0">I. Subfamily Sethopilida. Terminal mouth of the thorax a simple + wide opening.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">A. Three radial ribs (or cortinar rods) partly or completely + enclosed in the wall of the thorax. No latticed vertical cephalic wings.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7"><i>a.</i> Three thoracic ribs prolonged into three terminal + feet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cephalis with a horn.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Feet solid,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">534. <i>Dictyophimus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Feet latticed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">535. <i>Tripocyrtis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">No horn, feet solid,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">536. <i>Sethopilium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7"><i>b.</i> Three thoracic ribs prolonged into three lateral + wings.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Thorax perfectly latticed.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">537. <i>Lithomelissa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">538. <i>Psilomelissa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Thorax with spongy framework,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">539. <i>Spongomelissa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Thorax with three large lateral holes between the three ribs,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">540. <i>Clathrocanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7"><i>c.</i> Three thoracic ribs completely enclosed in the wall of + the flat thorax</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Peristome simple, smooth,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">541. <i>Lamprodiscus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Peristome with a corona of spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">542. <i>Lampromitra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">B. Three radial ribs enclosed in the wall of the thorax and + connected with the cephalic horn by three latticed vertical wings.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7"><i>a.</i> Thorax completely latticed</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">No frontal horn (four spines),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">543. <i>Callimitra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">With frontal horn (five spines),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">544. <i>Clathromitra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7"><i>b.</i> Thorax with three large lateral holes between the three + ribs. No frontal horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">545. <i>Clathrocorys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">C. Three radial beams (or cortinar rods) perfectly free, not + enclosed in the wall of the thorax.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Three beams outside the thorax, arising freely from the collar + stricture (no cephalic hole),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">546. <i>Eucecryphalus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Three beams inside the thorax. Cephalis with a large apical + hole,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">547. <i>Amphiplecta</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">D. Three radial terminal feet on the peristome (the three original + lateral ribs are lost).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Feet solid,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">548. <i>Lychnocanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Feet latticed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">549. <i>Lychnodictyum</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="11" class="sp0">II. Subfamily Sethoperida. Terminal mouth of the thorax closed by + a lattice-plate.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">Three divergent ribs (or cortinar rods) enclosed either in the + wall or in the cavity of the thorax.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three ribs enclosed in the lattice-wall of the thorax,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">550. <i>Sethopera</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three internal rods in the cavity of the thorax,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">551. <i>Lithopera</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">Three divergent free lateral wings (as prolongation of the three + ribs) on the sides of the thorax.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three solid lateral spines.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cephalis with horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">552. <i>Micromelissa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">553. <i>Peromelissa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three latticed lateral wings. With horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">554. <i>Sethomelissa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">Three free terminal feet (on the base of the thorax).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three feet solid,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">555. <i>Tetrahedrina</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three feet latticed.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell without external mantle,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">556. <i>Sethochytris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell with an arachnoidal mantle,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">557. <i>Clathrolychnus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1195">{1195}</span></div> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Sethopilida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tripocyrtida</span>, with the basal + mouth of the shell open (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta).</p> + + <h5>Genus 534. <i>Dictyophimus</i>,<a id="NtA_151" href="#Nt_151"><sup>[151]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 53.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethopilida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three complete thoracic ribs, prolonged into three solid divergent feet on the peristome. + Cephalis with an apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Dictyophimus</i>, comprising many common species, may be regarded as + the common ancestral form of all sethopilida, and therefore also of the whole family of Dicyrtida. + The cephalis bears an apical horn, and the thorax three ribs, which are prolonged over the open + mouth into three solid feet. <i>Dictyophimus</i> may be derived either from <i>Euscenium</i> or + <i>Peridium</i> (Archiperida), or from <i>Tripospyris</i> (Zygospyrida), or from + <i>Plectaniscus</i> (Plectanida), by development of lattice-work between the three terminal feet, + which therefore become thoracic ribs.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Dictyophimium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell smooth or rough, without prominent spines on the + edges of the three thoracic ribs. (Commonly one single horn on the cephalis.)</p> + + <p>1. <i>Dictyophimus sphærocephalus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate57"><b>57</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with a deep collar stricture, separating two joints of nearly equal size. + Cephalis subglobular, rough, with a stout pyramidal horn of half the length, and regular, + circular, hexagonally framed pores. Thorax nearly three-sided prismatic, smooth, with three stout, + little divergent or nearly parallel ribs, which are prolonged into conical subvertical feet half + as long. Thoracic pores irregular, roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.08 long, 0.08 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Dictyophimus</i> tripus, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyophimus tripus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 306, Taf. vi. + fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell with a slight collar stricture, separating two joints of slightly different size. + Cephalis nearly ellipsoidal, large, with a slender conical horn of the same length. Thorax + truncate three-sided <span class="pagenum" id="page1196">{1196}</span>pyramidal, with three + strongly divergent ribs, which are prolonged into three slender conical feet of about the same + length. Pores irregular, roundish, of variable size.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.032 long, 0.028 broad; thorax 0.34 long, 0.064 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina), Atlantic (Canary Islands), + surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Dictyophimus plectaniscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate61"><b>61</b></a>, figs. 8, + 9).</p> + + <p>Shell flat, pyramidal, smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Cephalis hemispherical, with a + conical horn of the same length and numerous small regular pores. Thorax flat, triangular, + pyramidal, with three widely divergent ribs, which are prolonged into three cylindrical feet of + the same length. Thoracic pores fifteen, very large, subregular, roundish, disposed in two + transverse girdles, the inner with six, the outer with nine pores; five pores between every two + ribs.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.18 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Dictyophimus craticula</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Dictyophimus craticula</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 68, + Taf. v. figs. 4, 5.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyophimus craticula</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool., vol. + xxxvi. p. 515, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 35.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell flat, pyramidal, very similar to the preceding species, but differing in the rudimentary + horn, which is smaller than half the cephalis, and in the length of the three cylindrical feet, + which are twice to three times as long as the shell. The nine inferior large pores of the thorax + are twice to three times as large as the six superior pores. The basal peristome is commonly + thorny.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Dictyophimus pyramis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate61"><b>61</b></a>, + fig. 16).</p> + + <p>Shell regular, pyramidal, with flat collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = + 1 : 4, breadth = 2 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a stout pyramidal horn of + the same length. Thorax triangular pyramidal, with three prominent ribs, which are prolonged into + three slender pyramidal feet, half as long. Pores small and very numerous, subregular, + circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.15 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Dictyophimus challengeri</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyophimus challengeri</i>, Haeckel, 1878, Protistenreich, p. 47, fig. + 35.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, with sharp collar stricture. Relative length of the joints = + 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with a stout pyramidal horn of + twice the length, and numerous <span class="pagenum" id="page1197">{1197}</span>very small pores. + Thorax nearly hemispherical, with three vaulted bosoms between the three decurrent ribs, which are + prolonged into three nearly parallel and vertical feet of about the same length. Pores subregular, + circular, of medium size. This species is very similar to <i>Lychnodictyum challengeri</i>, + Haeckel, but differs in the smaller straight horn and the longer solid feet, which are not + fenestrated.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.13 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Dictyophimus lasanum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate61"><b>61</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly pear-shaped, with distinct collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = + 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical horn of the + same length. Thorax nearly spherical, on both poles truncate and constricted, with three decurrent + curved ribs and small regular circular pores. The prolongations of the ribs form three divergent + pyramidal straight feet, nearly as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Dictyophimus longipes</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate61"><b>61</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, with distinct collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints + = 1 : 4, breadth = 2 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a rudimentary pyramidal + horn, scarcely one-fourth as long; and with small circular regular pores. Thorax with larger + irregular pores, and three vaulted bosoms between the three decurrent ribs, which are prolonged + into three very long and slender prismatic feet, S-shaped, curved, and twice to three times as + long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.13 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Dictyophimus gracilipes</i>, Bailey.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyophimus gracilipes</i>, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol. + xxii. p. 4, pl. i. fig. 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, with a deep collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = + 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a thin horn of the same + length. Thorax with three curved ribs, which are prolonged into three divergent angular feet of + the same length. Pores irregular roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 240, surface, Kamtschatka + (Bailey).</p> + + <p>10. <i>Dictyophimus cortina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate61"><b>61</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, with distinct collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints + = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with a pyramidal horn of half + the length. Thorax <span class="pagenum" id="page1198">{1198}</span>with much larger irregular + roundish pores and three prominent ribs, which are prolonged into three stout, club-shaped, + strongly divergent feet of the same length. Mouth widely open, elegantly coronate, with a circle + of numerous small cilia.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Dictyophimus arabicus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lychnocanium arabicum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 296, Taf. x. fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, three-sided pyramidal, with deep collar stricture. Relative length of the two + joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with a slender horn of + the same length. Thorax with much larger, irregular roundish pores, and three widely divergent + ribs, which are prolonged into three slender, somewhat recurved feet of about the same length.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Zanzibar (Pullen), depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Dictyophimus platycephalus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate60"><b>60</b></a>, figs. 4, + 5).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, flat, three-sided pyramidal, with distinct collar stricture. Relative length of + the two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 3 : 9. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, three + times as broad as long, with a slender conical horn of the same length. Thorax flatly vaulted, + with much larger, irregular roundish, double-edged pores, and three widely divergent ribs, which + are prolonged into three slender conical feet of the same length. Central capsule in the cephalis + flat, discoidal, with a discoidal nucleus of half the size, and with four large pear-shaped cæcal + sacs depending into the thorax, each of which contains a large oil globule (fig. 4).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.07 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.18 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Canary Islands (Lanzerote), Haeckel, + surface.</p> + + <p>13. <i>Dictyophimus brandtii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate60"><b>60</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, flat, three-sided pyramidal, with deep collar stricture, very similar to the + preceding species. Relative length of the two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 2 : 7. + Cephalis hemispherical, with a slender conical horn of twice the length. Thorax flatly vaulted, + with irregular polygonal pores and thin bars; and with three widely divergent ribs, which are + prolonged into three slender prismatic feet of thrice the length. In fig. 6 the shell is seen from + the base and exhibits very distinctly the collar septum with its four large meshes, two minor + jugular and two major cardinal pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.07 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 236, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1199">{1199}</span></div> + + <p>14. <i>Dictyophimus lucerna</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lychnocanium lucerna</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 6; Abhandl. d. k. + Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 80, Taf. viii. fig. 3.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lychnocanium lucerna</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 311.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, three-sided pyramidal, with slight collar stricture. Relative length of the two + joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a thick conical + horn of twice the length. Thorax with small regular, circular pores and three flat sides; between + these arise three rounded ribs, which are prolonged into three short, conical, divergent feet, + one-third as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.025 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>15. <i>Dictyophimus hamosus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lychnocanium hamosum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 78, Taf. vii. fig. 9.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, rough, with deep collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = + 1 : 2, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis subglobular, with a conical horn of twice the + length. Thorax with small, regular, circular pores, and with three prominent ribs, prolonged into + three vertical prismatic feet, which are about as long as the shell, parallel or a little + convergent towards the distal end, with recurved teeth or hooks at the lateral edges.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>16. <i>Dictyophimus tridentatus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lychnocanium tridentatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 80, Taf. vii. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, three-sided pyramidal, with deep collar stricture. Relative length of the two + joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn of + the same length, and some small accessory thorns. Thorax tetrahedral, with three smooth hyaline + walls, bearing only a single series of small pores on each side of the three prominent ribs, which + are prolonged into three strong prismatic curved feet of twice the length, with the convexity + external. A group of small pores and a strong triangular tooth at the base of each foot.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Lamprotripus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell spiny or thorny, with prominent spines on the edges + of the three thoracic ribs. (Commonly one larger and a few smaller horns or spines on the + cephalis.)</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1200">{1200}</span></div> + + <p>17. <i>Dictyophimus triserratus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate61"><b>61</b></a>, fig. + 17).</p> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, with slight collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = + 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis small, subspherical, with a large pyramidal + horn three times as long. Thorax with much larger, irregular roundish, double-edged pores, and + three prominent, serrate ribs, which are prolonged into three pyramidal strongly divergent feet of + the same length.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>18. <i>Dictyophimus bicornis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell thorny, with deep collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = 2 : 3, + breadth = 2 : 3. Cephalis nearly as large as the thorax, subglobular, with numerous + small, circular pores, and two divergent pyramidal horns of half the length (a major occipital and + a minor frontal horn). Thorax three-sided pyramidal, with larger irregular pores and three serrate + ribs, which are prolonged into three prismatic spiny feet of half the length. (Differs from the + similar <i>Dictyophimus sphærocephalus</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate57"><b>57</b></a>, fig. 10, + mainly in the double horn and the spinulate feet.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>19. <i>Dictyophimus pocillum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyophimus pocillum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 68, Taf. v. fig. 6.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell thorny, with distinct collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = + 1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis nearly spherical, with numerous small conical + spines. Thorax flat, three-sided pyramidal with large, irregular, roundish pores, and three + strong, widely divergent, spinulate ribs, which are prolonged into three prismatic spinulate feet + of the same length.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.15 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>20. <i>Dictyophimus cienkowskii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate60"><b>60</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lamprotripus squarrosus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell spiny, flatly pyramidal, with slight collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints + = 1 : 3, breadth = 2 : 6. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, three times as long as + broad, with numerous bristle-shaped spines three times as long. Thorax also spiny, with irregular, + very large, polygonal meshes and thin bars; its three ribs prolonged into three very long and + thin, widely divergent, prismatic feet, bearing numerous long spines on the three edges.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.025 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.075 long, 0.15 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 250, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1201">{1201}</span></div> + + <p>21. <i>Dictyophimus bütschlii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate60"><b>60</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lamprotripus horridus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell spiny, flatly pyramidal, with deep collar stricture. Relative length at the two joints = + 1 : 2, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with numerous long, + bristle-shaped spines and a larger ramified horn. Thorax also spiny, flatly vaulted, with large, + subregular, hexagonal meshes and thin bars; its three spiny ribs prolonged into three very long + and thin, prismatic, widely divergent feet, twice to four times as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 284, surface.</p> + + <p>22. <i>Dictyophimus hertwigii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate60"><b>60</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lamprotripus spinosus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell spiny, flatly pyramidal with sharp collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = + 1 : 2, breath = 1 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with irregular roundish pores, + numerous small spines and a large, oblique, prismatic horn of the same length, bearing on its + distal end a bunch of small divergent spines. Thorax pyramidal, with larger irregular polygonal + pores and thin bars; its three strong, widely divergent ribs spiny, straight, and prolonged into + three prismatic slender feet of the same length. Central capsule with three lobes depending into + the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 535. <i>Tripocyrtis</i>,<a id="NtA_152" href="#Nt_152"><sup>[152]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethopilida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three complete thoracic ribs, prolonged into three latticed divergent feet on the peristome. + Cephalis with an apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Tripocyrtis</i> has been derived from the preceding + <i>Dictyophimus</i> by complete fenestration of the three basal feet, which throughout their whole + length become united by complete lattice-work. This genus is closely allied to + <i>Plectaniscus</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tripocyrtis plagoniscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate60"><b>60</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Cephalis subspherical, with large, roundish meshes and a stout, three-sided pyramidal, + irregularly branched horn of twice the length. Thorax with a small number of large, irregular, + polygonal meshes and three stout curved ribs about as long as the cephalic horn.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.07 broad; thorax 0.11 long, 0.16 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1202">{1202}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Tripocyrtis tripodiscus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis subspherical, with small, polygonal pores and a large, arborescent, vertical horn of + thrice the length, bearing numerous ramified branches. Thorax with three straight, widely + divergent ribs, of the same length as the horn, connected by a delicate, arachnoidal framework + with irregular, polygonal meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 05 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.18 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 269, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Tripocyrtis plectaniscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate60"><b>60</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Cephalis subspherical, with small roundish pores, and a stout, three-sided pyramidal, + denticulate horn of the same length. Thorax with three little divergent and curved ribs, twice as + long as the horn, in the upper half with smaller, in the lower half with larger, polygonal, + irregular meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 264, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 536. <i>Sethopilium</i>,<a id="NtA_153" href="#Nt_153"><sup>[153]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethopilida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three complete thoracic ribs, which are prolonged into three solid divergent feet on the + peristome. Cephalis smooth, without a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Sethopilium</i> differs from its probable ancestral form + <i>Dictyophimus</i> by the complete loss of the cephalic horn, and of the collar septum between + both joints, which are only separated by the slight external collar stricture.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Sethopilium orthopus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with sharp collar stricture, Relative length of the two joints = 5 : 4, + breadth = 7 : 6. Cephalis large, subspherical, with numerous regular circular pores, + twice as broad as the bars. Thorax with three stout, straight, widely divergent ribs, prolonged + into three straight pointed feet of the same length. Between every two ribs, in the centre of the + collar stricture, a single large triangular mesh, and beyond this three to six rows of smaller + irregular meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.07 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Sethopilium cyrtopus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = + 4 : 6, breadth = 7 : 11. Cephalis hemispherical, with large irregular roundish + pores, four times as broad as the bars. <span class="pagenum" id="page1203">{1203}</span>Thorax + with three stout, curved, widely divergent ribs, prolonged into three cylindro-conical, curved + feet of twice the length, which are convex in the proximal half, concave in the distal half. + Between every two ribs, beyond the collar stricture, two large ovate meshes, and beyond this two + rows of smaller irregular meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.07 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.11 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Sethopilium macropus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = + 4 : 7, breadth = 6 : 13. Cephalis hemispherical, with irregular + double-contoured pores, about as broad as the bars. Thorax with three very stout, carved, widely + divergent ribs, prolonged into three curved, cylindrical, very long feet, which are three to four + times as long as the shell, and convex on the outside. Between every two ribs, beyond the collar + stricture, two large broad meshes, and beyond this two or three rows of smaller meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.13 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 537. <i>Lithomelissa</i>,<a id="NtA_154" href="#Nt_154"><sup>[154]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethopilida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three free lateral wings, or solid spines arising from the sides of the thorax. No terminal + feet. Cephalis with one or more horns.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Lithomelissa</i>, containing numerous and widely distributed forms, + may like <i>Dictyophimus</i> be regarded as one of the most primitive and ancient forms of + Dicyrtida. It differs from the latter by the lateral (not terminal) position of the three thoracic + feet, and may be derived either from <i>Dictyophimus</i> (by secondary development of intrapedal + network towards the mouth, on the inside of the three feet) or directly from <i>Tripospyris</i> by + similar formation of thoracic network beyond the collar stricture, outside the base of the three + divergent feet and pierced by the latter. As the species of this genus are numerous, it may + perhaps be better to divide it into two or three genera: <i>Acromelissa</i>, with a single horn, + <i>Micromelissa</i>, with two horns, and <i>Sethomelissa</i>, with three or more horns.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Acromelissa</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Cephalis with a single occipital horn.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1204">{1204}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Lithomelissa macroptera</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithomelissa macroptera</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iii. figs. 9, 10.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = + 4 : 5, breadth = 3 : 4. Cephalis ovate, with a stout, excentric, vertical, + pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax little larger, ovate, truncate. Both joints with very + small and scattered pores. Three divergent ribs arise from the base of the cephalic horn, and are + prolonged over the major part of the thorax; their under free part arises from the middle part of + the thorax and is as long as the horn, straight, pyramidal. Mouth truncate, little + constricted.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.04 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Lithomelissa ehrenbergii</i>, Bütschli.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithomelissa ehrenbergii</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. + 517, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 21<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>.</p> + <p><i>Lithomelissa macroptera</i>, var., Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 78, Taf. iii. fig. 8.</p> + <p>(?) <i>Lophophæna capito</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 78, + Taf. viii. fig. 6.</p> + <p class="sp0">(?) <i>Lophophæna galeata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 78, Taf. viii. fig. 12.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, with distinct collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = + 4 : 2, breadth = 3 : 4. Cephalis ovate, with a stout excentric, oblique, + pyramidal horn of half the length. Thorax little shorter, truncate, conical. Both joints with + regular circular pores, of the same breadth as the bars. Three divergent conical feet, as long as + the cephalis, arise below the collar stricture. Mouth truncate, not constricted.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.08 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms; fossil in + Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Lithomelissa macroceras</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, with sharp collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = 5 : 7, + breadth = 5 : 6. Cephalis spherical, with a large pyramidal horn of twice the length. + Thorax little longer, ovate, truncate. Both joints with regular circular pores, three times as + broad as the bars. Three divergent pyramidal feet, twice as long as the cephalis, arise from the + middle part of the thorax. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Lithomelissa mitra</i>, Bütschli.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithomelissa mitra</i>, Bütschli, 1881, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., p. 518, Taf. + xxxiii. fig. 24.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = + 5 : 4, breadth = 4 : 5. Cephalis ovate, with a slender, straight, vertical, + pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax ovate, <span class="pagenum" + id="page1205">{1205}</span>truncate, of about the same size. Both joints with very small and + numerous pores, as broad as the bars. Three feet arising from the middle part of the thorax, very + small, rudimentary, pyramidal, about as long as broad. Mouth truncate, little constricted.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Lithomelissa pycnoptera</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell rough, papillate, with slight collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = + 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with very small pores + and a slender, straight, conical horn of twice the length. Thorax subconical, with regular + circular, hexagonally framed pores, as broad as the bars. From its lower half arise three + divergent, very strong feet, pyramidal, as long as the thorax, and three times as long as + broad.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter, thorax 0.1 diameter.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Lithomelissa microstoma</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell papillate, with slight collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = + 1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a conical horn of + twice the length. Thorax subspherical, with subregular circular pores, three times as broad as the + bars. From its middle part arise three divergent, stout, conical feet, of half the length, and + twice as long as broad. Mouth small, strongly constricted, one-fourth to one-third as broad as the + thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.15 diameter.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Lithomelissa amphora</i>, Stöhr.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithomelissa amphora</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontograph, vol. xxvi. p. 100, Taf. + iii. fig. 11.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = 1 : 5, + breadth = 2 : 4. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a cervical horn of the same length. + Thorax ovate, with small regular circular pores, twice as broad as the bars. From its upper half + arise three divergent, slender, conical feet, only one-fourth as long. Mouth constricted, with a + hyaline peristome, half as broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.013 long, 0.026 broad; thorax 0.063 long, 0.053 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte (Stöhr).</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Micromelissa</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 433 (<i>sensu + emendato</i>).</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Cephalis with two divergent horns, a superior occipital + horn and an inferior frontal horn.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1206">{1206}</span></div> + + <p>8. <i>Lithomelissa thoracites</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithomelissa thoracites</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 301, Taf. vi. figs. + 2-8.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithomelissa thoracites</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., p. 76, + Taf. viii. fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with deep collar stricture. Cephalis ovate, with two divergent, slender, conical + horns, of about half the length; a major oblique occipital horn on the posterior face, and a + minor, nearly horizontal horn above the collar stricture, on the anterior face. Thorax about as + large as the cephalis, truncate, ovate. Pores of both joints irregular, roundish, of different + sizes. From the upper half of the thorax, below the collar stricture, there arise three slender, + conical divergent feet, about as long as the cephalis. Mouth truncate, wide open, not constricted. + On the numerous varieties of this common species compare my Monograph, on the structure of the + ovate central capsule (enclosed in the cephalis), Hertwig, <i>loc. cit.</i></p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 to 0.08 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.03 to 0.05 long, 0.05 + to 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, + surface.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Lithomelissa mediterranea</i>, J. Müller.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithomelissa mediterranea</i>, J. Müller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 45, Taf. vi. fig. 11.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithomelissa mediterranea</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 302.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = 4 : 5, + breadth = 4 : 5. Cephalis campanulate, conical, with two divergent small conical horns, + a major occipital subvertical horn near the summit, and a minor sub-horizontal frontal horn near + the collar stricture. Thorax truncate, ovate, little larger than the cephalis. From its lower part + there arise three short conical, divergent feet, scarcely half as long as the cephalis (in + Müller's figure one of them is seen shortened, opposite to the frontal horn). Pores irregular, + roundish, much smaller in the cephalis than in the thorax. Mouth wide open, not constricted.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 diameter, thorax 0.05 diameter.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (French shore), J. Müller, surface.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Lithomelissa bicornis</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithomelissa bicornis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 297, Taf. ii. fig. 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with deep collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = 1 : 3, + breadth = 1 : 2. Cephalis hemispherical, with two divergent, stout and straight, + pyramidal horns; a larger occipital horn sub-vertical near the summit, and a smaller oblique + frontal horn near the collar stricture. Thorax subspherical, twice as large, with larger + irregular, roundish pores. From its lower half there arise three divergent curved pyramidal feet + of about the same length. Mouth constricted, only one-third as broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.06 diameter.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Atlantic, Stations 348 to 353, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1207">{1207}</span></div> + + <p>11. <i>Lithomelissa haeckelii</i>, Bütschli.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithomelissa haeckelii</i>, Bütschli, 1883, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. + xxxvi. p. 517, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 23, a, b.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, with sharp collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = 6 : 5, + breadth = 6 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, large, with two divergent horns, a very large, + oblique pyramidal occipital horn on the summit, and a very small frontal horn on the middle of the + forehead. Thorax campanulate, little larger than the cephalis, with regular circular pores of + twice the breadth. From the upper part of the thorax, below the collar stricture, there arise + three stout, divergent, angular, semi-lunar feet, about as long as the shell. Mouth wide open, not + constricted.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.6 long, 0.6 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2260 fathoms; fossil in + Barbados.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Lithomelissa bütschlii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate56"><b>56</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = + 5 : 6, breadth = 4 : 5. Cephalis ovate, large, with two small conical horns, + which are opposed nearly horizontally, in the upper part of the cephalis; an anterior frontal and + a posterior occipital horn. Thorax ovate, truncate, little larger. Pores of both joints irregular, + roundish, of very different sizes. From the middle part of the thorax there arise three short + conical divergent feet. (In the figured specimen there were some accessory thorns; in another + specimen, found afterwards, the surface was quite smooth, but the two horns and the three feet + much larger, half as long as the cephalis.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; 0.06 long, 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Sethomelissa</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Cephalis with three, four, or more horns, a primary + occipital, a secondary frontal, and one or more accessory parietal horns.</p> + + <p>13. <i>Lithomelissa corythium</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithomelissa corythium</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d.k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iii, fig. 12.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = + 4 : 3, breadth = 4 : 5. Cephalis campanulate, with three short conical horns + on the summit. Thorax flat and wide. From its upper part below the collar stricture, there arise + three divergent, pyramidal feet, fenestrated at the base, about as long as the shell. Mouth wide + open. (The specimen figured by Ehrenberg was an incomplete one.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 in diameter, thorax 0.03 long, 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; fossil in + Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1208">{1208}</span></div> + + <p>14. <i>Lithomelissa decacantha</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate56"><b>56</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Sethomelissa decacantha</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with deep collar stricture, and with ten prismatic spines of nearly equal size + and similar form. Relative length and breadth of the two joints about equal. Cephalis ovate, in + the upper half hyaline, in the lower half with few scattered pores; in the equator with four + prismatic horns of the same length, which diverge upwards; three of them are placed in the same + meridional planes as the three wings and the three feet of the thorax (one occipital and two + parietal); the fourth (frontal) horn is opposed to the occipital. Thorax campanulate, three-edged, + with three vertical prominent feet (directed downward) and three horizontal wings, arising from + their knees. Mouth wide open, not constricted.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 diameter; thorax 0.05 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 538. <i>Psilomelissa</i>,<a id="NtA_155" href="#Nt_155"><sup>[155]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethopilida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three free lateral wings, or solid spines arising from the sides of the thorax. No terminal + feet. Cephalis smooth, without a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Psilomelissa</i> has the same formation of the shell as the nearly + allied preceding genus <i>Lithomelissa</i>, and may be derived from it by reduction and loss of + the cephalic horn. The cephalis is quite bare.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Psilomelissa galeata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocephalus galeatus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 289, Taf. vii. fig. 25.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = 5 : 3, + breadth = 4 : 5. Cephalis ovate, with numerous irregular, roundish pores. Thorax + truncate, conical, with a few small pores. From its upper part (below the collar stricture) there + arise three thin, bristle-shaped, widely divergent wings, about as long as the cephalis. Mouth + widely open.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.03 long, 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Stations 200 to 225, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Psilomelissa phalacra</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with deep collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints = 5 : 6, + breadth = 4 : 4. Cephalis ovate, hyaline, with few small pores only in the lower third. + Thorax cylindrical, truncate, with small irregular, roundish pores. From its upper third there + arise below the stricture three <span class="pagenum" id="page1209">{1209}</span>club-shaped, + nearly horizontally divergent wings, as long as the thorax. The cephalis and the three feet are + similar to those of <i>Peromelissa phalacra</i>, (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate57"><b>57</b></a>, fig. 11); + but the cylindrical thorax with irregularly scattered pores is completely different, and exhibits + a truncate, wide open mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.04 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Psilomelissa hertwigii</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithomelissa hertwigii</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., p. 517, + Taf xxxiii. fig. 22, <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 4 : 4, + breadth = 5 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical. Thorax little larger, cylindrical. From its + upper half there arise three very strong pyramidal divergent wings, about as long as the shell. + Pores of both joints very small and numerous, circular. Mouth truncate, wide open.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Psilomelissa calvata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate56"><b>56</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 7 : 5, breadth + = 5 : 6. Cephalis ovate, large, with subregular, circular, double-contoured pores. + Thorax smaller, ovate, with very irregular, roundish pores of different sizes. From its upper + third there arise three conical, slender, widely divergent spines or wings of the same length. (In + fig. 3 the cephalis with the three wings is alone represented.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.07 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Psilomelissa sphærocephala</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell rough, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 2, breadth = + 1 : 3. Cephalis spherical. Thorax cap-shaped, flat and broad. From its upper half there + arise three pyramidal wings, half as long, fenestrated at the base and nearly horizontally + divergent. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.06 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 539. <i>Spongomelissa</i>,<a id="NtA_156" href="#Nt_156"><sup>[156]</sup></a> n. + gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethopilida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three free lateral wings, or solid spines arising from the sides of the thorax. No terminal + feet. Cephalis with one or more horns.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1210">{1210}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Spongomelissa</i> differs from its ancestral genus <i>Lithomelissa</i> + only in the development of spongy framework in the shell-wall—a very rare production in the + <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> (compare <i>Peripyramis</i>, p. <a href="#page1162">1162</a>, + and <i>Spongocyrtis</i>, p. <a href="#page1188">1188</a>).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Spongomelissa spongiosa</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithomelissa spongiosa</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. + xxxvi. pp. 519, 539, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 25, <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, <i>c</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell of dense spongy structure, with a deep collar stricture. The subspherical cephalis and + the truncate abdomen of nearly equal size, both with irregular delicate spongy framework. Mouth + wide open. Cephalis with a large vertical apical and a small oblique frontal horn. Thorax with + three very stout, three-sided prismatic widely divergent lateral wings, which are covered with + numerous irregularly ramified branches; the spongy framework arises by communication of the + delicate branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 540. <i>Clathrocanium</i>,<a id="NtA_157" href="#Nt_157"><sup>[157]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 829.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethopilida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three prominent lateral ribs on the thorax, alternating with three large holes (or thoracic + gates). Cephalis with a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Clathrocanium</i> is nearly allied to <i>Dictyophimus</i> and + <i>Lithomelissa</i>, and, together with these two genera, may be regarded as surviving + representatives of the oldest and most primitive forms of Dicyrtida. It differs from the latter + mainly in the incomplete fenestration of the shell, three large interradial holes remaining + between the three perradial thoracic ribs. It may therefore be derived either from + <i>Euscenium</i> or from <i>Tripospyris</i> by the development of a terminal lattice-band between + the three feet. <i>Clathrocanium</i> may be divided into two different subgenera: + <i>Clathrocanidium</i>, with simple horn and smooth mouth, and <i>Clathrocorona</i>, with + fenestrated horn and coronated mouth.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Clathrocanidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Horn of the cephalis simple, not fenestrated. Peristome + smooth.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1211">{1211}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Clathrocanium squarrosum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Clathrocanium squarrosum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 287, Taf. vii. fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis campanulate, with irregular roundish pores and a pyramidal horn of the same length, + bearing at the apex three short branches. Length of the two joints 2 : 3, breadth = + 2 : 6. Thorax with three simple, prismatic, thin ribs, which are twice as long as the + cephalis, separated by large triangular holes and connected only at the distal end by a small + triangular ring of delicate lattice-work. Peristome smooth, wide, as broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea), depth 3300 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Clathrocanium sphærocephalum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate64"><b>64</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Cephalis spherical, with regular circular pores and a prismatic horn of the same length, with + three serrated edges. Length of the two joints = 2 : 3, breadth 2 : 4. Thorax + with three broad, triangular, latticed, divergent ribs, which are separated by three large ovate + holes (about as large as the cephalis), and connected at the distal end by a broad fenestrated + circular ring of regular lattice-work (about six pores in its height). Peristome smooth, + constricted, half as broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Clathrocanium coarctatum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Clathrocanium coarctatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 287, Taf vii. fig. 6.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lychnocanium fenestratum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. + d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 767.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis spherical, thorny, with regular circular pores and a simple pyramidal horn of the same + length. Length of the two joints = 2 : 3, breadth = 2 : 5. Thorax with three + simple, prismatic, little prominent ribs, which are separated by three large ovate holes (twice as + long as the cephalis), and connected below the prominent distal end by a narrow circular ring of + delicate lattice-work. Peristome smooth, wide, little narrower than the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea), depth 3300 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Clathrocanium triomma</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate64"><b>64</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Cephalis spherical, thorny, with regular circular pores, and a slender prismatic horn of twice + the length, bearing at its apex three short recurved branches. Length of the two joints = + 2 : 4, breadth = 2 : 5. Thorax with three broad prismatic, fenestrated ribs, + which are separated by three large <span class="pagenum" id="page1212">{1212}</span>subcircular + holes, and below the prominent distal end by a broad, triangular, roundish ring of subregular + lattice-work (with square pores). Peristome smooth, about half as broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Clathrocorona</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Horn of the cephalis fenestrated. Peristome on the margin + of the basal mouth with a corona of spines.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Clathrocanium diadema</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate64"><b>64</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Clathrocorona diadema</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis hemispherical, thorny, with irregular roundish pores, and a large prismatic horn of + twice the length, the three edges of which are denticulate and fenestrated, each with a series of + square pores. Length of the two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 2 : 4. Thorax + thorny, with three broad fenestrated divergent ribs, which are separated by three large ovate + holes (twice as long as the cephalis) and have their prominent distal ends connected below by a + broad circular ring of lattice-work (with irregular polygonal small meshes). Peristome wide, + two-thirds as broad as the thorax, with a circular corona of small square pores and alternating + prominent small teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Clathrocanium reginæ</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate64"><b>64</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Clathrocorona reginæ</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis hemispherical, with irregular roundish pores and a prismatic club-shaped horn of twice + the length, the three edges of which are denticulate and fenestrated. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Thorax thorny, with three broad triangular, + fenestrated and nodulated ribs, which are separated by three large ovate holes (twice as long as + the cephalis) and have their prominent distal ends connected below by a circular ring of + lattice-work. Peristome constricted, as broad as the thorax, with a corona of short spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 541. <i>Lamprodiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_158" href="#Nt_158"><sup>[158]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 831.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethopilida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three divergent lateral ribs in the wall of the flat, conical, discoidal, or pyramidal + thorax. Cephalis with a horn. Peristome smooth, without corona of spines.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1213">{1213}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Lamprodiscus</i>, and the following nearly allied <i>Lampromitra</i>, + differ from all preceding Sethopilida in the complete connection of the three thoracic feet by + lattice-work, so that they are imbedded in the thorax-wall as prominent ribs and are not prolonged + beyond the margin as free feet. The shell is commonly very flat, conical or pyramidal, sometimes + nearly discoidal. The margin of <i>Lamprodiscus</i> is simple, smooth.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Lamprodiscus monoceros</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lamprodiscus monoceros</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 295, Taf. vii. fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 5, breadth = + 1 : 8. Cephalis spherical, hyaline, without pores, with an oblique conical horn of the + same length. Thorax flat, campanulate, nearly hemispherical, with convex lateral outlines, and + regular hexagonal meshes, increasing gradually in size towards the mouth. Bars very thin. + Peristome smooth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax 0.1 long, 0.16 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea), Station 200, + surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Lamprodiscus coscinodiscus</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lamprodiscus coscinodiscus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 295, Taf. vii. fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Thorax of the same form and structure as in the + preceding species, differing from it mainly in the structure of the smooth circular margin, which + is composed of a ring of very small square pores. Length of the two joints = 1 : 4, + breadth = 1 : 8. Cephalis with small hexagonal pores, without horn or with a short + rudimentary horn. Lateral outlines of the campanulate thorax in the upper part concave, in the + lower convex.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax 0.08 long, 0.16 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific, Stations 206, 224, 266, &c., + surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Lamprodiscus tricostatus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = + 1 : 7. Cephalis spherical, with an oblique conical horn of twice the length and small + circular pores. Thorax flatly conical, twice as broad as high, with straight lateral outline, and + regular hexagonal meshes, increasing gradually in size towards the mouth; bars very thin. + Peristome or margin of the basal mouth circular, smooth. Very similar to <i>Theopilium + tricostatum</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate70"><b>70</b></a>, + fig. 6), but without abdomen. Differs from the two preceding species mainly in the conical form of + the thorax and the less delicate network.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.1 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan, Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; + surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1214">{1214}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Lamprodiscus lævis</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucecryphalus lævis</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., p. 77, Taf. + viii. figs. 6, 6<i>a</i>, 6<i>b.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 3, + breadth = 1 : 6. Cephalis subspherical, with small circular pores and an oblique conical + horn of twice the length. Thorax flat, pyramidal, twice as broad as long, with three strong, + straight divergent edges and subregular roundish pores. Peristome smooth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.025 diameter; thorax 0.08 long, 0.16 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina), R. Hertwig, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 542. <i>Lampromitra</i>, Haeckel,<a id="NtA_159" href="#Nt_159"><sup>[159]</sup></a> + 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethopilida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three divergent lateral ribs in the wall of the flat conical or pyramidal thorax. Cephalis + commonly with a horn. Peristome with a corona of spines.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Lampromitra</i> differs from the preceding and nearly allied + <i>Lamprodiscus</i> only in the development of a dentated peristome, or an elegant corona of teeth + around the wide open mouth. It bears therefore to the latter the same relation that + <i>Clathrocorona</i> does to <i>Clathrocanium</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Lampromitra coronata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate60"><b>60</b></a>, + fig. 7, 7<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Shell flat, conical, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 2, + breadth = 2 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical oblique horn of twice the + length, and small subregular hexagonal pores. Thorax with larger, subregular, hexagonal meshes, + six to eight times as broad as the bars. Peristome or basal margin of the thorax circular, with a + marginal ring of smaller polygonal meshes and a triple coronal of short spines; two external rings + of short conical centrifugal spines, and an internal ring of thin centripetal rods (fig. + 7<i>a</i>). In fig. 7 the shell is seen from below and exhibits very distinctly the internal cross + of the collar septum, composed of the four divergent cortinar bars; between the latter descend the + four pear-shaped lobes of the central capsule (each containing an oil globule), whilst the apical + part of the capsule (with the nucleus) is hidden in the large cap-shaped cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.07 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Lampromitra quadricuspis</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate58"><b>58</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <p>Shell flat, conical, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 3, + breadth = 2 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical, with subregular circular pores and an oblique, + conical, occipital horn of twice <span class="pagenum" id="page1215">{1215}</span>the length, + bearing three divergent lateral branches, which are directed upwards, and correspond to the three + thoracic ribs. Further down, near the collar stricture, a short divergent frontal horn arises. + Thorax with irregular roundish pores of different sizes, three to six times as broad as the bars. + Peristome with a simple coronal of short, conical, divergent spines, about as long as the diameter + of the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Canary Islands, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Lampromitra furcata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate58"><b>58</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>Shell flat, conical, with deep collar stricture, very similar in form and structure to the + preceding species; differs from it in the shape of the peristome and the armature of the cephalis, + which bears a conical, forked, occipital horn of the same length, and a small rudimentary + divergent frontal horn. Length of the two joints = 1 : 2, breadth = 1 : 6. The + four pores of the collar septum (two larger cardinal and two smaller jugular) exhibit in this + species a peculiar asymmetry (fig. 8). The peristome bears a simple coronal of spines as long as + the diameter of the cephalis. The major part of them is forked, some irregularly branched.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.18 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Lampromitra pyramidalis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell flat, pyramidal, smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 9. Cephalis subspherical, with an oblique pyramidal horn + of twice the length, and small circular pores. Thorax with three strong, divergent, straight ribs + and three flat triangular sides between them, with subregular hexagonal pores, increasing in size + towards the mouth. Peristome with a simple coronal of large and numerous divergent, conical + spines, half as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.18 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 325, depth 2650 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Lampromitra huxleyi</i>, Haeckel (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate59"><b>59</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucecryphalus huxleyi</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Natürl. Schöpfungsgesch., Edit. vii. + Taf. xvi. fig. 9.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell flat, conical, spiny, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, with a short conical horn of + the same length. Thorax with irregular polygonal pores. Peristome with three coronals of divergent + bristle-shaped spines; the first directed obliquely upwards, the second outwards, and the third + nearly vertically, downwards; the bristles of the latter are much longer, about as long as the + height of the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.16 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Australia (east coast), Station 169, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1216">{1216}</span></div> + + <p>6. <i>Lampromitra schultzei</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucecryphalus schultzei</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 309, Taf. + v. figs. 16-19.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell flat, conical, smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, with a small conical horn of + half the length, and very small roundish pores. Thorax with three strong, straight ribs and + irregular polygonal pores, which are much larger in the middle part than in the upper or lower + part. Peristome with a double coronal of short, conical, divergent spines; the superior obliquely + ascending, the inferior vertically descending. (Named in honour of the late Professor Max + Schultze, the illustrious histologist.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.025 diameter; thorax 0.07 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, Messina, surface.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Lampromitra arborescens</i>, n. sp, (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate60"><b>60</b></a>, fig. 8, + 8<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Shell flat, pyramidal, spiny, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 3, breadth = 2 : 10. Cephalis cap-shaped, with an oblique, slender, + conical horn of twice the length, and small circular pores. Thorax with three slight almost + obliterated ribs and three vaulted sides between them, with irregular roundish pores. The three + ribs are distinct in the proximal, not in the distal part. Peristome with a double coronal of + smaller squarish pores and numerous divergent spines; the larger spines are irregularly branched + and as long as the diameter of the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.15 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Lampromitra dendrocorona</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate58"><b>58</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Shell flat, conical, with smooth surface and deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 4, breadth = 2 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical, with a slender occipital horn + of three times the length, and a small divergent frontal horn. Thorax with three strong prominent + straight ribs and irregular polygonal meshes, increasing in size towards the mouth. Peristome with + a dense coronal of numerous short conical spines and twenty-four to thirty larger arborescent + spines, longer than the diameter of the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 543. <i>Callimitra</i>,<a id="NtA_160" href="#Nt_160"><sup>[160]</sup></a> Haeckel, + Prodromus, 1881, p. 431.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethopilida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three vertical latticed wings, which stretch between the three divergent lateral ribs of the + thorax and the vertical horn of the cephalis. No frontal horn.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1217">{1217}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Callimitra</i>, and the two following nearly allied genera, + <i>Clathromitra</i> and <i>Clathrocorys</i>, form together a peculiar small group, the + Callimitrida, living in the Central Pacific, and differing from the other Sethopilida in some + remarkable points, derived perhaps directly from the Archiscenida, <i>Archiscenium</i> and + <i>Pteroscenium</i>, by the development of thoracic network between the three cortinar feet. In + the centre of the collar septum, where these feet are united, there arises a vertical free + columella, prolonged over the top of the cephalis as a free horn, and this horn is connected with + the three thoracic ribs by three vertical fenestrated wings.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Callimitra carolotæ</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate63"><b>63</b></a>, + figs. 1, 7, 8).</p> + + <p>Cephalis campanulate, conical, with irregular, polygonal pores, and a thin bristle-shaped + apical horn of the same length. Length of the two joints = 3 : 6, breadth = + 2 : 6. Thorax in the upper half with irregular network, in the lower half with parallel + transverse bars; in each of its three sides descend two convergent pairs of stronger, parallel, + curved ribs, not confluent at the peristome. Each of the three vertical wings with eight stronger + ribs, three arising from the cephalis, five from each foot. Dedicated to my dear mother Charlotte + Sethe.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.07 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.15 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Callimitra annæ</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate63"><b>63</b></a>, + fig. 2).</p> + + <p>Cephalis campanulate, conical, with irregular, polygonal pores, and a thin bristle-shaped horn + of the same length. Length of the two joints = 1 : 2, breadth = 1 : 3. Thorax + nearly in its whole extent with parallel transverse bars, which are crossed by two convergent + systems of parallel beams; in each of its three sides descend four convergent pairs of stronger, + parallel, curved ribs, not confluent at the peristome. Each of the three vertical wings with six + stronger ribs, three arising from the cephalis, three from each foot. Dedicated to my dear first + wife Anna Sethe.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.18 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Callimitra agnesæ</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate63"><b>63</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Cephalis pear-shaped, with irregular, square pores, and a slender bristle-shaped horn twice as + long. Length of the two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 5. Thorax in its whole + extent with parallel transverse bars, which are crossed by two converging and crossed systems of + parallel beams; in each of its three sides descend five convergent pairs of stronger, parallel, + curved ribs, the two or three upper of which are crossed at the peristome. Each of the three + vertical wings with five stronger ribs, three arising from the cephalis and the horn, two from + each foot. Dedicated to my dear second wife Agnes Huschke.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.22 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1218">{1218}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Callimitra elisabethæ</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate63"><b>63</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Cephalis nearly hemispherical, with irregular square pores, and a strong prismatic horn thrice + the length. Length of the two joints = 2 : 7, breadth = 2 : 9. Thorax in the + upper third with irregular network, in the lower two-thirds with parallel transverse bars which + are crossed by two convergent systems of parallel beams; in each of its three sides descend three + convergent pairs of stronger, parallel, curved ribs; the two ribs of the uppermost pair are united + and confluent in a single odd rib in the lower half of the thorax. Each of the three vertical + wings with seven stronger ribs, three arising from the cephalis and the horn, four from each foot. + Dedicated to my dear elder daughter Elizabeth Haeckel.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Callimitra emmæ</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate63"><b>63</b></a>, + figs. 3, 4).</p> + + <p>Cephalis campanulate, with irregular, polygonal pores, and very thin bars (of the same shape as + in the thorax) and with a thin bristle-shaped horn twice the length. Length of the three joints = + 3 : 6, breadth = 2 : 9. Thorax in its whole extent with an arachnoidal network + similar to that in the cephalis and the three wings, composed of very numerous parallel threads, + which are crossed by two crossed diagonal systems of parallel threads. In each of the three sides + of the thorax descend five convergent pairs of stronger ribs, the three upper of which are crossed + and form large rhomboidal meshes. Each of the three vertical wings with ten stronger ribs, four + arising from the cephalis and each horn, six from each foot. Dedicated to my dear younger daughter + Emma Haeckel.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.07 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.22 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 544. <i>Clathromitra</i>,<a id="NtA_161" href="#Nt_161"><sup>[161]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethopilida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three vertical latticed wings, which stretch between the three divergent lateral ribs of the + thorax and the vertical horn of the cephalis. The front of the latter is armed with a large + frontal horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Clathromitra</i> differs from the preceding similar <i>Callimitra</i> + in the development of a free frontal or sternal horn, a prolongation of an internal obliquely + ascending rod, opposite to the caudal foot. Therefore the shell in this genus possesses five + divergent free spines, two cephalic horns, and three thoracic feet. The lattice-work of the three + vertical wings is not so delicate as in <i>Callimitra</i>.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1219">{1219}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Clathromitra pterophormis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate57"><b>57</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <p>Cephalis very large, hemispherical, about as long and half as broad as the three-sided + pyramidal thorax; both with irregular, polygonal meshes. Apical horn three to four times as long + as the frontal horn and the three basal feet. All five spines three-sided prismatic, with nearly + smooth edges. Three lateral wings half as broad as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.1 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.15 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Clathromitra pentacantha</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis large, hemispherical, half as long as the three-sided pyramidal thorax; both with + irregular, roundish meshes. Apical horn of about the same length as the frontal horn, and twice as + long as the three basal feet. All five spines three-sided prismatic, with denticulated edges. + Three lateral wings about as broad as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.08 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 545. <i>Clathrocorys</i>,<a id="NtA_162" href="#Nt_162"><sup>[162]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethopilida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three prominent lateral ribs on the thorax, alternating with three large holes (or thoracic + gates). The three ribs are connected with the central apical horn of the cephalis by three + vertical latticed wings.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Clathrocorys</i> differs from the two preceding nearly allied genera + in the incomplete fenestration of the thorax, the three perradial ribs of which are separated by + three large interradial holes. It has therefore the same relation to <i>Callimitra</i> that + <i>Clathrocanium</i> bears to <i>Dictyophimus</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Clathrocorys murrayi</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate64"><b>64</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>Cephalis pear-shaped, with irregularly square pores. From the centre of its base there arise + four strong, prismatic, radial beams of nearly equal size, the vertical, straight, cephalic horn + being little longer than the three divergent, somewhat curved feet. In the three meridional planes + (between the horn and each foot) a few rather thick branches arise, which by communication of the + ramules form the three vertical latticed wings; each wing with two large meshes, three to five + meshes of medium size, and three to four parallel arachnoidal rows of small, square, distal + meshes. The three walls of the flat pyramidal thorax (between every two feet) are formed in the + upper part by squarish network <span class="pagenum" id="page1220">{1220}</span>similar to that of + the cephalis, in the middle part by a single row of arches separated by thin threads, and in the + lower part by a narrow band of arachnoidal network. Dedicated to Dr. John Murray.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.05 broad; thorax <span class="correction" + title="Original reads '0.0.04'.">0.04</span> long, 0.15 broad; apical distance of every two feet + 0.15, of each foot and the horn 0.17.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Clathrocorys teuscheri</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate64"><b>64</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Cephalis pear-shaped, with irregular, square pores. From the centre of its base there arise + seven prismatic, radial beams of equal strength, supporting the lattice-work of the wall; the + single vertical beam is prolonged into the apical horn; six others lie in the three meridian + planes (between the horn and each foot); three ascending end in the wall of the cephalis, three + descending are prolonged into the three strong feet, which are longer than the horn. In each + meridional plane there arise four thicker and several thinner bars, which by communication of + their ramules form the three latticed wings; each wing with a single very large mesh, two meshes + of medium size, and a narrow marginal band of small, square pores. The three walls of the flat + pyramidal thorax are formed in the upper part by squarish network similar to that of the cephalis, + in the lower part by a narrow band of the same; between them a large hole. Dedicated to Dr. + Reinhold Teuscher.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.15 broad; apical + distance of every two feet 0.2, of each foot and the horn 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Clathrocorys giltschii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate64"><b>64</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Cephalis pear-shaped, with irregular, polygonal pores. From the centre of its base there arise + seven prismatic, radial beams of different strength; the single vertical beam bears six lateral + branches (parallel to the three ascending supporting beams), and is prolonged into the apical + horn; six others lie in the three meridional planes (between the horn and each foot); three weaker + ascending beams end in the wall of the cephalis, three stronger descending are prolonged into the + three large diverging feet, which are twice as long as the cephalic horn. The network of the three + wings and of the three-sided pyramidal thorax is about the same as in the preceding species, but + much more developed; the marginal bands with the squarish network are much broader, and an + arachnoidal wicker-work of very thin thread-like bars fills out the large meshes. Dedicated to Mr. + Adolf Giltsch.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.2 broad; apical + distance of every two feet 0.24, of each foot and the horn 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 546. <i>Eucecryphalus</i>,<a id="NtA_163" href="#Nt_163"><sup>[163]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 836.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethopilida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three free collar <span class="pagenum" id="page1221">{1221}</span>wings or solid spines + arising from the collar stricture, and freely prominent between the horned cephalis and the flat + conical thorax.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Eucecryphalus</i>, according to the restricted definition here given, + comprises only those Sethopilida in which the three primary cortinar beams are perfectly free + divergent collar wings, <i>i.e.</i>, free spines arising outside the shell from the collar + stricture, between the cephalis and thorax. The type of this genus (which I formerly united with + other Sethopilida) remains <i>Eucecryphalus gegenbauri</i>.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Eucyrtomphalus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Peristome or margin of the basal mouth of the thorax + smooth, without marginal spines.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Eucecryphalus corocalyptra</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell flatly conical, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 3, + breadth = 1 : 6. Cephalis subspherical, with an oblique conical horn twice its length. + Thorax conical, twice as broad as long, with regular hexagonal meshes and straight lateral + outlines. From the collar stricture there arise three slender conical spines, about as long as the + thorax, divergent downwards. Similar to <i>Corocalyptra agnesæ</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate59"><b>59</b></a>, fig. 3), + but without lumbar stricture and abdomen. Peristome or basal margin of the mouth of the thorax + smooth, simple.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.3 diameter; thorax 0.09 long, 0.18 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Eucecryphalus halicalyptra</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell flat, campanulate, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 4, breadth = 2 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical, with two divergent conical + horns, a major occipital and a minor frontal horn. Thorax with subregular hexagonal meshes and + concave-convex lateral outlines, campanulate. From the collar stricture there arise three + divergent bristle-shaped spines, nearly horizontal, about half as long as the thorax. Peristome + smooth, with a marginal coronal of small square pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, surface.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Eucecryphalium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Peristome or margin of the basal mouth of the thorax + dentate, with a coronal of marginal spines.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1222">{1222}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Eucecryphalus cuvieri</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell flatly conical, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 8, + breadth = 2 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical, with an oblique pyramidal horn twice as long. + Thorax with straight outlines and regular hexagonal meshes, increasing in size towards the mouth. + From the collar stricture there arise three stout conical spines, half as long as the thorax, and + diverging downwards. Peristome with a ring of small square pores and alternate conical divergent + spines. Differs from the similar <i>Clathrocyclas alcmenæ</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate59"><b>59</b></a>, fig. 6), + mainly in the simple apical horn and the possession of the three collar fundamental spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 342, depth 1445 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Eucecryphalus mülleri</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell flatly campanulate, of nearly the same structure as and similar form to that of the + preceding species. Differs from it mainly in the considerable size of the cephalic horn and the + three collar spines, which are bristle-shaped and longer than the shell. Length of the two joints + = 1 : 4, breadth = 2 : 8. The peristome bears a double marginal ring of + divergent conical spines, the upper being directed upwards, the lower downwards.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.16 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Eucecryphalus gegenbauri</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Eucecryphalus gegenbauri</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 308, Taf. v. figs. + 12-15.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucecryphalus gegenbauri</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., p. 76, + Taf. viii. figs. 5, 5<i>a</i>, 5<i>b</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell flatly conical, campanulate, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical horn of the + same length, and very small pores. Thorax about twice as broad as high, with large, subregular, + hexagonal meshes, increasing in size downwards. In the upper half of the thorax the meshes are + filled up by an extremely delicate arachnoidal network. From the collar stricture there arise + three divergent bristle-shaped spines half as long as the thorax. Peristome with a double coronal + of small square pores (the inner smaller and more numerous than the outer), and with a single + coronal of divergent marginal spines. This cosmopolitan species is rather variable.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 to 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.1 to 0.12 long, 0.02 to 0.25 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, + surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1223">{1223}</span></div> + + <p>6. <i>Eucecryphalus campanella</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Pterocodon campanella</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xix. fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, conical, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2. Cephalis hemispherical, with a short conical horn half + as long, and very small pores. Thorax campanulate, as broad as high, with large roundish meshes, + increasing in size downwards. From the collar stricture arise three strong, divergent, somewhat + curved spines, nearly as long as the thorax. Peristome with a coronal of ten to twelve strong, + conical, marginal spines, which are nearly parallel, directed downwards, a little curved, and half + as long as the thorax. In the complete specimen examined by me, the apical horn, the three lateral + wings and twelve terminal feet were well preserved.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 to 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.06 to 0.07 long and + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 547. <i>Amphiplecta</i>,<a id="NtA_164" href="#Nt_164"><sup>[164]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethopilida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three internal thoracic ribs, enveloped by the network of the thorax. Cephalis with a large + apical opening, surrounded by a coronal of spines.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Amphiplecta</i> (or <i>Amphicryphalus</i>) comprises some very + peculiar forms of Sethopilida, probably widely remote from the other genera of this subfamily, and + derived directly from the Plectanida (compare above, p. <a href="#page921">921</a>). The cortinar + tripodium, composed of three feet divergent downwards, and one apical horn ascending upwards (in + some species also a second frontal horn) is here enclosed in the cavity of a two-jointed shell, + which exhibits two large openings, a smaller apical hole in the top of the cephalis, and a larger + terminal mouth on the thorax. There is no trace of a sagittal ring.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Amphiplecta amphistoma</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis subspherical, spiny, with sharp collar stricture on the base; its apical opening + central, surrounded by a coronal of twelve to eighteen short spines. Length of the two joints = + 7 : 8, breadth = 6 : 20. Thorax flatly conical, armed with bristle-shaped + spines. Meshes of the network in both joints subregular, hexagonal, six to eight times as broad + as the bars. Basal mouth bristly.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.07 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Amphiplecta acrostoma</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Cephalis subspherical, spiny, with distinct collar stricture on the base, its apical opening + central, surrounded by a coronal of six to nine divergent denticulate spines. Length of the two + joints = 5 : 6, <span class="pagenum" id="page1224">{1224}</span>breadth = + 4 : 15. Thorax flatly conical, armed with denticulate spines. Meshes of both joints + irregular, polygonal, twice to six times as broad as the bars. Basal mouth armed with longer, + divergent, denticulate spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.15 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Amphiplecta callistoma</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate59"><b>59</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, spiny, with obliterated collar stricture on the base; its apical + opening excentric, oblique, surrounded by a coronal of ten to twenty bristle-shaped spines. Length + of the two joints = 4 : 5, breadth = 7 : 25. Thorax flatly conical, armed with + long bristle-shaped spines. Meshes of both joints irregular, hexagonal, twice to six times as + broad as the bars. Basal mouth with a double irregular coronal of small square pores, and of + bristle-shaped divergent spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.07 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.25 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 548. <i>Lychnocanium</i>,<a id="NtA_165" href="#Nt_165"><sup>[165]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethopilida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata + aperta), with three solid terminal feet on the peristome. No thoracic ribs. Cephalis with a + horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Lychnocanium</i>, very rich in common living and fossil forms, + comprises those Sethopilida in which the thorax bears three simple terminal feet around the mouth, + but no lateral ribs in its wall. It has therefore been probably derived from <i>Dictyophimus</i> + by reduction and loss of these three lateral ribs. The mouth is commonly more or less constricted. + The three feet surrounding it are sometimes divergent, straight or curved, at other times parallel + and vertical, straight, or curved and convergent. The central capsule exhibited in some living + species three or four distinct lobes, filling up the upper half of the thorax.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Lychnocanella</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet divergent, straight or scarcely curved; their + terminal distance greater than their basal distance.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Lychnocanium lanterna</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate61"><b>61</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Shell conical, rough, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 3, + breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis with a stout pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax + pear-shaped, twice as <span class="pagenum" id="page1225">{1225}</span>broad as the constricted + mouth, with regular, circular pores of the same breadth as the bars. Three feet pyramidal, little + divergent, straight, about as long as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 268, depth 2650 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Lychnocanium continuum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lychnocanium continuum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 78, Taf. vii. fig. 11.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 3, + breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis subspherical with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax + pear-shaped, twice as broad as the constricted mouth, nearly hyaline, with a very small number of + scattered minute pores. Three feet pyramidal, little divergent, straight, about as long as the + thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Lychnocanium pyriforme</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate61"><b>61</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, rough, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical horn of the + same length. Thorax inflated, four times as broad as the constricted tubular mouth, with regular, + circular pores. Three feet pyramidal, straight, divergent, about as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.15 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, many Stations; also + fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Lychnocanium favosum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate61"><b>61</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, rough, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a rudimentary pyramidal + horn of half the length. Thorax subglobular, three times as broad as the constricted mouth, with + regular, circular pores, and an elevated hexagonal framework between them. Three feet cylindrical, + slender, straight, divergent, twice to three times as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.025 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Lychnocanium nodosum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate61"><b>61</b></a>, + fig. 14).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, nodose, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subglobular, with a rudimentary conical horn + of half the length. Thorax nearly hemispherical, twice as broad as the flat mouth, with regular, + circular pores, and a variable <span class="pagenum" id="page1226">{1226}</span>number of + scattered, conical, fenestrated protuberances. Three feet very large, prismatic, straight, + divergent, twice as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Lychnocanium carinatum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lychnocanium carinatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 78, Taf. viii. fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 3, + breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis subglobular, with a slender horn of the same length. Thorax + conical, twice as broad as the flat mouth, with fifteen to twenty prominent, longitudinal, + divergent ribs, alternating with the same number of rows of pores. Three feet slender, prismatic, + straight, divergent, twice as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Lychnocanium ventricosum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lychnocanium ventricosum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 80, Taf. vii. fig. 12.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, rough, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subglobular, with a stout conical horn twice + the length. Thorax conical, three times as broad as the constricted mouth, with irregular, + roundish pores of different sizes. Three feet stout, conical, divergent, half as long as the + thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms; fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Lychnocanium tribulus</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lychnocanium tribulus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 80, Taf. vii. fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, nodose, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subglobular, with a conical horn twice the + length. Thorax ovate, twice as broad as the constricted mouth, with irregular, roundish pores of + different sizes. Three stout feet strongly divergent, pyramidal, about as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; 0.08 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Lychnocanissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet divergent, more or less curved; their terminal + distance greater than their basal distance.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1227">{1227}</span></div> + + <p>9. <i>Lychnocanium fortipes</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate61"><b>61</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>Shell inflated, rough, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 6. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a pyramidal horn + of half the length. Thorax subglobular, truncate, twice as broad as the constricted mouth, with + large, regular, circular pores and very thin bars. Three feet very stout, prismatic, twice as long + as the thorax, widely divergent, curved with convexity outwards, club-shaped at the distal end, + with denticulate edges.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Lychnocanium falciferum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lychnocanium falciferum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 7; Abhandl. d. + k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 78, Taf. viii. fig. 4.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithomelissa falcifera</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 303.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell inflated, rough, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 3, + breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis small, with a conical horn of half the length. Thorax + subglobular, truncate, three times as broad as the constricted mouth, with small, regular, + circular pores. Three feet widely divergent, twice as long as the thorax, curved like a crescent, + with strong convexity outwards.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Lychnocanium tuberosum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate61"><b>61</b></a>, fig. + 13).</p> + + <p>Shell conical, tuberculate, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subglobular, with a conical horn of the same + length. Thorax inflated, twice as broad as the flat mouth, with small, irregular, roundish pores + and scattered fenestrated tubercles. Three feet very large, angular, three times as long as the + thorax, curved like a crescent, with strong convexity outwards.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Lychnocanium hirundo</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lychnocanium hirundo</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 80, + Taf. vii. fig. 8.</p> + <p><i>Lithornithium hirundo</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xix. fig. 53.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocampe hirundo</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 65.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell conical, tuberculate, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical horn of half + the length. Thorax <span class="pagenum" id="page1228">{1228}</span>campanulate, twice as broad as + the flat mouth, with longitudinal, divergent ribs, alternating with rows of small circular pores. + Three feet divergent, striated, gradually lessening from a broad base, twice as long as the + thorax, curved like a crescent, with convexity outwards.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Barbados and the Mediterranean + (Sicily, Greece).</p> + + <p>13. <i>Lychnocanium fenestratum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate61"><b>61</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, rough, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis subglobular, with a very large prismatic + horn, which is about as long as the shell, with three denticulate, prominent, wing-like crests, + which are pierced by a series of pores. Thorax ovate, three times as broad as the constricted, + prominent mouth, with subregular, circular pores. Three feet arising somewhat above the mouth, + prismatic, with denticulate edges, about as long as the thorax, divergent, curved, with convexity + outwards.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>14. <i>Lychnocanium sigmopodium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate61"><b>61</b></a>, fig. + 15).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Lychnocanium tetrapodium</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 80, Taf. vii. fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, rough with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with a slender pyramidal horn + twice the length. Thorax inflated, conical, with regular circular pores and a wide open mouth of + nearly the same breadth. Three feet widely divergent, twice as long as the thorax, angular, + S-shaped, or curved with convexity inwards. (<i>Lychnocanium tetrapodium</i> of Ehrenberg is + perhaps a variety of this species?).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, many stations + at various depths; also fossil in Barbados and Sicily.</p> + + <p>15. <i>Lychnocanium trichopus</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lychnocanium trichopus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 80, Taf. vii. fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell conical, smooth, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 3, + breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with a rudimentary conical horn of half the + length. Thorax campanulate, with regular, circular pores and wide open mouth of nearly the same + breadth. Three feet divergent, very slender, four to five times as long as the thorax, not broader + than one pore, S-shaped, or curved with convexity inwards in the distal half.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1229">{1229}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Lychnocanoma</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet parallel, vertical, straight, or little curved; + divergent in the basal half, often convergent in the distal half; their terminal distance about + equal to the basal distance.</p> + + <p>16. <i>Lychnocanium tripodium</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lychnocanium tripodium</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 80, Taf. vii. fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subglobular, with a slender conical horn + twice the length. Thorax inflated, twice as broad as the constricted mouth, with small, regular, + circular pores. Three feet slender, prismatic, twice to three times as long as the thorax, nearly + straight and parallel, vertical.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms; also fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>17. <i>Lychnocanium cypselus</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lychnocanium cypselus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 78, Taf. vii. fig. 10.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, ovate, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 4, + breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax + ovate, truncate, three times as broad as the narrow, constricted mouth, with small, regular, + circular pores. Three feet slender, somewhat shorter than the thorax, little curved, with + convexity outwards, nearly parallel, vertical. (In the specimen figured by Ehrenberg, the third + foot was broken off.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>18. <i>Lychnocanium ovatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, rough, without external collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 6, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis conical, with a stout conical horn of the + same length. Thorax ovate, four times as broad as the narrow constricted mouth, with small, + regular, circular pores, separated by hexagonal frames of twice the breadth. Three feet + cylindrical, half as long as the thorax, and three times as long as broad, straight, parallel, + vertical.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax, 0.12 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1230">{1230}</span></div> + + <p>19. <i>Lychnocanium crassipes</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lychnocanium crassipes</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 78, Taf. vii. fig. 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, rough, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with a thin conical horn of the + same length. Thorax semi-ovate, three times as broad as the narrow constricted mouth, with fifteen + to twenty divergent, denticulate ribs, alternating with the same number of rows of small, regular, + circular pores. Three feet very stout, as long as the thorax, cylindrical, nearly straight and + parallel, vertical, at the distal end clavate, spinulate or a little forked.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>20. <i>Lychnocanium clavigerum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate61"><b>61</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, sulcate, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis subglobular, with a spindle-shaped papillate + horn twice the length. Thorax nearly spherical, truncate at both poles, three times as broad as + the narrow, constricted, somewhat tubular mouth, with fifteen to twenty elevated meridional ribs, + alternating with the same number of rows of circular pores. Three feet slender, cylindrical, twice + as long as the thorax, in the basal half divergent, in the distal half convergent, club-shaped, + with a thickened papillate end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.025 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.01 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar, surface (Rabbe).</p> + + <p>21. <i>Lychnocanium pudicum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate61"><b>61</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 3, + breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, hyaline (without pores), with a short and thick + club-shaped, spinulate horn of the same length. Thorax subglobular, truncate at both poles, twice + as broad as the constricted mouth, with small, irregular, roundish pores. Three feet somewhat + shorter than the thorax, curved like a crescent, with convexity outwards; their distal ends + club-shaped, spinulate, convergent towards the central axis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.025 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 549. <i>Lychnodictyum</i>,<a id="NtA_166" href="#Nt_166"><sup>[166]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethopilida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata + aperta), with three latticed terminal feet on the peristome, without thoracic ribs. Cephalis + originally with a horn (sometimes lost).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1231">{1231}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Lychnodictyum</i> differs from the preceding <i>Lychnocanium</i> only + in the fenestration of the three terminal feet, and bears therefore to it the same relation that + the ancestral <i>Tripocyrtis</i> does to <i>Dictyophimus</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Lychnodictyum challengeri</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Dictyopodium challengeri</i>, Wyville Thomson, 1877, Atlantic, vol. i. p. 234, fig. + 52.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyophimus</i> (vel <i>Tripocyrtis</i>) <i>challengeri</i>, Haeckel, 1878, + Protistenreich, p. 47, fig. 35.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with a large, oblique, + pyramidal horn thrice the length. Thorax with three inflated bosoms between the three decurrent + ribs, which are prolonged into three vertical, parallel, pyramidal, in the upper half fenestrated + feet, as long as the thorax. Pores regular, circular. Mouth constricted, flat, half as broad as + the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.08 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Lychnodictyum wyvillei</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell pyramidal, smooth, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with a large, straight, + pyramidal horn of twice the length. Thorax nearly tetrahedral, inflated, with three rounded, + decurrent ribs, which are prolonged into three widely divergent, angular, curved feet, about as + long as the shell, with pyramidal fenestrated base. Pores regular, circular. Mouth constricted, + flat, half as broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.025 diameter; thorax 0.08 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Lychnodictyum scaphopodium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate56"><b>56</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Cephalis hemispherical, large, without horn, with irregular, small, roundish pores. Thorax a + little larger, campanulate, with three broad, shovel-shaped, fenestrated, vertical feet, and + larger, irregular pores. In the figured specimen the third (posterior) foot was broken off. In + another specimen the three feet were somewhat longer and not so broad.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Lychnodictyum sethopodium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis hemispherical, large, with a rudimentary conical horn, and very scarce small pores. + Thorax twice as broad and long as the cephalis, campanulate, with irregular, roundish pores, and + three slender, pyramidal, divergent feet twice the length, which in the upper half are + fenestrated, in the lower half solid.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.025 long, 0.045 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 330, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1232">{1232}</span></div> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Sethoperida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 433.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tripocyrtida</span> with the basal mouth + of the shell fenestrated (vel Dicyrtida triradiata clausa).</p> + + <h5>Genus 550. <i>Sethopera</i>,<a id="NtA_167" href="#Nt_167"><sup>[167]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 433.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethoperida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata + clausa), with three divergent ribs enclosed in the latticed wall of the thorax. Cephalis with a + horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Sethopera</i> is probably the oldest form of the Sethoperida, and may + therefore be regarded as the common ancestral form of this subfamily. The thorax exhibits three + radial ribs, which are completely enclosed in its wall. Sethopera may be derived either from + <i>Dictyophimus</i> or from another of the Sethopilida (<i>Lamprodiscus, Clathrocanium</i>) by + development of a basal lattice-plate closing the mouth. There are often wide holes or open spaces + between the three radial ribs.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Sethopera tricostata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>, + fig. 11).</p> + + <p>Cephalis subspherical, spinulate, with a pyramidal horn of the same length. Length of the two + joints = 5 : 8, breadth = 5 : 8. Thorax also nearly spherical; in the upper + half with three stout, prismatic, convex, divergent ribs, and three large ovate holes between + them; in the lower half with numerous small and irregular pores, spinulate.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 diameter; thorax 0.08 diameter.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Sethopera oceania</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithopera oceania</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 297, Taf. iv. fig. 21.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis hemispherical, with a small bristle-shaped horn of half the length (broken off in + Ehrenberg's figure). Length of the two joints = 3 : 4, breadth = 3 : 4. Thorax + nearly spherical; in the upper half with three divergent ribs, separated by some larger, irregular + pores; in the lower half with numerous small, irregular, roundish pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.04 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 354, surface; Canary Islands and + Azores.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Sethopera pyrum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Lithopera pyrum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 297.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis hemispherical, with a small conical horn of half the length. Length of the two joints + = 3 : 10, breadth = 3 : 7. Thorax pear-shaped, with rather large, regular, + quincuncial pores; <span class="pagenum" id="page1233">{1233}</span>its upper half with three + divergent ribs in the wall, half as broad as the subspherical lower half. (The three ribs probably + were overlooked by Ehrenberg.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 256, surface; Californian Sea, 2600 + fathoms, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Sethopera lagena</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithopera lagena</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 78, Taf. iii. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis pear-shaped, with a small conical horn of half the length. Length of the two joints = + 3 : 8, breadth = 3 : 6. Thorax smooth, pear-shaped, with irregular roundish + pores; in the wall of its upper third three divergent thin ribs (sometimes wanting); the lower + half inflated. (Compare <i>Sethocapsa lagena</i>.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 551. <i>Lithopera</i>,<a id="NtA_168" href="#Nt_168"><sup>[168]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethoperida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata + clausa), with three divergent ribs enclosed in the cavity of the thorax. Cephalis with a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Lithopera</i> is, like the preceding <i>Sethopera</i>, one of the most + simple and oldest forms of the Sethoperida, and exhibits three divergent thoracic ribs, which are + prolonged neither into lateral wings nor into basal feet. But whilst in <i>Sethopera</i> the three + ribs are enclosed in the lattice-work of the shell-wall, in <i>Lithopera</i> they lie freely in + its cavity, and are overgrown by the enveloping shell-wall, being inserted on its inner face with + their distal ends. <i>Lithopera</i> may be derived directly from <i>Lithomelissa</i>, by + development of lattice-work closing the shell-mouth. Therefore the lower part of the cephalis is + hidden in the uppermost part of the thorax; only its upper part is free.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Lithopera bacca</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithopera bacca</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 297, Taf. viii. fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis spherical, with small, irregular pores and a bristle-shaped spine of half the length; + its lower half hidden in the thorax. Length of the two joints = 1 : 6, breadth = + 1 : 5. Thorax ellipsoidal, smooth, with regular, hexagonal, small pores, and very thin, + thread-like bars. From the deep collar stricture there arise three internal, divergent bars, which + are inserted at the uppermost third of the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax 0.12 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific, Stations 200, 224, 266, 271, &c., + surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1234">{1234}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Lithopera bursella</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <p><i>Lithopera bursella</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 297, Taf. + x. fig. 4.</p> + + <p>Shell of about the same form and structure as in the nearly allied preceding species, but + smaller, of more slender form, with smaller pores and thinner bars. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 3. In the specimen observed by me the three internal, + divergent bars of the ellipsoidal thorax (not seen by Ehrenberg) were as distinct as in the + similar preceding and following species.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax 0.1 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Zanzibar (Pullen), Madagascar (Rabbe), + surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Lithopera ananassa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate57"><b>57</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Shell of about the same form and structure as in the two preceding species, but larger and more + robust, and differing in the spiny surface. Length of the two joints = 1 : 5, breadth = + 1 : 4. Here also the lower half of the spherical cephalis is submerged in the + ellipsoidal thorax, and from the collar stricture arise three strong, internal, divergent beams. + The bars of the hexagonal pores are much thicker than in the two preceding species.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.16 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Stations 347 to 352, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Lithopera globosa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis spherical, very small, with two divergent conical horns of half the length; its lower + half hidden in the thorax. Length of the two joints = 1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 5. + Thorax spherical, with regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores. From the collar stricture + arise three radial internal beams, horizontally diverging, and inserted at the inside of the + thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.15 diameter.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Lithopera gutta</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithopera gutta</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 297, Taf. viii. fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 4, + breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis spherical, with a conical horn of the same length; its lower + half hidden in the uppermost part of the ovate thorax, and connected with its wall by three + internal, cortinar beams. Pores of the thorax very irregular in form and size, partly lobed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax 0.08 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms; + Philippine Sea (depth 3300 fathoms), Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1235">{1235}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 552. <i>Micromelissa</i>,<a id="NtA_169" href="#Nt_169"><sup>[169]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 433.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethoperida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata + clausa), with three divergent, solid, lateral wings. Cephalis with a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Micromelissa</i> differs from the two preceding genera in the free + prominence of the three cortinar ribs, forming three solid lateral wings. Beyond these the thorax + walls are convergent, and the basal mouth closed by a lattice-plate. Therefore <i>Micromelissa</i> + may have arisen from <i>Lithomelissa</i> simply by development of this basal mouth-plate.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Micromelissa bombus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate57"><b>57</b></a>, + fig. 14).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 4, breadth + = 1 : 5. Cephalis spherical, with an oblique conical horn of the same length. Thorax + subspherical, in the upper half with three conical, downwardly diverging wings, about as long as + its radius. Pores very small and scarce.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Micromelissa vespa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 2 : 5, breadth = + 2 : 3. Cephalis spherical, with an oblique pyramidal horn twice the length. Thorax + inversely ovate, in the upper half with three pyramidal wings, which are equal to its breadth, + little curved and diverging downwards. Pores very small and scarce.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 diameter; thorax 0.1 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Micromelissa apis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell rough, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 2 : 3, breadth = + 2 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with a straight conical horn of half the length, and + subregular, circular, double-contoured pores, of the same breadth as the bars. Thorax little + larger, subspherical, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to four times as broad as the bars. + From its lower half arise three short conical wings, curved downwards, and half as long as the + cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1236">{1236}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Micromelissa microptera</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithomelissa microptera</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 2; Abhandl. d. + k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 78, Taf. iii. fig. 13.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithomelissa microptera</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. + xxxvi. p. 539, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 26.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 4 : 6, + breadth = 3 : 5. Cephalis ovate, with a straight sword-shaped horn of the same length + and very small pores, some larger ones above the stricture. Thorax little larger, ovate, nearly + hyaline, with very few and small scattered pores. From its uppermost part arise three short + conical wings, scarcely half as long as the cephalic horn, little curved and divergent + downwards.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Micromelissa ventricosa</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithomelissa ventricosa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iii. fig. 11.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 7, breadth + = 1 : 5. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a small conical horn of half the length. + Thorax ovate, very large, papillate, with irregular, roundish pores. From its basal part arise + three short and stout conical wings at great distances, shorter than the cephalis. (A + transition-form to <i>Sethocapsa</i>.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.022 broad; thorax 0.14 long, 0.11 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 553. <i>Peromelissa</i>,<a id="NtA_170" href="#Nt_170"><sup>[170]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 433.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethoperida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata clausa) + with three divergent solid lateral wings. Cephalis without horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Peromelissa</i> differs from the preceding ancestral form, + <i>Micromelissa</i>, only in the absence of the cephalic horn, which is lost by reduction.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Peromelissa phalacra</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate57"><b>57</b></a>, + fig. 11).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with two joints of nearly equal size and similar ovate form. Cephalis in the + upper half hyaline, without pores; in the lower half with four remote, transverse rows of + irregular, roundish pores, decreasing in size towards the hemispherical summit. Thorax with twelve + transverse <span class="pagenum" id="page1237">{1237}</span>rows of pores, the upper six rows + three to four times as large as the lower six rows. From its upper half diverge almost + horizontally three angular club-shaped wings, half as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Peromelissa psilocrana</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, very similar to the preceding species in size and form, but differing from it in + the disposition of the irregular, roundish pores, which are irregularly scattered, and in the form + of the three wings, which are slender, pyramidal, diverging downwards, and about as long as the + entire shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.07 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Peromelissa capito</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithomelissa capito</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iii. fig. 14.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, with two joints of nearly equal size and similar ovate form. Pores irregular, + roundish, everywhere scattered. From the upper half of the thorax arise three short conical wings, + which are little curved and diverge downwards (scarcely half as long as the breadth of the + shell).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.07 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Peromelissa calva</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate57"><b>57</b></a>, + fig. 12).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, with two ovate joints of somewhat different sizes. Pores irregular, roundish, + everywhere scattered. Thorax little larger than the cephalis; from its upper half arise three + short conical wings, diverging downwardly or nearly horizontally.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.04 broad; thorax <span class="correction" + title="Original reads '0.7'.">0.07</span> long, 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 554. <i>Sethomelissa</i>,<a id="NtA_171" href="#Nt_171"><sup>[171]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethoperida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata clausa) + with three divergent latticed lateral wings. Cephalis with a horn (or a bunch of horns).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Sethomelissa</i> differs from the nearly allied <i>Micromelissa</i> in + the fenestration of the three lateral wings, and may be derived either from this genus by + development of lattice-work connecting the three wings with the shell, or perhaps from + <i>Clathrocanium</i> by closing the mouth.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1238">{1238}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Sethomelissa hymenoptera</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis subspherical, thorny, with a bunch of three divergent, larger apical spines. Thorax + pear-shaped, with three broad, triangular, latticed wings, the superior edge of which is a + horizontal, straight, and stout spine, nearly as long as the thorax. Pores irregular, + roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.11 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 555. <i>Tetrahedrina</i>,<a id="NtA_172" href="#Nt_172"><sup>[172]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 433.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethoperida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata clausa) + with a three-sided pyramidal thorax, the three edges of which are prolonged into three divergent, + solid, terminal feet. Cephalis with a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Tetrahedrina</i>, and the two following nearly allied genera, are + distinguished by the possession of three free, divergent, terminal feet, projecting over the + latticed mouth of the thorax. <i>Tetrahedrina</i> may be derived directly from + <i>Dictyophimus</i>, by development of a horizontal latticed mouth-plate from the middle part of + the feet, the lower part of which remains free. This genus, not noticed by Ehrenberg, is similar + to his <i>Lithochytris</i>, and common in the Barbados deposits.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tetrahedrina pyramidalis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with small, sparsely disposed + pores, and a pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax with subregular, circular pores and three + sharp edges, prolonged into three divergent pyramidal feet of the same length.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.12 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Tetrahedrina pyriformis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, rough, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 2 : 6, breadth = 2 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn of the same + length. Thorax with subregular, circular pores, ovate, at the broad base with three pyramidal, + widely divergent feet of the same length. (Similar to <i>Lychnocanium tribulus</i>, Ehrenberg, + 1875, <i>loc. cit.</i>, pl. vii. fig. 1, but with the mouth closed by a lattice-plate.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 diameter; thorax 0.12 long, 0.1 broad,</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1239">{1239}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Tetrahedrina quadricornis</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithochytris triangula</i>, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xix. + figs. 4, 5, 6.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, papillate, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with a stout conical horn twice + the length. Thorax with irregular, roundish, lobulated pores, with three conical, stout, divergent + feet at the base, of the same size and form as the cephalic horn.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax 0.1 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 556. <i>Sethochytris</i>,<a id="NtA_173" href="#Nt_173"><sup>[173]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 433.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethoperida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata clausa) + with three terminal latticed feet or hollow, fenestrated, divergent, basal apophyses of the + thorax. Cephalis with a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Sethochytris</i> differs from the preceding <i>Tetrahedrina</i> in the + fenestration of the three basal feet, which form direct protrusions or evaginations of the three + basal corners of the pyramidal shell. It may be derived from <i>Sethopera</i> by centrifugal + growth of the basal corners.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Sethochytris triconiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate57"><b>57</b></a>, fig. + 13).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 8, breadth = + 1 : 3. Cephalis spherical, with an oblique pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax + campanulate, conical; its three basal corners prolonged into three divergent, slender, hollow, + fenestrated cones, twice as long as the thorax, and ending in a stout pyramidal spine.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 diameter, thorax 0.12 diameter, length of the feet + 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Sethochytris barbadensis</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithochytris barbadensis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 160, Taf. v. fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 6, breadth + = 1 : 4. Cephalis ovate, with a conical horn of half the length. Thorax conical; its + base prolonged into three divergent, hollow, fenestrated cones, half as long as the thorax. Pores + small, subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.025 diameter, thorax 0.1 diameter, length of the feet + 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1240">{1240}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Sethochytris pyramis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 8, breadth + = 1 : 5. Cephalis ovate, with a conical horn of half the length. Thorax pyramidal, with + three sharp edges; its base prolonged into three pyramidal, divergent, hollow, fenestrated feet, + nearly as long as the thorax. Pores regular, circular, double-contoured.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 diameter; thorax 0.2 diameter, length of the feet + 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil + in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Sethochytris triangula</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithochytris triangula</i>, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xix. fig. + 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, with obliterated collar stricture (but distinct internal collar septum). Length of + the two joints = 1 : 6, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with a stout + conical horn of the same length. Thorax pear-shaped, inflated; its base prolonged into three + divergent, hollow, fenestrated cones, about as long as the thorax. Pores regular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.09 diameter, length of the feet + 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 557. <i>Clathrolychnus</i>,<a id="NtA_174" href="#Nt_174"><sup>[174]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethoperida</span> (vel Dicyrtida triradiata + clausa), with three vertical, lateral latticed wings stretched between the apical horn and the + three terminal feet. The external lattice-work connecting the wings and closing the mouth forms an + arachnoidal mantle around the shell.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Clathrolychnus</i> may be derived directly from <i>Clathrocorys</i>, + by development of an external arachnoidal mantle connecting the three wings and the three feet, + and enveloping the whole shell, closing at the same time the basal mouth of the thorax by a + fenestrated plate.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Clathrolychnus araneosus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate64"><b>64</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <p>Cephalis subspherical, with irregular, polygonal pores and a large pyramidal horn of twice the + length. Length of the two joints = 4 : 9, breadth = 5 : 12. Thorax with three + large triangular holes (twice as broad as the cephalis) between the three pyramidal, divergent + feet, which at the distal end are connected by a narrow band of network, composed of two or three + rows of polygonal pores. The entire pyramidal shell is enveloped by a very delicate web of + irregular, polygonal <span class="pagenum" id="page1241">{1241}</span>meshes, closing also the + basal mouth. (In fig. 5 the greater part of the web is taken off to demonstrate the large holes of + the thorax). Only two feet are visible.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Clathrolychnus periplectus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate64"><b>64</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Cephalis subspherical, with subregular, circular pores and a pyramidal horn of the same length. + Length of the two joints = 1 : 2, breadth = 1 : 3. Thorax with three large + elliptical holes between the three pyramidal, divergent feet, which are connected at the distal + end by a broad band of network, composed of five to ten rows of polygonal pores. The entire + pyramidal shell is enveloped by a very delicate web, which on the sides is composed of subregular, + square meshes, and on the closed mouth of polygonal meshes. (In fig. 6 only a part of the web is + represented.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—0.04 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.14 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>.—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <h4>Family LXIII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Anthocyrtida</span></span>, n. fam.</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc31"> + <p><i>Sethophormida et Sethophænida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 432, 433.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Dicyrtida</span> multiradiata. (<span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> with a two-jointed shell, divided by a transverse constriction into + cephalis and thorax, and bearing numerous—four to nine or more—radial apophyses.)</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Anthocyrtida</span>, composed of the Sethophormida and + Sethophænida of my Prodromus, comprises those <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> in which the + shell is two-jointed and bears numerous radial apophyses. The two subfamilies differ in the shape + of the mouth, which in the Sethophormida is a simple, wide opening; in the Sethophænida closed by + a lattice-plate.</p> + + <p>Numerous fossil and living forms of Anthocyrtida were described formerly by Ehrenberg in his + genera <i>Carpocanium</i> and <i>Anthocyrtis</i>. These, however, represent only a small part of + the whole family, which exhibits a great variety in the composition of the lattice-work and in the + number of radial beams. The number of species here described amounts to one hundred and forty, and + these are disposed in fourteen genera (twelve Sethophormida and two Sethophænida).</p> + + <p>The Sethophormida may be again divided into two different groups or tribes, the + <i>Sethamphorida</i> and <i>Carpocanida</i>; in the former the thorax bears numerous radial ribs, + enclosed in its wall; in the latter these ribs have disappeared, and only a corona of terminal + feet is developed around the mouth. The shell of the former is usually pyramidal, with a widely + open mouth; of the latter ovate, with a constricted mouth. The mouth of the thorax becomes + perfectly closed in the Sethophænida.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1242">{1242}</span></div> + + <p>The majority of the Anthocyrtida may be derived from the Polyspyrida (<i>Petalospyris</i>, + &c.) by reduction of the cephalis and loss of the sagittal ring, as was suggested by Bütschli + (1882, <i>loc. cit.</i>). But another part may also have arisen from the Tripocyrtida, by + interpolation of secondary radial apophyses between the three primary perradial apophyses. The + cephalis in this family is developed in all possible degrees, from one of a considerable size to + one very much reduced. If it becomes perfectly lost, the Cyrtocalpida arise.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Anthocyrtida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Anthocyrtida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Anthocyrtida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="12" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Sethophormida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth of the thorax a simple wide opening.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="12" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace22sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" rowspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Radial ribs smooth (rarely thorny) enclosed in + the wall of the thorax (cephalis commonly small, without horns).</td> + <td rowspan="5" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace13sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell flat, campanulate or nearly discoidal (cephalis + without horn),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">558. <i>Sethophormis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell ovate, with constricted mouth (without horn),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">559. <i>Sethamphora</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell slender pyramidal, with straight ribs.</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace8sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Meshes of the network simple,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">560. <i>Sethopyramis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Meshes fenestrated by secondary latticework,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">561. <i>Plectopyramis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Meshes closed by spongy framework,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">562. <i>Spongopyramis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Radial ribs thorny (rarely smooth) prolonged + into free terminal feet (cephalis commonly large, with one or more horns).</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell not enveloped by arachnoidal network,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">563. <i>Acanthocorys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell enveloped by arachnoidal network,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">564. <i>Arachnocorys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">No ribs in the thorax. Peristome with free terminal + feet.</td> + <td rowspan="5" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace8sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis well-developed with an apical horn.</td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Feet terminal, without separate peristome.</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Six feet,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">565. <i>Anthocyrtoma</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Nine feet,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">566. <i>Anthocyrtis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Twelve or more feet,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">567. <i>Anthocyrtium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Feet subterminal, outside the constricted peristome,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">568. <i>Anthocyrtidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis rudimentary, hidden in the upper part of the + thorax, without horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">569. <i>Carpocanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Sethophænida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth closed by a lattice-plate.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="7" class="vmi it1p05">Thorax with lateral apophyses (four to six or more + wings),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">570. <i>Sethophæna</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="vmi it1p05">Thorax with terminal apophyses (four to six or more + feet),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">571. <i>Clistophæna</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Anthocyrtida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Anthocyrtida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="11" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Sethophormida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth of the thorax a simple wide opening.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">Radial ribs smooth (rarely thorny) enclosed in the wall of the + thorax (cephalis commonly small, without horns).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell flat, campanulate or nearly discoidal (cephalis without + horn),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">558. <i>Sethophormis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell ovate, with constricted mouth (without horn),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">559. <i>Sethamphora</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell slender pyramidal, with straight ribs.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Meshes of the network simple,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">560. <i>Sethopyramis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Meshes fenestrated by secondary latticework,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">561. <i>Plectopyramis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Meshes closed by spongy framework,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">562. <i>Spongopyramis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">Radial ribs thorny (rarely smooth) prolonged into free terminal + feet (cephalis commonly large, with one or more horns).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell not enveloped by arachnoidal network,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">563. <i>Acanthocorys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell enveloped by arachnoidal network,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">564. <i>Arachnocorys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">No ribs in the thorax. Peristome with free terminal feet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Cephalis well-developed with an apical horn.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Feet terminal, without separate peristome.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Six feet,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">565. <i>Anthocyrtoma</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Nine feet,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">566. <i>Anthocyrtis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Twelve or more feet,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">567. <i>Anthocyrtium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Feet subterminal, outside the constricted peristome,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">568. <i>Anthocyrtidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Cephalis rudimentary, hidden in the upper part of the thorax, + without horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">569. <i>Carpocanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="11" class="sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Sethophænida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth closed by a lattice-plate.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">Thorax with lateral apophyses (four to six or more wings),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">570. <i>Sethophæna</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">Thorax with terminal apophyses (four to six or more feet),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">571. <i>Clistophæna</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1243">{1243}</span></div> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Sethophormida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Anthocyrtida</span> with the basal mouth + of the shell open (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata aperta).</p> + + <h5>Genus 558. <i>Sethophormis</i>, Haeckel,<a id="NtA_175" href="#Nt_175"><sup>[175]</sup></a> + 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethophormida</span> (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with numerous radial ribs in the wall of the flat and broad campanulate or nearly + discoidal thorax. Cephalis also flat and broad, cap-shaped without horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Sethophormis</i> comprises a great number of widely distributed and + large Dicyrtida, all agreeing in the flat cap-shaped or nearly discoidal form of the thorax, which + has constantly a very delicate network, and is pierced by numerous radial beams. Four of these are + commonly primary and direct prolongations of the four cortinar rods in the collar septum, whilst + the others are secondary or interpolated ribs. <i>Sethophormis</i> may be derived either from the + triradial <i>Lamprodiscus</i> by multiplication of the ribs (or interpolation of secondary ribs + between the three primary), or from <i>Halicalyptra</i> by development of transverse rods + connecting its terminal feet, and forming a ribbed thorax. Corresponding to the number of the + ribs, we may distinguish as subgenera (separate genera in my Prodromus, 1881, p. 432) + <i>Tetraphormis</i> with four, <i>Pentaphormis</i> with five, <i>Hexaphormis</i> with six, + <i>Octophormis</i> with eight, <i>Enneaphormis</i> with nine, and <i>Astrophormis</i> with ten to + twenty or more ribs. The cephalis bears no horn, and is usually large, flat, cap-shaped or + hemispherical.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tetraphormis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax with four radial ribs opposite in pairs in two + meridional planes, perpendicular to one another. Collar septum with four large pores.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Sethophormis cruciata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis very large, hemispherical with irregular, delicate network of small square meshes. + Thorax flatly campanulate, with delicate, regular network of small hexagonal meshes. All bars very + thin, thread-like. Four stout radial thoracic ribs, crossed in pairs, lie in two meridional + planes, perpendicular to one another. Very similar to <i>Sethophormis aurelia</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate55"><b>55</b></a>, figs. 3, + 4), but not so flat, and with only four thoracic ribs. Peristome or margin of the thoracic mouth + smooth, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.08 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.36 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1244">{1244}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Sethophormis medusa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis very large, flat, cap-shaped, with irregular, delicate network of polygonal meshes. + Thorax flat, campanulate, nearly hemispherical, with delicate, irregular network of small + polygonal meshes. All bars very thin, thread-like. Four stout radial thoracic ribs, as in the + preceding species. Peristome denticulate.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.09 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.25 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Pentaphormis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax with five radial ribs, one of the three primary + ribs (the odd occipital rib) being simple, the two others (the paired lateral ribs) forked.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Sethophormis pentalactis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate56"><b>56</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <p>Cephalis large, flat, hemispherical, with subregular, hexagonal pores. Thorax flat, + campanulate, nearly hemispherical; also with subregular, hexagonal pores, and with five stout + ribs. The three primary ribs of the thorax are complete, and reach the peristome; the two + secondary ribs (as basal branches of the two lateral ribs) are incomplete and absent in the distal + half of the thorax. Peristome denticulate, with an elegant marginal corona of small square pores + and short conical spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Sethophormis asteriscus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis large, flat, cap-shaped, with irregular polygonal pores. Thorax flat, campanulate, + with subregular, hexagonal pores, and five stout ribs. The marginal distance between the two + anterior (lateral) ribs is twice as great as the distance between every two other ribs (the + postero-lateral ribs being basal branches of the antero-lateral ribs). Peristome with a double + corona of short, conical spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.17 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Sethophormis astrodiscus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis small, flatly vaulted, cap-shaped with irregular polygonal pores. Thorax very flatly + vaulted, nearly discoidal, with subregular hexagonal pores, and five stout ribs. The marginal + distance between all five ribs is nearly equal. Peristome denticulate with an elegant corona of + small square pores and short conical thorns.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.035 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1245">{1245}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Hexaphormis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax with six radial ribs (three primary perradial and + three secondary interradial beams).</p> + + <p>6. <i>Sethophormis hexalactis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate56"><b>56</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Cephalis large, hemispherical, with irregular, polygonal pores. Thorax flatly campanulate, with + subregular, hexagonal pores, and six stout radial ribs; the lateral connected in pairs. (Fig. 6 + exhibits the central part of the shell, seen from below.) In the subcircular collar septum the two + anterior (jugular) meshes are much smaller than the two posterior (cardinal) meshes. The odd + anterior (sternal) rib is opposite to the posterior (caudal) rib. The two paired ribs of each side + (antero-lateral or pectoral and postero-lateral or ventral ribs) diverge from one common point. + In the specimen figured the left half of the thorax exhibited the two regular ribs, and the right + half three, a posterior accessory branch being developed (transition to <i>Octophormis</i>). This + specimen might indeed be called <i>Heptaphormis heptalactis</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.22 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Sethophormis hexagonalis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis small, flat, cap-shaped, with small, regular, hexagonal pores. Thorax flatly conical, + nearly discoidal, with larger pores of the same form, and six stout, straight, prominent ribs. + These arise at equal distances from the six corners of the hexagonal base of the collar septum. + Peristome hexagonal, with a corona of short spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.24 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Octophormis</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax with eight radial ribs, four secondary interradial + beams being interpolated between the four primary perradial beams of <i>Tetraphormis</i>.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Sethophormis octalactis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis large, hemispherical, with irregular, polygonal pores. Thorax flatly campanulate, with + regular, hexagonal pores, and eight stout, regularly-disposed, radial ribs reaching the margin at + equal distances. Four of these correspond to the four primary ribs of <i>Tetraphormis + cruciata</i>, and exhibit at their base a larger pair of basal pores, surrounded by a semicircular + ring (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate70"><b>70</b></a>, + fig. 5); the other four are secondary, interpolated. Peristome circular, simple.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.22 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1246">{1246}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 5. <i>Enneaphormis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax with nine radial ribs, three of which are the + primary beams, the other six being secondary and interpolated.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Sethophormis rotula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate57"><b>57</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Enneaphormis rotula</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas, pl. lvii. fig. + 9.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis very large, flat, cap-shaped, trilobed, with irregular, polygonal network. Horizontal + collar-ring stout, hexagonal, with three larger and three alternate smaller sides of half the + length. From the middle of the three larger sides arise three horizontal, centripetal, radial + beams, which are united in the centre of the collar-septum—the three primary cortinar beams. + These are prolonged outside into three centrifugal primary ribs of the thorax. From the six + corners of the collar-ring arise six other secondary, thoracic ribs, equal in size and similar in + form to the three primary. Each of these nine equal, straight ribs of the thorax is thickened + towards the distal end, and bears at equal distances five pairs of opposite (tangential) lateral + branches. The opposite branches of the neighbouring spines become united, and lie nearly + horizontally in one plane, so that the flat, discoidal thorax is like a nine-angled wheel with + nine equally distant spokes and five concentric, nine-angled rings.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.12 diameter, thorax 0.36 diameter.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Sethophormis triloba</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis large, hemispherical, distinctly trilobed, with dense, irregular, polygonal network. + From the centre of its top diverge three stout arches or semilunar rods, which are curved + downwards, and unite with the three horizontal, radial beams of the collar-septum inside the + collar-ring. These three parietal arches of the cephalis are much stronger than in the similar + preceding species (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate57"><b>57</b></a>, + fig. 9), and between them are placed three vaulted bosoms of the cephalis. The collar-ring and the + thorax are of the same form as in the preceding, but possess only four concentric, nine-angled + rings.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.08 broad; thorax 0.24 diameter.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Sethophormis enneastrum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis very large, flat, cap-shaped, with hexagonal base, trilobed, of similar form and + structure to the two preceding species. The flat, discoidal thorax has also the same form, with + nine stout ribs and five concentric, nine-angled rings; its forty-five large meshes, however, are + not so simple <span class="pagenum" id="page1247">{1247}</span>as these (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate57"><b>57</b></a>, fig. 9), + but are subdivided into irregular, smaller meshes by interpolated radial beams connecting the + concentric rings.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.1 diameter, thorax 0.3 diameter.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Sethophormis arachnium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis very large, flat, cap-shaped, trilobed, with hexagonal base, of the same structure as + in the three preceding species. The flat discoidal thorax is also similar, and has the same + structure as in the preceding species (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate57"><b>57</b></a>, + fig. 9); but the number of concentric, nine-angled rings is raised from five to eight, and in its + outer part nine secondary radial beams are interpolated between the nine primaries, so that the + peristome has not nine but eighteen corners.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.08 diameter, thorax 0.4 diameter.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>13. <i>Sethophormis enneactis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis small, hemispherical, with small, irregular, polygonal pores. Thorax flatly pyramidal, + nearly discoidal, with nine prominent, stout ribs, which are connected by numerous (twelve to + sixteen) horizontal, nine-angled rings. In the outer half of the thorax there are nine weaker + secondary ribs interpolated between the nine stronger primaries, and eighteen shorter and feebler + tertiary ribs between the former and the latter. Peristome denticulated, nine-angled.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter, thorax 0.08 long, 0.24 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>14. <i>Sethophormis eupilium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate56"><b>56</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p>Sethopyramis eupilium, Haeckel, 1882, Atlas, pl. lvi. fig. 9.</p> + <p class="sp0">Craspedilium eupilium, Haeckel, 1878, Manuscript.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis very small, hemispherical, hyaline, without pores. Thorax flatly pyramidal, with nine + concave, triangular faces and nine little curved, stout, radial beams. Between these are + interpolated numerous incomplete secondary beams, which are absent in the apical part of the + thorax. The radial beams being connected by numerous (thirty to forty or more) horizontal, + ring-like threads, a delicate arachnoidal network with small, quadrangular pores is produced. + Peristome nine-angled, with a peculiar vertical gallery, composed of four horizontal, parallel, + nine-angled rings, which are connected by numerous vertical, parallel bars, therefore with three + transverse rows of square pores. This peculiar species is very different from the preceding and + may represent a separate genus, <i>Craspedilium</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.01 diameter, thorax 0.1 long, 0.25 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1248">{1248}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 6. <i>Astrophormis</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax with a variable number of radial ribs (twelve to + twenty or more).</p> + + <p>15. <i>Sethophormis aurelia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate55"><b>55</b></a>, figs. 3, + 4).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Leptarachnium aurelia</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Manuscript et Atlas.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis large, nearly hemispherical, with irregular, delicate network of small square meshes. + Collar-septum with four large meshes, separated by a cross of four bars, opposite in pairs. Thorax + flatly campanulate, with delicate, subregular, hexagonal meshes, and twenty-four prominent radial + ribs; four of these are primary or perradial (centrifugal prolongations of the four bars of the + collar-septum); four others are interradial or secondary, alternating with the former at angles of + 45°; sixteen others are adradial or tertiary, interpolated between the first and second more or + less irregularly. In some specimens the disposition of the twenty-four ribs was more regular, in + others more irregular, than in the specimen figured (figs. 3, 4). The central capsule (fig. 4) + exhibits a flat, cap-shaped part with the nucleus (enclosed in the cephalis), and four large, + pear-shaped lobes protruded through the four large collar holes (somewhat deformed in the + preparation figured). The wall of the thorax exhibits at the base four larger, nearly semicircular + pores, bisected by the four primary thoracic ribs. Peristome with twenty-four indentations + (between the prominent distal ends of the twenty-four ribs), often more distinct than in the + specimen figured.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.08 broad; thorax 0.1 to 0.2 long, 0.4 to 0.6 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>16. <i>Sethophormis dodecaster</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate56"><b>56</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>Cephalis small, flatly cap-shaped, with irregular, small, roundish pores. Thorax flatly + conical, nearly of the same shape as in the preceding species, but only with twelve prominent + ribs; four primary or perradial ribs (as prolongations of the four crossed cortinar bars), and + eight adradial ribs interpolated between the former, and arising at some distance from the collar + ring. Peristome with twelve prominent pointed lobes (supported by the distal ends of the twelve + ribs), and with twelve semicircular bosoms between them. (The specimen figured is young and not + fully developed.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.3 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <p>17. <i>Sethophormis umbrella</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate70"><b>70</b></a>, figs. 4, + 5).</p> + + <p>Cephalis large, flatly cap-shaped, with irregular, small polygonal meshes. Thorax flat, + umbrella-shaped, with subregular, hexagonal meshes, and sixteen strong radial ribs. Four of these + are perradial, and centrifugal prolongations of the four crossed collar beams; four others are + interradial, and <span class="pagenum" id="page1249">{1249}</span>arise, alternating with the + former, directly from the horizontal collar ring; eight ribs are adradial or tertiary, and arise + in pairs from the four large perradial basal arches of the thorax, which become bisected by the + four primary ribs. Peristome irregularly denticulate.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.32 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific (off Japan), Stations 236 to 239, surface.</p> + + <p>18. <i>Sethophormis floscula</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis small, hemispherical, with subregular, small hexagonal pores. Thorax flatly conical, + with larger hexagonal meshes and twenty-four ribs; four of these are perradial and prolongations + of the four collar bars; four interradial arise from the collar ring between the former, + alternating with them. Each of these eight main ribs gives off two more or less irregular, lateral + branches (one at each side), altogether sixteen. The thorax is similar to <i>Cladarachnium + ramosum</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate55"><b>55</b></a>, + fig. 5), whilst the cephalis is quite different. Peristome with twenty-four prominent triangular + lobes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.4 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p> + + <p>19. <i>Sethophormis leptoscenium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis very small, spherical, with few small, circular pores. Thorax flatly conical or + tent-shaped, with concave lateral outlines, small hexagonal meshes, and numerous (thirty to forty + or more) strong, little curved, simple radial ribs. Peristome nearly circular, with a corona of + small, irregular, conical spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.015 diameter; thorax 0.07 long, 0.26 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>20. <i>Sethophormis leptopilium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis very small, subspherical, hyaline, without pores. Thorax flatly conical or hat-shaped, + with concave lateral outlines, and a very delicate network of small square meshes (similar to + <i>Litharachnium araneosum</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate55"><b>55</b></a>, + fig. 8). This is supported by thirty-two curved radial ribs, four of which are primary, four + secondary, and the other twenty-four interpolated. Peristome horizontally expanded and little + recurved, like the reflexed brim of a hat.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.12 diameter; thorax 0.08 long, 0.24 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 291, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 559. <i>Sethamphora</i>,<a id="NtA_176" href="#Nt_176"><sup>[176]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethophormida</span> (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with numerous curved ribs in the wall of the ovate thorax, the small mouth of which is + constricted. Cephalis without horn.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1250">{1250}</span></div> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Sethamphora</i> differs from the preceding <i>Sethophormis</i>, and + from the next following ribbed Sethophormida, mainly in the small, more or less constricted mouth; + therefore the thorax is more or less ovate, and its ribs curved, with the convexity external. + Sethophormis may be divided into two different subgenera, <i>Dictyoprora</i> and + <i>Cryptocephalus</i>; in the former the cephalis is perfectly free and well developed, in the + latter it is more or less hidden in the uppermost part of the thorax (like + <i>Carpocanium</i>).</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i><span class="correction" title="Printed 'Dictyoprora', corrected by + Errata.">Dictyoprona</span></i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Cephalis large, perfectly free, not hidden in the + thorax.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Sethamphora hexapleura</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 3 : 11, breadth = 5 : 10. Cephalis large, free, hemispherical, with small + circular pores. Thorax truncate, ovate, with six strong curved ribs, and six large triangular + meshes between them in the upper half; five smaller pores between every two ribs in the lower half + (in three tiers); therefore, together, thirty-six thoracic meshes. Mouth strongly constricted, + smooth, only one-third as broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.05 broad; thorax, 0.11 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Sethamphora enneapleura</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subovate, smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 3 : 9, breadth = 4 : 8. Cephalis large, hemispherical, free, with small + circular pores. Thorax inflated, ovate, with nine strong curved ribs, which are connected by five + transverse circular rings at equal distances. Forty-five rounded, squarish, large meshes between + them, in five transverse and nine longitudinal rows. Mouth constricted, smooth, half as broad as + the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Sethamphora dodecapleura</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell urceolate, smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 3 : 9, breadth = 5 : 9. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, free, with twelve ribs, and + very small pores between them. Thorax thick-walled, inflated, with subcylindrical cavity, and + twelve prominent sharp ribs, alternating with twelve longitudinal rows of very small circular + pores (eight pores in each row). Mouth constricted, half as broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1251">{1251}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Sethamphora mongolfieri</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium mongolfieri</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxiv. fig. 18; + Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 72, Taf. x. fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell urceolate, smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 2 : 9, breadth = 3 : 7. Cephalis campanulate, with eighteen ribs and small + pores. Thorax nearly ellipsoidal, with eighteen prominent ribs, and eighteen longitudinal rows of + regular circular pores between them (eight pores in each row; therefore 144 pores altogether). + Mouth constricted, only one-third as broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Sethamphora costata</i>, n. sp. <span class="correction" title="Added by Errata.">Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate62"><b>62</b></a>, fig. + 3.</span></p> + + <p>Shell urceolate, smooth, very similar to the preceding species; also with eighteen longitudinal + ribs, but differing in the larger size of the cephalis and its pores, and in the more slender and + ovate form of the thorax. Length of the two joints = 5 : 10, breadth = 5 : 8. + Pores of the cephalis more numerous. Mouth half as broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Sethamphora serrata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, spinulate, without external collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 6, breadth = 2 : 4. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, with small circular pores. + Thorax ovate, truncate, with eighteen serrate longitudinal ribs, alternating with eighteen + longitudinal rows of short and broad rather oblong pores (twenty to thirty pores in each row). + Mouth strongly constricted, only one-fourth as broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Sethamphora ampulla</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium ampulla</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 15; + Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 72, Taf. x. figs. 11, 12.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell broad, urceolate, spiny, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with few small pores (in figs. + 12<i>a</i> and 12<i>b</i> of Ehrenberg, <i>loc. cit.</i>, broken off, so that the four pores of + the cortinar septum appear). Thorax inflated, bottle-shaped, with twenty prominent, sharply + dentate ribs, alternating with twenty longitudinal rows of circular pores (about eight pores in + each row). Mouth flat, constricted, one-third as broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.025 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.14 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1252">{1252}</span></div> + + <p>8. <i>Sethamphora aërostatica</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis aërostatica</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xvi. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell broad, urceolate, smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 2 : 6, breadth = 3 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, large, with few pores (broken + off in fig. 4<i>a</i> of Ehrenberg, so that the six collar pores appear). Thorax inflated, + bottle-shaped, with twenty-two to twenty-four smooth prominent ribs, alternating with the some + number of longitudinal rows of small circular pores. Mouth very small, strongly constricted, + scarcely as broad as the cephalis, with three short teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Cryptocephalus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Cephalis more or less hidden in thorax, being partly + enveloped by its uppermost part.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Sethamphora microstoma</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate57"><b>57</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cryptoprora microstoma</i>, Haeckel, Atlas, pl. lvii., fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, without external collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 6, breadth = 2 : 4. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, without ribs, with small + circular pores. Thorax ovate, with twenty-four prominent ribs, alternating with deep longitudinal + furrows, each of which contains a series of about fifteen small circular pores. Mouth very small, + representing a short cylindrical tube, which is only one-eighth as broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 220, depth 1100 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Sethamphora favosa</i>, n. sp, (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate57"><b>57</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cryptocephalus favosus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, dimply. Length of the two joints = 1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 5. + Cephalis subspherical, small, completely hidden in the thickened top of the thorax (but very + distinct in the longitudinal section). Thorax ovate, with twenty-five to thirty longitudinal ribs, + alternating with the same number of longitudinal furrows, each of which contains ten to twelve + circular, hexagonally framed pores. In the smooth wall of the peristome only twelve triangular + ribs are visible. Mouth constricted, one-third as broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax 0.1 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1253">{1253}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 560. <i>Sethopyramis</i>,<a id="NtA_177" href="#Nt_177"><sup>[177]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 432 (sensu emendato !)</h5> + + <p><i>Definition</i>.—<span class="gsp">Sethophormida</span> (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with numerous straight or slightly curved radial ribs in the wall of the pyramidal thorax. + Network simple. Cephalis commonly without horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Sethopyramis</i> and the four following genera form together a + peculiar small group (Sethopyramida), characterised by the slender pyramidal shell, in the wall of + which numerous (six to nine or more) radial ribs are enclosed. These ribs may be regarded as the + terminal feet of a <i>Calpophæna</i> or <i>Halicalyptra</i>, which become connected by transverse + bars. <i>Sethopyramis</i> may be derived also directly from <i>Patagospyris</i> by loss of the + primary sagittal ring and reduction of the cephalis.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Sestropyramis</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition</i>.—Pyramidal shell with six radial main beams (sometimes also + five or seven, as individual varieties).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Sethopyramis scalaris</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cornutella scalaris</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 68, Taf. ii. fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, slenderly pyramidal, hexagonal. Cephalis large, subglobular, hyaline, without + pores (or with very small and scarce pores). Thorax with six straight (or little curved) stout + longitudinal ribs or radial beams, which are connected by twenty to thirty complete, hexagonal, + horizontal rings. The large meshes so produced are regular, square, their length and breadth + equally and gradually increasing towards the mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions</i>.—Cephalis 0.04 diameter; thorax (with twenty-four transverse rings) 0.4 + long, 0.15 broad at the mouth.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat</i>.—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Sethopyramis hexalactis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell thorny, of the same form as, and similar structure to, the preceding species, but + differing in the spiny surface and the smaller subglobular cephalis, which bears small circular + pores and an oblique conical horn twice the length. The whole surface is covered with short + conical thorns.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions</i>.—Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax (with twenty transverse rings) 0.25 + long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat</i>.—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Cephalopyramis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Pyramidal shell with nine radial main beams (sometimes + also eight or ten, as individual varieties).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1254">{1254}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Sethopyramis enneactis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate56"><b>56</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cephalopyramis enneactis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas, pl. lvi. fig. + 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, slender, pyramidal. Cephalis large, ovate, with pointed apex, nearly hyaline, + with very few and small scattered pores. Thorax very slenderly pyramidal, with straight lateral + outlines, and nine stout and straight radial beams, which are connected by fifteen to twenty + horizontal complete rings. Meshes subregular, square, simple, without secondary network; their + length and breadth equally increasing towards the mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.03 broad; thorax (with twenty transverse rings) + 0.24 long, 0.1 broad at the mouth.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Sethopyramis quadrata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate54"><b>54</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, slenderly pyramidal, very similar in form and structure to the preceding species; + differing from it in the rudimentary cephalis, which is very small, hemispherical, with few small + porules. The three internal cortinar bars of the collar stricture are present; when they become + lost this species passes over into <i>Bathropyramis quadrata</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate54"><b>54</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.01 long, 0.02 broad; thorax (with ten transverse rings) + 0.15 long, 0.1 broad at the mouth.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Sethopyramis quadratella</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Cornutella quadratella</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 68, + Taf. ii. fig. 2.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Litharachnium quadratella</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol, + xxxvi. p. 540, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 37.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, broadly pyramidal. Cephalis ovate, small, blunt, hyaline, with very few and small + pores (in the figure of Ehrenberg broken off). Thorax broadly pyramidal, with straight lateral + outlines, and nine stout and straight radial beams, which are connected by eight to twelve + horizontal complete rings. Meshes in the upper half regular, square, in the lower half broad, + rectangular (in the tenth transverse row twice as broad as long).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.02 broad; thorax (with ten transverse rings) + 0.15 long, 0.15 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Sethopyramis trapezoides</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, broadly pyramidal. Cephalis large, ovate, hyaline, without pores; its collar + septum exhibits distinctly the four collar pores (two larger cardinal and two smaller jugular + pores). <span class="pagenum" id="page1255">{1255}</span>Thorax broad, pyramidal, with slightly + concave lateral outlines and nine (sometimes eight or ten) curved ribs, which are connected by + eighteen to twenty-four complete transverse rings. The large meshes, so produced, have the form of + a parallel trapezoid, and are in the eighth transverse row three times as broad as long. (Differs + from <i>Bathropyramis trapezoides</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate54"><b>54</b></a>, + fig. 3, mainly by the possession of a well developed cephalis).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.03 broad; thorax (with eighteen rings) 0.32 + long, 0.24 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Sethopyramis spinosa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell thorny, slender, pyramidal. Cephalis small, subspherical, with few small pores and a + straight, vertical, conical horn twice the length. Thorax with nine straight ribs, which are + connected by sixteen to twenty complete transverse nine-angled rings. The large meshes so produced + are subregular, square. From each nodal point a short conical spine arises. (Differs from the + similar <i>Bathropyramis spinosa</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate54"><b>54</b></a>, + fig. 4, by the development of the cephalis and the simple pointed, unforked spines.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax (with sixteen rings) 0.2 long, 0.12 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Sethopyramis hexagonalis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell papillate, slender, pyramidal. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a straight conical + horn twice the length, and small circular pores. Thorax conical, with slightly convex outlines and + nine stout, somewhat curved ribs in zig-zag form, which are connected by ten to twelve interrupted + transverse bars. From each nodal point a small conical papilla arises. The large meshes so + produced are regular, hexagonal, gradually increasing in size towards the mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax (with twelve transverse rows of meshes) + 0.18 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Sethopyramis cyclomma</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell thorny, slender, pyramidal. Cephalis large, subspherical, with numerous very small + circular pores, and a small conical horn of the same length. Thorax similar in form and structure + to that of the preceding species; but each hexagonal mesh is provided with a very thin circular + hyaline ring (like a diaphragm), so that the openings are not hexagonal, but circular. From each + nodal point a short pointed conical or slightly forked spine arises.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax (with ten transverse rows of meshes) + 0.18 long, 0.14 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1256">{1256}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Actinopyramis</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Pyramidal shell with twelve or more radial beams (commonly + twelve to twenty-four, sometimes forty or more).</p> + + <p>10. <i>Sethopyramis dodecalactis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, slender, pyramidal. Cephalis small, spherical, hyaline, with a short conical + horn. Thorax with twelve radial ribs in the upper half, between which twelve others are + interpolated in the lower half. These are connected by twenty to twenty-four complete transverse + rings. The meshes so produced are subregular, rectangular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.6 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Sethopyramis bicornis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, slender, pyramidal. Cephalis small, spherical, hyaline, with two divergent conical + horns, the major (occipital) three times and the minor (frontal) twice as long. Thorax slender, + pyramidal, campanulate, thorny, with twenty to thirty radial beams, which are little curved, + convex in the upper, concave in the lower half, and connected by numerous interrupted transverse + bars. Meshes in the upper third rounded, in the lower two-thirds quadrangular, of very different + sizes. Surface covered with spinules.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorns 0.9 long, 0.4 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Sethopyramis maxima</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, slender, pyramidal. Cephalis small, spherical, with few small pores, and a stout, + vertical, conical horn twice the length. Thorax very prolonged, conical, with straight lateral + outlines and numerous (twenty to fifty) radial beams (in the upper third twelve, in the middle + third twenty-four, in the lower third forty to fifty, by interpolation); they are connected by + very numerous interrupted transverse bars. Meshes subregular, quadrangular. Surface smooth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax 1.05 long, 0.45 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 561. <i>Plectopyramis</i>,<a id="NtA_178" href="#Nt_178"><sup>[178]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethophormida</span> (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with numerous straight or slightly curved radial ribs in the wall of the pyramidal thorax. + Network double, the large primary meshes being fenestrated by fine secondary network. Cephalis + commonly without horn.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1257">{1257}</span></div> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Plectopyramis</i> differs from the preceding <i>Sethopyramis</i>, its + ancestral form, only in the peculiar double fenestration of the shell, the large primary meshes of + which are separated by strong bars, and filled up by a very delicate arachnoidal network, composed + of small pores and very thin threads between them. This double lattice-work often exhibits a very + remarkable regularity. As in the preceding genus, the number of radial ribs is commonly six or + nine, rarely twelve to twenty or more.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Hexapleuris</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Pyramidal shell with six radial main beams (sometimes five + or seven in individual varieties).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Plectopyramis magnifica</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Polycystina magnifica</i>, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xi. + fig.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, slender, pyramidal. Cephalis large, ovate, pointed, separated from the thorax by + a very deep collar stricture, with few irregular pores. Thorax with six strong and straight radial + beams, which are connected by about twenty horizontal, hexagonal rings. The large meshes so + produced are regular, square, and filled up by an extremely delicate secondary arachnoidal + network, composed of regular square pores (as in Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate54"><b>54</b></a>, figs. 7, + 8).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.04 broad; thorax (with twenty transverse rings) + 0.4 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Plectopyramis hexapleura</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell thorny, slender, pyramidal. Cephalis large, ovate, blunt, with deep collar stricture. + Thorax with six strong and straight radial beams, which are connected by numerous (twenty to + thirty) interrupted transverse bars. The large meshes so produced are irregular, quadrangular, and + filled up by irregular, delicate, secondary network, with small polygonal pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.3 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Enneapleuris</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Pyramidal shell with nine radial main beams (sometimes + eight or ten in individual varieties).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1258">{1258}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Plectopyramis dodecomma</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate54"><b>54</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, slenderly pyramidal, with straight outlines. Cephalis conical, obtuse, with + thirty-six small square pores (in nine divergent longitudinal rows, each of four pores). Collar + septum (between cephalis and thorax) with four distinct collar pores. Thorax pyramidal, with nine + very stout and straight angular radial beams, which are connected by ten to fifteen broad + horizontal nine-angled rings. Each of the large regular, square meshes so produced contains a very + delicate fenestration, with twelve regular, square pores, separated by two transverse and three + longitudinal crossed threads. A very regular and remarkable structure.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.02 broad; thorax (with ten rings) 0.2 long, 0.15 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Plectopyramis quadratomma</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, slenderly pyramidal. Cephalis large, ovate, hyaline, with few very small basal + pores and deep collar stricture. Thorax pyramidal, with straight outline, and nine very stout and + straight radial beams, which are connected by fifteen to twenty horizontal nine-angled rings. Each + of the large regular, square meshes so produced is filled up by a very delicate arachnoidal + network, with very numerous and small square pores (as in the similar <i>Cinclopyramis + infundibulum</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate54"><b>54</b></a>, + fig. 7, which differs in the loss of the cephalis).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.03 broad; thorax (with fifteen rings) 0.32 long, + 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Plectopyramis trapezomma</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate54"><b>54</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, broadly pyramidal, with concave lateral outlines. Cephalis hemispherical, small, + with numerous small, circular pores. Thorax pyramidal, with nine stout, concavely curved radial + beams, which are connected by twelve to sixteen horizontal nine-angled rings. The large meshes so + produced are in the upper half square, in the lower half parallel trapezoid (in the fifteenth ring + three times as broad as long), and filled up by a secondary arachnoidal network, with very + numerous and small square pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.025 broad; thorax (with fifteen rings) 0.22 + long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Plectopyramis polygonomma</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, pyramidal, very similar to the preceding species; differing from it in the + irregular shape of the delicate polygonal (not tetragonal) secondary network, filling up the large + rectangular meshes. The cephalis is larger, hyaline, pear-shaped, pointed, without pores, with a + deep collar stricture. The nine radial beams of the thorax are less concave.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.03 broad; thorax (with fifteen rings) 0.3 long, + 0.22 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1259">{1259}</span></div> + + <p>7. <i>Plectopyramis heteromma</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, slenderly pyramidal, with concave outlines. Cephalis very small, subspherical, + with a small oblique, conical horn, and very small, scarce circular pores. Thorax with nine stout + concavely curved radial beams, which are connected by numerous (thirty to fifty or more) + interrupted transverse bars. The large irregular meshes so produced are filled up by irregular, + polygonal, delicate lattice-work.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.6 long, 0.3 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Plectopyramis serrata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell thorny, slenderly pyramidal, with straight outlines. Cephalis very small, spherical, with + a long oblique, conical horn, and very small circular pores. Thorax with nine stout, straight, + regularly serrate ribs or radial beams, which are connected by numerous (twenty to thirty or more) + interrupted transverse bars. The latter, being crossed by intercalated and interrupted irregular + radial beams, produce a subregular secondary network of rectangular meshes of different sizes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax, 0.3 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Plectopyramis fenestrata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Pyramis fenestrata</i>, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xxi. fig. + 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell thorny, broadly pyramidal, with straight outlines. Cephalis very small, spherical, + hyaline. Thorax with nine stout, spinulate, straight ribs or radial beams, which are connected by + ten to fifteen transverse bars, which in the upper half are complete rings, in the lower half + interrupted, and crossed by irregularly intercalated radial beams. Meshes therefore irregular, + quadrangular. All the bars are thorny.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.01 diameter; thorax 0.2 long, 0.16 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Plectopyramis furcata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, slenderly pyramidal, with straight outlines. Cephalis small, spherical, with few + small pores. Thorax with nine stout and straight spinulate ribs, which are connected by a variable + number of irregular interrupted transverse bars; the large quadrangular meshes so produced are + filled up by irregular delicate network. The entire surface of the thorax is covered with short + forked spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax 0.3 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean (Zanzibar), Pullen, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1260">{1260}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Polypleuris</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Pyramidal shell with numerous (twelve or more) radial main + beams (commonly twelve to eighteen, sometimes twenty to thirty or more).</p> + + <p>11. <i>Plectopyramis polypleura</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate56"><b>56</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, slenderly conical, with straight outlines. Cephalis small, subspherical, with + very small dot-like pores, and an oblique conical horn twice the length. Thorax with numerous + (twenty to thirty) divergent longitudinal ribs; usually twelve of these radial beams appear as + stronger, primary main ribs, and twelve to eighteen other as secondary, feebler, interpolated + ribs. They are crossed by numerous (twenty to forty or more) horizontal rings. The large meshes so + produced are quadrangular, and partly filled up by a very delicate secondary network, with small + square pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.36 long, 0.24 <span + class="correction" title="Original reads 'long'.">broad</span>.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 267, depth 2700 fathoms.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Plectopyramis lagena</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, wine-bottle shaped, or slenderly conical-campanulate, with bent outlines, which + are concave in the upper, convex in the lower half. Cephalis very small, spherical, hyaline, + without pores. Thorax with twenty-four radial ribs, twelve stronger primary, alternating with + twelve feebler secondary. They are crossed by interrupted transverse bars. The irregular + quadrangular meshes so produced are filled up by a delicate, irregular, secondary network.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax 0.5 long, 0.3 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 562. <i>Spongopyramis</i>,<a id="NtA_179" href="#Nt_179"><sup>[179]</sup></a> n. + sp.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethophormida</span> (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with numerous straight or slightly curved radial ribs in the wall of the pyramidal thorax. + Network spongy. Cephalis commonly without horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Spongopyramis</i> has arisen from <i>Sethopyramis</i> by development + of an irregular spongy framework around the lattice-shell, and is one of the small number of <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> in which the shell-wall exhibits a spongy structure. In both observed + species the cephalis is small, but evident.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1261">{1261}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Spongopyramis spongiosa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate56"><b>56</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Plectopyramis spongiosa</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas, <i>loc. + cit.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>Shell partly or entirely enveloped by spongy framework, slender, pyramidal, with rather + straight outlines. Cephalis very small, ovate, hyaline. Thorax with nine very stout and nearly + straight ribs, which are connected by fifteen to twenty or more irregular, interrupted transverse + bars. The irregular quadrangular meshes so produced are filled up by an irregular secondary + network, with meshes of very different size and form. The dense spongy envelope, which in the + specimen figured covered only half the shell, was complete in another older specimen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.01 broad; thorax 0.4 long, 0.25 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Spongopyramis spongoplecta</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell entirely enveloped by spongy framework, pyramidal, with straight outlines. Cephalis ovate + (twice as large as in the preceding species), with small circular pores. Thorax with twelve stout + and straight ribs, which are connected by twenty to twenty-five annular, transverse bars. The + subregular square meshes so produced are filled up by irregular, spongy network, which envelops + the whole shell more loosely than in <i>Spongopyramis spongiosa</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.5 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 563. <i>Acanthocorys</i>,<a id="NtA_180" href="#Nt_180"><sup>[180]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethophormida</span> (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with numerous radial ribs in the wall of the pyramidal thorax, prolonged into divergent + terminal feet. Network simple. Cephalis commonly with several horns.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Acanthocorys</i> and the following nearly allied <i>Arachnocorys</i> + possess a near relation to the three preceding pyramidal genera, but differ from them in the + terminal prolongation of the radial ribs, which are commonly spiny and form a corona of free feet + around the mouth of the thorax. The cephalis is usually much larger than in the three preceding + genera, and bears a variable number of radial horns. Therefore these two genera are probably older + and nearer to the common ancestral form of the Sethophormida than the preceding genera. It may be + derived directly from <i>Dictyophimus</i> by interpolation of three secondary (interradial) ribs + between the three primary (perradial) ribs.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1262">{1262}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Acanthocorallium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax with six divergent ribs or radial beams (three + primary or perradial alternating with three secondary or interradial).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Acanthocorys hexapodia</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis large, ovate, with subregular hexagonal pores, and six strong, conical, simple, + divergent horns of the same length. Thorax flat, conical, smooth, with six large triangular basal + holes, separated by six strong, prismatic, smooth beams, which are connected only near the distal + end by a hexagonal ring of delicate, irregular network. Collar septum with three meshes, separated + by the three centripetal prolongations of the three primary ribs.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.24 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Acanthocorys pristipodia</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis large, hemispherical, with irregular, polygonal pores, and numerous (ten to twenty) + bristle-shaped, radiating horns, which are conical at the base, and twice as long. Thorax flatly + campanulate, thorny, with six strong, serrate or spinulate, divergent, radial ribs, prolonged into + six free conical feet of the same length. Meshes of the thorax irregular, polygonal, a corona of + six larger ones at the base. Collar septum with four meshes, shaped as in Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate56"><b>56</b></a>, fig. 6.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.18 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Acanthocorys macropodia</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis small, subspherical, with irregular, roundish pores and numerous small, bristle-shaped + horns. Length of the two joints = 1 : 2, breadth = 1 : 6. Thorax sexangular, + pyramidal, with six very long and straight, widely divergent feet, which are prismatic and spiny, + and three to five times as long as the breadth of the shell. Only the upper third of the six ribs + is connected by irregular, roundish network, with six large triangular holes at the base. Collar + septum with four meshes which have the same relation to the six ribs as in <i>Sethophormis + hexalactis</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate56"><b>56</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.025 diameter, thorax 0.05 long, 0.15 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Acanthocorys bütschlii</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Clathrocanium ehrenbergii</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., + vol. xxxvi. pp. 514, 539, Taf. xxxii. fig. 18, <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis large, subspherical, with numerous small, circular pores and three to six divergent, + slender, apical horns. Thorax flatly conical, smooth, not much larger than the cephalis, with six + <span class="pagenum" id="page1263">{1263}</span>large, triangular or ovate basal holes between + the six ribs. Three of these ribs are primary or perradial, and arise immediately from the collar + septum, alternating with three secondary or interradial ribs, which arise more outside. The + specimen observed by me exhibited six apical horns, and was more complete than that figured by + Bütschli, the six ribs being prolonged over the connecting lattice-girdle into six short, + divergent feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Acanthocoronium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax with nine divergent ribs or radial beams, three of + which are primary or perradial, the other six secondary or interradial.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Acanthocorys umbellifera</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Arachnocorys umbellifera</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 305, Taf. + vi. fig. 12.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis large, ovate, with subregular, circular pores and numerous divergent, simple spines of + different lengths. Thorax flatly conical, with nine strong, divergent ribs, which in the distal + half are free, in the proximal half connected by numerous transverse beams, forming irregular + polygonal meshes. Dorsal face of the thorax armed with scattered ascending spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.035 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina); Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Acanthocorys triloba</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis large, campanulate, trilobed, with irregular, roundish pores, numerous spines, and a + large pyramidal horn on the top, which is connected by three constricted arches with the base of + the horizontal collar beams. From the latter arise as centrifugal prolongations three stout, + curved, primary ribs of the flatly vaulted thorax, and each of these gives off at the base two + opposite, lateral, secondary ribs. These nine ribs are spiny, and connected by irregular, + arachnoidal network.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.07 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.18 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Acanthocorys enneapodia</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis large, ovate, with irregular roundish pores, and numerous divergent, ascending spines. + Thorax smooth, conical, little larger, with the same network, and nine larger, triangular holes at + the base; with nine straight, equally-disposed ribs, which are prolonged into slender feet twice + the length. With these latter alternate nine shorter radial spines, arising from the truncate + peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1264">{1264}</span></div> + + <p>8. <i>Acanthocorys macroceras</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>Cephalis large, hemispherical, spiny, with regular, circular pores, and a very large, + cylindrical, vertical horn five times as long as the whole shell. Thorax spiny, campanulate, with + irregular, roundish pores and nine strong, curved ribs, prolonged into nine slender, divergent + feet twice the length, which are curved, convex in the proximal half and concave in the distal + half.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.08 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Acanthocorys furcata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis large, subspherical, spiny, with irregular, roundish pores. Thorax flatly conical, + thorny, with irregular, polygonal pores, decreasing in size toward the mouth, and with nine + straight divergent ribs, which at the peristome are forked and prolonged into eighteen slender, + very long, bristle-shaped feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.045 diameter, thorax 0.07 long, 0.13 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 323, depth 1900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Acanthocorythium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax with a variable number (ten to twenty or more) + radial ribs, prolonged into free terminal feet.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Acanthocorys dodecaster</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis small, subspherical, with small circular pores and a large conical horn of twice the + length, and some accessory spines. Thorax thorny, flatly campanulate, with twelve stout curved + ribs, which at the peristome are prolonged into twelve slender, curved feet of twice the length; + four of them are centrifugal prolongations of the four cortinar beams separating the four large + meshes of the collar septum; eight other ribs are secondary, interpolated in pairs between the + former. At the base of the thorax are twelve large triangular holes between the ribs; the other + network is irregular, with polygonal meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter, thorax 0.05 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Acanthocorys polypodia</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis small, hemispherical, with small, roundish pores and divergent radial spines. Thorax + flatly conical, spiny, with twenty to twenty-four divergent, straight ribs, which in the proximal + <span class="pagenum" id="page1265">{1265}</span>third are separated by the same number of large, + triangular meshes, in the middle third connected by irregular network, in the distal third + free.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.15 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 564. <i>Arachnocorys</i>,<a id="NtA_181" href="#Nt_181"><sup>[181]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 837.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethophormida</span> (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with numerous radial ribs in the wall of the pyramidal thorax, prolonged into divergent + terminal feet. Network double, with an arachnoidal outer mantle around the inner lattice-shell. + Cephalis commonly with numerous horns.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Arachnocorys</i> has been derived from the preceding + <i>Acanthocorys</i>, by development of numerous external siliceous threads which connect the + radial horns of the cephalis with the secondary spines arising from the thoracic ribs. In this way + there becomes formed an outer arachnoidal framework, enveloping loosely, like a delicate mantle, + the inner primary lattice-shell.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Arachnocorallium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax with six divergent ribs or radial beams (three + primary or perradial, alternating with three secondary or interradial).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Arachnocorys hexaptera</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Arachnocorys circumtexta</i> (juv.?), R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., + p. 79, Taf. viii. fig. 2<i>a</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis large, subspherical, with irregular, polygonal pores, and numerous bristle-shaped + spines twice the length; on the centre of the top a single larger vertical horn. Thorax flatly + conical, with six strong and straight widely divergent ribs, which in the proximal half are + separated by six large holes, in the distal half connected by a broad ring of irregular network. + From each rib arises a perpendicular branch, and these branches are connected together, and with + the spines of the cephalis, by arachnoidal network.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 diameter, thorax 0.08 long, 0.24 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266; Mediterranean, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Arachnocorys discoides</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis small, pyramidal, with irregular, roundish pores and numerous thin spines, on the top + a single larger vertical horn. Thorax very flat, nearly discoidal, with six strong and straight + ribs, <span class="pagenum" id="page1266">{1266}</span>which by communication of few larger and + numerous smaller branches form an irregular network with polygonal meshes. From each of the six + ribs arise two or three larger, perpendicular branches of half the length, and from the network + numerous smaller spines. All these dorsal spines of the shell are connected by a dense arachnoidal + wicker-work.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 diameter, thorax 0.04 long, 0.3 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Arachnocoronium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax with nine divergent ribs or radial beams, three of + which are primary or perradial, the other six secondary or interradial. (Sometimes eight or ten + occur instead of the nine normal ribs.)</p> + + <p>3. <i>Arachnocorys circumtexta</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Arachnocorys circumtexta</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 304, Taf. vi. figs. + 9-11.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Arachnocorys circumtexta</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., p. 78, + Taf. viii. fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis large, subspherical, with numerous roundish pores, and eight to ten slender, conical + horns twice the length. Thorax flatly conical, with nine strong, straight, widely divergent, + conical feet, each of which bears in the middle of its outer side a perpendicular ascending branch + of half the length. These branches and the horns of the cephalis are connected by very thin, + parallel, arachnoidal threads. Network of the thorax irregular, with nine larger triangular holes + at the base. Collar septum with numerous, irregular, roundish pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 to 0.05 diameter, thorax 0.08 to 0.12 long, 0.15 to 0.25 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina); Atlantic, Stations 347 to 354, + surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Arachnocorys enneaptera</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis large, campanulate, with irregular, polygonal pores, two larger stout pyramidal and + numerous slender, bristle-shaped horns. Thorax of the same structure as in the preceding species, + only the nine basal holes are of twice the size; the lower network denser (as in <i>Clathrocanium + diadema</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate64"><b>64</b></a>, + fig. 2). Collar septum with numerous, irregular, roundish pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 diameter, thorax 0.12 long, 0.22 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Arachnocorys araneosa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate56"><b>56</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Cephalis large, subspherical, with circular, subregular, hexagonally framed pores, and twenty + to thirty slender, cylindrical, straight radial spines. Thorax flatly conical, nearly of the same + shape as in the two preceding species, but with nine longer ribs, and more irregular, broader + network between them. From the middle of each rib arises, nearly horizontally, a strong branch, + which is directed <span class="pagenum" id="page1267">{1267}</span>outwards. These branches are + connected with the spines of the cephalis as well as with the distal half of the ribs, by dense + and delicate arachnoidal network, composed of parallel, very thin, siliceous threads (in fig. 11 + only partially represented). Collar septum with numerous irregular, roundish pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 diameter, thorax 0.1 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 270 to 274, surface.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Arachnocorys arachnodiscus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis small, campanulate, conical, with a single very large conical central horn, and + numerous smaller accessory spines. Thorax in form and structure similar to that of the three + preceding species, but much flatter, being nearly discoidal. The meshes of the network are smaller + and more numerous, irregularly polygonal, and the nine basal holes little larger. Collar septum + with four large meshes (as in Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate60"><b>60</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.25 long, 0.3 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.24 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 248, surface.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Arachnocorys trifida</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis large, campanulate, with irregular, roundish pores and numerous ramified spines; in + the centre of the top a larger pyramidal oblique horn of twice the length. Thorax cap-shaped, + flatly vaulted, with nine strong convex ribs, prolonged into slender free feet. Three of these + nine ribs are the centrifugal prolongations of the three cortinar bars (united in the centre of + the collar stricture, separating its three large cortinar meshes); the other six are diverging + lateral branches of the former, arising in pairs at both sides of its base. All nine ribs are + connected by delicate arachnoidal network with irregular polygonal meshes. From its surface arise + thin bristles, and from the base of each main rib a stout, perpendicular branch. All these dorsal + spines are connected by irregular, arachnoidal wicker-work, covering thorax and cephalis. (A + remarkable primitive species?)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.18 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Arachnocorythium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax with a variable number of radial ribs (twelve to + twenty or more), prolonged into free terminal feet.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Arachnocorys polyptera</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis large, subspherical, with irregular, roundish pores and numerous radial spines. Thorax + flatly conical, with numerous radial ribs (twenty to thirty), which are in the distal half free, + in the proximal half connected by delicate arachnoidal wicker-work, with polygonal, irregular + meshes. From its dorsal face arise numerous radial spines, which are connected together, and with + the cephalic spines, by very thin and numerous threads, parallel between every two spines. Similar + to <span class="pagenum" id="page1268">{1268}</span><i>Arachnocorys araneosa</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate56"><b>56</b></a>, fig. 11), + but differing in the structure of the cephalis, and in the greater number of the ribs and + spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 diameter, thorax 0.12 long, 0.24 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 565. <i>Anthocyrtoma</i>,<a id="NtA_182" href="#Nt_182"><sup>[182]</sup></a> n. + gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethophormida</span> (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata + aperta) without thoracic ribs, with six terminal feet around the mouth. Cephalis free, with an + apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Anthocyrtoma</i> and the four following genera form together the + peculiar group of Carpocanida, comprising all those Sethophormida in which the original thoracic + ribs are lost, and only the terminal feet remain. <i>Anthocyrtoma</i> is the simplest form of this + group, possessing only six terminal feet, three primary perradial, and three alternating, + secondary, interradial. It may be directly derived either from <i>Lychnocanium</i>, by + interpolation of three interradial feet, or from <i>Hexaspyris</i> by loss of the sagittal + ring.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Anthocyrtoma serrulata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Anthocyrtis serrulata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 66, Taf. vi. fig. 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, rough, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis ovate, with very small pores, and a stout + conical horn of the same length. Abdomen inflated, truncate, with larger, regular, circular pores, + twice as broad as the constricted mouth. Six feet vertical, parallel, serrate, all of the same + size, about as long as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.2 long, 0.17 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Anthocyrtoma alterna</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a slender conical horn of + twice the length. Abdomen inflated, subglobular, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, + three times as broad as the narrow, constricted mouth. Six feet conical, smooth, somewhat + divergent, alternating, of different sizes; the three larger (perradial) half as long as the + shell, and twice as long as the three smaller (interradial). (Similar to <i>Anthocyrtis + ventricosa</i>.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.18 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1269">{1269}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 566. <i>Anthocyrtis</i>,<a id="NtA_183" href="#Nt_183"><sup>[183]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1847, p. 54.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethophormida</span> (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata + aperta) without thoracic ribs, with nine terminal feet around the mouth. Cephalis free, with an + apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Anthocyrtis</i> (in the original definition of Ehrenberg) contained + all Dicyrtida without thoracic ribs, with terminal feet. We here restrict the definition to those + Sethophormida in which the number of free terminal feet is constantly nine (three primary + perradial and three alternate pairs of secondary interradial feet). <i>Anthocyrtis</i> may be + derived either directly from <i>Patagospyris</i> by loss of the sagittal ring, or from + <i>Lychnocanium</i> by interpolation of three secondary feet.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Anthocyrtella</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet of the peristome-corona divergent, their basal + distance less than their terminal distance.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Anthocyrtis mespilus</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Anthocyrtis mespilus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Taf. xxxvi. fig. 13; Abhandl. d. k. + Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 66, Taf. vi. fig. 4 (not 5).</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 5, + breadth = 2 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a stout pyramidal horn of twice the + length. Thorax nearly hemispherical, with regular, circular, quincuncial pores. Mouth scarcely + constricted, with nine divergent, triangular, lamellar feet, about as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.012 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Anthocyrtis furcata</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Anthocyrtis furcata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 64, Taf. vi. fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 5, breadth = + 2 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a short pyramidal horn of half the length. Thorax + hemispherical, with large, irregular, roundish pores. Mouth scarcely constricted, with nine + divergent, curved, slender feet, which are about as long as the shell, and forked at the distal + end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.01 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1270">{1270}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Anthocyrtis butomus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell thorny, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 2 : 6, + breadth = 2 : 7. Cephalis ovate, with very small and scarce pores, and a conical horn of + the same length. Thorax inflated, pear-shaped, with regular, circular, quincuncial pores. Mouth + about half as broad, constricted, with nine divergent, broad, nearly square, lamellar feet, half + as long as the thorax (similar to <i>Anthocyrtis serrulata</i>, Ehrenberg, <i>loc. cit.</i>, Taf. + vi. fig. 7).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.14 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Anthocyrtis ventricosa</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Anthocyrtis ventricosa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 66, Taf. viii. fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell thorny, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 7, + breadth = 2 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, hyaline, without pores, with a slender, conical + horn, of about the same length. Thorax inflated, pear-shaped or subspherical, with regular, + circular, quincuncial pores. Mouth only one-third as broad, much constricted, with nine divergent, + slender, conical feet, about one-fifth as long as the diameter of the shell (partly broken off in + Ehrenberg's figure).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.14 long, 0.14 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms; also + fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Anthocyrtissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet of the peristome-corona parallel, vertical; their + basal and terminal distances equal.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Anthocyrtis ophirensis</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Anthocyrtis ophirensis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 285, Taf. ix. fig. 13.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 2 : 4, breadth + = 1 : 5. Cephalis ovate, with irregular, roundish pores, and a pyramidal, excentric, + vertical horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate, with delicate network of large, regular, + hexagonal pores. Mouth scarcely constricted, with nine parallel, vertical, conical feet, about as + long as the cephalis. (In the specimen figured by Ehrenberg only seven feet are represented, two + being broken off; two other specimens of this species, captured by Rabbe, exhibited nine regularly + disposed feet.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Zanzibar (Pullen); Madagascar (Rabbe), + surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1271">{1271}</span></div> + + <p>6. <i>Anthocyrtis lauranthus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 3, breadth + = 1 : 4. Cephalis ovate, with large, roundish pores, and a conical horn of twice the + length. Thorax inflated, campanulate, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores. Mouth + two-thirds as broad, little constricted, with nine parallel, vertical, broad, lamellar, triangular + feet, half as long as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266 to 270, depth 2550 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Anthocyrtis grossularia</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Anthocyrtis grossularia</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 64, Taf. vi. fig. 6.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell spiny, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 5, breadth = + 1 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, thorny, with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax + ovate, spiny, with numerous densely-crowded, subregular, circular pores. Mouth about half as + broad, constricted, with nine parallel, vertical, slender, conical feet, about as long as the + cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.2 long, 0.18 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Anthocyrtis subglobosa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 7, breadth = + 1 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn twice the length. Thorax nearly + spherical, with small and very numerous, regular, circular pores. Mouth only one-third as broad, + constricted, with nine parallel, vertical, square, lamellar feet, about twice as long as the + cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.035 broad; thorax 0.2 long, 0.2 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 297, depth 1775 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Anthocyrtura</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet of the peristome-corona convergent, their basal + distance greater than their terminal distance.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Anthocyrtis enneaphylla</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 6, breadth + = 1 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn twice the length, nearly hyaline, + with very small and scarce pores. Thorax nearly spherical, with regular, circular, quincuncial + pores. Mouth only <span class="pagenum" id="page1272">{1272}</span>half as broad, with nine broad, + triangular feet, twice as long as the cephalis, and curved inwards, convergent towards the main + axis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.025 broad; thorax 0.11 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Anthocyrtis ovata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate62"><b>62</b></a>, + fig. 13).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 5, breadth + = 1 : 3. Cephalis ovate, with numerous small pores, and an excentric conical horn of the + same length. Thorax ovate, with regular, circular, quincuncial pores. Mouth nearly of the same + breadth, scarcely constricted, with nine triangular, widely-separated feet, about as long as the + cephalis, and convergent towards the main axis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.035 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 567. <i>Anthocyrtium</i>,<a id="NtA_184" href="#Nt_184"><sup>[184]</sup></a> n. + gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethophormida</span> (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata + aperta) without thoracic ribs, with numerous terminal feet around the mouth (twelve to fifteen or + more). Cephalis free, with an apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Anthocyrtium</i> has been derived from the two preceding genera by + further multiplication of the terminal feet, the number of which is at least twelve to fifteen, + often twenty or more. It may be that some species have arisen directly from <i>Patagospyris</i> by + loss of the sagittal ring.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Anthocyrtarium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet of the peristome-corona divergent, their basal + distance less than their terminal distance.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Anthocyrtium chrysanthemum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate62"><b>62</b></a>, fig. + 14).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 3 : 7, + breadth = 4 : 9. Cephalis hemispherical, with small, circular pores, and a large, + straight, cylindro-conical horn, about as long as the shell. Thorax campanulate, hemispherical, + with six to eight transverse rows of squarish pores, increasing in size downwards. Mouth little + constricted, with twelve to fifteen divergent, curved, slender feet, about as long as the + thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1273">{1273}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Anthocyrtium centaurea</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Anthocyrtis mespilus</i>, var. <i>major</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. + Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 66, Taf. vi. fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 2 : 6, breadth + = 3 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, with irregular, roundish pores, and a very large + pyramidal horn, longer than the shell, with contorted edges. Thorax hemispherical, with six to + eight transverse rows of regular, circular pores of equal size. Mouth little constricted, with + fifteen to twenty divergent, curved, slender feet, about as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Anthocyrtium anthemis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell papillate, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with very small and scarce + pores, and a conical horn of the same length. Thorax conical, as long as broad, with conical + papillæ, and eight to ten transverse rows of roundish pores, gradually increasing in size + downwards. Mouth scarcely constricted, with fifteen to twenty divergent, straight, conical feet, + half as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Anthocyrtium collare</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Anthocyrtis collaris</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 64, Taf. vi. fig. 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, conical, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 3 : 5, breadth = 4 : 7. Cephalis conical, with a pyramidal horn of the same + length, and with two transverse rows of rather oblong, narrow pores. Thorax truncate, conical, in + the lower part thorny, with six to eight transverse rows of regular, circular pores, increasing in + size downwards.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Anthocyrtium adonis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate62"><b>62</b></a> + fig. 20).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 3 : 10, breadth + = 4 : 12. Cephalis subspherical, with very small circular pores, and a very long, + straight cylindrical, horn, twice to three times as long as the shell. Thorax inflated, ovate, or + subspherical, with small regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores. Mouth strongly constricted, + half as broad as the thorax, with fifteen to <span class="pagenum" + id="page1274">{1274}</span>twenty divergent, broad, lamellar, rectangular feet, as long as the + thorax, and so densely placed that their margins come in contact with one another.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 263 to 268, depth 2650 to 3000 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Anthocyrtium anemone</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 5, breadth = + 1 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn of half the length, hyaline, without + pores. Thorax spiny, pear-shaped, inflated, with small and numerous, regular, circular pores. + Mouth constricted, half as broad as the thorax, with twelve to fifteen divergent, slender, + conical, denticulate feet, half as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.14 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms; also + fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Anthocyrtonium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet of the peristome-corona parallel, vertical; their + basal and apical distances equal.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Anthocyrtium campanula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate62"><b>62</b></a>, fig. + 17).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = + 1 : 3. Cephalis spherical, with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate, + thin-walled, with delicate network of regular, hexagonal pores and thin bars. Mouth little + constricted, with twenty to twenty-four parallel, vertical, lanceolate feet, about as long as the + cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter, thorax 0.09 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 302, depth 1450 fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Anthocyrtium reticulatum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Thyrsocyrtis reticulata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xii. fig. 10.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 2, breadth = + 1 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with a prismatic, denticulate horn of the same length, + and small, irregular pores. Thorax campanulate, thorny, thin-walled, with delicate network of + irregular, polygonal pores. Mouth little constricted, with twelve (or more) small, parallel, + vertical, triangular feet, shorter than the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1275">{1275}</span></div> + + <p>9. <i>Anthocyrtium leptostylum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Anthocyrtis leptostyla</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 64, Taf. vi. fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell thorny, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 5, breadth + = 2 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with small, scarce pores and a slender conical horn of + the same length. Thorax spiny, with regular, circular, quincuncial pores. Mouth constricted, half + as broad, with twelve to eighteen slender, parallel, vertical feet, about as long as the + cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 270, depth 2550 to 2925 + fathoms; also fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Anthocyrtium hispidum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Anthocyrtis hispida</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 64, + Taf. viii. fig. 2.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Anthocyrtis hispida</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. + p. 540, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 30.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell thorny, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 4, breadth + = 2 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, hyaline, with few very small pores, or without any; + with a stout conical horn of twice the length. Thorax spiny, with regular, circular, + hexagonally-framed pores (half as broad as the bars between them). Mouth wide open, scarcely + constricted, with twelve to fifteen parallel, vertical, broad, lamellar, rectangular feet, + reaching nearly the length of the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 to 0.03 long, 0.03 to 0.05 broad; thorax 0.07 to 0.09 + long, 0.1 to 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 265, depth 2650 to 3000 + fathoms; also fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Anthocyrtium turris</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell thorny, very similar to <i>Calocyclas turris</i>, Ehrenberg (1875, <i>loc. cit.</i>, Taf. + xviii. fig. 7), but without fenestrated abdomen. Collar stricture deep. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, hyaline, without pores, with a + stout conical horn of twice the length. Thorax nearly spherical, spiny, with regular, circular, + quincuncial pores. Mouth little constricted, with fifteen to twenty parallel, vertical, broad, + lamellar, rectangular feet, about as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1276">{1276}</span></div> + + <p>12. <i>Anthocyrtium doronicum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate62"><b>62</b></a>, fig. + 18).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 5, breadth = + 1 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with small, circular pores and a stout conical horn of + twice the length. Thorax campanulate, subcylindrical, with regular, circular, quincuncial pores, + three to four times as broad as the bars. Mouth scarcely constricted, with twenty-four to thirty + vertical, nearly parallel, little curved feet, which are about half as long as the shell, broad, + lamellar, rectangular, and in close contact with their edges.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.025 long, 0.035 broad, thorax 0.12 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Anthocyrturium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet of the peristome-corona convergent, their basal + distance greater than their apical distance.</p> + + <p>13. <i>Anthocyrtium pyrum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate62"><b>62</b></a>, + fig. 12).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 2 : 7, + breadth = 3 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, with a small, bristle-shaped horn of half the + length. Thorax inflated, subglobose, with regular, circular, quincuncial pores and thin bars. + Mouth constricted, only half as broad, with fifteen to twenty small, triangular, convergent feet, + shorter than the cephalis. (In another specimen the feet were twice as long, stronger and more + convergent, than in the one figured.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.8 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p> + + <p>14. <i>Anthocyrtium setosum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Anthocyrtis setosa</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 311.</p> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Lithopera setosa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxv. B., B. iv. + fig. 23.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell spiny, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 2, breadth = + 1 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical horn of the same length and some accessory + spines. Thorax campanulate, with subregular, circular pores. Mouth little constricted, with twenty + to thirty small, triangular, convergent feet, about as long as the cephalis. (In Ehrenberg's + incomplete figure they are mostly broken off.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1277">{1277}</span></div> + + <p>15. <i>Anthocyrtium ehrenbergii</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Anthocyrtis ehrenbergii</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 100, Taf. + iii. fig. 21, <i>a</i>, <i>b.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 3 : 10, + breadth = 2 : 8. Cephalis subcylindrical, with an excentric, stout, pyramidal horn of + the same length. Thorax bottle-shaped, with small, regular, circular pores of equal size. Mouth + little constricted, with twenty to thirty small, triangular, convergent feet, about half as long + as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte), Stöhr.</p> + + <p>16. <i>Anthocyrtium zanguebaricum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Anthocyrtis zanguebarica</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 285, Taf. ix. fig. 12.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 3 : 10, + breadth = 2 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, with an excentric conical horn of the same + length. Thorax slender, ovate or bottle-shaped, with irregular, roundish pores increasing in size + downwards. Mouth little constricted, with twelve to fifteen small, triangular, convergent feet, + about half as long as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean (Zanzibar), depth 2200 fathoms, Pullen.</p> + + <p>17. <i>Anthocyrtium ficus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Anthocyrtis ficus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 64, Taf. vi. fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 2 : 12, + breadth = 3 : 10. Cephalis conical, with a large, cylindrical horn, pyramidal at the + base, about as long as the thorax. Thorax subovate, truncate, papillate, with small, regular, + circular, quincuncial pores of the same breadth as the bars. Mouth constricted, two-thirds as + broad as the thorax, with fifteen to twenty strongly convergent, lamellar, rectangular or + sword-shaped feet, nearly as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>18. <i>Anthocyrtium flosculus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate62"><b>62</b></a>, fig. + 19).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Anthocyrtis flosculus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas, pl. lxii. fig. + 19.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ribbed, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 4, + breadth = 2 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with small, circular pores and a large + cylindrical horn, twice as long as the thorax and half as broad at the base as the cephalis. + Thorax subovate, truncate, with twenty-four to thirty longitudinal ribs and alternating rows of + circular pores. Mouth constricted, two-thirds <span class="pagenum" id="page1278">{1278}</span>as + broad as the thorax, with twenty-four to thirty slender, convergent feet, which are as long as the + entire shell, with their edges in close contact and their distal ends pointed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 568. <i>Anthocyrtidium</i>,<a id="NtA_185" href="#Nt_185"><sup>[185]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethophormida</span>, (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata + aperta) without thoracic ribs, with numerous (twelve to fifteen or more) subterminal feet, which + are separated from the constricted mouth by a ring of lattice-work. Cephalis free, with an apical + horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Anthocyrtidium</i> has been derived from the preceding + <i>Anthocyrtium</i> by further growth and constriction of the peristome, which becomes separated + from the subterminal corona of feet by a more or less broad ring of lattice-work.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Anthocyrtidium cineraria</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate62"><b>62</b></a>, fig. + 16).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, smooth, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 5 : 11, breadth = 3 : 13. Cephalis subcylindrical-ovate, with a conical + straight horn of half the length. Thorax hemispherical, inflated, nearly twice as broad as the + constricted mouth. Pores subregular, circular, double-contoured. Above the mouth, separated from + it by two rows of pores, a corona of twelve to fifteen short conical feet, which are directed + downwards, slightly curved, and as long as the cephalic horn.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.11 long, 0.13 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Anthocyrtidium ligularia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate62"><b>62</b></a>, fig. + 15).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, rough, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 4, breadth = 2 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a slender, conical, + slightly curved horn, about as long as the shell. Thorax hemispherical, three times as broad as + the cephalis, nearly twice as broad as the constricted mouth, which is prolonged into a prominent + smooth ring. Above the mouth, separated from it by one row of pores, a corona of twelve to fifteen + slender linear feet, which are slightly curved, divergent, and emarginate at the truncated distal + end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1279">{1279}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Anthocyrtidium matricaria</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, rough, very similar to the preceding species, but differing in the straight, + large, pyramidal horn of the cephalis (as long as the shell), and in the longer feet, which are + twelve to fifteen in number, little curved at the distal end, pointed, and about as long as the + shell. Length of the two joints = 2 : 6, breadth = 3 : 8. Differs from the + similar <i>Anthocyrtium centaurea</i>, Ehrenberg (1875, <i>loc. cit.</i>, Taf. vi. fig. 5), mainly + in the prominent ring of the peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 569. <i>Carpocanium</i>,<a id="NtA_186" href="#Nt_186"><sup>[186]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethophormida</span> (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata + aperta) without thoracic ribs, with numerous terminal feet around the mouth (six to twelve or + more). Cephalis hidden in the thorax, without apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Carpocanium</i>, very common, and rich in numerous living and fossil + species, was formerly placed by me among the true Monocyrtida, since an external constriction is + not visible (Monogr., 1862, p. 290). Afterwards (in 1879) Richard Hertwig demonstrated that the + cavity of the ovate shell, externally simple, is divided by an internal transverse septum into two + joints, the upper of which is the flat rudimentary cephalis (Organism. d. Radiol., p. 79; compare + also Bütschli, 1882, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 535). Indeed this septum, with four central crossed + cortinar beams, is a true collar septum, and <i>Carpocanium</i> has been derived from + <i>Anthocyrtis</i> or <i>Desmospyris</i> by reduction of the cephalis, which is very flat and + perfectly hidden in the uppermost part of the thorax. The apical horn is lost. If the internal + septum were to become lost, the genus would pass over into <i>Carpocanistrum</i>.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Carpocanarium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Peristome-corona composed of six feet (three primary + perradial alternating with three secondary interradial).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Carpocanium calycodes</i>, Stöhr.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Carpocanium calycodes</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 96, Taf. + iii. fig. 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell urceolate, smooth, nearly twice as long as broad, with hemispherical vaulted cephalis. + Length of the two joints = 3 : 16, breadth = 5 : 10. Pores regular, circular, + as broad as the bars, <span class="pagenum" id="page1280">{1280}</span>quincuncially disposed in + about five longitudinal series at each side. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the thorax. + Peristome with six vertical, equilateral, triangular feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.025 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte, + Caltanisetta).</p> + + <p>2. <i>Carpocanium setosum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Halicalyptra setosa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 160, Taf. ii. fig. 12.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, truncate at the mouth, thorny, exactly as long as broad. Length of the two joints + = 1 : 8, breadth = 3 : 9. Cephalis hidden, with very small pores. Thorax + inflated, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars, in about ten longitudinal + series at each side. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the thorax. Peristome with six vertical, + parallel, broad, lamellar, rectangular feet, separated by equal internals, half as long as the + shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.01 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Carpocanium laeve</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Carpocanium laeve</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 287.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, equal in length and breadth, with little vaulted, cap-shaped + cephalis. Length of the two joints = 1 : 6, breadth = 4 : 7. Pores regular, + circular, twice as broad as the bars, in nine longitudinal rows. Mouth constricted, only one-third + as broad as the thorax. Peristome with six strong conical feet, which are slightly curved and + convergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.01 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Greece); Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth + 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Carpocanium lanceolatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, thorny, with perfectly hidden cephalis. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, half as + broad as the bars, in about sixteen longitudinal rows at each side. Mouth constricted, half as + broad as the thorax. Peristome with six large lanceolate, vertical, lamellar feet, half as long as + the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Carpocanidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Peristome-corona composed of nine feet (three primary + perradial and six secondary interradial).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1281">{1281}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Carpocanium diadema</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Carpocanium diadema</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 290, Taf. v. fig. 1.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Carpocanium diadema</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., p. 79, Taf. + viii. figs. 7, 7<i>a</i>, 8, 8<i>a</i>, 8<i>b</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, with little vaulted cephalis. Length of the two joints = 1 : 8, breadth + = 3 : 6. Pores regular, circular, in about twelve longitudinal rows, twice as broad as + the bars. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the thorax. Peristome with nine vertical, + equilateral, triangular feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.01 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; many + stations, surface.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Carpocanium cylindricum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell cylindrical, with hemispherical, flatly vaulted cephalis. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 4, breadth = 3 : 3. Pores regular, circular, double-contoured, as broad as + the bars, in about fifteen longitudinal series. Mouth constricted, two-thirds as broad as the + thorax. Peristome with nine vertical, slender, triangular, pointed feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Carpocanium enneaphyllum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly ovate, at the mouth truncate, thorny, with hemispherical, vaulted cephalis. + Length of the two joints = 1 : 6, breadth = 2 : 4. Pores regular, circular, + hexagonally framed, as broad as the bars, in about thirteen longitudinal rows. Mouth constricted, + about two-thirds as broad as the thorax. Peristome with nine broad, lamellar, vertical, nearly + square feet, half as long as the shell, with small intervals.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Carpocanium solitarium</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Carpocanium solarium</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 28.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocampe solitaria</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 65.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slenderly ovate, twice as long as broad, with hidden spherical cephalis, completely + enclosed in the summit of the thorax. Length of the two joints = 1 : 6, breadth = + 1 : 4. Pores small, regular, circular, as broad as the bars, in about eleven + longitudinal rows. Mouth gradually constricted, half as broad as the thorax. Peristome with nine + ovate blunt feet, which are as long as the cephalis, little curved and convergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Caltanisetta).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1282">{1282}</span></div> + + <p>9. <i>Carpocanium gemmula</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, equal in length and breadth, with hemispherical vaulted cephalis. + Length of the two joints = 2 : 7, breadth = 4 : 9. Pores small, regular, + circular, twice as broad as the bars, in about twenty longitudinal rows. Mouth strongly + constricted, only one-fourth as broad as the thorax. Peristome with nine conical feet, which are + twice as long as the cephalis, curved, and so convergent that their distal ends come nearly in + contact.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Carpocanium microdon</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Carpocanium microdon</i>, Ehrenberg, 1858, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 30.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell broad, ovate, rough, with perfectly hidden cephalis. Length of the two joints = + 2 : 9, breadth = 4 : 7. Pores very small and scarce, smaller than the bars + between them, irregularly scattered. Mouth constricted, one-third as broad as the thorax. + Peristome with nine short, triangular, pointed, convergent feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Crete), Atlantic (Canary Islands), Station + 354, surface.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Carpocanobium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Peristome-corona composed of twelve or more feet.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Carpocanium trepanium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>, fig. + 18).</p> + + <p>Shell subcylindrical, with flatly vaulted cephalis. Length of the two joints = 1 : 6, + breadth = 3 : 4. Pores regular, hexagonal, four to six times as broad as the bars. Mouth + little constricted, two-thirds as broad as the thorax. Peristome with eighteen to twenty-four + large, slender, triangular, vertical feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Carpocanium hexagonale</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>, fig. + 15).</p> + + <p>Shell broadly ovate or subconical, with vaulted, cap-shaped cephalis. Length of the two joints + = 2 : 7, breadth = 6 : 9. Thorax subglobular, truncate. Pores subregular, + hexagonal, three to four times as broad as the bars. Mouth constricted, two-thirds as broad as the + thorax. Peristome with twenty to twenty-five small, triangular, vertical feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1283">{1283}</span></div> + + <p>13. <i>Carpocanium petalospyris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>, fig. + 19).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, with perfectly hidden cephalis. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 6, breadth = 3 : 6. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice as + broad as the bars, in about sixteen longitudinal rows. Mouth slightly constricted, little narrower + than the thorax. Peristome with twenty to twenty-four vertical, broad, lamellar feet, which are + nearly as long as the shell, at the distal end truncate, and almost in contact at their edges.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions</i>.—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.11 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat</i>.—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>14. <i>Carpocanium polypterum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Cryptoprora polyptera</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 287, + Taf. ix. fig. 17.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Carpocanium macropterum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 302.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate-conical, smooth, with perfectly hidden cephalis. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 6, breadth = 4 : 6. Pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars, + in about sixteen longitudinal rows. Mouth wide open, not constricted. Peristome with twenty to + thirty vertical, slender, conical feet, about as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions</i>.—Cephalis 0.01 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat</i>.—Indian Ocean (Zanzibar), depth 2200 fathoms (Pullen).</p> + + <p>15. <i>Carpocanium palmipes</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, very thick-walled, smooth. Lower half of the subspherical cephalis hidden in the + summit of the thorax, upper half free, with few small pores. Length of the two joints = + 3 : 10, breadth = 3 : 10. Thorax foveolate, with oblong dimples, each of which + encloses a small, circular, double-contoured pore, half as broad as the bars. Mouth little + constricted, nearly as broad as the thorax. Peristome prolonged into a solid, cylindrical tube, + nearly as long and as broad as the shell; the upper half of the tube is solid, the lower divided + into from twelve to fifteen vertical, lamellar, pointed feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions</i>.—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat</i>.—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>16. <i>Carpocanium peristomium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>, figs. 16, + 17).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, with perfectly hidden, flat cephalis (fig. 17). Length of the two joints = + 2 : 10, breadth = 5 : 9. Pores small and very numerous, regular, circular, as + broad as the bars, in about twenty longitudinal rows. Mouth little constricted. Peristome broad; + in the upper <span class="pagenum" id="page1284">{1284}</span>half a hyaline, circular ring, in + the lower half divided into from eighteen to twenty-four triangular, curved, little convergent + feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; many stations, at + various depths.</p> + + <p>17. <i>Carpocanium coronatum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Carpocanium coronatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 66, Taf. v. fig. 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, with perfectly hidden, subspherical cephalis. Length of the two joints = + 2 : 9, breadth = 2 : 8. Pores small and very numerous, twice as broad as the + bars, regular, circular, in about twenty longitudinal rows. Mouth little constricted, two-thirds + as broad as the thorax. Peristome with twenty-five to thirty short, bristle-shaped feet, which are + slightly curved, convergent, and in the upper half connected by a solid ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>18. <i>Carpocanium dactylus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly ovate, twice as long as broad, with flat, perfectly hidden cephalis. Length of + the two joints = 1 : 12, breadth = 4 : 8. Pores subregular, circular, as broad + as the bars, in about twelve longitudinal rows, separated by prominent longitudinal ribs. Mouth + constricted, two-thirds as broad as the thorax. Peristome with twelve large, lanceolate, lamellar, + convergent feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.01 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <p>19. <i>Carpocanium irregulare</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>, fig. + 14).</p> + + <p>Shell irregular, roundish, subovate, with flat and oblique, perfectly hidden cephalis. Length + of the two joints = 1 : 10, breadth = 3 : 9. Pores irregularly scattered, + roundish, about as broad as the bars. Mouth wide open, not at all or little constricted. Peristome + with twenty to thirty long, lamellar, pointed feet, which are irregularly curved and + convergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.01 to 0.02 long, 0.03 to 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 to 0.11 + long, 0.08 to 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 263 to 274, surface, and at various + depths.</p> + + <p>20. <i>Carpocanium verecundum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>, figs. 12, + 13).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, with flat, perfectly hidden cephalis (fig. 12). Length of the two joints = + 1 : 9, breadth = 4 : 9. Pores subregular, circular, twice as broad as the + bars, in about eighteen, <span class="pagenum" id="page1285">{1285}</span>partly interrupted, + longitudinal rows, separated by prominent crests. Mouth little constricted. Peristome with twenty + to twenty-four broad, lamellar, pointed feet, which are about as long as the shell, little curved, + and convergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.01 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>21. <i>Carpocanium virgineum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>, fig. + 20).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, with flat perfectly hidden cephalis. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 8, breadth = 3 : 9. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, as broad + as the bars, in about sixteen longitudinal rows on each side. Mouth little constricted. Peristome + with eighteen to twenty-four very large, lamellar, pointed feet, which are longer than the shell, + and so curved and convergent that their distal points come nearly in contact.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.01 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Sethophænida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 433.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Anthocyrtida</span> with the basal mouth + of the shell fenestrated (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata clausa).</p> + + <h5>Genus 570. <i>Sethophæna</i>,<a id="NtA_187" href="#Nt_187"><sup>[187]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 433.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethophænida</span> (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata + clausa) with lateral apophyses. Cephalis with a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Sethophæna</i> and the following <i>Clistophæna</i> form together the + small subfamily of Sethophænida, comprising those Dicyrtida in which the thorax bears numerous + radial appendages (four to six or more), and the mouth is closed by a lattice-plate. In + <i>Sethophæna</i> the apophyses are lateral wings, as in <i>Micromelissa</i>, from which it may be + derived by development of secondary wings, interpolated between the three primary wings.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Sethophæna tetraptera</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 3 : 10, breadth + = 4 : 9. Cephalis subspherical, without horn. Thorax ovate, with rounded hemispherical + base, and subregular, hexagonal pores. From its upper half (below the collar stricture) arise four + divergent, <span class="pagenum" id="page1286">{1286}</span>conical, straight wings, of half the + length, opposite in pairs in two meridional planes, perpendicular to one another (compare + <i>Tetralacorys</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate65"><b>65</b></a>, + figs. 4, 5).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Sethophæna hexaptera</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>, + fig. 13).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, pear-shaped, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 4, breadth = 2 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical horn of the + same length. Thorax inflate, inversely ovate, nearly pear-shaped, with subregular, circular pores. + From its upper half arise, by a broad base, six divergent, strong, conical wings, which are + horn-like, curved downwards, and half as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.025 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Sethophæna enneaptera</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell rough, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 6, breadth = + 1 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with a stout conical horn of twice the length. Thorax + inversely ovate, with pointed, conical, basal part, and irregular, roundish pores. From its middle + part arise, by a broad triangular base, nine compressed, divergent wings, which are a little + curved, slender, and about as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.025 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.17 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Sethophæna polyptera</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell thorny, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 10, + breadth = 3 : 8. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, without horn. Thorax pear-shaped, with + hemispherical base and regular, circular pores. From its lower half (beyond the equator) arises a + corona of numerous short conical wings (eighteen to twenty-four), which are a little curved, and + divergent downwards, scarcely one-third as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 571. <i>Clistophæna</i>,<a id="NtA_188" href="#Nt_188"><sup>[188]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 433.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethophænida</span> (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata + clausa) with terminal apophyses. Cephalis with a horn.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1287">{1287}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Clistophæna</i> agrees with the preceding <i>Sethophæna</i> in the + mouth of the thorax being closed by a lattice-plate. But the appendages of the thorax are terminal + feet, not lateral wings; their number is commonly six or nine, rarely more. <i>Clistophæna</i> may + be derived either from <i>Tetrahedrina</i> by interpolation of secondary feet between the three + primary, or from <i>Sethamphora</i> by development of a basal lattice-plate closing the mouth.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Clistophæna rüstiana</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate57"><b>57</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 3 : 10, + breadth = 4 : 11. Cephalis hemispherical, with small, circular pores and a stout oblique + horn three times the length, which is three-sided prismatic, and at the top denticulate. Thorax + subconical, inflate, with regular, circular, quincuncial pores, increasing in size towards the + base. Margin of the flat base, with six divergent, stout feet of the same prismatic form as the + cephalic horn, with denticulate distal ends, about as long as the thorax. This elegant species is + dedicated to Dr. Rüst of Freiburg, the discoverer of numerous fossil Radiolaria in the Liassic and + Jurassic formations.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.11 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Clistophæna hexolena</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 4, breadth + = 1 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, small, with a large, vertical, cylindrical horn, about + as long as the shell, and small, circular pores. Thorax nearly three-sided pyramidal or + tetrahedral, with three rounded edges and sub-regular, circular pores. Margin of the flat base + with six conical, divergent, straight feet, somewhat shorter than the thorax. (Three on the + corners, one on the middle of each side of the triangular base.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter, thorax 0.12 long, 0.14 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Clistophæna pyramidalis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 2 : 8, breadth + = 3 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical, with a stout pyramidal horn of twice the length. + Thorax six-sided pyramidal, with regular, circular pores of equal size, and six prominent, + straight edges, which are prolonged into six divergent, pyramidal feet of half the length.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1288">{1288}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Clistophæna armata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate57"><b>57</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 4 : 18, breadth = + 5 : 15. Cephalis subspherical, with small, circular, hexagonally-framed pores, and a + stout, three-sided prismatic, cuspidate horn of the same length. Thorax pear-shaped, with regular, + circular pores and three pairs of stout pyramidal wings, placed in the three primary meridional + planes of the collar beams; three of them lie in the upper, and three in the lower third of the + thorax. Margin of the flat base with nine cylindrical, somewhat club-shaped, divergent feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.18 long, 0.15 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Clistophæna enneolena</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 4 : 20, breadth + 5 : 16. Cephalis hemispherical, hyaline, with a stout conical horn of the same length + and some small accessory horns. Thorax ovate, spiny, with subregular, circular pores. Margin of + the vaulted base with nine divergent, conical feet, half as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.2 long, 0.16 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 296, depth 1825 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Clistophæna polyolena</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, conical, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 5, breadth = 2 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, with small, circular pores and + two divergent conical horns (a major occipital and a smaller frontal horn). Thorax obtusely + conical, with regular, hexagonal pores at the mantle, and circular pores in the basal plate, the + margin of which bears eighteen vertical, parallel, conical feet, as long as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.025 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750 + fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Family LXIV.—<span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Sethocyrtida</span></span>, n. fam.</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc30"> + <p><i>Sethocorida et Sethocapsida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 439, 433.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Dicyrtida</span> eradiata. (<span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> with a two-jointed shell, divided by a transverse constriction into + cephalis and thorax, without radial apophyses).</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Sethocyrtida</span>, composed of the Sethocorida and Sethocapsida + of my Prodromus, comprises those <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> in which the shell is + two-jointed and bears no radial apophyses. The two subfamilies differ in the shape of the mouth, + which in the Sethocorida is a simple wide opening, and in the Sethocapsida is closed by a + lattice-plate. The former are here divided into eight, the latter into three genera.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1289">{1289}</span></div> + + <p>Numerous living and fossil forms of Sethocyrtida were previously described by Ehrenberg, partly + in his genera <i>Dictyocephalus</i> and <i>Lophophæna</i>, partly (intermingled with three-jointed + and many-jointed forms) in the genera <i>Eucyrtidium</i> and <i>Lithocampe</i>. A larger number of + new forms has been found in the Radiolarian ooze collected by the Challenger, and others fossil in + Barbados. Many of these Sethocyrtida are common and widely distributed. When a new third joint is + formed on their basal mouth, they pass over into Theocyrtida.</p> + + <p>The cephalis is usually subspherical or hemispherical, and much smaller than the thorax, the + form of which exhibits all possible intermediate stages between flat, discoidal, conical, + cylindrical, and ovate forms. The wide open mouth becomes more and more constricted, and finally + closed in the Sethocapsida. The majority of the Sethocyrtida may have been derived either from the + Tripocyrtida, or from the Anthocyrtida by reduction and loss of the radial apophyses.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Sethocyrtida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Sethocyrtida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Sethocyrtida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Sethocorida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth of the thorax a simple wide opening.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="7" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace12sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Thorax conical or campanulate, gradually dilated.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell simple, without mantle,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">572. <i>Sethoconus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell double, with an arachnoid mantle,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">573. <i>Periarachnium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Thorax discoidal, flatly expanded.</td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis very large, without horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">574. <i>Sethocephalus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">Thorax cylindrical or ovate, with truncate, constricted or + tubular mouth.</td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis with a single horn.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Mouth simple,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">575. <i>Sethocyrtis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Mouth tubular,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">576. <i>Sethocorys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis with two horns or a bunch of horns,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">577. <i>Lophophæna</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis without horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">578. <i>Dictyocephalus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Sethocapsida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth closed by a lattice-plate.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis free, not hidden in the thorax.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">One horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">579. <i>Sethocapsa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">No horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">580. <i>Dicolocapsa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis hidden in the upper part of the thorax.</td> + <td></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">No horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">581. <i>Cryptocapsa</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Sethocyrtida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Sethocyrtida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="9"> + <p>I. Subfamily Sethocorida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth of the thorax a simple wide opening.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Thorax conical or campanulate, gradually dilated.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell simple, without mantle,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">572. <i>Sethoconus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell double, with an arachnoid mantle,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">573. <i>Periarachnium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Thorax discoidal, flatly expanded.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cephalis very large, without horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">574. <i>Sethocephalus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Thorax cylindrical or ovate, with truncate, constricted or tubular + mouth.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cephalis with a single horn.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth simple,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">575. <i>Sethocyrtis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth tubular,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">576. <i>Sethocorys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cephalis with two horns or a bunch of horns,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">577. <i>Lophophæna</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cephalis without horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">578. <i>Dictyocephalus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="9"> + <p>II. Subfamily Sethocapsida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth closed by a lattice-plate.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Cephalis free, not hidden in the thorax.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">One horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">579. <i>Sethocapsa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">No horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">580. <i>Dicolocapsa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Cephalis hidden in the upper part of the thorax.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">No horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">581. <i>Cryptocapsa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Sethocorida</span>, Haeckel, Prodromus, p. 430.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethocyrtida</span> with the basal mouth + of the shell open (vel Dicyrtida eradiata aperta).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1290">{1290}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 572. <i>Sethoconus</i>,<a id="NtA_189" href="#Nt_189"><sup>[189]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethocorida</span> (vel Dicyrtida eradiata aperta) + with conical or campanulate, gradually dilated thorax and wide open mouth. Cephalis with one or + more horns.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Sethoconus</i> is the oldest and simplest form of the Sethocorida, or + of those Dicyrtida in which the simple thorax bears no apophyses and has the mouth open and not + closed by a basal lattice-plate. Probably all those eradiate Sethocorida have been derived either + from triradiate Sethopilida (<i>Lychnocanium</i>), or from multiradiate Sethophormida + (<i>Sethophormis</i>, <i>Anthocyrtis</i> ?) by loss of the radial ribs and feet. In + <i>Sethoconus</i> the thorax is more or less conical, sometimes more campanulate, commonly smooth, + in some species covered with spines. The cephalis is usually small, with rudimentary collar + septum, at other times large, with distinct cortinar septum. Correspondingly, the genus may be + divided into different groups, which here are enumerated as subgenera.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Conarachnium</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430. (= <i>Ceratocyrtis</i>, + Bütschli), 1882, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 536.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Cephalis relatively large, with distinct collar septum and + numerous pores. Thorax smooth.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Sethoconus trochus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium trochus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 293, + Taf. vii, fig. 17.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Conarachnium trochus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis ovate, relatively large, with a pyramidal horn of the same length, and three pairs of + large opposite pores, on each side of a vertical septum. Thorax wide, conical, about as long as + broad, with nearly straight outlines; its pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, of the same + size as the cephalic pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific, Stations 200 to 281, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Sethoconus cucullaris</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Cornutella cucullaris</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 68, + Taf. ii. fig. 7.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratocyrtis cucullaris</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss Zool., Bd. + xxvi. p. 536, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 36, <i>a.</i>, <i>b.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis subspherical, thorny, relatively large, with a conical horn of the same length, and + small circular pores. Thorax wide, conical, enveloping the lower hidden half of the cephalis, + about as <span class="pagenum" id="page1291">{1291}</span>long as broad, with slightly convex + outlines; its pores subregular, circular, half as broad as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.14 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Sethoconus pileus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis subspherical, free, with distinct collar stricture, a conical oblique horn of the same + length, and small, irregular, roundish pores. Thorax flatly conical, about half as long as broad, + with straight outlines; its pores subregular, hexagonal, half as broad as the cephalis, with very + thin bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.16 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 262 to 274, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Sethoconus ampliatus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Cornutella ampliata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 68, + Taf. ii. fig. 5.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratocyrtis ampliata</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. + xxxvi. p. 536.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis, hemispherical, thorny, with a conical horn of twice the length; it is separated from + the thorax by a complete internal collar septum, but without external collar stricture. Thorax + flatly conical, about half as long as broad, with straight outlines; its pores subregular, + hexagonal, about as large as the cephalis, with thin bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.18 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Sethoconus mitra</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Cornutella mitra</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 68, Taf. + ii. fig. 8.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Ceratocyrtis mitra</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxxvi. + p. 536.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis ovate, with slight collar stricture (not distinct enough in Ehrenberg's figure), with + few large pores, and a conical stout horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate, conical, twice + as long as broad, with slightly convex outlines; its pores subregular, roundish, increasing in + size towards the mouth, the largest as broad as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms; fossil in + Barbados.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Sethoconus rayianus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate58"><b>58</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Conarachnium rayianum</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis ovate, with obliterated collar stricture (but distinct internal septum), with small, + irregular pores, and two to four divergent horns, which are longer than the cephalis, and two or + three of which are forked. Thorax tent-shaped, conical, two-thirds as long as broad, with slightly + <span class="pagenum" id="page1292">{1292}</span>concave outlines, and subregular, hexagonal + pores, gradually increasing towards the mouth, the largest half as broad as the cephalis. This + elegant species is dedicated to Dr. Ray, the discoverer of many rare Radiolarians in the + Challenger collection.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 272, surface.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Sethoconus cervus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p>? <i>Eucyrtidium cervus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 291, + Taf. ix. fig. 21.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Conarachnium cervus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis subspherical, with slight collar stricture, small circular pores, and two to four + divergent horns, one or two of which are forked. Thorax wide, conical, about as long as broad, + with straight outlines and irregular, polygonal pores, gradually increasing towards the mouth; the + largest as broad as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean; Maldive Islands, surface (Haeckel); Zanzibar, + depth 2200 fathoms (Pullen).</p> + + <p>8. <i>Sethoconus lophophæna</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Conarachnium lophophæna</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis subspherical, with distinct collar stricture, small circular pores, and numerous + (twelve to sixteen) radial, bristle-shaped horns of different lengths. Thorax wide, conical, + somewhat longer than broad, with slightly convex outlines, and subregular, hexagonal pores, + increasing gradually in size towards the mouth; the largest twice as broad as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.2 long, 0.16 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Sethoconus larvatus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lophophæna larvata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 78, Taf. + viii. fig. 10.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocephalus larvatus</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. + xxxvi. p. 535.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis subspherical, large, with sharp collar stricture, and numerous (five to ten or more) + radial, conical (partly forked) horns of different lengths. Thorax wide, conical, somewhat broader + than long, with straight outlines. Pores of both joints very irregular, roundish, of very + different sizes and form.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1293">{1293}</span></div> + + <p>10. <i>Sethoconus nassa</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium nassa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 72, Taf. ix. fig. 9.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis slenderly ovate, with sharp collar stricture, few scattered pores, and a very stout, + pyramidal horn of the same length, which is surrounded at the base by three short, divergent, + ascending spines (perhaps the remnants of the three cortinar rods of <i>Eucecryphalus</i>, &c. + ?). Thorax slender, conical, with straight outlines, and small, dense, regular, circular pores of + equal size.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Sethoconus tabulatus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cycladophora tabulata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 289, Taf. iv. fig. 18.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis subspherical, with slight collar stricture, and numerous small, irregular pores, + without horn, or with a small conical horn. Thorax slenderly conical, with straight outlines, and + large, regular, hexagonal pores. Mouth truncate. (In the specimen I examined the thorax was + longer and more conically dilated; the cephalis had a distinct small horn.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Antilles, depth 1600 fathoms (Ehrenberg); + Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Cornutellium</i> (vel <i>Ceratarachnium</i>), Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. + 430.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Cephalis very small, rudimentary, hyaline, without + distinct collar septum, and without pores (or with scarce, rudimentary pores). Thorax smooth.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Sethoconus hexagonalis</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cornutella trochus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 287, Taf. ix. fig. 14.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis very small, subspherical, hyaline, without pores, with a rudimentary horn of half the + length. Thorax slenderly conical, or bottle-shaped, twice to three times as long as broad; in the + lower half nearly cylindrical, with very thin, thread-like bars, and regular, hexagonal pores, + increasing in size towards the mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.005 diameter, thorax 0.12 long, 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, depth 2200 fathoms (Pullen).</p> + + <p>13. <i>Sethoconus verrucosus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cornutella verrucosa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 287, Taf. ix. fig. 16.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis very small, subspherical, hyaline, without pores, with a rudimentary horn of half the + <span class="pagenum" id="page1294">{1294}</span>length. Thorax slenderly conical, or + bottle-shaped, with little convex outlines; three to four times as long as broad, papillate, with + regular, circular pores, which are included by rhombic frames, and increase in size towards the + mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.004 diameter, thorax 0.12 long, 0.035 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean (Zanzibar), depth 2200 fathoms (Pullen).</p> + + <p>14. <i>Sethoconus orthoceras</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate54"><b>54</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cornutella orthoceras</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas, <i>loc. cit.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis very small, conical, hyaline, without pores, with a double internal stricture, and a + very short, rudimentary horn. Thorax slenderly conical, with undulate outlines, three to four + times as long as broad, with subregular, roundish pores, gradually increasing in size towards the + mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.01 broad; thorax 0.16 long, 0.04 to 0.08 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p> + + <p>15. <i>Sethoconus profundus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Cornutella profunda</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxv. B, Nr. B. iv. fig. + 21.</p> + <p><i>Cornutella profunda</i>, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Jour., vol. xxii. pl. i. fig. 23.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cornutella profunda</i>, Haeckel, 1862 Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 284.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis very small, spherical, hyaline without pores and internal stricture, with a very + short, rudimentary horn. Thorax slenderly conical with straight outlines, three to four times as + long as broad, with subregular, circular pores, gradually increasing in size towards the + mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.004 to 0.008 diameter, thorax 0.08 to 0.12 long, 0.03 to + 0.04 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; at + various depths.</p> + + <p>16. <i>Sethoconus trichostylus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cornutella trichostyla</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 287, Taf. vi. fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis very small, conical, hyaline, without pores, with a very long, bristle-shaped, + spirally twisted horn, longer than the whole shell. Thorax slenderly conical, with straight + outlines, and very small, regular, circular pores of nearly equal size, which are separated by + broader bars and spirally ascending oblique crests (according to the figure).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.004 long, 0.002 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.04 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific (California), depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>17. <i>Sethoconus longisetus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cornutella longiseta</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 287, Taf. ix. fig. 15.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis very small, spherical, hyaline, without pores, with a very long, bristle-shaped horn, + <span class="pagenum" id="page1295">{1295}</span>nearly as long as the shell. Thorax slenderly + conical, rough, with straight outlines, and irregular, roundish pores, gradually increasing in + size towards the mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.01 diameter, thorax 0.09 long, 0.03 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean (Zanzibar), depth 2200 fathoms (Pullen).</p> + + <p>18. <i>Sethoconus gracilis</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium gracile</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xi. fig. 15.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis small, subspherical, with few scarce pores, and a stout, pyramidal horn, of the same + length. Thorax slenderly conical, three to four times as long as broad, with straight outlines, + and very small and numerous circular pores of equal size.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.015 diameter, thorax 0.12 long, 0.04 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>19. <i>Sethoconus bimarginatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate54"><b>54</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cornutella bimarginata</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas, <i>loc. cit.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis very small, subspherical, hyaline, without pores, with a rudimentary, conical horn of + the same length. Thorax slenderly conical, three times as long as broad, with undulated, little + convex outlines, and irregular, roundish, double-contoured pores, arranged in nine longitudinal + series, markedly increasing in size towards the mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.01 diameter, thorax 0.16 long, 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>20. <i>Sethoconus clathratus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cornutella clathrata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. + 39<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, <i>c</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis very small, subspherical, hyaline, without pores, with a rudimentary horn of half the + length. Thorax slenderly conical, three to four times as long as broad, smooth, with curved axis + and small, regular, circular pores, nearly equal in size. This common species differs from all + others of the genus by the curvation of the axis of the shell, which is more or less crescentic, + or curved like a cowherd's horn; it may, therefore, represent a peculiar genus, + <i>Sethodrepanum</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.003 to 0.006 diameter, thorax 0.08 to 0.16 long, 0.03 to + 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific, many stations; fossil in + Barbados and Sicily.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Phlebarachnium</i>, Haeckel (et <i>Cladarachnium</i>, Haeckel), 1881,</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Cephalis small, with very small pores, and internal collar + septum. Thorax spiny or thorny.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1296">{1296}</span></div> + + <p>21. <i>Sethoconus facetus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate55"><b>55</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Phlebarachnium facetum</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis small, hemispherical, with distinct collar septum, the same network as the thorax, and + numerous bristle-shaped horns of the same length. Thorax wide, conical, about as long as broad, + with slightly convex outlines; its network extremity delicate, with very small and numerous, + regular, hexagonal pores, disposed in numerous divergent, longitudinal series, which are + convoluted somewhat spirally around the shell axis. Surface covered with thin, scattered, + bristle-shaped spines, about as long as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 diameter, thorax 0.2 long, 0.22 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, surface.</p> + + <p>22. <i>Sethoconus anthocyrtis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate62"><b>62</b></a>, fig. + 21).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Anthocyrtis sethoconus</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas, <i>loc. cit.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis small, subspherical, with very small pores and numerous radial, bristle-shaped spines + of the same length. Thorax wide, conical, about as long as broad, with parabolic outlines, its + network very delicate, with subregular, hexagonal meshes. Surface with scarce, bristle-shaped + spines (not represented in the figure). Mouth with a corona of numerous small, vertical + spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.025 diameter, thorax 0.26 long, 0.24 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 248, surface.</p> + + <p>23. <i>Sethoconus virgultus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cladarachnium virgultum</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis and thorax nearly of the same form and stricture as in <i>Sethoconus facetus</i>, but + larger and wider, with the same delicate, hexagonal network (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate55"><b>55</b></a>, fig. 1); it + differs from the latter by the wider, more convex and campanulate form, but mainly by the armature + of the surface, which is densely covered with thin, arborescent, bristle-shaped spines, + irregularly branched, and four to eight times as large as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 diameter, thorax 0.32 long, 0.4 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p> + + <p>24. <i>Sethoconus setosus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Phlebarachnium setosum</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis small, subspherical, with distinct collar septum, and the same network as the thorax, + with numerous bristle-shaped horns of the same length. Thorax slenderly conical, twice as long as + broad, with irregular, polygonal pores of little different sizes, and very thin bars. Surface + covered with perpendicular, simple, bristle-shaped spines, about as long as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 diameter, thorax 0.12 long, 0.22 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 272, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1297">{1297}</span></div> + + <p>25. <i>Sethoconus venosus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate55"><b>55</b></a>, + fig. 2).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Phlebarachnium venosum</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430, et Atlas, + <i>loc. cit.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis subspherical, with a stout prismatic horn twice the length, bearing three denticulate + edges. The uppermost part of the thorax is supported by three diverging, radial beams arising from + the deep collar stricture. Thorax wide, conical, nearly twice as long as broad, with slightly + convex, thorny outlines; its delicate network is composed of very irregular, polygonal meshes of + different sizes, separated by stronger bars, and of numerous very small polygonal pores separated + by very thin bars inside the former. The central capsule of the figured specimen exhibited in the + upper third of the thorax four large club-shaped lobes, which arose from a very small sphere + enclosed in the cephalis and containing the nucleus.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.4 long, 0.3 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 573. <i>Periarachnium</i>,<a id="NtA_190" href="#Nt_190"><sup>[190]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethocorida</span> (vel Dicyrtida eradiata aperta) + with conical or campanulate, gradually dilated thorax, and widely open mouth. Primary + lattice-shell enveloped by an external arachnoidal mantle. Cephalis with one or more horns.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Periarachnium</i> has been derived from those forms of the preceding + <i>Sethoconus</i>, in which the conical thorax is covered with simple spines + (<i>Phlebarachnium</i>) or branched spines (<i>Cladarachnium</i>). By communication of the + branches of these spines a second outer shell is formed, which, like an arachnoidal mantle, + envelops the inner primary shell.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Periarachnium periplectum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate55"><b>55</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Cephalis hemispherical, separated from the thorax by a sharp collar stricture, from which arise + three internal, diverging beams supporting its upper third. Thorax campanulate, conical, about as + long as broad, with slightly convex outlines. The delicate lattice-work of the entire shell is + double; the inner composed of subregular, hexagonal meshes; the outer of larger, irregular, + polygonal meshes. The bars of the inner are much thicker than the thin threads of the outer. Both + shells are connected by numerous bristle-shaped beams. The central capsule of the figured specimen + exhibited in the upper part of the thorax three club-shaped lobes, which arose from a sphere + enclosed in the cephalis and containing the nucleus.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1298">{1298}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 574. <i>Sethocephalus</i>,<a id="NtA_191" href="#Nt_191"><sup>[191]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethocorida</span> (vel Dicyrtida eradiata aperta) + with discoidal, flatly expanded thorax. Cephalis large, without horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Sethocephalus</i> (formerly proposed under the name + <i>Platycryphalus</i>) contains some few and rare Sethocorida, distinguished by the very large + cephalis, the collar opening of which is wide open, not closed by cortinar beams, and surrounded + by a very flat, nearly discoidal thorax, like the brim of a hat. It is possible that this peculiar + genus has been derived from a Tricyrtid (<i>Theocalyptra</i>?) by loss of the original cephalis, + and that the apparent large cephalis is the original thorax.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Sethocephalus eucecryphalus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate56"><b>56</b></a>, fig. + 13).</p> + + <p>Cephalis very large, campanulate-conical, with irregular, polygonal pores and thin bars. Thorax + short, scarcely broader than the cephalis, beyond the sharp collar stricture expanded like the + brim of a hat, with few rows of irregular, polygonal pores. (In the specimen figured the thorax + was only half as broad as in another specimen found afterwards.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.12 long, 0.09 broad; thorax 0.02 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 285, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Sethocephalus platycryphalus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Platycryphalus sethodiscus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cephalis large, hemispherical, with irregular square pores and thin bars. Thorax flatly + conical, three to four times as broad as the cephalis, beyond the collar stricture expanded nearly + discoidally, with a delicate network of small, subregular, hexagonal pores. (Similar in general + form to <i>Sethophormis aurelia</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate55"><b>55</b></a>, + fig. 3, but without any trace of collar beams or radial ribs.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.08 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.3 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 289, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 575. <i>Sethocyrtis</i>,<a id="NtA_192" href="#Nt_192"><sup>[192]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethocorida</span> (vel Dicyrtida eradiata aperta) + with ovate or subcylindrical thorax, the mouth of which is constricted, simple, without prominent + hyaline peristome. Cephalis with an apical horn.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1299">{1299}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Sethocyrtis</i> and the three following nearly allied genera differ + from the three preceding genera of Sethocorida in the form of the thorax, which is not gradually + dilated, conical, but cylindrical or ovate, with more or less constricted mouth. + <i>Sethocyrtis</i> may be derived from <i>Anthocyrtis</i> by loss of the terminal feet. Its mouth + is quite simple, without tubular or annular peristome.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Sethocyrtis oxycephalis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate62"><b>62</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, subconical, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 4 : 9, breadth = 3 : 8. Cephalis ovate, with a pyramidal horn of half the + length. Thorax campanulate, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as those of the cephalis. + Mouth constricted, scarcely half as broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 3000 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Sethocyrtis cancrina</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium cancrinum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 70, Taf. x. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, bottle-shaped, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 4 : 9, breadth = 2 : 7. Cephalis subcylindrical, with a stout conical horn of + the same length, and sometimes a smaller accessory horn at its base. Thorax ovate, truncate, with + regular, circular, quincuncial pores, twice as broad as those of the cephalis. Mouth little + constricted, flat, nearly as broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Sethocyrtis diomedis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell thorny, pear-shaped, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 3 : 16, breadth = 4 : 20. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical horn of twice + the length. Thorax inflate, ovate, truncate at both poles, with regular, circular pores, twice as + broad as those of the thorax. Mouth constricted, flat, half as broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.12 to 0.16 long, 0.16 to 0.2 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms; also fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Sethocyrtis menelai</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, pear-shaped, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 3 : 15, breadth = 4 : 18. Cephalis subspherical, with a large, + cylindro-conical horn, about as long as the whole shell. <span class="pagenum" + id="page1300">{1300}</span>Thorax inflate, subspherical, truncate, with large, irregular, roundish + pores, four to six times as large as those of the cephalis. Mouth constricted, flat, one-third as + broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.18 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Sethocyrtis subacuta</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium subacutum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 293, Taf. vii. fig. 18.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, pear-shaped, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with small, irregular pores and + a rudimentary horn of half the length. Thorax ovate, with large, subregular, hexagonal pores and + thin bars between them. Mouth constricted, flat, half as broad as the thorax, without prominent + peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Philippine Sea, depth 3300 fathoms (Ehrenberg).</p> + + <p>6. <i>Sethocyrtis pleuracantha</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium pleuracanthum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 293, Taf. vii. fig. 21.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, bottle-shaped, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis slenderly ovate, with an excentric pyramidal + horn of the same length. Thorax inflate, ovate, with irregular, roundish pores and thin bars + between them. Mouth constricted, flat, half as broad as the thorax, without prominent + peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific, Stations 200, 225, 266, 274, &c., at + various depths.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Sethocyrtis agamemnonis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate62"><b>62</b></a>, figs. 11, + <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>).</p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, rough, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 2 : 10, breadth = 3 : 8. Cephalis subspherical, with very small pores and a + small, pyramidal horn of half the length. Thorax inflate, ovate; in the uppermost part (beyond the + collar stricture) with a ring of six to nine very large roundish pores, which are twice to four + times as broad as the other irregular, roundish pores. (The shell is seen in fig. 11 from the + apical pole, in fig. 11<i>a</i> with the cephalis, in fig. 11<i>b</i> without it, exhibiting the + four central collar pores of the cortinar septum.) Mouth truncate, without prominent + peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1301">{1301}</span></div> + + <p>8. <i>Sethocyrtis cassis</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Cornutella cassis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 38.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cyrtocalpis cassis</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 287.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, smooth, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 4 : 13, breadth = 3 : 12. Cephalis ovate, with a conical horn of half the + length. Thorax inflate, ovate, with subregular, circular, quincuncial pores, twice to three times + as broad as the bars. Mouth constricted, truncate, two-thirds as broad as the thorax, without + prominent peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.13 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Caltanisetta).</p> + + <h5>Genus 576. <i>Sethocorys</i>,<a id="NtA_193" href="#Nt_193"><sup>[193]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethocorida</span> (vel Dicyrtida eradiata aperta) + with ovate or sub-cylindrical thorax, the mouth of which is constricted and prolonged into a + ring-like peristome. Cephalis with an apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Sethocorys</i> differs from the preceding <i>Sethocyrtis</i>, its + ancestral form, in the form of the constricted mouth, which is prolonged into a prominent, + hyaline, tubular, or annular peristome.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Sethocorys achillis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate62"><b>62</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, pear-shaped, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 4 : 8, breadth = 3 : 8. Cephalis ovate, with a stout pyramidal horn of half + the length. Thorax nearly spherical, with regular, circular, quincuncial pores of the same breadth + as the cephalic pores. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the thorax, with a broad, smooth, + striated peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean (Corfu), Atlantic, Indian, + Pacific; many stations, at various depths.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Sethocorys patrocli</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell thorny, pear-shaped, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 4 : 12, breadth = 3 : 10. Cephalis ovate, with a pyramidal horn of twice the + length. Thorax ovate, truncate at both poles, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the + cephalic pores. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the thorax, with a broad, smooth, prominent + peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 3000 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1302">{1302}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Sethocorys armadillo</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium armadillo</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 70, Taf ix. fig. 10.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slenderly ovate, smooth, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 3 : 10, breadth = 4 : 6. Cephalis ovate, at the apex thorny, with a conical + horn of the same length. Thorax smooth, ovate, truncate, with small, regular, circular pores, + disposed in from twelve to fifteen transverse rows of the same breadth as the cephalic pores. + Mouth constricted, half as broad as the thorax, with a broad, hyaline, prominent peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Sethocorys odysseus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate62"><b>62</b></a>, + fig. 10).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 2 : 9, breadth = 4 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, with a slender, conical horn + of the same length. Thorax nearly spherical, with regular, circular pores, of the same breadth as + the cephalic pores, quincuncially disposed. Mouth constricted, only one-third as broad as the + thorax, with a broad, hyaline, prominent peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Sethocorys amphora</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lophophæna amphora</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 99, Taf. iii. + fig. 11.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, mouth with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 5, + breadth = 2 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a short conical horn of half the length. + Thorax ovate, truncate, with small, regular, circular, quincuncial pores. Mouth constricted, half + as broad as the thorax, with a narrow, prominent, hyaline peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte (Stöhr).</p> + + <p>6. <i>Sethocorys ajacis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly ovate, smooth, without external collar stricture, but with an internal septum. + Length of the two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2. Cephalis conical, with a + large pyramidal horn of twice the length, and sometimes with a smaller accessory horn at its base; + its pores scarce, irregular. Thorax ovate, truncate, hyaline, in the greater part without pores, + in the smaller part <span class="pagenum" id="page1303">{1303}</span>with from two to four + transverse rows of small, circular pores only. Mouth constricted, with a large cylindrical, + tubular, hyaline peristome, half as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 577. <i>Lophophæna</i>,<a id="NtA_194" href="#Nt_194"><sup>[194]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethocorida</span> (vel Dicyrtida eradiata aperta) + with ovate or subcylindrical thorax, the mouth of which is either truncate or constricted. + Cephalis armed with several large horns.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Lophophæna</i> differs from the nearly allied <i>Sethocorys</i> and + <i>Dictyocephalus</i> only in the armature of the large cephalis, which bears a group of large + horns, often arranged in a corona of radial spines. Sometimes these spines are connected by + anastomosing branches (like <i>Arachnocorys</i>).</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Lophophænula</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Horns of the cephalis simple, free, radial spines, neither + branched nor connected.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Lophophæna galea</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lophophæna galea orci</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin + p. 245.</p> + <p><i>Lophophæna apiculata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 78, + Taf. viii. fig. 11.</p> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Cornutella spiniceps</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 68, Taf. ii. fig. 6.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 5 : 4, breadth = + 5 : 6. Cephalis subglobular, with numerous bristle-shaped, radial spines, about as long + as its radius. Thorax about the same size, truncate, conical, smooth, with wide open mouth. Pores + in both joints of equal size, small, regular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms; also + fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Lophophæna radians</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lophophæna radians</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 78, Taf. + viii. fig. 9.</p> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Lophophæna lynx</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 78, Taf. viii. fig. 13.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 4 : 6, breadth = + 4 : 5. Cephalis subglobular, with numerous, stout, conical, radial spines, about as long + as its diameter. Thorax <span class="pagenum" id="page1304">{1304}</span>of about the same size, + subcylindrical, smooth, truncate, with wide open mouth. Pores in both joints of equal size, small, + regular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; also fossil in + Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Lophophæna liothorax</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 4 : 10, breadth = + 4 : 8. Cephalis subglobular, with large, circular, hexagonally-framed pores, and with + numerous stout, conical, radial spines, about as long as its diameter. Thorax twice as long, + ovate, smooth, truncate, with little constricted mouth, and with irregular, roundish pores, of + very different sizes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Lophophæna echinocephala</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 4 : 8, breadth = + 4 : 9. Cephalis subglobular, of the same shape as in the preceding species. Thorax + thorny, inflate, nearly spherical, with a constricted mouth of half the breadth, and with + irregular, roundish, double-contoured pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Lophophænoma</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Horns of the cephalis connected by anastomosing + branches.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Lophophæna circumtexta</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lophophæna radians</i>, var., Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 78, Taf. viii. figs. 7, 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 4 : 5, breadth = + 4 : 5. Cephalis subglobular, with numerous conical, radial spines, about as long as its + diameter, and at equal distances from the surface, connected by anastomosing branches. Thorax + nearly cylindrical, smooth, little dilated towards the truncate, wide open mouth. Pores + subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms; also fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1305">{1305}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 578. <i>Dictyocephalus</i>,<a id="NtA_195" href="#Nt_195"><sup>[195]</sup></a> + Ehrenberg, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 830.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethocorida</span> (vel Dicyrtida eradiata aperta) + with ovate or subcylindrical thorax, the mouth of which is more or less constricted, either + truncate or with a ring-like peristome. Cephalis rounded, without horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Dictyocephalus</i> has originated probably from <i>Sethocorys</i> by + reduction and loss of the apical horn. The mouth is more or less constricted, either simple, + truncate (<i>Dictyocryphalus</i>), or provided with a prominent, broad, hyaline, annular peristome + (<i>Dictyoprora</i>).</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Dictyoprora</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Mouth of the thorax constricted, with a prominent, + ring-like or tubular, hyaline peristome.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Dictyocephalus amphora</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate62"><b>62</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, thick-walled, subovate, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 5 : 9, breadth = 6 : 8. Cephalis large, obtusely conical, with numerous + oblique pore-canals. Thorax inflate, with six to eight transverse rows of roundish pores, + increasing in size towards the base. Mouth constricted, one-third as broad as the thorax, with an + internal diaphragm and a narrow hyaline peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 272, depth 2425 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Dictyocephalus urceolus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Eucyrtidium Mongolfieri</i>, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. v. + fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, thick-walled, urceolate, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two + joints = 5 : 12, breadth = 4 : 10. Cephalis campanulate, with numerous oblique + pore-canals. Thorax inflate, with five or six transverse rows of roundish pores of equal size. + Mouth constricted, nearly half as broad as the thorax, with a broad hyaline peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.1 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil + in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1306">{1306}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Dictyocephalus excellens</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium excellens</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 70, Taf. x. fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell annulate, thick-walled, urceolate, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints + = 5 : 10, breadth = 4 : 7. Cephalis large, ovate-conical, with numerous + oblique pore-canals. Thorax ovate, with ten to twelve transverse rows of regular, roundish pores, + which are separated by prominent annular ribs. Mouth constricted, about half as broad as the + thorax, with a broad hyaline peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Dictyocephalus ocellatus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Dictyocephalus ocellatus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 297.</p> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Eucyrtidium ocellatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. + d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 299.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, thick-walled, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 3 : 9, breadth = 4 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, with numerous oblique + pore-canals. Thorax inflate, campanulate, hyaline, only with three or four remote transverse rows + of circular, double-contoured pores of equal size. Mouth constricted, one-third as broad as the + thorax, with a narrow hyaline annular peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Greenland; Færöe Channel (Gulf Stream), John + Murray.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Dictyocephalus crassiceps</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium crassiceps</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xi. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, thick-walled, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 4 : 6, breadth = 3 : 4. Cephalis ovate, in the upper part with scattered + pores, in the lower part with one transverse row of pores. Thorax hyaline, subcylindrical, only + with four or five remote transverse rows of small, circular pores. Mouth constricted, half as + broad as the thorax, with a short hyaline peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.04 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Dictyocephalus australis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate62"><b>62</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, thick-walled, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 2 : 9, breadth = 3 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with few small pores. Thorax + subcylindrical, with large, <span class="pagenum" id="page1307">{1307}</span>roundish, + double-contoured pores, irregularly disposed. Mouth constricted, two-thirds as broad as the + thorax, with a broad, hyaline peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—East coast of Australia, Station 164, surface.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Dictyocephalus mediterraneus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate62"><b>62</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, thin-walled, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 3 : 10, breadth = 4 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, with small, circular pores. + Thorax ovate, truncate, with much larger circular pores of different sizes and thin bars between + them. Mouth little constricted, two-thirds as broad as the thorax, with a narrow, hyaline + peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, Smyrna (Haeckel), surface.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Dictyocephalus papillosus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium papillosum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 293, Taf. vii. fig. 10.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell thin-walled, papillate, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 2 : 7, breadth = 3 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, with small, circular pores. + Thorax slenderly ovate, with larger, subregular, circular pores, separated by oblique series of + conical papillæ. Mouth with a broad, hyaline peristome (the "third articulus" of Ehrenberg), + separated by a stricture from the little broader thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea), depth 3300 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Dictyocephalus tabulatus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell thin-walled, papillate, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 2 : 10, breadth = 3 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, with small, circular pores. + Thorax slenderly ovate, truncate, with large, subregular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores. + Mouth little constricted, nearly as broad as the thorax, with a broad, hyaline peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad, thorax 0.1 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Dictyocephalus reticulum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Dictyocephalus reticulum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 297.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium reticulum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 300.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell thin-walled, smooth, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 2 : 8, breadth = 3 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with small, circular pores. + Thorax campanulate, with <span class="pagenum" id="page1308">{1308}</span>transverse rows of + alternating square pores. Mouth little constricted, nearly as long as the thorax, with a narrow, + prominent peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Arctic Ocean, Greenland (Schaffner); Iceland (Krabbe).</p> + + <p>11. <i>Dictyocephalus ampulla</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell thin-walled, smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, without pores, hyaline. Thorax + inflate, subspherical, with scarce and small, widely-scattered, circular pores. Mouth constricted, + only one-third as broad as the thorax, with a narrow, prominent peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Dictyocryphalus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Mouth of the thorax flat or truncate, without prominent + ring-like peristome.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Dictyocephalus obtusus</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Dictyocephalus obtusus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 830.</p> + <p><i>Lophophæna obtusa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 40.</p> + <p><i>Cornutella obtusa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 877.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocephalus obtusus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 296.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, thick-walled, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 5 : 6, breadth = 4 : 5. Cephalis ovate, little smaller than the subcylindrical + thorax. Pores subregular, circular, of little different sizes. Mouth truncate, without ring-like + peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Caltanisetta), Grotte, + &c.</p> + + <p>13. <i>Dictyocephalus globiceps</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate62"><b>62</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, thin-walled, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 6 : 8, breadth = 6 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, large, with circular, + double-contoured pores. Thorax cylindrical, with irregular, roundish pores, the size of which, + like the thickness of the wall, decreases gradually towards the truncate mouth, which has no + ring-like peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.07 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1309">{1309}</span></div> + + <p>14. <i>Dictyocephalus cavea</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell rough, thin-walled, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 3 : 10, breadth = 5 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, thorny, with numerous + regular, circular pores. Thorax subcylindrical, with very large, circular, hexagonally-framed + pores (in nine longitudinal alternating rows), three to five times as broad as the cephalic pores. + Mouth truncate, wide open, without ring-like peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.1 broad; thorax 0.2 long, 0.14 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>15. <i>Dictyocephalus capito</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocephalus capito</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 289, Taf. vii. fig. 24.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, thin-walled, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 7 : 9, breadth = 6 : 8. Cephalis ovate, with numerous irregular, roundish, + densely-crowded pores. Thorax ovate, with very few widely-scattered, irregular, roundish pores + (broken off in Ehrenberg's figure). Mouth truncate, little constricted, without ring-like + peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.07 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea) Station 206, depth + 2100 fathoms.</p> + + <p>16. <i>Dictyocephalus hispidus</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocephalus hispidus</i>, Ehrenberg, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1872, p. 289, Taf. v. fig. 18.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, thin-walled, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 3 : 4, breadth = 3 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, spiny, with the same irregular, + roundish pores as the funnel-shaped or nearly ovate thorax. Mouth truncate, little narrower than + the thorax, without ring-like peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Mexican Gulf (Ehrenberg); Station 338, + depth 1990 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Sethocapsida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 433.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethocyrtida</span> with the basal mouth + of the shell fenestrated (vel Dicyrtida eradiata clausa).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1310">{1310}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 579. <i>Sethocapsa</i>,<a id="NtA_196" href="#Nt_196"><sup>[196]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 433 (sensu emendato).</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethocapsida</span> (vel Dicyrtida eradiata clausa) + with a free cephalis bearing an apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Sethocapsa</i> and the two following genera represent together the + small subfamily of Sethocapsida, or those Dicyrtida in which the mouth of the thorax is closed, + and no radial apophyses are present. <i>Sethocapsa</i> may be derived either from <i>Lithopera</i> + by loss of the three radial rods, or from <i>Sethocyrtis</i> by closure of the mouth.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Sethocapsa pyriformis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate57"><b>57</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, pear-shaped, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 3 : 10, breadth = 3 : 8. Cephalis subspherical, with numerous small pores, and + a short pyramidal or conical horn of half the length. Thorax ovate, with subregular, circular, + quincuncial pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter, thorax 0.1 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 3000 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Sethocapsa lagena</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithopera lagena</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 78, Taf. iii. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, pear-shaped, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 3 : 8, breadth = 3 : 6. Cephalis pear-shaped, with few scarce pores, and a + small conical horn of half the length. Thorax pear-shaped, with irregular, roundish pores. This + species differs from the similar <i>Lithopera lagena</i> almost only in the complete absence of + the three internal radial collar beams inside the thorax, and may be derived from it by their + retrograde metamorphosis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter, thorax 0.08 long, 0.06 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Sethocapsa macroceros</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, pear-shaped, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 2 : 11, breadth = 2 : 9. Cephalis subspherical, with small circular pores, and + a very large, straight, pyramidal horn, of about the same length as the shell. Thorax ovate, with + large, irregular, roundish pores, which are surrounded by polygonal frames.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 diameter, thorax 0.11 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1311">{1311}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Sethocapsa nidus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithopera nidus pendulus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iii. fig. 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, pear-shaped, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = + 3 : 6, breadth = 3 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with a large, straight, + pyramidal horn of twice the length, and scarce small pores. Thorax ovate, also with very small and + scarce pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter, thorax 0.06 long, 0.05 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Sethocapsa bulla</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 3 : 12, breadth + = 4 : 12. Cephalis hemispherical, with small, scarce pores, and a conical horn of the + same length. Thorax nearly spherical, with large, subregular, circular, quincuncial pores, twice + as broad as the bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; fossil in + Barbados.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Sethocapsa ampulla</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell papillate, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 5, + breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, hyaline, without pores, with a large pyramidal + horn of twice the length. Thorax nearly spherical, with large, irregular, roundish, lobulated + pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.15 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Sethocapsa staurocephala</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p>? <i>Lithopera oxystauros</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 78, + Taf. iii. fig. 6.</p> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Lithopera amblystauros</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iii. fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 3 : 4, breadth + = 3 : 4. Cephalis large, ovate, with a conical horn of the same length, small scarce + pores, and an internal frontal septum, composed of two crossed beams, a vertical and a horizontal. + Thorax little larger than the cephalis, ovate, with irregular, small and scarce pores. (The two + figures of Ehrenberg are either incomplete—in <i>Lithopera amblystauros</i>, the cephalic + horn, and in <i>Lithopera oxystauros</i>, the basal part of the thorax, being broken off—or + they belong to different <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter, thorax 0.04 diameter.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1312">{1312}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 580. <i>Dicolocapsa</i>,<a id="NtA_197" href="#Nt_197"><sup>[197]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 433 (sensu emendato).</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethocapsida</span> (vel Dicyrtida eradiata clausa) + with a free cephalis, without apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Dicolocapsa</i> differs from the preceding <i>Sethocapsa</i> in the + loss of the apical horn, and therefore bears to it the same relation that <i>Dictyocephalus</i> + does to <i>Sethocyrtis</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Dicolocapsa microcephala</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate57"><b>57</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, thin-walled, with distinct collar stricture. Cephalis small, subspherical, with + small, crowded pores. Length of the two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3. + Thorax also nearly spherical, three times as large as the cephalis, with small, irregularly + scattered, circular pores, and much broader bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter, thorax 0.09 diameter.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Dicolocapsa megacephala</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, thin-walled, with sharp collar stricture. Cephalis large, conical, obtuse. Length + of the two joints = 5 : 9, breadth = 6 : 8. Thorax ovate, truncate, with + hemispherical base. Pores of both joints equal, subregular, circular, about as broad as the + bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Dicolocapsa platycephala</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell papillate, thick-walled, with slight collar stricture. Cephalis flat, hemispherical, + hyaline, without pores (or with few small pores). Length of the two joints = 2 : 11, + breadth = 4 : 9. Thorax ovate, with small, regular, circular pores, half as broad as the + bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.11 long, 0.09 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 581. <i>Cryptocapsa</i>,<a id="NtA_198" href="#Nt_198"><sup>[198]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 433.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sethocapsida</span> (vel Dicyrtida eradiata clausa) + with a cephalis hidden in the thorax, without apical horn.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1313">{1313}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cryptocapsa</i> differs from the preceding <i>Dicolocapsa</i>, its + ancestral form, in the peculiar shape of the cephalis, which is nearly perfectly enclosed in the + upper part of the inflated thorax. It has, therefore, to the latter the same relation as + <i>Carpocanium</i> bears to <i>Anthocyrtis</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cryptocapsa bacca</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis spherical, with small circular pores enclosed in the upper part of the thorax, which + is ovate, smooth, and exhibits regular, circular pores, about as broad as the bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.03 diameter, thorax 0.15 long, 0.12 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cryptocapsa pila</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cephalis spherical, with few small pores, enclosed in the upper part of the thorax, which is + pear-shaped, spiny, and exhibits subregular, hexagonal pores, three times as broad as the bars. + From each hexagon corner a small thorn arises.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Cephalis 0.04 diameter, thorax 0.25 long, 0.17 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 269, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <h3>Section III. TRICYRTIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 426, 434.</h3> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> trithalamia, with three-jointed + shell, composed of cephalis, thorax, and abdomen, with two separating transverse constrictions, an + upper collar, and a lower lumbar constriction.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Families and Subfamilies of Tricyrtida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w50 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Families and Subfamilies + of Tricyrtida" summary="Synopsis of the Families and Subfamilies + of Tricyrtida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>Family LXV. Podocyrtida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Three radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth open,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">Theopilida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth closed,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">Theoperida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>Family LXVI. Phormocyrtida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Numerous radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth open,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">Theophormida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth closed,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">Theophænida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>Family LXVII. Theocyrtida.</p> + <p class="sp0">No radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth open,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">Theocorida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth closed,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">Theocapsida.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Families and Subfamilies + of Tricyrtida" summary="Synopsis of the Families and Subfamilies + of Tricyrtida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>Family LXV. Podocyrtida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Three radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth open,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">Theopilida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth closed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">Theoperida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>Family LXVI. Phormocyrtida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Numerous radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth open,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">Theophormida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth closed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">Theophænida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>Family LXVII. Theocyrtida.</p> + <p class="sp0">No radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth open,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">Theocorida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth closed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">Theocapsida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1314">{1314}</span></div> + + <h4>Family LXV. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Podocyrtida</span></span>, n. fam. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate67"><b>67</b></a>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate68"><b>68</b></a>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate71"><b>71</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate73"><b>73</b></a>).</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc28"> + <p><i>Theopilida et Theoperida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 435, 436.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tricyrtida</span> triradiata. (<span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> with a three-jointed shell, divided by two transverse constrictions + into cephalis, thorax, and abdomen, and bearing three radial apophyses.)</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Podocyrtida</span>, composed of the Theopilida and Theoperida of + my Prodromus, comprises those <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> in which the lattice-shell is + three-jointed and triradial, bearing three external apophyses. The two subfamilies differ in the + shape of the basal mouth, which in the Theopilida is a simple wide opening, in the Theoperida + closed by a lattice-plate. The latter are derived from the former by development of this closing + plate. The phylogenetic origin of the Podocyrtida may be found in the Tripocyrtida, from which + they are derived by development of an abdomen. But there are also some forms, which may be derived + directly from the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>, and the origin of some other forms seems to + be doubtful.</p> + + <p>The Podocyrtida represent one of the largest groups of <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, very + rich in numerous species, which are partly very common and widely distributed. A large number of + living and fossil species has already been described and figured by Ehrenberg, (1872, 1879, + <i>loc. cit.</i>). These mainly belong to his genera <i>Podocyrtis</i>, <i>Pterocanium</i>, + <i>Rhopalocanium</i>, <i>Lithornithium</i>, &c., and many of them are very characteristic and + common forms, in which the triradial structure of the three-jointed shell is visible at first + view. We distinguish here twenty genera and one hundred and fifty species. The majority have a + shell with a simple wide open mouth (Theopilida, fourteen genera and one hundred and eighteen + species), in the minority the mouth is closed by lattice-work (Theoperida, six genera and + thirty-two species).</p> + + <p>The three joints of the shell have in the majority of Podocyrtida such a proportion that the + cephalis is the smallest, the abdomen the largest, and the thorax between them intermediate in + size. The cephalis bears almost constantly an apical horn; this is rarely reduced or lost; + sometimes two or more horns are developed. The three radial apophyses arise originally from the + base of the cephalis, and may from this point run along the shell-wall embedded in the + lattice-plate of the thorax and the abdomen. They leave the latter at very different points, and + form either lateral wings or terminal feet, sometimes both together. They are either solid or + latticed, sometimes also branched, and of very various shape. Often only the three terminal feet + surrounding the mouth have remained, whilst the ribs have disappeared.</p> + + <p>Many species of this large family are very variable and connected with other different species + by numerous transitional forms; the distinction of the genera described is also often very + difficult.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1315">{1315}</span></div> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Podocyrtida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Podocyrtida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Podocyrtida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="13" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Theopilida.</p> + <p>(Podocyrtida aperta.)</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth of the shell a simple wide opening.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="13" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace30sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="9" class="vmi it1p05">A. Three free limbs or wings on the thorax (partly also on + the abdomen).</td> + <td rowspan="9" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace20sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">No free external appendages on the abdomen.</td> + <td rowspan="5" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace12sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Three wings of the thorax solid.</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace9sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Wings arising from the thorax,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">582. <i>Pterocorys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Three ribs enclosed in the wall of the thorax,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">583. <i>Theopilium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Wings arising free from the collar stricture,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">584. <i>Corocalyptra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Three wings of the thorax latticed.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Wings not prolonged into the cephalis,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">585. <i>Dictyoceras</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Wings prolonged into the cephalis,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">586. <i>Pteropilium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">Free appendages on the abdomen.</td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace8sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Three ribs prolonged into three terminal feet.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Ribs and feet solid,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">587. <i>Theopodium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Ribs and feet latticed,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">588. <i>Pterocanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Three free wings on the thorax. Numerous terminal + feet.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Wings and feet solid,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">589. <i>Pterocodon</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Wings and feet latticed,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">590. <i>Dictyocodon</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">B. Free appendages not on the thorax, only on the + abdomen.</td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Abdomen with three ribs and three feet,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">591. <i>Pleuropodium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Abdomen without lateral ribs, with three + terminal feet.</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Three feet solid, simple,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">592. <i>Podocyrtis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Three feet solid, ramified,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">593. <i>Thyrsocyrtis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Three feet latticed,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">594. <i>Dictyopodium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="6" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Theoperida.</p> + <p>(Podocyrtida clausa.)</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth of the shell closed by a lattice-plate.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace11sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="5" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Three lateral wings only on the thorax,</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Wings solid,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">595. <i>Lithornithium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Wings latticed,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">596. <i>Sethornithium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="vmi it1p05">Three lateral wings beginning from the thorax and prolonged + into the abdomen,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">597. <i>Theopera</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Three wings only on the abdomen.</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Spell spindle-shaped, with three lateral wings + on the abdomen.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">No horn on the basal pole,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">598. <i>Rhopalocanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Basal pole of the shell with a horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">599. <i>Rhopalatractus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Shell three-sided pyramidal, with three terminal-feet on + the basal corners,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">600. <i>Lithochytris</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Podocyrtida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Podocyrtida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="11"> + <p>I. Subfamily Theopilida.</p> + <p>(Podocyrtida aperta.)</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth of the shell a simple wide opening.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">A. Three free limbs or wings on the thorax (partly also on the + abdomen).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">No free external appendages on the abdomen.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three wings of the thorax solid.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Wings arising from the thorax,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">582. <i>Pterocorys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Three ribs enclosed in the wall of the thorax,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">583. <i>Theopilium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Wings arising free from the collar stricture,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">584. <i>Corocalyptra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three wings of the thorax latticed.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Wings not prolonged into the cephalis,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">585. <i>Dictyoceras</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Wings prolonged into the cephalis,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">586. <i>Pteropilium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Free appendages on the abdomen.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three ribs prolonged into three terminal feet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Ribs and feet solid,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">587. <i>Theopodium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Ribs and feet latticed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">588. <i>Pterocanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three free wings on the thorax. Numerous terminal feet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Wings and feet solid,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">589. <i>Pterocodon</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Wings and feet latticed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">590. <i>Dictyocodon</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">B. Free appendages not on the thorax, only on the abdomen.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Abdomen with three ribs and three feet,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">591. <i>Pleuropodium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Abdomen without lateral ribs, with three terminal feet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Three feet solid, simple,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">592. <i>Podocyrtis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Three feet solid, ramified,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">593. <i>Thyrsocyrtis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Three feet latticed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">594. <i>Dictyopodium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="11"> + <p>II. Subfamily Theoperida.</p> + <p>(Podocyrtida clausa.)</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth of the shell closed by a lattice-plate.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">Three lateral wings only on the thorax,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Wings solid,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">595. <i>Lithornithium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Wings latticed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">596. <i>Sethornithium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">Three lateral wings beginning from the thorax and prolonged into + the abdomen,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">597. <i>Theopera</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">Three wings only on the abdomen.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Spell spindle-shaped, with three lateral wings on the + abdomen.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No horn on the basal pole,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">598. <i>Rhopalocanium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Basal pole of the shell with a horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">599. <i>Rhopalatractus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Shell three-sided pyramidal, with three terminal-feet on the + basal corners,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">600. <i>Lithochytris</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Theopilida</span>, Haeckel, Prodromus, p. 435.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Podocyrtida</span> with the terminal + mouth of the shell open (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1316">{1316}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 582. <i>Pterocorys</i>,<a id="NtA_199" href="#Nt_199"><sup>[199]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 435.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theopilida</span> (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three simple, free lateral wings arising from the sides of the thorax.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Pterocorys</i>, comprising numerous and some very common species, may + be one of the oldest and most primitive Theopilida, and is perhaps the common ancestral form of + all Tricyrtida. It exhibits three free lateral wings, arising from the sides of the thorax, like + <i>Lithomelissa</i> among the Dicyrtida, and may be derived directly from this genus by + development of an abdomen. The latter is commonly cylindrical or ovate, with a wide open mouth, + whilst the thorax is either campanulate or three-sided and pyramidal.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Pterocyrtidium</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. + 531.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Horn of the cephalis simple. Abdomen not prolonged into a + narrow tube.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Pterocorys campanula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate71"><b>71</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 3 : 2, breadth = 2 : 4 : 6. Cephalis subovate, with a + pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax subconical, in the middle zone with three conical, + horizontal wings, shorter than the cephalis, from which three thin ribs are decurrent to the + mouth. Abdomen short and much dilated, with wide, truncate mouth. Pores nearly equal, small, + subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Pterocorys carinata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium carinatum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 322, Taf. + vii. figs. 4-7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis ovate, with a + pyramidal horn of twice the length. Thorax campanulate, with three decurrent crests, from which in + the lower part three small conical wings arise, shorter than the cephalis. Abdomen barrel-shaped, + inflated, with wide, truncate mouth. Pores everywhere equal, small, regular, circular, + quincuncial.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.25, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.075; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.25, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific; many + stations, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1317">{1317}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Pterocorys sabæ</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Pterocanium sabæ</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 299, Taf. x. fig. 17.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate or subconical, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, + with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax subconical, in the lower third with three small, + conical, little curved wings, shorter than the cephalis. Abdomen dilated towards the wide, + truncate mouth. Pores subregular, circular, gradually increasing in size from the collar towards + the mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, 2200 fathoms (Pullen).</p> + + <p>4. <i>Pterocorys columba</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate71"><b>71</b></a>, + fig. 2).</p> + + <p>Shell subovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 5 : 4, breadth = 3 : 7 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a curved conical horn of the same length. Thorax inflate, in the middle zone with three + pyramidal downwardly divergent wings of nearly the same length. Abdomen short, inflate, little + constricted towards the wide, truncate mouth. Pores all nearly equal, subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 237, surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Pterocorys falcifera</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Pterocanium falciferum</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 107, Taf. iv. fig. + 15.</p> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Pterocanium bibrachiatum</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol xxvi. p. 106, + Taf. iv. fig. 14.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 6 : 5, breadth = 3 : 9 : 10. Cephalis subspherical, + with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax hemispherical, thick-walled, rough, with three + stout triangular wings, which are about as long as the shell, and curved downwards, with upper + convexity. Abdomen ovate, cylindrical, with wide, truncate mouth. Pores irregular, roundish, large + and small intermingled; at the base of the abdomen (below the lumbar girdle) a circle of somewhat + oblong, quadrangular pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.05; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte (Stöhr); + Caltanisetta (Haeckel).</p> + + <p>6. <i>Pterocorys aquila</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate71"><b>71</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 4 : 4, breadth = 1 : 8 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a slender curved horn of three times the length. Thorax hemispherical, campanulate, spiny, + prolonged above the lumbar girdle into three stout, three-sided prismatic <span class="pagenum" + id="page1318">{1318}</span>wings, which are longer than the shell, fenestrated at the base, and + S-shaped, curved. Abdomen barrel-shaped, with wide, truncate mouth. Pores irregular, roundish, of + very different sizes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.16, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Pterocorys hirundo</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate71"><b>71</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>Shell slender, ovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 4 : 4, breadth = 2 : 5 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a large pyramidal horn longer than the half shell. Thorax conical, spiny, prolonged above the + lumbar girdle into three slender, triangular, prismatic wings, which are about as long as the + shell, and slightly curved downwards, with lower convexity. Abdomen inflated, with wide, truncate + mouth. Pores irregular, roundish, of very different sizes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Pterocorys barbadensis</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Pterocanium barbadense</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 82, + Taf. xvii. fig. 6.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Pterocyrtidium barbadense</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. + xxxvi., Taf. xxxiii. fig. 29, <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 2 : 4 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a stout pyramidal horn of twice the length. Thorax campanulate-conical, in the lower half + with three divergent, angular wings, which are slightly curved downwards, and as long as the + thorax. Abdomen cylindrical, with wide, truncate mouth. Pores small, subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.07; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Pterocorys apis</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Pterocodon apis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 82, Taf. xix. fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, smooth, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 6, breadth = 2 : 3 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a curved, conical horn of three times the length. Thorax very small, with three nearly + horizontal, conical wings, which are slightly curved downwards, and twice as long as the thorax. + Abdomen cylindrical, three times as long as the thorax, with wide, truncate mouth. Pores small, + subregular, circular. Differs from all other species in the very small size of the thorax; the + abdomen is broken off in Ehrenberg's figure.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.15, <i>b</i> 0.02, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific, many stations; also fossil + in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1319">{1319}</span></div> + + <p>10. <i>Pterocorys melitta</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Rhopalocanium ornatum</i>, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, Taf. vi. fig. + 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, smooth, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2 : 2. Cephalis subspherical, + with a pyramidal horn of twice the length. Thorax broad and short, loaf-shaped, with three conical + wings, which are horizontally expanded, and half as long as the shell. Abdomen cylindrical, with + wide, truncate mouth. Pores small, subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Pterocorys turgida</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lychnocanium turgidum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1885, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 80, Taf. vii. fig. 6.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell thick-walled, pear-shaped, smooth, with sharp collar stricture. The lumbar stricture is + not distinct externally, but is represented by a broad, internal, annular septum. Length of the + three joints = 1 : 6 : 3, breadth = 2 : 7 : 6. Cephalis + hemispherical, with a stout pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax and abdomen together + pear-shaped, inflated. Immediately above the lumbar stricture three stout, conical, lateral wings, + as long as the cephalis, arise. Mouth very small, about as broad as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.13, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Pterosyringium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Horn of the cephalis simple. Abdomen prolonged into a + narrow cylindrical tube.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Pterocorys tubulosa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate68"><b>68</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Pterosyringium tubulosum</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas, <i>loc. cit.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>Shell thick-walled, rough, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 4 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 1. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax ovate, in the upper half with three ribs, arising + into short, triangular, slightly prominent wings. Abdomen prolonged into a cylindrical, narrow + tube of the same length as the thorax. Terminal mouth very narrow. Pores subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1320">{1320}</span></div> + + <p>13. <i>Pterocorys pipetta</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell thin-walled, smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 6 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 1. Cephalis ovate, with a + conical horn of twice the length. Thorax ovate, in the middle zone with three conical wings of the + same length, curved slightly downwards (like those of <i>Pterocorys columba</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate71"><b>71</b></a>, fig. 2). + Abdomen constricted into a cylindrical tube half as long as the thorax, with narrow mouth. Pores + subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Pterocorythium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Horn of the cephalis double or multiple. Abdomen not + prolonged into a narrow tube.</p> + + <p>14. <i>Pterocorys rhinoceros</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate71"><b>71</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Shell very delicate and thin-walled, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 10 : 3, breadth, 3 : 11 : 9. Cephalis obtuse, conical, + with two divergent, conical horns of equal length. Thorax triangular, pyramidal; from its three + edges there arise on the middle joint three conical descending wings (little larger than the + horns), and from the base of each wing descend two divergent crests, forming at the sides of the + pyramid three rounded lobes. Abdomen short, cylindrical, with wide, truncate mouth. Network of the + whole shell very delicate, with very small and numerous, regular, circular, hexagonally-framed + pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> + 0.03; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.11, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface, and in various + depths.</p> + + <p>15. <i>Pterocorys prismatica</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell very delicate and thin-walled throughout, with fine fenestration similar to that of the + preceding species, but differing from it in the form of the abdomen, which is much larger, + three-sided and prismatic; three edges of the prism decurrent from the bases of the three short + wings. Length of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 5, breadth = + 2 : 6 : 6. No lobes at the thorax. Mouth wide open, truncate, triangular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p> + + <p>16. <i>Pterocorys tricornis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 5 : 3, breadth = 1 : 7 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, + with three stout, pyramidal, divergent horns, which are three times as long, <span class="pagenum" + id="page1321">{1321}</span>and bear three serrated edges. Thorax three-sided pyramidal, spiny; its + three edges prolonged at the girdle into three stout, triangular, prismatic wings of the same + length, little curved. Abdomen short, cylindrical, with wide open, truncate mouth. Pores + irregular, polygonal, roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.14, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p> + + <p>17. <i>Pterocorys zittelii</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Pterocyrtidium zittelii</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. + xxxvi. pp. 531, 540, Taf. xxxiii. figs. 28, <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell thin-walled, rough, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 5 : 7, breadth = 3 : 5 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, + armed with a very large, prismatic, vertical horn, which is half as long as the shell, and at its + base surrounded by several (three to five) shorter, upwardly diverging horns. Thorax campanulate, + in the upper half with three short, downwardly diverging, conical wings. Abdomen subcylindrical, + with wide, truncate mouth. Pores small, subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.07; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>18. <i>Pterocorys macroptera</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell thin-walled, smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 2, breadth = 1 : 4 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, + armed with two larger and six to eight smaller, conical, divergent horns of different lengths. + Thorax three-sided pyramidal; its three edges prolonged into three very large diverging wings, + which are slender, three-sided, prismatic, and nearly twice as long as the shell. Abdomen short, + cylindrical, with wide, truncate mouth. Pores irregular, roundish, in the middle part of the shell + (on both sides of the girdle) much larger than in the upper and lower part.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.12. <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 335, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 583. <i>Theopilium</i>,<a id="NtA_200" href="#Nt_200"><sup>[200]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 435.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theopilida</span> (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three lateral ribs enclosed in the wall of the thorax, without free lateral or terminal + appendages.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Theopilium</i> differs from all the other Theopilida in the absence of + free external appendages; it has neither lateral wings nor terminal feet, but three divergent ribs + are enclosed in the wall of the thorax. It agrees in this character with the Dicyrtid + <i>Lamprodiscus</i>, and may be derived directly from this by development of an abdomen.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1322">{1322}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Theopilium tricostatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate70"><b>70</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Shell flatly conical, smooth. Length of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 2, + breadth = 2 : 6 : 10. Cephalis subspherical, with a thin oblique horn of the + same length. Thorax with three stout ribs in its wall, and with subregular, hexagonal pores + increasing in size towards the girdle. Abdomen flatter than the thorax, without ribs, nearly + horizontal, with subregular, square pores, disposed in four to six concentric, subcircular series + of different sizes; decreasing in size towards the wide open mouth. Seen from the side, this + species resembles <i>Corocalyptra agnesæ</i>, (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate59"><b>59</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 260 to 274, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Theopilium triradiatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell flatly conical, smooth, in general of the same form as, and with similar fenestration to, + the preceding species, but different in the proportions. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 4 : 2, breadth = 2 : 4 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, + with two divergent, thin horns of the same length. Thorax more elevated, about as high as broad. + The three divergent ribs are not limited to the thorax, but prolonged through the whole abdomen, + the outline of which is a prolongation of that of the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> + 0.05; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Theopilium cranoides</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium cranoides</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 320, Taf. + vii. figs. 1-3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate-conical, smooth. Length of the three joints = 2 : 5 : 4, + breadth = 3 : 9 : 10. Cephalis ovate, with a straight, excentric, prismatic + horn of the same length. The campanulate thorax is separated from it by no external collar + stricture, but by an internal septum. From the base of the horn arise three divergent radial ribs, + running in the wall of the two first joints to the lumbar stricture (<i>loc. cit.</i>, Taf. vii. + fig. 3). Abdomen short and wide, without ribs. Pores rather large, regular, circular, quincuncial, + in the cephalis smaller. Central capsule four-lobed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.027, <i>b</i> 0.054, <i>c</i> + 0.047; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 584. <i>Corocalyptra</i>,<a id="NtA_201" href="#Nt_201"><sup>[201]</sup></a> n. + gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theopilida</span> (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three simple, free, lateral wings, arising from the collar stricture between cephalis and + thorax.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Corocalyptra</i> comprises a small number of very elegant hat-shaped + Tricyrtida, which resemble greatly <i>Eucecryphalus</i> among the Dicyrtida. As in the <span + class="pagenum" id="page1323">{1323}</span>latter, three free, radial spines, or simple wings, + corresponding to the three basal feet of <i>Cortina</i>, arise from the collar stricture between + the small hemispherical cephalis and the large, flatly conical thorax. <i>Corocalyptra</i> differs + from <i>Eucecryphalus</i>, its ancestral form, in the development of a flat and broad abdomen, + which is a prolongation of the thorax, and may be compared to the brim of a hat.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Corocalyptra agnesæ</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate59"><b>59</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Shell flatly conical or hat-shaped. Length of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 2, + breadth = 2 : 8 : 12. Cephalis hemispherical, with an oblique, small, conical + horn of the same length. From the slight collar stricture arise three slender, conical feet of + equal length, twice as long as the apical horn, nearly horizontally divergent. Lateral outline of + the conical thorax straight, of the flatter abdomen convex; the smooth margin of the abdomen + turned inwards. Network delicate, with subregular, hexagonal pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.15, <i>c</i> 0.24.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 270, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Corocalyptra elisabethæ</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate59"><b>59</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Shell flatly conical, hat-shaped, very similar to the preceding species, but with different + proportions. Length of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 2; breadth = + 1 : 7 : 10. Cephalis very small, with an oblique horn of the same length. The + three feet are of different sizes, the caudal odd foot being twice as long as the two lateral, + which are equal to the horn. Lateral outline of the campanulate thorax convex, of the flatter + abdomen less convex. Margin of the mouth flat.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.03; breadth <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.14, <i>c</i> 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Corocalyptra emmæ</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate59"><b>59</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly conical, hat-shaped. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 1, + breadth = 1 : 5 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, with a straight horn of the same + length. Feet of the collar larger than in the preceding species, the two lateral smaller being + directed upwards, the larger odd caudal downwards. Thorax slightly campanulate; its hexagonal + meshes two to four times as large as those of the short, convex abdomen, which is turned + inwards.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> + 0.03; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.13, <i>c</i> 0.17.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 273, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Corocalyptra margarethæ</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nearly conical, hat-shaped, very similar to the preceding species, but with much more + delicate hexagonal network, with thread-like bars. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 7 : 2, breadth = <span class="pagenum" + id="page1324">{1324}</span>1 : 10 : 12. Cephalis hemispherical, with six + bristle-shaped spines of half the length of the shell; three horns divergent upwards, and three + alternating feet divergent downwards. Thorax nearly conical. Abdomen flatter.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> + 0.03; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.15, <i>c</i> 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 236, surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Corocalyptra ludovicæ</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell flatly campanulate or hat-shaped. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 4 : 3, breadth = 2 : 7 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical, + with six bristle-shaped spines, about one-fourth to one-third as long as the shell; three horns + diverging upwards, and three alternate feet diverging downwards. Thorax nearly conical. Abdomen + much larger than in all preceding species, inflated, with convex, lateral outline; its mouth-edge + curved inwards. The network is much finer than in the similar <i>Corocalyptra emmæ</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate59"><b>59</b></a>, fig. 4), + and the abdomen is relatively twice as long and broad.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.14, <i>c</i> 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 585. <i>Dictyoceras</i>,<a id="NtA_202" href="#Nt_202"><sup>[202]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 333.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theopilida</span> (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three latticed free lateral wings on the sides of the thorax, which are not prolonged into + the cephalis.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Dictyoceras</i> and the following <i>Pteropilium</i> agree with the + two preceding genera in the possession of three lateral wings on the sides of the thorax; but + whilst these in the latter are simple solid spines, they are in the former vertical fenestrated + plates. <i>Dictyoceras</i> may be derived from <i>Pterocorys</i> by development of a vertical + lattice-plate between the thorax and the three free lateral spines arising from it.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Dictyoceras insectum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate71"><b>71</b></a>, + figs. 6, 7).</p> + + <p>Shell with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 2, + breadth = 2 : 4 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with a slender pyramidal horn of + twice the length. Thorax subspherical, in the upper half with three divergent lattice-wings of the + same length, each of which represents a slender, fenestrated, three-sided pyramid. Abdomen + subovate, with wide, truncate mouth (in the figured specimen broken off). Pores circular, small, + of different sizes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.055, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.035, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1325">{1325}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Dictyoceras formica</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate71"><b>71</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>Shell with obliterate collar, but deep lumbar stricture. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 2 : 5 : 4. Cephalis conical, with an + oblique curved horn of the same length. Thorax with three vaulted swellings between the three + prominent, diverging lattice-wings, the apex of which is prolonged downwards into a solid curved + spine, half as long as the inflated abdomen. Mouth little constricted. Pores irregular, roundish, + of different sizes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Dictyoceras melitta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate71"><b>71</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <p>Shell with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 4, + breadth = 1 : 6 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with two conical divergent horns + of the same length. Thorax three-sided pyramidal, the three edges prolonged into three + lattice-wings of the same form, with short, terminal spines. Abdomen inflated, subovate, with + constricted mouth. Pores small, regular, circular, of equal size, with very thin bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.18, <i>c</i> 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Dictyoceras bombus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate71"><b>71</b></a>, + fig. 10).</p> + + <p>Shell with deep collar, but evanescent lumbar stricture. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 5 : 3, breadth = 1 : 6 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, + with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate, with three short and broad, triangular + lattice-wings, the upper edge of which is nearly horizontal, the lower nearly vertical and + decurrent from the height of the collar to the lumbar stricture. Abdomen inflated, with + constricted mouth of half the breadth. Pores small, subregular, circular, of nearly equal + size.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Dictyoceras virchowii</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Dictyoceras virchowii</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 333, Taf. viii. figs. + 1-5.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithornithium dictyoceras</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. + d. Wiss. Berlin, 1860, p. 840.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 4, + breadth = 1 : 5 : 6. Cephalis subspherical, with an oblique curved horn of the + same length. Thorax conical, with three broad, triangular lattice-wings different in size and + direction, two of which are directed outwards, the third downwards—each terminated by a + strong spine. Abdomen oblique, inflated, with wide open, truncate mouth. On the shell surface some + few conical spines are scattered. Pores irregular, <span class="pagenum" + id="page1326">{1326}</span>roundish, of different sizes. On the peculiar symmetry of this + remarkable form, compare the detailed description in my Monograph.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, Messina, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 586. <i>Pteropilium</i>,<a id="NtA_203" href="#Nt_203"><sup>[203]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 435.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theopilida</span> (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three latticed free lateral wings on the sides of the thorax, prolonged into the horn of the + cephalis in the form of three vertical, free cephalic wings.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Pteropilium</i> differs from the preceding closely allied + <i>Dictyoceras</i> in the development of three free, vertical, latticed cephalic wings, expanded + between the apical horn of the cephalis and the three wings of the thorax; they may be direct + prolongations of the latter. <i>Pteropilium</i>, however, may also be derived directly from the + Dicyrtida <i>Callimitra</i> or <i>Clathrocorys</i> by development of an abdomen. All these + interesting forms are closely allied to the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Clathropilium</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 435.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax completely latticed, without three larger lateral + holes between the three wings.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Pteropilium stratiotes</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate70"><b>70</b></a>, figs. 9, + 10).</p> + + <p>Shell thin-walled, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 5 : 4, breadth = 2 : 6 : 9. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a vertical, straight, prismatic horn of three times the length. Thorax inflated, oblique, + with three slender, nearly straight, widely divergent ribs, beginning from the collar stricture + and united in its centre with the centripetal prolongation of the horn. The basal half of the + three ribs is enclosed in the thorax wall, whilst the distal half lies outside it, and is + connected with its lower half only by two divergent, reticulated wings. The upper edge of the ribs + is connected with the occipital horn by a vertical, loosely reticulated, triangular wing. Abdomen + half as long as the thorax, also of irregular and oblique form, with knee-shaped outline and a + wide, truncate mouth. Network with irregular polygonal, for the most part quadrangular, meshes, + separated by thin bars and forming irregular transverse rows. Some stronger, vein-like ribs ramify + in the wall, diverging towards the mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1327">{1327}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Pteropilium hoplites</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell in the general form and in the irregular, quadrangular fenestration similar to the + preceding species, but more heavy and with different proportions. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 6 : 4, breadth = 2 : 6 : 8. Cephalis twice as broad as + in <i>Pteropilium stratiotes</i>. Thorax more slender and subovate. Abdomen truncate, conical, + gradually dilated, with straight, non-geniculate outline. Network coarser, with larger square + meshes and thicker bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Pteropilium eques</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell in the general form and in the irregular, quadrangular fenestration similar to those of + the two preceding species, but more slender and with different proportions. Length of the three + joints = 1 : 3 : 2, breadth = 2 : 4 : 4. Cephalis flatter. + Thorax subconical, also flatter. Abdomen short, cylindrical, with straight outline. Network looser + than in the two preceding species, with larger square meshes and thinner bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth <i>a</i> 0.06, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Arachnopilium</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 435.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax with three large lateral holes between the three + latticed wings.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Pteropilium clathrocanium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate64"><b>64</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Arachnopilium clathrocanium</i>, Haeckel, Prodromus, 1881, p. 435.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell very delicate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 4 : 2, breadth = 2 : 10 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, + with circular, polygonally-framed pores, and a central, three-sided pyramidal, apical horn of + twice the length. Thorax three-sided pyramidal, with three large, ovate holes between three + prominent latticed wings. From its surface arises a very delicate, arachnoidal network with + irregular, polygonal meshes, enveloping also the entire cephalis. Abdomen wide and short, as long + as the cephalis, and half as broad as the distance of the wings, twice as broad as the constricted + mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.2, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1328">{1328}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 587. <i>Theopodium</i>,<a id="NtA_204" href="#Nt_204"><sup>[204]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 435.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theopilida</span> (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three divergent solid ribs, which lie in the wall of the thorax and the abdomen, and are + prolonged into three solid terminal feet.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Theopodium</i> and the following closely allied <i>Pterocanium</i> + differ from the preceding four genera in the development of the three radial rods or the primary + cortinar spines, which are not free lateral wings, but longitudinal ribs enclosed in the wall of + the thorax and abdomen, and prolonged over the basal mouth into three free terminal feet. These + are solid in <i>Theopodium</i>, which, therefore, corresponds to <i>Lychnocanium</i> among the + Dicyrtida.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Theopodium tricostatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>, fig. + 14).</p> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, thorny, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 2, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a stout conical horn of the same length. Thorax with regular, circular, hexagonally-framed + pores. Abdomen with irregular, roundish pores of very different sizes. From the middle part of the + thorax arise the three prominent, wing-like edges of the pyramid, which are prolonged over its + wide mouth into three stout, pyramidal, divergent feet about as long as the thorax, with dentate, + lamellar edges.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Theopodium pyramidale</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, rough, without external strictures, but with two broad internal + girdles. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 6, breadth = + 2 : 4 : 8. Cephalis with a thick horn of the same length, conical. Thorax with + very small, regular, circular pores. Abdomen with irregular, roundish pores of very different + sizes. From the collar stricture arise the three rectilinear edges of the pyramid, which are + prolonged over its wide-open mouth into three stout, divergent, pyramidal feet, about as long as + the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.075, <i>c</i> 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 588. <i>Pterocanium</i>,<a id="NtA_205" href="#Nt_205"><sup>[205]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theopilida</span> (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three divergent ribs, which run along the thorax and abdomen, and are prolonged into three + latticed terminal feet.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1329">{1329}</span></div> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Pterocanium</i> differs from the preceding <i>Theopodium</i> in the + fenestration of the three terminal feet, which are basal prolongations of the three radial ribs, + enclosed in the wall of the thorax and the abdomen. Often also these ribs are partly or wholly + fenestrated. It corresponds to <i>Lychnodictyum</i> among the Dicyrtida, and may be derived from + this by development of an abdomen. The latter forms sometimes three concave bays, at other times + three convex lobes between the three latticed feet.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Pterocanarium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Free basal edge of the abdomen between the three feet + concave, forming three shallower or deeper bays between them.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Pterocanium proserpinæ</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Pterocanium proserpinæ</i>, Ehrenberg, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1872, + p. 299, Taf. xi. fig. 22.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Pterocanium proserpinæ</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 332.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, rough. Length of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 2, breadth + 1 : 5 : 6. Cephalis subspherical, with a triangular-pyramidal vertical horn of + thrice the length. Thorax hemispherical, without prominent swellings. Abdomen shorter, with three + concave basal bays. Pores in the thorax and abdomen nearly equal, subregular, circular. Feet from + the girdle (or the lumbar stricture) little divergent, nearly straight.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.3, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, Candia, Spratt, depth 1100 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Pterocanium gravidum</i>, n. sp., (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate73"><b>73</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, nearly three-sided pyramidal, smooth. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 4 : 3, breadth = 1 : 6 : 10. Cephalis subspherical, + with a pyramidal straight horn of twice the length. Thorax hemispherical, without prominent + swellings. Abdomen shorter, with three concave basal bays; its network prolonged to the ends of + the feet. Pores in the thorax and abdomen of nearly equal size, irregular, roundish. Feet from the + girdle strongly divergent, with convex back.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.075, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Pterocanium orcinum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate73"><b>73</b></a>, + fig. 2).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, nearly three-sided pyramidal, covered with conical spines. Length of the + three joints = 1 : 4 : 3, breadth = 1 : 5 : 6. Cephalis + hemispherical, with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax without prominent swellings, with + subregular, circular pores. Abdomen <span class="pagenum" id="page1330">{1330}</span>shorter, with + three concave basal edges and irregular, polygonal pores. Feet from the girdle strongly divergent, + nearly straight.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Pterocanium contiguum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Pterocanium contiguum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, Taf. xvii. fig. 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, smooth. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 2, breadth = 1 : 4 : 6. Cephalis small, + subspherical, with a large conical horn three times the length. Thorax and abdomen with small, + regular, circular pores of equal size, densely crowded together, with thin bars. Abdomen shorter, + with three concave basal edges. Feet very thick, straight, from the girdle strongly divergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.025; breadth <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Pterocanium pyramis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate68"><b>68</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, smooth. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 4 : 3, breadth = 2 : 4 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate, with fifteen to twenty prominent + longitudinal ribs, separating as many rows of regular, circular pores. Abdomen shorter, with three + concave basal bays, and irregular, roundish pores. Feet very strong, pyramidal, straight, + gradually divergent from the girdle.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Pterocanium virgineum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate73"><b>73</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly three-sided pyramidal, smooth. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 4 : 8, breadth 2 : 6 : 9. Cephalis hemispherical, with + a conical straight horn three times the length. Thorax campanulate, with three slight swellings + between the three knee-shaped ribs, and with regular circular pores. Abdomen longer, with three + concave basal bays, and with very small and numerous pores (much smaller than those of the + thorax). At both sides of the three prominent abdominal crests, two rows of larger, nearly square + pores occur. Feet slender, nearly straight, divergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.15, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Pterocanium prætextum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0">Lychnocanium prætextum, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 297, Taf. x. fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nearly three-sided prismatic, smooth. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 1, breadth = 1 : 4 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, + with a straight, conical horn of three times the length. Thorax <span class="pagenum" + id="page1331">{1331}</span>campanulate with three slight swellings between the three knee-shaped + ribs, and with regular, circular pores. Abdomen smaller, with three deep concave basal bays, and + with irregular, roundish pores. Feet longer than the shell, slender, pyramidal, straight, + parallel.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.02; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Ceylon (Haeckel); Zanzibar (Pullen).</p> + + <p>8. <i>Pterocanium depressum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lychnocanium depressum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 297, Taf. x. fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell (including the feet) nearly three-sided prismatic, rough. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 1, breadth = 1 : 6 : 6. Cephalis subspherical, + with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax a very flat and broad triangular pyramid, three + times as broad as long. Abdomen smaller, with three deep, parabolic, concave bays. Pores + irregular, roundish. Feet longer than the shell, slender, pyramidal, straight, parallel.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.02; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, depth 2200 fathoms (Pullen).</p> + + <p>9. <i>Pterocanium campanella</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lychnocanium campanella</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 297, Taf. viii. fig. 12</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis campanella</i>, Ehrenberg, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 769.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, smooth, with three high fenestrated crests and deep collar stricture. Length + of the three joints = 1 : 3;1, breadth = 1 : 4 : 3. Cephalis + subspherical, with a slender horn of the same length. Thorax inflated, campanulate, with three + vaulted swellings between the three curved ribs. Abdomen short, with three semicircular bays + between the three feet. Pores of the whole shell regular, circular, small, and numerous. Feet + broad, triangular, shorter than the thorax, with convex back and convergent ends.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.2; breadth <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Philippine Sea, 3300 fathoms + (Brooke).</p> + + <p>10. <i>Pterocanium tricolpum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate73"><b>73</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly three-sided prismatic, smooth, with three high fenestrated crests and two deep + strictures. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 2, breadth = + 1 : 5 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with an oblique, conical horn of the same + length. Thorax inflated, with three highly vaulted bosoms between the three high crests, and with + subregular, circular pores. Abdomen shorter, with three concave (or nearly rectangular, square) + basal bays between the three feet, and with irregular, roundish pores, three to four pairs of + larger pores occurring at the sides of the base of the feet. Feet nearly as long as the shell, + with fenestrated bases, nearly straight and parallel; somewhat convergent, with convex back. + (Often the concave bays between the three feet are not square, as in the specimen figured, but + <span class="pagenum" id="page1332">{1332}</span>semicircular.) The ends of the feet are sometimes + strongly convergent. The vaultings of the three swellings and the reticulation are also variable; + the whole form is often irregular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific; many stations, surface.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Pterocanidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Free basal edge of the abdomen between the three feet + convex, forming three rounded or semicircular prominent lobes between them.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Pterocanium eucolpum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate73"><b>73</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyopodium eucolpum</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell about triangular-prismatic, with two deep strictures, smooth. Length of the three joints + = 1 : 3 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, + with a conical, oblique horn of the same length. Thorax inflated, with three hemispherical + swellings between the three crests, and with subregular, hexagonal pores. Abdomen longer, with + much smaller, irregular, roundish pores, forming three broad, convex lobes between the three feet. + (In the figured specimen the lobes were not fully developed, and extremely thin below the line + parallel to the edge. In another specimen, found afterwards in the same locality, the three lobes + were much larger, semicircular, and reached almost to the basal plane of the ends of the feet by + reason of their convexity.) Feet strong, with slightly convex back, divergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Pterocanium bicorne</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate73"><b>73</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyopodium bicorne</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nearly three-sided pyramidal, slender, smooth. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 2, breadth = 1 : 4 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, + with two oblique, conical horns of nearly equal length. Thorax nearly hemispherical, with slightly + prominent crests, and with subregular, hexagonal pores. Abdomen of about the same length, with + much smaller, irregular, roundish pores, forming three convex, nearly circular lobes between the + three large divergent feet. These are slender, three-sided pyramidal, longer than the shell, + fenestrated at the thickened base, with some rows of larger pores; their back is slightly + concave.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1333">{1333}</span></div> + + <p>13. <i>Pterocanium trilobum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyopodium trilobum</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 340, Taf. + viii. figs. 6-10.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, nearly tetrahedral, covered with conical spines. Length of the + three joints = 1 : 4 : 2, breadth = 1 : 6 : 10. Cephalis + hemispherical, with a large conical horn (as long as the thorax). Thorax tetrahedral, with little + prominent crests. Abdomen forming three semicircular, convex lobes between the three feet, half as + long as the thorax, with the same irregular, roundish pores. Feet slender, about as long as the + shell, triangular, with convex back, strongly divergent, fenestrated at the inflated and thickened + base. (Compare the special description of the living form and its soft body in my Monograph.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, Messina, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 589 <i>Pterocodon</i>,<a id="NtA_206" href="#Nt_206"><sup>[206]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theopilida</span> (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three solid free lateral wings on the thorax, and numerous solid terminal feet around the + mouth of the abdomen.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Pterocodon</i> differs from the closely allied <i>Pterocorys</i>, its + ancestral form, in the development of numerous solid feet around the terminal mouth, similar to + the terminal corona of <i>Calocyclas</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Pterocodon campana</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Pterocodon campana</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 10.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Pterocodon campana</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 82, Taf. xix. fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, campanulate, subconical, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three + joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 2 : 3 : 5. Cephalis + hemispherical, with a conical horn of twice the length. Thorax hemispherical, in the upper part + with three divergent, conical horns, as long as the cephalis, and curved downwards. Abdomen with + four transverse rows of large circular pores, increasing in size towards the mouth; the largest + (undermost), five times as broad as the circular thoracic pores. Mouth not constricted, with a + corona of twelve to fifteen divergent, conical feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Pterocodon ornatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate70"><b>70</b></a>, + fig. 11).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly ovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 5, breadth = 1 : 5 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a large oblique horn reaching half the length of the <span class="pagenum" + id="page1334">{1334}</span>shell; three edges of the horn wing-shaped and dentated. Thorax + hemispherical, in the middle zone with three conical wings, which are half as long as the thorax, + and curved downwards. Pores hexagonal, roundish, twice as broad in the inflated abdomen as in the + thorax. Mouth constricted, with a corona of from fifteen to eighteen conical, divergent, curved + feet, similar to the thoracic wings.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Pterocodon favosus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 2, breadth = 2 : 4 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a conical horn of twice the length. Three wings of the thorax equal to those of the preceding + species. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, of equal size in the thorax and abdomen. + Mouth constricted, with a corona of nine straight, conical, nearly vertical feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.0025, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.05; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 590. <i>Dictyocodon</i>,<a id="NtA_207" href="#Nt_207"><sup>[207]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 435.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theopilida</span> (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three latticed free lateral wings on the thorax, and numerous latticed terminal feet around + the mouth of the abdomen.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Dictyocodon</i>, one of the most elegant among the <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, differs from the preceding <i>Pterocodon</i> in the fenestration of + the three lateral wings of the thorax, and the numerous terminal feet of the abdomen. It may be + derived from <i>Dictyoceras</i> by development of regular lattice-feet around the terminal + mouth.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Dictyocodella</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—The three lateral lattice-wings arise from the thorax + alone.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Dictyocodon annasethe</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate71"><b>71</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Shell with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = 2 : 5 : 4, + breadth = 1 : 5 : 6. Cephalis subspherical, with a very large, three-sided + prismatic horn of three times the length, bearing at the base some smaller accessory spines. + Thorax nearly conical, with three large, inflated, triangular lattice-wings, the upper edge of + which (the cortinar rod) descends obliquely, and is larger <span class="pagenum" + id="page1335">{1335}</span>than the thorax, ending in a spine. Abdomen inflated, subcylindrical, + divided at the wide open mouth by nine deep incisions into nine large triangular feet. Network in + the thorax and wings composed of small, regular, hexagonal pores, in the abdomen of three + transverse rows of irregular, very large pores, which are surrounded and separated by bands of + very small pores; in each foot one large pore and a marginal series of very small pores occur. I + dedicate this wonderful species to the memory of my dear wife, Anna Sethe.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean; Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Dictyocodon carolotæ,</i> n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate71"><b>71</b></a>, + fig. 14).</p> + + <p>Shell with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 7, + breadth = 2 : 5 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with an oblique pyramidal horn of + twice the length. Thorax subconical, in the upper half with three divergent, triangular wings of + half the length, the upper edge of which is nearly horizontal, little curved. Abdomen nearly + cylindrical; divided at the wide open mouth by nine deep incisions into nine triangular, vertical + feet, about as large as the wings. Network very delicate, with regular, small, circular pores of + equal size and very thin bars. I dedicate this elegant species to my dear mother, Charlotte + Sethe.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.14; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cape of Good Hope (Bleek), surface.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Dictyocodoma</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—The three lateral wings are prolonged from the thorax to + the abdomen.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Dictyocodon palladius</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate71"><b>71</b></a>, figs. 12, + 13).</p> + + <p>Shell with distinct collar, but evanescent lumbar stricture. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 7, breadth = 1 : 3 : 8. Cephalis very small, with + a large pyramidal horn of twice the length, bearing at its base some small, often branched, + accessory spines. Thorax three-sided pyramidal, without external boundary prolonged into the + large, inflated, gradually dilated abdomen. The internal boundary between the two is marked by a + fenestrated, horizontal ring (not indicated in the figure). Three prominent, triangular, + fenestrated wings arise from the base of the cephalic horn, and are prolonged nearly through the + whole shell almost to the edge of the mouth; in its lower half they form three elevated + fenestrated apophyses, the upper edge of which is nearly horizontal. Mouth divided by about twenty + incisions into as many triangular, vertical, fenestrated feet. The network of the whole shell is + very delicate, like fine gauze, composed of very small, regular, hexagonal pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.055, <i>c</i> + 0.21; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.25.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1336">{1336}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Dictyocodon prometheus,</i> n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell tower-shaped, very similar to the preceding species in form and fenestration, but more + slender and different in the longer and three-sided prismatic abdomen. Length of the three joints + = 1 : 1 : 8, breadth = 1 : 3 : 7. Cephalis with two large + divergent horns of three times the length, which are united by interior prolongations with the + basal central point, from which arise the upper edges of the three divergent wings; the ends of + the latter are directed downwards. Mouth with a corona of about thirty irregular, triangular + feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.025; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 591. <i>Pleuropodium</i>,<a id="NtA_208" href="#Nt_208"><sup>[208]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 436.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theopilida</span> (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) + without ribs in the thorax, but with three ribs enclosed in the abdomen, which are prolonged into + three terminal feet.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Pleuropodium</i>, formerly confounded with <i>Theopodium</i> and + <i>Pterocanium</i>, differs from these two closely allied ancestral genera in the localisation of + the three lateral ribs, which have disappeared in the thorax and become limited to the abdomen. It + is therefore intermediate between the former and the following <i>Podocyrtis</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Pleuropodium charybdeum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Pterocanium charybdeum</i>, J. Müller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 43, + Taf. vi. figs. 7-10.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis charybdea</i>, J. Müller, 1856, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 492.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, armed with scattered, bristle-shaped spines, with sharp collar and slight + lumbar stricture. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 1, breadth = + 1 : 4 : 5. Cephalis cupola-shaped, with a large prismatic, somewhat curved + horn, half as long as the shell. Thorax hemispherical, spiny. Abdomen short and wide, three-sided + prismatic, with three stout longitudinal ribs, which are prolonged into three slender, prismatic, + nearly vertical, slightly curved feet, about as long as the shell. Pores irregular, roundish, of + variable size.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.03; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina, Nice, &c.), surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Pleuropodium cortina</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, smooth, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 4 : 2, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, + with a small, pyramidal, straight horn of the same length. <span class="pagenum" + id="page1337">{1337}</span>Thorax pear-shaped, with regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores. + Abdomen three-sided pyramidal, with irregular, roundish pores and three prominent, stout, + prismatic ribs, which are prolonged into three straight, divergent feet of the same length.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 592. <i>Podocyrtis</i>,<a id="NtA_209" href="#Nt_209"><sup>[209]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theopilida</span> (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three simple, terminal feet on the mouth of the abdomen, without lateral ribs or wings. Apex + with a horn, which usually is simple.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Podocyrtis</i>, and the two following closely allied genera, differ + from all the preceding Theopilida in the absence of lateral ribs or wings, and the possession of + three free terminal feet, which arise directly from the peristome, or from the margin of the + abdominal mouth. They may be derived from <i>Pleuropodium</i> by reduction and loss of the three + piercing lateral ribs, the terminal free prolongations of which only remain. The genus + <i>Podocyrtis</i> is one of the largest and most common among all <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, being rich mainly in fossil forms. Ehrenberg in his Polycystins of + Barbados (1875, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 80) enumerated not less than thirty-one species. Some of + these are yet living, and occur in the Pacific Radiolarian ooze collected by the Challenger. Other + new forms are to be added, so that the number of species described in the following pages amounts + to forty-five. Many of these are cosmopolitan, or at least common and widely distributed. To + facilitate study we may divide this large genus into four subgenera: in two of these the terminal + feet are divergent, or nearly parallel; in the two others convergent. In each of these two groups + the pores of the thorax and the abdomen are either nearly equal in size and form, or distinctly + different, the abdominal pores being often much larger than the thoracic. The small cephalis bears + constantly an apical horn, which is usually simple, rarely branched.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Podocyrtarium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet divergent (the distance between their ends being + greater than that between their bases). Pores of the thorax and abdomen nearly equal in size and + similar in form.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1338">{1338}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Podocyrtis tripodiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate72"><b>72</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly conical, gradually dilated from the apical to the basal part, with two slight + strictures. Surface a little rough. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 4, + breadth = 2 : 4 : 6. Pores subregular, circular, quincuncially disposed, of + nearly equal size in the conical thorax and the subspherical abdomen. Cephalis hemispherical, with + smaller pores and a spindle-shaped spiny horn of twice the length. Feet cylindrical, as long as + the abdomen, little divergent, their ends curved outwards and thickened into a papillate knob.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265 to 272, depth 2425 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Podocyrtis attenuata</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis attenuata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xvi. fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nearly conical, gradually dilated from the apical to the basal part, with two slight + strictures. Surface a little rough. Length of the three joints = 2 : 3 : 4, + breadth = 2 : 4 : 5. Pores subregular, circular, equal, quincuncial. Cephalis + subspherical, with a conical horn of twice the length. Feet cylindrical, as long as the abdomen, + little divergent (sometimes as in the specimen figured, nearly parallel).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Podocyrtis thyrsoceras</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, smooth, very similar to <i>Thyrsocyrtis rhizodon</i>, Ehrenberg (1875, + Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xii. fig. 1), with two slight strictures, nearly + of the same form and fenestration as in the preceding smaller species. Length of the three joints + = 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, + with a large cylindrical straight horn, which reaches the length of the abdomen, and is papillate + in the distal half. Feet cylindrical, divergent, nearly as long as the whole shell, broadened and + spinulated at the distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Podocyrtis conica</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell conical, without external strictures, but with two internal septal rings. Surface + papillate. Length of the three joints = 2 : 3 : 8, breadth = + 3 : 6 : 10. Pores equal, subregular, circular, quincuncial. Cephalis + hemispherical, with a thick conical horn of the same length. Feet conical, about as long as the + thorax, divergent in the direction of the outline of the conical shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> <span class="correction" title="Original reads '00.3'.">0.03</span>, + <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan, Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274; Tropical + Atlantic, Station 348, in depths between 2350 and 2925 fathoms; also fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1339">{1339}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Podocyrtis corythæola</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate72"><b>72</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate conical, with two deep strictures, and with rough surface. Length of the three + joints = 2 : 5 : 8, breadth = 3 : 8 : 10. Cephalis + hemispherical, thorny, with a strong oblique horn three times the length, which is armed with nine + to twelve conical spines. Pores small, circular, of irregular size and distribution. Feet + spindle-shaped, divergent, as long as the inflated abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three feet, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.08; + breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Maldive Islands (Haeckel), surface.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Podocyrtis surena</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate72"><b>72</b></a>, + fig. 10).</p> + + <p>Shell thin-walled, tower-shaped, smooth, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 5 : 10, breadth = 3 : 10 : 11. Cephalis subspherical, + with a bent conical horn, as long as the hemispherical thorax. Abdomen cylindrical. Pores + subregular, circular, quincuncially disposed, and slightly larger in the abdomen. Feet with a + thickened calf, nearly perpendicular, as long as the thorax; their distal ends little divergent, + and forming a knob beset with small roundish tubercles.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.035, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Podocyrtis conulus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell elongate, conical, rough, without external strictures, but with two internal septal + rings. Length of the three joints = 3 : 4 : 15, breadth = + 5 : 7 : 12. Cephalis hemispherical, with a thick pyramidal horn of the same + length. Feet also pyramidal, divergent, of the same size as the horn. Pores irregular, roundish, + of variable size. Abdomen very long.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.15; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 342, depth 1445 fathoms; also + fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Podocyrtis tridactyla</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell conical, with two slight strictures, smooth. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 6 : 5, breadth = 4 : 5 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a pyramidal horn of twice the length. Pores irregular, polygonal, of variable size. Feet as + long as the abdomen, constricted in the middle, trilobed at the distal end; the middle lobe twice + as large as the lateral lobes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.05; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Podocyrtecium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet divergent (the distance between their ends being + greater than that between their bases). Pores of the thorax and abdomen of different form or + size.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1340">{1340}</span></div> + + <p>9. <i>Podocyrtis prismatica</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate72"><b>72</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Shell conical, rough, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, + with a curved conical horn of twice the length. Thorax and abdomen together nearly hemispherical. + Pores small, regular, circular, quincuncial, twice as large in the abdomen as in the thorax. Feet + very large, twice as long as the whole shell, divergent, bent outwards, prismatic, with strong + prominent edges.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.02, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Podocyrtis brevipes</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis brevipes</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xvi. fig. 6.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell conical, smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 3 : 6, breadth = 2 : 5 : 9. Cephalis subspherical, + with a conical horn of the same length. Pores regular, circular, quincuncial, three times as broad + in the abdomen as in the thorax. Feet short, triangular, divergent, as long as the horn. (The + specimen figured by Ehrenberg was incomplete, one foot and the horn being broken off.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Podocyrtis divergens</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate72"><b>72</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Shell slender, subconical, thick-walled, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three + joints = 2 : 5 : 7, breadth = 4 : 8 : 10. Cephalis + hemispherical, with a large, oblique, prismatic horn three times the length, and a small divergent + by-horn at its base. Thorax hemispherical, rough, with regular, circular, quincuncial pores. + Abdomen cylindrical, thorny, with larger circular pores of subregular disposition, two to three + times as broad as those of the thorax. Feet conical, horn-like, bent, as long as the abdomen; + strongly divergent in the distal half.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.07; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 220, depth 1100 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Podocyrtis collaris</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis collaris</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xvi. fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell conical, with slight collar and deeper lumbar stricture. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 4 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a small oblique horn of the same length. Pores regular, circular, quincuncial, four to six + times as broad in the inflated abdomen as in the conical thorax. Feet short and slightly + divergent, little longer than the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1341">{1341}</span></div> + + <p>13. <i>Podocyrtis ventricosa</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis ventricosa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xvi. fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell conical, with two deep strictures, thorny. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 5, breadth = 1 : 4 : 8. Cephalis subspherical, + with a small conical horn of the same length. Pores regular circular, quincuncial, four to six + times as broad in the inflated abdomen as in the hemispherical thorax. (Pores much larger and less + numerous than in the similar preceding species.) Feet broad and stout, triangular, divergent, as + long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>14. <i>Podocyrtis flosculata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate72"><b>72</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Shell conical, rough, as broad as long, with distinct collar, but obliterated lumbar stricture. + Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = + 2 : 4 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, with a thick conical horn of the same + length. Thorax truncate, conical, with small, circular, quincuncial pores. Abdomen inflated, with + very large and remarkable regular, quincuncial pores; their inner edge circular, the outer + six-lobed, the six lobes elegantly alternating with six short conical spines. Feet very coarse, + equilateral triangular, half as broad as the thorax, little divergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>15. <i>Podocyrtis centriscus</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis centriscus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xiv. fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell conical, rough, about as high as broad, with two obliterated strictures. Length of the + three joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 7. Cephalis + small, hemispherical, with a stout conical horn. Pores of the inflated abdomen irregular, + roundish, very large, three occurring in the course of its length, five times as broad as the + small, very numerous, regular, circular pores of the conical thorax. Feet S-shaped, as long as the + abdomen, with the blunt end curved outwards.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms; fossil in + Barbados.</p> + + <p>16. <i>Podocyrtis magnifica</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate72"><b>72</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <p>Shell conical, spiny, a little longer than broad, with two distinct strictures. Length of the + three joints = 1 : 2 : 5, breadth = 2 : 4 : 7. Cephalis + hemispherical, with a large conical horn, which is as long as the abdomen, nearly scaly, and + covered with short, simple, and bifid spines. Pores regular, circular, quincuncially disposed, + four times as broad in the inflated abdomen as in the <span class="pagenum" + id="page1342">{1342}</span>conical thorax. Spines of the former twice as large as those of the + latter. Feet very long and slender, cylindrical, S-shaped, bent outwards at the thickened distal + end, with a spindle-shaped papillate knob.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Canary Islands, Lanzerote, Haeckel, surface.</p> + + <p>17. <i>Podocyrtis princeps</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Podocyrtis princeps</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 82, + Taf. xiii. fig. 1.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis princeps</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. + p. 540, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 32.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell conical, with two distinct strictures. Length of three joints = + 1 : 2 : 5, breadth = 1 : 4 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, + with a large cylindrical, vertical horn, longer than the whole shell. Pores regular, circular, + quincuncial, in the inflated spiny abdomen very large (four to five in the course of its length), + five times as broad as in the smooth conical thorax. Feet about as long as the shell, slightly + bent, S-shaped, cylindrical.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms; fossil in + Barbados.</p> + + <p>18. <i>Podocyrtis euceros</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis euceros</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 82, Taf. xv. fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell conical, campanulate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 6, breadth = 2 : 5 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a large, cylindrical horn, nearly as long as the shell. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally + framed, quincuncial, four times as broad in the papillated, inflated abdomen as in the + hemispherical, smooth thorax. Feet short and broad, triangular, divergent, about as long as the + thorax. (In the specimen figured by Ehrenberg, two feet were broken off).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.016, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific + Oceans, at many stations, and in various depths; fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>19. <i>Podocyrtis cristata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate72"><b>72</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <p>Shell conical-campanulate, thorny, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 5, breadth = 2 : 4 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, + with a large, oblique, little bent, conical horn, as long as the abdomen. Thorax hemispherical, + papillate, with small, regular, circular pores. Abdomen inflated, with very large, circular pores, + (three to four in its length), six times as broad as those of the thorax, and separated by + hexagonal, serrated crests. Feet cylindrical, stout, S-shaped, slightly divergent, with a + spherical papillate knob at the distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.035, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1343">{1343}</span></div> + + <p>20. <i>Podocyrtis schomburgkii</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis schomburgkii</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 22; + Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 82, Taf. xiv. 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate-conical, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 5 : 10, breadth = 3 : 8 : 12. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a large, straight, conical horn as long as the abdomen. Thorax campanulate, smooth, with + small, regular, circular pores. Abdomen inflated, papillate, with very large, regular, hexagonal + pores (three to four in the course of its length), five times as broad as their bars and as the + pores of the thorax. Feet as long as the abdomen, nearly parallel, slightly bent outwards at the + conical distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>21. <i>Podocyrtis hexagonalis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nearly ovate, slender, everywhere covered with a regular network of high, hexagonal, + denticulated crests, separating the circular, funnel-shaped pores, which are twice as large in the + subspherical abdomen as in the hemispherical thorax, between both of which are two deep + strictures. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 6, breadth = + 2 : 5 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a long and thin cylindrical, vertical + horn, as long as the abdomen. Feet of the same length and form, nearly straight, slightly + divergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> <span class="correction" + title="Original reads '0.011'.">0.11</span>, <i>c</i> 0.13.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>22. <i>Podocyrtis ovata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nearly ovate, papillate, without external strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 2 : 4 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a pyramidal horn half as long as the shell. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, + three times as broad in the inflated abdomen as in the conical thorax. Feet pyramidal, little + bent, divergent, about as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.095, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, Corfu, Haeckel, surface.</p> + + <p>23. <i>Podocyrtis urceolata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Podocyrtis mitra</i>, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. v. fig. + 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nearly ovate, smooth, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 6, breadth = 2 : 4 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, + with a stout, conical horn of the same length. Thorax flat, hemispherical, with four to six + transverse rows of small circular pores. Abdomen urceolate, <span class="pagenum" + id="page1344">{1344}</span>with four to five transverse rows of very large, subregular, hexagonal + pores. Feet short and thick, bent outwards, as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.15; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.13.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms; fossil in + Barbados.</p> + + <p>24. <i>Podocyrtis ehrenbergii</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis amphiacantha</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xvii. fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, ovate, smooth, with deep collar, but evanescent lumbar stricture. Length of the + three joints = 1 : 3 : 2, breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis + subspherical, with a large conical horn, as long as the campanulate thorax. Abdomen nearly + cylindrical. Pores irregular, roundish, two to four times as large in the abdomen as in the + thorax. Feet conical, slender, divergent, nearly as long as the shell. (In the imperfect specimen + figured by Ehrenberg, two spines were broken off.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, a 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms; fossil in + Barbados.</p> + + <p>25. <i>Podocyrtis argulus</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis argulus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 80, Taf. xvi. fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, ovate, or subconical, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a small conical horn of the same length (broken off in the figure of Ehrenberg). Pores + regular, circular, three times as broad in the inflated abdomen as in the campanulate thorax. Feet + spindle-shaped, slender, divergent, about as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 247, depth 2530 fathoms; also + fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Podocyrtidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet convergent (the distance between their ends being + smaller than that between their bases). Pores of the thorax and abdomen nearly equal in size and + similar in form.</p> + + <p>26. <i>Podocyrtis papalis</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis papalis</i>, Ehrenberg, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 23; Abhandl. + d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 82, Taf. xv. fig. 6.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, without external stricture. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 1, breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis ovate, with a + stout pyramidal horn of twice the length. Thorax and <span class="pagenum" + id="page1345">{1345}</span>abdomen with about thirty longitudinal, divergent ribs, separating the + same number of longitudinal rows of regular, circular pores, the size of which increases gradually + towards the base. Feet shovel-shaped (broad, triangular, with convex outer and concave inner side, + the obtuse end being curved inwards), about as long as the short abdomen, only slightly + convergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>27. <i>Podocyrtis costata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, of the same form and structure as <i>Podocyrtis papalis</i>, but with two + distinct strictures and different proportions. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 6, breadth = 2 : 4 : 6. About thirty longitudinal + ribs regularly alternating with rows of circular, regular pores. Feet as in <i>Podocyrtis + papalis</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 272, depth 2425 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>28. <i>Podocyrtis mitrella</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis mitrella</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xv. fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, nearly of the same form and structure as <i>Podocyrtis papalis</i>, but + different in the proportions of the joints, in the much smaller, regular pores, and in the great + breadth of the shovel-shaped, blunt, about semicircular feet. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 9 : 4, breadth = 3 : 10 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, + with a thick pyramidal horn of the same length. Slight collar, but no lumbar stricture.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>29. <i>Podocyrtis mitra</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis mitra</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 20; + Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 82, Taf. xv. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, conical, smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis with the horn (of + equal length) conical. Pores regular, circular, in about twenty longitudinal rows, slightly + increasing in size in the middle part of the abdomen. Feet shovel-shaped, blunt, slightly + divergent, only as long as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.5, <i>c</i> + 0.7; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.075, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean (Gibraltar), Canary Islands, + Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, in different depths; also fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1346">{1346}</span></div> + + <p>30. <i>Podocyrtis argus</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis argus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 82, Taf. xvi. fig. 9.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, with two distinct strictures, smooth. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 5. Cephalis subconical, with + a conical horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate. Abdomen inflated. Pores subregular, + roundish, of nearly equal breadth, quincuncial. Feet shovel-shaped, triangular, nearly vertical, + only as long as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface; fossil in + Barbados.</p> + + <p>31. <i>Podocyrtis eulophos</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis eulophos</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xiv. fig. 6.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subconical, slender, with two slight strictures, smooth. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 6, breadth = 2 : 4 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a large, spindle-shaped, angular horn of twice the length. Thorax hemispherical. Abdomen + truncate, conical. Pores subregular, roundish, in about twenty longitudinal rows, their breadth + gradually increasing towards the base. Feet shovel-shaped, blunt, nearly vertical, only as long as + the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.16; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>32. <i>Podocyrtis favosa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, with two slight strictures, and with honeycomb-like surface. Length of the three + joints = 1 : 5 : 2, breadth = 2 : 6 : 5. Cephalis + hemispherical, with a pyramidal horn of twice the length. Thorax hemispherical. Pores regular, + circular, hexagonally framed, funnel-shaped, with high, prominent crests between them. Feet + shovel-shaped, little convergent, triangular, as long as the abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>33. <i>Podocyrtis fusiformis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slender, nearly spindle-shaped, diminishing gradually from the broadest middle part + (immediately above the lumbar septum) towards the two poles. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 5 : 8, breadth = 2 : 6 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, + with a large conical horn three times the length. Thorax and abdomen with twenty-four to thirty + denticulated, longitudinal ribs, separating the same number of longitudinal rows of regular, + circular pores. Instead of the lumbar stricture, a broad, internal septum occurs. Feet slender, + straight, as long as the abdomen, only slightly convergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> + 0.16; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe) surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1347">{1347}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Podocyrtonium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet convergent (the distance between their ends being + smaller than that between their bases). Pores of the thorax and abdomen different in size or + form.</p> + + <p>34. <i>Podocyrtis pedicellaria</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate72"><b>72</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <p>Shell conical, ovate, with two very slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 3 : 8, breadth = 2 : 4 : 8. Cephalis conical, with a + pyramidal horn of the same length. Pores subregular, circular, quincuncially disposed, two to + three times as broad in the smooth abdomen as in the rough, spinulate thorax. Feet as long as the + thorax, shovel-shaped (broad, triangular, with convex outer and concave inner side, the free ends + being curved inwards), only slightly convergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.16; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>35. <i>Podocyrtis sinuosa</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Podocyrtis sinuosa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 82, Taf. + xv. fig. 5.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis sinuosa</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. + p. 540, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 33.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, with slight collar, but without lumbar stricture. Length of the three + joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 2 : 4. Cephalis + subspherical (in the figure of Ehrenberg broken off), with a pyramidal horn of the same length. + Pores subregular, circular, four times as broad in the abdomen as in the thorax. Feet + shovel-shaped, as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>36. <i>Podocyrtis floribunda</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, conical, with two very slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 3 : 6, breadth = 2 : 4 : 7. Between twenty-four to + thirty longitudinal, denticulated ribs lie the same number of subregular pores, which are + flower-like, lobed, or rosette-shaped, and two to three times as large in the abdomen as in the + thorax. Feet shovel-shaped (as in the similar <i>Podocyrtis pedicellaria</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate72"><b>72</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 342, depth 1445 fathoms; also + fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>37. <i>Podocyrtis scaphopodia</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell conical, rough, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 3 : 5, breadth = 2 : 4 : 8. Cephalis subspherical, + with a pyramidal horn of twice the length. Pores subregular, <span class="pagenum" + id="page1348">{1348}</span>circular, quincuncial, four times as large in the abdomen as in the + thorax. Feet short and broad, triangular, shovel-shaped, with convergent ends. This species is + similar to <i>Podocyrtis brevipes</i>, but differs in the form and size of the horn and of the + feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.05; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>38. <i>Podocyrtis lithoconus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate72"><b>72</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Shell conical, thick-walled, smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 3 : 6, breadth = 2 : 4 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a spindle-shaped horn of the some length. Pores subregular, circular, two to four times as + broad in the abdomen as in the thorax. Feet triangular, shovel-shaped, nearly vertical, as long as + the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p> + + <p>39. <i>Podocyrtis ampla</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis ampla</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 80, Taf. xvi. fig. 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell conical, thick-walled, with distinct collar, but without lumbar stricture. Length of the + three joints = 1 : 4 : 5, breadth = 1 : 6 : 7. Cephalis + hemispherical, with a large conical horn, as long as the thorax. Pores regular, circular, + quincuncial, three times as broad in the rough abdomen as in the smooth thorax. Feet very small, + shovel-shaped, only as long as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic (Florida); also fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>40. <i>Podocyrtis nana</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis nana</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 82, Taf. xvii. fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell conical, thorny, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 3, breadth = 2 : 5 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a large cylindrical horn, nearly as long as the shell. Pores in the abdomen irregular, + roundish, two to four times as broad as the regular, circular, quincuncial pores of the thorax. + Feet very small, shovel shaped, scarcely as long as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.01, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.03; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms; also fossil + in Barbados.</p> + + <p>41. <i>Podocyrtis lyæa</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Thyrsocyrtis lyæa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 84, Taf. xii, fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, conical, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 5 : 8, breadth = 3 : 8 : 9. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a large conical horn, which is spinulate, scaly, and as <span class="pagenum" + id="page1349">{1349}</span>long as the abdomen. Pores subregular, circular, two to four times as + broad in the smooth abdomen as in the spiny thorax. Feet very short and broad, shovel-shaped, + scarcely as long as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>42. <i>Podocyrtis bromia</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Thyrsocyrtis bromia</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xii. fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, thorny, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 5 : 5, breadth = 3 : 8 : 9. Cephalis subspherical, + with a large conical horn, which is half as long as the shell, and spirally dentated in the distal + half. Thorax conical, spinulate, with regular, circular, quincuncial pores. Abdomen tuberculate, + with a small number of very large irregular pores. Feet short, shovel-shaped, nearly vertical, as + long as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.05; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>43. <i>Podocyrtis sphærogaster</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell inversely ovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 6, breadth = 2 : 4 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a slender, slightly bent horn, as long as the abdomen. Thorax hemispherical, spinulate. + Abdomen nearly spherical, with much constricted mouth. Pores subregular, circular, hexagonally + framed. Feet slender, cylindro-conical, about as long as the shell, with outer convexity, + distinctly convergent.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>44. <i>Podocyrtis tripus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Podocyrtis bicornis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 80, + Taf. xvi. fig. 8.</p> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Podocyrtis dipus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 83, Taf. xii. Fig. 11.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell conical, rough, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, + with a large, oblique, conical horn (sometimes with a small accessory horn at its base). Thorax + hemispherical, with subregular, circular, small, quincuncial pores. Abdomen campanulate, with a + small number (about twenty) of very large, irregular, polygonal pores. Feet conical, small, as + long as the thorax, slightly convergent or nearly vertical.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1350">{1350}</span></div> + + <p>45. <i>Podocyrtis triacantha</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis triacantha</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, Taf. xiii. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell conical, rough, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 2 : 4 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a very large conical horn, nearly as long as the whole shell. Thorax campanulate, densely + spinulate, with very small, regular, circular, quincuncial pores. Thorax inflated, with very + large, irregular, roundish, pores (three to four in the course of its length), five to ten times + as broad as those of the thorax. Feet slender and thin, subcylindrical, as long as the abdomen, + divergent in the proximal half, convergent and curved inwards in the distal half.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil + in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 593. <i>Thyrsocyrtis</i>,<a id="NtA_210" href="#Nt_210"><sup>[210]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theopilida</span> (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three branched terminal feet on the mouth of the abdomen, without lateral ribs or wings. Apex + with a horn, which usually bears lateral spines.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Thyrsocyrtis</i> differs from the preceding <i>Podocyrtis</i>, its + ancestral form, in the ramification of the three terminal feet, which in the latter genus remain + simple.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Thyrsocyrtis rhizodon</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Thyrsocyrtis rhizodon</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, Taf. xii. fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, smooth, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a large cylindrical horn, reaching half the length of the shell, and papillate in the distal + half. Pores nearly equal, regular, circular, quincuncially disposed, small. Feet divergent, about + half as long as the shell, broadened and forked at the distal end. (The fork incision is often + much deeper, as in the figure given by Ehrenberg.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Thyrsocyrtis arborescens</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate68"><b>68</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly ovate, thorny, with a deep collar, but without lumbar stricture. Length of the + three joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 2 : 3 : 4. Cephalis + hemispherical, with a stout scaly or branched horn, half as long as the shell. Pores irregular, + roundish, small, separated by spinulated crests, of slightly different sizes. Feet divergent, + cylindrical, and as long as the thorax in the proximal half, <span class="pagenum" + id="page1351">{1351}</span>irregularly branched or arborescent in the distal half, with ten to + thirty blunt, thickened or papillate, terminal branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.08; + breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth, 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Thyrsocyrtis furcata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, thorny, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a pyramidal smooth horn of twice the length. Pores of the thorax and abdomen nearly equal, + regular, circular, quincuncial. Feet very broad, forked, about as long as the abdomen, much + divergent; the outer fork-branch as long as the simple basal half of the foot, and twice as long + as the inner or axial branch.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Thyrsocyrtis rhizopus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis rhizodon</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 83, Taf. xv. fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 5. Cephalis ovate, with a + stout, sword-shaped horn of the same length. Pores regular, circular, twice as broad in the + inflated abdomen as in the truncate, conical thorax. Feet cylindrical, parallel, vertical, + straight, divided at the distal end into two short fork-branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Thyrsocyrtis rhizopodium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate68"><b>68</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate-conical, with deep collar, but without lumbar stricture. Length of the three + joints = 3 : 4 : 10, breadth = 4 : 10 : 15. Cephalis + subspherical, with a small conical horn of the same length. Pores regular, circular, quincuncial, + three to four times as large in the inflated abdomen as in the truncate, conical thorax. Feet + cylindrical, slightly divergent, about as long as the abdomen, S-shaped, bent outwards, + irregularly branched in the distal half, with tuberculate terminal branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Thyrsocyrtis radicata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis radicata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xiii. fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate-conical, with two distinct strictures, length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 6. Cephalis subspherical, + with a small conical horn of half the length. Pores regular, <span class="pagenum" + id="page1352">{1352}</span>circular, quincuncial, four to five times as broad in the inflated, + rough abdomen as in the campanulate, smooth thorax. Feet cylindrical, nearly as long as the whole + shell, S-shaped, bent outwards, dilated and hand-shaped at the distal end, divided by three to + five incisions in some irregular finger-like branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions</i>.—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Thyrsocyrtis trifida</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate-conical, thorny, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, + with a short pyramidal horn of the same length. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice + as broad in the inflated spiny abdomen as in the rough, campanulate thorax. Feet very large, as + long as the shell, cylindrical in the proximal simple half, in the distal half broadened and cleft + into three large, irregularly lobed branches, two shorter lateral, and one longer abaxial branch; + the latter forms the prolongation of the proximal half. The outer straight edges of the three + diverging feet correspond to the edges of a three-sided pyramid.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 594. <i>Dictyopodium</i>,<a id="NtA_211" href="#Nt_211"><sup>[211]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theopilida</span> (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) + with three latticed terminal feet on the mouth of the abdomen, without lateral ribs or wings. Apex + with a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Dictyopodium</i> differs from the two preceding ancestral genera in + the fenestration of the three terminal feet, which in <i>Podocyrtis</i> are simple, in + <i>Thyrsocyrtis</i> branched, but not latticed.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Dictyopodium eurylophus</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Dictopodium'.">Dictyopodium</span> + eurylophus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 68, Taf. xix. fig. + 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate-conical, thorny, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a stout angular horn of twice the length, which at the apex is broadened and divided into + some spines. Pores in the hemispherical thorax and in the truncate, conical abdomen of nearly + equal size, small, subregular, circular (in the <span class="pagenum" + id="page1353">{1353}</span>abdomen sometimes more irregular and unequal). Feet as long as the + abdomen, arising from it with triangular base, diverging, fenestrated throughout the entire + length.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms; fossil in + Barbados.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Dictyopodium oxylophus</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyopodium oxylophus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 68, Taf. xix. fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subconical, smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 5 : 7, breadth = 3 : 8 : 10. Cephalis subspherical, + with a small, conical, smooth horn of the same length. Pores irregular, polygonal, roundish, + slightly larger in the abdomen than in the thorax. Feet as long as the thorax, arising from it + with triangular base, diverging, fenestrated throughout the entire length. (The figures of this + and the preceding species given by Ehrenberg are incomplete, having been drawn from spoiled + specimens. In perfect specimens all the three feet are present and diverge in both species in the + direction of the conical outline. The main difference between the two species is connected with + the pores, which in <i>Dictyopodium oxylophus</i> are larger and more irregular, the two + strictures are here not so deep.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.07; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Dictyopodium scaphopodium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate73"><b>73</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, conical, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 6, breadth = 1 : 4 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a conical, smooth horn of twice the length. Thorax hemispherical, rough, with small, regular, + circular pores. Abdomen inflated and papillate, with very large, polygonal or roundish pores + (eight to ten times as broad as the thoracic pores). Feet divergent, nearly as long as the shell, + S-shaped, bent outwards, solid and cylindrical in the proximal half, shovel-shaped and fenestrated + in the distal half.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Dictyopodium cothurnatum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Podocyrtis cothurnata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. B. 21; Abhandl. + d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 82, Taf. xiv. fig. 1.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Anthocyrtis cothurnata</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 310.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subconical, rough, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a very large cylindrical, vertical horn, about as long as the whole shell. Thorax conical, + rough, with small, regular, circular pores. Abdomen inflated, with very large, roundish pores + (four to five in the course of its length), six to eight times <span class="pagenum" + id="page1354">{1354}</span>as large as the thoracic pores. Feet nearly vertical, only slightly + divergent, S-shaped, bent, as long as the abdomen, cylindrical; at the distal end shovel-shaped + and fenestrated (often much more than in Ehrenberg's figure).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Dictyopodium thyrsolophus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate73"><b>73</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Shell subconical, rough, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, + with an elegant horn, which is half as long as the shell, spindle-shaped and scaly on the distal + third. Thorax hemispherical, with small, regular, circular pores. Abdomen inflated, papillate, + with regular, circular pores, three times as large as the thoracic pores (five to six in the + course of its length). Feet slightly divergent, cylindrical, about as long as the shell, + shovel-shaped and fenestrated (with a prominent middle rib) at the distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Theoperida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 436.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Podocyrtida</span> with the basal mouth + of the shell fenestrated (vel Tricyrtida triradiata clausa).</p> + + <h5>Genus 595. <i>Lithornithium</i>,<a id="NtA_212" href="#Nt_212"><sup>[212]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theoperida</span> (vel Tricyrtida triradiata clausa) + with three solid lateral wings on the thorax.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Lithornithium</i> has an ovate or spindle-shaped shell, with two + distinct strictures, and tapering towards both poles. The abdomen is simple, whilst the cephalis + bears an apical horn, and the thorax three free, lateral, solid, divergent wings. It may be + derived from <i>Pterocorys</i> by development of a terminal lattice-plate closing the mouth.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Lithornithium ciconia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate67"><b>67</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly spindle-shaped, with two indistinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis ovate, with a + large pyramidal spine of twice the length. Thorax three-sided pyramidal with three pyramidal wings + of the same length, the broad triangular bases of which occupy the whole length of the thoracic + edges. Abdomen inversely ovate (in the <span class="pagenum" id="page1355">{1355}</span>figured + specimen broken off, in another specimen, found afterwards, completely closed at the distal end). + Pores very small, regular, circular, of equal size.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Lithornithium falco</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate67"><b>67</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly ovate, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a conical spine of the same length. Thorax subspherical, with three conical wings of half the + length, little curved, arising with broad triangular base from the upper half of the thorax. + Abdomen inversely conical. Pores irregular, roundish, of different sizes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.07; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Lithornithium trochilus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate67"><b>67</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly spindle-shaped, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 2. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a thin curved horn of the same length. Cephalis subovate, with three thin curved wings of + half the length, arising with broad base from its upper half. Abdomen ovate. Pores subregular, + circular, of slightly different sizes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> <span + class="correction" title="Original reads '0.5'.">0.05</span>, <i>c</i> 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> + 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Lithornithium foveolatum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithornithium foveolatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iv. fig. 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 4 : 3, breadth = 3 : 5 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a short conical spine of the same length. Thorax subspherical, with three broad triangular + wings of half the length arising from its lower half. Abdomen subconical. Pores small, regular, + circular, of nearly equal size.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.03; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Lithornithium fringilla</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate67"><b>67</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 4 : 7 : 4, breadth = 3 : 7 : 5. Cephalis ovate, with a + pyramidal spine of the same length Thorax subconical, with three stout <span class="pagenum" + id="page1356">{1356}</span>conical, curved wings of half the length, arising from its lower third + (immediately above the girdle). Abdomen inversely campanulate. Pores subregular, circular, of + equal size.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Lithornithium hirundo</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithocampe hirundo</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 65.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithornithium hirundo</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xix. fig. 53.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nearly ovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 6 : 4, breadth = 2 : 7 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, + with an oblique, conical horn of twice the length. Thorax hemispherical, with three long, angular, + little divergent wings of twice the length, which are S-shaped, curved, and arise from its lower + third, immediately above the girdle. Abdomen inversely conical. Pores irregular, roundish, of + different sizes. In the figure of Ehrenberg the abdomen is broken off; in a specimen from + Caltanisetta, with somewhat shorter and broader wings, I found it complete.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of the Mediterranean (Ægina, Greece; + Caltanisetta, Sicily).</p> + + <h5>Genus 596. <i>Sethornithium</i>,<a id="NtA_213" href="#Nt_213"><sup>[213]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 436.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theoperida</span> (vel Tricyrtida triradiata clausa) + with three latticed lateral wings on the thorax.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Sethornithium</i> differs from the preceding <i>Lithornithium</i>, its + ancestral form, only in the fenestration of the three thoracic wings, and bears therefore to it + the same relation that <i>Dictyoceras</i> exhibits to <i>Pterocorys</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Sethornithium dictyopterum</i>, n. sp. <span class="correction" + title="Added by Errata.">Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate68"><b>68</b></a>, + fig. 14.</span></p> + + <p>Shell ovate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 4 : 3, breadth = 1 : 5 : 4. Cephalis ovate, with a + pyramidal horn of twice the length. From the middle part of the thorax arise three broad, + triangular, latticed wings of about the same length, the distal end of each of which is curved + downwards. Abdomen inversely conical. Pores regular, circular. (Similar to <i>Lithornithium + fringilla</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate67"><b>67</b></a>, + fig. 2, but with much larger wings, which in the greater part are fenestrated.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1357">{1357}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 597. <i>Theopera</i>,<a id="NtA_214" href="#Nt_214"><sup>[214]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 436.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theoperida</span> (vel Tricyrtida triradiata clausa) + with three lateral wings, beginning from the sides of the thorax and prolonged into the sides of + the abdomen.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Theopera</i> differs from the two preceding genera in the greater + extension of the three lateral wings, which are prolonged from their original base, the thorax, + into the inversely conical abdomen. It has therefore an intermediate position between the + preceding and the following genera. It differs from the similar <i>Pterocanium</i> and + <i>Theopodium</i> in the closure of the constricted and fenestrated mouth.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Theopera prismatica</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate67"><b>67</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Rhopalocanium prismaticum</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas, pl. lxvii. fig. 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell three-sided prismatic, with three broad and long hyaline wings, which are prolonged from + the collar stricture almost to the basal end, with three parallel edges. Length of the three + joints = 2 : 8 : 10, breadth = 3 : 9 : 8. Cephalis + hemispherical, with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax subspherical; abdomen inversely + ovate; pores of both small, regular, circular, of equal size.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332. depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Theopera pyramis</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Rhopalocanium</i> sp., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xvii. fig. + 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, with three broad and long hyaline wings, which are prolonged from + the collar stricture almost to the basal end, with three diverging edges. Length of the three + joints = 3 : 8 : 11, breadth = 4 : 8 : 9. Cephalis + subspherical, with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax hemispherical; abdomen inversely + campanulate. Pores in the abdomen twice to three times as broad as in the thorax, subregular, + circular. Differs from the preceding species mainly in the broader pyramidal form and the + divergence of the wings.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.11; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Theopera fusiformis</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate67"><b>67</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly spindle-shaped, rough, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 3 : 6, breadth = 2 : 5 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, + large, with an oblique conical horn of the same length. Thorax hemispherical; abdomen inversely + conical. Pores irregular, roundish, of very <span class="pagenum" + id="page1358">{1358}</span>different sizes. Three wings short, broad, diverging, triangular, and + striated, embracing at the base the lumbar stricture, the lower third of the thorax and the upper + third of the abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.045, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Theopera luscinia</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithornithium luscinia</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iv. fig. 9.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slenderly ovate, with distinct collar, but indistinct lumbar strictures. Length of the + three joints = 1 : 3 : 6, breadth = 1 : 5 : 5. Cephalis + hemispherical, with a slender cylindrical horn of three times the length, bearing a spindle-shaped + spinulate top (like a fir-cone). Pores subregular, circular, twice as broad in the abdomen as in + the thorax. Three wings arising with broad triangular base, embracing the lower third of the + thorax and the upper third of the abdomen, prolonged into three slender diverging spines, as long + as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Theopera chytropus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate67"><b>67</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <p>Shell slender, ovate, with distinct collar, but indistinct lumbar stricture. Length of the + three joints = 1 : 2 : 5, breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis + hemispherical, with a conical horn of the same length. Pores in the thorax and abdomen of similar + shape, irregular, roundish. Three wings with broad triangular base attached at the upper half of + the shell, in the lower half free, diverging, with a spinulate knob at the distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.15; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Theopera cortina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate67"><b>67</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>Shell slender, ovate, with distinct collar, but indistinct lumbar stricture. Length of the + three joints = 1 : 2 : 6, breadth 1 : 4 : 4. Cephalis + subspherical, with an elegant pyramidal horn of three times the length, bearing an ovate, + spinulate knob. Pores subregular, circular, two or three times as large in the abdomen as in the + thorax. The three wings are slightly elevated small ribs on the thorax, arise with broad, + triangular, striated bases in the upper half of the abdomen, and are prolonged into three slender + diverging feet, which are as long as the shell, and bear a spinulate, ovate knob at the distal + end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.13; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1359">{1359}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 598. <i>Rhopalocanium</i>,<a id="NtA_215" href="#Nt_215"><sup>[215]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theoperida</span> (vel Tricyrtida triradiata clausa) + with three lateral wings on the sides of the inversely conical abdomen, which bears no vertical + terminal horn on the basal apex.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Rhopalocanium</i>, and the closely allied <i>Rhopalatractus</i> which + follows, differ from the preceding <i>Theopera</i>, their probable ancestral form, in the origin + of the three lateral wings from the inversely conical abdomen, the thorax bearing no wings. The + upper part of the wing bases, which arose formerly from the thorax, is here reduced and lost.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Rhopalocanium lasanum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate67"><b>67</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Shell subovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a conical, dimpled horn of twice the length. Thorax subconical, abdomen campanulate, both + with irregular, circular pores. Three wings cylindrical, divergent, about as long as the shell, + striated, with an ovate, dimpled knob at the distal end, their broad triangular base being + attached to the upper half of the abdomen. (Form rather variable.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 268, depth 2650 to 3000 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Rhopalocanium ornatum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Rhopalocanium ornatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 9; + Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 82, Taf. xvii. fig. 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nearly spindle-shaped, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 6, breadth = 1 : 4 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a stout, cylindrical horn of twice the length, bearing a dimpled cone. Thorax ovate, + campanulate. Abdomen inversely conical. Pores subregular, circular, twice as large in the thorax + as in the abdomen. Three wings compressed, slender, divergent, slightly longer than the abdomen, + bearing an ovate, dimpled cone at their distal end, with the broad, triangular, striated base + attached to the upper third of the abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Rhopalocanium cortinium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slender, ovate, nearly of the same form as, and with similar fenestration to that of + <i>Theopera cortina</i>, (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate67"><b>67</b></a>, + fig. 8). It differs from the latter mainly by the absence of the three thoracic ribs, + characteristic of <i>Theopera</i>. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 6, + breadth = 1 : 4 : 4. The <span class="pagenum" + id="page1360">{1360}</span>three wings arise by a broad, triangular, striated base from the upper + half of the abdomen, below the lumbar stricture. The cephalic horn and the three divergent wings + are shorter, and at the distal end not so much thickened as in <i>Theopera cortina</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.045, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Rhopalocanium pythia</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Rhopalocanium ornatum</i>, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. vi. fig. + 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nearly ovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 4 : 8, breadth = 1 : 4 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, + with a conical horn of three times the length. Thorax inflated, abdomen inversely campanulate and + prolonged into a short, conical, latticed tube. Pores subregular, circular. Three wings slender, + as long as the abdomen, arising by a broader base from the uppermost part of the abdomen, their + thickened end being curved inwards.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> + 0.15; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Rhopalocanium delphicum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate67"><b>67</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly spindle-shaped, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a slender, conical, curved horn, as long as the hemispherical thorax. Abdomen inversely + campanulate, prolonged into a short, conical, latticed tube. Pores subregular, circular. Three + wings arising by a narrow base from the uppermost part of the abdomen, slender, cylindrical, + S-shaped, curved, divergent, with a thick scaly appendix like a fir-cone at the distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> + 0.14; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 599. <i>Rhopalatractus</i>,<a id="NtA_216" href="#Nt_216"><sup>[216]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theoperida</span> (vel Tricyrtida triradiata clausa) + with three lateral wings on the sides of the inversely conical abdomen, which bears a vertical + terminal horn on the basal apex.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Rhopalatractus</i>, one of the most remarkable forms of Tricyrtida, + differs from the preceding <i>Rhopalocanium</i>, its ancestral form, in the production of a + vertical, basal horn, which descends from the basal apex of the inversely conical abdomen, and is + opposed to the upper apical horn of the cephalis. The shell becomes here, therefore, exquisitely + spindle-shaped.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1361">{1361}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Rhopalatractus pentacanthus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate68"><b>68</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Shell very thick-walled, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 6 : 8, breadth = 1 : 6 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, + with conical cavity, and a conical horn of twice the length. Thorax subspherical, separated from + the abdomen by a deep lumbar stricture, with small, regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores. + Abdomen three-sided prismatic, with three strong, prominent, wing-shaped edges, which are slightly + divergent towards the base, and prolonged into three pyramidal feet about as long as the thorax. + Pores of the abdomen disposed in longitudinal rows, which are separated by denticulate crests. + Abdominal base inversely pyramidal, and prolonged into a very large, cylindrical, basal, axial + spine, nearly as long as the whole shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> + 0.15; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.11, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Rhopalatractus foveolatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate68"><b>68</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly ovate, thick-walled, with rough, dimpled surface. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 5, breadth = 2 : 4 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, + with spherical cavity, and a thick, conical spine of the same length. Thorax subspherical, with + subregular, circular pores. Abdomen inversely conical, with larger, irregular, roundish pores, + prolonged at the distal end into a cylindrical, axial, basal spine of about half its length. From + the middle part of the abdomen arise three lateral, conical feet, which are slightly curved and + divergent downwardly, scarcely as long as the basal spine. All five spines are dimpled.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Rhopalatractus fusiformis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slender, spindle-shaped, nearly of the same form as in the preceding species. Length of + the three joints = 1 : 2 : 6, breadth = 1 : 2 : 2. + Cephalis subspherical, with a cylindrical horn three times the length. Pores subregular, circular, + of equal breadth in the thorax and in the abdomen, which is prolonged into a cylindrical, axial, + basal spine of the same length. From the upper third of the abdomen arise, from a broad triangular + base, three conical wings of half the length, divergent and slightly curved inwards.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.15; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Rhopalatractus fenestratus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate68"><b>68</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyatractus fenestratus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nearly spindle-shaped, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 6, breadth = 1 : 4 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a large, club-shaped horn, nearly as long as the abdomen, sulcated by longitudinal ribs, + which are elegantly denticulate in the distal half. Thorax <span class="pagenum" + id="page1362">{1362}</span>subspherical. Abdomen subovate, prolonged into a pyramidal, axial, + basal spine, half as long as the thorax. Pores subregular, circular. From the upper half of the + abdomen arise three stout, lateral, diverged wings of about the same length, which are curved + inwards and fenestrated both at the broad triangular base and at the thickened, three-edged distal + end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 600. <i>Lithochytris</i>,<a id="NtA_217" href="#Nt_217"><sup>[217]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theoperida</span> (vel Tricyrtida triradiata clausa) + with a three-sided pyramidal abdomen, the triangular base of which is prolonged at the three + corners into three terminal feet.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Lithochytris</i> differs from all the other Theoperida in the absence + of lateral wings and the possession of three divergent, terminal feet, which arise from the three + corners of the three-sided pyramidal abdomen. It repeats, therefore, among the Tricyrtida, that + characteristic formation which <i>Sethochytris</i> and <i>Tetrahedrina</i> represent among the + Dicyrtida. Some species may be derived from <i>Pterocanium</i>, other species from + <i>Podocyrtis</i>, by the development of a lattice-plate closing the terminal mouth.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Lithochytrodes</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3">Three feet of the abdomen solid, not fenestrated, representing external apophyses + of the triangular shell-base.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Lithochytris cortina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate67"><b>67</b></a>, + fig. 12).</p> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, without external strictures, but with two internal girdles. Length + of the three joints = 2 : 2 : 5, breadth = 3 : 4 : 6. + Cephalis large, truncate-pyramidal, with nine deep divergent ribs (and nine longitudinal rows of + pores between them), and with a stout pyramidal horn of half the length. The three prominent edges + of the thorax and abdomen are prolonged over the base of the pyramid into three very stout, solid, + subovate feet, about as long as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.06, <i>b</i> 0.08, a 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Lithochytris pyriformis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate67"><b>67</b></a>, fig. + 13).</p> + + <p>Shell pyramidal, nearly pear-shaped, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2 : 3. Cephalis large, + pear-shaped, with a short pyramidal horn of half the <span class="pagenum" + id="page1363">{1363}</span>length. Thorax and abdomen rounded, without prominent edges. Three + basal feet pyramidal, solid, nearly vertical, as long as the thorax. Pores irregular, roundish, in + the abdomen large, twice to three times as broad as in the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Lithochytris tripodium</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithochytris tripodium</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 76, Taf. iv. fig. 11.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell pyramidal, nearly pear-shaped, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 2 : 5. Cephalis with a horn of + the same length, conical. Thorax and abdomen rounded, without prominent edges. Three basal feet + conical, solid, strongly divergent, shorter than the thorax. Pores subregular, circular, twice as + broad in the abdomen as in the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Lithochytridium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Three feet of the abdomen hollow and fenestrated, + representing direct protuberances or corner prolongations of the triangular shell-base.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Lithochytris galeata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate67"><b>67</b></a>, + fig. 16).</p> + + <p>Shell pyramidal, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 2 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, + with an oblique pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax somewhat larger. Abdomen inflated, with + three sharp, prominent edges, which are prolonged over the shell-base into three pyramidal, + hollow, and fenestrated feet, longer than the thorax. Pores subregular, circular, twice as broad + in the abdomen as in the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.025, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Lithochytris pileata</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithochytris pileata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 76, Taf. v. fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, with deep collar, but indistinct lumbar stricture. Length of the + three joints = 2 : 2 : 9, breadth = 3 : 5 : 10. Cephalis + with a conical horn of the same length, pear-shaped. Thorax very short and broad. Abdomen + inflated, with three sharp, prominent edges, which <span class="pagenum" + id="page1364">{1364}</span>are prolonged over the shell-base into three pyramidal, hollow and + fenestrated feet, the lower edge of which is horizontal. Pores regular, circular, of equal size in + the thorax and abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.02, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Lithochytris lucerna</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate67"><b>67</b></a>, + fig. 14).</p> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, with two indistinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 5, breadth = 2 : 3 : 8. Cephalis small, with a + horn of the same length, conical. Thorax with subspherical cavity. Abdomen with three rounded, + prominent edges, which are prolonged over the shell-base into three conical, hollow, and + fenestrated feet, twice as long as the thorax, with a thick, pyramidal, terminal spine. Pores + subregular, circular, of equal size in the thorax and abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 297, depth 1775 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Lithochytris lanterna</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate67"><b>67</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 6. Cephalis small, with a + pyramidal slender horn of twice the length. Thorax with subspherical cavity. Abdomen with three + sharp prominent edges, which are prolonged over the convex shell-base into three slender, + prismatic, hollow, fenestrated feet, strongly divergent, twice as long as the thorax (seen in fig. + 11 from the vaulted base). Pores circular, twice as broad in the abdomen as in the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Lithochytris pyramidalis</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithochytris pyramidalis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 76, Taf. v. fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, without external strictures, but with two internal transverse + girdles. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 6, breadth = + 2 : 4 : 8. Cephalis with a short horn of half the length, conical. Cavity of + the thorax subspherical. Abdomen with three rounded edges, prolonged over the concave base into + three pyramidal, hollow, and fenestrated feet, twice as long as the thorax. Pores large, + irregular, roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms; fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Lithochytris pteropus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate67"><b>67</b></a>, fig. + 15).</p> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, with two indistinct strictures, but with two broad, internal + girdles. Length of the three joints = 2 : 2 : 6, breadth = + 2 : 3 : 9. Cephalis with a small horn of half the <span class="pagenum" + id="page1365">{1365}</span>length, pear-shaped. Thorax broader than long. Abdomen with three + prominent, rounded edges, prolonged over the concave base into three conical, hollow, and + fenestrated feet, twice as long as the thorax. Pores small, circular, irregular, in longitudinal + series along the edges.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Lithochytris vespertilio</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithochytris vespertilio</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 76, Taf. iv. fig. 10.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, with two indistinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 5, breadth = 2 : 3 : 10. Cephalis with a short + horn of half the length, conical. Thorax inflated. Abdomen without prominent edges, divided in the + lower half into three large, conical, hollow, and fenestrated feet, twice as long as the thorax. + Pores small, irregular, roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h4>Family LXVI. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Phormocyrtida</span></span>, n. fam.</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc31"> + <p><i>Theophormida et Theophænida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 436, 437.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tricyrtida</span> multiradiata. (<span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> with a three-jointed shell, divided by two transverse constrictions + into cephalis, thorax, and abdomen, with numerous, four to nine or more, radial apophyses.)</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Phormocyrtida</span>, composed of the Theophormida and Theophænida + of my Prodromus, comprises those <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> in which the lattice-shell is + three-jointed, and bears numerous radial appendages (usually six or nine, sometimes more, rarely + less, four or five). The two subfamilies differ in the shape of the terminal mouth, which is in + the Theophormida a simple wide opening, in the Theophænida closed by a lattice-plate. The + phylogenetic origin of the Phormocyrtida may be found either in the Podocyrtida or in the + Anthocyrtida; they may be derived either from the former by interpolation of interradial, + secondary apophyses between the three primary perradial apophyses; or from the latter by + development of an abdomen.</p> + + <p>The radial apophyses are originally radial ribs, which arise from the base of the cephalis on + the collar stricture, run along the thorax and abdomen, and are often prolonged into terminal + feet. Whilst in some forms the radial ribs are completely preserved in both joints, they are in + other forms only partly visible (in the abdomen), and very often only their free terminal + prolongations are preserved in the form of a corona of feet around the mouth of the thorax. This + corona is either simple or double. Sometimes also a corona is developed on the lumbar stricture, + between the thorax and abdomen.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1366">{1366}</span></div> + + <p>These apophyses exhibit a remarkable variety in the great subfamily Theophormida, with open + mouth. In the small subfamily Theophænida, however, the apophyses appear as six or nine simple + lateral wings on the abdomen.</p> + + <p>The Theophormida are richly represented not only in the present seas, but also as fossils in + Barbados, and numerous remarkable forms have been already described by Ehrenberg, in his genera + <i>Calocyclas</i> and <i>Cycladophora</i>. Many Phormocyrtida belong to the most elegant and + admirable forms of Radiolaria.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Phormocyrtida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Phormocyrtida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Phormocyrtida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="8" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Theophormida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth of the abdomen a simple wide opening.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="8" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace13sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">Radial ribs enclosed in the wall of the shell, either the + thorax or the abdomen.</td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace8sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Radial ribs in the thorax and the abdomen.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Abdomen flat, dilated, with a wide open mouth,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">601. <i>Theophormis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Abdomen ovate or cylindrical, with constricted mouth,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">602. <i>Phormocyrtis</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Radial ribs in the abdomen only.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Peristome with free terminal feet,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">603. <i>Alacorys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Peristome smooth, without free feet,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">604. <i>Cycladophora</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">No radial ribs in the shell wall. Peristome with a corona + of terminal feet.</td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace8sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Terminal corona simple.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Abdomen cylindrical or ovate, not dilated,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">605. <i>Calocyclas</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Abdomen dilated, truncate, conical or discoidal,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">606. <i>Clathrocyclas</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Corona of feet double.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Both coronas terminal,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">607. <i>Lamprocyclas</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">One corona, terminal, the other lumbar,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">608. <i>Diplocyclas</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">II. Subfamily Theophænida.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Terminal mouth of the abdomen closed by a + lattice-plate.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Six lateral wings,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">609. <i>Hexalatractus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Nine Lateral wings,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">610. <i>Theophæna</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Phormocyrtida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Phormocyrtida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="9" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Theophormida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth of the abdomen a simple wide opening.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Radial ribs enclosed in the wall of the shell, either the thorax + or the abdomen.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Radial ribs in the thorax and the abdomen.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Abdomen flat, dilated, with a wide open mouth,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">601. <i>Theophormis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Abdomen ovate or cylindrical, with constricted mouth,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">602. <i>Phormocyrtis</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Radial ribs in the abdomen only.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Peristome with free terminal feet,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">603. <i>Alacorys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Peristome smooth, without free feet,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">604. <i>Cycladophora</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">No radial ribs in the shell wall. Peristome with a corona of + terminal feet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Terminal corona simple.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Abdomen cylindrical or ovate, not dilated,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">605. <i>Calocyclas</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Abdomen dilated, truncate, conical or discoidal,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">606. <i>Clathrocyclas</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Corona of feet double.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Both coronas terminal,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">607. <i>Lamprocyclas</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">One corona, terminal, the other lumbar,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">608. <i>Diplocyclas</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="9" class="sp0">II. Subfamily Theophænida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Terminal mouth of the abdomen closed by a lattice-plate.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Six lateral wings,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">609. <i>Hexalatractus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Nine Lateral wings,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">610. <i>Theophæna</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Theophormida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 436.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Phormocyrtida</span> with the basal + mouth of the shell open (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata aperta).</p> + + <h5>Genus 601. <i>Theophormis</i>,<a id="NtA_218" href="#Nt_218"><sup>[218]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 436.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theophormida</span> (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with numerous radial ribs enclosed in the wall of the thorax and of the flat dilated + abdomen; mouth of the latter wide open.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1367">{1367}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Theophormis</i> commences the series of the Theophormida, or the + multiradiate Podocyrtida, as their oldest and simplest form. The three-jointed shell is flat, + campanulate or hat-shaped, and pierced by four or more radial ribs, four of which are primary or + perradial, the others secondary or interradial. <i>Theophormis</i> may be derived from the similar + <i>Sethophormis</i> by development of a lumbar constriction, and a third joint or abdomen.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Theophormis callipilium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate70"><b>70</b></a>, figs. + 1-3).</p> + + <p>Shell flat, hat-shaped, with two sharp annular strictures. Cephalis large, flatly cap-shaped, + with small, irregular, square meshes (fig. 3). The collar septum (fig. 2) is composed (as in the + following species) of four crossed, thin, horizontal beams, each of which is inserted at the + collar stricture by a three forked branch. From the centre of the collar stricture (in the common + nodal point of the four beams) there arises a vertical, axial rod, which is inserted at the flat + top of the cephalis by five branches (one central and four lateral). Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 2, breadth = 2 : 6 : 11. Thorax flat, campanulate, + with four primary perradial ribs (prolongations of the four cortinar beams), and numerous (twenty + to thirty) interpolated secondary ribs; four of these are in interradial (midway between the four + primary ribs), and bisect the four large, semicircular, perradial meshes at the base of the + thorax. Network of the thorax and abdomen subregular, with hexagonal meshes and thin bars. Abdomen + flatly expanded, somewhat curved, like the brim of a hat, half as broad in the anterior (frontal) + part as in the posterior (occipital) part, which is about as broad as the radius of the thorax. + The twenty to thirty radial ribs of the abdomen are prolongations of the thoracic ribs, and are + somewhat prominent at the margin of the peristome, which appears therefore elegantly indented.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02 to 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06 to + 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.03 to 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.05 to 0.08, <i>b</i> 0.2 to 0.3, <i>c</i> 0.4 to + 0.5.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Theophormis medusa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell flatly campanulate, with two distinct, annular strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 1, breadth = 2 : 5 : 8. Cephalis large, + hemispherical. Thorax flatly conical, with four crossed ribs, opposite in pairs in two meridional + planes, perpendicular one to another, and prolonged into the flat, nearly discoidal abdomen, which + is half as broad as the thorax. The wall of the abdomen is pierced by eight radial ribs; four + secondary ribs being interpolated between the four primary. Network of the entire shell very + delicate, with regular, hexagonal meshes, and very thin bars. Peristome circular, not dentate.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.06, <i>b</i> 0.16, <i>c</i> 0.24.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Theophormis cruciata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell flat, campanulate, with two distinct annular strictures. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, with + irregular, square meshes. Thorax flat, conical, with hexagonal meshes. Abdomen flatly expanded, + <span class="pagenum" id="page1368">{1368}</span>of half the breadth, with larger hexagonal + meshes. Thorax and abdomen pierced by four stout radial ribs, lying opposite in pairs in two + diameters, perpendicular one to another. No secondary or interradial ribs are interpolated between + the four primary. Mouth truncate, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.18, <i>c</i> 0.25.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Theophormis senaria</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell flat, hat-shaped, similar to <i>Theophormis callipilium</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate70"><b>70</b></a>, figs. 1-3), + but with a different number and arrangement of the piercing radial ribs. The cephalis and its + collar septum exhibit the same formation as in <i>Sethophormis hexalactis</i>, described above (p. + <a href="#page1245">1245</a>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate56"><b>56</b></a>, + fig. 6.) The caudal and sternal ribs, which are opposed in the sagittal plane, are simple, whilst + the two lateral ribs are forked. In the flat abdomen there are six secondary or interradial ribs, + interpolated between the six primary or perradial ribs of the thorax. Delicate network with + regular, hexagonal meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.035, <i>b</i> 0.075, <i>c</i> + 0.025; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.07, <i>b</i> 0.2, <i>c</i> 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 602. <i>Phormocyrtis</i>,<a id="NtA_219" href="#Nt_219"><sup>[219]</sup></a> n. + gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theophormida</span> (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with numerous radial ribs enclosed in the wall of the thorax, and of the ovate or + cylindrical abdomen; mouth of the latter constricted.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Phormocyrtis</i> differs from the preceding <i>Theophormis</i> in the + ovate or cylindrical form of the abdomen, the mouth of which is more or less constricted. The + former exhibits, therefore, the same relation to the latter that <i>Sethamphora</i> bears to + <i>Sethophormis</i> among the Dicyrtida. <i>Phormocyrtis</i> may be derived directly either from + <i>Sethamphora</i> by development of an abdomen, or from <i>Pterocorys</i> or <i>Theopilium</i> by + multiplication of the three radial ribs.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Phormocyrtis carinata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a stout pyramidal horn of twice the length, and few very small pores. Pores in the + campanulate thorax and the inflated abdomen regular, circular, small, and numerous. Six stout + prominent ribs, beginning from the collar stricture, arise along the thorax and abdomen, and reach + the constricted mouth, which is half as broad as the abdomen. (This species is very similar to + <i>Pterocorys carinata</i>, from which it differs in the six complete radial ribs of the + shell-wall.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1369">{1369}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Phormocyrtis fastosa</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium fastosum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 291, Taf. ix. fig. 19.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 3, breadth = 1 : 5 : 6. Cephalis ovate, with a + stout pyramidal horn of the same length, and numerous rather large pores. Pores in the campanulate + thorax and the inflated abdomen much smaller, very numerous, regular, hexagonal. Along these two + joints arise nine delicate, divergent ribs; these extend almost to the wide mouth, which is + slightly constricted.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean (Zanzibar), depth 2200 fathoms, Pullen.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Phormocyrtis costata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate69"><b>69</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with sharp collar, but indistinct lumbar stricture. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 5 : 5, breadth = 2 : 6 : 6. Cephalis conical, with a + stout pyramidal horn of twice the length. Thorax and abdomen together nearly cylindrical, + constricted towards both poles, with thirty to forty longitudinal ribs, which are nearly parallel, + vertical in the middle part, and convergent towards both poles; alternate with the same number of + longitudinal rows of regular, circular pores. Mouth with a broad, hyaline, only slightly + constricted peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.1; + breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Phormocyrtis embolum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium embolum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 70, Taf. x. fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with sharp collar, but indistinct lumbar stricture. Length of the three joints = + 3 : 7 : 10, breadth = 3 : 9 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, + with a pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate; abdomen inversely truncate, conical; + both with sixteen to twenty longitudinal ribs, and alternate longitudinal rows of small circular + pores, converging towards the two poles. Mouth truncate, with broad hyaline peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms; fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Phormocyrtis quadrata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, papillate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 3 : 13, breadth = 4 : 6 : 11. Cephalis hemispherical, + small, with two divergent, pyramidal horns of twice the length. Along the hemispherical thorax and + the ovate inflated abdomen run twenty-four to thirty curved ribs, converging towards the two + poles, and alternate with the same number of <span class="pagenum" + id="page1370">{1370}</span>longitudinal rows of circular, regular pores, disposed in ten to twelve + transverse rows. Each pore with a square, elevated frame. Mouth constricted, only one-third as + broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.13; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Phormocyrtis longicornis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate69"><b>69</b></a>, fig. + 15).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Theocorys longicornis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas, <i>loc. + cit.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, ovate, rough, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 3 : 8 : 12, breadth = 4 : 10 : 11. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a very large, cylindrical horn, about as long as the shell. Thorax hemispherical, with + regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores. Abdomen subcylindrical, with twenty to twenty-four + nearly parallel undulate ribs, and alternate longitudinal rows of regular, circular pores. Mouth + constricted, circular, about half as broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil + in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 603. <i>Alacorys</i>,<a id="NtA_220" href="#Nt_220"><sup>[220]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 436.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theophormida</span> (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with numerous radial ribs in the abdomen, which are prolonged over the mouth into free + feet.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Alacorys</i> and the following <i>Cycladophora</i> differ from the + preceding two genera in the formation of the radial ribs, which arise from the lumbar stricture, + and lie in the wall of the abdomen, but are absent on the thorax. The shell is usually large, more + or less pyramidal or conical, with a wide open terminal mouth. The latter is in + <i>Cycladophora</i> simply truncate, whilst in <i>Alacorys</i> it is surrounded by from four to + twelve or more terminal feet, prolongations of the abdominal ribs. According to the different + number of these (four, five, six, or more) some subgenera may be distinguished, as + <i>Tetralacorys</i>, <i>Pentalacorys</i>, <i>Hexalacorys</i>, &c.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tetralacorys</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 436.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Peristome armed with four feet, opposite in two meridian + planes, which are perpendicular to one another.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Alacorys lutheri</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate65"><b>65</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>Shell papillate, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the three joints = + 3 : 6 : 6, breadth = 3 : 8 : 10. Cephalis subspherical, + with a pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax tuberculate, <span class="pagenum" + id="page1371">{1371}</span>nearly hemispherical, with circular pores of very different sizes. From + the margin of its wide open mouth descend four stout perradial ribs, which are forked at the + distal end, and by communication of their fork-branches form the four large, pentagonal holes of + the abdomen. From the middle of the lower margin of the holes descend four parallel, vertical, + slender feet, about as long as the shell. This species is dedicated to the memory of the great + Reformer, Martin Luther.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Alacorys tetracantha</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Podocyrtis tetracantha</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 82, + Taf. xiii. fig. 2.</p> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Podocyrtis parvipes</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xiv. fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 5, breadth = 1 : 4 : 6. Cephalis subspherical, + with a rudimentary conical horn. Thorax campanulate, with irregular, roundish pores of different + sizes. Abdomen inflated, with a small number of very large irregular holes, intermingled with + smaller roundish holes. From the margin of the wide open mouth descend, nearly vertically, four + strong vertical feet, which are about as long as the shell, and slightly curved, with convex + outlines. <i>Podocyrtis parvipes</i> of Ehrenberg seems to be only a mutilated specimen of this + species.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.13.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Pentalacorys</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 436.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Peristome armed with five feet, one of which is odd and + occipital, the other four paired and lateral.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Alacorys pentacantha</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis pentacantha</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xvii. fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, with slight collar stricture. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4 : 6. Cephalis subspherical, + with a rudimentary conical horn. Thorax campanulate, with subregular, circular, quincuncial pores. + Abdomen wider, campanulate, with a small number of very large and irregular, roundish holes. From + the peristome descend five stout conical feet, which are slightly curved and divergent, nearly as + long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1372">{1372}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Alacorys bismarckii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate65"><b>65</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 4 : 5, breadth = 2 : 7 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a very stout, dimpled, conical horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate, spiny, with + regular, circular pores. Abdomen wider, campanulate, with larger conical spines, and a small + number of irregular, roundish, very large holes. From the peristome descend, nearly vertically, + five very large cylindrical feet, nearly twice as long as the shell; they are S-shaped, curved, + spinulate in the distal half, and armed at the proximal base with two stout conical spines, the + smaller of which is directed inwards, the larger curved upwards. Dedicated to Prince Otto von + Bismarck, the Reconstructor of the German Empire.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.14, <i>c</i> 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific (north of New Guinea), Station 220, + depth 1100 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Hexalacorys</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 436.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Peristome armed with six feet, three of which are primary + or perradial (Podocyrtis), the three other alternate, secondary or interradial.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Alacorys friderici</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate65"><b>65</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Shell conical, rough, with sharp collar stricture. Cephalis subspherical, with a large, + oblique, prismatic horn, twice the length. Thorax campanulate, with regular, circular pores (six + to eight in its length). Abdomen wider, campanulate, with a small number of very large pores + (three to four in the course of its length). Peristome with six very large divergent feet, which + are about as long as the shell, cylindrical, irregularly curved. The specimen figured was observed + living, with expanded pseudopodia. The central capsule exhibited four large pear-shaped lobes, + filling up the shell-cavity; each contained an oil-globule in the thoracic part. The undivided + cephalic part of the capsule enclosed a nucleus, from which four lobes protruded through the four + collar pores into the thorax. Dedicated to Frederick the Great, the Royal Philosopher of + Potsdam.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Canary Islands, Lanzerote (Haeckel), + surface.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Alacorys guilelmi</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate65"><b>65</b></a>, + fig. 2).</p> + + <p>Shell thorny, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 2 : 5 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a rudimentary conical horn. Thorax hemispherical, spiny, with regular, circular pores. + Abdomen wider, campanulate, papillate, with a small number of very large circular holes. Peristome + with six diverging feet, which are about as long as the shell, at the base conical, thickened, and + at the distal end curved inwards, with a spinulate knob. Dedicated to the German Emperor, + Wilhelm.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1373">{1373}</span></div> + + <p>7. <i>Alacorys hexacantha</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell thorny, with slight collar stricture. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 5 : 7, breadth = 4 : 10 : 14. Cephalis flat, + cap-shaped, with a rudimentary conical horn. Thorax campanulate, with regular, circular pores. + Abdomen wider, campanulate, with a small number of very large polygonal pores. Peristome with six + large divergent feet, which are longer than the shell, cylindrical, and slightly curved, in the + proximal half convex, in the distal half concave.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.07; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Alacorys hexapleura</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 10 : 8, breadth = 3 : 11 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical, + large, hyaline, and thick-walled, with a very stout, conical horn of the same length. Thorax + pear-shaped, with numerous, regular, circular pores and conical spines, the size of which + increases gradually towards the deep, lumbar stricture. Abdomen truncate, conical, with irregular, + roundish pores, and six very strong, straight, divergent ribs, prolonged into six short, conical + feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.2, <i>c</i> + 0.16; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.06, <i>b</i> 0.22, <i>c</i> 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Octalacorys</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Peristome armed with eight feet, four of which are primary + or perradial (corresponding to those of <i>Tetralacorys</i>), the other four alternate, secondary, + or interradial.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Alacorys aculeata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Podocyrtis aculeata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 80, + Taf. xiii. fig. 3.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis aculeata</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. + p. 540, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 34.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell spiny, with deep collar stricture. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 5 : 8, breadth = 2 : 7 : 10. Cephalis subspherical, + with a slender, conical horn of twice the length. Thorax campanulate, thorny, with regular, + circular pores. Abdomen wider, campanulate, with a small number of very large, regular, hexagonal + meshes, and stout spines in the nodal points. Peristome with eight strong conical feet, which are + nearly parallel, little curved (convex at the outside), and sometimes all of the same size (equal + to the length of the shell); at other times different, four larger alternating with four smaller + feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1374">{1374}</span></div> + + <p>10. <i>Alacorys octacantha</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, with deep collar stricture. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 8 : 6, breadth = 3 : 7 : 7. Cephalis ovate, with a + short, conical horn. Thorax pear-shaped, spiny, with regular, circular pores, similar to + <i>Cycladophora erinaceus</i>, Ehrenberg (1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 68, Taf. + xviii. fig. 2). Abdomen truncate, conical, with irregular, roundish pores, and eight stout, + straight, thorny, divergent ribs of equal size, which are prolonged into eight free, conical, + spiny feet of the same length.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.16. <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.06, <i>b</i> 0.14, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 5. <i>Ennealacorys</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Peristome armed with nine feet, three of which are primary + or perradial, the other six secondary or interradial.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Alacorys enneacantha</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell papillate, with slight collar stricture. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 4 : 8, breadth = 3 : 6 : 9. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a stout, conical horn of twice the length. Thorax campanulate, with subregular, circular + pores, and small, conical papillæ. Thorax wider, campanulate, with circular pores, and conical + papillæ of three times the size. Peristome with nine widely divergent, little curved, conical + feet, about as long as the shell. Similar to <i>Podocyrtis ventricosa</i>, Ehrenberg (1875, + <i>loc. cit.</i>, Taf. xvi. fig. 3), different mainly in the feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Alacorys gigas</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell thorny, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 4 : 2, breadth = 1 : 5 : 4. Cephalis ovate, with a + short, conical horn of about half the length. Thorax campanulate, thorny, with small, regular, + circular pores, very similar to <i>Cycladophora gigas</i>, Ehrenberg (<i>loc. cit.</i>, 1875, p. + 68, Taf. xviii. fig. 1). Abdomen truncate, conical, smooth, with irregular, roundish pores, and + nine stout and straight, little divergent ribs, which are prolonged into nine cylindrical, pointed + feet of the same length.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.2, <i>c</i> 0.1; + breadth, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.25, <i>c</i> 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 6. <i>Polyalacorys</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Peristome with numerous (ten to twenty or more) prominent + feet, three or four of which are primary and perradial, the others secondary and interradial.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1375">{1375}</span></div> + + <p>13. <i>Alacorys dodecantha</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Podocyrtis schomburgkii</i>, var., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, Taf. + xii. fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 7. Cephalis ovate, with a + conical horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate, with regular, circular pores. From its margin + arise twelve stout, little curved, radial beams, which are widely divergent, and connected in the + middle part by a transverse circular ring, so that the abdomen exhibits twelve large triangular + holes, and at the peristome, alternating with these, twelve free conical feet of the same + length.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> + 0.11; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.22.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms; also fossil + in Barbados.</p> + + <p>14. <i>Alacorys carcinus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate74"><b>74</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Calocyclas carcinus</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas, <i>loc. cit.</i></p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis schomburgkii</i>, var., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. i. + fig. 2; pl. xii. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 4 : 4, breadth = 2 : 6 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a large, cylindrical, bent spine of three times the length. Thorax inflated, campanulate, + with large, regular, circular pores. Abdomen truncate, conical, with three to four transverse rows + of regular, square pores, produced by eighteen divergent, straight ribs, which are connected by + three to four horizontal rings. Distal end of the ribs prolonged into eighteen slender, conical + feet, which are about as long as the thorax and slightly curved inwards.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms; also fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>15. <i>Alacorys polyacantha</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, with deep collar stricture. Length of the three joints = + 3 : 9 : 10, breadth = 4 : 12 : 16. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a stout conical horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate, with regular, circular pores and + conical spines, increasing in size towards the deep lumbar stricture. Abdomen truncate, conical, + with twenty to thirty divergent, straight ribs, which are connected by four to six transverse + rings, and prolonged into free conical feet of half the length. Therefore four to six transverse + rings of regular, square pores occur.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>16. <i>Alacorys ornata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cryptoprora ornata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 68, Taf. v. fig. 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, without external strictures, but with two internal annular septa. Length + of the three joints = 3 : 5 : 4, breadth = 3 : 6 : 5. + Cephalis subspherical, partly enclosed by the uppermost part of the thorax, without horn, or with + a small rudimentary horn. Pores subregular, <span class="pagenum" + id="page1376">{1376}</span>circular, half as broad in the cephalis as in the two other joints. + Thorax campanulate. Abdomen truncate, with eighteen to twenty-four parallel, vertical, + longitudinal ribs, which are prolonged into slender, free, conical feet of the same length. (This + remarkable species may be derived from <i>Carpocanium</i> by apposition of a third joint.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 604. <i>Cycladophora</i>,<a id="NtA_221" href="#Nt_221"><sup>[221]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theophormida</span> (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with four to six or more radial ribs in the abdomen, the terminal mouth of which is + truncate, without feet.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Cycladophora</i> differs from the preceding <i>Alacorys</i>, its + probable ancestral genus, in the absence of free terminal feet, the radial ribs of the abdomen + being connected by transverse beams throughout their whole length. The number of the regularly + disposed ribs (four to six or more) may also here be used for the distinction of different + subgenera.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Lampterium</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Abdomen with four radial ribs, opposite in pairs in two + meridian planes, perpendicular one to another.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cycladophora gœtheana</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate65"><b>65</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <p>Shell shaped like a lantern, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 12, breadth = 1 : 4 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a slender pyramidal horn of three times the length. Thorax twice as large, thorny, + hemispherical, with regular, circular pores. Abdomen very long, nearly four-sided prismatic, with + four superior smaller, and four inferior larger holes; the former separated by four short, + divergent, perradial, the latter by four long, parallel, vertical, interradial bars. Mouth square, + four-lobed. Dedicated to Wolfgang Goethe.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.24; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.1 to 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 269, depth 2550 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cycladophora tetrapleura</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell very similar to the preceding species, but differing in the following characters: + Cephalis conical, with a horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate. Four ribs of the abdomen not + <span class="pagenum" id="page1377">{1377}</span>parallel and vertical, but more or less + divergent. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 8, breadth = + 1 : 2 : 4. Whole shell slender, pyramidal. Mouth square, four-lobed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.24; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Cycladophora lanterna</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell very similar to the two preceding species, but differing in the following characters. + Cephalis subspherical, with a thick, pyramidal horn of the same breadth, and three times the + length. Thorax hemispherical, with circular, hexagonally-framed pores. Abdomen ovate, with four + convex ribs, and twelve large holes, four superior smaller pentagonal, four intermediate very + large, ovate, and four inferior, small, triangular holes. Mouth little constricted, nearly + circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.22; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Lamptidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Abdomen with six radial ribs (three primary or perradial, + and three alternate, secondary or interradial).</p> + + <p>4. <i>Cycladophora hexapleura</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lanterna chinensis</i>, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xiii. fig. + 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell shaped like a lantern, with six sides and two sharp strictures. Length of the three + joints = 1 : 2 : 8, breadth = 1 : 2 : 4. Cephalis + hemispherical, with a conical spine of the same length. Thorax twice as large, hemispherical, with + regular, circular pores. Abdomen nearly six-sided prismatic, with six descending, little curved + ribs, and eighteen large holes between them; six superior holes interradial, ovate, six + intermediate holes very large, perradial, ovate, six inferior holes triangular, interradial. Mouth + six-lobed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.16; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Cycladophora pyramidalis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis</i> sp., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xii. fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, pyramidal, with six sides and two slight strictures. Length of the three joints + = 1 : 4 : 12, breadth = 1 : 4 : 8. Cephalis subspherical, + with a conical horn of twice the length. Thorax conical, with regular, circular pores. Abdomen + truncate, pyramidal, with six strong, divergent, straight ribs, which are connected by five to six + transverse, hexagonal rings; therefore <span class="pagenum" id="page1378">{1378}</span>six + longitudinal rows of large, roundish, quadrangular meshes (four to five meshes in each row). Mouth + hexagonal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> + 0.3; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Cycladophora spinosa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 4 : 3, breadth = 1 : 5 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, + with a stout conical horn of the same length. Thorax ovate, with regular, circular pores, and + numerous conical spines. Abdomen truncate, conical, with irregular, roundish pores, and six + strong, divergent ribs. Mouth circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.15, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; fossil in + Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Lamptonium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Abdomen with nine radial ribs (three primary or perradial, + and six secondary or interradial).</p> + + <p>7. <i>Cycladophora enneapleura</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 5 : 3, breadth = 2 : 7 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a conical horn of twice the length. Thorax campanulate, with regular, circular pores, and + conical thorax. Abdomen cylindrical, with nine straight, parallel ribs, and irregular, roundish + pores. Mouth circular. (<i>Similar to <span class="correction" + title="Original reads 'Clycladophora'.">Cycladophora</span> gigas</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, <i>loc. + cit.</i>, Taf. xviii. fig. 1, but differing in the possession of nine abdominal ribs.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.15, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.06, <i>b</i> 0.2, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Cycladophora nonagona</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 3 : 10 : 7, breadth = 2 : 9 : 8. Cephalis pear-shaped, + with a stout pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax pear-shaped, with regular, circular pores, + and conical horns, increasing in size towards the base. Abdomen truncate, pyramidal, with nine + straight, spinulate ribs, and nine even faces between them, with irregular, roundish pores. Mouth + nonagonal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.06, <i>b</i> 0.2, <i>c</i> + 0.14; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.18, <i>c</i> 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1379">{1379}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Cyclampterium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Abdomen truncate, conical or campanulate, with numerous + (ten to twenty or more) divergent ribs. Mouth wide open, truncate.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Cycladophora pantheon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate68"><b>68</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Shell dome-shaped, with slight collar and deep lumbar stricture. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 6 : 5, breadth = 1 : 7 : 8. Cephalis small, with a + conical horn of the same length. Thorax cupola-shaped, with large, regular, circular pores, and + numerous pyramidal tubercles. Abdomen with twelve (sometimes eleven or thirteen) slender, + divergent ribs, which are connected at equal distances by four to six horizontal rings, and so + produce twelve longitudinal rows of large, regular, square meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.14, <i>c</i> 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Cycladophora dodecapleura</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell cupola-shaped, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 5 : 6, breadth = 2 : 7 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a conical horn of twice the length. Thorax subspherical, truncate at both poles, thorny, with + regular, circular pores. Abdomen in the upper half with a coronal of twelve large ovate holes, + separated by twelve divergent, slender ribs, in the lower half with curved, convergent + prolongations of the twelve ribs, and numerous small, irregular, roundish pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Cycladophora campanula</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 4 : 5, breadth = 2 : 6 : 10. Cephalis ovate, with a + conical horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate, rough, with regular, circular pores. Abdomen + dilated, with fifteen to twenty slender, divergent, little curved ribs, which are connected by two + or three horizontal rings, and from two or three transverse rows of large, roundish, square + pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Bermuda, surface; also fossil in + Barbados.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Cycladophora spatiosa</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cycladophora spatiosa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 68, Taf. xviii. figs. 5, 6.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 6 : 9, breadth = 3 : 8 : 14. Cephalis subspherical, + with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate, <span class="pagenum" + id="page1380">{1380}</span>smooth, with regular, circular pores. Abdomen truncate, conical, with + sixteen to twenty-four divergent ribs, which are straight or slightly curved, and connected by + from four to six transverse, circular rings. The large regular meshes, so produced, form sixteen + to twenty-four longitudinal series, and are rounded in the upper, square in the lower transverse + rows.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>13. <i>Cycladophora favosa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate62"><b>62</b></a>, + figs. 5, 6).</p> + + <p>Shell dome-shaped, without collar stricture, but with a deep lumbar stricture. Cephalis flat, + cap-shaped, without horn, or with a rudimentary conical horn, with small circular pores. Length of + the three joints = 1 : 4 : 3, breadth = 2 : 5 : 4. Thorax + subspherical, rough, with regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores. Abdomen truncate, conical, + with eighteen to twenty-four prominent ribs; between every two ribs only two or three ovate pores + occur. Mouth circular, with eighteen to twenty-four teeth. The shape of the abdomen is rather + variable (figs. 5, 6).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 5. <i>Cyclamptidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Abdomen nearly cylindrical or prismatic, with numerous + (ten to twenty or more) straight, vertical, parallel ribs. Mouth wide open, truncate.</p> + + <p>14. <i>Cycladophora fenestrata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate68"><b>68</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 5 : 5, breadth = 1 : 6 : 5. Cephalis conical, with a + conical, dimpled horn of twice the length. Thorax nearly spherical, with regular, circular pores, + and small conical spines. Abdomen cylindrical, with eighteen stout, parallel, vertical ribs, which + are connected by six to eight horizontal, circular rings; therefore regular transverse and + longitudinal rows of square or circular pores occur. Mouth truncate, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.1; + breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>15. <i>Cycladophora stiligera</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cycladophora stiligera</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 68, Taf. xviii. fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 7 : 8, breadth = 2 : 9 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, + with a conical horn of twice the length. Thorax subspherical, smooth, with regular, circular + pores. Abdomen cylindrical, with twelve parallel, vertical ribs, which <span class="pagenum" + id="page1381">{1381}</span>are connected by three to four broad, horizontal rings; therefore + subregular, transverse, and longitudinal rows of roundish pores are present. Mouth truncate, + circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 605. <i>Calocyclas</i>,<a id="NtA_222" href="#Nt_222"><sup>[222]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theophormida</span> (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with a simple corona of terminal feet around the truncate mouth. Abdomen not dilated, + cylindrical or ovate. No ribs in the shell-wall.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Calocyclas</i>, and the three following closely allied genera, differ + from the four preceding genera of Theophormida in the absence of radial or longitudinal ribs in + the wall of the thorax and abdomen. These are completely reduced, and their terminal prolongations + only remain, forming a simple or double corona around the mouth of the abdomen. They correspond + therefore to <i>Carpocanium</i> and <i>Anthocyrtis</i> among the Dicyrtida. In <i>Calocyclas</i> + the corona is simple. The mouth is not dilated, but often constricted, and the abdomen is + cylindrical or ovate, not conical. The teeth of the corona are usually vertical or convergent.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Calocycletta</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax and abdomen smooth, without spines or thorns.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Calocyclas veneris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate74"><b>74</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 2, breadth = 1 : 4 : 3. Cephalis ovate, with a + large, triangular, prismatic horn of three times the length. Thorax hemispherical; abdomen + cylindrical; both with regular, circular pores of equal size. Mouth truncate, with a corona of + nine to twelve vertical, lamellar feet, which are as long as the abdomen, rectangular, twice as + broad as their distance apart, and truncate at the end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03 to 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.06 to + 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.04 to 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03 to 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.09 to 0.11, <i>c</i> 0.08 + to 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, many stations; + surface, and in various depths.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Calocyclas virginis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate74"><b>74</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with distinct collar, but indistinct lumbar stricture. Length of the three joints + = 1 : 2 : 1, breadth = 1 : 4 : 3. Cephalis ovate, with a + slender, conical horn, little shorter than the <span class="pagenum" + id="page1382">{1382}</span>shell. Thorax subspherical. Abdomen nearly cylindrical, little + contracted towards the peristome. Pores regular, circular, twice as broad in the thorax as in the + abdomen, where they are separated by slight longitudinal ribs. Corona of the peristome composed of + sixteen to twenty-four vertical, lamellar feet, which are longer than the abdomen, rectangular, + and truncate at the end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.05; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.11, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Calocyclas minervæ</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with two deep strictures, similar to <i>Cycladophora stiligera</i>. Length of the + three joints = 1 : 4 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4 : 3. Cephalis + subspherical, with a large, conical horn of three times the length. Thorax subspherical, with + small, regular, circular pores. Abdomen cylindrical, with truncate mouth and few irregular pores + of different sizes, commonly arranged in three or four subregular, transverse rows, with large + intervening distances. Peristome with a corona of twelve to twenty vertical, lamellar feet, which + are about as long as the abdomen, and truncate at the end (in Ehrenberg's figure these are broken + off).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Calocyclas amicæ</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate74"><b>74</b></a>, + fig. 2).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 4 : 5, breadth = 2 : 5 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, + with a pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate-conical; abdomen nearly cylindrical; + both with small, subregular, circular pores. Peristome with a corona of twelve to fifteen small, + triangular feet, only as large as the thickness of the shell-wall, and separated by distances of + twice the size.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Calocyclas sacerdotis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis ovate, with a + pyramidal horn of three times the length. Thorax campanulate, conical; abdomen twice the length, + cylindrical; both with small, regular, circular pores. Peristome somewhat constricted, with a + corona of nine to twelve conical feet, which are as long as the cephalis, and with the ends curved + inwards, protecting the mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Calocyclas vestalis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate74"><b>74</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, + with a pyramidal horn of twice the length. Thorax campanulate; abdomen <span class="pagenum" + id="page1383">{1383}</span>nearly cylindrical; both with regular, hexagonal pores, three times as + broad as the bars. Peristome constricted, half as broad as the abdomen, with a corona of nine + conical, vertical feet as long as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.035, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Calocyclissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax spiny or thorny; abdomen smooth.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Calocyclas turris</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Calocyclas turris</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 66, Taf. xviii. fig. 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 4, + breadth = 1 : 5 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a stout conical horn of the + same length. Thorax subspherical, thorny with small, regular, circular, quincuncial pores. Abdomen + cylindrical, smooth, nearly hyaline, with very scarce, irregular, widely scattered pores. + Peristome with a corona of fifteen to twenty broad, lamellar, vertical, truncate feet, about as + long as the abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Calocyclas hyalogaster</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 6, + breadth = 1 : 4 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn of twice the + length. Thorax subspherical, thorny, with regular, circular pores. Abdomen cylindrical, smooth, + quite hyaline, without any pores. Peristome with a corona of twelve broad, lamellar, vertical, + truncate feet, half as long as the abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Calocyclas erinaceus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <p><i>Cycladophora erinaceus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 68, + Taf. xviii. fig. 2.</p> + + <p>Shell with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = 2 : 9 : 5, + breadth = 3 : 9 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, rough, with a short and broad + conical horn of half the length. Thorax ovate, densely covered with conical spines as long as the + horn, and with regular, circular, quincuncial pores. Abdomen cylindrical, smooth, with irregular + roundish pores of different sizes. Peristome with twelve to fifteen vertical, broad, lamellar, + truncate feet half as long as the abdomen (in Ehrenberg's figure these are broken off).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.18, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.06, <i>b</i> 0.18, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1384">{1384}</span></div> + + <p>10. <i>Calocyclas gigas</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cycladophora gigas</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 68, Taf. xviii. fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = 2 : 5 : 3, + breadth = 2 : 6 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, rough, with a short and broad + conical horn of half the length. Thorax subspherical, campanulate, thorny, with subregular, + circular pores (smaller and more numerous than in the preceding). Abdomen cylindrical, smooth, + with a small number of sparsely disposed, roundish, irregularly scattered pores. Peristome with + twenty to thirty short, lamellar, truncate, vertical feet about half as long as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.06, <i>b</i> 0.15, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.06, <i>b</i> 0.18, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Calocycloma</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax smooth; abdomen spiny or thorny.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Calocyclas casta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate73"><b>73</b></a>, + fig. 10).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 8, breadth = 2 : 4 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a strong pyramidal horn of twice the length. Thorax campanulate, smooth, with small, regular, + circular pores. Abdomen inflated, subspherical, covered with large conical spines, and large + intervening circular pores (four times as broad as the thoracic pores). Mouth constricted, only + one-third as broad as the abdomen, with a peristome of nine to twelve conical vertical feet as + long as the abdominal spines. (In the specimen figured they were broken off.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.15; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Calocyclas pudica</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 8, breadth = 1 : 4 : 6. Cephalis subspherical, + with a conical horn of three times the length. Thorax and abdomen nearly of the same shape as in + the preceding species, but more slender and the regular, circular pores of the abdomen only twice + as broad as the thoracic pores. Conical spines of the abdomen only half as large, but more + numerous. Peristome constricted, half as broad as the abdomen, with sixteen to twenty short, + conical, vertical feet as long as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.16; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 4. <i><span class="correction" title="Printed 'Calocycloma', corrected by + Errata.">Calocyclura</span></i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax and abdomen spiny or thorny.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1385">{1385}</span></div> + + <p>13. <i>Calocyclas parthenia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate74"><b>74</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly ovate, with thorny surface, and two slight strictures. Length of the three joints + = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 2 : 4 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, + armed with numerous short, conical thorns, and with a pyramidal, very large, vertical horn as long + as the thorax, and on the basal half as broad as the cephalis. Thorax hemispherical, separated by + a slight stricture from the broader, barrel-shaped abdomen, which is a little constricted at the + mouth. Teeth of the coronal about twenty, triangular, short, little divergent. Pores circular, + somewhat irregular in size, three to four times as broad as the bars, in all three joints nearly + of the same shape.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.11; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, surface (Rabbe).</p> + + <p>14. <i>Calocyclas aspasia</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, conical, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, + with a conical horn of twice the length. Thorax and abdomen nearly of the same shape as in the + preceding species, but covered with longer conical spines, less numerous, and twice as long as the + diameter of the subregular, circular pores. Mouth more constricted, and armed with a coronal of + twelve to sixteen broad, lamellar feet, as long as the cephalis, and similar to those of + <i>Calocyclas puella</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate74"><b>74</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>15. <i>Calocyclas monumentum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate73"><b>73</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly conical, with two very deep strictures, everywhere covered with long, + bristle-shaped, divergent spines, about as long as the thorax. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 2, breadth = 1 : 4 : 6. Cephalis nearly spherical, + with a very large, three-sided pyramidal horn of twice the length. Thorax and abdomen of similar + form, campanulate, with a lower cylindrical, and an upper truncate, conical part. Pores irregular, + roundish, in the smaller thorax of slightly different sizes, in the larger abdomen three to four + transverse rows of larger pores (six to eight in each row) are separated by numerous much smaller + pores. Peristome wide open, with a coronal of twelve large, triangular, vertical feet, nearly as + long as the abdomen; in the base of each foot a large, roundish, triangular pore.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + <span class="correction" title="Original reads '0.6'.">0.06</span>; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, + <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 606. <i>Clathrocyclas</i>,<a id="NtA_223" href="#Nt_223"><sup>[223]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theophormida</span> (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with a simple corona of terminal feet around the dilated mouth. Abdomen dilated, + truncate-conical, or discoidal. No ribs in the shell-wall.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1386">{1386}</span></div> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Clathrocyclas</i> differs from the preceding closely allied + <i>Calocyclas</i> in the dilated mouth and the flatter form of the abdomen, which is usually + truncate, conical, or nearly discoidal. The conical thorax is often separated from the flat + abdomen by an elegant ribbon of small quadrangular pores. The feet or teeth of the terminal corona + are divergent, or even horizontally expanded, whilst in <i>Calocyclas</i> they are usually + vertical or somewhat convergent.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Clathrocyclia</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell highly conical, often ovate or slenderly + campanulate. Cephalis commonly with a single horn.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Clathrocyclas principessa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate74"><b>74</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 1, breadth = 1 : 2 : 2. Cephalis hemispherical, + large, with a pyramidal, occipital horn of the same length. Thorax subspherical, with irregular, + circular pores, about as broad as the bars. Abdomen short, widely open with a single transverse + row of circular pores, and a coronal of twelve triangular, divergent feet, as long as the + abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.03; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Clathrocyclas basilea</i>, (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate74"><b>74</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 5 : 3, breadth = 3 : 7 : 9. Cephalis hemispherical, + with an ovate, oblique horn of the same length. Thorax hemispherical, with subregular, circular + pores of the same breadth as the bars. Abdomen short, with two transverse rows of the same pores, + and with a coronal of sixteen to twenty ovate, divergent feet, as long as the horn.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.03; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.035, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Clathrocyclas fimbriata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Halicalyptra fimbriata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 72, Taf. ii. fig. 11.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 1, breadth = 1 : 3 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a conical horn of twice the length. Thorax hemispherical, in the upper half hyaline, without + pores, in the lower half with four to six transverse rows of subregular, circular pores. Abdomen + short, suddenly dilated, with one or two transverse rows of larger <span class="pagenum" + id="page1387">{1387}</span>ovate pores (six to eight in one row), and with a coronal of twelve to + fifteen divergent, slender, curved feet, as long as the cephalis. (In the figure of Ehrenberg, + seen half from below, the cephalis is not represented.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.02; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Clathrocyclas collaris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate74"><b>74</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <p>Shell subconical, with two indistinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 1 : 2, breadth = 1 : 2 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a triangular prismatic horn three times the length. Thorax truncate, conical, with a single + transverse row of circular pores, each of which is placed in the lower end of an oblong, + lanceolate, longitudinal furrow; collar composed of fifteen to twenty such furrows. Abdomen + inflated, with four to six transverse rows of circular pores, and with a coronal of nine + triangular, divergent feet, longer than the collar.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Clathrocyclas puella</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis puella sinensis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xiv. fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subconical, with two indistinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 1 : 2, breadth = 1 : 2 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a pyramidal horn of twice the length. Pores subregular, circular, quincuncial, in the dilated + abdomen (with four to five transverse rows), twice to three times as large as in the short thorax + (with two to three rows). Coronal of the wide peristome with fifteen to twenty short, triangular, + divergent feet, about as long as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.02, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Clathrocyclas domina</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis domina sinensis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xiv. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subconical, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis ovate, with a + conical horn of the same length (and sometimes with some little accessory thorns at its base). + Pores subregular, circular, quincuncial, in the dilated abdomen (with six to eight transverse + rows), twice to four times as large as in the hemispherical thorax (with four to six rows). + Coronal of the wide <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'persistome'.">peristome</span> + with nine to twelve short, triangular, divergent feet, half as long as the cephalis (in + Ehrenberg's figure incomplete).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 268, depth 2650 to 3000 + fathoms; also fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1388">{1388}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Clathrocycloma</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell flatly conical, often widely campanulate, or nearly + discoidal. Cephalis commonly with two or more horns.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Clathrocyclas alcmenæ</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate59"><b>59</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Shell conical, with two indistinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 10 : 1, breadth = 2 : 12 : 14. Cephalis hemispherical, + with two divergent, pyramidal horns; frontal horn as long as the cephalis, occipital horn of twice + the length. Thorax conical, with large hexagonal meshes, increasing gradually in size towards the + short abdomen, which is represented only by a single circular girdle of small, square, abdominal + pores. Coronal of the peristome with twenty to thirty triangular, divergent, nearly horizontal + feet, as long as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> + 0.01. <i>breadth</i>, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Clathrocyclas europæ</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate59"><b>59</b></a>, + figs. 11, 12).</p> + + <p>Shell conical, almost of the same form as the preceding nearly allied species, differing from + it in the concave (not straight) outline of the flatter conical thorax, in the more rounded form + of its pores, and in the subspherical form of the cephalis, bearing only a single conical horn of + the same length. Length of the three joints = 2 : 8 : 1, breadth = + 2 : 12 : 14. In fig. 11 the cephalis is broken off, so that the four cortinar + pores are visible (two smaller jugular and two larger cardinal pores, separated by two coracal + beams).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.01. <i>breadth</i>, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, Corfu (Haeckel), surface.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Clathrocyclas semeles</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate58"><b>58</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <p>Shell conical-campanulate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 8 : 1, breadth = 2 : 8 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical, + with three divergent, conical horns (the caudal horn, directed downwards, much longer than the + occipital and frontal horns). Pores of the thorax large, roundish. Abdomen (as in the two + preceding species) with only a single circle of forty to fifty small square pores. Coronal with + about the same number of short, triangular, almost horizontally divergent feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.01. <i>breadth</i>, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Clathrocyclas danaës</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate59"><b>59</b></a>, figs. 13, + 14).</p> + + <p>Shell flatly conical, with straight outline (as in <i>Clathrocyclas alcmenæ</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate59"><b>59</b></a>, fig. 6). + Length of the three joints = 1 : 5 : 1, breadth = + 2 : 8 : 1. Cephalis hemispherical, with a single, short, conical, <span + class="pagenum" id="page1389">{1389}</span>oblique horn (broken off in the specimen figured). + Pores of the thorax polygonal, increasing gradually in size towards the girdle (in three to four + circles.) Abdomen nearly horizontally expanded with two rows of pores, the inner with very small + and numerous square pores, the outer with twenty to thirty much larger quadrangular pores. Coronal + of the peristome with the same number of short, divergent feet, alternating with the larger + pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> + 0.02; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.15, <i>c</i> 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Canary Islands (Lanzerote), Station 354, + surface.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Clathrocyclas jonis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate59"><b>59</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 5 : 2, breadth = 1 : 6 : 8. Cephalis small, + hemispherical, with two divergent, conical horns of nearly equal length. Pores of the thorax + polygonal, increasing in size towards the girdle; in the upper half filled up by an extremely fine + and delicate cobweb-like network. Abdomen with two rows of pores, of the same shape as in the + preceding species, also with equal coronal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> + 0.03; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Clathrocyclas latonæ</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate59"><b>59</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, very similar to the preceding species, but flatter and different in the + larger cephalis, bearing only a single oblique horn. All the polygonal pores of the thorax are + filled out by delicate cobweb-like network. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 1, breadth = 1 : 4 : 6. Abdomen with three + circular rows of quadrangular pores; first very small and numerous, second of median size, third + very large. Coronal with thirty to forty short triangular feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.03; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, b 0.12, c 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p> + + <p>13. <i>Clathrocyclas coscinodiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate58"><b>58</b></a>, figs. 3, + 4).</p> + + <p>Shell flatly campanulate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 5 : 2, breadth = 1 : 8 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical, + with two divergent, pyramidal horns of the same length. Thorax with concave outline, with numerous + hexagonal pores, gradually increasing in size towards the girdle, except the outermost row (inside + the girdle), which is composed of very small, square pores. Abdomen (outside the girdle) with + three rows of pores; first with small, second with median, third with large pores. Coronal with + eighty to one hundred short, divergent feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, b 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.03; + breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, b 0.16, c 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1390">{1390}</span></div> + + <p>14. <i>Clathrocyclas cassiopeiæ</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate59"><b>59</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <p>Shell flatly campanulate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 4 : 3, breadth = 2 : 6 : 8. Cephalis ovate, thorny, + with a pyramidal horn of the same length, and several smaller accessory horns. Thorax smooth, with + irregular, polygonal pores of nearly equal size. Abdomen spiny, with three to four irregular rows + of similar pores. Coronal with sixty to ninety or more irregularly and obliquely divergent feet, + little larger than the abdominal spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 607. <i>Lamprocyclas</i>,<a id="NtA_224" href="#Nt_224"><sup>[224]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theophormida</span> (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with a double corona of solid terminal feet around the mouth. No ribs in the + shell-wall.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Lamprocyclas</i> differs from <i>Calocyclas</i>, its ancestral form, + in the duplication of the terminal corona. Usually the feet or teeth of the lower corona are + convergent and curved inwards, whilst the teeth of the upper corona are divergent and curved + outwards. Sometimes above the latter a third corona begins to be developed. The whole shell is + more or less conical, very thick-walled, with a large and stout apical horn.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Lamprocyclia</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet of the peristome simple, not branched.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Lamprocyclas nuptialis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate74"><b>74</b></a>, fig. + 15).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, nearly smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 2, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis ovate, with a + very large, three-sided prismatic horn, nearly as long as the shell. Thorax and abdomen gradually + dilated, with regular, circular, double-edged pores. Outer coronal of the peristome with twelve to + fifteen divergent feet, inner with as many subvertical, triangular, little curved feet, about as + long as the cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Lamprocyclas maritalis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate74"><b>74</b></a>, figs. 13, + 14).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, very similar to the preceding species in form and fenestration, but not so + slender and with different peristome. Length of the three joints = 4 : 5 : 6, + breadth = 4 : 10 : 13. Cephalis subspherical, with a very stout, pyramidal + horn of twice the length, the edges of which are <span class="pagenum" + id="page1391">{1391}</span>spirally convoluted. Outer coronal of the peristome with twelve to + fifteen short, divergent feet, inner with as many convergent, longer feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.13.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Lamprocyclas deflorata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate74"><b>74</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, with deep collar, but indistinct lumbar stricture; very similar to the two + preceding species, but with different horn and peristome. Length of the three joints = + 3 : 5 : 8, breadth = 3 : 10 : 13. Cephalis subspherical, + with a pyramidal horn of twice the length, the three faces of which are deeply concave. Thoracic + pores half as large as the abdominal, both subregular, double-edged. Outer coronal of the wide + peristome with nine short, triangular, subvertical feet, inner with nine larger, horizontal feet, + lying in the plane of the wide mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.13.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Lamprocyclas saltatricis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate74"><b>74</b></a>, fig. + 16).</p> + + <p>Shell conical, rough, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4 : 6. Cephalis ovate, with a + large, prismatic horn, half as long as the shell. Pores subregular, circular, not double-edged, + three times as broad in the inflated abdomen as in the hemispherical thorax. Outer coronal of the + wide peristome with twelve to fifteen divergent feet, inner with fifteen to twenty conical feet, + which are curved inwards nearly horizontally.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.07; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Lamprocyclas reginæ</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate74"><b>74</b></a>, + figs. 11, 12).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 3 : 3, breadth = 2 : 5 : 6. Cephalis subcylindrical, + with about fifteen longitudinal rows of circular pores, separated by prominent, parallel crests, + and with a very large sword-like horn, nearly as long as the shell. Thorax hemispherical, smooth, + with elegant, circular, hexagonally-framed pores. Abdomen dilated, with similar but larger pores, + armed with hook-shaped spines. The two inferior rows of these hooks form the double coronal of the + peristome; the feet of the outer are curved downwards, of the inner inwards.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Lamprocyclas ægles</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Podocyrtis ægles</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxv. B. B iv. fig. + 18.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, conical, thorny, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 3 : 5 : 5, breadth = 3 : 8 : 11. Cephalis ovate, with a + stout, three-sided prismatic horn of twice the <span class="pagenum" + id="page1392">{1392}</span>length. Pores subregular, circular, twice as broad in the inflated + abdomen as in the campanulate thorax, and four times as broad as in the cephalis. Outer coronal of + the wide peristome with fifteen to twenty conical, divergent feet, inner coronal with a smaller + number of vertical, parallel, divergent feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.05; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, depth 1400 fathoms (Berrymann).</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Lamprocycloma</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet of the peristome forked or branched.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Lamprocyclas bajaderæ</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, very similar to the preceding species, but with stronger spines on the + abdomen and with different peristome. Length of the three joints = 2 : 2 : 3, + breadth = 2 : 6 : 8. Cephalis equal to that of <i>Lamprocyclas maritalis</i> + (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate74"><b>74</b></a>, + figs. 13, 14). Outer coronal of the peristome with fifteen to twenty divergent, pyramidal feet, + half as long as the horn; inner coronal with as many longer, vertical feet, which are irregularly + forked or branched.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 608. <i>Diplocyclas</i>,<a id="NtA_225" href="#Nt_225"><sup>[225]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theophormida</span> (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata + aperta) with a double corona of radial solid feet, an upper around the lumbar stricture, a lower + around the mouth. No ribs in the shell-wall.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Diplocyclas</i> differs from all the other Theophormida in the + possession of a double coronal of radial teeth, an upper between thorax and abdomen, and a lower + around the terminal mouth of the latter; it may be regarded as an <i>Anthocyrtis</i>, which has + formed an abdomen, and repeated the terminal armature. The cephalis bears a single or double + apical horn.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Diplocyclas bicorona</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate59"><b>59</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>Shell slender, campanulate. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 2, breadth + = 1 : 4 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with two divergent horns; the occipital of + the same length and forked, the frontal shorter and simple. Thorax campanulate, with six to eight + transverse rows of double-edged roundish pores of increasing size. Abdomen cylindrical, with three + transverse rows of large <span class="pagenum" id="page1393">{1393}</span>polygonal pores, and a + terminal row of very small square pores. Lumbar and terminal coronals of similar shape, each with + twenty to thirty short divergent feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Diplocyclas bicincta</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, in general of the same form as, and similar fenestration to, the preceding + species but not so slender, and with different proportions. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 4 : 2, breadth = 2 : 5 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a single, conical, simple horn. Pores of the thorax hexagonal, of increasing size (in eight + to ten transverse rows). Abdomen with smaller square pores (in four to six rows). The two coronals + of the same shape as in Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate59"><b>59</b></a>, + fig. 8.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Diplocyclas bizonalis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subconical, with indistinct collar and distinct lumbar stricture. Length of the three + joints = 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis + hemispherical, with two divergent conical horns of equal size. Thorax conical, with small, + irregular, double-edged pores, and a terminal corona of about nine very large pores. Abdomen + truncate, conical, with three to four transverse rows of roundish, quadrangular, very large pores. + Lumbar and terminal coronals of similar shape, each with twelve to fifteen triangular divergent + feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Theophænida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Phormocyrtida</span> with the basal + mouth of the shell fenestrated (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata clausa).</p> + + <h5>Genus 609. <i>Hexalatractus</i>,<a id="NtA_226" href="#Nt_226"><sup>[226]</sup></a> n. + gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theophænida</span> (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata + clausa) with six lateral wings on the abdomen.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Hexalatractus</i>, and the following genus <i>Theophæna</i>, represent + together the small subfamily Theophænida, or those Tricyrtida in which the terminal mouth of the + shell is closed by lattice-work, and six or nine lateral apophyses indicate a multiradiate + structure. The shell is more or less ovate or spindle-shaped, tapering towards <span + class="pagenum" id="page1394">{1394}</span>both poles, and resembles greatly the triradiate + <i>Rhopalocanium</i>. It may be derived from the latter by interpolation of three secondary or + interradial wings between the three primary or perradial apophyses.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Hexalatractus sexalatus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, with two distinct strictures, length of the three joints = + 3 : 6 : 9, breadth = 4 : 9 : 8. Cephalis subspherical, + with a pyramidal horn of twice the length. Thorax campanulate; abdomen inversely conical; both + with subregular, circular pores. Six divergent wings arise, beginning from the collar stricture, + from the upper half of the shell, with broad triangular base; they are little curved downwards, + with the convexity outside, and gradually tapering towards the distal end; the latter lies in the + same horizontal plane as the basal apex of the abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Hexalatractus fusiformis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate68"><b>68</b></a>, fig. + 13).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, nearly spindle-shaped, with sharp collar and slight lumbar stricture. Length of + the three joints = 2 : 5 : 12, breadth = 3 : 8 : 7. + Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax hemispherical with regular, + circular, hexagonally-framed pores. Abdomen inversely conical, with irregular, roundish pores. + From the upper half of the abdomen arise, with broad triangular base, six divergent wings, which + are nearly straight, and slightly fenestrated at the base; their conical distal ends do not reach + the horizontal plane, in which the basal apex of the abdomen lies.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 610. <i>Theophæna</i>,<a id="NtA_227" href="#Nt_227"><sup>[227]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 437.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theophænida</span> (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata + clausa) with nine lateral wings on the abdomen.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Theophæna</i> differs from the preceding six-radiate + <i>Hexalatractus</i> in the possession of nine lateral wings, and may be derived from the + triradiate <i>Rhopalocanium</i> by interpolation of six secondary wings between the three primary + apophyses.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Theophæna corona</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate70"><b>70</b></a>, + fig. 12).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, nearly spindle-shaped, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = + 4 : 9 : 16, breadth = 5 : 12 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical, + very thick-walled, with a conical horn of <span class="pagenum" id="page1395">{1395}</span>the + same length; both covered with numerous small dimples and spinules. Thorax campanulate; abdomen + inversely conical; both with regular, circular pores. Thorax with nine thin curved ribs, which in + the upper half of the abdomen arise as nine large feet, which are strongly compressed and curved + (with the convexity outwards); their distal ends form nine ovate spinulate cones, and lie in the + same horizontal plane as the basal apex of the abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> + 0.16; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Theophæna nonaria</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell thorny, ovate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 4 : 5, breadth = 1 : 5 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, + with a conical horn of half the length. Thorax subspherical, with regular, circular pores and + conical spines. Abdomen ovate, smooth, with irregular, roundish pores. In the upper half of the + thorax descend nine straight, little divergent ribs, which in the lower half become free, and + represent nine slender, conical wings; their distal ends do not reach the horizontal plane in + which the basal end of the abdomen lies.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> + 0.15; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.14, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South of Australia, Station 160, surface.</p> + + <h4>Family LXVII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Theocyrtida</span></span>, n. fam.</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc29"> + <p><i>Theocorida et Theocapsida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 434, 436.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tricyrtida</span> eradiata. <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> with a three-jointed shell, divided by two transverse constrictions + into cephalis, thorax, and abdomen, without radial apophyses.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Theocyrtida</span>, composed of the Theocorida and Theocapsida of + my Prodromus, comprises those <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> in which the lattice-shell is + three-jointed, and bears no external radial apophyses. The two subfamilies differ in the shape of + the terminal mouth, which in the Theocorida is a simple wide opening, in the Theocapsida closed by + a lattice-plate. The phylogenetic origin of the Theocyrtida may be found either in the Podocyrtida + or in the Sethocyrtida; they may have been derived from the former by reduction and loss of the + three primary apophyses, or from the latter by development of an abdomen.</p> + + <p>The number of species in this group is very large, and many belong to the most common and + widely distributed <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>. A great number of living and fossil species + have already been described by Ehrenberg, the majority being disposed in his genera + <i>Lithocampe</i> and <i>Eucyrtidium</i>.</p> + + <p>The number of genera, however, is comparatively small, and their distinction difficult, since + the form of the shell presents no striking differences.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1396">{1396}</span></div> + + <p>It exhibits all possible passages, from a flatly expanded or nearly discoidal form with a wide + open mouth, to a conical or cylindrical, and by constriction of the terminal mouth to an ovate or + spindle-shaped form. By complete closure of the mouth the Theocapsida arise. In some genera + remarkable traces of the original triradial structure are preserved. The most interesting of these + forms is <i>Axocorys</i>, with an internal axial columella, which bears a number of verticils, + each with three radial branches.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Theocyrtida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Theocyrtida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Theocyrtida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="12" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Theocorida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth of the abdomen a simple wide opening.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="12" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace19sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">Abdomen gradually dilated towards the wide open mouth.</td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Abdomen flatly expanded, discoidal.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">With horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">611. <i>Theocalyptra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">No horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">612. <i>Cecryphalium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Abdomen conical.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">One horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">613. <i>Theoconus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Two or more horns,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">614. <i>Lophoconus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">Abdomen cylindrical, of nearly equal breadth throughout its + whole length. Mouth truncate.</td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">A single apical horn on the cephalis.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Thorax and abdomen of equal breadth,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">615. <i>Theocyrtis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Thorax much broader than the tubular abdomen,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">616. <i>Theosyringium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Two horns or a bunch of horns on the cephalis,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">617. <i>Lophocyrtis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">No horn on the cephalis,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">618. <i>Tricolocampe</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">Abdomen ovate or inversely conical. Mouth more or less + constricted.</td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">A single apical horn on the cephalis.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell-cavity without an internal columella,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">619. <i>Theocorys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell-cavity with an axial columella,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">620. <i>Axocorys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Two horns or a bunch of horns on the cephalis,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">621. <i>Lophocorys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">No horn on the cephalis,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">622. <i>Theocampe</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Theocapsida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth closed by a lattice-plate.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">No latticed septum between thorax and + abdomen.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">An apical horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">623. <i>Theocapsa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">No horn on the cephalis,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">624. <i>Tricolocapsa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">A complete latticed septum between thorax and abdomen,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">625. <i>Phrenocodon</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Theocyrtida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Theocyrtida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="9" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Theocorida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth of the abdomen a simple wide opening.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Abdomen gradually dilated towards the wide open mouth.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Abdomen flatly expanded, discoidal.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">611. <i>Theocalyptra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">612. <i>Cecryphalium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Abdomen conical.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">One horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">613. <i>Theoconus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two or more horns,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">614. <i>Lophoconus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Abdomen cylindrical, of nearly equal breadth throughout its whole + length. Mouth truncate.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">A single apical horn on the cephalis.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Thorax and abdomen of equal breadth,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">615. <i>Theocyrtis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Thorax much broader than the tubular abdomen,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">616. <i>Theosyringium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Two horns or a bunch of horns on the cephalis,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">617. <i>Lophocyrtis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">No horn on the cephalis,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">618. <i>Tricolocampe</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Abdomen ovate or inversely conical. Mouth more or less + constricted.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">A single apical horn on the cephalis.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell-cavity without an internal columella,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">619. <i>Theocorys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell-cavity with an axial columella,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">620. <i>Axocorys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Two horns or a bunch of horns on the cephalis,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">621. <i>Lophocorys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">No horn on the cephalis,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">622. <i>Theocampe</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="9" class="sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Theocapsida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth closed by a lattice-plate.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">No latticed septum between thorax and abdomen.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">An apical horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">623. <i>Theocapsa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No horn on the cephalis,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">624. <i>Tricolocapsa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">A complete latticed septum between thorax and abdomen,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">625. <i>Phrenocodon</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Theocorida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theocyrtida</span> with the basal mouth + of the shell open (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1397">{1397}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 611. <i>Theocalyptra</i>,<a id="NtA_228" href="#Nt_228"><sup>[228]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theocorida</span> (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta) + with discoidal or flatly expanded abdomen. Cephalis with a single apical horn, or with two + divergent horns.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Theocalyptra</i>, and the following closely allied genus + <i>Cecryphalium</i>, differ from all the other Theocorida in the flattened form of the cap-shaped + or nearly discoidal shell. The abdomen specially is quite flat, often horizontally expanded, and + like the marginal brim of a flat hat. They may be derived from the Dicyrtida <i>Sethocephalus</i> + by the development of an abdomen, or from <i>Corocalyptra</i> by loss of the collar wings. The + network is usually very delicate, as in the latter. The cephalis of <i>Theocalyptra</i> bears one + or two horns.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Theocalyptra veneris</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell flatly campanulate, very delicate and fragile, very similar to <i><span + class="correction" title="Original reads 'Eucephryphalus'.">Eucecryphalus</span> agnesæ</i> (Pl. + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate59"><b>59</b></a>, fig. 3), + but without collar spines. Length of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 2, breadth = + 1 : 7 : 9. Cephalis hemispherical, with a single bristle-shaped horn of twice + the length. Thorax subconical, separated from the flatter abdomen by a deep stricture, with thin + bars, and large, subregular, hexagonal meshes, increasing in size towards the smooth + mouth-edge.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.15, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, many stations, + surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Theocalyptra orci</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Halicalyptra orci</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 293, Taf. x. figs. 9, 10.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell flatly campanulate, very similar to the preceding species in general form and + fenestration, but flatter and smaller, with different proportions. Length of the three joints = + 7 : 2 : 1, breadth = 1 : 6 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, + very small, with two divergent, bristle-shaped horns of the same length. Abdomen nearly + horizontally expanded.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.01; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, depth 2200 fathoms (Pullen).</p> + + <p>3. <i>Theocalyptra discoides</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cycladophora discoides</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 68, Taf. xviii. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell flatly campanulate, similar to the two preceding species, but not so delicate, with + thicker bars, and roundish, not hexagonal meshes. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 2, breadth = 3 : 6 : 9. <span class="pagenum" + id="page1398">{1398}</span>Cephalis large, trilobed, with a short, oblique horn of half the + length. Thorax campanulate, conical, separated from the abdomen by a circle of smaller pores and a + deep stricture. Abdomen flat, discoidal, with three circles of larger pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.06, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Theocalyptra cornuta</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Carpocanium cornutum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 287, + Taf. ii. fig. 9.</p> + <p><i>Halicalyptra cornuta</i>, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol. xxii. p. 5, pl. + i. figs. 13, 14.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lophophæna cornuta</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 299.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate-conical, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 1, breadth = 1 : 4 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, + with two stout, pyramidal, divergent horns of twice the length. Thorax campanulate, with eight to + ten transverse rows of roundish or nearly square pores, increasing in size towards the abdomen, + which is flatly expanded, nearly discoidal, separated by a circle of smaller pores; the last + circle of pores (on the margin) is larger.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> + 0.03; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Arctic Ocean, Kamtschatka (Bailey), Greenland + (Ehrenberg).</p> + + <h5>Genus 612. <i>Cecryphalium</i>,<a id="NtA_229" href="#Nt_229"><sup>[229]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theocorida</span> (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta) + with discoidal or flatly expanded abdomen. Cephalis without horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cecryphalium</i> has the same flat, conical, or nearly discoidal shell + as the preceding <i>Theocalyptra</i>, its ancestral genus, but differs from it in the complete + absence of horns on the cephalis.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cecryphalium lamprodiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate58"><b>58</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell flatly conical, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 2, breadth = 1 : 7 : 11. Cephalis roundish, very + small. Thorax conical, with straight lateral outline; its pores irregular, polygonal, increasing + in size towards the girdle. Abdomen little flatter than the thorax, forming its direct + prolongation, with five to six circular, concentric rows of pores; the first row formed by sixty + to eighty very large, oblongish, quadrangular pores, the second row by very small, the third again + by larger pores; the outmost rows by very small and numerous pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.14, <i>c</i> 0.22.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1399">{1399}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Cecryphalium sestrodiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate58"><b>58</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Shell very flat, subconical, nearly discoidal, with two distinct strictures. Length of the + three joints = 1 : 2 : 1, breadth = 1 : 8 : 10. Cephalis + kidney-shaped, very small. Thorax flat, campanulate, with curved lateral outline; its pores + irregular, polygonal, increasing in size towards the girdle. Abdomen horizontally expanded, like + the brim of a hat, with five to six concentric, circular rows of pores, the pores of the inner + rows twice to three times as large as those of the outer rows. (The inner circle of large, + oblongish, quadrangular pores, characteristic of the preceding species, is here divided into three + concentric rings by two circular hoops.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.02; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.15, <i>c</i> 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 613. <i>Theoconus</i>,<a id="NtA_230" href="#Nt_230"><sup>[230]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theocorida</span> (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta) + with conical abdomen, gradually dilated towards the wide open mouth. Cephalis with a single + horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Theoconus</i>, and the following closely allied <i>Lophoconus</i>, + differ from the other Theocorida in the conical or campanulate form of the shell; the abdomen is a + truncated cone, gradually dilated towards the terminal mouth. The latter is usually truncated, + widely open, sometimes with a slightly constricted peristome. The cephalis of <i>Theoconus</i> + bears a single apical horn.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Theocorax</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Pores of the thorax and of the abdomen of nearly equal + size and similar form.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Theoconus zancleus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium zancleum</i>, J. Müller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 41, + Taf. vi. figs. 1-3.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium zancleum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 321.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell bell-shaped, nearly conical, smooth. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 6. Cephalis nearly spherical, + with a stout, straight, pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax hemispherical. Abdomen gradually + increasing in breadth towards the wide truncated mouth. Pores in all three joints nearly of the + same shape, circular, regular, four times as broad as the thin bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.027, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina, Naples, Nice, &c.).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1400">{1400}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Theoconus ægæus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium ægæum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1858, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 31; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxxv. a, xix. a, fig. 5.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium ægæum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 329.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell flatly bell-shaped, nearly conical. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 5 : 3; breadth = 1 : 7 : 8. Cephalis ovate, with a + stout, straight, pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax flat, bell-shaped. Abdomen with + increasing breadth towards the wide truncated mouth. Pores in all three joints nearly of the same + shape, regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.03; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.016, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Coast of Greece and Sicily), surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Theoconus zanguebaricus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium zanguebaricum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 293, Taf. ix. fig. 22.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell bell-shaped. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 1, breadth = + 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis ovate, with a straight, pyramidal horn of half the length. + Thorax hemispherical, without collar stricture, but with evident girdle stricture. Abdomen dilated + towards the wide truncated mouth. Pores regular, hexagonal, of nearly equal size and form, four to + six times as broad as the thin bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.03; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.024, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean (off Zanzibar), Pullen, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Theoconus campanulatus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p>? <i>Eucyrtidium campanulatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1858, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 241.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium campanulatum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 329.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell bell-shaped, smooth. Length of the three joints = 2 : 3 : 7, breadth + = 3 : 7 : 10. Cephalis small, spherical, with a short, conical, oblique horn + of the same length. Thorax hemispherical, with an external girdle stricture, prolonged into the + truncated, barrel-shaped abdomen, which is a little constricted at the very wide mouth. Pores + small and very numerous, regular, circular, twice to three times as broad as the bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.07; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 352, surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Theoconus orthoconus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell perfectly conical, smooth. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 3, + breadth = 1 : 2 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a strong, straight, conical + horn of the same length. Thorax conical, without external girdle stricture, prolonged into the + truncated, conical abdomen, which is gradually <span class="pagenum" + id="page1401">{1401}</span>dilated into a very wide mouth. Pores small, of nearly equal size and + similar form, of the same breadth as the bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific; many stations, at different + depths.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Theocorbis</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Pores of the thorax and of the abdomen of different sizes + or dissimilar forms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Theoconus jovis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate69"><b>69</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>Shell bell-shaped, nearly conical. Length of the three joints = 5 : 6 : 7, + breadth = 4 : 10 : 14. Cephalis nearly cylindrical, large, little curved, with + a very large, oblique, pyramidal horn, as long as the two first joints together. Thorax and the + broader abdomen irregularly bell-shaped, dilated towards the wide mouth. Pores circular, somewhat + irregularly disposed, gradually increasing in size towards the mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.07; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Theoconus junonis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate69"><b>69</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly conical. Length of the three joints = 4 : 5 : 8, breadth = + 3 : 8 : 11. Cephalis ovate, with a large apical opening at the base of the + vertical compressed horn, which has about the same length. Thorax and the broader abdomen together + conical, gradually dilated towards the wide mouth. Thorax with a bosom-like protuberance on one + side. Pores circular, gradually increasing in size.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Theoconus longicornis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell conical, thorny. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = + 1 : 3 : 6. Cephalis nearly spherical, with a very large, cylindrical, + perpendicular, straight horn, once and a half to twice as long as the whole shell. Thorax conical. + Abdomen nearly hemispherical, with wide open mouth. Pores circular, four to six times as broad in + the thick-walled spiny abdomen as in the thin-walled rough thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms; also + fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1402">{1402}</span></div> + + <p>9. <i>Theoconus ampullaceus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithocampe ampullacea</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 66, + Taf. iv. fig. 1.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Theocorys ampullacea</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell bell-shaped, nearly conical, thorny. Length of the three joints = + 3 : 4 : 10; breadth = 4 : 8 : 15. Cephalis subspherical, + with a stout lateral horn of the same length. Thorax hemispherical, rough. Abdomen subspherical, + widely truncated at both poles, spiny. Pores regular, circular, three to four times as broad in + the thick-walled abdomen as in the thin-walled thorax. (Differs from the similar preceding species + in the smaller horn and the two deeper strictures of the shell.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Theoconus amplus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p>? <i>Podocyrtis ampla</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 80, Taf. + xvi. fig. 7.</p> + <p>? <i>Podocyrtis ampla</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. 539, Taf. + xxxiii. fig. 16.</p> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Eucyrtidium amplum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1873, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 248.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell conical, smooth, with two broad internal annular septa. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, + with a very large, straight, conical horn of the same breadth, which is as long as the conical + thorax. Pores regular, circular, twice as broad in the truncate, gradually dilated abdomen as in + the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Theoconus ariadnes</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell conical, nearly bell-shaped, smooth. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, + with a conical spine of about the same length. Thorax hemispherical, thin-walled. Abdomen conical, + slightly constricted at the wide open mouth. Pores regular, circular, twice as large in the + thick-walled abdomen as in the thin-walled thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.018 to 0.022, <i>b</i> 0.03 to + 0.035, <i>c</i> 0.06 to 0.07; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.015 to 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04 to 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.07 to 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, common, + surface.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Theoconus dionysius</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Thyrsocyrtis dionysia</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 84, + Taf. xii. fig. 5.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Thyrsocyrtis jacchia</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xii. fig. 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell bell-shaped, smooth. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 5, breadth + = 1 : 4 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical, irregularly denticulate + horn of twice or thrice the length. Thorax <span class="pagenum" + id="page1403">{1403}</span>inflated, nearly spherical, truncate at both poles, separated by a deep + stricture from the cephalis, as well as from the conical abdomen, which is dilated gradually + towards the wide mouth. Pores in the thorax subregular, circular, in the abdomen twice to four + times larger, and irregular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>13. <i>Theoconus laterna</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell conical, smooth. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = + 1 : 2 : 4. Cephalis small, ovate, with a strong, pyramidal, vertical horn + three times the length. Thorax hemispherical, with subregular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores. + Abdomen truncate, conical, with only fifteen to twenty very large, irregular, polygonal pores, + which are separated by very thick bars of the same breadth as the horn.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>14. <i>Theoconus ficus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium ficus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 70, Taf. + xi. fig. 19.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Theocorys ficus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell conical, pear-shaped, smooth. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 5 : 20, breadth = 2 : 10 : 25. Cephalis very small, + ovate, with a conical, straight horn three times the length. Thorax quite conical, with solid + wall, without pores. Abdomen very large, nearly spherical, truncate at both poles, little + constricted at the very wide mouth; its pores subregular, circular, about three times as broad as + the bars. (This species is intermediate between the genera <i>Theoconus</i> and + <i>Theocorys</i>.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.01, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.2; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.25.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 614. <i>Lophoconus</i>,<a id="NtA_231" href="#Nt_231"><sup>[231]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theocorida</span> (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta) + with conical abdomen gradually dilated towards the wide open mouth. Cephalis with two or more + horns or a corona of horns.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Lophoconus</i> has the same conical shell with truncate mouth as + <i>Theoconus</i>, and differs from it only in the armature of the cephalis, bearing either two + large divergent horns (usually a larger occipital and a smaller frontal horns), or a bunch or + corona of numerous divergent horns.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1404">{1404}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Lophoconus antilope</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium antilope</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 291, Taf. ix. fig. 18.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell conical, smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 8, breadth = 2 : 4 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, + with two divergent, pyramidal horns of twice the length. Thorax campanulate. Abdomen gradually + dilated towards the wide open mouth. Pores very small and numerous, regular, hexagonal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean; between Aden and Socotra (Haeckel); Zanzibar + (Pullen).</p> + + <p>2. <i>Lophoconus hexagonalis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, conical, spiny, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, + with numerous conical spines of different sizes, the largest of twice the length. Thorax + campanulate, with smaller spines. Abdomen inflated, dilated towards the wide mouth. Pores large, + three or four times as broad as the bars, subregular, hexagonal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Lophoconus cornutella</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, smooth, without external strictures, but with two internal, annular + septa. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 6, breadth = + 1 : 2 : 4. Cephalis ovate, with two stout, divergent, conical horns of three + times the length. Thorax and abdomen together conical, gradually dilated towards the wide truncate + mouth. Pores regular, circular, quincuncial.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Lophoconus apiculatus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium apiculatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 70, Taf. x. fig. 10.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, conical, thorny, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 2, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, + with a bunch of eight to twelve divergent, conical horns, the largest of which are longer than the + cephalis. The regular, circular pores are in the campanulate thorax scarcely half as broad as in + the truncate, gradually dilated abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1405">{1405}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Lophoconus cervus</i>, Haeckel</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Eucyrtidium cervus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 291, Taf. ix. fig. 21.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell conical, smooth, without external stricture, but with two internal annular septa. Length + of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 6. + Cephalis campanulate, with two to six divergent, partly ramified horns. Pores in the thorax + regular, circular, in the abdomen three to four times as large, regular, hexagonal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface (? Zanzibar, + 2200 fathoms, Pullen).</p> + + <p>6. <i>Lophoconus rhinoceros</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate69"><b>69</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, conical, rough, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, + with numerous very small pores, and two stout, divergent, pyramidal horns, the major of which is + longer, the minor shorter, than the cephalis. Thorax campanulate, with small, regular, circular + pores. Abdomen inflated, with thickened margin at the wide open mouth, and with irregular, + roundish pores, twice to four times as broad as those of the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 615. <i>Theocyrtis</i>,<a id="NtA_232" href="#Nt_232"><sup>[232]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theocorida</span> (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta) + with cylindrical abdomen, and wide open truncate mouth. Cephalis with a single horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Theocyrtis</i> and the three following closely allied genera differ + from the other Theocorida in the cylindrical form of the slender abdomen, which is of equal + breadth nearly throughout its whole length. The terminal mouth is wide open, usually truncate, and + of the same breadth; sometimes slightly constricted. The cephalis of Theocyrtis bears a single + horn.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Theocorypha</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Pores of the thorax and abdomen of nearly equal size and + similar form.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Theocyrtis trachelius</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium trachelius</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 293, Taf. vii. fig. 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell thin-walled and very fragile, smooth. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 8 : 7, breadth = 2 : 9 : 8. Cephalis subspherical, + with a straight, conical horn of the same length, separated by a <span class="pagenum" + id="page1406">{1406}</span>slender neck from the inflated, subspherical thorax. Abdomen + cylindrical, with a wide open, truncate mouth. Pores subregular, hexagonal, of equal size, four to + six times as broad as the thin, thread-like bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.07; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific, many Stations (200, 224, 271, &c.), + surface, and in various depths.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Theocyrtis barbadensis</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium barbadense</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 70, Taf. ix. fig. 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell thin-walled, smooth. Length of the three joints = 2 : 4 : 5, breadth, + 2 : 5 : 4. Cephalis ovate or conical, with a strong, conical horn, without + external stricture, dilated into the campanulate thorax. Abdomen cylindrical, with a wide open, + truncate mouth. Pores subregular, circular, quincuncially disposed, of about the same breadth as + the bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Theocyrtis cylindrica</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium cylindricum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 70, Taf. x. fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell elongate, cylindrical, straight, smooth. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 6, breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a thick, pyramidal horn of the same length (the edges of the horn giving to it the appearance + of being composed of two converging spines). Thorax truncated, conical. Abdomen perfectly + cylindrical, much elongated. Pores subregular, circular, twice as broad as the bars, quincuncially + disposed. Mouth wide open, truncate.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms; fossil in + Barbados.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Theocyrtis elegans</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium elegans</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 70, + Taf. xi. fig. 12.</p> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Eucyrtidium pusillum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 72, Taf. xi. fig. 6</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, cylindrical, straight, smooth. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 7, breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis subconical, with + a small conical horn. Thorax campanulate, conical. Abdomen cylindrical, very slender. Pores + subregular, circular, small, disposed in transverse rows, three in the thorax, six to eight in the + abdomen. Mouth wide open, truncate.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.01, <i>b</i> 0.02, <i>c</i> + 0.07; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados and Sicily.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1407">{1407}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Theocyrtis paupera</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium pauperum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 72, Taf. xi. fig. 13.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, cylindrical, smooth. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 6, + breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with a stout conical horn of + twice the length. Thorax truncate, conical. Abdomen cylindrical. Pores very small, regular, + circular, disposed in transverse rows, one or two in the thorax, three to five in the abdomen. + (Distance between the rows twice as great as in the preceding nearly related species.) Mouth wide + open, truncate.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.01, <i>b</i> 0.02, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms; + also fossil in Barbados and Sicily.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Theocyrtis microtheca</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium microtheca</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 72, + Taf. xi. fig. 10.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium hillaby</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 72, Taf. xi. fig. 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell cylindrical, a little rough. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 4, + breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with a small conical horn. Thorax + hemispherical or campanulate. Abdomen cylindrical, with wide open truncate mouth. Pores + subregular, circular, quincuncially disposed, of medium size, rudimentary or wanting in the + cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.015 to 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03 to + 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.05 to 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02 to 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.05 to 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.05 + to 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms; also fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Theocorusca</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Pores of the thorax and the abdomen of different sizes or + forms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Theocyrtis macroceros</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate69"><b>69</b></a>, fig. + 13).</p> + + <p>Shell almost cylindrical, smooth. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 5, + breadth = 2 : 3 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a very large cylindrical + horn, once or twice as long as the shell. Thorax truncate, hemispherical. Abdomen cylindrical, + only slightly contracted towards both ends. Two girdle strictures deep. Pores small, subregular, + circular, more irregular and twice to three times as large in the abdomen as in the thorax, + disposed in transverse rows, five to six in the thorax, eight to ten in the abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02 to 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.04 to + 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.1 to 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i>, 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms; also fossil + in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1408">{1408}</span></div> + + <p>8. <i>Theocyrtis ptychodes</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate69"><b>69</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>Shell almost cylindrical, smooth. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 3, + breadth = 2 : 4 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a large, conical, curved + horn of twice the length. Thorax very large, inflated, campanulate, thick-walled. Abdomen + cylindrical, with a thin folded wall (like a petticoat), the thickness of which decreases + gradually towards the wide truncate mouth. Pores subregular, circular, and quincuncially disposed + in the two first joints, irregular and larger in the abdomen, forming longitudinal series between + the folds.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> + 0.11; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Theocyrtis aspera</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium asperum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 70, Taf. viii. fig. 15.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell almost cylindrical, with rough or thorny surface. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 5, breadth = 1 : 5 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, + small, with a short conical horn. Thorax hemispherical, inflated. Abdomen cylindrical, with wide + truncate mouth. Pores in the thorax subregular, circular, quincuncially disposed, in the abdomen + irregular roundish, two to four times as large.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.015 to 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06 to + 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.08 to 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms; fossil in + Barbados.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Theocyrtis proserpinæ</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell almost cylindrical, smooth. Length of the three joints = 3 : 6 : 9, + breadth = 2 : 8 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, with a stout conical horn. Thorax + campanulate. Abdomen cylindrical. Pores regular, circular, quincuncially disposed, double-edged in + the thorax, and three to four times as large as in the cephalis and the abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 244 to 253, depth 2050 to 3125 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Theocyrtis oenophila</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Thyrsocyrtis oenophila</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xii. fig. 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell in the apical half conical, in the lower cylindrical. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 5 : 6, breadth = 3 : 8 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, + with a large prismatic horn, which is bulbous at the base, and armed with three teeth at the + distal apex. Thorax conical, constricted at the base, with subregular, circular, quincuncial + pores. Abdomen cylindrical, with a coronal of nine large <span class="pagenum" + id="page1409">{1409}</span>roundish pores beyond the lumbar stricture, and two to four succeeding + transverse rows of irregular, roundish, smaller pores. Mouth widely open, truncated.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 616. <i>Theosyringium</i>, Haeckel,<a id="NtA_233" href="#Nt_233"><sup>[233]</sup></a> + 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theocorida</span> (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta) + with cylindrical abdomen, which is much narrower than the inflated thorax, and forms a slender, + narrow tube, with truncated mouth. Cephalis with a single horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Theosyringium</i> differs from the closely allied <i>Theocyrtis</i>, + its ancestral form, in the wide inflated thorax, which is much broader than the narrow tubular + abdomen. The mouth of the latter is small and truncate.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Theosyringium tibia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate68"><b>68</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, very slender, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 1 : 2 : 1. Cephalis ovate, with a + conical horn of the same length. Thorax ellipsoidal. Abdomen cylindrical, as long as the two + former joints together. Pores subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Theosyringium pipetta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate68"><b>68</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, inflated, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 7 : 9, breadth = 2 : 7 : 2. Cephalis conical, with a + slender horn of half the length. Thorax subglobose. Abdomen cylindrical, as long as the two former + joints together. Pores subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Theosyringium siphonium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell rough, inflated, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2 : 1. Cephalis subspherical, + with a stout pyramidal horn of twice the length. Thorax broad ovate. Abdomen slender, inversely + conical, as long as the thorax, and one-third as broad as the base. Pores subregular, circular, + hexagonally framed, (Similar to <i>Eusyringium conosiphon</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate78"><b>78</b></a>, fig. 10, + but only with two strictures and three joints.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.1; + breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.025.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1410">{1410}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Theosyringium tubulus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium tubulus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 72, Taf. xi. fig. 6.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, slenderly spindle-shaped, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints + = 2 : 10 : 8, breadth = 3 : 6 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, + hyaline, with a stout, pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax spindle-shaped. Abdomen inversely + conical, half as long as the thorax prolonged into a slender, cylindrical tube. Pores subregular, + circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 617. <i>Lophocyrtis</i>,<a id="NtA_234" href="#Nt_234"><sup>[234]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theocorida</span> (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta) + with cylindrical abdomen, and wide open truncate mouth. Cephalis with two horns, or a bunch of + horns.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Lophocyrtis</i> differs from its ancestral form <i>Theocyrtis</i> only + in the armature of the cephalis, bearing instead of a single horn either two divergent horns, or a + bunch, or coronal of numerous spines. The slender abdomen is in both genera cylindrical, with wide + open mouth.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Lophocyrtis holothuria</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, slender, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 2 : 4 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a bunch of five divergent, conical horns, the middle of which is larger and vertical, nearly + as long as the thorax. Thorax campanulate, half as long as the cylindrical abdomen. Mouth + truncate. Pores regular, circular, quincuncial. (Similar to <i>Theocyrtis cylindrica</i>, but with + different cephalis and thorax.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Lophocyrtis stephanophora</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium stephanophorum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin p. 72, Taf. viii. fig. 14.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, slender, with deep collar and indistinct lumbar stricture. Length of the three + joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis + subspherical, with very small circular pores, and a corona of three to nine short conical spines. + Thorax campanulate, with regular, circular pores, which are half or one-third as broad as those of + the cylindrical abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1411">{1411}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Lophocyrtis synapta</i>, n. sp. <span class="correction" title="Added by Errata.">Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate68"><b>68</b></a>, fig. + 15.</span></p> + + <p>Shell spiny, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = + 5 : 10 : 6, breadth = 4 : 9 : 7. Cephalis large, ovate, + with numerous (twenty to thirty or more) conical, radially divergent spines of different sizes, + the largest about as long as the cephalis. Thorax subconical, with numerous short, conical, + divergent spines, which are directed downwards. Abdomen smooth, cylindrical. The irregular, + polygonal pores are separated by thin bars, and in the thorax are twice to four times as broad as + in the first and last joints.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Maldive Islands (Haeckel), surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Lophocyrtis coronata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium coronatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 70, Taf. x. fig. 9.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, cylindrical, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 4 : 3 : 4, breadth = 4 : 5 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, + large, of about the same size and form as the thorax, with a coronal of four to eight short, + conical spines on the apex. Pores in the two first joints irregular, roundish, twice to four times + as broad as the small, circular pores of the cylindrical abdomen, which are disposed in four to + eight transverse rows.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms; fossil in + Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Lophocyrtis biaurita</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium biauritum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 70, + Taf. x. fig. 8.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium biauritum</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., p. 540, + Taf. xxxiii. fig. 38, <i>a</i>-<i>f</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 6 : 3, breadth = 2 : 5 : 4. Cephalis small, + hemispherical, hyaline, with two large, divergent, curved horns of three times the length. Thorax + ovate, with few small, widely scattered pores. Abdomen cylindrical, without pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.03; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 618. <i>Tricolocampe</i>,<a id="NtA_235" href="#Nt_235"><sup>[235]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition</i>.—<span class="gsp">Theocorida</span> (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta), + with cylindrical abdomen, and wide open truncate mouth. Cephalis without horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Tricolocampe</i> differs from its ancestral genus, <i>Theocyrtis</i>, + in the loss of the cephalic horn; it has the same cylindrical form of the slender abdomen, and a + wide <span class="pagenum" id="page1412">{1412}</span>open terminal mouth of the same breadth. The + whole shell is more or less cylindrical, (sometimes conical in the upper part), with two distinct + external strictures, or internal annular septa.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tricolocampium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Pores of the thorax and of the abdomen of nearly equal + size and similar form.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tricolocampe cylindrica</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, fig. + 21).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly cylindrical, smooth. Length of the three joints = 2 : 3 : 15, + breadth = 3 : 4 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, with numerous very small pores. + Thorax and abdomen cylindrical, of about equal breadth, with equal, circular pores, disposed + regularly in transverse rows, three to four rows in the thorax, ten to twelve in the abdomen. + Mouth wide open, not constricted.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.15; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Tricolocampe pupa</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium pupa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 293, Taf. vii. fig. 16.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nearly cylindrical, smooth. Length of the three joints = 2 : 2 : 8, + breadth = 2 : 3 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with four larger pores. Thorax and + abdomen cylindrical, of about equal breadth, with equal, very small pores, disposed regularly in + transverse rows, two rows in the thorax, eight to ten in the abdomen. Mouth wide open, a little + constricted.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.02, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea), Station 206, depth 2100 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Tricolocampe polyzona</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, fig. + 19).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly cylindrical, thick-walled. Length of the three joints = + 4 : 4 : 12, breadth = 8 : 9 : 9. Cephalis obtuse, conical. + Thorax barrel-shaped. Abdomen in the middle part a little constricted. Pores very numerous, + subregular, disposed regularly in transverse rows, six to eight in the cephalis, eight to ten in + the thorax, twelve to fifteen in the abdomen. Mouth rather constricted, only half as broad as the + abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.08, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 272, depth 2425 to 2925 + fathoms; also fossil in the Nicobars and in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1413">{1413}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Tricolocampe stenozona</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, fig. + 20).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly cylindrical, thin-walled. Length of the three joints = + 5 : 4 : 9, breadth = 6 : 8 : 9. Form of the three joints + and disposition of their pores nearly equal to the preceding species; but the proportion of the + joints is different, the shell more delicate, and the mouth more widely open, and nearly as broad + as the abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.06, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 256, depth 2950 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Tricolocampe amphizona</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, fig. + 17).</p> + + <p>Shell mitre-shaped, very thick-walled. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 1 : 1, breadth nearly uniform. Cephalis obtuse, conical, as long as the + two other cylindrical joints together (probably composed of several united joints). Pores + subregular, disposed in transverse rows, six to eight in the cephalis, two in the thorax, and two + in the abdomen. Mouth widely open.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.02, <i>c</i> + 0.02; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Tricolocampe panthera</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium panthera</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 72, Taf. xi. fig. 18.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell mitre-shaped or nearly cylindrical, thick-walled. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2 : 2. Cephalis subspherical. + Thorax campanulate. Abdomen cylindrical. Pores in all three joints irregular, roundish, of + different sizes, irregularly disposed. Mouth widely open, truncated, not constricted.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.015 to 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04 to + 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.06 to 0.08; breadth about <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> and <i>c</i> 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific; also fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tricolocamptra</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Pores of the thorax and the abdomen of different sizes or + forms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Tricolocampe urnula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, + fig. 22).</p> + + <p>Shell cylindrical, with obtuse conical apex, smooth. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 3 : 10, breadth = 2 : 3 : 6. Cephalis subspherical. + Thorax barrel-shaped. Abdomen cylindrical with slightly constricted wide mouth. Pores irregular, + roundish, three to four times as broad in the abdomen as in the thorax, irregularly disposed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.035, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1414">{1414}</span></div> + + <p>8. <i>Tricolocampe doliolum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell cylindrical, with hemispherical apex, rough. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 5, breadth = 1 : 2 : 3. Cephalis spherical. Thorax + and abdomen cylindrical, of nearly equal breadth. Mouth widely open, not constricted. Pores + irregular, roundish, in the abdomen three to four times as large as in the thorax, disposed in + oblique rows.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> + 0.16; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Tricolocampe cingulata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subcylindrical, with obtuse conical apex, thick-walled. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 3 : 11, breadth = 3 : 7 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, + not separated externally from the short conical thorax, but with internal collar septum. Abdomen + cylindrical, with wide open, non-constricted mouth. Pores in the thorax narrow, obliquely + ascending, in the abdomen twice as large, circular, arranged in ten to twelve regular transverse + rows, separated by slight strictures. Lumbar septum nearly complete.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.1 + to 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados, and in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; living + in the depths of the Atlantic and Central Pacific, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms; Station 268, + depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Tricolocampe arcta</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p>? <i>Eucyrtidium arctum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1858, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 33.</p> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Lithocampe arcta</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 317.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subcylindrical, with obtuse conical apex. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 2 : 2. Cephalis subspherical. + Thorax campanulate, separated by a deep collar, but a slight lumbar stricture. Abdomen + cylindrical, with wide truncate mouth. Pores in the thorax narrow, obliquely ascending, in the + abdomen half as large, very small, and densely disposed in six to eight regular transverse + rows.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.022, <i>b</i> 0.045, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.026, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 619. <i>Theocorys</i>,<a id="NtA_236" href="#Nt_236"><sup>[236]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 434.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theocorida</span> (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta) + with ovate abdomen, broader than the constricted mouth. Cephalis with a single horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Theocorys</i> and the two following closely allied genera, united + formerly with <i>Eucyrtidium</i>, differ from the preceding Theocorida in the constriction of the + <span class="pagenum" id="page1415">{1415}</span>peristome, so that the inflated abdomen is + broader than the terminal mouth. They represent, therefore, the transition to the Theocapsida, + with closed mouth. The abdomen is commonly more or less ovate or barrel-shaped, sometimes + inversely conical. The cephalis of <i>Theocorys</i> bears a single apical horn.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Theocoronium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Pores of the thorax and of the abdomen of nearly equal + size and similar form.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Theocorys turgidula</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium turgidulum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 293, Taf. vii. fig. 13.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, ovate, with two deep strictures, very fragile and thin-walled. Length of the + three joints = 2 : 5 : 7, breadth = 2 : 6 : 6. Cephalis + subspherical, with a pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax nearly spherical. Abdomen ovate, + twice as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores very numerous, regular hexagonal, three to four + times as broad as the bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> <span + class="correction" title="Original reads '0.005'.">0.05</span>, <i>c</i> 0.07; breadth, <i>a</i> + 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea), Stations 206 and 224, + surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Theocorys veneris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate69"><b>69</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Shell inversely ovate, with two deep strictures, smooth. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 5 : 6, breadth = 3 : 7 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a slender conical horn of twice the length. Thorax nearly spherical. Abdomen ovate, twice as + broad as the constricted mouth. Pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars, quincuncially + disposed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; many Stations, + surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Theocorys cretica</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium creticum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 291, Taf. xi. fig. 23.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, thin-walled, smooth, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 4 : 4, breadth = 3 : 6 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax and abdomen nearly hemispherical, inflated, united + by the opposite bases of the hemispheres. Constricted mouth only one-third as broad as the + abdomen. Pores very small and numerous, regular, circular, of the same breadth as the bars, + quincuncially disposed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> <span class="correction" + title="Original reads '0.2'.">0.02</span>, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, + <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, Crete, Corfu, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1416">{1416}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Theocorys ovata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate69"><b>69</b></a>, + fig. 16).</p> + + <p>Shell quite ovate, thick-walled, smooth, without external strictures. Length of the three + joints = 2 : 2 : 9. breadth = 3 : 5 : 7. Cephalis conical, + with a thick conical horn of the same length. Thorax and abdomen gradually dilated towards the + base, and then hemispherical, constricted. Mouth scarcely one-third as broad as the abdomen, + prolonged into a short tube. Pores regular, circular, disposed in transverse rows, two to three in + the cephalis, two to three in the thorax, eight to ten in the abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.02, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 268, depth 2650 to 3000 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Theocorys plutonis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate69"><b>69</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, thick-walled, smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 5 : 4, breadth = 4 : 7 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a conical, oblique horn of the same length. Thorax and abdomen only slightly inflated, + gradually decreasing towards the wide, little constricted mouth. Pores subregular, circular, much + larger in the abdomen and the lower half of the thorax than in the upper half and the + cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Theocorys scolopax</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium scolopax</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 72, Taf. ix. fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, inversely ovate, smooth. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, + with a long, slightly curved horn, half as long as the whole shell. Thorax campanulate. Abdomen + inversely ovate, twice as broad as the constricted mouth (incomplete in Ehrenberg's figure).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Theocorythium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Pores of the thorax and of the abdomen of different sizes + or dissimilar forms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Theocorys dianæ</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate69"><b>69</b></a>, + fig. 11).</p> + + <p>Shell almost ovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 3 : 6 : 8, breadth = 3 : 9 : 8. Cephalis subspherical, + with a slender, pyramidal horn of three times the length. Thorax <span class="pagenum" + id="page1417">{1417}</span>conical, constricted at the base. Abdomen bottle-shaped. Pores in the + thorax irregular, polygonal, in the abdomen subregular, circular, quincuncially disposed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, surface.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Theocorys hyalothorax</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slender, ovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 6 : 9 : 8, breadth = 7 : 12 : 11. Cephalis subspherical, + with numerous densely-placed circular pores, and with a pyramidal, slender horn of the same + length. Thorax hemispherical, hyaline, without any pores. Abdomen ovate, twice as broad as the + constricted mouth, with two to four widely distant, transverse rows of small, circular pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.024, <i>b 0</i>.036, <i>c</i> + 0.032; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.028, <i>b 0</i>.048, <i>c</i> 0.044.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Theocorys bachabunda</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Thyrsocyrtis bachabunda</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xii. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell inversely ovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 5 : 9, breadth = 3 : 9 : 8. Cephalis subspherical, + small, with a large cylindrical horn, which is half as long as the whole shell, and armed with + spines at the conical apex. Thorax conical, inflated, with small, subregular, circular, + quincuncial pores. Abdomen inversely ovate, with irregular, roundish, pores of larger and smaller + sizes mixed, gradually lessening towards the constricted mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Theocorys attenuata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium attenuatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xi. fig. 16.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell inversely ovate, with distinct collar, but indistinct lumbar stricture. Length of the + three joints = 2 : 5 : 5, breadth = 2 : 7 : 6. Cephalis + hemispherical, with a short, oblique, conical horn. Thorax inflated, campanulate, with small, + regular, circular, quincuncial pores. Abdomen inversely conical, with irregular pores of larger + and smaller sizes mixed, gradually lessening towards the truncated mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.05; <span class="correction" title="Word omitted in original.">breadth,</span> <i>a</i> 0.025, + <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil + in Barbados.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Theocorys obliqua</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate69"><b>69</b></a>, + fig. 10).</p> + + <p>Shell inversely ovate, with distinct collar, but indistinct lumbar stricture. Length of the + three joints = 3 : 7 : 4, breadth = 4 : 9 : 8. Cephalis + hemispherical, with a stout, pyramidal, oblique <span class="pagenum" + id="page1418">{1418}</span>horn of the same length. Thorax and abdomen together ovate, gradually + lessening towards the constricted mouth, which is only half as broad. Pores irregular, roundish, + in the thorax twice to four times as broad as in the abdomen. Both joints are separated by an + oblique, internal, lumbar septum, which in some specimens observed was more oblique than in that + figured; some specimens had a very irregular form.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025 to 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06 to + 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.03 to 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil + in Barbados.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Theocorys alauda</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium alauda</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 72, Taf. ix. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nearly spindle-shaped, decreasing from the thicker middle towards both ends. Length of + the three joints = 1 : 3 : 8, breadth = 1 : 4 : 5. + Cephalis subspherical, with a strong, conical horn of three times the length. Thorax campanulate, + with numerous regular, circular, quincuncial pores. Abdomen inversely ovate, slender, twice as + broad as the truncated mouth, with irregular, roundish pores, three to four times as large as + those of the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.16; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados and in Tertiary rocks of Sicily.</p> + + <p>13. <i>Theocorys apollinis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate69"><b>69</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 3 : 5, breadth = 2 : 5 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, + with a large, straight, cylindrical horn, about as long as the whole shell (in the specimen + figured this is broken off). Thorax truncate, conical. Abdomen subglobose, truncate on both poles, + twice as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores quincuncial, subregular, circular, twice as broad + in the abdomen as in the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.05; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.</p> + + <p>14. <i>Theocorys sphærophila</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium sphærophilum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 72, Taf. viii. fig. 16.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell almost ovate, rough, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 7 : 10, breadth = 3 : 8 : 12. Cephalis subspherical, + with a strong, conical horn of the same length. Thorax nearly spherical, with subregular, circular + pores of different sizes. Abdomen ovate, truncate at both poles, nearly twice as broad as the + constricted mouth, with very large, subregular, hexagonal pores, four to six times as broad as the + bars, in three to four transverse, and ten to twelve longitudinal rows.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms; fossil in + Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1419">{1419}</span></div> + + <p>15. <i>Theocorys tuberculata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell almost ovate, tuberculate, with deep collar, but slight lumbar stricture. Length of the + three joints = 2 : 5 : 12, breadth = 3 : 8 : 11. Cephalis + hemispherical, with a cylindrical horn of twice the length. Thorax hemispherical, with regular, + circular, double-edged, quincuncial pores, between which conical tubercles occur. Abdomen + truncate, ovate, twice as broad as the constricted mouth, with regular, circular, + hexagonally-framed pores, three to four times as broad as those of the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms; fossil in + Barbados.</p> + + <p>16. <i>Theocorys martis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slender, ovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 3 : 6 : 18, breadth = 4 : 8 : 12. Cephalis small, + hemispherical, with a very large, sword-shaped broad horn, nearly as long as the whole shell. + Thorax hemispherical, honey-comb like, with regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores. Abdomen + ovate, with irregular, roundish, very large pores, four to six times as broad as the bars, and as + the pores of the thorax. Constricted mouth half as broad as the abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.18; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <p>17. <i>Theocorys mercurii</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, conical, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 7, breadth = 2 : 4 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a broad pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate, with longitudinal series of + small, regular, circular pores, separated by divergent crests. Abdomen nearly spherical, one and a + half times as broad as the constricted mouth, which is prolonged into a thin, solid, cylindrical + peristome. Pores of the abdomen regular, circular, hexagonally framed, three to four times as + broad as the bars, and as the pores of the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.15; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.</p> + + <p>18. <i>Theocorys minervæ</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate69"><b>69</b></a>, + fig. 14).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, conical, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, + with a large pyramidal horn as long as the thorax, and with small, circular pores. Thorax rough, + with regular, quincuncial, circular pores, three to four times as large as those of the cephalis. + Abdomen barrel-shaped, with irregular, roundish pores of very different sizes, six very large + pores immediately beyond the lumbar stricture, and four to five rows <span class="pagenum" + id="page1420">{1420}</span>of pores, which are twice to four times as large as those of the + thorax. Mouth truncated, with thickened margin, two-thirds as broad as the abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> + 0.16; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.16, <i>c</i> 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 620. <i>Axocorys</i>,<a id="NtA_237" href="#Nt_237"><sup>[237]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 434.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theocorida</span> (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta), + with ovate abdomen, including an internal vertical axial rod, which bears three divergent radial + spines or verticils of three branches, and is prolonged into an apical horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Axocorys</i> contains only a single but very remarkable species, and + may, perhaps, represent a peculiar group, which has closer relations to the <span + class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> than to the other Tricyrtida. The pyriform three-jointed shell has + neither lateral nor terminal free appendages, but possesses a very large apical horn, and an inner + prolongation of this, an axial rod, which bears some triradiate verticils of branched spines. The + original ancestral forms of this remarkable genus are probably <i>Plagoniscus</i> and + <i>Plectaniscus</i> (pp. <a href="#page912">912</a> and <a href="#page924">924</a>).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Axocorys macroceros</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate68"><b>68</b></a>, + figs. 1, 1<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 3 : 16, breadth = 3 : 6 : 16. Cephalis hemispherical, + with few small pores. From its apex arises vertically a very long three-sided prismatic horn with + denticulate edges, three to four times as long as the shell. An inner thin prolongation of the + horn descends vertically nearly to the mouth, and bears on its basal end three verticils of + branched spines, each verticil with three divergent forked spines (fig. 1<i>a</i>). Pores regular, + circular, in the subspherical abdomen three times as large as in the hemispherical thorax. The + constricted mouth is scarcely broader than the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.16; breadth <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 621. <i>Lophocorys</i>,<a id="NtA_238" href="#Nt_238"><sup>[238]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theocorida</span> (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta), + with ovate abdomen, broader than the constricted mouth. Cephalis with two divergent horns, or with + a bunch of horns.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1421">{1421}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Lophocorys</i> differs from its ancestral form, <i>Theocorys</i>, only + in the armature of the cephalis, bearing either two divergent horns, or a corona of several radial + horns. In two species there are four horns on the apex, a larger vertical (occipital) horn being + surrounded by three smaller, upwards divergent horns.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Lophocorys astrocephala</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate69"><b>69</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, inversely ovate, with deep collar and slight lumbar stricture. Length of the + three joints = 3 : 7 : 6, breadth = 4 : 11 : 10. Cephalis + subspherical, stellate, densely covered with numerous (ten to twenty or more) divergent, large, + slenderly conical horns, the longest of which reach the length of the shell. Thorax campanulate, + with small, regular, circular pores. Abdomen tapering towards the constricted mouth, in the upper + half with the same pores, in the lower half with smaller, scarce pores, or nearly hyaline.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.11, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Lophocorys acanthocephala</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium acanthocephalum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 70, Taf. ix. fig. 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, bottle-shaped, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 5 : 11 : 7, breadth = 4 : 12 : 10. Cephalis conical, with + a large pyramidal horn of the same length, and three smaller divergent accessory horns at the base + of the three edges of the latter. Thorax campanulate, nearly as long as the tapering abdomen + (which in the figure of Ehrenberg is broken off). Pores regular, circular, quincuncial.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.11, <i>c</i> + 0.07; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.12, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Lophocorys bicornis</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium bicorne</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xi. fig. 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, almost spindle-shaped, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 8 : 3, breadth = 3 : 5 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, + with two stout, pyramidal, divergent horns of twice the length. Thorax ovate, with seven to eleven + transverse rows of small, regular, circular pores (often very scarce in the upper half). Abdomen + with two to four transverse rows of the same pores. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the + thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.03; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1422">{1422}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Lophocorys quadricornis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell rough, slenderly ovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 4 : 2, breadth = 2 : 4 : 3. Cephalis ovate, with four + very stout, three-sided prismatic horns; the largest is as long as the thorax and vertical upon + the apex, the three smaller are as long as the cephalis and diverge upwards from the base of the + former. Thorax ovate, with large, irregular, roundish pores, which are three to four times as + broad as the small, circular pores of the first and the third joint. Constricted mouth half as + broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.045, <i>b</i> 0.085, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.035, <i>b</i> 0.075, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Lophocorys bovicornis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate69"><b>69</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, subovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, + with two divergent, curved horns of different lengths. Thorax campanulate, with small, circular + pores. Abdomen subspherical, truncate at both poles, twice as broad as the constricted mouth, + thorny, with very large, circular pores, four to six times as broad as those of the smaller + thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 622. <i>Theocampe</i>,<a id="NtA_239" href="#Nt_239"><sup>[239]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theocorida</span> (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta) + with ovate abdomen, broader than the constricted mouth. Cephalis without horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Theocampe</i> differs from the two preceding genera in the absence of + horns on the cephalis, and may, therefore be derived from <i>Theocorys</i> by reduction of the + apical horn. It bears to the latter the same relation as <i>Tricolocampe</i> does to + <i>Theocyrtis</i>.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Theocampana</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Pores of the thorax and the abdomen of nearly equal size + and similar form.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Theocampe ehrenbergii</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyomitra ehrenbergii</i>, Zittel, 1876, Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. + Gesellsch., p. 82, Taf ii. fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth. Length of the three joints = 2 : 3 : 13, breadth = + 4 : 7 : 12. Cephalis hemispherical. Thorax truncate, conical. Abdomen + inflated, nearly spherical, twice as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores of nearly equal size + and form, small, regular, circular.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1423">{1423}</span></div> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.014, <i>b</i> 0.018, <i>c</i> + 0.076; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.023, <i>b</i> 0.044, <i>c</i> 0.073.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in the chalk of Northern Germany; Brunswick + (Zittel).</p> + + <p>2. <i>Theocampe pirum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium pirum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 72, Taf. + x. fig. 14.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium excellens</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. + xxxvi. p. 540, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 31.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth. Length of the three joints = 3 : 5 : 15, breadth = + 6 : 10 : 16. Cephalis hemispherical. Thorax truncate conical. Abdomen + inflated, subspherical, three times as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores of nearly equal size, + regular, circular in the thorax alternating, in the abdomen disposed in five to six transverse, + widely distant rows.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.025 <i>c</i> + 0.075; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Theocampe stenostoma</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, + fig. 23).</p> + + <p>Shell about ovate, smooth. Length of the three joints = 3 : 4 : 3, breadth + = 6 : 8 : 9. Cephalis hemispherical, large. Thorax and abdomen short, + barrel-shaped. Both strictures deep. Abdomen three times as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores + of equal size, regular, circular, disposed in oblique rows.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.03; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.06, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Theocampe nucula</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium nucula</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 29, Taf. vii. fig. 19.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nearly ovate, rough. Length of the three joints = 3 : 5 : 3, breadth + = 4 : 7 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, large. Thorax and abdomen inflated. Both + strictures deep. Thorax broader than the short abdomen, and twice as broad as the constricted + mouth. Pores of equal size, regular, circular, regularly disposed in transverse rows: three in the + cephalis, six in the thorax, and three in the abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.03; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms; also + fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Theocampe cryptoprora</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium cryptoprora</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 291, Taf. vii. fig. 14.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, thin-walled, smooth, without external strictures, but with two distinct internal + annular septa. Length of the three joints = 2 : 7 : 4, breadth = + 3 : 7 : 6. Cephalis, large, subspherical, <span class="pagenum" + id="page1424">{1424}</span>hyaline; its lower half hidden in the upper part of the campanulate + thorax. Mouth little constricted, nearly as broad as the truncate abdomen. All pores equal, small, + regular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific, Stations 225 to 265, in various depths.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Theocampe ovulum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell perfectly ovate, thick-walled, smooth, without external strictures, but with two broad, + internal septa. Length of the three joints = 2 : 3 : 10, breadth = + 3 : 6 : 8. Cephalis and thorax together obtuse, conical, with obliquely + ascending pores. Abdomen inflated, twice as broad as the constricted mouth, with ten to twelve + transverse rows of pores. All pores equal, small, regular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Barbados and Sicily.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Theocampe cassis</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium cassis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 291, Taf. vii. fig. 20.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell bottle-shaped, thin-walled, with slight collar, but deep lumbar stricture. Length of the + three joints = 3 : 8 : 6, breadth = 2 : 7 : 7. Cephalis + ovate. Thorax campanulate. Abdomen inflated, twice as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores equal, + regular, circular, disposed in quincuncial rows.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08. <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific (Philippines), Station 206, depth 2100 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Theocamptra</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Pores of the thorax and the abdomen of different sizes or + dissimilar forms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Theocampe sphærothorax</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, fig. + 25).</p> + + <p>Shell almost ovate, rough. Length of the three joints = 2 : 5 : 10, breadth + = 3 : 8 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical. Thorax nearly spherical, truncate. + Abdomen ovate, twice as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores subregular, circular, quincuncially + disposed, in the abdomen twice as broad as in the thorax, and four times as broad as in the + cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.1; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1425">{1425}</span></div> + + <p>9. <i>Theocampe versipellis</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium versipellis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 72, Taf. xi. fig. 14.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slenderly ovate, rough. Length of the three joints = 3 : 5 : 13, + breadth = 4 : 8 : 9. Cephalis subspherical, without pores. Thorax + hemispherical. Abdomen inflated, twice as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores subregular, + circular, quincuncially disposed, in the abdomen three times as broad as in the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.13; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Theocampe megalopora</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium megaloporum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 291, Taf. vii. fig. 19.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell almost ovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 6 : 3, breadth = 3 : 6 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical. + Thorax ovate, inflated. Abdomen inversely ovate, two to three times as broad as the constricted + mouth. Pores subregular, circular, quincuncially disposed, twice as broad in the large thorax as + in the smaller abdomen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.03; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 267, depth 2700 fathoms.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Theocampe collaris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, + fig. 18).</p> + + <p>Shell almost ovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 3 : 3 : 6, breadth = 4 : 5 : 7. Cephalis obtuse conical, + with five or six transverse rows of small pores. Thorax truncate conical, with longitudinal + furrows, each of which contains a single pore. Abdomen inflated, with five or six distant, + transverse rows of small, circular pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Theocampe gemmata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium gemmatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 70, Taf. x. fig. 6.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slenderly ovate, smooth, with two internal annular septa. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 2 : 3. Cephalis campanulate, + nearly as large as the truncate, conical thorax, both with small, irregular, obliquely descending + pores. Abdomen broader, twice as broad as the constricted mouth, with numerous longitudinal ribs, + alternating with single rows of small, circular pores. (This and the following allied species + approach to <i>Cycladophora</i>, by the abdominal ribs.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.02, <i>c</i> + 0.07; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.035, <i>c</i> 0.045.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1426">{1426}</span></div> + + <p>13. <i>Theocampe costata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, + fig. 24).</p> + + <p>Shell almost ovate, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 4 : 8, breadth = 3 : 5 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical. + Thorax twice as large, also hemispherical, both with regular, circular, quincuncial pores. Abdomen + broader, with numerous longitudinal ribs, alternating with longitudinal rows of larger pores. + Mouth constricted, half as broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.08; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Sunda Straits (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>14. <i>Theocampe cryptocephala</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium cryptocephalum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xi. fig. 11.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, rough, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, its + lower half hidden in the campanulate thorax. Abdomen subspherical, twice as broad as the + constricted mouth. Pores subregular, circular, quincuncial, twice as broad in the abdomen as in + the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.07; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.025, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Theocapsida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 436.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theocyrtida</span> with the basal mouth + of the shell fenestrated (vel Tricyrtida eradiata clausa).</p> + + <h5>Genus 623. <i>Theocapsa</i>,<a id="NtA_240" href="#Nt_240"><sup>[240]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 436.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theocapsida</span> (vel Tricyrtida eradiata clausa), + with an apical horn, and a terminal lattice-plate on the mouth.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Theocapsa</i>, and the two following genera, represent together the + small subfamily of Theocapsida, or of those Tricyrtida in which the mouth is closed by a + lattice-plate, and external radial appendages are wanting. <i>Theocapsa</i> may be derived from + <i>Theocorys</i> by fenestration of the constricted mouth.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Theocapsetta</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax of about the same size as the abdomen, or somewhat + larger; pores of both nearly equal in size and similar in form.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1427">{1427}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Theocapsa aristotelis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Shell subovate, smooth, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 6 : 7, breadth = 3 : 8 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a conical, slender horn of about the same length. Thorax and abdomen nearly equal in size, + thin-walled, smooth, with small, regular, circular pores of equal size. Basal pole rounded.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.07; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Gibraltar), Atlantic (Canary Islands), + surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Theocapsa plinii</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subovate, smooth, with two indistinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 5 : 6, breadth = 3 : 7 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a pyramidal, thick horn of about the same length. Thorax and abdomen of nearly equal size, + thick-walled, rough, with large, regular, circular, double-edged pores of equal size (twice as + large and half as numerous as in the similar preceding species).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Theocapsa democriti</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>Shell slender, ovate, spiny, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 3 : 5 : 6, breadth = 4 : 7 : 7. Cephalis ovate, with + numerous slender horns of the same length. Thorax and abdomen with small, irregular, roundish + pores of nearly equal size, armed with scattered slender spines, half as long as the cephalic + horns. Basal pole hemispherical, rounded.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Theocapsa galeni</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell broadly ovate, spiny, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 7 : 6, breadth = 3 : 8 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, + with two conical, divergent horns of the same length. Thorax and abdomen with large, irregular, + roundish pores of nearly equal size, armed with numerous short spines, not larger than the pores. + Basal pole conical, pointed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Theocapsilla</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax of about the same size as the abdomen, or somewhat + larger; pores of the two different in size or form.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1428">{1428}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Theocapsa wottonis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, + fig. 11).</p> + + <p>Shell subovate, rough, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 3 : 7 : 5, breadth = 3 : 9 : 8. Cephalis subspherical, + with regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores, and with a stout pyramidal horn of the same + length. Thorax conical, with subregular, circular, double-edged pores. Abdomen hemispherical, + smaller and thinner walled, with irregular, somewhat oblong pores. Basal pole rounded.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> + 0.05; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Theocapsa gessneri</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell broadly ovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 3 : 9 : 5, breadth = 4 : 10 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a slender, conical horn of the same length. Thorax subspherical, with small, regular, + circular pores. Abdomen inversely conical, with few large, somewhat oblong pores. Basal pole + acute.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> + 0.05; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Theocapsa aldrovandi</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slender, inversely ovate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 3 : 8 : 14, breadth = 4 : 11 : 8. Cephalis subglobular, + with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax also subglobular, papillate, with regular, + circular, hexagonally-framed pores. Abdomen inversely conical, slender, with very small and + numerous, subregular, circular pores. Basal pole ovate, pointed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.14; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.11, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Theocapsa malpighii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, + fig. 15).</p> + + <p>Shell inversely ovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 3 : 8 : 11, breadth = 4 : 9 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a conical horn of the some length Thorax hemispherical, thorny, with very small circular + pores, surrounded by large, regular, hexagonal frames. Abdomen inversely campanulate, with larger + circular pores, and longitudinal ribs. Basal pole blunt, conical.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.11, breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.09, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Theocapsomma</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax much smaller than the abdomen, pores of the two + nearly equal in size and similar in form.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1429">{1429}</span></div> + + <p>9. <i>Theocapsa linnæi</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, + fig. 13).</p> + + <p>Shell slender, subcylindrical, rough with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 3 : 6, breadth = 1 : 4 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a pyramidal horn of twice the length (sometimes, as in the specimen figured, one or two small + accessory horns occur at its base). Thorax hemispherical, thick-walled. Abdomen nearly + cylindrical, twice as long as the thorax, thin-walled, with a hemispherical, rounded basal pole. + The specimen figured is an abnormal one, with some deformities on the irregular abdomen; in + numerous other specimens the abdomen is cylindrical, regular. Pores of the thorax and abdomen + equal, very small and numerous, regular, circular, three to four times as broad as the bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05 to 0.06, + <i>c</i> 0.1 to 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, b 0.06 to 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.07 to 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans; many + Stations at various depths.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Theocapsa forskalii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <p>Shell slender, subcylindrical, smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2 : 2. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a conical horn of half the length. Abdomen three times as long as the thorax, of the same + breadth, with the same irregular, roundish pores, large and small intermingled. Basal pole + rounded.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Canary Islands, Station 353, depth 2965 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Theocapsa wolffii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, + fig. 14).</p> + + <p>Shell slender, spindle-shaped very thick-walled, rough, without external strictures, but with + two broad internal girdles. Length of the three joints = 2 : 3 : 15, breadth = + 4 : 5 : 7. Cephalis with a short horn of the same length, conical. Abdomen + five times as long as the thorax, with the same subregular, circular pores. Basal pole inversely + conical, with some larger, elongate pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.15; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, Crete, depth 1620 fathoms (Spratt).</p> + + <p>12. <i>Theocapsa pallasii</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subovate, thorny, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2 : 3. Cephalis ovate, with a + pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax and abdomen with subregular, circular pores of medium + size. Basal pole hemispherical. (Differs from <i>Theocapsa mülleri</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, fig. 7, + mainly in the larger number and smaller size of the regular, quincuncial pores.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 342, depth 1445 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1430">{1430}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Theocapsura</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax much smaller than the abdomen, pores of the two + different in size or form.</p> + + <p>13. <i>Theocapsa lamarckii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, + fig. 16).</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly ovate, rough, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 7, breadth = 1 : 4 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, + with a conical horn of twice the length. Thorax conical, with regular, circular pores. Abdomen + three times longer, with subregular, hexagonal pores of twice the size. Basal pole hemispherical, + with very large, irregular, roundish pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.14; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>14. <i>Theocapsa cuvieri</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, + fig. 10).</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly spindle-shaped, thorny, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints + = 1 : 3 : 6, breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, + with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax conical, spiny, with regular, circular, + double-edged pores. Abdomen thinner-walled, inversely conical, with irregular, roundish pores. + Basal pole acute, with a bunch of larger spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>15. <i>Theocapsa baerii</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly spindle-shaped, smooth with two indistinct strictures. Length of the three + joints = 1 : 2 : 8, breadth = 2 : 3 : 4. Cephalis + hemispherical, with a thick conical horn of the same length. Abdomen four times as long as the + thorax. Pores in the thorax small and numerous, regular, circular, in the abdomen twice as large, + and irregularly roundish. Basal pole inversely conical, acute. (Differs from <i>Theocapsa + wolffii</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, + fig. 14, mainly in the shape of the pores.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p> + + <p>16. <i>Theocapsa rathkei</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly conical, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 2 : 10, breadth = 2 : 4 : 15. Cephalis small, with a + large, conical horn of three times the length. Thorax small, thorny, with small irregular, + roundish pores. Abdomen very large, as long and as broad as the thorax, with irregular polygonal + or roundish, very large pores, the margin of which is finely denticulate. Basal pole truncate, + rounded.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.2; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1431">{1431}</span></div> + + <p>17. <i>Theocapsa schwannii</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly ovate, or pear-shaped, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints + = 1 : 2 : 7, breadth = 2 : 4 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, + small, with a stout, pyramidal horn of three times the length. Cavity of the thorax subspherical, + its thick wall with small, regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores. Abdomen very thick-walled, + with crested bars, and very large, irregular, roundish pores. Basal pole rounded, truncate.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.14, breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>18. <i>Theocapsa mülleri</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly ovate, or pear-shaped, spiny, with two indistinct strictures. Length of the + three joints = 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2 : 3. Cephalis + ovate, with a stout, pyramidal horn of the same length, and with a variable number of smaller + accessory horns. Pores irregular, roundish, three to four times as broad in the inflated abdomen + as in the thorax. Basal pole hemispherical, spiny.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.09; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>19. <i>Theocapsa sarsii</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, with two indistinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2 : 4. Cephalis with a thick horn + of the same length, conical. Abdomen subspherical, very thick-walled, its pores regular, circular, + twice as broad as the bars, and three times as broad as those of the thorax. Basal pole flat, + rounded.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.12; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.11, <i>c</i> 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>20. <i>Theocapsa darwinii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, + fig. 12).</p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, with two distinct strictures. Length of three joints = + 1 : 1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 2 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a conical horn of twice the length. Thorax campanulate, with small, regular, circular pores. + Abdomen broad, ovate, with larger, regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores. Basal pole + hemispherical.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.2; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 624. <i>Tricolocapsa</i>,<a id="NtA_241" href="#Nt_241"><sup>[241]</sup></a> + Haeckel.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theocapsida</span> (vel Tricyrtida eradiata clausa) + without apical horn, with a terminal lattice-plate on the mouth.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1432">{1432}</span></div> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Tricolocapsa</i> differs from the preceding <i>Theocapsa</i> in the + loss of the apical horn, and exhibits therefore to it the same relation that <i>Theocampe</i> + bears to <i>Theocorys</i>. In some species (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, figs. 1, 3) + a small tube begins to be developed on the cephalis, and these may perhaps be separated as a + peculiar genus, <i>Tricolopera</i>.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tricolocapsula</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax of about the same size as the abdomen, or + larger.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tricolocapsa theophrasti</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly ovate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 8 : 5, breadth = 3 : 7 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a larger, tube-like, cervical pore at the collar stricture. Thorax very thick-walled, with + irregular, roundish, double edged pores, smaller than the bars between them. Abdomen smaller, + inversely campanulate-conical, with very irregular pores. Basal pole acute.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.05; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Tricolocapsa dioscoridis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Shell short and broad, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 3 : 5 : 4, breadth = 4 : 7 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a larger, tube-like, cervical pore above the collar stricture. Thorax very broad, with + irregular, large and spare, roundish pores. Abdomen much smaller, inversely conical, with smaller + pores. Basal pole obtuse.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> + 0.04; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.04, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Tricolocapsa linnæi</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Shell short and broad, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 1 : 4 : 2, breadth = 1 : 4 : 2. Cephalis hemispherical. + Thorax thick-walled, inflated, with subregular, circular, double-edged pores. Abdomen much + smaller, thin-walled, with irregular, polygonal pores. Basal pole hemispherical, rounded.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> + 0.05; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1433">{1433}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Tricolocapsa decandollei</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Shell subovate, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 2 : 2, breadth = 3 : 4 : 3.5. Cephalis campanulate. + Thorax broader, ring-shaped. Abdomen inversely hemispherical. All three joints of the same length, + thick-walled, with the same regular and peculiar reticulation, the small circular pores being + surrounded by square, elevated frames.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.07, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> + 0.07; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.10, <i>b</i> 0.14, <i>c</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tricolocapsium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Thorax much smaller than the abdomen.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Tricolocapsa brownii</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, very thick-walled, with two indistinct strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 4 : 7, breadth = 3 : 7 : 10. Cephalis flat, + hemispherical. Thorax truncate, conical. Abdomen inflated, inversely hemispherical. Pores regular, + circular, of the same breadth as the bars, hexagonally-framed, twice as large in the abdomen as in + the thorax. Basal pole rounded.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> + 0.07; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Tricolocapsa schleidenii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate66"><b>66</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell subconical, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 3 : 6, breadth = 3 : 5 : 6. Cephalis subspherical. + Pores subregular, circular, arranged in transverse girdles, three in the broad thorax, six in the + subglobular abdomen. Basal pole rounded.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> + 0.06; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 625. <i>Phrenocodon</i>,<a id="NtA_242" href="#Nt_242"><sup>[242]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Theocapsida</span> (vel Tricyrtida eradiata clausa) + with an apical horn, and a lattice-plate between thorax and abdomen.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Phrenocodon</i> differs from the two preceding genera in the + remarkable circumstance, that the basal lattice-plate closes not the terminal mouth itself, but + the <span class="pagenum" id="page1434">{1434}</span>constricted opening between thorax and + abdomen. It may therefore be regarded as a <i>Sethocapsa</i>, which has developed a third, open, + abdominal joint. The cephalis bears an apical horn.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Phrenocodon clathrostomium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate70"><b>70</b></a>, figs. 7, + 8).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate-conical, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = + 2 : 6 : 3, breadth = 3 : 10 : 14. Cephalis hemispherical, + with an oblique curved horn of the same length. Thorax subconical, with polygonal, roundish pores, + increasing in size towards the girdle. A perfect fenestrated diaphragm, with irregular, roundish + pores of very different sizes, separates the thorax from the abdomen. The latter is composed of + three parallel, circular rings, which are connected by fifteen to twenty radial beams. As the + middle ring is larger than the two others, the beams between the large quadrangular pores are + divergent in the upper, convergent in the lower girdle. Short prolongations of the divergent beams + form a coronal around the middle ring (compare fig. 7 profile, fig. 8 from below).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.03; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Phrenocodon diaphragma</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate-conical, very similar to that of the preceding species, but with abdomen and + proportions different. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 2, breadth = + 1 : 4 : 4. Abdomen cylindrical, with two or three transverse rows of large + quadrangular meshes (fifteen to twenty in each row), without the characteristic inflexion of the + preceding species, and without the coronal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the three joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> + 0.034; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="ac">Section IV. STICHOCYRTIDA, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 280, 312 (Pls. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate75"><b>75</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a>).</p> + + <div class="poem smaller pc30"> + <p><i>Stichocyrtida et Tetracyrtida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437, 438.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> polythalamia, with annulated shell, + divided by three to six or more transverse, horizontal constrictions, into four to seven or more + annular joints. (The first joint represents the cephalis, the second the thorax, the third the + abdomen, all the following joints together a post-abdomen.)</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1435">{1435}</span></div> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the three Families and six Subfamilies of Stichocyrtida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Families and Subfamilies + of Stichocyrtida" summary="Synopsis of the Families and Subfamilies + of Stichocyrtida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>Family LXVIII. Podocampida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Three radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth open,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">Stichopilida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth closed,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">Stichoperida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>Family LXIX. Phormocampida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Numerous radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth open,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">Stichophormida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth closed,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">Stichophænida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>Family LXX. Lithocampida.</p> + <p class="sp0">No radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth open,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">Stichocorida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mouth closed,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">Stichocapsida.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Families and Subfamilies + of Stichocyrtida" summary="Synopsis of the Families and Subfamilies + of Stichocyrtida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>Family LXVIII. Podocampida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Three radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth open,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">Stichopilida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth closed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">Stichoperida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>Family LXIX. Phormocampida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Numerous radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth open,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">Stichophormida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth closed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">Stichophænida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>Family LXX. Lithocampida.</p> + <p class="sp0">No radial apophyses.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth open,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">Stichocorida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth closed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">Stichocapsida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Family LXVIII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Podocampida</span></span>, n. fam.</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc39"> + <p><i>Artopilida et Artoperida, Stichopilida et Stichoperida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. + 437-439.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichocyrtida</span> triradiata. (<span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> with an annulated shell, divided by three or more transverse + constrictions into four or more annular joints, and bearing three radial apophyses).</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Podocampida</span> comprises those <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> in which the lattice-shell is composed of numerous (four to eight or + more) annular joints, and bears three external radial apophyses. It may be divided into two + subfamilies, differing in the shape of the terminal mouth. This is a simple wide opening in the + Stichopilida (and the united Artopilida), closed by a lattice-plate in the Stichoperida (and the + united Artoperida). The phylogenetic origin of the Podocampida may be found in the Podocyrtida (p. + <a href="#page1314">1314</a>).</p> + + <p>Very few forms only of the Podocampida were hitherto known, viz., <i>Stichopilium</i> + (<i>Pterocodon</i>) <i>davisianum</i>, and three fossil species from Barbados, figured by + Ehrenberg; <i>Artopera loxia</i> (united by him with <i>Lithornithium</i>), and two species of + <i>Pteropilium</i> (<i>sphinx</i> and <i>bombus</i>, both united by him with the three-jointed + <i>Pterocanium</i>). In general, the triradiate Stichocyrtida are much rarer and much poorer in + specific forms than the triradiate Tricyrtida, their ancestors. We have observed altogether only + forty-four species, thirty Stichopilida, and fourteen Stichoperida; the former are disposed among + seven, the latter among three genera.</p> + + <p>The three radial apophyses appear either as lateral ribs or prominent wings in the thorax (Pl. + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate77"><b>77</b></a>, fig. + 8-12), or as three terminal feet around the mouth (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>, fig. 15). + Sometimes the ribs are replaced by three radial combs, or rows of spines, and these may be united + by three divergent beams, forming three vaulted bridges with numerous bows (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate75"><b>75</b></a>, figs. 10, + 11). The lateral wings or ribs, as well as the terminal feet, are either solid or fenestrated.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1436">{1436}</span></div> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Podocampida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Podocampida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Podocampida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Stichopilida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Mouth of the terminal joint a simple wide opening.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="7" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace8sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Three lateral appendices or wings (no terminal feet).</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Lateral wings are solid spines.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Cephalis with horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">626. <i>Stichopilium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Lateral wings are latticed.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">With horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">627. <i>Artopilium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Without horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">628. <i>Pteropilium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">Three terminal appendices or feet at the peristome (all + with cephalic horn).</td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Three lateral ribs or crests prolonged into the three + terminal feet.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Feet solid,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">629. <i>Stichocampe</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Feet latticed,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">630. <i>Stichopterium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">No lateral ribs. Three terminal feet free.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Feet solid,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">631. <i>Podocampe</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Feet latticed,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">632. <i>Stichopodium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Stichoperida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Mouth of the terminal joint closed by a lattice-plate.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Last joint rounded, without a vertical basal spine + (cephalis with horn).</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Three lateral solid ribs (or rows of spines),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">633. <i>Stichopera</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Three lateral latticed wings (or rows of wings),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">634. <i>Cyrtopera</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Last joint conical, pointed, with a vertical basal spine.</td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Three lateral solid ribs (cephalis with an apical + horn),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">635. <i>Artopera</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Podocampida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Podocampida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="9" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Stichopilida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Mouth of the terminal joint a simple wide opening.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Three lateral appendices or wings (no terminal feet).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Lateral wings are solid spines.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cephalis with horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">626. <i>Stichopilium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Lateral wings are latticed.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">627. <i>Artopilium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Without horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">628. <i>Pteropilium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Three terminal appendices or feet at the peristome (all with + cephalic horn).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three lateral ribs or crests prolonged into the three terminal + feet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Feet solid,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">629. <i>Stichocampe</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Feet latticed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">630. <i>Stichopterium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">No lateral ribs. Three terminal feet free.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Feet solid,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">631. <i>Podocampe</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Feet latticed,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">632. <i>Stichopodium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="9" class="sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Stichoperida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Mouth of the terminal joint closed by a lattice-plate.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Last joint rounded, without a vertical basal spine (cephalis with + horn).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three lateral solid ribs (or rows of spines),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">633. <i>Stichopera</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three lateral latticed wings (or rows of wings),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">634. <i>Cyrtopera</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Last joint conical, pointed, with a vertical basal spine.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three lateral solid ribs (cephalis with an apical horn),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">635. <i>Artopera</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Stichopilida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Podocampida</span> with the terminal + mouth of the shell open (vel Stichocyrtida triradiata aperta).</p> + + <h5>Genus 626. <i>Stichopilium</i>,<a id="NtA_243" href="#Nt_243"><sup>[243]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichopilida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida triradiata + aperta) with three solid lateral ribs or wings, without terminal feet. Cephalis with a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Stichopilium</i> is the most primitive among all Stichocyrtida, and + represents perhaps the common ancestral form of this family. The shell is composed of four or more + joints (sometimes ten to twelve), has a wide open terminal mouth, and three lateral solid wings or + ribs (sometimes a little latticed on the base). <i>Stichopilium</i> may be derived from + <i>Theopilium</i> or <i>Pterocorys</i> by addition of new terminal joints.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Triacartus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with three annular strictures, and four distinct + joints.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1437">{1437}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Stichopilium cortina</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, with three sharp strictures. Length of the four joints = + 2 : 6 : 3 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with a slender pyramidal horn + of twice the length. The three edges of the horn are prolonged into three strong divergent ribs, + along the three first joints, and into three free conical lateral spines, directed downwards, on + the end of the third joint. The fourth joint is subcylindrical; its circular, terminal mouth half + as broad as the third joint, which is the broadest. Pores small, regular, hexagonal, with thin + bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.15, breadth 0.08. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.03, <i>d</i> 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Stichopilium costatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell conical, or nearly pyramidal, with three distinct strictures. Length of the four joints = + 3 : 5 : 8 : 4. Cephalis subconical, with a stout pyramidal horn of + the same length. Thorax campanulate, with six longitudinal ribs, from three of which in the middle + arise three horizontal, conical, free spines or wings, about as long as the cephalis. The third + large prismatic joint bears twelve parallel ribs, six new ribs being intercalated between the six + former. Fourth joint short, cylindrical, without ribs, the wide open mouth not constricted, nearly + as broad as the third joint, which is the broadest. Pores small, irregular, polygonal, or + roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2, breadth 0.12. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.08, <i>d</i> 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244 (off Japan), depth 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Stichopilium bicorne</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate77"><b>77</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <p>Shell conical, with three slight strictures. Length of the four joints = + 4 : 14 : 5 : 3. Cephalis large, conical, with two stout pyramidal, + divergent horns of twice the length. From its base (in the middle of the collar stricture) arise + three internal, downwardly divergent ribs, which are prolonged on the outside of the upper half of + the thorax into three stout, pyramidal, lateral spines (similar to the horns). The fourth joint, + with wide open mouth, was the broadest, but not fully developed in the single specimen observed. + Pores subregular, hexagonal, with thin bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.02, breadth 0.09. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.025, <i>d</i> 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Stichopilium davisianum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Pterocodon davisianus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 298, + Taf. ii. fig. 10.</p> + <p><i>Cycladophora davisiana</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 289, + Taf. ii. fig. 11.</p> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium davisianum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 328.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Pterocanium davisianum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 332.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, conical, with three slight strictures. Length of the four joints = + 2 : 3 : 4 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with few small pores and a + short conical horn. Thorax campanulate, with <span class="pagenum" + id="page1438">{1438}</span>larger circular pores, and three recurved, divergent, lateral wings of + the same length. Third and fourth joints each with three transverse rows of very large hexagonal + pores. The similar form described by Ehrenberg as <i>Cycladophora davisiana</i>, is either a + mutilated specimen, or belongs to <i>Lithostrobus</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.12, breadth 0.08. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.04, <i>d</i> 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Greenland, depth 1000 to 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Stichopilium campanulatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate77"><b>77</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, with three slight strictures. Length of the four joints = + 3 : 5 : 5 : 4. Cephalis subovate, with an internal rod-cross, and a + stout pyramidal horn of the same length. From the middle of the collar stricture arise three + divergent collar beams, which descend in the upper half of the campanulate thorax as three + divergent ribs, and are prolonged into three free horizontal spines. (In the specimen figured + these three wings are very short; in another specimen, found afterwards, there were three solid, + pyramidal, horizontal spines, as long as the cephalic horn.) The third joint is the broadest, of + about the same length as the fourth. (The annular septum between the two latter is by a mistake + not figured). Pores subregular, circular, hexagonally framed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.17, breadth 0.12. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.05, <i>d</i> 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Stichopilium triserratum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly campanulate, with three deep strictures. Length of the four joints = + 2 : 4 : 6 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with a stout pyramidal horn + three times the length. The three edges of the horn are prolonged into three strong prominent ribs + along the three first joints; each rib bears a series of stout, irregular, triangular teeth. The + fourth joint is without ribs; its constricted mouth is half as broad as the third (broadest) + joint. Pores subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.15, breadth 0.08. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.06, <i>d</i> 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Stichopilidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with four or more annular strictures and five or + more joints.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Stichopilium macropterum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Rhopalocanium varietas</i>, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xvii. + fig. 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slenderly conical, with five deep strictures. Length of the six joints = + 2 : 5 : 4 : 3 : 3 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a stout conical horn of twice the length. Thorax campanulate, with <span class="pagenum" + id="page1439">{1439}</span>three large, triangular, widely divergent wings or ribbed solid spines, + nearly as long as the shell. The breadth of the joints increases gradually; the last joint is the + broadest, with wide open mouth. Pores subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.23, breadth 0.1. Length of the + single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.04, <i>d</i> 0.03, <i>e</i> 0.03, <i>f</i> + 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Stichopilium pectinatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly conical, with nine sharp strictures. All ten joints have nearly equal length, + and increase gradually in breadth; the last joint is the broadest, and twice as long as each of + the others, with wide open mouth. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn of the same length. + Each joint (excepting the first and the last) bears three lateral, nearly horizontal spines, and + the bases of all the spines are connected by three longitudinal, divergent ribs. Pores subregular, + hexagonal. (Similar to <i>Stichopera pectinata</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate75"><b>75</b></a>, fig. + 11.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.32, breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Stichopilium thoracopterum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly ovate, twice as long as broad, with eleven slight annular strictures. The + twelve joints (excepting the second) are of nearly equal length, or alternately longer and + shorter. The eighth joint is the broadest, one and a half times as broad as the slightly + constricted mouth. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a pyramidal horn of twice the length. + Thorax (or second joint) campanulate, twice to three times as long as each of the eleven other + joints, with three longitudinal ribs, prolonged into three divergent, slender, free spines. Pores + small, regular, hexagonal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.22, breadth 0.11. Length of + each joint (on an average) 0.015 to 0.017, thorax 0.035.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 296, depth 1825 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 627. <i>Artopilium</i>,<a id="NtA_244" href="#Nt_244"><sup>[244]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichopilida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida triradiata + aperta) with three latticed lateral ribs or wings, without terminal feet. Cephalis with a + horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Artopilium</i> (including also the genera <i>Trictenartus</i>, + <i>Pterocorythium</i>, <i>Stichopterygium</i>, and <i>Clathropyrgus</i> of my Prodromus) has a + shell of the same form as the preceding <i>Stichopilium</i>, but it differs in the fenestration of + the three lateral ribs or wings, which in the latter are solid. The limit between the two genera + is often not <span class="pagenum" id="page1440">{1440}</span>sharp. <i>Artopilium</i> may be also + derived from the three-jointed <i>Dictyoceras</i> by addition of new terminal joints.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Trictenartus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with three annular strictures and four joints.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Artopilium elegans</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate75"><b>75</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Shell three-sided pyramidal, with three annular strictures. Length of the four joints = + 1 : 2 : 9 : 3. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with two large, + prismatic, divergent horns of three times the length. The three prominent edges of the second and + third joints are finely latticed and dentated, and at the basal end of the third joint are + prolonged into three stout, free, pointed, pyramidal, divergent wings, about as long as the horns. + The fourth joint is only as long as the second, three-sided prismatic, its wide triangular mouth + is armed with six parallel, vertical, slender teeth (two between every three wings). Network very + delicate and regular, in the first and second joints with circular, in the third and fourth joints + with small hexagonal meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.3, breadth of the third joint + 0.3, of the fourth 0.2. Length of the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.18, + <i>d</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Artopilium longicorne</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate77"><b>77</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Shell subovate, with three internal annular septa. Length of the four joints = + 2 : 3 : 2 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a very large three-sided + prismatic horn, nearly as long as the shell. Along the three following joints arise three broad, + triangular, latticed wings, about as long as the shell. The fourth joint is the broadest, and + twice as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores in the two upper joints regular, circular, in the + two lower and the three wings hexagonal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.13, breadth 0.09. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.02, <i>d</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Artopilium cyrtopterum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate77"><b>77</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>Shell subovate, with three sharp strictures. Length of the four joints = + 1 : 2 : 3 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with a stout, pyramidal horn + of twice the length. Along the second and third joints arise three broad, triangular, latticed + wings, about half as long as the shell. The third joint is the broadest, and twice as broad as the + constricted mouth. Pores subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18, breadth 0.1. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.06, <i>d</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1441">{1441}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Clathropyrgus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with four or more annular strictures, and five or + more joints.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Artopilium trifenestra</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate75"><b>75</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Clathropyrgus trifenestra</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (<i>loc. + cit.</i>).</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell tower-shaped, nearly cylindrical, with nine deep strictures. The ten joints are of + different lengths and breadths. The third and fourth joints are the longest, twice as long as the + first, fifth, sixth, eighth, and ninth joints. The third, seventh, and tenth joints are the + broadest, and nearly twice as broad as the second and ninth joints. The mouth of the last joint is + dilated. The second joint bears three divergent ribs, and the third joint (as prolongations of + these) three broad, triangular, lattice-wings, and between the latter three large, ovate openings + or windows, recalling those in <i>Clathrocanium</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate64"><b>64</b></a>). Cephalis + subspherical, with a pyramidal horn of twice the length. Pores subregular, circular, hexagonally + framed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.28, of the first and ninth + joints 0.02, of the third and fourth joints 0.04; breadth of the third and seventh joints 0.08, of + the second and ninth joints 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Artopilium trigonopterum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell in the upper half campanulate-conical, in the lower half cylindrical, with seven internal + septa. The four middle joints are equal in length, each about twice as long as each of the two + first and of the two last joints. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical horn of the same length. + Along the first three joints arise three broad, triangular, lattice-wings. Pores small, regular, + hexagonal, in the wings and the two first joints circular. The five lower joints are of equal + breadth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.2, breadth 0.1. Length of + the four middle joints, each about 0.034, of the two first and the two last, each 0.017.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Artopilium cornutella</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly conical, without external strictures, but with twelve to fifteen internal + annular septa. All thirteen to sixteen joints are nearly equal or slightly different in length, + but increase gradually in breadth. Along the whole shell arise three narrow, divergent + lattice-wings, increasing in height towards the wide open mouth. Pores subregular, square, in + three to four transverse rows on each joint, half as large in the three wings as in the joints. + Cephalis small, subspherical, with a conical horn of twice the length. (In the specimen described + the axis of the slender cone was straight, in another incomplete specimen curved; this may perhaps + be a separate species, <i>Artopilium curvatum</i>.)</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1442">{1442}</span></div> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with sixteen joints) 0.3, basal breadth 0.12. + Length of each single joint (on an average), 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Artopilium stichopterygium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate75"><b>75</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Stichopterygium tanypterum</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439, et + Atlas.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slenderly ovate, subconical, with five deep strictures. The four lower joints are nearly + equal in length, each about twice as long as each of the first two joints. The fourth and fifth + joints are the broadest. Along the whole shell arise three broad, triangular wings, which envelop + the long, slender, pyramidal horn of the cephalis. In the delicate and loose lattice-work of each + wing is a longitudinal series of six large, ovate apertures, one on each joint. The small pores of + the shell are irregular, polygonal, or roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.17, breadth 0.08. Length of + each of the four lower joints 0.03, of each of the two upper joints 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Artopilium anomalum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium anomalum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 323, Taf. vii. figs. + 11-13.</p> + <p><i>Lithocampe anomala</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 839.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Stichopterygium anomalum</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell five-jointed, with four internal septa, of a peculiar, irregular, and abnormal form. + Cephalis small, hemispherical, with an oblique, curved horn. Thorax inflated, campanulate, with + three large, latticed, and carinated protuberances. The third joint (the first abdominal joint) + nearly as large as the thorax, two to three times as long as the two last joints, the septa of + which are connected in a peculiar manner by a common nodal point on one side. Pores subregular, + circular. (Compare the detailed description of this remarkable species—perhaps the type of a + peculiar genus, <i>Stichopterygium</i>—in my Monograph, <i>loc. cit.</i>)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.15, breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 628. <i>Pteropilium</i>,<a id="NtA_245" href="#Nt_245"><sup>[245]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichopilida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida triradiata + aperta) with three latticed external ribs or wings, without terminal feet. No horn upon the + cephalis.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Pteropilium</i> (confounded by Ehrenberg with <i>Pterocanium</i>) + differs from this three-jointed form by addition of new terminal joints. The shell-form is in + general the same as in the preceding species, from which it may be derived by phylogenetic loss of + the cephalic horn.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1443">{1443}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Pteropilium sphinx</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Pterocanium sphinx</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 255, Taf. xvii. fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slenderly conical, with three slight strictures. Each of the two last joints as long as + the two first joints together. Cephalis hemispherical. Third joint with three prominent, divergent + ribs, which are prolonged along the fourth joint into three latticed, triangular wings, ending in + a free, strong, conical spine. Pores subregular, circular, twice as broad in the fourth joint as + in the third, and three times as broad as in the second joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.15, of the single joints, + <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.05, <i>d</i> 0.05; breadth of the third joint 0.09, of + the fourth joint 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Pteropilium bombus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Pterocanium bombus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 82, Taf. xvii. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell broadly conical, with three deep strictures. Length and breadth of the four joints, + gradually increasing giving the proportion 2 : 4 : 5 : 6. Cephalis + hemispherical, second joint with three prominent ribs, which are prolonged along the third and + fourth joints into three slender, triangular pointed wings, with few pores at the base. Pores of + the shell subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.17, of the single joints, + <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.05, <i>d</i> 0.06; basal breadth 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Pteropilium pyramis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell three-sided, pyramidal, with five deep strictures. Length and breadth of the six joints + gradually increasing towards the wide mouth. Cephalis subconical. Along the four first joints + arise three slender, divergent ribs, which at the fifth joint become three free, triangular, + latticed wings, with long, descending, terminal spines. The sixth joint is free, without wings. + Pores irregular, roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2, basal breadth 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 629. <i>Stichocampe</i>,<a id="NtA_246" href="#Nt_246"><sup>[246]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichopilida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida triradiata + aperta) with three solid lateral ribs or wings, which are prolonged into three solid terminal + feet. Cephalis with a horn.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1444">{1444}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Stichocampe</i>, together with the three following genera, represent a + peculiar small group among the Stichocyrtida, differing from all other members of this family in + the possession of three free terminal feet around the open mouth. In the two genera, + <i>Stichocampe</i> and <i>Stichopterium</i>, these three feet are the terminal prolongations of + three lateral ribs or crests, while in the two genera developed later, <i>Podocampe</i> and + <i>Stichopodium</i>, the three original ribs are lost, and only the three free feet remain. + <i>Stichocampe</i> (the most primitive of these four genera) may be derived from <i>Theopodium</i> + by addition of new joints.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Stichocampe divergens</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, broadly pyramidal, with six deep strictures. Seven joints gradually increasing in + breadth and length, the seventh twice as broad as the fourth. Pores subregular, circular, + hexagonally framed. The prominent edges of the pyramis are prolonged over the wide mouth into + three slender, straight, divergent feet, half as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.3, of the last joint 0.06, + of the fourth 0.03; breadth 0.25.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Stichocampe convergens</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, slenderly pyramidal, with eight distinct strictures. All nine joints nearly equal + in length. Pores regular, circular, forming three or four transverse rows in each joint. The + smooth edges of the pyramis are prolonged over the wide mouth into three slender, slightly curved, + and convergent feet, twice as long as one joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.25, of each joint, about + <span class="correction" title="Original reads '0.35'.">0.035</span>; breadth 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 630. <i>Stichopterium</i>,<a id="NtA_247" href="#Nt_247"><sup>[247]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichopilida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida triradiata + aperta), with three lateral ribs or wings, which are prolonged into three latticed, terminal feet. + Cephalis with a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Stichopterium</i> has in general the same shell-formation as the + nearly allied <i>Stichocampe</i>, but differs from this ancestral form in the fenestration of the + three terminal feet. It corresponds, therefore, to <i>Pterocanium</i> among the Tricyrtida.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1445">{1445}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Stichopterium pterocanium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, with three distinct strictures. Length of the four joints = + 2 : 3 : 4 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn of twice + the length. Pores regular, hexagonal, with thin bars. From the collar stricture arise three + divergent ribs, which in the fourth joint become latticed and prolonged over its mouth into three + slender, pyramidal, latticed, divergent feet, nearly as long as the shell. (Similar to + <i>Pterocanium bicorne</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate73"><b>73</b></a>, + fig. 5, but with four distinct strictures.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.12, breadth 0.1. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.04, <i>d</i> 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific (off Patagonia), Station 304, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Stichopterium virgineum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell three-sided, pyramidal, with four sharp strictures. Length of the five joints = + 1 : 4 : 3 : 2 : 1. Cephalis hemispherical, with a + pyramidal horn three times the length. Pores subregular, circular, in the second campanulate joint + twice or three times as broad as in the four other joints. From the base of the cephalic horn + arise three divergent ribs, which descend over the whole shell, and in the fourth joint become + latticed and prolonged over the wide mouth of the fifth joint into three latticed, pyramidal feet, + as long as the second joint. (Similar in general form to <i>Pterocanium virgineum</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate73"><b>73</b></a>, fig. + 6.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.22, breadth 0.16. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.06, <i>d</i> 0.04, <i>e</i> 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 281, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Stichopterium dictyopodium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subovate, with five internal annular septa. The third and the fourth joints are about + twice as long as the two first and the two last joints. The fifth joint is the broadest. Pores + small and numerous, regular, circular. The three first joints are without ribs. From the third + stricture arise three divergent, triangular, latticed wings, which descend along the three last + joints, and are prolonged over the wide mouth as three slender, fenestrated, divergent feet, + two-thirds as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.18, breadth 0.12. Length of + the two middle joints 0.04, of the four others 0.02 to 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 631. <i>Podocampe</i>,<a id="NtA_248" href="#Nt_248"><sup>[248]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 439.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichopilida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida triradiata + aperta), without lateral ribs or wings, but with three free, solid, terminal feet. Cephalis with a + horn.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1446">{1446}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Podocampe</i> is next allied to <i>Stichocampe</i>, and has also three + solid, free feet around the mouth, but it has lost the three lateral ribs of the latter. It + corresponds to <i>Podocyrtis</i> among the Tricyrtida, and may be derived from this by addition of + new terminal joints.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Podocampe tripodiscus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, with three annular septa. The fourth joint is the broadest, and as long as the + three other joints together. Cephalis hemispherical, with a pyramidal horn of twice the length. + Mouth constricted, with three convergent, curved, triangular feet, half as long as the last joint. + Pores subregular, circular. (Similar to <i>Podocyrtis pedicellaria</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate72"><b>72</b></a>, fig. 8, but + larger, with more slender feet, and four joints instead of three.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2, of the last joint 0.1; + breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Podocampe trictenota</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>, + fig. 15).</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly ovate, nearly spindle-shaped, with three annular septa. The third joint is the + broadest, somewhat longer than the second and third joints, and three times as long as the + hemispherical cephalis, which bears a strong pyramidal horn of twice the length. Along the two + first joints arise three divergent, dentate crests, each with four to six strong pyramidal teeth. + Mouth strongly constricted, only as broad as the cephalis, with three conical, vertical, parallel + feet, as long as the cephalis. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.14, of the third joint 0.06, + of the last 0.04; breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Podocampe conica</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell conical, with five distinct strictures. Six joints gradually increasing in length and + breadth. The sixth joint is the broadest, and twice as long as the fifth joint, three times as + long as the fourth. Cephalis conical, with a stout, conical horn of the same length. Mouth little + constricted, with three divergent, conical feet, half as long as the shell. Pores subregular, + circular. (Similar to <i>Podocyrtis lithoconus</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate72"><b>72</b></a>, fig. 3, but + with six joints instead of three, and with divergent, slender feet.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.18, of the last joint 0.06; + breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Podocampe cornuta</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly conical, with seven distinct strictures. Eight joints of nearly equal length, + gradually increasing in breadth. Along the three last joints arise three prominent crests, which + are <span class="pagenum" id="page1447">{1447}</span>prolonged over the wide mouth into three + divergent, conical feet, half as long as the shell. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical, + slender, curved horn, three times the length. Pores subregular, hexagonal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.16, of each single joint (on + an average) 0.02; basal breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 632. <i>Stichopodium</i>,<a id="NtA_249" href="#Nt_249"><sup>[249]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichopilida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida triradiata + aperta) without lateral ribs or wings, but with three free latticed terminal feet. Cephalis with a + horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Stichopodium</i> differs from the preceding genus <i>Podocampe</i> in + the fenestration of the three free terminal feet. It agrees in this character with the genus + <i>Stichopterium</i>, and may be derived either from this by loss of the lateral ribs, or from the + three-jointed <i>Pterocanium</i> by addition of new shell-joints.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Stichopodium dictyopodium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate75"><b>75</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Shell subcylindrical, in the upper third conical, with six or seven internal annular septa. All + seven or eight joints are about equal in length, except the small hemispherical cephalis, which is + scarcely half as long, and bears an oblique, conical horn of the same length. Pores small and + numerous, regular, circular, quincuncial. The last joint with wide open mouth, and a peristome of + three large, triangular, latticed, shovel-shaped, vertical feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.2, breadth 0.11. Length of + each single joint about 0.03, of the feet 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Stichoperida</span>, Haeckel, Prodromus, p. 439.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Podocampida</span> with the terminal + mouth of the shell fenestrated (vel Stichocyrtida triradiata clausa).</p> + + <h5>Genus 633. <i>Stichopera</i>,<a id="NtA_250" href="#Nt_250"><sup>[250]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichoperida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida triradiata + clausa) with three solid lateral ribs, or three longitudinal combs of spines. Cephalis with a + horn.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1448">{1448}</span></div> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Stichopera</i>, and the two following genera, represent the small + subfamily of Stichoperida, or those triradiate Stichocyrtida in which the terminal mouth is closed + by lattice-work. In <i>Stichopera</i> the three radial appendages are either solid lateral ribs or + longitudinal combs of spines; the closed basal part of the shell is rounded, not pointed. It may + be derived either from <i>Stichopilium</i> by closure of the mouth, or from <i>Lithornithium</i> + by increase of the number of the joints.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Stichoperina</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with three solid radial ribs, or longitudinal + dentate crests.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Stichopera ovata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, with three distinct strictures. Length of the four joints = + 2 : 3 : 4 : 6. The fourth joint is the broadest, and twice as long + as the second, with hemispherical basal pole. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical horn of twice + the length. Along the second and third joints descend three prominent divergent ribs, which + disappear in the middle zone of the fourth joint. Pores regular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.15, breadth 0.1. Length of + the single joint, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.04, <i>d</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Stichopera lagena</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell bottle-shaped, with six sharp strictures; the upper half is slender, conical, and + composed of six joints of nearly equal length, the lower half is formed only by the last + subspherical joint. Cephalis subspherical, with a pyramidal horn of the same length. From its base + arise three divergent ribs, which attain the greatest height in the fourth joint, and disappear in + the sixth joint. (Similar to <i>Stichophæna ritteriana</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate75"><b>75</b></a>, fig. 12, + but only with three ribs and seven joints.) Pores regular, hexagonal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.25. Length of each joint + 0.02 to 0.025, of the last joint 0.12; breadth 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Stichopera serrata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell bottle-shaped, with eight deep strictures. The first eight joints are little different in + length, and form together a slender cone, while the last joint is four times as long (half as long + as this cone), and subspherical. Cephalis conical, with a slender, prismatic horn of three times + the length. Along the whole shell arise three divergent, serrate ribs, which disappear towards the + hemispherical, basal pole. Pores subregular, hexagonal.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1449">{1449}</span></div> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.21, breadth 0.08; length of + each joint 0.016 to 0.019, of the last joint 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Sticholagena</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with three radial combs or longitudinal rows of + isolated spines (instead of the three radial ribs).</p> + + <p>4. <i>Stichopera pectinata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate75"><b>75</b></a>, + fig. 11).</p> + + <p>Shell club-shaped, with nine sharp strictures. The nine upper joints increase gradually in + length and breadth, and are together three times as long as the inflated, inversely campanulate + and rounded last joint. Each joint (excepting the first and the last) bears three thin, + bristle-shaped spines, which are directed obliquely upwards. Cephalis subspherical, with a + slender, conical horn of twice the length. Pores subregular, in the upper half circular, in the + lower hexagonal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.22, breadth 0.09; length of + the eighth and ninth joints 0.02, of the last joint 0.075.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Stichopera clavata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell club-shaped, with eight sharp strictures, very similar in form and structure to that of + the preceding species, but differing from it in the club-like form of the inflated last joint, + which is nearly half as long as the shell; its lower half is broader than the upper (the reverse + being the case in the preceding species). The lateral spines of the three combs are not directed + upwards, but downwards. Cephalis with a curved, conical horn of the same length.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.2, breadth 0.08; length of + the eighth joint 0.02, of the last joint 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Stichopera verticillata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell club-shaped, with ten sharp strictures, similar in form and structure to that of the two + preceding species, but differing from them in the ovate form of the slender last joint, which is + one-third as long as the whole shell, and five times as long as the preceding joint. The lateral + spines of the three combs are directed nearly horizontally, and are much more numerous, each joint + (excepting the first and last) bears six to twelve spines (two, three, or four in each radius). + They form together about thirty horizontal verticils, each with three spines. Cephalis with a + curved, conical horn of three times the length.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1450">{1450}</span></div> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eleven joints) 0.28, breadth 0.09; length of + the tenth joint 0.02, of the last joint 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 634. <i>Cyrtopera</i>,<a id="NtA_251" href="#Nt_251"><sup>[251]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 439.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichoperida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida triradiata + clausa) with three latticed lateral wings, or three longitudinal rows of lattice wings. Cephalis + with a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Cyrtopera</i> differs from the preceding <i>Stichopera</i> in the + fenestration of the three lateral wings, and bears therefore to it the same relation that + <i>Sethornithium</i> exhibits to <i>Lithornithium</i> among the Tricyrtida.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Artopera</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with three annular strictures and four joints.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cyrtopera thoracoptera</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate75"><b>75</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Artopera thoracoptera</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (<i>loc. + cit.</i>).</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell inflated, with three very deep strictures. Length of the four joints = + 2 : 7 : 8 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a slender, prismatic + horn, half as long as the shell. Thorax subspherical, in its middle third with three latticed, + triangular wings of half the length. Abdomen with inflated third, and inversely hemispherical + fourth joint; the third is the broadest. Pores subregular, hexagonal, with thin bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.23. Breadth of the third + (broadest) joint 0.13. Length of the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.08, + <i>d</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cyrtopera ornithoptera</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell broadly ovate, with three slight strictures. Length of the four joints = + 1 : 2 : 3 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a slender, pyramidal + horn of three times the length. Along the second and third joints arise with broad base three + latticed, triangular wings, nearly as long as the whole shell. Abdomen inflated. The fourth joint + is the broadest and longest, with hemispherical basal pole. Pores subregular, hexagonal. (Similar + to <i>Artopilium longicorne</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate77"><b>77</b></a>, + fig. 10, but with more closely reticulated network, and perfectly closed mouth.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2. Breadth of the fourth + (broadest) joint 0.14. Length of the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.06, + <i>d</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1451">{1451}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Cyrtopera gasteroptera</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly ovate, with three distinct strictures. Length of the four joints = + 2 : 6 : 7 : 6. Cephalis subspherical, with a stout pyramidal horn of + the same length. The three following joints have nearly equal length; the third is the broadest. + The thorax exhibits three divergent solid ribs; as prolongations of these, three descending + latticed wings, of about the same length, arise from the third joint, with broad triangular base. + The fourth joint is inversely conical, blunt. Pores irregular, roundish. (Similar to + <i>Hexalatractus fusiformis</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate68"><b>68</b></a>, + fig. 13, but with three wings and four joints.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.21. Breadth of the third + (broadest) joint 0.11. Length of the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.07, + <i>d</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Cyrtolagena</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate75"><b>75</b></a>).</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with four or more annular strictures, and five or + more joints.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Cyrtopera laguncula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate75"><b>75</b></a>, + fig. 10).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cyrtolagena laguncula</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Manuscript et Atlas (<i>loc. + cit.</i>).</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell bottle-shaped, with seven sharp strictures; the upper part is slender, conical, composed + of seven joints of nearly equal length; the lower part is only formed by the spherical last joint. + Cephalis subspherical, with a slender curved horn at three times the length. Along the whole shell + arise three longitudinal combs or rows of ascending spines (three on each joint, fifteen on the + last). These are connected by three divergent longitudinal rods, so that three elegant fenestrated + ribs are formed (each rib with one series of large square meshes). Pores in the seven upper joints + regular, circular, in the last polygonal, irregular and larger.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.17, of the last joint 0.08; + breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Cyrtopera lagenella</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell bottle-shaped, with twelve sharp strictures, very similar in form and structure to the + preceding species; but instead of the three simple fenestrated ribs there arise here, along the + shell, three series of short, triangular, latticed wings. The four first and the last joints are + without wings. The hemispherical cephalis bears a curved conical horn, as long as the subspherical + last joint. The twelve joints of the upper conical part are nearly equal in length, with regular, + small, hexagonal pores. The last inflated joint is one-third as long as the shell, and has larger, + irregular, polygonal pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with thirteen joints) 0.25, of the last joint + 0.08; breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1452">{1452}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 635. <i>Artopera</i>,<a id="NtA_252" href="#Nt_252"><sup>[252]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 438.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichoperida</span> with three solid lateral ribs or + wings, and with a vertical basal spine on the end of the pointed last joint. Cephalis with a + horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Artopera</i> differs from its ancestral genus, <i>Stichopera</i>, in + the development of a vertical terminal spine on the end of the last joint, and bears therefore to + it the same relation that <i>Rhopalatractus</i> exhibits to <i>Rhopalocanium</i> among the + Tricyrtida.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Artopera loxia</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithornithium loxia</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 8; + Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 78, Taf. iv. fig. 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell spindle-shaped, with three deep strictures. Length of the four joints = + 2 : 5 : 5 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, hyaline, without pores, with a + thick conical horn of the same length. From the two following joints, which are nearly equal in + size and of campanulate form, arise, with broad base, three divergent, slender, triangular wings. + The fourth joint is smaller, inversely conical, and bears on the basal pole a strong, three-sided + pyramidal, vertical spine, half as long as the shell. Pores subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18, breadth 0.07. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.055, <i>c</i> 0.055, <i>d</i> 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Artopera motacilla</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spindle-shaped, with three distinct strictures. Length of the four joints = + 1 : 2 : 3 : 2. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn of twice + the length. From the second joint arise three longitudinal, smooth, divergent ribs, which are + prolonged over the third joint, and terminate at the third stricture in three short, conical + teeth. The fourth is inversely conical, and bears on the basal pole a strong, vertical, + cylindrical spine, nearly half as long as the shell. Pores subregular, circular, hexagonally + framed. (Similar to <i>Rhopalatractus pentacanthus</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate68"><b>68</b></a>, fig. 11, + but differing in the presence of three sharp strictures, and a large, conical, basal joint).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18. Breadth of third + (broadest) joint 0.09. Length of the single joint, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.06, + <i>d</i> 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea), Station 198, depth + 2150 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Artopera fusiformis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spindle-shaped, with three distinct strictures. Length of the four joints = + 2 : 3 : 5 : 5. Cephalis conical, with a strong, conical horn of the + same length. Along the three first joints arise <span class="pagenum" + id="page1453">{1453}</span>three divergent, irregularly dentate ribs, which at the second joint + bear stronger, pyramidal teeth, also at the third stricture a strong, terminal tooth. Fourth joint + without ribs, inversely conical, with a strong, conical, terminal spine of half the length on the + basal pole. Pores subregular, circular, double-edged.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.15. Breadth of the third + (broadest) joint 0.08. Length of the single joint, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.05, + <i>d</i> 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Family LXIX. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Phormocampida</span></span>, n. fam.</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc45"> + <p><i>Artophormida et Artophænida, Stichophormida et Stichophænida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, pp. 438, 439.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichocyrtida</span> multiradiata. (<span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> with an annulated shell, divided by three or more transverse + constrictions into four or more annular joints, with numerous, four to nine or more, radial + apophyses.)</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Phormocampida</span> comprises those <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> in which the lattice-shell is composed of numerous (four to eight or + more) annular joints, and bears numerous (four to eight or more) radial apophyses. We divide it + into two subfamilies, differing in the shape of the terminal mouth. This is a simple wide opening + in the Stichophormida (and the united Artophormida), closed by a lattice-plate in the + Stichophænida (and the united Artophænida). The phylogenetic origin of the Phormocampida may be + found in the Phormocyrtida.</p> + + <p>Three fossil forms only of Phormocampida were hitherto known, two of which were described by + Stöhr as <i>Eucyrtidium acutatum</i> and <i>Lithocampe fimbriata</i>, the third by Ehrenberg as + <i>Eucyrtidium barbadense</i>; the latter belongs to <i>Artophormis</i>, the two former to + <i>Cyrtophormis</i>. All the other Phormocampida here described, forming together thirty-one + species, are new; twenty-two of them belong to the Stichophormida, and nine to the Stichophænida. + The latter are disposed in two, the former in four genera.</p> + + <p>The number of the radial apophyses is sometimes six or nine, sometimes twelve or more, usually + a multiple of three. They are either lateral ribs or wings (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate75"><b>75</b></a>, figs. 2, 5, + 12), or terminal feet (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate77"><b>77</b></a>, + figs. 13 to 18). Usually they are solid, not latticed, and not strongly developed. The majority of + Phormocampida have probably been derived from Phormocyrtida by growth of the abdomen, which + becomes annulated by transverse constrictions. Some forms, however, may be derived from similar + Podocampida, by interpolation of three to six or more secondary apophyses between the three + primary or perradial apophyses.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1454">{1454}</span></div> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Phormocampida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Phormocampida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Phormocampida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Stichophormida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Mouth of the terminal joint open, simple.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Shell conical or pyramidal. Mouth wide open, not + constricted.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Lateral ribs prolonged into the terminal feet,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">636. <i>Stichophormis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">No lateral ribs. Feet free, terminal,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">637. <i>Phormocampe</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Shell ovate or spindle-shaped. Mouth more or less + constricted.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Lateral ribs prolonged into the terminal feet,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">638. <i>Artophormis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">No lateral ribs. Feet free, terminal,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">639. <i>Cyrtophormis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Stichophænida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Mouth of the terminal joint closed by a lattice-plate.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Six radial ribs or wings,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">640. <i>Artophæna</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Nine radial ribs or wings,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">641. <i>Stichophæna</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Phormocampida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Phormocampida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Stichophormida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Mouth of the terminal joint open, simple.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell conical or pyramidal. Mouth wide open, not constricted.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Lateral ribs prolonged into the terminal feet,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">636. <i>Stichophormis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No lateral ribs. Feet free, terminal,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">637. <i>Phormocampe</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell ovate or spindle-shaped. Mouth more or less + constricted.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Lateral ribs prolonged into the terminal feet,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">638. <i>Artophormis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No lateral ribs. Feet free, terminal,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">639. <i>Cyrtophormis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Stichophænida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Mouth of the terminal joint closed by a lattice-plate.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Six radial ribs or wings,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">640. <i>Artophæna</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Nine radial ribs or wings,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">641. <i>Stichophæna</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Stichophormida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Phormocampida</span> with the terminal + mouth of the shell open (vel Stichocyrtida multiradiata aperta).</p> + + <h5>Genus 636. <i>Stichophormis</i>,<a id="NtA_253" href="#Nt_253"><sup>[253]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichophormida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida + multiradiata aperta) with conical or pyramidal shell, bearing in its wall numerous lateral ribs, + which are prolonged into terminal feet. Mouth not constricted.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Stichophormis</i> and the three following genera represent together + the subfamily of Stichophormida, or of those multiradiate Stichocyrtida in which the mouth remains + open; they may be derived therefore either from the Theophormida by increasing the number of the + shell-joints, or from the Stichopilida by the interpolation of new radial ribs between the three + primary ribs. <i>Stichophormis</i> may have been derived in the former way from + <i>Theophormis</i>.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Stichophormium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with six prominent longitudinal ribs, which are + prolonged into six (sometimes five or seven) divergent free feet over the mouth.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Stichophormis pyramidalis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly pyramidal, with three annular septa, and six prominent radial ribs, which arise + from the collar-septum, and are prolonged on the mouth into six free, divergent, pyramidal feet, + <span class="pagenum" id="page1455">{1455}</span>about as long as the shell. Length of the four + joints = 2 : 3 : 5 : 8. Cephalis subspherical, with a stout, + pyramidal horn of twice the length. Pores regular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18, basal breadth 0.08. + Length of the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.05, <i>d</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Stichophormis lucerna</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly pyramidal, with three annular septa and six prominent radial ribs, which arise + from the second stricture, and are prolonged over the mouth into six free, divergent, cylindrical + feet, half as long as the shell. Length of the four joints = + 1 : 2 : 3 : 15. Cephalis hemispherical, with a prismatic horn of the + same length. Pores in the first and second joints very small and scarce, in the third campanulate + joint circular, hexagonally framed, in the colossal fourth joint very large, polygonal (each about + as large as the third joint).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.4, basal breadth 0.2. Length + of the single joints <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.06, <i>d</i> 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Stichophormis cornutella</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate75"><b>75</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly conical, with nine annular strictures and six longitudinal divergent ribs, + which arise in the middle of the shell (from the sixth or seventh stricture), and are prolonged + over the wide mouth into six slender bristle-shaped feet, about half as long as the shell. The + bases of the feet are connected by arcades of lattice-work. All ten joints have nearly the same + length and regular hexagonal pores (in the first and second joints circular). Cephalis + hemispherical, with a very large curved horn, nearly half as long as the shell, and on one side + decurrent to the fourth or fifth joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.16, of each single joint about + 0.016; basal breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Stichophormiscus</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with nine prominent radial ribs, which are prolonged + over the mouth into nine (sometimes eight or ten) divergent free feet.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Stichophormis novena</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly conical, very similar to the preceding, but with eleven annular strictures and + nine divergent ribs, which arise from the tenth or eleventh stricture, and are prolonged over the + wide mouth into nine bristle-shaped feet, half as long as the shell. The length of the twelve + joints increases gradually; the tenth is twice as long as the sixth. Pores regular, circular. + Cephalis <span class="pagenum" id="page1456">{1456}</span>hemispherical, with a curved conical + horn of twice the length. (In the somewhat mutilated specimen figured, the horn and the nine feet + were broken off, but were well preserved in another specimen, found afterwards.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.22, eighth joint 0.02, + fourth joint 0.01; basal breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Stichophormis radiata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, with fourteen annular strictures, and nine radial ribs; three primary + ribs arise from the third stricture, the other six (secondary) ribs from the ninth stricture; all + are prolonged over the mouth into nine slender bristle-shaped feet, about twice as long as one + joint. All joints have nearly the same length. Cephalis subspherical, with a straight, conical + horn three times the length. Pores regular, hexagonal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with fifteen joints) 0.24, of each joint, about + 0.016; basal breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 637. <i>Phormocampe</i>,<a id="NtA_254" href="#Nt_254"><sup>[254]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichophormida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida + multiradiata aperta), with conical or pyramidal shell, without lateral ribs. Mouth dilated, with a + corona of terminal feet.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Phormocampe</i> may be derived from the preceding <i>Stichophormis</i> + by loss of the lateral ribs, whilst the terminal feet remain. It bears therefore to the latter the + same relation that <i>Calocyclas</i> exhibits to <i>Theophormis</i> among the Tricyrtida.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Anthocorys</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with three transverse strictures or annular septa, + and with four distinct joints.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Phormocampe campanula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate77"><b>77</b></a>, fig. + 13).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Anthocorys campanula</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (<i>loc. + cit.</i>).</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, with three internal, annular septa. Length of the four joints = + 5 : 2 : 8 : 3. Cephalis three-sided, pyramidal, slender, bearing a + pyramidal horn of the same length, with three dentate edges. Thorax very small, hemispherical. + Third joint very large, campanulate. Fourth joint of the same breadth, but only one-third as long. + Pores subregular, circular. Peristome with a coronal of twelve to fifteen conical, divergent feet, + as long as the last joint.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1457">{1457}</span></div> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18, breadth 0.09. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.05, <i>b</i> 0.02, <i>c</i> 0.08, <i>d</i> 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Phormocampe lamprocyclas</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate77"><b>77</b></a>, fig. + 16).</p> + + <p>Shell conical, with three internal annular septa. Length of the four joints = + 1 : 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, as large as the thorax, with a + stout, pyramidal horn of three times the length, bearing at the apex a spinulate knob. The fourth + joint is the broadest, and has large, circular, hexagonally-framed pores, two to three times as + broad as the circular pores of the three first joints. Peristome with a double coronal of short, + conical, divergent feet, nine on each coronal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.16, breadth 0.11. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.02, <i>c</i> 0.05, <i>d</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Phormocampe eucalyptra</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate77"><b>77</b></a>, fig. + 14).</p> + + <p>Shell flatly conical, somewhat broader than long, with four internal annular septa. The four + joints increase gradually in length and breadth. Pores subregular, hexagonal. Cephalis + hemispherical, with two small, divergent horns. Peristome with a coronal of thirty to forty short, + conical, divergent feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.14, breadth 0.17. Length of the single joints, + <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.04, <i>d</i> 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Phormocampe metalis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, with three broad internal annular septa. Three of the four joints are nearly equal + in length, each being three times as long as the first. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn + of twice the length. The second and third joints are together nearly ellipsoidal, and are not + separated externally. The fourth joint is separated from them by a deep stricture, one and a half + times as broad, and flatly conical. Pores subregular, circular, hexagonally framed. Peristome with + a coronal of twenty to thirty strong, conical, divergent feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.22, basal breadth 0.16. Length of the single + joint, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.06, <i>d</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Cyrtocorys</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with four or more transverse strictures, and five or + more joints.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1458">{1458}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Phormocampe mitra</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell broadly campanulate, conical, about as broad as long, with five internal annular septa. + Length of the six joints gradually increasing. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, with a short, + bristle-shaped, conical horn. Pores small and numerous, regular, hexagonal, with thin bars. + Peristome with a coronal of forty to fifty divergent, bristle-shaped feet, about as long as the + last joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.16, of the last joint 0.05; + breadth 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 235 (off Japan), surface.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Phormocampe conus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly conical, three times as long as broad, with thirteen distinct strictures. + Length of the fourteen joints nearly equal. Breadth gradually increasing towards the mouth. + Cephalis hemispherical, with a slender, conical, curved horn of three times the length. Pores + small and numerous, regular, circular. Peristome with a coronal of twenty to thirty slightly + divergent, bristle-shaped feet, twice as long as the last joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with fourteen joints) 0.22, of each joint (on an + average) 0.016; basal breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 297, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 638. <i>Artophormis</i>,<a id="NtA_255" href="#Nt_255"><sup>[255]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichophormida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida + multiradiata aperta) with ovate or spindle-shaped shell, bearing in its wall numerous lateral + ribs, which are prolonged into terminal feet. Mouth constricted.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Artophormis</i> and the following <i>Cyrtophormis</i> differ from the + two preceding genera in the ovate form of the shell, which tapers in breadth towards the + constricted mouth. It differs from the similar <i>Alacorys</i> in the greater number of the + shell-joints, this being four or more.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Artophormis horrida</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate75"><b>75</b></a>, + fig. 2).</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly ovate, spiny, with three deep strictures, twice as long as broad. Length of the + four joints = 2 : 5 : 6 : 7. Whole surface covered with strong + conical spines. Six prominent, longitudinal ribs, decurrent from the cephalis to the mouth, are + armed with larger spines, which in the upper joints are directed upwards, in the lower downwards. + The six ribs are prolonged over the constricted mouth into six stout, conical feet. Cephalis + subspherical, with a conical horn and some smaller spines. Pores circular, of very different + sizes.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1459">{1459}</span></div> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2, breadth 0.1. Length of the + single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.06, <i>d</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Artophormis costata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spindle-shaped, rough, with six distinct strictures, three times as long as broad. The + length of the seven joints increases gradually; the last joint is twice as long as the fifth. Six + prominent, radial ribs arise from the third stricture, and are prolonged into six slender, + convergent, conical feet, as long as the sixth joint. Cephalis hemispherical, with a pyramidal + horn of twice the length. Pores regular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.24, breadth 0.08. Length of + the last joint 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Artophormis barbadensis</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Calocyclas barbadensis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xviii. fig. 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slenderly ovate, smooth, with three sharp strictures, twice as long as broad. Length of + the four joints = 1 : 2 : 3 : 2. Nine prominent longitudinal ribs + arise from the third joint, and are prolonged into nine slender, conical, little convergent feet. + Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical horn of the same length. Pores subregular, circular, twice + as large in the third joint as in the second; the fourth joint bears above a circle of nine very + large pores (alternate with the nine ribs), and below two or three circles of smaller pores + (eighteen to twenty-seven in the circumference). Mouth somewhat constricted. The figure of + Ehrenberg is incomplete, the horn of the cephalis and the nine feet being broken off.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.16, breadth 0.08. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.06, <i>d</i> 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 639. <i>Cyrtophormis</i>,<a id="NtA_256" href="#Nt_256"><sup>[256]</sup></a> n. + gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichophormida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida + multiradiata aperta) with ovate or spindle-shaped shell, without lateral ribs. Mouth constricted, + with a corona of terminal feet.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Cyrtophormis</i> may be derived from the preceding <i>Artophormis</i> + by reduction of the lateral ribs, whilst the terminal feet (as their free prolongations) remain, + and form a corona around the mouth. Sometimes also each constriction bears <span class="pagenum" + id="page1460">{1460}</span>a corona of spines. It corresponds to <i>Calocyclas</i> among the + Tricyrtida and <i>Anthocyrtis</i> among the Dicyrtida.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Cyrtophormium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with six (sometimes five or seven) feet on the + peristome (three perradial alternate with three interradial).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cyrtophormis armata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate78"><b>78</b></a>, + fig. 17).</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, spindle-shaped, with three annular septa. Length of the four joints = + 3 : 4 : 5 : 6. The third joint is the broadest, being twice as broad + as the constricted mouth. Pores irregular, roundish. Cephalis conical, armed with a bunch of + strong, conical spines, and distinguished by double-contoured pores. Peristome with six (sometimes + five or seven) triangular, vertical, parallel, or slightly divergent feet.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18, breadth 0.09. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.05, <i>d</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cyrtophormis ovata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell rough, ovate, very thick-walled, with three distinct strictures. Length of the four + joints = 1 : 1 : 2 : 3. The fourth joint is the broadest, inversely + hemispherical, and three times as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores regular, circular, + hexagonally framed. Cephalis hemispherical, with a pyramidal horn of the same length. Peristome + with a coronal of six short, conical, curved, outwardly convex teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2, breadth 0.14. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.06, <i>d</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Cyrtophormiscus</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with nine (sometimes eight or ten) feet on the + peristome (three perradial alternate with six interradial).</p> + + <p>3. <i>Cyrtophormis cingulata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate78"><b>78</b></a>, fig. + 18).</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, spindle-shaped, with three internal annular septa, and three external girdles of + spines. The second and third joints are of nearly equal length, twice as broad as the first, and + half as broad as the fourth joint. The third joint is the broadest, and twice as broad as the + constricted mouth. Pores subregular, circular. Cephalis hemispherical, with a large apical horn, + and <span class="pagenum" id="page1461">{1461}</span>a coronal of six strong ascending spines. + Peristome beyond the stricture of the mouth somewhat dilated, with nine triangular, divergent + teeth (broken off in the specimen figured).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18, breadth 0.09. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.04, <i>d</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Cyrtophormis aculeata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, slenderly ovate, with five distinct strictures, each with a girdle of spines. The + three middle joints are of nearly equal length, each half as long as the second, and one-third as + long as the sixth joint. The fifth joint is the broadest, twice as broad as the constricted mouth. + Pores regular, circular. Cephalis conical, with a bunch of strong, divergent spines. Peristome + with nine strong, conical, vertical, parallel teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.18, breadth 0.08. Length of + the first joint 0.02, the second 0.04, the three following 0.02, the sixth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Cyrtophormis acutata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium acutatum</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 105, Taf. + iv. fig. 11.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, spindle-shaped, with six annular strictures. The third, fourth, and seventh joints + are equal in length, three times as long as the first and the fifth joints. The fourth joint is + the broadest, four times as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores irregular, roundish. Cephalis + small, subspherical, with a short conical horn. Peristome with nine (?) irregular, triangular, + little convergent teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.22, breadth 0.11. Length of + the third, fourth, and seventh joints 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte (Stöhr).</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Acanthocyrtis</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with numerous (twelve to twenty or more) terminal + feet.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Cyrtophormis cylindrica</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate77"><b>77</b></a>, fig. + 17).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, subcylindrical, with three annular septa. The fourth cylindrical joint is four + times as long as the second and the third joints. These three joints are nearly equal in breadth. + Pores small and numerous, almost square, in regular, transverse rows; two to three in the first + joint, five to six in the second and in the third, fourteen to sixteen in the fourth joint. + Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, with a short, pyramidal horn. Peristome half as broad as the shell, + hyaline, with a coronal of numerous, very delicate, vertical feet.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1462">{1462}</span></div> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2, breadth, 0.08. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.03, <i>d</i> 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Cyrtophormis corona</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate77"><b>77</b></a>, + fig. 15).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, conical, ovate, with three deep strictures, about twice as long as broad. The + fourth joint is the broadest, inflated, and three times as long as the second and the third + joints. Pores small and numerous, circular, in regular, transverse rows; two in the first joint, + four in the second and third, and ten in the fourth joint. Cephalis hemispherical, with a stout, + pyramidal horn. Peristome two-thirds as broad as the fourth joint, with twelve to fifteen + triangular, convergent teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.16, breadth 0.08. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.01, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.03, <i>d</i> 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Cyrtophormis cornuta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate77"><b>77</b></a>, + fig. 18).</p> + + <p>Shell thorny, spindle-shaped, with three distinct strictures. Length of the four joints = + 2 : 4 : 3 : 5. The third joint is the broadest. Pores circular, of + different sizes, in the three first joints double-contoured. Cephalis subspherical, with a large, + conical horn of three times the length. The fourth joint is inversely conical, three times as + broad as the constricted mouth. Peristome with a coronal of numerous (ten to twenty) irregular, + thin, partly forked teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.14, breadth 0.07. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.03, <i>d</i> 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Cyrtophormis fimbriata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocampe fimbriata</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 103, pl. iv. + fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, spindle-shaped, with six annular septa. The fifth joint is the longest, twice as + long as each of the three preceding joints, and four times as long as the sixth. The fourth joint + is the broadest, three times as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores small, regular, circular. + Cephalis small, subspherical, with a small, conical horn (broken off in the specimen figured). + Peristome with an irregular, double coronal of ten to twenty vertical teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.25, breadth 0.1. Length of + the fifth joint 0.06, of each of the three preceding 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; fossil in + Sicily (Grotte, Caltanisetta).</p> + + <p>10. <i>Cyrtophormis turrita</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, nearly conical, twice as long as broad, with twelve sharp strictures. The + thirteen joints increase gradually in length and breadth. The last joint is much longer than any + of <span class="pagenum" id="page1463">{1463}</span>the others, twice as long as the eleventh, and + twice as broad as the ninth joint. The constricted mouth on its lower surface is only one-third as + broad. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a short, conical horn. Peristome with a coronal of + twenty to thirty delicate, partly confluent, vertical teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with thirteen joints) 0.26, breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South-Eastern Pacific, Station 299 (off Valparaiso), depth + 2160 fathoms.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Cyrtophormis turricula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate75"><b>75</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, slender, tower-shaped, with fourteen distinct strictures. The ten first joints + are nearly equal in length. The twelfth joint is the largest, three to four times as long as each + of the preceding, and broader than all the others, twice as broad as the suddenly constricted + mouth. Pores small and numerous, regular, circular, quincuncial. Cephalis small, subspherical, + with a pyramidal horn of three times the length. Peristome with a coronal of twenty to thirty very + delicate, partly confluent, short, vertical teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with fifteen joints) 0.3, breadth 0.1. Length of + the twelfth joint 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South-Eastern Pacific, Station 298 (off Valparaiso), depth + 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Stichophænida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Phormocampida</span> with the terminal + mouth of the shell fenestrated (vel Stichocyrtida multiradiata clausa).</p> + + <h5>Genus 640. <i>Artophæna</i>,<a id="NtA_257" href="#Nt_257"><sup>[257]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 438.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichophænida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida multiradiata + clausa) with six radial ribs or wings.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Artophæna</i> and the following genus <i>Stichophæna</i> represent + together the small subfamily of Stichophænida, or of those <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> in + which the multiradiate shell is composed of numerous (four or more) joints, and closed at the end + by a lattice-plate. The number of the lateral, solid, or latticed appendages is six in + <i>Artophæna</i>, nine in <i>Stichophæna</i>. They may have been derived either from the + <i>Stichophormida</i> by closure of the terminal mouth, or from the <i>Stichoperida</i> by + intercalation of three or six interradial appendages.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Artophæna ærostatica</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate75"><b>75</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>Shell four-jointed, with three sharp strictures and internal septa. The fourth joint is + subspherical, longer than the three first joints together, and twice as broad as these. The second + joint is <span class="pagenum" id="page1464">{1464}</span>twice as long as the first and the + third, and armed with six divergent, stout, pyramidal, radial spines or wings of the same length. + Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, with an oblique pyramidal horn of twice the length. Pores regular, + circular, hexagonally framed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18, breadth 0.12. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.02, <i>d</i> 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Artophæna senaria</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, with five distinct strictures. Length of the four middle joints little + different. The fifth joint is the broadest. From the first stricture there arise six radial ribs, + which at the fourth are prominent as six short, conical, divergent spines. The last joint is + inversely hemispherical, twice as long as the preceding. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical + horn of the same length. Pores regular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.14, breadth 0.09; of each + joint 0.02, of the last 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Artophæna hexalatractus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spindle-shaped, with three sharp strictures, and six triangular, latticed, divergent + wings, which arise from the collar stricture and descend along the two middle joints. Their + terminal points fall into the same plane as the basal end of the fourth inversely conical joint. + Length of the four joints = 1 : 2 : 4 : 2. Cephalis hemispherical, + with a conical horn of the same length. (Similar to <i>Theophæna hexaptera</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate68"><b>68</b></a>, fig. 13, + but with three distinct internal annular septa, corresponding to the three external + strictures.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18, breadth 0.08. Length of + the four single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.08, <i>d</i> 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific (off Juan Fernandez), Station 300, depth 1375 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Artophæna hexapodiscus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, without external strictures, but with five internal annular septa. Length of the + six joints = 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 3 : 6. Cephalis + hemispherical, with a stout conical horn of twice the length. The last joint is the broadest, + inversely hemispherical. From the fourth and fifth joints arise six divergent ribs, which are + prolonged over the fifth stricture into six triangular, divergent, fenestrated feet, about as long + as the last joint. Pores in the upper half of the shell regular, circular, in the lower half + irregular, roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2, breadth 0.12. Length of the + single joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.025, <i>c</i> 0.03, <i>d</i> 0.04, <i>e</i> 0.03, + <i>f</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1465">{1465}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 641. <i>Stichophæna</i>,<a id="NtA_258" href="#Nt_258"><sup>[258]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichophænida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida multiradiata + clausa) with nine radial ribs or wings.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Stichophæna</i> differs from the preceding <i>Artophæna</i> in the + typical number of the radial lateral appendages, being nine in the former, six in the latter. + Usually these are simple ribs enclosed in the shell-wall, more rarely prominent wings.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Stichophænidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Last joint of the shell rounded, without basal spines.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Stichophæna ritteriana</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate75"><b>75</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, twice as long as broad, with seven internal annular septa. The upper half is + slenderly conical, composed of seven joints of nearly equal length, gradually increasing in + breadth. The lower half is formed only by the eighth joint, which is very large, subglobose, + inflated, and as long as the seven other joints together. The spherical cephalis bears a conical + horn of the same length. From the thorax arise at equal distances nine radial ribs in the form of + thin, triangular lamellæ, which attain their greatest height in the sixth joint, and form nine + elegant, denticulate crests in the eighth joint. Pores small and numerous, subregular, circular. + This beautiful species is dedicated to my honourable friend, Dr. Paul von Ritter, the magnanimous + philanthropist and liberal protector of free science, who founded in the University of Jena the + first professorial chair of Darwinism and phylogeny.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.24, breadth 0.12. Length of + each of the first seven joints 0.015; diameter of the subspherical last joint 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300 (off Juan Fernandez), depth 1375 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Stichophæna darwiniana</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, twice as long as broad, with six distinct strictures. The last joint is the + broadest and twice as long as the sixth, three times as long as each of the five preceding joints. + The hemispherical cephalis bears a conical horn of twice the length. From the third joint arise + nine radial ribs, which reach the sixth joint, but are not developed in the last hemispherical + joint. Pores irregular, roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.2, breadth 0.1. Length of + five first joints, each 0.018 to 0.022, of the sixth 0.03, of the seventh joint 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1466">{1466}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Stichophæna gœtheana</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, one and a half times as long as broad, rough, with five internal annular septa. + The six joints gradually increase in length and breadth. The last joint is the broadest, and half + as long as the five others together. The hemispherical cephalis bears a pyramidal horn of twice + the length. From the thorax arise nine radial ribs, which attain their greatest height in the + fourth joint and reach the fifth joint, but are not developed in the last ovate joint. Pores + subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.22, breadth 0.14. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.025, <i>c</i> 0.03, <i>d</i> 0.035, <i>e</i> 0.04, + <i>f</i> 0.7.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Stichophænoma</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Last joint of the shell pointed, armed with a polar, basal + spine, or a bunch of spines.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Stichophæna nonaria</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate76"><b>76</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly spindle-shaped, with five or six distinct strictures. The third joint is the + broadest and longest, and twice as long as the second and the fifth joints. Along the second or + third middle joint (beginning from the second or third) descend nine prominent longitudinal ribs. + Cephalis hemispherical, with two short, conical, divergent horns. Last joint inversely conical, + armed with several strong, conical, divergent spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.23, of the third joint 0.05, + of the last 0.04; breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Stichophæna novena</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate76"><b>76</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly spindle-shaped, with eight or nine deep strictures. The third joint is the + broadest, campanulate, in its lower half with nine prominent ribs, which disappear beyond the + third stricture. The following joints are alternately longer and shorter, and decrease gradually + in breadth. Thorax hemispherical. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a conical horn of the same + length. Last joint also hemispherical, scarcely larger than the cephalis, with a bunch of conical, + divergent spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.25, of the third joint 0.05, + of the last 0.02; breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1467">{1467}</span></div> + + <h4>Family LXX. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Lithocampida</span></span>, n. fam.</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc41"> + <p><i>Artocorida et Artocapsida</i>, <i>Stichocorida et Stichocapsida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, pp. 437-439.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichocyrtida</span> eradiata. (<span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> with an annulated shell, divided by three or more transverse + constrictions into four or more annular joints, without radial apophyses.)</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Lithocampida</span> comprises those <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> in which the lattice-shell is composed of numerous (four to eight or + more) annular joints, and bears no radial apophyses. It may be divided into two subfamilies, + differing in the shape of the terminal mouth. This is a simple wide opening in the Stichocorida + (and the united Artocorida), closed by a lattice-plate in the Stichocapsida (and the allied + Artocapsida). The phylogenetic origin of the Lithocampida may be found in the Theocyrtida.</p> + + <p>The number of species of Lithocampida is very great, and amounts here to more than one hundred + and sixty whilst the total number of Stichocyrtida is about two hundred and forty. They represent + therefore, two-thirds of the whole group, whilst one third is composed of the Podocampida and + Phormocampida. Ehrenberg has already described between forty and fifty species in his genera + <i>Eucyrtidium</i> and <i>Lithocampe</i>; the majority of these were fossils from Barbados.</p> + + <p>This large number of species may be easily increased by accurate researches on the great masses + of Lithocampida, which are found in the Radiolarian ooze of the Challenger, and as fossils in + Barbados. The variety in the number, size, and proportion of the shell-joints and of the + lattice-pores is very great, and permits us to distinguish a far greater number of species than + are here described. Many species are cosmopolitan, and belong to the most common forms of + Radiolaria.</p> + + <p>This large number of species requires to be disposed in different genera, but the distinction + of these latter is a rather difficult task, since the exterior of the shell, as well as its + internal structure, offers no striking differences (compare Pls. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate78"><b>78</b></a> to <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a>). In my + Monograph (1862, pp. 312 to 319) I have already pointed out the difficulty of distinguishing + between <i>Lithocampe</i> and <i>Eucyrtidium</i>. The general form of the shell exhibits a + continuous series of transformations, from a flat, conical, or nearly discoidal form, through + cylindrical to ovate, or spindle-shaped shells, the wide open terminal mouth becoming more or less + constricted, and finally (in the Stichocapsida) closed. The absence or presence of an apical horn + may further serve for the distinction of genera. A peculiar small group is represented by the + Spirocampida (<i>Spirocyrtis</i>, <i>Spirocampe</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate76"><b>76</b></a>, figs. 11 to + 17), the transverse latticed girdles separating the single joints, which are usually parallel and + horizontal, becoming here partly connected, so that they form a descending spiral.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1468">{1468}</span></div> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Lithocampida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Lithocampida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Lithocampida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="11" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Stichocorida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth of the last shell-joint a simple wide opening.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="11" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace16sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="9" class="vmi it1p05">All annular septa or transverse strictures of the shell + separated, parallel, not connected by a spiral line.</td> + <td rowspan="9" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace11sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Shell conical or cylindrical. Mouth of the last joint wide + open, not distinctly constricted.</td> + <td rowspan="5" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace8sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Conical, gradually dilated.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">With horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">642. <i>Lithostrobus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">No horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">643. <i>Dictyomitra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Conical above, cylindrical below.</td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">With horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">644. <i>Stichocorys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Cylindrical or subcylindrical.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">With horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">645. <i>Artostrobus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">No horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">646. <i>Lithomitra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">Shell ovate or spindle-shaped. Mouth of the last joint + constricted.</td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis with a horn.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Last joint not tubular,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">647. <i>Eucyrtidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Last joint a long tube,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">648. <i>Eusyringium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Cephalis without horn.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Cephalis with tube.</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">649. <i>Siphocampe</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Cephalis without tube,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">650. <i>Lithocampe</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Annular septa or transverse strictures of the + shell all or partly obliquely descending and connected spirally.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">With horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">651. <i>Spirocyrtis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">No horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">652. <i>Spirocampe</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Stichocapsida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth closed by a lattice-plate.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="5" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Last joint rounded, without a vertical basal + spine.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">With horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">653. <i>Cyrtocapsa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">No horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">654. <i>Stichocapsa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Last joint conical, pointed, with a vertical, basal + spine.</td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Cephalis with horn,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">655. <i>Artocapsa</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Lithocampida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Lithocampida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="11" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Stichocorida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth of the last shell-joint a simple wide opening.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">All annular septa or transverse strictures of the shell separated, + parallel, not connected by a spiral line.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Shell conical or cylindrical. Mouth of the last joint wide open, + not distinctly constricted.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Conical, gradually dilated.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">642. <i>Lithostrobus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">643. <i>Dictyomitra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Conical above, cylindrical below.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">644. <i>Stichocorys</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cylindrical or subcylindrical.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">645. <i>Artostrobus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">646. <i>Lithomitra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Shell ovate or spindle-shaped. Mouth of the last joint + constricted.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cephalis with a horn.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Last joint not tubular,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">647. <i>Eucyrtidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Last joint a long tube,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">648. <i>Eusyringium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cephalis without horn.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cephalis with tube.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">649. <i>Siphocampe</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cephalis without tube,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">650. <i>Lithocampe</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">Annular septa or transverse strictures of the shell all or partly + obliquely descending and connected spirally.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">651. <i>Spirocyrtis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">652. <i>Spirocampe</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="11" class="sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Stichocapsida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Terminal mouth closed by a lattice-plate.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">Last joint rounded, without a vertical basal spine.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">653. <i>Cyrtocapsa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">654. <i>Stichocapsa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">Last joint conical, pointed, with a vertical, basal spine.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cephalis with horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">655. <i>Artocapsa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Stichocorida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Lithocampida</span> with the terminal + mouth of the shell open (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata aperta).</p> + + <h5>Genus 642. <i>Lithostrobus</i>,<a id="NtA_259" href="#Nt_259"><sup>[259]</sup></a> Bütschli, + 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. 529.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichocorida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata + aperta), with conical shell, gradually dilated towards the wide open mouth. Cephalis with a + horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Lithostrobus</i> is probably the most primitive among the + Lithocampida, and comprises those forms of this family in which the slender, conical shell is + gradually dilated towards the wide, terminal mouth, each joint being broader than the preceding. + <span class="pagenum" id="page1469">{1469}</span>It may be derived from <i>Theoconus</i> by + increase in the number of the joints. Some species are distinguished by a curved axis, which gives + them a horn-like appearance; these may be separated as a peculiar genus, <i>Cornustrobus</i>.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Conostrobus</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell regularly conical, with straight axis; all joints + nearly equal in length, gradually increasing in breadth.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Lithostrobus monostichus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly conical, smooth, with straight axis, and eight to ten deep strictures. All + joints nearly of the same length, gradually increasing in breadth; the eighth joint twice as broad + as the fourth. In each joint only a single transverse series of small, circular, regular pores. + Horn of the cephalis conical, straight, of twice the length. (Similar to <i>Lithostrobus + tetrastichus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a>, + fig. 6, but in each joint there is only a single series of pores.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.2, of each joint 0.02; breadth + of the fourth joint 0.03, of the eight 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Lithostrobus distichus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell conical, papillate, with straight axis, and four to six deep strictures. All joints + nearly of the same length, the fifth twice as broad as the second. In each joint two transverse + rows of large, circular pores. Horn of the cephalis stout, straight, conical, of the same + length.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.18, of each joint 0.03; + breadth of the second joint 0.04, of the fifth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Lithostrobus tristichus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithostrobus cuspidatus</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. + 529.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium cuspidatum</i>, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol. + xxii, p. 5, pl. i. fig. 12.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slenderly conical, smooth, with straight axis, and eight to ten deep strictures. All + joints nearly of the same length, the eighth joint twice as broad as the third. In each joint + three transverse rows of pores. Horn of the cephalis bristle-shaped, strongly curved, about as + long as the shell (Ehrenberg confounds this species with <i>Lithostrobus cuspidatus</i>).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.16, of each joint 0.02; + breadth of the fourth joint 0.04, of the eighth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Kamtschatka (Bailey); Station 241, depth 2300 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1470">{1470}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Lithostrobus tetrastichus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly conical, smooth, with straight axis and six to eight deep strictures. All + joints nearly of the same length, the eighth joint twice as broad as the second. In each joint + four transverse rows of regular, circular pores with very thin bars. Horn of the cephalis conical, + strong, curved, about as long as two joints.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.12, of each joint 0.015; + breadth of the second joint 0.02, of the eighth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Lithostrobus pentastichus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly conical, smooth, with straight axis, and six to eight slight strictures. All + joints nearly of the same length, the sixth twice as broad as the third. In each joint five + transverse rows of small circular pores. Horn of the cephalis pyramidal, of twice the length. + (Similar to <i>Eucyrtidium cienkowskii</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a>, fig. 9, but + regularly conical, with all the joints equal in length.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.2, of each joint 0.025; + breadth of the third joint 0.04, of the sixth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Lithostrobus hexastichus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a>, fig. + 15).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate-conical, smooth, with straight axis, and six to eight slight strictures. All + joints nearly of the same length, the sixth joint twice as broad as the second. In each joint six + transverse rows of subregular, hexagonal pores, with thin bars. Horn of the cephalis conical, + straight, of about the same length. (The specimen figured is a somewhat irregular one; other + specimens found afterwards were perfectly conical and regular, with joints of equal length).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.16, of each joint 0.027.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Cornustrobus</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell horn-shaped, conical, with curved axis; all joints + nearly equal in length, gradually increasing in breadth.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Lithostrobus cyrtoceras</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell horn-shaped, conical, with curved axis, smooth, with six to eight deep strictures. All + joints nearly of the same length, gradually increasing in breadth; the sixth joint twice as broad + as the second. In each joint about four transverse series of regular circular pores. Horn of the + cephalis conical, slightly curved, of the same length.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1471">{1471}</span></div> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the curved axis of the shell (with eight joints) 0.24, + length of each joint 0.03; breadth of the second joint 0.04, of the sixth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Lithostrobus leptoceras</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell horn-shaped, slenderly conical, with curved axis (like a quadrant of a circle), smooth, + with twelve to fourteen slight strictures. All joints nearly of the same length, the tenth twice + as broad as the second. In each joint only a single transverse row of small circular pores. Horn + of the cephalis curved, bristle-shaped, half as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the curved axis of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.18, + length of each joint 0.15; breadth of the second joint 0.02, of the tenth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Lithostrobus caloceras</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Shell horn-shaped, conical, with curved axis, smooth, with six to eight deep strictures. All + joints nearly of the same length, the sixth twice as broad as the third. On each joint a single + circle of very large roundish pores, separated by two to four series of smaller pores. Horn of the + cephalis conical, curved, of twice the length.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the curved axis of the shell (with six joints) 0.12, length + of each joint 0.02; breadth of the third joint 0.04, of the sixth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 297, depth 1775 fathoms.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Lithostrobus macroceras</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell horn-shaped, slenderly conical, with curved, nearly semicircular axis, without external + strictures, but with twelve to twenty internal septal rings. All joints nearly of the same length, + the twelfth twice as broad as the third. On each joint three to four transverse rows of + subregular, small, hexagonal pores. Horn of the cephalis conical, curved, of twice the length.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the curved axis of the shell (with sixteen joints) 0.32, + length of each joint 0.02; breadth of the third joint 0.02, of the twelfth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Cyrtostrobus</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell conical (often more campanulate or irregular), with + straight axis; joints of different lengths. Cephalis not lobate.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1472">{1472}</span></div> + + <p>11. <i>Lithostrobus conulus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly conical, smooth, with straight axis, and seven to ten distinct strictures. + Joints of different lengths; the fourth and fifth about twice as long as the preceding and + following joints, the former with four to five, the latter with two to three transverse rows of + large irregular pores; the seventh joint twice as broad as the third. Horn of the cephalis short, + pyramidal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.14, length of the fifth + joint 0.03; breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Lithostrobus picus</i>, Bütschli.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithostrobus picus</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. 529.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium picus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 72, Taf. xi. fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slenderly conical, smooth, with straight axis, and six to eight slight strictures. Joints + of different lengths, the second twice as long as each of the three following, and four times as + long as each of the last joints; the sixth joint one and a-half times as broad as the second. + Small circular pores in regular transverse rows; six rows in the first and the second, three rows + in the third, fourth, and fifth, a single row in each of the last joints. Horn of the cephalis + cylindrical, half as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.12, length of the second + joint 0.03; breadth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>13. <i>Lithostrobus argus</i>, Bütschli.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithostrobus argus</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. 529.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium argus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 70, Taf. ix. fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell conical, thorny, with straight axis, and five to seven slight strictures. Joints of + different lengths, each of the three first twice as long as each of the following. Pores large, + roundish, in transverse rows; three rows in the first and the second joints (which in the figure + of Ehrenberg are not separated), two rows in the third joint, a single row in each of the + following joints. Horn of the cephalis large, conical, curved, half as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.2, length of the fourth + joint (and each following) 0.02; breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>14. <i>Lithostrobus acuminatus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium acuminatum</i>, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. i, fig. + 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slenderly conical, smooth, with straight axis, and four to six deep strictures. Joints + gradually increasing in length. Pores in regular, transverse rows, commonly three rows in the + first, four <span class="pagenum" id="page1473">{1473}</span>in the second, five in the third, six + in the fourth, seven in the fifth, &c. (sometimes the increase of the number is more or less + irregular). Horn of the cephalis strong, conical, straight, about as long as the fourth or sixth + joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2; length of the fourth joint + 0.04, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>15. <i>Lithostrobus cuspidatus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium cuspidatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 291, Taf. ii. fig. 15.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell, slender, conical, smooth, with straight axis, and ten to twelve distinct strictures. + Joints gradually increasing slightly in length, the tenth twice as long as the third. Pores + circular, in regular transverse rows; commonly two rows in the first, three in the second, four in + the third, seven in the eighth and following joints. Horn of the cephalis long, bristle-shaped, + curved. This species called <i>Eucyrtidium cuspidatum</i> by Ehrenberg, differs from + <i>Lithostrobus tristichus</i> (compare above), to which Bailey had given the same name.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.2; length of the tenth joint + 0.03, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic (Greenland, Ehrenberg); Station 348, depth + 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <p>16. <i>Lithostrobus cornutella</i>, Bütschli.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithostrobus cornutella</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. + 529.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium cornutella</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 291, Taf. ii. fig. 14.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, smooth, with straight axis, and seven to nine slight strictures. Joints + gradually increasing slightly in length, the sixth or seventh about twice as long as the third. + Pores circular, in regular transverse rows; two or three in the three or four first joints, three + or four in the following, four or five in the last joints. Horn of the cephalis thin, + bristle-shaped, curved.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.1; length of the eighth + joint 0.01, breadth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific; many + stations, surface.</p> + + <p>17. <i>Lithostrobus tornatus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium tornatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 292, Taf. ix. fig. 20.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate-conical, smooth, with straight axis, and four to six deep strictures. Joints + broad, gradually increasing in length, the fifth twice as long as the second. Pores small, + circular, in regular transverse rows; in the second and third joints three or four rows, in the + fifth seven rows, &c. Horn of the cephalis small, double or forked.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1474">{1474}</span></div> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.1; length of the fifth joint + 0.04, breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, depth 2200 fathoms (Pullen).</p> + + <p>18. <i>Lithostrobus seriatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>, fig. + 15).</p> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, smooth, with straight axis, and four or five deep strictures. Joints + little different in length, increasing towards the inflated last joint, which is twice as long as + the preceding. On each joint four or five transverse rows of small circular pores. Horn small, + bristle-shaped, oblique. This common species is rather variable.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.14; length of the fifth joint + 0.05, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>19. <i>Lithostrobus cornutus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate77"><b>77</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, subcampanulate, smooth, with three or four deep strictures. Joints of + different lengths, the third and the fourth twice as long as the second, four times as long as the + first. Transverse rows of small circular pores; three in the first joint, five in the second, + eight in the third and in the fourth. Horn large, pyramidal, about as long as the third joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.12; length of the third joint + 0.04, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>20. <i>Lithostrobus microporus</i>, Bütschli.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithostrobus microporus</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. + 529.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium microporum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 291, Taf. xi. fig. 20.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, smooth, very similar to the preceding species, differs mainly in the + more slender form and the smaller pores. The first joint has four, the second eight, the third ten + transverse rows of pores. Horn conical, as long as the cephalis. The third joint in this and the + preceding species is campanulate, and large.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.11; length of the third joint + 0.05, breadth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>21. <i>Lithostrobus quadratus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell broad, conical, smooth, with straight axis, and six to eight deep strictures. Joints of + different lengths, usually alternately longer and shorter. The seventh joint five times as broad + as long, twice as long as the sixth and the fourth; six transverse rows of pores in the seventh, + three <span class="pagenum" id="page1475">{1475}</span>in the sixth joint. Horn small, conical. + This species differs from all others in the subregular square form of the small pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.15; length of the seventh + joint 0.024, breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>22. <i>Lithostrobus hexagonalis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>, fig. + 20).</p> + + <p>Shell broad, conical, smooth, with straight axis, and five to eight prominent girdles between + six and nine constricted broad joints. The first and the third joints are half as long as the + second, the fourth, and each of the following joints. The sixth joint is five times as broad as + long. Pores subregular, hexagonal, in regular transverse rows; three to four rows in the first and + the second joints, six to eight in the third, the fourth, and each following joint. Cephalis with + some small spines, and a larger, oblique, curved horn.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2; length of the sixth joint + 0.04, breadth 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Botryostrobus</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell conical, with straight axis, joints of different + lengths. Cephalis lobate, with some irregular constrictions. (Perhaps derived from <span + class="gsp">Botryodea</span>?).</p> + + <p>23. <i>Lithostrobus botryocyrtis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>, figs. 18, + 19).</p> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, smooth, with straight axis, and three deep strictures. Joints of + different lengths. The length of the fourth joint equals two-thirds of its breadth, and of the + length of the three preceding joints together. Each of the latter bears three transverse rows of + small, quadrangular pores, the fourth joint has six rows. The cephalis is irregularly lobate, with + four to six prominent lobes, and two small divergent horns (fig. 19).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.1; length of the fourth joint + 0.04, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>24. <i>Lithostrobus lithobotrys</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>, fig. + 17).</p> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, smooth, with straight axis, and four deep strictures. Joints of + different lengths, gradually increasing towards the mouth, the length of the fifth joint equals + half its breadth, and one-third of the length of the whole shell. The single joints bear each four + or five transverse rows of small, roundish pores. Cephalis irregularly lobate, with four to six + prominent lobes, and the same number of small, conical horns.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1476">{1476}</span></div> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.12; length of the fifth joint + 0.04, breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 643. <i>Dictyomitra</i>,<a id="NtA_260" href="#Nt_260"><sup>[260]</sup></a> Zittel, + 1876, Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch., p. 80.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichocorida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata + aperta), with conical shell gradually dilated towards the wide open mouth. Cephalis without + horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Dictyomitra</i> agrees with the preceding <i>Lithostrobus</i> in the + slender, conical form of the multiarticulate shell, but differs from it in the absence of a horn + on the cephalis; the horn is here completely lost.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Dictyomitrella</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell smooth, with joints nearly equal in length.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Dictyomitra articulata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium articulatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xi. figs. 2, 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, smooth, with six to eight deep strictures. All joints nearly equal in + length, gradually increasing in breadth, the eighth four times as broad as long, and twice as + broad as the fourth joint. In each joint three to four transverse series of small, regular, + circular pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.12, of each joint 0.015; + breadth of the fourth joint 0.04, of the eighth joint 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Dictyomitra macilenta</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium macilentum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 291, Taf. vii. fig. 15.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, smooth, with five to seven deep strictures. All joints nearly equal in + length, gradually increasing in breadth, the sixth joint three times as broad as long, and twice + as broad as the second. In each joint only two transverse series of small, regular, circular + pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.08, of each joint 0.012; + breadth of the sixth joint 0.036, of the second 0.018.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Stations 200 to 225, in various + depths.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1477">{1477}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Dictyomitra conica</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell widely conical, with six to eight prominent strictures. All joints nearly equal in + length, gradually increasing in breadth, the eighth five times as broad as long, and twice as + broad as the third. In each joint three to four transverse rows of regular, hexagonal pores. + (Similar to <i>Lithostrobus hexagonalis</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>, fig. 20, + but more slender, and without cephalic horn.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.16, of each joint 0.022; + breadth of the sixth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Dictyomitrissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell smooth, with joints of very different lengths.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Dictyomitra polypora</i>, Zittel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyomitra polypora</i>, Zittel, 1876, Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. + Gesellsch., p. 80, Taf. ii. fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, rough, with six to nine deep strictures. Breadth and length of the + joints gradually increasing, so that the eighth joint is twice as long and broad as the third. + Pores regular, circular, in transverse rows, four rows in each joint, in the last joint five to + six rows.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.24; length of the eighth + joint 0.04, breadth 0.1; length of the third joint 0.02, breadth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in secondary rocks of Northern Germany (chalk of + Brunswick, &c.), Zittel.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Dictyomitra eurythorax</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate77"><b>77</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocampium eurythorax</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437, et Atlas, pl. + lxxvii. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell campanulate, conical, rough, with three deep strictures. Cephalis small, hemispherical. + Thorax large, inflated, hemispherical, with six transverse rows of pores. Abdomen with two broader + joints, together as long as the thorax, each with three to four rows of pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.14, of the thorax 0.06; + breadth of the thorax 0.08, of the last joint 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Dictyomitra microcephala</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium microcephalum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1858, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. + d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 32; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1872, p. 291, Taf. xi. fig. + 24.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell broadly conical, smooth, with six to eight distinct strictures. Breadth of the joints + gradually increasing, length unequal. The three first joints short, only one-half or one-third as + long as <span class="pagenum" id="page1478">{1478}</span>each of the following joints; in each of + the former three to four transverse rows, in each of the latter six to eight transverse rows of + small, regular, circular pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.09, of the three first joints + 0.03, of the three following 0.06; breadth of the sixth joint 0.08, of the fourth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Candia) Spratt, depth 1620 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Dictyomitra demersissima</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium demersissimum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 291, Taf. vii. fig. 11.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, smooth, with four internal septal rings (without external strictures). + Breadth of the five joints gradually increasing, length unequal; the third joint the longest, + twice as long as the second, and longer than any of the following. Pores very small and numerous, + in longitudinal rows.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.09, of the second joint + 0.015, of the third 0.03; breadth of the second joint 0.03, of the third 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific, Philippine Sea, depth 3300 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Dictyomitroma</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with longitudinal ribs and furrows between them, + with joints of different lengths.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Dictyomitra costata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, with prominent longitudinal ribs, and six to eight deep strictures. + Length of the majority of joints nearly equal, the two or three first joints shorter, the last a + little longer. In each joint only a single transverse series of pores at the distal end (one pore + in each furrow). (Similar to <i>Siphocampe tubulosa</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>, fig. 13, + but conical, and without cephalic tube.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.16, of each middle joint + 0.03, of the first 0.02; breadth of the last joint 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Dictyomitra multicostata</i>, Zittel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyomitra multicostata</i>, Zittel, 1876, Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. + Gesellsch., p. 81, Taf. ii. figs. 2-4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, conical, with prominent longitudinal ribs, and eight to ten deep strictures. + Length and breadth of the joints gradually increasing, the eighth joint twice as long and broad as + the fourth joint. Pores regular, circular, one series in each longitudinal furrow, three to four + pores on each joint.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1479">{1479}</span></div> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.2, of the fourth joint 0.02, + of the eighth joint 0.04; breadth of the fourth joint 0.04, of the eighth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in secondary rocks of North Germany (chalk of + Brunswick, &c.), Zittel.</p> + + <h5>Genus 644. <i>Stichocorys</i>,<a id="NtA_261" href="#Nt_261"><sup>[261]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 438 (<i>sensu emendato</i>).</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichocorida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata + aperta) with a middle constriction of the shell, the upper half of which is conical, the lower + cylindrical. Mouth truncate. Cephalis with a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Stichocorys</i> is intermediate between the two preceding and the two + following genera; the upper half of the shell with the three first joints is conical, the lower + half with the fourth and the following joints cylindrical, of equal breadth. The third joint of + the shell (or the abdomen of <i>Theoconus</i>) is constantly the largest, being broader than all + the other joints. <i>Stichocorys</i> is a very common and characteristic form, and may be derived + from <i>Theoconus</i> by development of a post-abdomen.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Stichocorys wolffii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a>, + fig. 10).</p> + + <p>Shell in the upper half (with three joints) thorny, in the lower half (with two joints) smooth. + Pores of the former double-contoured, in subregular, transverse rows. Pores of the latter smaller, + simple, scarcely scattered. Cephalis with a pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax with + prominent, longitudinal divergent ribs. Dedicated to Caspar Friedrich Wolff (Halle, 1759).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.16; breadth of the third + joint 0.08, of the fourth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Stichocorys panderi</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <p>Shell in the upper conical half (with three joints) spiny, in the lower subcylindrical half + (with three joints) smooth. Pores small, circular, irregularly scattered, simple. Cephalis with a + conical horn of the same length. No longitudinal ribs. Dedicated to Christian Pander (Würzburg, + 1817.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.18; breadth of the third joint + 0.08, of the fourth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Stichocorys baerii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>Shell in the upper conical half (with three joints) spiny, in the lower cylindrical half (with + three joints) sulcate, with prominent longitudinal ribs, alternating with longitudinal rows of + small pores. <span class="pagenum" id="page1480">{1480}</span>Pores of the upper half smaller, + quincuncially disposed. Cephalis with a stout pyramidal horn of the same length. Dedicated to Carl + Ernst Baer (Königsberg, 1828).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2; breadth of the third joint + 0.09, of the fourth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Stichocorys okenii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, without spines or ribs; the upper conical half (with three joints) about the same + length as the lower subcylindrical half (with three joints). Pores subregular, circular, in the + inflated third joint twice as large as in the five other joints. At the lumbar stricture (between + the second and third joints) a coronal of nine very large pores. Cephalis with a curved horn of + half the length. Dedicated to Lorenz Oken (Jena, 1806).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2; breadth of the third joint + 0.09, of the fourth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Stichocorys huschkei</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Shell in the upper conical half (with three joints) thorny, in the lower cylindrical half (with + five joints) smooth, roundish. Pores irregularly scattered, always double-contoured, in the second + joint three times as large as in the third. At the third stricture (between the third and fourth + joints) a coronal of larger pores. Cephalis with a small, conical horn of half the length. No + longitudinal ribs. Dedicated to Emil Huschke (Jena, 1832).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.18; breadth of the third + joint 0.08, of the fourth joint 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Stichocorys rathkei</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, everywhere covered with short conical spines. The upper conical part of the shell + (with three joints) half as long as the lower cylindrical part (with six joints). Pores irregular, + roundish, in the thorax twice to three times as large as in the eight other joints. Cephalis with + a pyramidal horn of the same length. No longitudinal ribs. Dedicated to Heinrich Rathke + (Königsberg, 1839).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.24; breadth of the third + joint 0.08, of the fourth joint 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Stichocorys mülleri</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell in the upper conical part (with three joints) spiny, in the lower cylindrical part (with + seven joints) smooth. Pores in the former irregularly scattered, roundish, in the latter circular, + <span class="pagenum" id="page1481">{1481}</span>regularly disposed in longitudinal series, + alternate, with prominent ribs. The upper conical part of the shell is about half as long as the + lower cylindrical part. Cephalis with a large, pyramidal horn of three times the length. Dedicated + to Johannes Müller (Berlin, 1858).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.22; breadth of the third joint + 0.09, of the fourth joint 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 645. <i>Artostrobus</i>,<a id="NtA_262" href="#Nt_262"><sup>[262]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichocorida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata + aperta) with cylindrical shell, the upper pole of which is rounded, the lower truncate. Cephalis + with a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Artostrobus</i> and the following <i>Dictyomitra</i> differ from all + the other Stichocorida in the cylindrical or nearly cylindrical form of the shell, all the joints + of which are nearly equal in breadth, and are very short, often with a single transverse row of + pores only. The first joint or cephalis is usually different from the following, often + hemispherical or cap-shaped joints. The last joint is truncate, and has a wide open mouth. Since + the constrictions between the single joints are often very slight, some species are very similar + to the Dicyrtide <i>Sethocorys</i>.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Artostrobulus</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—A single transverse row of small, circular pores on each + joint. (Sometimes on the uppermost joints two or three rows.)</p> + + <p>1. <i>Artostrobus annulatus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Cornutella annulata</i>, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol. xxii. pl. i. fig. + 5<i>a</i>, 5<i>b</i>.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium annulatum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 327.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell slender, cylindrical, smooth, without external strictures, but with ten to twenty + internal annular septa. On each joint only a single transverse row of small pores. Cephalis + hemispherical, with a single or double small horn. Each joint about four times as broad as + long.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with twenty joints) 0.2; length of each joint + 0.01, breadth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Arctic Ocean, Kamtschatka (Bailey); Greenland + (Ehrenberg).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1482">{1482}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Artostrobus elegans</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p>? <i>Eucyrtidium elegans</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 70, + pl. xi. fig. 12.</p> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Eucyrtidium pauperum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 72, pl. xi. fig. 13.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell cylindrical, smooth, with eight to ten internal annular septa. Cephalis subspherical, + with a short, conical horn. Thorax campanulate, with two transverse rows of pores. Abdomen with + six to eight equal joints, each with a single row of pores. (May be described, perhaps, better as + <i>Theocyrtis elegans</i>. <i>Eucyrtidium pauperum</i>, Ehrenberg, <i>loc. cit.</i>, may be a + variety of this species.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.1; length of each abdominal + joint 0.01, breadth 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Artostrobium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—All (or the majority) of the joints of the shell with + several transverse rows of pores, in variable number.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Artostrobus auritus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithocampe aurita</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 84.</p> + <p><i>Lithocampe auricula</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 71.</p> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium auritum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 25.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium auritum</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 104, Taf. iv. + fig. 7.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subcylindrical, with five sharp strictures. All six joints nearly equal in length; each + with four or five transverse rows of small pores. Cephalis small, flat, hemispherical, with two or + three small, conical, oblique horns. Mouth of the sixth joint a little constricted.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.12; length of each joint (on + an average) 0.02, breadth 0.04 to 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte, + Caltanisetta).</p> + + <p>4. <i>Artostrobus biseriatus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell cylindrical, smooth, with ten to twelve deep strictures. All joints nearly equal in size; + each with two transverse rows of small circular pores. Cephalis hemispherical, with a long, + bristle-shaped, curved horn.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.24; length of each joint + 0.02, breadth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1483">{1483}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Artostrobus articulatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>, fig. + 16).</p> + + <p>Shell subcylindrical, with elegant longitudinal ribs and five sharp strictures. All six joints + nearly equal in length, each with three or four transverse rows of small circular pores. The + middle joints twice as broad as long. Cephalis hemispherical with a conical, oblique horn.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.16, length of a single joint + 0.02 to 0.03, breadth 0.04 to 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 646. <i>Lithomitra</i>,<a id="NtA_263" href="#Nt_263"><sup>[263]</sup></a> Bütschli, + 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., p. 529.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichocorida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata + aperta) with cylindrical shell, the upper pole of which is rounded, the lower truncate. Cephalis + without horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Lithomitra</i> differs from the preceding genus <i>Artostrobus</i> in + the absence of a cephalic horn, and therefore bears to it the same relation as <i>Dictyomitra</i> + does to <i>Lithostrobus.</i> In many species the joints are very short, and bear only a single + transverse row of pores, and since the constrictions between the joints are often very slight, + Lithomitra becomes very similar to the Dicyrtide <i>Dictyocephalus</i>.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Lithomitrella</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—A single transverse row of small circular pores on each + joint. (Sometimes on the uppermost joints two or three rows.)</p> + + <p>1. <i>Lithomitra pachyderma</i>, Bütschli.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithomitra pachyderma</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Vol. xxxvi. p. + 529.</p> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium pachyderma</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 72, + Taf. xi. fig. 21.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium imbricatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 72, Taf. xi. fig. 22.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell thick-walled, subcylindrical, with longitudinal ribs, slightly dilated in the middle, + with ten to twelve subequal joints. On the lower edge of each joint a single row of small circular + pores. No external strictures. This and the following species (though separated by Ehrenberg as + four different species) may be united.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.11; length of each joint 0.01 + to 0.012, breadth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1484">{1484}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Lithomitra acephala</i>, Bütschli.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithomitra acephala</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. 529.</p> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium acephalum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 70, + Taf. xi. fig. 5.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium obstipum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xi. fig. 17.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nearly cylindrical, smooth, thick-walled, with twelve to sixteen subequal joints. On each + joint a single row of small circular pores. No external strictures. Scarcely differing from the + preceding species; the joints are broader and shorter, the cephalis is larger (by union of some + joints?), and the ribs of the surface less distinct.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.1; length of each joint + 0.006 to 0.009, breadth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Lithomitra lineata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithocampe lineata</i>, Ehrenberg (partim), 1838, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 130; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. fig. 26.</p> + <p><i>Lithocampe lineata</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 316.</p> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium lineatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 43; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxxvi. fig. 16; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 72, + Taf. xi. fig. 9.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyomitra lineata</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 101, Taf. + iii. fig. 22.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subcylindrical, smooth, with longitudinal ribs, and four to eight slight transverse + strictures. Cephalis small, subspherical, with few small pores. Thorax broader, with two or three + transverse rows of pores. Each succeeding (abdominal) joint with a single transverse row of small + pores. Variable and nearly related to the two preceding species (compare my Monograph, <i>loc. + cit.</i>).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six to eight joints) 0.06 to 0.08; length of + each joint (on an average) 0.01, breadth 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, in + various depths; many stations; fossil in Secondary and Tertiary rocks of many places.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Lithomitra nodosaria</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Shell subcylindrical, with longitudinal ribs, and five to eight transverse strictures, and + prominent girdles between them. On each girdle (at the lowermost edge of each joint) a single + transverse row of circular pores. The three or four uppermost joints are united, and represent a + conical cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.1; length of each joint 0.01 + to 0.15, breadth 0.04 to 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1485">{1485}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Lithomitra eruca</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Shell subcylindrical, diminishing slightly towards both ends, with ten to fifteen slight + strictures. On each joint a single transverse row of circular pores, descending obliquely in the + wall. The two or three first joints form together a roundish cephalis. Usually each joint is three + times as broad as long.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.2; length of each joint (on + an average) 0.016, breadth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms; fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Lithomitra chrysalis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>Shell subcylindrical, diminishing slightly towards both ends, with elegant longitudinal ribs, + and with five to eight slight strictures. Each of the upper joints with two (or sometimes three) + transverse rows of small pores; each of the lower joints with only a single row.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.11; length of each joint 0.01 + to 0.015, breadth 0.04 to 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Lithomitrissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—All (or the majority) of the joints of the shell with + several transverse rows of pores, in variable number.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Lithomitra cylindrica</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell cylindrical, smooth, with twelve to sixteen internal septal rings (without external + strictures). On each joint two transverse rows of small, regular, circular pores. The + hemispherical cephalis also has two rows of pores. Each joint is twice as broad as long.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with sixteen joints) 0.3; length of each joint + 0.02, breadth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 297, depth 1775 fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Lithomitra costata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyomitra costata</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 101, Taf. + iii. fig. 23.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell with longitudinal ribs, in the upper half conical, in the lower half cylindrical, with + six to eight slight strictures. Small, circular pores in regular transverse rows; three rows in + each upper joint, two rows in each lower joint (the last joints sometimes confluent).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1486">{1486}</span></div> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.15; length of each joint + 0.017 to 0.023, breadth 0.04 to 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte (Stöhr), + Caltanisetta (Haeckel).</p> + + <p>9. <i>Lithomitra punctata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithocampe punctata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 84.</p> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium punctatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 24.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyomitra punctata</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 101, Taf. + iii. fig. 24.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subcylindrical, smooth, with four to six distinct strictures. Cephalis small, + subspherical. Thorax campanulate-conical. Abdomen cylindrical, with three to four equal joints. In + each joint five to six transverse rows of small, circular pores, quincuncially disposed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.1; length of each joint + (except the first) 0.02, breadth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Caltanisetta (Ehrenberg), + Grotte (Stöhr).</p> + + <p>10. <i>Lithomitra seriolata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium seriolatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1858, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 33.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocampe seriolata</i>, Haeckel, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 316.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subcylindrical, smooth, with four to six sharp strictures. Cephalis small, hemispherical. + Thorax conical. Abdomen cylindrical, with three to five different joints of alternate sizes. Small + circular pores in transverse rows; three or four rows in the third and fifth joints, seven or + eight rows in the second, fourth, and sixth joints.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.1; length of the second and + fourth joints 0.03, of the third and fifth joints 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, Crete (Ehrenberg), Corfu (Haeckel).</p> + + <p>11. <i>Lithomitra hyperborea</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium hyperboreum</i>, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol. xxii., pl. i. + fig. 10.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocampe hyperborea</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 315.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell cylindrical, with prominent longitudinal ribs and six deep strictures. Cephalis + hemispherical. On each joint three to four transverse rows of small, obsolete pores. Each joint is + about twice as broad as long.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.12; length of each joint 0.02, + breadth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Arctic and Northern Pacific, Kamtschatka (Bailey).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1487">{1487}</span></div> + + <p>12. <i>Lithomitra australis</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithocampe australis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 187.</p> + <p><i>Lithocampe australis</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 315.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium australe</i>, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 43; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxxv., A 21, fig. 18.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subcylindrical, smooth, with five deep strictures. The two middle joints somewhat larger + than the two proximal and the two distal joints. Pores small, circular, in regular, transverse + rows; two rows in the first and the sixth joints, five rows in the second and the fifth, seven or + eight rows in the third and fourth joints. The two latter are twice as broad as long.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.14; length of the four smaller + joints 0.017, of the two larger joints 0.035; breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Sea (lat. 78° 10′ S., long. 162° W.) + Ross.</p> + + <p>13. <i>Lithomitra eminens</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocampe eminens</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 102, Taf. iv. + fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subcylindrical, rough, with seven slight strictures. The two or three middle joints half + as long as the two preceding and the two following joints. Cephalis small, subspherical. Pores + small, in subregular, transverse rows, on the fifth and sixth joints only two rows, on the second, + third, seventh, and eighth joints four to five rows.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.27; length of the fifth and + sixth joints 0.17, of the others 0.03 to 0.04; breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte (Stöhr).</p> + + <p>14. <i>Lithomitra infundibulum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <p>Shell in the upper half subconical, in the lower half subcylindrical, rough, with four slight + strictures. Cephalis hemispherical. Thorax conical. Abdomen subcylindrical, three-jointed. Pores + of the second, third, and fourth joints funnel-shaped, with very small inner, and larger + double-contoured outer aperture; on the thorax twelve transverse rows, on the third and fourth + joints five rows. Fifth joint with irregular, polygonal pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.2; length of the thorax 0.06, + breadth 0.08; length of each abdominal joint 0.04, breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 647. <i>Eucyrtidium</i>,<a id="NtA_264" href="#Nt_264"><sup>[264]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition</i>.—<span class="gsp">Stichocorida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida eradiate + aperta) with ovate or spindle-shaped shell, the mouth of which is constricted, but not prolonged + into a tube. Cephalis with a solid horn.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1488">{1488}</span></div> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Eucyrtidium</i> (as here stated in the definition) and the three + following nearly allied genera differ from the preceding Stichocorida in the more or less + constricted mouth, and the consequent ovate or spindle-form of the multiarticulate shell. The + middle joints of the latter are broader than the upper and the lower joints. In the earlier + definition given in my Monograph (1862, pp. 312 to 320), the genus had a much wider sense; but the + very large number of species since detected requires a more strict definition. Ehrenberg + confounded in his genus <i>Eucyrtidium</i> a large number of very different <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>. In his last works (1872, 1875) he described not less than one + hundred and eleven species, fifty-five fossil and fifty-six living (eight fossil species being yet + living). But, in reality, these one hundred and three species belong to twenty or twenty-two very + different genera of <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Eucyrtis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—All joints of the shell nearly of the same length + (excepting often the first). Surface smooth or rough, without spines.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Eucyrtidium acuminatum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium acuminatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 43; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xii. fig. 27.</p> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium acuminatum</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 104, Taf. iv. fig. + 6.</p> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium acuminatum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 326.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocampe acuminata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 84.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, slender, nearly spindle-shaped, without external strictures, but with eight to + nine internal septal rings. All joints (except the first) nearly of the same length (or the upper + somewhat longer). The fifth joint is the broadest. Cephalis small, subspherical, with a short, + conical horn. Pores very small and numerous, regular, hexagonal, four to six on the length of each + joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.14; length of each joint + about 0.02; greatest breadth, in the fifth joint, 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Caltanisetta, Grotte, + &c.).</p> + + <p>2. <i>Eucyrtidium tropezianum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithocampe tropeziana</i>, J. Müller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 42, + Taf. vii. figs. 4, 5, 6.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocampe tropeziana</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 326.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, slender, nearly spindle-shaped, without external strictures, but with seven or + eight internal septal rings. All joints of the same length. The fifth and sixth joints are the + broadest. Cephalis hemispherical, with a pyramidal horn of the same length. Pores very small and + numerous, regular, circular, hexagonally framed, five to six in the length of each joint. (Very + near to the preceding species, but more regular, and with different pores.)</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1489">{1489}</span></div> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.16, length of each joint + 0.02; greatest breadth (in the fifth joint) 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, French shore, St. Tropez (J. Müller), + surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Eucyrtidium hexagonatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, ovate, with six to seven internal septal rings. All joints (except the first) + nearly of the same length; the sixth joint is the broadest. The seventh and eighth joints (broken + off in the specimen figured) gradually decrease toward the constricted mouth, which is as broad as + the septum between the third and fourth joints. Cephalis and thorax together pear-shaped, with + circular pores, sharp lumbar stricture, and a stout, pyramidal horn of the same length. The five + or six abdominal joints with regular, hexagonal pores, six or seven in course of the length of + each joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.2, length of each joint + 0.025 to 0.03; greatest breadth (in the sixth joint) 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 272, depth 2425 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Eucyrtidium fusiforme</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, slender, spindle-shaped, without external strictures, but with ten to twelve + internal septal rings. All joints of the same length; the sixth joint is the broadest. Cephalis + conical, with a pyramidal horn of the same length. Pores regular, circular, four or five in course + of the length of each joint. (Differs from all other species of the genus in the regular, slender, + spindle form; the constricted mouth of the last joint is half as broad as the sixth joint.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.24, length of each joint + 0.02; greatest breadth (on the sixth joint) 0.06, of the mouth 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Maldive Islands (Haeckel, 1882), surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Eucyrtidium doliolum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, barrel-shaped, or nearly spindle-shaped, with eight or nine distinct strictures. + All joints (except the first) of the same length; the fourth joint is the broadest. Cephalis + small, subspherical, with two short, divergent, conical horns. Pores regular, circular, + hexagonally framed, three to four in course of the length of each joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.2, length of each joint 0.022; + greatest breadth (in the fourth joint) 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Stichocyrtis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—All joints of the shell nearly of the same length + (excepting often the first). Surface spiny.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1490">{1490}</span></div> + + <p>6. <i>Eucyrtidium spinosum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, slender, ovate, without external strictures, but with seven or eight internal + septal rings. Conical spines of different lengths are scattered over the whole surface. All joints + have nearly the same length; the sixth is the broadest. Cephalis conical, with one large and two + or three smaller conical horns. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the shell. Pores irregular, + roundish, double-edged, three to four on the length of each joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.16, length of each joint + 0.02; greatest breadth (on the sixth joint) 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Eucyrtidium chrysalidium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, spindle-shaped, with four to five slight strictures, above each stricture a circle + or girdle of conical spines (as in the similar <i>Cyrtophormis cingulata</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate78"><b>78</b></a>, fig. 18). + All joints (except the first) have the same length. Cephalis subspherical, with a bunch of + divergent spines. Mouth constricted, only one-third as broad as the third joint, which is the + broadest. Pores subregular, circular, four to five on the length of each joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.18, length of each joint + 0.032; greatest breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 302, depth 1450 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Artocyrtis</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Joints of the shell of very different lengths. Surface + smooth or rough, without spines.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Eucyrtidium profundissimum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium profundissimum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 293, Taf. vii. fig. 12.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, campanulate, ovate, with three internal septal rings. Four joints of different + lengths. Cephalis subspherical, with a small bristle-shaped horn. Thorax campanulate, nearly twice + as long as each of the two following joints, which are nearly equal in breadth. Terminal mouth + wide open, little constricted. Pores very small and numerous, regular, hexagonal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.12; length of the thorax + 0.05, breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Pacific; many Stations (Stations 206, 225, 253, 265, + &c.), in depths between 2000 and 4000 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1491">{1491}</span></div> + + <p>9. <i>Eucyrtidium anthophorum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Thyrsocyrtis anthophora</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xii. fig. 9.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, slender, ovate, with three slight strictures. Four joints of different lengths. + Cephalis subspherical, with a stout, club-shaped, spinulate or branched horn of the same length. + Second campanulate and third subcylindrical joint about equal in size. Fourth joint only half as + long, with slightly constricted mouth (broken off in Ehrenberg's figure). Pores small and + numerous, regular, circular, quincuncial.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.12; length of the second and + of the third joints 0.04, breadth 0.05 to 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Eucyrtidium hertwigii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, ovate, truncate, with three distinct strictures. Four joints of different + lengths. Cephalis campanulate, with an internal rod-cross, and a stout pyramidal horn of the same + length. Second joint campanulate. Third joint larger, subcylindrical, with a variable number of + irregular, longitudinal ribs, some of which are prolonged into the second and fourth joints. The + latter is only half as long, and slightly constricted towards the mouth. Pores small and numerous, + subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.22. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.08, <i>d</i> 0.05; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, + <i>b</i> 0.1, <i>c</i> 0.12, <i>d</i> 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Eucyrtidium lagena</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium lagena</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 325, Taf. iv. fig. 11.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocampe lagena</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 839.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, bottle-shaped, with three distinct strictures. Four joints of different sizes. + Cephalis small, spherical, with a bristle-shaped horn of the same length. Second joint conical, + third subcylindrical, fourth inflated, with slightly constricted mouth; their lengths about equal. + Pores subregular, hexagonal, large, with thin bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.16; length of each of the + three lower joints about 0.05, breadth 0.05 to 0.064.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina).</p> + + <p>12. <i>Eucyrtidium teuscheri</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate77"><b>77</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, bottle-shaped, with three distinct strictures. Four joints of different lengths. + The third joint four times as long as each of the two first joints, and longer than the fourth, + which <span class="pagenum" id="page1492">{1492}</span>is little constricted towards the mouth. + The greatest breadth is in the middle of the shell. Cephalis hemispherical, with a small, conical + horn of the same length. Pores large, circular, of variable sizes. Dedicated to Dr. Reinhold + Teuscher.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.16. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.02, <i>c</i> 0.07, <i>d</i> 0.055; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, + <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.08, <i>d</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>13. <i>Eucyrtidium bütschlii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate77"><b>77</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, slender, ovate, truncate, with three distinct strictures. Four joints of different + lengths; the third is the largest, inflated, subspherical. Fourth joint subcylindrical, little + constricted towards the truncate mouth. Cephalis hemispherical, with a small, conical horn. Pores + circular, much larger in the third joint than in the three others.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.16. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.06, <i>d</i> 0.05; breadth, <i>a</i> 0.03, + <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.09, <i>d</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>14. <i>Eucyrtidium galatheæ</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium galatheæ</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 242.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, campanulate, with three deep strictures. Four joints of different lengths; the + fourth joint is the broadest, twice as long as the third and the second, three times as long as + the hemispherical cephalis, which bears a stout, pyramidal, oblique horn of twice the length. + Mouth little constricted. Pores regular, circular, in transverse rows, three rows in each of the + three first joints, five or six rows in the last joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.12; length of the fourth + joint 0.05, breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>15. <i>Eucyrtidium galea</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium galea</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 324, Taf. vii. figs. + 8-10.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocampe galea</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 838.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, helmet-shaped, with four sharp strictures. Five joints of different lengths. + Cephalis small, spherical, with a thin pyramidal horn of the same length. Second joint conical, + about as long as the third, longer than the fourth and the fifth joints. The third joint is the + broadest. Pores regular, circular, small and numerous.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.18; length of the second and + the third joints 0.05, of the fourth 0.03; breadth 0.08 to 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1493">{1493}</span></div> + + <p>16. <i>Eucyrtidium eruca</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium eruca</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 70, Taf. x. fig. 13.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, slender, ovate, or nearly spindle-shaped, with four sharp strictures. Five joints + of different lengths, the third and fourth nearly equal, twice as long as the fifth, one and a + half times as long as the second; the fourth joint is the broadest. Mouth little constricted. + Cephalis subspherical, with a small, conical horn. Pores small and numerous, subregular, + circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.12 to 0.14; length of the + third and the fourth joints, 0.03 to 0.04, breadth 0.04 to 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific, in different depths; also + fossil in Barbados and Sicily.</p> + + <p>17. <i>Eucyrtidium montiparum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium montiparum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 72, Taf. ix. fig. 11.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, nearly spindle-shaped, with five deep strictures. Six joints of different lengths, + the third and fourth nearly equal, longer than the fifth and the sixth joints; the fourth joint is + the broadest. Mouth slightly constricted. Cephalis very small, hemispherical, hyaline, with a + short, conical horn. Pores subregular, circular, twice as broad as in the similar smaller + preceding species.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2; length of the third and the + fourth joints 0.05, breadth 0.07 to 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>18. <i>Eucyrtidium cienkowskii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, subconical, with five distinct strictures. Six joints of different lengths; the + third joint conical, one and a half to two times as long as each of the other joints; the fifth + joint is the broadest. Mouth wide, very slightly constricted. Cephalis hemispherical, with an + oblique pyramidal horn of the same length. Pores regular, circular, in dense transverse rows; five + to six rows in each of the three last joints, eight to nine rows in the third joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.16, length of the third joint + 0.04, of each following joint 0.02; greatest breadth (in the fifth joint) 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <p>19. <i>Eucyrtidium elongatum</i>, Stöhr.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium elongatum</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 105, Taf. + iv. fig. 10.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, slender, nearly spindle-shaped, variable in size and form, with six to seven + distinct strictures. Seven to eight joints of different lengths, often alternately longer and + shorter. The second <span class="pagenum" id="page1494">{1494}</span>and the last joints are the + longest, the third is the broadest. Mouth slightly constricted (broken off in Stöhr's figure). + Cephalis small, subspherical, with a small, oblique, curved horn. Pores irregular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.2; length of the single + joints, between 0.02 and 0.04, breadth 0.06 to 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Sicily (Grotte, Caltanisetta).</p> + + <p>20. <i>Eucyrtidium stöhrii</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, gradually diminishing towards both ends, with eight to ten + distinct strictures. Nine to eleven joints of different lengths; the two or three middle + joints—fifth, sixth, and seventh—longer and broader than the other joints; the + broadest is the fifth joint, which is twice to three times as long as the first and last joints. + Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn of the same length. Terminal mouth strongly + constricted, one-half or one-third as broad as the fifth joint. Pores small, regular, + circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.22; length of the largest + (fifth joint) 0.03, breadth 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>21. <i>Eucyrtidium scalarium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, slender, ovate, with nine to ten deep strictures, and ten to eleven separate + step-like joints of different lengths. The sixth joint is the longest, twice as long as the + fourth, and three times as long as the third and the last joint; the seventh and eighth joints are + the broadest, one and a half times as broad as the wide mouth. Cephalis hemispherical, with a + short pyramidal horn of the same length. Pores small and numerous, subregular, square, in regular + transverse rows; six rows in the sixth joint, three rows in the last joint. (Somewhat similar to + <i>Spirocyrtis scalaris</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate76"><b>76</b></a>, + fig. 14, but ovate, not conical and not spiral.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eleven joints) 0.22, breadth 0.11; length of + the last joint 0.01, of the sixth 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 64, surface.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Acanthocyrtis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Joints of the shell of very different lengths. Surface + spiny.</p> + + <p>22. <i>Eucyrtidium tricinctum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate78"><b>78</b></a>, fig. + 13).</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, spindle-shaped, with three distinct strictures. Four joints of different lengths, + the first and third half as long as the second and fourth; the third joint is the broadest, four + times as <span class="pagenum" id="page1495">{1495}</span>broad as the strongly constricted mouth. + Spines irregularly scattered over the lower half of the shell, increasing in size towards the + mouth. Pores subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.25. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.08, <i>c</i> 0.04, <i>d</i> 0.09; breadth (of the third joint) + 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>23. <i>Eucyrtidium armatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate78"><b>78</b></a>, + fig. 14).</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, spindle-shaped, with three distinct strictures. Four joints of different lengths, + the second and third joints of the same length, shorter than the fourth joint; the third joint is + the broadest, four times as broad as the strongly constricted mouth. The latter, as well as the + conical cephalis, is armed with an irregular bunch of strong conical spines, while numerous + smaller spines are scattered over the whole surface. Pores irregular, roundish, + double-contoured.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.05, <i>d</i> 0.08; breadth (of the third joint) + 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>24. <i>Eucyrtidium conostoma</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate78"><b>78</b></a>, fig. + 16).</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, spindle-shaped, with four distinct strictures. Five joints of different lengths, + having the proportion = 1 : 2 : 3 : 6 : 10. The fourth + joint is the broadest, inflated, twice as broad as long. Cephalis small, with a conical horn of + the same length. Fifth joint inversely conical, with a narrow mouth, broader than the cephalis. + Short conical spines are scattered over the whole surface. Pores subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.22. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.01, <i>b</i> 0.02, <i>c</i> 0.03, <i>d</i> 0.06, <i>e</i> 0.1; breadth (of the + fourth joint) 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>25. <i>Eucyrtidium ehrenbergii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate78"><b>78</b></a>, fig. + 15).</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, spindle-shaped, with four distinct strictures (the first and the fourth are by a + mistake not distinctly figured). Five joints of different lengths, having the proportion = + 2 : 3 : 4 : 2 : 5. The third joint is the broadest, twice + as broad as long, and twice as broad as the constricted mouth. Whole surface covered with strong + spines. Pores irregular, roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.16. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.04, <i>d</i> 0.02, <i>e</i> 0.05; breadth (in the + third joint) 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 220, depth 1100 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>26. <i>Eucyrtidium ovatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, inversely ovate, with five sharp strictures. Six joints of different lengths, + having the proportion = 1 : 3 : 2 : 1 : 1 : 3. + The third joint is the broadest, three times as broad as the <span class="pagenum" + id="page1496">{1496}</span>constricted mouth. Cephalis with a stout pyramidal horn of the same + length. Whole surface spiny. Pores irregular, roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.22. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.06, <i>c</i> 0.04, <i>d</i> 0.02, <i>e</i> 0.02, <i>f</i> 0.06; + breadth (in the third joint) 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 648. <i>Eusyringium</i>,<a id="NtA_265" href="#Nt_265"><sup>[265]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichocorida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata + aperta) with ovate or spindle-shaped shell, the mouth of which is constricted, and prolonged into + a terminal cylindrical tube. Cephalis with a solid horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Eusyringium</i> differs from the preceding closely allied genus + <i>Eucyrtidium</i> in the peculiar formation of the last shell-joint, representing a narrow, + cylindrical, fenestrated tube. It exhibits, therefore, to the latter the same relation as + <i>Theosyringium</i> bears to <i>Theocorys</i>.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Eusyringartus</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with three strictures and four joints; the third + joint is the largest, inflated, and much broader than the three others.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Eusyringium conosiphon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate78"><b>78</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Shell with four joints, very thick-walled, rough. Cephalis hemispherical, with a very stout, + smooth, three-sided pyramidal horn of the same length and breadth. Thorax hemispherical. Third + joint subspherical, three times as long, and twice as broad as the thorax, and of the same length + as the slender, inversely conical fourth joint. Pores in the three first joints subregular, + circular, in the fourth joint irregular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.25. Length of the single + joint <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.1, <i>d</i> 0.1; breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Eusyringium pachysiphon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate78"><b>78</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Shell with four joints, very thick-walled, rough. Cephalis conical, with a thick, dimpled, + conical horn of the same length. Thorax hemispherical. Third joint inflated, subspherical, and + fourth joint slender, inversely conical, as in the similar preceding species. Differs from the + latter <span class="pagenum" id="page1497">{1497}</span>mainly in the form of the cephalic horn, + and the cylindrical tube of the last joint. Pores subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.3. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.12, <i>d</i> 0.12; breadth 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Eusyringium macrosiphon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate78"><b>78</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>Shell with four joints, thick-walled, rough. Cephalis subspherical with a large, dimpled, + conical horn of twice the length. The three following joints nearly of the same shape as in the + two similar preceding species. It differs from these in the smaller size, the larger cephalic + horn, and the longer tube of the fourth joint, which is twice as long as the subspherical third + joint (in the figure the lower half is broken off). Pores subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.3. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.08, <i>d</i> 0.16; breadth 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Eusyringium leptosiphon</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell with four joints, thin-walled, smooth. Cephalis subspherical, with a large, dimpled, + slender, conical horn of three times the length. Thorax hemispherical. Third joint ovate, four + times as long as the thorax, and of the same length as the thin, cylindrical tube of the fourth + joint. Differs from the three preceding species in the more slender form and the thinness of the + tube. Pores irregular, roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.33. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.13, <i>d</i> 0.15; breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Eusyringium sipho</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium sipho</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 72, Taf. ix. fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell with four joints, thick-walled, smooth. Cephalis subspherical, hyaline, without pores, + with a thick, conical horn of twice the length. Thorax hemispherical. Third joint ovate, four + times as long as the thorax, and of the same length as the thin, cylindrical fourth joint. Pores + subregular, circular, in the fourth joint twice as broad as in the third, and three times as broad + as in the second joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.22. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.02, <i>c</i> 0.09, <i>d</i> 0.09; breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1498">{1498}</span></div> + + <p>6. <i>Eusyringium fistuligerum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium fistuligerum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 70, Taf ix. fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell with four joints, thin-walled, smooth. Cephalis subspherical, with numerous very small + pores, and a stout, pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax hemispherical. Third joint + subspherical, four times as long as the thorax, and of the same length as the slender, inversely + conical or cylindrical, fourth joint. Pores irregular, roundish or circular, in the fourth joint + twice as broad as in the two preceding joints.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.02, <i>c</i> 0.08, <i>d</i> 0.08; breadth 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Eusyringoma</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with four or more strictures, and five or more + joints; the last joint is strongly constricted, and forms a narrow cylindrical tube.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Eusyringium lagenoides</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium lagenoides</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 104, Taf. + iv. fig. 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell with five joints, and four sharp strictures, nearly spindle-shaped. The third joint is + twice as long as the second and the fourth. Cephalis small, cap-shaped, with a thin conical horn + of the same length. The fifth joint is in Stöhr's figure broken off, but well conserved in a + specimen from Caltanisetta, and represents a slender cylindrical tube, with few pores, half as + long as the shell. Pores small, subregular, circular, quincuncial.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.24, breadth 0.08; length of + the third joint 0.06, of the second and the fourth 0.03, of the fifth 0.1; breadth of the basal + tube 0.027.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte, + Caltanisetta).</p> + + <p>8. <i>Eusyringium rhaphanus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium rhaphanus</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 106, Taf. + iv. fig. 12.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell with six or seven joints of very different lengths, in the upper half campanulate, in the + lower cylindrical. The second and the two last joints are the longest. Cephalis small, + subspherical, with a short conical horn. The last joint is a narrow cylindrical tube of variable + length, scarcely one-fourth as broad as the preceding joints. Pores in the upper joints regular, + circular, in the lower irregular, roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.2, breadth 0.1; length of + the second and last joints 0.03 to 0.04; breadth of the basal tube 0.025.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1499">{1499}</span></div> + + <p>9. <i>Eusyringium siphonostoma</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a>, fig. + 14).</p> + + <p>Shell with eight joints, in the upper half slender, conical, in the lower half cylindrical. The + single joints are separated by seven internal annular septa. The third and the seventh joints are + the largest, twice as long as the three intercalated joints. Cephalis small, cap-shaped, with a + conical horn of twice the length. The last joint (broken off in the specimen figured) is a narrow + cylindrical tube, one-third as long and one-third as broad as the shell. Pores regular, circular, + quincuncial.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.24, breadth 0.08; length of + the single joints 0.02 to 0.04; breadth of the basal tube 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Eusyringium cannostoma</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a>, fig. + 13).</p> + + <p>Shell with nine or ten joints, slender ovate. The single joints are separated by eight or nine + internal annular septa. The third joint is the longest, about twice or three times as long as each + following joint. Cephalis hemispherical, with a curved, conical horn of the same length. The last + joint is a narrow, cylindrical tube, about as long as the third joint, but only one-fourth as + broad. Pores small, regular, circular, quincuncially disposed, and hexagonally framed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.22, breadth 0.08; length of + the third joint 0.04, of the other joints 0.01 to 0.02, of the basal tube 0.04; breadth of the + latter 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 649. <i>Siphocampe</i>,<a id="NtA_266" href="#Nt_266"><sup>[266]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichocorida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata + aperta) with ovate or spindle-shaped shell, the mouth of which is constricted, but not prolonged + into a tube. Cephalis with an oblique, open, apical tube.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Siphocampe</i> differs from the closely allied genera + <i>Lithocampe</i> and <i>Eucyrtidium</i> in a very remarkable character, viz., the development of + a hollow cylindrical tube on the cephalis. This probably serves for the emission of a bunch of + pseudopodia. It has the same position and the same oblique direction on the cephalis as the solid + apical horn of <i>Eucyrtidium</i>.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Siphocampula</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—All joints of the shell (excepting the first) are nearly + equal in length.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1500">{1500}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Siphocampe tubulosa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>, + fig. 13).</p> + + <p>Shell slender nearly spindle-shaped, with eight deep transverse strictures, and elegant + longitudinal ribs. Nine joints slightly different in length and shape. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, + with three or four transverse rows of small pores, and a cylindrical, oblique tubule of twice the + length. Each successive joint with a single transverse row of regular, circular pores at its lower + edge, separated by divergent, longitudinal ribs. Last joint shorter, with a hyaline annular + peristome of the same length. Mouth half as broad as the middle part of the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.24; length of each joint (on + an average) 0.02 to 0.03; breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Siphocampe annulosa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>, + fig. 10).</p> + + <p>Shell slender, subcylindrical, with nine slight transverse strictures, and interrupted + longitudinal ribs. Ten joints nearly equal in length and shape, excepting the two first, which + together form a hemispherical cephalothorax, with six to eight transverse rows of pores. Tubule of + the cephalis short and wide, truncate, conical. Each of the eight abdominal joints with a single + transverse row of small pores. Mouth constricted, without tubulose peristome, half as broad as the + shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.18; length of each joint (on + an average) 0.02, breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Siphocampe caminosa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>, + fig. 12).</p> + + <p>Shell slender, subcylindrical, with six deep transverse strictures. Seven joints nearly equal + in length and breadth. Cephalis hemispherical, with an oblique, cylindrical tubule of twice the + length (in the figure the greater part is broken away). Small circular pores in transverse rows + and in variable number; usually three rows in the first and the last joint, five rows in the + fourth joint, four rows in each of the other joints. Mouth constricted, with a short tubulose + peristome, only one-third as broad as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.18; length of each joint (on + an average) 0.025, breadth 0.055.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Siphocampe erucosa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>, + fig. 11).</p> + + <p>Shell slender, nearly spindle-shaped, with five slight transverse strictures. Six joints nearly + equal in length. The two first joints are united, and form together a hemispherical cephalothorax, + with a short, oblique, cylindrical tubule. Pores regular, circular, double-contoured, in regular, + transverse rows; two rows in the first and the last joints, four rows in each of the four middle + joints. Mouth constricted, without peristome, only one-third as broad as the shell.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1501">{1501}</span></div> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.14; length of each joint (on + an average) 0.02, breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Siphocampium</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—The joints of the shell are very different in length.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Siphocampe quadrantalis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nearly spindle-shaped, with three deep strictures. Four joints of very different lengths. + Cephalis subspherical with an oblique cylindrical tubule of twice the length, and with few small + pores. Thorax ovate, half as long as the shell, with twelve transverse rows of small pores. + Abdomen with two short joints, each of which has two transverse rows of pores. Mouth constricted, + one-third as broad as the thorax.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18; length of the thorax 0.1, + breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific; North Coast of New Guinea, Station + 220, depth 1100 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Siphocampe spiralis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>, + fig. 14).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly spindle-shaped, with eight slight strictures. Nine joints of very different + lengths. Cephalis subspherical, with an oblique cylindrical tubule of the same length, and + numerous small pores. Thorax conical, one-fourth as long as the shell, with eight transverse rows + of small pores. Abdomen with numerous prominent, spirally convoluted ribs, and spiral rows of + pores between them. The first abdominal joint is from two to three times as long as each of the + six following joints. Abdominal pores larger, roundish, disposed in eleven transverse rows. Four + rows in the first abdominal joint, one row in each of the five following, and two rows in the last + joint. Mouth slightly constricted, two-thirds as broad as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.17, cephalis 0.02, thorax + 0.04, abdomen 0.11; breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms; + also fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <h5>Genus 650. <i>Lithocampe</i>,<a id="NtA_267" href="#Nt_267"><sup>[267]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1838, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 128 (<i>sensu emendato</i>).</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichocorida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata + aperta) with ovate or spindle-shaped shell, the mouth of which is constricted, but not prolonged + into a tube. Cephalis without horn and tube.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1502">{1502}</span></div> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Lithocampe</i> is the oldest of all "Polycystina," being founded by + Ehrenberg in 1838 upon <i>Lithocampe radicula</i>. Afterwards numerous other species, which belong + to very different genera, were described by him. In 1862 I attempted to give a more strict + definition of this genus in my Monograph (p. 312 to 315), and separated it from the closely allied + and often confounded <i>Eucyrtidium</i> by the absence of a cephalic horn. The great number of + species afterwards discovered leads to the stricter definition given above.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Lithocampula</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—All joints of the shell (except often the first) are equal + or nearly equal in length.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Lithocampe eupora</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium euporum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 291, Taf. iv. fig. 30.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, ovate or subconical, with three deep strictures. Four joints equal in length, + gradually increasing in breadth, each with three transverse rows of regular, circular, + hexagonally-framed pores; the fourth joint is the broadest. Mouth little constricted, of the same + breadth as the third joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.08; length of each joint + 0.02, greatest breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms; North + Atlantic, depth 3600 fathoms (Morse).</p> + + <p>2. <i>Lithocampe platycephala</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium platycephalum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, pp. 145, 293, Taf. iii. fig. 16.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, subconical or slenderly ovate, with three slight strictures. Four joints equal in + length, slightly increasing in breadth towards the mouth. The hemispherical cephalis with + longitudinal ribs and irregular pores, each of the three other joints with four transverse rows of + regular, circular pores. Mouth strongly constricted, half as broad as the third and fourth + joints.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.12; length of each joint + 0.03, greatest breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, depth 3600 fathoms (Morse).</p> + + <p>3. <i>Lithocampe nereidum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithocampe nereidum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 319.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium nereidum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 242; Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxv. B, <i>b</i>, fig. 22.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, slenderly ovate, with four deep strictures. Five joints equal in length, the + fourth being the broadest. Each joint with three transverse rows of small, regular, circular pores + <span class="pagenum" id="page1503">{1503}</span>(sometimes in the fourth joint there are four + rows). Mouth constricted, half as broad as the fourth joint. (In Ehrenberg's figure all five + joints are delineated, but the greater part of the hemispherical cephalis is broken off.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.1, of each joint 0.02; + breadth of the fourth joint 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Lithocampe radicula</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocampe radicula</i>, Ehrenberg, 1838, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 130, Taf. iv. fig. 11.; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. fig. 23<i>a</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, with five sharp strictures. Six joints equal in length, each with + four transverse rows of regular, circular, double-edged pores. The third and fourth joints are the + broadest, and equal. The constricted mouth is not broader than the hemispherical cephalis, + scarcely one-fourth as broad as the third and the fourth joints. This remarkable species is the + oldest known skeleton of a Radiolarian, a figure of it being given in 1838, <i>loc. cit.</i> + (compare my Monograph, 1862, p. 3, 4, 331). But this figure of Ehrenberg is not quite accurate, + and differs from other figures of the same species, which he afterwards (1854) published in his + Mikrogeologie (<i>loc. cit.</i>). The best of these is fig. 23<i>a</i> in pl. xxii., and is + identical with the typical form (common in Barbados), and according to this I have here framed my + description. The sixth joint possesses a distinct (though small) terminal mouth; when this becomes + closed, the species passes over into <i>Stichocapsa radicula</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.18, length of each joint (on + an average) 0.03; breadth of the third and fourth joints 0.08, of the second and fifth 0.06, of + the terminal mouth and the cephalis 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Lithocampe ventricosa</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyomitra ventricosa</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 102, Taf. + iii. fig. 25.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, with six slight strictures. Seven joints nearly equal in length, each with four + (or sometimes three or five) transverse rows of small, regular, circular pores, in the last joint + the pores are larger. The fourth and fifth joints are the broadest, and are twice as broad as the + constricted mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.13 to 0.14; length of each + joint 0.017 to 0.02, greatest breadth 0.083, mouth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte, Caltanisetta.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Lithocampe fusiformis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, decreasing uniformly towards the two blunt poles, with eight or + nine sharp strictures, and nine or ten joints of equal lengths, each with four transverse rows of + regular, <span class="pagenum" id="page1504">{1504}</span>hexagonal pores. The fourth and fifth + joints are the broadest. The constricted mouth is twice as broad as the hemispherical cephalis, + half as broad as the fourth joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i> —Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.2, of each joint 0.02; + breadth of the fourth joint 0.06, mouth 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Lithocampium</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—The joints of the shell are very different in length.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Lithocampe ovata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate77"><b>77</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, urceolate or ovate, with three sharp strictures. Four joints of different + lengths, having the proportion 1 : 2 : 2 : 6. The fourth joint is + inflated and the broadest. The mouth is constricted, short, tubular, of the same breadth as the + hemispherical cephalis. Pores small, circular, in regular transverse rows; four rows in the first, + four in the second, two in the third, and five in the fourth joint. The middle stricture is + crossed by longitudinal ribs.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.11. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.01, <i>b</i> 0.02, <i>c</i> 0.02, <i>d</i> 0.06; greatest breadth 0.055.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Lithocampe aquilonaris</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithocampe aquilonaris</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 317.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium aquilonare</i>, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol. + xxii. p. 4, pl. i. fig. 9.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, subconical, with three distinct strictures. Four joints of different lengths, + having the proportion 3 : 1 : 3 : 4. The fourth joint is the + broadest, suddenly constricted, with a short tubular mouth of half the breadth. Pores subregular, + circular, in transverse rows; three rows in the first joint, two in the second, four in the third, + and three in the fourth joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.11. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.01, <i>c</i> 0.03, <i>d</i> 0.04; breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Kamtschatka (Bailey), Station 241, depth 2300 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Lithocampe quadrarticulata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithocampe quadrarticulata</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 319.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium quadrarticulatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. + Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 299.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, with three deep strictures. Four joints of different lengths = + 1 : 3 : 4 : 3. The third joint is the broadest, being twice as broad + as the constricted mouth of the fourth joint. Pores small, regular, circular, in transverse rows; + two being in the first, three in the second, four in the third, three in the fourth joint.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1505">{1505}</span></div> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.11. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.04, <i>d</i> 0.025; greatest breadth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic (Greenland, depth 1600 fathoms, Ehrenberg), + Station 64, surface.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Lithocampe multiseriata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium multiseriatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. + d. Wiss. Berlin, page 293, Taf. vii. fig. 9.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, or slenderly ovate, with three sharp strictures. Four joints of + different lengths = 3 : 4 : 5 : 10. The third and fourth joints + nearly equal in breadth, and twice as broad as the hemispherical cephalis. The truncate mouth is + slightly constricted. Pores very small and numerous, in regular transverse rows. Three or four + rows in the first, five or six in the second, seven or eight in the third, and fifteen to twenty + in the fourth joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.11. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.02, <i>c</i> 0.025, <i>d</i> 0.05; breadth 0.045.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea, Ehrenberg), Stations 206, + 224, 266, in various depths.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Lithocampe diploconus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate77"><b>77</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, doubly conical, with three distinct strictures. Four joints of different lengths = + 2 : 5 : 5 : 8. The third joint is the broadest. The three first + joints form together a broad cone, and the fourth an inverse truncate cone; the latter is + distinguished by convergent longitudinal ribs. Pores regular, circular, alternating with the ribs + in the fourth joint. Truncate mouth hyaline, half as broad as the third joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.05, <i>d</i> 0.08; breadth (in the middle part) + 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Lithocampe diaphana</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium diaphanum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 309.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, hyaline, spindle-shaped, decreasing uniformly towards both poles, with three + distinct strictures. Four joints of different lengths; the second and third equal in breadth, + twice as broad and three times as long as the first and the fourth. Pores very small and scarce, + in transverse interrupted rows, commonly two rows in the first, two or three in the second, three + or four in the third, and only one in the last joint. Mouth constricted, two-thirds as broad as + the fourth joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.13. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.05, <i>d</i> 0.015; breadth (in the middle part) + 0.06, mouth 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1506">{1506}</span></div> + + <p>13. <i>Lithocampe hispida</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithocampe hispida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 318.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium hispidum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 298; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1872, p. 291, Taf. ii. fig. 19.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell thorny, slenderly ovate, or nearly spindle-shaped, with four sharp strictures. Five + joints of different lengths = 3 : 3 : 4 : 6 : 4. The + fourth joint is the broadest, and nearly twice as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores small, + circular, separated by longitudinal, spiny ribs, regularly disposed in transverse rows; three rows + in the first and second, four rows in the third and fifth, six rows in the fourth joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.1. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.015, <i>c</i> 0.02, <i>d</i> 0.03, <i>e</i> 0.02; greatest + breadth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Arctic Ocean (in different depths), Ehrenberg.</p> + + <p>14. <i>Lithocampe tumidula</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithocampe tumidula</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 318.</p> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium tumidulum</i>, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol. xxii. p. 5, pl. + i. fig. 11.</p> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium tumidulum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 293, + Taf. ii. fig. 12.</p> + <p>? <i>Eucyrtidium increscens</i>, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 299.</p> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Lithocampe increscens</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 318.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, nearly spindle-shaped, with four sharp strictures, very similar to the preceding + in size and form. It differs in the smooth surface, the absence of longitudinal ribs, and the + unequal size of the pores, which form four transverse series in each joint, and are much larger in + the broadest (fourth) joint. Proportion of the five joints = + 2 : 2 : 3 : 5 : 4.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.1. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.012, <i>b</i> 0.012, <i>c</i> 0.02, <i>d</i> 0.03, <i>e</i> 0.025; greatest + breadth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific; many stations, in different + depths.</p> + + <p>15. <i>Lithocampe heteropora</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Lithocampe heteropora</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 317.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium heteroporum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. + d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 242.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, subconical, obtuse, with four distinct strictures. Five joints of different + lengths = 2 : 4 : 3 : 3 : 2. The fourth joint is the + broadest. Mouth slightly constricted. Pores regular, circular, in the second joint much larger + than in the four others, disposed in transverse series; two rows in the first and fifth, three + rows in the second, four rows in the third and fourth joints.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.14. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.03, <i>d</i> 0.03, <i>e</i> 0.02; greatest + breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic (depth 2000 fathoms, Ehrenberg), Canary + Islands, surface, Haeckel.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1507">{1507}</span></div> + + <p>16. <i>Lithocampe meta</i>, Stöhr.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocampe meta</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 103, Taf. iv. + fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, subconical, obtuse, with four slight strictures. Five joints of different lengths + = 2 : 4 : 5 : 4 : 2. The fourth joint is the broadest, and + three times as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores, small, regular, circular, quincuncially + disposed, equal in size; two transverse rows in the first and fifth, five rows in the second and + fourth, six rows in the third joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.14. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.017, <i>b</i> 0.033, <i>c</i> 0.04, <i>d</i> 0.033, <i>e</i> 0.017; greatest + breadth 0.083.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte (Stöhr), + Caltanisetta (Haeckel).</p> + + <p>17. <i>Lithocampe urceolata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate77"><b>77</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, wide, urceolate, without external strictures, but with four internal septal rings + (not visible in the figure), each of which contains an internal circle of horizontal pores. Five + joints of different lengths = 2 : 3 : 6 : 4 : 2. The third + joint is the broadest, and three times as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores of very different + sizes, irregular, roundish, with prominent polygonal frames. A very remarkable species.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.17. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.06, <i>d</i> 0.04, <i>e</i> 0.02; greatest + breadth 0.13.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>18. <i>Lithocampe clava</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocampe clava</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 66, Taf. iv. fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, club-shaped, or slenderly ovate, with five internal septal rings. Six joints of + very different lengths = 5 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : 18. + The sixth joint is the broadest, and as long as the five others together. Pores small, circular, + in the basal half of the last joint irregular and larger. Constricted mouth as broad as the + subspherical, hyaline cephalis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.15. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.011, <i>c</i> 0.013, <i>d</i> 0.016, <i>e</i> 0.02, <i>f</i> + 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>19. <i>Lithocampe hexacola</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, nearly spindle-shaped, without external strictures, but with five internal septal + rings. Six joints of different lengths = 4 : 8 : 5 : 5 : 5 : 10. + The fourth joint is the broadest, and four times as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores + subregular hexagonal, or irregular polygonal, with thin bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.18, greatest breadth 0.09. + Length of the six joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i>, <i>d</i>, and <i>e</i> each + 0.025, <i>f</i> 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1508">{1508}</span></div> + + <p>20. <i>Lithocampe heptacola</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, subcylindrical, constricted at both poles, with six distinct strictures. Seven + joints of different lengths, the five abdominal joints nearly equal, each half as long as the + hemispherical, vaulted thorax, and twice as long as the subspherical, small cephalis. Mouth + constricted, with a short, tubular, hyaline peristome (like an eighth joint without pores), about + one-third as broad as each of the four middle joints. Pores subregular hexagonal, or irregular + polygonal, with thin bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.24, greatest breadth 0.09. + Length of the cephalis 0.02, thorax 0.06, each of the four following joints 0.03, of the last + joint 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>21. <i>Lithocampe octocola</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, subcylindrical, thick-walled, constricted at both poles, without distinct, + external strictures, but with seven internal septal rings. Eight joints of different lengths; four + joints (the second to the fifth) being about twice as long as the four others (the first and the + three last). The constricted mouth only one-third as broad as the four middle joints. Pores small + and numerous, subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.19, breadth 0.09. Length of + the second to the fifth joints, each 0.03; length of the four other joints, each about 0.016.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>22. <i>Lithocampe polycola</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, subcylindrical, constricted at both poles, with twelve to fifteen distinct + strictures. Fourteen to sixteen joints of different lengths. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, hyaline, + without pores. Thorax nearly hemispherical, with three transverse rows of small circular pores. + Each following joint (each abdominal joint) only with a single row of small pores. The constricted + mouth of the last joint only one-third as broad as the middle part of the shell. (Very similar to + <i>Lithomitra eruca</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate79"><b>79</b></a>, + fig. 3.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with sixteen joints) 0.3, breadth 0.08. Length of + the cephalis 0.02, thorax 0.06, each of the following joints 0.015, last joint 0.025.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 651. <i>Spirocyrtis</i>,<a id="NtA_268" href="#Nt_268"><sup>[268]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichocorida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata + aperta) with spirally-arranged constrictions on the shell. Cephalis with a horn.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Spirocyrtis</i> and the following closely allied genus + <i>Spirocampe</i> differ from the other Stichocorida (and also from nearly all <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>) in a very remarkable <span class="pagenum" + id="page1509">{1509}</span>character. The annular constrictions of the multiarticulate shell and + the corresponding internal annular septa are here not separated, and do not lie in parallel, + transverse planes (as usually happens), but they are all or partly connected in the form of an + ascending spiral, so that the joints are not perfectly separated. An irregularity or asymmetry of + growth on the different sides of the shell is probably the cause of this strange, spiral + structure.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Spirocyrtidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell conical, gradually dilating towards the wide open + terminal mouth.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Spirocyrtis scalaris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate76"><b>76</b></a>, + fig. 14).</p> + + <p>Shell conical, gradually dilating towards the wide open mouth, with ten to twelve spiral + convolutions, which correspond to the same number of short and broad chambers or joints, gradually + increasing in breadth; all joints form together a spirally winding staircase. The length or height + of the single joints or stairs is about equal, and each bears four or five transverse rows of + small, square pores. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, with two or three short divergent horns.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with ten joints or turnings) 0.16, length of each + joint (on an average) 0.016; breadth of the third joint 0.04, of the fifth joint 0.07, of the + tenth joint 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Spirocyrtis cornutella</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate76"><b>76</b></a>, fig. + 13).</p> + + <p>Shell conical, gradually dilating towards the wide mouth, similar to the preceding, but + differing in the curved axis, and the broader and shorter joints, each of which bears only two or + three transverse rows of square pores. The turnings of the staircase are not so sharp, nor so + distinct, as in the preceding species. Cephalis with a single short horn.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.1; breadth of the fourth + joint 0.05, of the eighth joint 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Spirocyrtoma</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell ovate, or nearly spindle-shaped, more or less + tapering towards the narrower, somewhat constricted mouth.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Spirocyrtis holospira</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate76"><b>76</b></a>, fig. + 16).</p> + + <p>Shell subovate, twice as long as broad, without external strictures, but with an internal + regularly descending spiral septum, which separates seven to nine broad joints of nearly equal + lengths; the <span class="pagenum" id="page1510">{1510}</span>first and second joints together are + conical, and about as long as each of the following joints. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a + thick pyramidal horn of the same length. The fifth joint is the broadest, the truncate mouth is + slightly constricted (in the specimen figured it is broken off). Pores regular, circular, + quincuncial.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.2, breadth 0.1; length of + each joint, about 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Spirocyrtis hemispira</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slender, nearly spindle-shaped, three times as long as broad, without external + strictures, but with ten to eleven internal septa. The five or six upper of these are perfectly + separate, complete parallel rings; the five or six lower are spirally connected. The eleven or + twelve joints gradually taper in length and breadth, from the broadest middle towards the two + constricted ends of the shell. The middle (fifth or sixth) joint is the broadest, and is three to + four times as broad as the constricted mouth. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a conical horn + of the same length. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.25, breadth 0.09; length of + the middle joint 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Spirocyrtis merospira</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate76"><b>76</b></a>, fig. + 15).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, with six to eight slight strictures, twice as long as broad. The three or four + upper joints are perfectly separated by annular septa, the three or four lower joints connected by + an internal spiral septum. The spiral line is often more or less irregular or interrupted (as is + also the case in the specimen figured). Mouth rather wide. Pores small, subregular, circular. A + rather variable species.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.2, breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Spirocyrtis diplospira</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate76"><b>76</b></a>, fig. + 17).</p> + + <p>Shell slender, ovate, with seven to eight slight strictures. All eight or nine joints are + connected by an internal double spiral septum, the first spiral beginning from the ventral side, + the second from the dorsal side of the collar stricture. Length and breadth of the single joints + rather variable and irregular; the broadest joint is commonly the fifth. Mouth more or less + constricted. Pores subregular, circular. This remarkable species differs from all other <span + class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> by the double spiral septum of the joints.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.2, breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1511">{1511}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 652. <i>Spirocampe</i>,<a id="NtA_269" href="#Nt_269"><sup>[269]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichocorida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata + aperta) with spirally arranged constrictions on the shell. Cephalis without horn.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Spirocampe</i> has the same peculiar spiral structure of the shell as + the preceding <i>Spirocyrtis</i>, and differs from it only in the absence of a cephalic horn. It + exhibits, therefore, the same relation to the latter as the similar <i>Lithocampe</i> bears to + <i>Eucyrtidium</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Spirocampe callispira</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate76"><b>76</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, with six joints, connected in the form of a complete winding staircase. + All the windings are nearly at equal distances; each bears one row of large roundish pores, + enclosed by two rows of smaller pores. Cephalis hemispherical, of about the same breadth as the + constricted, short tubular mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.15, breadth 0.09; mouth 0.03 + diameter.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Spirocampe allospira</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate76"><b>76</b></a>, + fig. 12).</p> + + <p>Shell subcylindrical, or nearly spindle-shaped, smooth, very thick-walled, with eight joints + alternately longer and shorter, and connected in the form of an irregular spiral. The distance + between the windings is very variable. Pores small, regular, circular. Cephalis hemispherical, of + about the same size as the short tubular mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.2, breadth 0.08; mouth 0.03 + diameter.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Spirocampe polyspira</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell cylindrical, rough, with twelve joints nearly equal in length, connected in the form of a + regular, complete spiral. All windings are at the same distance. Pores regular, circular, three + rows on each turning. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, half as broad as the slightly constricted, not + tubular mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.24, breadth 0.07; mouth + 0.05 diameter.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Stichocapsida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Lithocampida</span> with the terminal + mouth of the shell fenestrated (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata clausa).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1512">{1512}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 653. <i>Cyrtocapsa</i>,<a id="NtA_270" href="#Nt_270"><sup>[270]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichocapsida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata + clausa) with an apical horn on the cephalis, without basal terminal spine.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Cyrtocapsa</i> and the two following genera represent together the + small subfamily of Stichocapsida, or of those <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> in which the + many-jointed shell bears no radial appendages, and the terminal mouth is closed by a + lattice-plate. They have been derived from the Stichocorida by development of such a closing + plate. <i>Cyrtocapsa</i> bears an apical horn on the cephalis, and may be derived therefore + directly from <i>Eucyrtidium</i>.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Cyrtocapsella</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with three annular strictures (or internal septa) + and four distinct joints.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cyrtocapsa tetrapera</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate78"><b>78</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, pear-shaped, with three deep strictures. The three first joints are of equal + lengths, and each half as long as the hemispherical fourth joint. Cephalis subspherical, with an + oblique conical horn of the same length. The third joint is the broadest, three times as broad as + long. Pores regular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.15, breadth 0.09; length of + each of the three first joints 0.03, of the last 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cyrtocapsa compacta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate77"><b>77</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium compactum</i>, Haeckel, 1878, Atlas, loc. cit.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, pear-shaped, with three slight strictures. The hemispherical cephalis bears a + thick pyramidal spine of the same length, and is half as long as the second and the third joints, + one-third as long as the hemispherical fourth joint. The third joint is the broadest, three times + as broad as long. Pores subregular, circular. In the centre of the basal pole is one larger pore, + the remnant of the constricted mouth of <i>Eucyrtidium</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.16, breadth 0.12. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.04, <i>d</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 206, depth 2100 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1513">{1513}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Cyrtocapsa inflata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spiny, pear-shaped, with three deep strictures. The inflated third joint is twice as long + as the second and fourth joints, and three times as long as the hemispherical cephalis, which + bears a large conical horn of three times the length. Fourth joint flat, vaulted, inversely + cap-shaped. The third joint is the broadest, being twice as broad as long. Pores regular, + circular, double-contoured.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.14, breadth 0.11. Length of the single joints, + <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.06, <i>d</i> 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Cyrtocapsa pyrum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate78"><b>78</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>Shell thorny, pear-shaped, without external strictures, but with three internal annular septa. + Length of the four joints = 2 : 5 : 6 : 7. The fourth joint is the + broadest, being about twice as broad as long, and hemispherical. The small subspherical cephalis + bears a stout conical horn of the same length. Pores large, regular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2, breadth 0.12. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.06, <i>d</i> 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Cyrtocapsa cornuta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate78"><b>78</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, very thick-walled, nearly pear-shaped, with three annular strictures; the second + of which is very sharp, the first and third slight. Length of the four joints = + 3 : 4 : 5 : 6. The third joint is the broadest, being about twice as + broad as long; the fourth joint is hemispherical. Cephalis subspherical, with a large, conical, + curved horn of twice the length. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18, breadth 0.12. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.05, <i>d</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Cyrtocapsa diploconus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate78"><b>78</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, doubly conical, with three annular septa. Length of the four joints = + 3 : 4 : 4 : 8. The third joint is the broadest, two and a half times + as broad as long; the fourth is inversely conical, acute. Cephalis hemispherical, with a pyramidal + horn of the same length. Pores irregular, roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.19, breadth 0.1. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.03, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.04, <i>d</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1514">{1514}</span></div> + + <p>7. <i>Cyrtocapsa fusulus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate78"><b>78</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, with three distinct strictures. Length of the four joints = + 1 : 1 : 4 : 3. The third joint is the broadest, somewhat longer than + broad. The fourth joint is inversely conical. Cephalis hemispherical, with a coronal of large, + ovate pores, and a pyramidal, sulcate, oblique horn of twice the length. Pores regular, + circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18, breadth 0.07. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.02, <i>c</i> 0.08, <i>d</i> 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Cyrtocapsoma</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with four or more annular septa, and five or more + joints.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Cyrtocapsa incrassata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium incrassatum</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 105, Taf. + iv. fig. 9.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, spindle-shaped, with four annular septa. Length of the five joints = + 2 : 3 : 4 : 4 : 4. The third joint is the broadest, nearly + three times as broad as long. The fourth joint is inversely conical, acute. Cephalis small, + spherical, with two short, conical, divergent horns. Pores small, regular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.17, breadth 0.11. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.035, <i>c</i> 0.04, <i>d</i> 0.04, <i>e</i> + 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Cyrtocapsa costata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, twice as long as broad, with numerous longitudinal ribs, and four + annular septa. Length of the five joints = 1 : 4 : 3 : 2 : 8. + The third joint is the broadest. Fourth joint inversely conical, acute. Cephalis small, + hemispherical, with a small conical horn. Pores regular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.18, breadth 0.09. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.01, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.03, <i>d</i> 0.02, <i>e</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Cyrtocapsa colatractus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, with eight internal annular septa (without external stricture). + All nine joints are nearly equal in length, the first somewhat shorter, the last longer. The + fourth joint is the broadest, four times as broad as long. Last joint inversely conical, blunt. + Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn of the same length. Pores small and numerous, regular, + circular.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1515">{1515}</span></div> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.22, breadth 0.1; length of + the cephalis 0.015, of the last joint, 0.03, of each of the seven other joints, 0.022 to + 0.028.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Cyrtocapsa chrysalidium,</i> n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate76"><b>76</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, nearly spindle-shaped, with seven distinct strictures. Length of the eight joints + = 4 : 6 : 11 : 8 : 5 : 5 : 4 : 3. + The third and fourth joints are the broadest. The last joint is small, inversely cap-shaped. + Cephalis subspherical, with an oblique, dentate horn of the same length. Pores very numerous, + subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.23, breadth 0.1. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.055, <i>d</i> 0.04, <i>e</i> 0.025, + <i>f</i> 0.025, <i>g</i> 0.02, <i>h</i> 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 654. <i>Stichocapsa</i>,<a id="NtA_271" href="#Nt_271"><sup>[271]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichocapsida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata + clausa) without apical horn, and without basal spine.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Stichocapsa</i> differs from the preceding <i>Cyrtocapsa</i> in the + absence of an apical horn, and bears therefore to it the same relation as <i>Lithocampe</i> does + to <i>Eucyrtidium</i>. It may be derived either from <i>Cyrtocapsa</i> by loss of the horn, or + from <i>Eucyrtidium</i> by closure of the terminal mouth.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Stichocapsa tetracola,</i> n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate78"><b>78</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, half as broad as long, with three slight strictures. Length of + the four joints = 3 : 4 : 4 : 11. The fourth joint is the broadest, + inversely conical, with acute basal pole. Pores subregularly square in the second and third + joints, more irregular in the fourth joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.11. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.02, <i>c</i> 0.02, <i>d</i> 0.055; breadth 0.055.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Stichocapsa quadrigata,</i> n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate78"><b>78</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, pear-shaped, half as broad as long, with three deep strictures. Length of the + four joints = 3 : 8 : 8 : 5. The second joint is the broadest. The + fourth joint is scarcely larger than the hemispherical cephalis, inversely conical, with blunt + basal pole. Pores subregular, square, in transverse rows, in the second and third joints of equal + size, in the fourth smaller.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.12. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.015, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>e</i> 0.04, <i>d</i> 0.025; breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1516">{1516}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Stichocapsa tricincta,</i> n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate78"><b>78</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, twice as long as broad, with three deep strictures. Length of the + four joints = 2 : 5 : 5 : 10. The third joint is the broadest. + Fourth joint inversely conical, with acute basal pole. Cephalis small, subconical. Pores + irregular, roundish, of very different sizes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.11. Length of the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.01, + <i>b</i> 0.025, <i>e</i> 0.025, <i>d</i> 0.05; breadth 0.055.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Stichocapsa subglobosa,</i> n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell thorny, broad, pear-shaped, nearly spherical, almost as broad as long, with three + internal septal rings. Length of the four joints = 1 : 2 : 7 : 2. + Cephalis small, subspherical. Thorax flat, conical. Third joint very large, inflated, about twice + as broad as the second and fourth joints. The latter is flat, cap-shaped, with rounded basal pole. + Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, in the third joint twice as broad as in the second + and fourth joints.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.24. Length of the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, + <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.14, <i>d</i> 0.04; breadth 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Stichocapsa compressa,</i> Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocampe compressa</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 103, Taf. + iv. fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, broad, pear-shaped, almost as broad as long, with three internal septal rings. + Length of the four joints = 1 : 2 : 3 : 2. Cephalis very small, + spherical. Thorax conical. The third joint is the broadest, strongly inflated. The fourth joint + (in the figure of Stöhr broken off) is in a well preserved specimen inversely hemispherical, with + rounded basal pole. Pores very small, regular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.1. Length of the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.013, + <i>b</i> 0.027, <i>c</i> 0.04, <i>d</i> 0.022; breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte, Caltanisetta.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Stichocapsa pyriformis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell rough, pear-shaped, about twice as long as broad, with three internal septal rings. + Length of the four joints = 2 : 5 : 2 : 9. Cephalis small, + spherical, hyaline. Thorax conical. Third joint very short and broad; the fourth joint is the + broadest, half as long as the shell, with an inversely hemispherical basal pole. Pores subregular, + circular, small and numerous, larger in the basal third.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.18. Length of the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, + <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.02, <i>d</i> 0.09; breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1517">{1517}</span></div> + + <p>7. <i>Stichocapsa monstrosa,</i> n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate78"><b>78</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Shell tuberculate, twice as long as broad, irregular, horn-shaped or inversely conical, with + curved axis, and with three internal septal rings. Length of the four joints = + 2 : 7 : 3 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with small, circular pores. + The thorax is the broadest joint, half as long as the shell. The fourth joint is small, inversely + conical, with a blunt, curved, basal pole. Pores irregular, roundish, partly double-contoured.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.16. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.07, <i>c</i> 0.03, <i>d</i> 0.04; breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Stichocapsa pentacola</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate76"><b>76</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, slender, pear-shaped, twice as long as broad, with four sharp strictures. Length + of the five joints = 1 : 1 : 1 : 2 : 3. The three first + joints are nearly equal in length, but increase in breadth. The fifth joint is the broadest, + nearly spherical, with rounded basal pole. Pores irregular, roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.13. Length of the single + joints, <i>a</i> 0.017, <i>b</i> 0.017, <i>c</i> 0.017, <i>d</i> 0.028, <i>e</i> 0.05; breadth + 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Stichocapsa hexacola</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate76"><b>76</b></a>, + fig. 2).</p> + + <p>Shell rough, slender, pear-shaped, twice as long as broad, with five internal septal rings. The + five first joints are nearly equal in length. The sixth joint is the broadest, half as long as the + shell, with a rounded, hemispherical basal pole. Pores small and numerous, subregular, circular, + larger in the inflated basal third.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2. Length of each of the first + five joints 0.02, of the sixth joint 0.1; breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms; also fossil + in Barbados.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Stichocapsa compacta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate76"><b>76</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Shell rough very thick-walled, slender, pear-shaped, twice as long as broad, without external + stricture, but with eight internal septal rings. The eight first joints, gradually increasing in + breadth, are nearly equal in length. The eighth joint is the broadest, and one-third as long as + the shell, inversely hemispherical. Pores small, circular, in the last joint larger.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.25. Length of each of the + eight first joints about 0.02, of the ninth joint 0.08; breadth 0.13.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil + in Barbados.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1518">{1518}</span></div> + + <p>11. <i>Stichocapsa radicula,</i> Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocampe radicula</i>, Ehrenberg, 1838 (<i>partim</i>); Mikrogeol., 1854, + Taf. xxii. fig. 23<i>b</i>.?</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, decreasing from the broader middle towards the two rounded poles, + with four or five slight strictures. All five or six joints nearly equal in length, the middle + (third and fourth) are the broadest. Pores subregular, circular. (To this species those forms of + <i>Lithocampe radicula</i>, Ehrenberg, must be referred, in which the basal opening is perfectly + closed by lattice-work. The other forms in which the basal mouth remains open, and which are + connected with the former by transitional forms, constitute the true type of the genus + <i>Lithocampe</i> (page 1503).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.12 to 0.15, breadth 0.06 to + 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Stichocapsa subligata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocampe subligata</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 102, Taf. + iv. fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell rough, subcylindrical, irregular, with seven slight strictures. All eight joints of + slightly different lengths, the third joint is the broadest; the seventh joint is much broader + than the sixth and the eighth joints. The latter is inversely hemispherical. Cephalis very small, + spherical. Pores regular, circular, very small and numerous.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.24; length of the single + joints (on an average) 0.025 to 0.035, breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte).</p> + + <p>13. <i>Stichocapsa paniscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate76"><b>76</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, cylindrical, with a blunt, conical cephalis, and a hemispherical last joint, + without external strictures, but with seven or eight internal septa. Eight or nine joints nearly + equal in length, the second and the last somewhat longer. Pores circular, of unequal sizes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.16; length of each joint (on + an average) 0.02 to 0.03, breadth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>14. <i>Stichocapsa cylindrica</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell rough, cylindrical, four times as long as broad, with hemispherical cephalis and last + joint, without external stricture, but with ten or eleven internal septa. All eleven or twelve + joints are nearly equal in length, and are three times as broad as long. Only the flat cephalis is + shorter, and the vaulted last joint longer than each of the nine or ten other joints. Pores + regular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.24; length of each joint + (on an average) 0.02, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1519">{1519}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 655. <i>Artocapsa</i>,<a id="NtA_272" href="#Nt_272"><sup>[272]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, + Prodromus, p. 438.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Stichocapsida</span> (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata + clausa) with an apical horn on the cephalis, and a basal terminal spine on the last joint.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Artocapsa</i> differs from <i>Cyrtocapsa</i>, its ancestral form, by + the development of a vertical terminal spine, or a bunch of spines, on the base of the last joint, + and bears therefore to it the same relation as <i>Rhopalatractus</i> does to + <i>Rhopalocanium</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Artocapsa fusiformis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate76"><b>76</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Shell spindle-shaped, rough, with five slight strictures, decreasing uniformly from the broader + middle towards both poles, with a strong, pyramidal, terminal spine at each pole. Length of the + six joints = 2 : 5 : 3 : 3 : 2 : 5. Cephalis + hemispherical, hyaline, without pores, its horn half as large as the basal spine. Pores small and + numerous, subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2, breadth 0.09. Length of the + single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.05, <i>c</i> 0.03, <i>d</i> 0.03, <i>e</i> 0.02, <i>f</i> + 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Artocapsa spinosa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate76"><b>76</b></a>, + fig. 10).</p> + + <p>Shell spindle-shaped, spiny, with five distinct strictures. Length of the six joints = + 2 : 3 : 2 : 5 : 4 : 4. The fourth joint is the + broadest, and much larger than the five other joints. The first and the last joints are similar in + size and form, hemispherical, armed with some larger, irregular, conical spines. Pores irregular, + roundish, of variable sizes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2, breadth 0.09. Length of the + single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.02, <i>d</i> 0.05, <i>e</i> 0.04, <i>f</i> + 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Artocapsa infraculeata</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Eucyrtidium infraculeatum</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 106, + Taf. iv. fig. 13.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subcylindrical, rough, with five annular septa. Length of the six joints = + 2 : 3 : 4 : 4 : 4 : 3. The third, fourth, and + fifth joints are nearly equal in length and breadth, whilst the second and sixth are + cupola-shaped. The cephalis is very small, subspherical (regarded by Stöhr as a "large pore"), and + bears a short conical horn. The last joint bears a bunch of basal spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2, breadth 0.09. Length of the + cephalis 0.02, second and sixth joints 0.03, third, fourth, and fifth joints 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte (Stöhr), + Caltanisetta (Haeckel).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1520">{1520}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Artocapsa quadricamera</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spindle-shaped, smooth, with three sharp strictures. Length of the four joints = + 2 : 3 : 4 : 8. The third joint is the broadest. The fourth joint is + inversely conical, nearly as long as the three other joints together, and bears a strong, conical, + basal spine, of half the length. The cephalis is small, subspherical, and bears a conical horn of + the same length. Pores subregular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.17, breadth 0.08. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.03, <i>c</i> 0.04, <i>d</i> 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Artocapsa armata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slender, inversely ovate, spiny, with six deep strictures. Length of the seven joints = + 2 : 4 : 6 : 5 : 4 : 3 : 2. The third + joint is the broadest, inflated, and much larger than the four following, which gradually decrease + in size. The small, hemispherical cephalis bears a stout pyramidal horn of twice the length. The + last hemispherical joint is armed with a bunch of stout spines, one of which is much the larger, + and as long as the third joint. Pores irregular, roundish.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.26, breadth 0.12. Length of + the single joints, <i>a</i> 0.02, <i>b</i> 0.04, <i>c</i> 0.06, <i>d</i> 0.05, <i>e</i> 0.04, + <i>f</i> 0.03, <i>g</i> 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4575 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Artocapsa octocamera</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subcylindrical, smooth, with seven internal annular septa. Five joints (the third to the + seventh) are nearly equal in size, while the second and eighth are cupola-shaped, somewhat longer. + The cephalis is smaller, with a conical horn of the same length. The last joint bears a bunch of + divergent, conical spines, of different lengths. Pores small, regular, circular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.16, breadth 0.08. Length of + the cephalis 0.016, second and eighth joints 0.033, each of the five other joints 0.022.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Artocapsa elegans</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate76"><b>76</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>Shell spindle-shaped, smooth, with eight internal, broad, annular septa. The second and third + joints are the largest, the fourth and fifth of medium size, while the cephalis and the four last + joints are nearly equal in length, and much shorter. The third joint is the largest. The + subspherical cephalis bears a bristle-shaped horn of the same length, while the last joint is + armed with a bunch of conical spines. Pores small, in the upper half of the shell regular, + hexagonal, in the lower half irregular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.2, breadth 0.09. Length of + the first and the four last joints, each 0.014; of the fourth and fifth, each 0.02; of the third + 0.04, second 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1521">{1521}</span></div> + + <h2><b>Legion IV. PHÆODARIA,</b></h2> + + <p class="ac"><b>vel Cannopylea, vel Pansolenia (Pls. 99-128).</b></p> + + <div class="poem pc13"> + <p><i>Phæodaria</i>, Haeckel, 1879.</p> + <p><i>Tripylea</i>, Hertwig, 1879.</p> + <p><i>Cannopylea</i>, Haeckel, 1881.</p> + <p><i>Pansolenia</i>, Haeckel, 1878.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—Radiolaria with a double membrane surrounding the central capsule, + which bears on one pole of the main axis a peculiar astropyle, or a tubular main-opening, in the + centre of a circular radiate operculum. Usually (but not constantly) a pair of small, lateral, + accessory openings (or parapylæ) on the opposite pole of the main axis. Extracapsulum constantly + with a phæodium, or with a voluminous aggregation of peculiar dark pigment bodies (phæodella) + covering the astropyle of the central capsule. Skeleton siliceous or silicated, always + extracapsular, very rarely wanting. Fundamental form very variable, originally monaxon, often + dipleuric or bilateral.</p> + + <p>The legion <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, or <span class="sc">Cannopylea</span>, in the + extent here defined, was constituted by me in 1878, in my Protistenreich (p. 102) under the name + <span class="sc">Pansolenia</span>. This name was given on the supposition that the skeleton of + these interesting Radiolaria is always composed of hollow tubules, in contrast to that of the + other Radiolaria, where it is never tubular. But I was soon convinced that this supposition was + erroneous, that in a great part of the <span class="sc">Pansolenia</span> the skeleton is not + composed of hollow tubules but of solid bars, and that a constant, very characteristic, and never + failing mark of this group is to be found in the peculiar phæodium, a voluminous, constant, + extracapsular pigment body. Therefore, in 1879, I changed the name into <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, and having discovered in the collection of the Challenger an + astonishing number of new and wonderful types of this group, I described, in a preliminary note on + it, four different orders and ten families with thirty-eight genera (Ueber die Phæodarien, eine + neue Gruppe kieselschaliger mariner Rhizopoden; in Sitzungsberichte der Jenaischen Gesellschaft + für Medicin und Naturwissenschaft. Sitzung vom 12th December 1879).</p> + + <p>In the same year (1879), Richard Hertwig, in his excellent work entitled Der Organismus der + Radiolarien, published the first accurate description of the intimate structure of the soft body + of the <span class="sc">Pansolenia</span>, and mainly of their central capsule; and having always + observed, in the few representatives examined by him, three openings in the capsule (one + main-opening and two accessory openings), he called them <span class="sc">Tripylea</span> (<i>loc. + cit.</i> p. 87), being guided by the erroneous supposition that these three openings are <span + class="pagenum" id="page1522">{1522}</span>constant in all members of the group. But this is by no + means the case. The two accessory openings are completely absent in several families, whilst in + others their number is increased. A constant and very striking character, however, of all <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, is the peculiar structure of their tubular main-opening, which I call + astropyle, with its radiate operculum and cannular proboscis. On account of this important and + startling characteristic I proposed in 1881 to call this group <span class="sc">Cannopylea</span>. + The two names <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> and <span class="sc">Cannopylea</span> both + express a very striking and quite constant character of these curious Radiolaria, whilst the two + names <span class="sc">Pansolenia</span> and <span class="sc">Tripylea</span> are applicable only + to a part of the whole legion.</p> + + <p>The history of our knowledge of the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> is short, but very + remarkable. Although hundreds of species, many of them cosmopolitan, are distributed over all + oceans and all zones, although their size is in general much greater than that of the other + Radiolaria (usually 1 to 2 mm., often even 5 to 10 mm. or more), and although their form and + structure are usually striking, nevertheless the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> remained + completely unknown up to the year 1859. During that year I observed the first forms living in the + Gulf of Messina, and described and figured in 1862 in my Monograph five genera and seven species, + viz., (1) <i>Aulacantha scolymantha</i> (p. 263), (2) <i>Thalassoplancta cavispicula</i> (p. 261, + now <i>Cannobelos cavispicula</i>), (3) <i>Aulosphæra trigonopa</i>, and <i>Aulosphæra + elegantissima</i> (p. 359), (4) <i>Spongodictyum trigonizon</i> (p. 459, now <i>Sagoplegma + trigonizon</i>), and (5) <i>Cœlodendrum ramosissimum</i>, and <i>Cœlodendrum + gracillimum</i> (p. 361). I recognised the structure of the three genera enumerated as 1, 3, and + 5, as so remarkable and so different from that of the other Radiolaria, that I founded three + peculiar families for them, the Aulacanthida, Aulosphærida, and Cœlodendrida.</p> + + <p>The first note on the numerous remarkable <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> discovered by the + Challenger, and mainly on the large-sized inhabitants of the deep-sea, was published in 1876 by + Dr. John Murray, in his Preliminary Reports on Work done on Board the Challenger (Proc. Roy. Soc., + vol. xxiv., read March 16, 1876). He pointed out (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 535), that the tow-nets, + sent down to a great depth (according to a new plan, adopted in April 1875) brought up on every + occasion a great many new and peculiar Rhizopods, which had never been observed in the nets used + near the surface. "The shells of all have an exceedingly beautiful tracery, a fenestrated + appearance often, which a closer examination shows to be caused by pit-like depressions. Some have + only one, others have several openings, through which the sarcode flows. The sarcode of all these + deep-sea Rhizopods has many large black-brown pigment-cells. At times they come up with a good + deal of the sarcode outside of the shell; and two specimens have been seen to throw out elongated + pseudopodia" (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 536). Dr. John Murray distinguished at that time not less than + fifty species of these interesting deep-sea Rhizopods and called them provisionally Challengerida; + a term which we retain here for the largest and most characteristic family. He gave at the same + time, in an accompanying plate (xxiv.), six <span class="pagenum" + id="page1523">{1523}</span>figures of new <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, the names of which + (as found by me in 1879 in the corresponding preparations) are the following; (1) <i>Challengeria + naresii</i>, (2) <i>Challengeria aldrichii</i>, (3) <i>Bivalva compressa</i> (now = <i>Conchopsis + compressa</i>), (4) <i>Tuscarora belknapii</i>, (5) <i>Challengeria circopora</i> (now = + <i>Circoporus sexfurcus</i>), and (6) <i>Haeckeliana porcellana</i>. A great number of these + Challengerida (twenty species) were afterwards figured by Dr. John Murray in the Narrative of the + Cruise of H.M.S. Challenger, 1885, vol. i. part 1, p. 226, Pl. A; viz., fourteen species of + <i>Challengeria</i> and six species of <i>Tuscarora</i>.</p> + + <p>The most important advance in the knowledge which we had of the peculiar organisation of the + <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, was made by the accurate description which Richard Hertwig + published, in 1879, of the intimate structure of their central capsule, and mainly of its peculiar + openings. He examined living at Messina the following three forms, described in my Monograph; (1) + <i>Aulacantha scolymantha</i>, (2) <i>Aulosphæra elegantissima</i>, and (3) <i>Cœlodendrum + ramosissimum</i>. Besides, he described an interesting new genus, <i>Cœlacantha + anchorata</i>; and another new form, which he placed in the Aulosphærida, as <i>Aulosphæra + gracilis</i>, but which really was a new genus of Sagosphærida, here described as <i>Sagoscena + gracilis</i>. Finally, Hertwig first discovered that the peculiar bodies, described by Ehrenberg + as <i>Dictyocha</i> and placed by him in the <i>Diatomea</i> (<i>Polygastrica</i>), were the + isolated pieces of the skeleton of a true <i>Phæodarium</i>, and that they were scattered loosely + in great numbers over the surface of the jelly-sphere, just as are the hollow spicula of + <i>Thalassoplancta</i> or <i>Cannobelos</i>.</p> + + <p>The six species mentioned, of which Hertwig gave a very accurate description and very + instructive figures, belong to six different genera, and these represent six different families of + <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, viz.; Aulacanthida, Aulosphærida, Cœlodendrida, + Cannosphærida, Sagosphærida and Cannorrhaphida. He found that all these six forms, in spite of + great differences in the form and structure of their skeleton, were identical in the structure of + the central capsule; and since he observed constantly three openings in its double wall (a large + main-opening on the oral pole, and a pair of lateral accessory openings on the aboral pole of its + main axis) he called them <span class="sc">Tripylea</span> (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 87, 94). But he + also pointed out the remarkable shape of their voluminous extracapsular body, and especially the + characteristic position, size, colour and composition of the large pigment body, which I had + called the phæodium.</p> + + <p>The accurate description of the gigantic and elegant skeleton of a new <i>Phæodarium</i>, + surpassing all other known Radiolaria in its extraordinary size (15 mm.), was published in 1882 by + O. Bütschli (in Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. 486, Taf. xxxi.). He called it + <i>Cœlothamnus davidoffii</i>, in honour of its discoverer, who had found it floating on + the surface of the Gulf of Villafranca, near Nice. He placed it among the Cœlodendrida; it + belongs, however, to that part of this group which possesses a nasal tube, and which I afterwards + separated under the name Cœlographida.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1524">{1524}</span></div> + + <p>The total number of <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, hitherto described and illustrated by + figures, amounts therefore to seventeen species, viz., the seven species first described by myself + (in 1862); the six new species figured by Dr. John Murray (in 1876); the three new species + discovered by Hertwig (in 1879) and the single species last-mentioned described by Bütschli (in + 1882). The rich collection of the Challenger has added to this small number such an astonishing + wealth of new and remarkable forms, that I can describe in the following system of <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> not less than eighty-four genera and four hundred and sixty-five + species. These belong to fifteen different families and four different orders. But this great + number is probably only a small part of the numerous interesting <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, which are abundantly distributed over all the oceans; those + (<i>e.g.</i>) of the Indian and of the Arctic Oceans are almost unknown.</p> + + <p>The great majority of these wonderful <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> are inhabitants of the + deep-sea, mainly of the southern hemisphere, and are so common in many stations explored by the + Challenger, that its collection contains many thousands (or rather hundreds of thousands) of + well-preserved specimens. A smaller part of the legion is found on the surface, widely distributed + over all oceans; some of these are very common (as, <i>e.g.</i>, <i>Aulacantha</i>, + <i>Aulosphæra</i>, <i>Sagosphæra</i>, <i>Cœlodendrum</i>, <i>Castanella</i>, &c.) and + it is difficult to explain how they could entirely escape the eyes of all former observers.</p> + + <p>The three general characters which distinguish the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> easily and + constantly from all the other Radiolaria are the following:—(1) the double membrane, a thick + outer and a thin inner envelope, of the big central capsule; (2) its typical main-opening or + astropyle, placed on the oral pole of the main axis, and distinguished by a peculiar radiate + operculum, with tubular proboscis; (3) the phæodium, or the peculiar voluminous pigment-body, + which constantly lies in the oral half of the calymma, surrounds the oral part of the central + capsule, and is composed of numerous phæodella, or singular pigment-granules of green, olive, + brown or black colour.</p> + + <p>Besides these three general and never failing marks of the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, + the majority of this legion (but by no means all) possess the three following peculiarities; (1) + two parapylæ or accessory openings of the central capsule, placed laterally (at the right and + left) on the aboral pole of the main axis (wanting in the Challengerida, Medusettida, + Castanellida, and perhaps in some other families); (2) a characteristic skeleton which is always + extracapsular, wanting only in the Phæodinida, incomplete in the Cannorrhaphida and Aulacanthida, + but perfectly developed and of very various shapes in the twelve other families; usually this + silicated skeleton is composed of hollow tubules, which are filled up by jelly (<span + class="sc">Pansolenia</span>); but in some families it is composed of ordinary solid network, not + different from that of the other Radiolaria, <i>e.g.</i>, especially in the Castanellida and + Sagosphærida; (3) an extraordinary size of the body, as well of the central capsule and its + nucleus, as of the extracapsular skeleton; the majority of <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> have + a diameter of 1 to 2 mm., and are therefore from ten to twenty times as large as the <span + class="pagenum" id="page1525">{1525}</span>majority of the other Radiolaria; in some gigantic + forms the diameter of the unicellular body reaches 20 or even 30 mm.</p> + + <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> is the most important part + of their body and preserves in all families of this legion the same essential structure, and + nearly the same form, in striking contrast to the extraordinary variety and complication of the + skeleton. As already mentioned, it differs from the central capsule of all the other Radiolaria in + two most important peculiarities; firstly, the double membrane of the spheroidal capsule, and + secondly, the singular structure of its constant main-opening, the astropyle. A third constant + character is the considerable size of the enclosed nucleus, the diameter of which usually equals + about half of that of the capsule itself.</p> + + <p>The diameter of the capsule is, in the majority of <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, 0.1 to + 0.2 mm., often also 0.3 to 0.4, rarely more than 0.5, or less than 0.05 mm.</p> + + <p>The position of the central capsule is somewhat different in the four orders into which we have + divided the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>. It lies in the centre of the spherical, concentric + calymma in all the <span class="gsp">Phæocystina</span>, or in those <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> which possess no complete lattice-shell—Phæodinida, + Cannorrhaphida, and Aulacanthida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>). The + <span class="gsp">Phæosphæria</span> (comprising the Orosphærida, Sagosphærida, Aulosphærida, and + Cannosphærida, Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate112"><b>112</b></a>) all + possess a very big, usually spherical lattice-shell, and here the central capsule is much smaller + than the latter and lies in its centre. Another position is constantly occupied by the central + capsule in all <span class="gsp">Phæogromia</span> (Pls. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>; the + families Challengerida, Medusettida, Castanellida, Circoporida, Tuscarorida), which have a + peculiar mouth on the lattice-shell, placed on the oral pole of its main axis; the central capsule + lies in the opposite aboral half of the shell cavity. The <span class="gsp">Phæoconchia</span> + finally (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>, the + families Concharida, Cœlodendrida, and Cœlographida) all possess a bivalved shell, + and the capsule is here enclosed between the two valves of the shell.</p> + + <p>The form of the central capsule is constantly spheroidal, slightly depressed in the direction + of the main axis, and therefore comparable to the spheroidal form of our globe. The depression is + generally very slight, so that the proportion of the minor vertical main axis to the major + horizontal or equatorial axis is about 4 : 5 or 5 : 6, often even + 8 : 9 or less; but sometimes the proportion becomes 3 : 4, or even + 2 : 3, so that the capsule becomes nearly lenticular; very rarely its form becomes + almost perfectly spherical (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + fig. 1). The main axis stands always vertically, and is distinctly marked by the peculiar shape of + the astropyle, placed on its oral pole. Usually this pole, in the living and freely floating <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> seems to be the lower pole, directed downwards (as also in the <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span>); but in some families it seems to be inversely directed upwards, as + in the Challengerida and Tuscarorida, (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>).</p> + + <p>The two <i>membranes of the central capsule</i> possess in all <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> a very different shape, and were in all preparations which I could + accurately examine (some hundreds <span class="pagenum" id="page1526">{1526}</span>belonging to + all families) separated by a clear, rather wide interval, filled up either by a colourless fluid + or by a structureless jelly (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, + fig. 1; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, + figs. 8, 9, &c.). They are in direct connection only at the openings. In the living <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, however, their distance is very small, or they are in immediate + contact without any interval (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + fig. 10; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>, + fig. 1). According to the observations of Hertwig, the two membranes are always in close contact, + and without interspace, in the living <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>; and the space between + them is an artificial product due to the influence of the preserving fluid or of certain chemical + agents. In every case it is very easy to separate both membranes completely, except at the + openings, where they are in direct connection. We distinguish both membranes shortly as ectocapsa + and endocapsa.</p> + + <p>The ectocapsa, or the outer membrane of the central capsule, is rather firm and durable, + double-contoured, elastic and difficult to destroy. Its physical and chemical qualities seem to + approach those of chitin. It becomes, however, stained red by carmine, and yellow by nitric acid. + Usually it appears structureless and refracts the light strongly. In a few cases, however, it + exhibits, when examined by strong lenses, a fine punctation; and in some Aulacanthida (especially + in some big forms of <i>Aulographis</i> and <i>Aulospathis</i>) the entire ectocapsa was densely + covered with peculiar curved, or S-shaped dark corpuscles (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>, fig. 13). + They were all of the same length, about 0.01, and seemed to lie on its inner face.</p> + + <p>The endocapsa, or the inner membrane of the central capsule, is much thinner than the outer, + with which it is in immediate connection only at the openings. It encloses the entire contents of + the capsule, and becomes very distinct, as soon as the latter are dissolved by chemical agents, or + stained by carmine. In the majority of well-preserved preparations it is irregularly plicated, and + resembles a thin, but firm, crumpled paper. Isolated pieces of the endocapsa are completely + structureless, but exhibit also a considerable resistance, in spite of their minute thickness.</p> + + <p>The openings of the central capsule exhibit in the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> a greater + variety than their discoverer, R. Hertwig, supposed. The majority of the legion, certainly, + possess the three openings described by him, and are therefore true <span + class="sc">Tripylea</span>. Some families, however, have only one opening, the astropyle, which is + generally present (Challengerida, Medusettida, Castanellida, and <i>Phæocolla</i> among the + Phæodinida, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + fig. 1). In some other families there is a variable number of accessory openings or parapylæ, one, + three, or more, <i>e.g.</i>, especially in the Circoporida and Tuscarorida. The former may be + called Astropylea, the latter Sporopylea. Thus only a single opening to the central capsule is + constant in all <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> without exception, and that is the astropyle, or + the large main-opening with its peculiar structure.</p> + + <p>The astropyle, or the single constant main-opening of the central capsule, is distinguished by + a very remarkable structure, and is sufficient of itself to separate the <span class="pagenum" + id="page1527">{1527}</span><span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> from all the other Radiolaria, and + from the other Rhizopoda in general. It is always placed on the oral pole of the main axis, + forming here a peculiar cap-shaped or flatly conical elevation, the centre of which is prolonged + into a short, cylindrical tubule; we call the latter shortly a proboscis, and the former an + operculum. To understand better the different forms which these important parts assume in the + different families, compare Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + figs. 1-6; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>, + fig. 1; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, + fig. 1; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>, + figs. 1-3; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, + fig. 2; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, + figs. 1-9; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, + figs. 4-6; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>, + fig. 2, &c. Compare also the first very accurate figures which R. Hertwig has given in 1879 + (<i>loc. cit.</i>) in his Taf. x.</p> + + <p>The operculum of the astropyle, the most important part of this main opening ("der Oeffnungshof + der Hauptöffnung," in the description of Hertwig), is a circular convex plate, always more + strongly vaulted than the surrounding part of the capsule membrane, and is sharply separated from + it by a circular, often thickened and double-contoured margin. The operculum covers the + main-opening like the lid of a tea-kettle, and the proboscis arising from its centre is comparable + to the handle of that lid. The diameter of the circular operculum is usually about half as long + (rarely as long) as the radius of the central capsule, therefore in the majority of <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> 0.03 to 0.06, sometimes 0.1 and more. Its form is sometimes more + conical, sometimes more like a mamma. Its height is usually about equal to half its diameter. It + always exhibits a very distinct radial striation, produced by numerous prominent radial ribs, + which arise in the centre and end at the circular sharply truncated margin. The usual number of + these radial ribs may be, in the operculum of smaller capsules, from thirty to fifty, in those of + medium size from sixty to ninety, and in the largest two hundred to three hundred or more. Usually + the ribs are simple (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + figs. 1, 2, 6, 10; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, + figs. 4-6; also in all figures given by Hertwig); but sometimes, mainly in the biggest + Aulacanthida, they are distinctly branched in a centrifugal direction (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>, fig. 13; + Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, + fig. 3). Hertwig is of the opinion that the radial ribs are thickened ridges of the endocapsa + ("leistenartige Verdickungen der inneren Membran"), and that the ectocapsa covering it is + structureless (compare his figs. 1 and 1<i>a</i>, in Taf. x.). But I am convinced now, by numerous + experiments and observations, that the radiate operculum is a part of the outer, not of the inner + membrane. That part of the latter which lies immediately beyond the former, and which may be + called the "inner operculum," also exhibits usually a fine radial striation; but this is probably + only the cast of the stronger and much more prominent radial ribbing of the "outer operculum" + belonging to the ectocapsa. The latter exhibits a large circular opening with thickened margin, + when the radiate operculum is taken from it. The operculum becomes stained intensely red by + carmine, yellow by nitric acid, corresponding to the ectocapsa, the main-opening of which is + closed by it.</p> + + <p>The proboscis, or the cylindrical tubule, which arises in the centre of the <span + class="pagenum" id="page1528">{1528}</span>operculum, is often rather short, and bears the same + relation to it as the nipple does to the human breast (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>, fig. 2). + But usually it is more or less prolonged and often about as long as the radius of the capsule, + rarely nearly as long as its diameter (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + fig. 1). Its form is usually a slender cylinder, sometimes somewhat conical and tapering towards + the distal end. It is more or less curved or S-shaped in the majority of preparations (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, fig. 3; + Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, + fig. 6, &c.). Its thin wall is a direct prolongation of the outer membrane of the capsule, + therefore it appears as a direct apophysis of the operculum, when this is detached from the + latter. The opening at the distal end of the proboscis, through which the endosarc is thrown out, + is circular.</p> + + <p>The parapylæ, or the accessory openings of the central capsule, exhibit in all <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> the same form and structure, but vary in number and disposition. They + are recognised with difficulty in the smaller species, since they are always of small size, and + may be easily overlooked. They seem to be completely wanting in the following + families:—Challengerida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>), + Medusettida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>), + Castanellida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>), + and in single genera of other families, as in <i>Phæocolla</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, fig. 1). + The majority of <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> seem to possess the two lateral parapylæ, first + described by Hertwig, placed at a variable distance on each side of the aboral pole, to the right + and left (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + figs. 2, 6, 10; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, + fig. 1<i>a</i>; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>, + figs. 1, 2<i>a</i>; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, + figs. 1, 8<i>a</i> &c.). The horizontal axis, on which the two parapylæ lie, is the the + frontal or lateral axis; and the plane, which passes through the three openings of these + "Tripylea," is the frontal or lateral plane. The number of the parapylæ seems to be variable in + the two families, Circoporida and Tuscarorida, which also differ from the other <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> in the peculiar (porcellanous) structure of their shell-wall. The + number seems to vary even in the single species of one genus; and the following cases may be + found: (A) a single parapyle, placed on the aboral pole of the main axis and directly opposed to + the astropyle (on the oral pole), as in <i>Tuscaridium</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, fig. 8); + (B) three equidistant parapylæ, one of which is placed in the sagittal plane, and the two others + one on each side of it, to the right and left, is in <i>Tuscarora</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, figs. + 1-6); the three parapylæ seem to correspond here to the three long feet, or the tubular aboral + apophyses of the shell, which are arranged in a similar manner to the three cortinar feet of the + <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>; (C) four equidistant parapylæ, placed in pairs on the poles + of the diagonal axes of a horizontal plane, as in <i>Tuscarora</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, fig. 7); + they seem here to correspond to the four crossed aboral feet; (D) six to eight or more parapylæ + probably in the different genera of Circoporida (Pls. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>); perhaps + each radial tube, which is surrounded on its base by a circle of pores, here corresponds to a + separate parapyle. The number of well-preserved central capsules belonging to the two latter + families, however, which I could examine was relatively small and their examination very + difficult; therefore these numbers are not stated with satisfactory certainty and require a + further more accurate examination. <span class="pagenum" id="page1529">{1529}</span>The minute + structure of the parapylæ (or "Neben-Oeffnungen") has been described already very accurately by + Hertwig (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 95, Taf. x. figs. 1-11<i>b</i>). The two membranes of the capsule + are in direct and immediate connection on each parapyle. The strong outer membrane arises in the + form of a ring or of a short cylindrical tubule (collare paraboscidis or "Oeffnungshals"), is then + reflected inwards, and connected at the bottom of the cylindrical cavity with the delicate inner + membrane. From this connective ring arises a short conical or cylindrical tubule, which we call + shortly the "paraboscis." According to Hertwig (who calls it "Oeffnungskegel") the paraboscis is a + direct prolongation of the inner membrane only. My own observations have led me to the opinion, + that the paraboscis of each parapyle is a direct prolongation of the outer membrane (similarly to + the larger proboscis of the astropyle), and that the basal connective ring is, therefore, the + inner opening of the paraboscis, through which the entosarc enters, being protruded through its + outer circular opening. Usually the paraboscis of each parapyle is only a short cylinder, arising + by a conical base; but sometimes, especially in some Aulosphærida and Sagosphærida, it is + prolonged into a slender tubule, nearly as long as the radius of the central capsule. It has been + already figured by Hertwig (<i>loc. cit.</i>, Taf. x. figs. 6-8). It seems, therefore, that the + paraboscis of the accessory openings is developed in a way similar to the proboscis of the + main-opening, and that the chief difference between the two is indicated by the large radiate + operculum of the latter.</p> + + <p>The cavity of the endocapsa, or the spheroidal space enclosed by the inner membrane of the + central capsule, is filled up in its central part by the big nucleus, in its peripheral part by + the endoplasm, or by the internal protoplasm, which is in communication with the outer or + extracapsular protoplasm by the openings of that capsule. The endoplasm, or the intracapsular + sarcode, is rather opaque, finely granulated, and usually filled up by numerous small clear + spherules of equal size, which are more or less regularly arranged and equidistant. These + spherules have usually a diameter of 0.01 to 0.015, rarely more than 0.02 or less than 0.005 mm.; + their size is generally equal in each capsule. They have been already described and figured in my + Monograph, as "wasserhelle kugelige Bläschen," and are probably vacuoles or small vesicles filled + up by jelly or by a clear fluid. Usually each vesicle contains a small dark granule of fat, or a + group of such granules connected together; and in these Hertwig observed a vibrating molecular + motion. The central capsule of many <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> contains, besides the + vacuoles, often granules of pigment (usually red or yellow) and sometimes numerous groups of small + crystals, placed mainly beyond the operculum of the astropyle (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, figs. + 4-7). The outer layer of the endoplasm, placed immediately beyond the endocapsa, often exhibits a + fine striation, as if composed of delicate fibrillæ. This fibrillar striation is usually most + distinct on the base of the openings, where also the endoplasm becomes stained very intensely by + carmine. The astropyle as well as <span class="pagenum" id="page1530">{1530}</span>the parapylæ + often exhibit here, when observed from the face, a distinct radial striation (compare Hertwig, + <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 98, Taf. x. figs. 6-14) Perhaps the radiate shape of the operculum is only + produced by radial folds of the endocapsa placed beyond it, and these folds may be in turn the + product of the radial fibrillæ, which are prominent beyond the astropyle. On the other hand, these + fibrillæ may be compared to the muscular fibrillæ or "myophane filaments" in the ectosarc of the + Infusoria, and may perhaps effect by their contraction a dilatation of the openings of the + capsule.</p> + + <p>The nucleus of the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> is always very large, usually about half + or two thirds as broad as the central capsule and placed either in its centre, or sometimes nearer + to one pole of the main axis, which is common to the capsule and its nucleus. Therefore the + diameter of the latter is usually half or even two thirds of that of the capsule, and may be in + the majority 0.05 to 0.15, often 0.2 to 0.3, rarely more than 0.4 or less than 0.01 mm. The form + of the nucleus is rarely spherical, usually spheroidal, and it is more depressed in the direction + of the main axis than the capsule itself. In my Monograph, where I gave the first description of + it, I called it "Binnenbläschen." The membrane of the vesicular nucleus is thin but rather firm, + and contains a rather clear, finely granulated substance, in which numerous nucleoli are usually + scattered. (Compare Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + figs. 1-10; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>; Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>; Pl.<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, &c.; + the nucleus is marked by <i>n</i>, the nucleoli by <i>l</i>.)</p> + + <p>The nucleoli are very different in respect to their form, size, number and arrangement. Since + these differences are very great even in different specimens of a single species (as, <i>e.g.</i>, + in the common cosmopolitan <i>Aulacantha scolymantha</i>, <i>Aulosphæra trigonopa</i>, + <i>Cœlodendrum ramosissimum</i>, &c.), it is probable that they represent different + stages of development and multiplication, and that the smallest fragments of the nucleoli, or the + final results of their repeated division, become the nuclei of the flagellate spores, which are + developed in the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> just as in the other Radiolaria. In the + majority of nuclei examined, the number of the enclosed nucleoli proved to be very great, fifty to + eighty or more, often some hundreds, the greater their number the smaller their size. Their form + is usually irregular, roundish, or even amœboid—probably the result of + amœbiform motions (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + fig. 1). Sometimes the nucleoli were regularly spherical, equidistant, and connected apparently by + a delicate network (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + fig. 2). (Compare Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, and also + Taf. x. of Hertwig, <i>loc. cit.</i>).</p> + + <p>The calymma, or the extracapsular jelly-veil, is in the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> + always well developed and usually much larger than the enclosed central capsule. The entire volume + of the calymma may be three to six times as great as that of the capsule in the majority of this + legion; but in the large Aulacanthida, Aulosphærida, Cœlodendrida, Cœlographida, + &c., the volume of the former is twenty to fifty as great as that of the latter, or even more. + The jelly substance is rather firm and consistent, clear, structureless, and becomes more or less + intensely stained by carmine. In the <span class="pagenum" id="page1531">{1531}</span>larger forms + it is often filled by numerous large alveoles, which are usually absent in the smaller forms. + These extracapsular alveoles are most strongly developed in the calymma of the <span + class="gsp">Phæocystina</span>, or the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> with incomplete skeleton, + embracing the three families Phæodinida, Cannorrhaphida and Aulacanthida (Pls. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>). Usually + the calymma is here very voluminous and entirely filled up by large alveoles, which are either + spherical, irregularly roundish, or polyhedral by mutual compression. These alveoles or vacuoles + have no peculiar wall, but are only cavities in the homogeneous substance of the jelly, and are + filled by a clear aqueous fluid. Between these the network of the anastomosing pseudopodia is + expanded. They exhibit, therefore, the same shape, as was first observed in <i>Thalassicolla</i> + and in the <span class="gsp">Polycyttaria</span> (Collozoida, Sphærozoida and Collosphærida).</p> + + <p>The relation of the calymma to the skeleton is in the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> of the + same importance as in the other Radiolaria, and we may also here distinguish a primary and a + secondary calymma. The primary calymma is that on the surface of which at a certain period of life + (in the "shell-building period") the fenestrated shell is secreted in the majority of <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>. The secondary calymma, however, is formed after this period, and + envelops the shell itself as well as its apophyses externally. Usually the entire skeleton seems + to be enveloped by the secondary calymma.</p> + + <p>The parts of the extracapsular body, which are enclosed in the gelatinous calymma possess a + peculiar importance in the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>; these are firstly the sarcomatrix + and the pseudopodia arising from it, and secondly the phæodium. The sarcomatrix, or the layer of + extracapsular sarcode (ectoplasm), which immediately surrounds the central capsule is very thick + and more strongly developed in all <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> than in all other Radiolaria. + Its extraordinary size has been already mentioned by Hertwig (1879, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 99). It + is in direct connection with the intracapsular sarcode (or the endoplasm) only by the openings of + the central capsule, and mainly by the astropyle. Very numerous radial pseudopodia arise + everywhere from the sarcomatrix and run to the surface of the calymma, usually forming a rich + network in it by means of numerous branches and anastomoses (compare Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>). On the + surface of the calymma the meshes of this network are very numerous, and there arise from its + nodal points the terminal pseudopodia, which float freely in the surrounding water. The + metamorphoses of this network of sarcode, the perpetual changes in the number and size of its + meshes, and the movements of the sarcode streams as well as of the small granules running in it, + are always very manifest in the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> and in the big forms of this + legion (mainly in the Aulacanthida) they are better observed than in the majority of other + Radiolaria. In many <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> (and perhaps in all) a part of the + pseudopodia seems to have undergone a local differentiation, for special physiological purposes; + and Hertwig has described a peculiar conical contractile body, which arises in + <i>Cœlodendrum</i> between the two parapylæ (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 100, fig. 3). Further + examination <span class="pagenum" id="page1532">{1532}</span>of these interesting organs in living + <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> is required. Usually the sarcode, issuing from the openings of + the capsule, forms a stronger cylinder, with peculiar movements.</p> + + <p>The phæodium, or the peculiar dark extracapsular pigment-body of the <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, is one of the most important and most characteristic parts of their + organisation, and has induced me to derive their name from it; it is not less typical for the + whole legion, than the astropyle with its radiate operculum and the proboscis; and both these + important parts are always in direct topographical and physiological connection. Whilst I have + missed the phæodium in no <i>Phæodarium</i> in which the soft body was well preserved, I have not + found it in any other Radiolaria; for the similar extracapsular pigment bodies, which are found in + some species of <i>Thalassicolla</i> and some other <span class="gsp">Sphærellaria</span>, have a + composition and signification different from that of the phæodium—an exclusive peculiarity + of the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>.</p> + + <p>The typical importance of the phæodium for all members of this legion is proved by the + following five facts:—(1) its constant presence in all <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>; + (2) its constant excentric position in the oral half of the calymma; (3) its constant relation to + the astropyle, the operculum and the proboscis of which is always surrounded by it; (4) its + constant considerable size, its volume being usually greater than that of the central capsule, the + aboral half of which is covered by it; (5) its constant colour and morphological as well as + chemical composition. These five facts together demonstrate by their absolute constancy the high + morphological and physiological importance of the phæodium for this peculiar subclass of + Radiolaria, although its true nature is difficult to make out, and its main function is not yet + sufficiently known.</p> + + <p>The first remarks that have been made on the phæodium were published in 1862 in my Monograph, + where I noticed the peculiar dark brown extracapsular pigment body and its excentric position + covering only one-half of the central capsule, in <i>Aulacantha</i> (p. 263, Taf. ii. figs. 1, 2), + in <i>Thalassoplancta</i> (p. 262, Taf. iii. fig. 10), and in <i>Cœlodendrum</i> (p. 361, + Taf. xxxii. fig. 1). Its general presence and peculiar composition were first recognised by Dr. + John Murray, who had, during the Challenger Expedition, the first opportunity of examining many + big living <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> brought up from great depths. He gives in his first + Report (1876, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 536), the following important notice:—"The sarcode of all + these deep-sea Rhizopods has many large black-brown pigment-cells. Small bioplasts are scattered + through the sarcode. These collect into capsular-like clumps when the animal is at rest, and are + quickly coloured by carmine." In 1877 Dr. John Murray sent me the wonderful collection of <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> brought home by the Challenger, and I had now the best opportunity for + examining the phæodium in hundreds of well-preserved specimens. Supported by these extensive + observations, I gave, in 1879, in a preliminary paper,<a id="NtA_273" + href="#Nt_273"><sup>[273]</sup></a> a fuller description of the <span class="pagenum" + id="page1533">{1533}</span>phæodium, and of the phæodella (or the peculiar dark pigment-granules + composing it). At the same time R. Hertwig published his observations on the big living <span + class="sc">Tripylea</span> examined by him at Messina, and pointed out particularly that the + constant presence, composition, and arrangement of this excentric extracapsular pigment-body was + most characteristic, and sufficient in itself to distinguish this group from all the other + Radiolaria (1879, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 99).</p> + + <p>The most striking peculiarity of the phæodium, and the most important on account of its + absolute constancy, is its excentric position, covering only the oral hemisphere of the central + capsule, and wholly or partly wanting on the aboral hemisphere. This constant topographical + relation to the capsule never fails, and may be always observed at the first glance, when the body + is seen from the side (the main axis of the capsule being perpendicular to the axis of the eye of + the observer), (compare Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + figs. 6, 10; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>, + fig. 1; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, + fig. 1, &c.). The phæodium envelops, therefore, the oral half of the capsule completely, and + especially the astropyle in its centre; hence, the radiate operculum and the proboscis arising + from the latter cannot be seen usually before the former is removed. The general form of the + entire phæodium, in consequence of this excentric position, is concavo-convex (or crescentic in + longitudinal section), its concave face embracing the oral or anterior face of the capsule, and + its convex face being turned to the surface of the calymma.</p> + + <p>The topographical relation of the phæodium to the surrounding shell is also very characteristic + in the suborder <span class="gsp">Phæogromia</span>, or in those <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> + which possess a peculiar shell-mouth placed on the oral pole of its main axis. Here the capsule is + always placed in the aboral half of the shell-cavity, the phæodium in its oral half, separating + the astropyle from the mouth of the shell, both of which lie in the main axis; as in the + Challengerida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>), + Tuscarorida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>), + Castanellida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>), + Circoporida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>), + and Medusettida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>). In this + suborder (the <span class="gsp">Phæogromia</span>), the volume of the phæodium may be, on an + average, about as great as that of the central capsule, whilst in the majority of other <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> it is much greater than the latter.</p> + + <p>A similar topographical relation between the phæodium and the enclosing shell, as in the <span + class="gsp">Phæogromia</span>, also exists in the suborder <span class="gsp">Phæoconchia</span>, + or in those <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, which are distinguished from all the others by the + possession of a bivalved shell (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>). The two + valves of this curious shell, which resembles that of the Brachiopoda, are dorsal and ventral, and + the tripylean central capsule is always so placed between them that its two lateral parapylæ + (right and left) lie in the frontal plane of the shell, where a large frontal fissure opens + between the opposed margins of the two hemispherical or cap-shaped valves. The phæodium is also + placed here on the oral half of the capsule and surrounds its astropyle; but it exhibits some + differences in the three families of <span class="gsp">Phæoconchia</span>.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1534">{1534}</span></div> + + <p>The Concharida, the bivalved shell of which is simple, and without tubular apophyses (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>), possess + a relatively small central capsule, which usually fills up only the third or fourth part of the + shell-cavity. This is the aboral or posterior part, on the apex of which both valves are united by + a ligament in some Concharida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, + figs. 8, 9). The oral or anterior part of the shell-cavity (usually two-thirds or more) is filled + up by the phæodium, and this is usually bifid, being divided by a frontal constriction into two + wings or lobes; the dorsal wing is hidden in the upper valve of the shell, the ventral wing in the + lower valve; both wings are usually united only by a small central bridge, and this bridge of the + phæodium is pierced in its centre by the proboscis of the astropyle (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, figs. 6, + 10; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, + figs. 8, 9).</p> + + <p>The Cœlodendrida have a different shape (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>). Their + bivalved shell is relatively small and tiny, and bears on the two poles of the sagittal axis two + conical apophyses or galeæ, from each of which three or four very large, dichotomously branched + tubes arise. The central capsule fills up the cavity of the bivalved shell almost entirely, and + the voluminous dark phæodium envelops both to such an extent that the shell and the enclosed + capsule are often hidden in it completely. Therefore I arrived in my first description of + <i>Cœlodendrum</i> (1862, <i>loc. cit.</i>) at the erroneous conclusion that the capsule + lies outside, not inside the shell. The first accurate figure and description of its structure was + given in 1879, by Hertwig (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 99, Taf. x. fig. 3). The central capsule + (<i>v</i>) is here separated from the bivalved shell (<i>m</i>) only by a very small distance, and + the oral part of both is hidden in the phæodium. I find, however, in the majority of the numerous + preparations of the Challenger collection, the volume of the phæodium much greater, and it often + envelops the entire shell.</p> + + <p>The Cœlographida, finally, have a phæodium of the most remarkable shape, since in their + bivalved shell a peculiar reserve store or magazine of phæodella, which we call the "phæocapsa" is + developed for it (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate126"><b>126</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>, + <i>g.t.m.</i>). The bivalved shell has in these most perfect <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> a + structure similar to that in the Cœlodendrida; but they differ from the latter in the + stronger development, and greater differentiation of the two apical galeæ, and the large hollow + tubes arising from them. These two helmet-shaped cupolæ, the galeæ (<i>g</i>), which arise from + the two valves on the poles of the sagittal axis, are in the Cœlographida usually larger + than the valves themselves, and are not closed, as in the Cœlodendrida, but open by a + tubular apophysis at their base, the nasal tube or rhinocanna (<i>t</i>). The apex of the galea is + connected with the open mouth of the rhinocanna by a single or double frenulum (<i>b</i>). The two + nasal tubes or rhinocannæ (a dorsal and a ventral) lie in the sagittal plane of the body and run + from the base of each galea along the anterior convexity of the valve to its oral margin. Here is + placed the proboscis of the astropyle, between the two opposed mouths of the rhinocannæ (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>, fig. 2). + The phæodium is usually hidden entirely <span class="pagenum" id="page1535">{1535}</span>in the + two phæocapsæ, which are composed of the two galeæ (<i>g</i>), and the two rhinocannæ arising from + them (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, + figs. 4-9). A part of the phæodella is usually thrown out by the mouth of the latter + (<i>m</i>).</p> + + <p>The characteristic colour of the phæodium exhibits numerous different tints between green, + brown, and black. It seems to be in the majority blackish-brown or greenish-brown, very often + olive, more rarely almost quite green or red-brown. Usually the colour is so dark, intense and + opaque, that the parts enclosed by the phæodium, mainly the oral hemisphere of the central capsule + and the astropyle, are completely hidden in it. The chemical composition of the phæodium demands + further accurate researches; unfortunately I have not been able to make out its true nature, since + numerous different experiments furnished no certain general results.</p> + + <p>The phæodella, or the pigment-corpuscles, which compose the phæodium, aggregated in hundreds, + and in the bigger species in thousands, are usually spherical, sometimes somewhat ellipsoidal, at + other times spheroidal or lenticular; but usually numerous smaller, irregular, roundish particles + are intermingled between the larger and more regular corpuscles, and often the main mass forms a + very fine black powder. The size of the phæodella is very variable, not only in the different + species, but also in one and the same individual. The larger phæodella have a diameter of 0.01 to + 0.02, the smaller of 0.004 to 0.008 mm.; but there also occur very big forms of 0.04 to 0.05 mm., + or even more, and very small ones of 0.001 mm. or less. Usually the phæodium appears as an + aggregate of numerous larger and smaller phæodella, which are very different in size as well as in + the intensity and tint of their colour, and are irregularly crowded in a black, powder-like + substance.</p> + + <p>The morphological nature of the phæodella is also difficult to make out. I have already pointed + out in my first description of <i>Aulacantha</i>, <i>Thalassoplancta</i> and + <i>Cœlodendrum</i> (1862, <i>loc. cit.</i>), that a great part of these pigment-corpuscles + are true cells, composed of a nucleus and protoplasm, which contains granules of pigment, and is + enveloped by a membrane. Dr. John Murray, who had during the Challenger voyage the opportunity of + examining numerous different living <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, and staining them by + carmine, also asserts that a great part of those dark corpuscles are "large black-brown + pigment-cells" (1876, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 536). Numerous preparations of the Challenger + collection, well preserved in glycerine, and stained by carmine, contain <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> belonging to different families, the phæodium of which contains + numerous such "pigment-cells," with a dark red nucleus, and so similar are these cells, that every + histologist should recognise them. But in strange contrast to this is the fact, that in numerous + other mountings, prepared in the same manner, not a single cell of this kind is found in the + phæodium, and that the latter is composed only of irregular pigment-granules. In many <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> belonging to different families I, like Hertwig, could not find a + single true nucleated cell in the phæodium.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1536">{1536}</span></div> + + <p>A great part of the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, and usually the bigger forms of + Aulacanthida, Cannorrhaphida, Cœlodendrida, Cœlographida, &c., exhibit a + peculiar structure of the larger phæodella, viz., a fine parallel striation (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, figs. 3, + 6; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>, + fig. 1; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, + fig. 1; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>, + figs. 1-3, &c.). In each phæodellum may be counted about ten to twenty such fine parallel + stripes (more in the greater, less in the smaller forms); and in the ellipsoidal phæodella the + stripes are either transverse rings, perpendicular to their main axis, or ascending obliquely; + they often resemble the convoluted spiral filament of a thread-cell or nettle-cell of an Acaleph. + Sometimes these parallel transverse stripes are very striking. Another structure is seen in larger + phæodella, namely an aggregate or cluster of smaller globules, often of equal size, resembling a + small morula. All these minute structures of the phæodella as well as their changes in the living + <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, require a far more extensive examination (by means of strong + lenses and different chemical reagents), than I could, unfortunately, devote to them.</p> + + <p>The physiological signification of the phæodella, therefore, is at present not yet known; but + the general facts quoted above, their constant presence, position, volume, and composition, make + it probable that their physiological value in the <span class="sc">Phæodarian</span> organism is + very great. The following hypotheses may be taken provisionally into consideration:—A. The + phæodella are peculiar symbiontes, or unicellular algæ, comparable to the xanthellæ or + zooxanthellæ of the other Radiolaria. This hypothesis is probably correct for those phæodella + which are true nucleated cells; and the more so, as the majority of <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> do not exhibit those common yellow xanthellæ, which are usually found + in the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. It is even + possible that the latter are absent in all <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>. B. The phæodella are + dark pigment-bodies, which absorb light and heat in a manner similar to the simple "pigment-eyes" + of many lower animals, and may therefore be optical sense-organs of the <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>. This hypothesis may be supported by a comparison with the large-eyed + unicellular Protist, <i>Erythropsis agilis</i>, described by R. Hertwig. C. The phæodella are + organs of nutrition of the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> and active in their metastasis + ("Stoffwechsel"). Regarding them from this point of view, we may suppose that the phæodella are + secreted products which serve for digestion, acting like the bile or the saliva of higher animals. + Perhaps they too act like the venomous matter produced in the thread-capsules of the Acalephæ. The + suggestion that they are mere excretions, or half-digested matters, as Hertwig supposes ("halb + assimilirte Nahrungs-bestandtheile," 1879, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 99) seems less probable. The most + important fact illustrating their high signification for the processes of nutrition, digestion and + for effecting changes on matter, seems to be the close relation of the phæodium to the astropyle; + the radiate operculum of the latter, and the proboscis arising from it, being constantly covered + and completely hidden by the central main mass of the phæodium.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1537">{1537}</span></div> + + <p>The skeleton of the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> is always extracapsular, and exhibits in + the majority of this legion such a characteristic shape, form, and structure, that these organisms + may be easily recognised by it, even apart from the central capsule and the phæodium. In a few + cases, however, the skeleton is so similar to that of some <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and + <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, that it may be accidentally confounded with it. In general + the skeleton of the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> is much larger, and much more highly + developed, than that of most other Radiolaria, and exhibits the most wonderful appearances, and + the most marvellous complications, which are found in the whole world of Protists, or of + unicellular organisms. The varied composition and differentiation of the skeleton alone + distinguishes the numerous families, genera, and species of <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> + described in the sequel; all the fifteen families, however, agree so completely in the structure + of the central capsule and the phæodium described, that we may derive them all phylogenetically + from a small skeletonless family, the Phæodinida.</p> + + <p>The chemical composition of the skeleton seems to be, in the majority of <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, somewhat different from that of the other Radiolaria. In a few groups + only, especially in the Cannobelida (<i>Dictyocha</i>, <i>Mesocena</i>, &c.), and in a part of + the Castanellida and Concharida, the substance of the skeleton seems to be of pure silica, as in + the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>; these flinty + skeletons, therefore, may be also found fossil. In the majority of <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, however, the skeleton does not consist of pure silica, but of an + organic silicate; it becomes more or less intensely stained by carmine, and browned or blacked by + fire; in many cases it even becomes completely burned and destroyed by the prolonged action of + heat. This circumstance explains why <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> in general are rare in + deep-sea deposits, as in the common Radiolarian ooze of the Pacific, and why they are generally + absent in fossil deposits. Even the pure Radiolarian rocks of the Barbados, &c., contain only + a few <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, mainly Dictyochida.</p> + + <p>According to the different forms of the skeleton, we may divide the legion or subclass of <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> into two sublegions, four orders, and fifteen families. Firstly, we + may distinguish as two groups the <span class="gsp">Phæocystina</span>, without a lattice-shell, + and the <span class="gsp">Phæocoscina</span>, with a lattice-shell (compare above, p. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page5">5</a>). The <span + class="gsp">Phæocystina</span> comprise three different families, viz., (1) Phæodinida, without + any skeleton (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + figs. 1, 2); (2) Cannorrhaphida, with an incomplete skeleton, composed of numerous separate, not + radial pieces, which are scattered around the capsule in the calymma (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, figs. + 3-14; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>, + figs. 7-13), and (3) Aulacanthida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>), with an + incomplete skeleton, composed of numerous hollow radial tubes, which pierce the calymma and come + in contact by their proximal ends with the surface of the central capsule.</p> + + <p>The <span class="gsp">Phæocoscina</span>, or the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> with a + lattice-shell (embracing the great majority of the whole legion) exhibit three principal + differences in the shape of their shell, and from these we distinguish the three following orders; + (A) <span class="gsp">Phæosphæria</span>, with a spherical, not bivalved shell (rarely of an + ellipsoidal or lenticular, or another <span class="pagenum" id="page1538">{1538}</span>modified + form), without a shell-mouth or a peculiar constant large opening on the lattice-shell; (B) <span + class="gsp">Phæogromia</span>, with an ovate or polyhedral, not bivalved shell (often also of a + subspherical, ellipsoidal, or another modified form), constantly provided with a shell-mouth or a + peculiar large opening on one pole of the main axis of the lattice-shell; (C) <span + class="gsp">Phæoconchia</span>, with a bivalved shell, composed of two completely separated, + hemispherical, cap-shaped or boat-shaped valves (a dorsal and a ventral), comparable to that of + the Brachiopoda.</p> + + <p>The <span class="gsp">Phæosphæria</span>, or those <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> the big + shell of which is usually spherical, never bivalved and never provided with a peculiar + shell-mouth, comprise a great number of common and large-sized <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, + which may be arranged into four different families, according to the different structure of the + shell—(1) Orosphærida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>, + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>), + spherical shell extremely big and robust, composed of single piece of coarse lattice-work, the + thick bars of which are stratified and contain partly a fine axial-canal, meshes of the network + usually irregularly polygonal, no astral septa in the nodal points; (2) Sagosphærida (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>), + spherical shell large-sized, but extremely delicate and fragile, composed of a single piece of + arachnoidal lattice-work, the thin bars of which are simple solid threads, without axial-canal, + meshes of the network always large and triangular, no astral septa in the nodal points; (3) + Aulosphærida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>), + spherical shell large-sized, but very fragile, composed of numerous hollow cylindrical tubes, + which are connected (and at the same time separated) by peculiar astral septa in the nodal points, + meshes either triangular or polygonal; (4) Cannosphærida (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate112"><b>112</b></a>), + spherical shell double, composed of two concentric shells which are connected by thin hollow + radial tubes, the inner shell simple, solid or fenestrated, with a shell-mouth on the basal pole, + the outer shell composed of hollow cylindrical tubes which are connected by astral septa in the + nodal points. The structure of this outer shell is the same as in the Aulosphærida, while the + basal mouth of the inner shell brings this family in closer relationship to the <span + class="gsp">Phæogromia</span>.</p> + + <p>The <span class="gsp">Phæogromia</span>, or those <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> the shell + of which is not bivalved, but provided with a peculiar constant mouth on the oral pole of the main + axis, are in general similar to the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (Monocyrtida), and may be + divided into five different families, viz., (1) Challengerida (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>), shell + ovate or subspherical, also often triangular or lenticular, distinguished by a peculiar + diatomaceous structure, an exceedingly fine tracery of regular hexagonal, very delicate network; + (2) Medusettida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>), shell + ovate, campanulate or cap-shaped, distinguished by a peculiar alveolar structure, with a corona of + peculiar hollow, large, articulated feet around the mouth; (3) Castanellida (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>), shell + spherical or subspherical, of ordinary simple lattice-work, usually with a corona of simple solid + teeth around the mouth; (4) Circoporida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>), shell + spherical or polyhedral, with panelled or dimpled surface, distinguished by a peculiar + porcellanous structure (numerous thin needles being <span class="pagenum" + id="page1539">{1539}</span>embedded in a punctulate cement-substance), with hollow radial spines + and with a corona of simple solid teeth around the mouth; (5) Tuscarorida (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>), shell + ovate or subspherical, with smooth surface, of the same peculiar porcellanous structure as the + Circoporida, but with hollow, very long tubular teeth around the mouth.</p> + + <p>The <span class="gsp">Phæoconchia</span> are the peculiar and most interesting "<span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> bivalva," differing from all other <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, + and from all known Radiolaria in general, in the possession of a bivalved lattice-shell, composed + of a dorsal and a ventral valve. They may be divided into three families: (1) Concharida (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>), shell + with two thick and firm, regularly latticed valves, which bear no hollow tubes and no cupola or + galea on their apex or sagittal pole; (2) Cœlodendrida (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>), shell + with two thin and fragile, scarcely latticed valves, which bear a conical cupola or a + helmet-shaped galea on their apex, and hollow branched tubes arising from it (without rhinocanna + and frenula); (3) Cœlographida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate122"><b>122</b></a>, + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate126"><b>126</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>), shell + with two thin and fragile, scarcely latticed valves, similar to those of the Cœlodendrida, + but differing from them in the development of a peculiar rhinocanna or nasal tube upon each valve; + this tube is connected by an odd or paired frenulum with the apex of the galea, and both together + contain the phæodium.</p> + + <p>The phylogenetic affinity of the fifteen families enumerated, and the morphological + relationship based upon it, form a very difficult problem. The whole legion of <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> is probably monophyletic, in as much as all the families may be + derived from a single ancestral group, the skeletonless Phæodinida (<i>Phæodina</i> and + <i>Phæocolla</i>); but at the same time polyphyletic, in as much as probably many families have + been derived, independently one from another, from different branches of Phæodinida; or in other + words, the characteristic malacoma of the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> (the cannopylean + central capsule and the calymma with the phæodium) may be a monophyletic product, inherited from a + single ancestral form; the manifold skeleton, however, is certainly a polyphyletic product, + originating from different skeletonless Phæodinida.</p> + + <p>Among the independent families of <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, derived directly from + skeletonless Phæodinida by production of a peculiar skeleton, may be the following: Cannorrhaphida + (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + probably polyphyletic), Aulacanthida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>), + Castanellida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>), + Challengerida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>), + Concharida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>), + Circoporida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>) and + Tuscarorida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>). + The four families of <span class="gsp">Phæosphæria</span> (the Orosphærida, Sagosphærida, + Aulosphærida and Cannosphærida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate112"><b>112</b></a>), may be + derived perhaps from the Castanellida; and the Medusettida (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>), have + been perhaps derived from the Challengerida. The complicated affinities of these groups are + however difficult to explain. The Cœlodendrida (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>) are + probably derived from the Concharida, and the Cœlographida (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate126"><b>126</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>) from the + Cœlodendrida.</p> + + <p>The geometrical fundamental form of the shell is in the majority of <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> monaxonial, corresponding to the main axis of the enclosed central + capsule; the <span class="pagenum" id="page1540">{1540}</span>astropyle of the latter, placed on + the oral pole of the main axis, corresponds to the mouth of the shell in all <span + class="gsp">Phæogromia</span>. In the <span class="gsp">Phæosphæria</span>, where no peculiar + shell mouth is developed, the general fundamental form of the shell is usually homaxonial or + spherical, often an endospherical polyhedron, rarely ellipsoidal or spindle-shaped (with prolonged + main axis), or lenticular (with shortened main axis). The bivalved <span + class="gsp">Phæoconchia</span> have usually either an amphithect shell (with the same fundamental + form as the Ctenophora), or a dipleuric, bilaterally symmetrical shell (with a dorsal and a + ventral valve, a right and a left parapyle). A small number of <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> + (mainly Circoporida) are remarkable on account of the regular polyhedral form of their shell, the + geometrical axes of which resemble crystalline axes and are defined by regular radial tubes; as + the octahedral <i>Circoporus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, + fig. 6), the dodecahedral <i>Circorrhegma</i> (fig. 2), and the icosahedral <i>Circogonia</i> + (fig. 1).</p> + + <p>The siliceous or silicate bars, which compose the skeleton of the <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, are in the majority hollow tubes, filled up by jelly; in some other + families, however, they are solid rods, as in the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and <span + class="sc">Spumellaria</span>. Such usual lattice-work, composed of solid rods, occurs only in the + families Sagosphærida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>), + Castanellida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>), + and Concharida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>). A quite + peculiar structure, a diatomaceous tracery of extremely fine and regular hexagonal frames, + distinguishes the Challengerida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>). + The hollow cylindrical tubes, which are found in the other families, appear in three different + forms, simple, articulate, and provided with an axial thread. Simple hollow tubes, which are + neither articulate nor provided with an axial thread, occur in the Cannorrhaphida (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>), + Aulacanthida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>), + Cœlodendrida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>, + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate122"><b>122</b></a>), and + Cœlographida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate126"><b>126</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>). In all + these families the hollow cylindrical tubes have a very thin wall and contain a wide cavity, + filled only by jelly. The Orosphærida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>, + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>), + differ in the reduction of the cavity, which becomes very narrow (often rudimentary or lost), + whilst the walls of the tubes become extremely thickened and stratified, numerous concentric + layers of silica being disposed one over the other. The hollow cylindrical tubes contain an axial + filament, or a thin thread of silica, placed in its axis, in the families Aulosphærida (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>), + Cannosphærida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate112"><b>112</b></a>), + Circoporida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>), and + Tuscarorida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>). + Usually the axial filament is connected with the thin wall of the tube by numerous horizontal + branches. A quite peculiar structure distinguishes the Medusettida (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>); their + hollow tubes, extremely prolonged, are articulate owing to the presence of numerous, regular, + equidistant transverse septa; these are pierced by a short tubule, similar to the siphon of the + shells of <i>Nautilus</i>; this remarkable alveolar structure also occurs in the peripheral part + of their shell-wall (and sometimes in the whole shell), numerous small polyhedral chambers or + alveoles which communicate by small openings, being developed; they become easily filled with air + in the dry shell (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + figs. 11-16).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1541">{1541}</span></div> + + <p>The substance of the siliceous or silicated shell-wall is, in the majority of <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, homogeneous and structureless, as in the <span + class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>; but sometimes it acquires a + peculiar structure. The thickened wall of the hollow tubes in the Orosphærida and in several + Aulacanthida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>, + figs. 6-10) becomes distinctly stratified, concentric strata being disposed one over the other. A + very remarkable structure, differing from that in all other Radiolaria, is found in the + porcellanous shell of the Circoporida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>), and + Tuscarorida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>). + The thickened wall of the opaque shell is here composed of a peculiar silicated cement, which + encloses numerous very thin and irregularly scattered needles (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, figs. + 6-9; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate116"><b>116</b></a>, + fig. 3). Dry fragments of these shells, observed by a strong lens, appear finely punctulate, and + probably air, entering into these fine porules of the cement, causes the white colour and the + calcareous or porcellanous appearance of the opaque dry shell. Its surface is smooth in the + Tuscarorida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>), + panelled in the Circoporida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>).</p> + + <p>The hollow or solid spines, which arise from the shell of the <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, exhibit an extraordinary variety and elegance in the production of + different branches, bristles, hairs, secondary spine, and thorns, hooks, anchor-threads, pencils, + spathillæ, &c. These appendages are developed similarly to those of many <span + class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, but exhibit a far greater variety and richness in form. They are + organs partly for protection, partly for retention of food. They are much more interesting than in + other Radiolaria.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Orders and Families of</i> <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>.</h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Orders and Families of + Phæodaria" summary="Synopsis of the Orders and Families of + Phæodaria"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Order PHÆOCYSTINA.</p> + <p class="sp0">Skeleton absent or incomplete, composed of numerous single scattered pieces, + without connection. Central capsule placed in the centre of the calymma.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Skeleton completely absent,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">1. <span class="sc">Phæodinida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Skeleton composed of numerous scattered pieces, not of + radial tubes,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">2. <span class="sc">Cannorrhaphida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Skeleton composed of numerous hollow radial tubes, the + proximal ends of which are in contact with the central capsule,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">3. <span class="sc">Aulacanthida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Order PHÆOSPHÆRIA.</p> + <p class="sp0">Skeleton a simple or double lattice-shell, not bivalved, without a peculiar + shell-mouth (shell usually spherical, rarely of a modified form, always without peristome). + Central capsule placed in the centre of the shell-cavity.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace13sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Shell composed of a simple non-articulated lattice-plate, + without astral septa in the nodal points.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace8sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Network very robust and coarse, with irregular polygonal meshes; bars + very thick, partly hollow,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">4. <span class="sc">Orosphærida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Network very delicate and fragile, with subregular, triangular meshes; + rods very thin, filiform, always solid,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">5. <span class="sc">Sagosphærida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Shell composed of numerous hollow, tangential cylindrical + tubes, which are separated by astral septa in the nodal points.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell articulated, with astral septa, without a simple central + shell,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">6. <span class="sc">Aulosphærida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell double, composed of two concentric shells; the outer articulated, + the inner simple,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">7. <span class="sc">Cannosphærida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="5" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"><span class="pagenum" id="page1542">{1542}</span> + <p>III. Order PHÆOGROMIA.</p> + <p class="sp0">Skeleton a simple lattice-shell, not bivalved, constantly provided with a + peculiar large shell-mouth placed on the oral pole of the main axis; peristome usually + surrounded by peculiar feet or teeth. (Shell either spherical or ovate, or of another form). + Central capsule excentric, placed in the aboral half of the shell-cavity.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="5" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace22sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Structure of the shell not porcellanous (without needles + imbedded in a punctulate cement-substance).</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace16sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Structure of the shell diatomaceous, with very delicate and regular + hexagonal pores. No articulate feet,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">8. <span class="sc">Challengerida.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Structure of the shell alveolar, with hollow alveoles between a double + plate. A corona of articulated feet around the mouth,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">9. <span class="sc">Medusettida.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Structure of the shell of simple lattice-work, neither diatomaceous nor + alveolar. No articulate feet,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">10. <span class="sc">Castanellida.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Structure of the shell porcellanous, with peculiar fine + needles imbedded in a punctulate cement-substance (a circle of pores around the base of each + tube).</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Surface of the shell panelled or dimpled (spherical or polyhedral). + Peristome flat,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">11. <span class="sc">Circoporida.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Surface of the shell smooth, even (ovate or subspherical). Peristome + prominent,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">12. <span class="sc">Tuscarorida.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>IV. Order PHÆOCONCHIA.</p> + <p class="sp0">Skeleton a bivalved lattice-shell, composed of a dorsal and a ventral valve + which are completely separated (rarely connected by a ligament on the aboral pole). Central + capsule enclosed between the two valves.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace10sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">The two valves of the bivalved shell thick and firm, + regularly latticed, without a galea or cupola on their apex, and without hollow tubes,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">13. <span class="sc">Concharida.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">The two valves of the bivalved shell very thin and fragile, + scarcely latticed, each with a conical cupola or a helmet-shaped galea on its sagittal pole or + apex, and with hollow tubes.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Galea without rhinocanna or nasal tube, without frenula,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">14. <span class="sc">Cœlodendrida.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Galea with a rhinocanna or nasal tube, both connected by an odd or + paired frenulum,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">15. <span class="sc">Cœlographida.</span></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Orders and Families of + Phæodaria" summary="Synopsis of the Orders and Families of + Phæodaria"> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Order PHÆOCYSTINA.</p> + <p class="sp0">Skeleton absent or incomplete, composed of numerous single scattered pieces, + without connection. Central capsule placed in the centre of the calymma.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Skeleton completely absent,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">1. <span class="sc">Phæodinida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Skeleton composed of numerous scattered pieces, not of radial + tubes,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">2. <span class="sc">Cannorrhaphida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Skeleton composed of numerous hollow radial tubes, the proximal + ends of which are in contact with the central capsule,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">3. <span class="sc">Aulacanthida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="sp0"> + <p>II. Order PHÆOSPHÆRIA.</p> + <p class="sp0">Skeleton a simple or double lattice-shell, not bivalved, without a peculiar + shell-mouth (shell usually spherical, rarely of a modified form, always without peristome). + Central capsule placed in the centre of the shell-cavity.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell composed of a simple non-articulated lattice-plate, without + astral septa in the nodal points.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Network very robust and coarse, with irregular polygonal meshes; + bars very thick, partly hollow,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">4. <span class="sc">Orosphærida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Network very delicate and fragile, with subregular, triangular + meshes; rods very thin, filiform, always solid,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">5. <span class="sc">Sagosphærida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell composed of numerous hollow, tangential cylindrical tubes, + which are separated by astral septa in the nodal points.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell articulated, with astral septa, without a simple central + shell,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">6. <span class="sc">Aulosphærida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell double, composed of two concentric shells; the outer + articulated, the inner simple,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">7. <span class="sc">Cannosphærida</span>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="sp0"> + <p>III. Order PHÆOGROMIA.</p> + <p class="sp0">Skeleton a simple lattice-shell, not bivalved, constantly provided with a + peculiar large shell-mouth placed on the oral pole of the main axis; peristome usually + surrounded by peculiar feet or teeth. (Shell either spherical or ovate, or of another form). + Central capsule excentric, placed in the aboral half of the shell-cavity.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Structure of the shell not porcellanous (without needles imbedded + in a punctulate cement-substance).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Structure of the shell diatomaceous, with very delicate and + regular hexagonal pores. No articulate feet,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">8. <span class="sc">Challengerida.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Structure of the shell alveolar, with hollow alveoles between a + double plate. A corona of articulated feet around the mouth,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">9. <span class="sc">Medusettida.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Structure of the shell of simple lattice-work, neither + diatomaceous nor alveolar. No articulate feet,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">10. <span class="sc">Castanellida.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Structure of the shell porcellanous, with peculiar fine needles + imbedded in a punctulate cement-substance (a circle of pores around the base of each + tube).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Surface of the shell panelled or dimpled (spherical or + polyhedral). Peristome flat,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">11. <span class="sc">Circoporida.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Surface of the shell smooth, even (ovate or subspherical). + Peristome prominent,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">12. <span class="sc">Tuscarorida.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="sp0"> + <p>IV. Order PHÆOCONCHIA.</p> + <p class="sp0">Skeleton a bivalved lattice-shell, composed of a dorsal and a ventral valve + which are completely separated (rarely connected by a ligament on the aboral pole). Central + capsule enclosed between the two valves.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">The two valves of the bivalved shell thick and firm, regularly + latticed, without a galea or cupola on their apex, and without hollow tubes,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">13. <span class="sc">Concharida.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">The two valves of the bivalved shell very thin and fragile, + scarcely latticed, each with a conical cupola or a helmet-shaped galea on its sagittal pole or + apex, and with hollow tubes.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Galea without rhinocanna or nasal tube, without frenula,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">14. <span class="sc">Cœlodendrida.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Galea with a rhinocanna or nasal tube, both connected by an odd or + paired frenulum,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">15. <span class="sc">Cœlographida.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h3>Order I. PHÆOCYSTINA, Haeckel (1879).</h3> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> without lattice-shell, + either without any skeleton, or with an incomplete skeleton, composed of numerous single pieces, + which are scattered in the calymma without connection. Central capsule placed in the centre of the + spherical calymma.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1543">{1543}</span></div> + + <h4>Family LXXI. <span class="gsp">Phæodinida</span>, Haeckel (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, figs. 1, + 2).</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc33"> + <p><i>Phæodinida</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> without skeleton. Central capsule + with one to three (or more) openings, placed in the centre of the spherical naked calymma.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Phæodinida</span> is the simplest and most primitive of the <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, and differs from all the other families of this legion in the + complete absence of a skeleton. It bears, therefore, the same relation to the latter as the + Thalassicollida do to the other <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>. The soft body is only + composed of the central capsule with the nucleus, and the calymma with the phæodium.</p> + + <p>Of course it is quite possible that the skeletonless <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, which + we regard here as the ancestral family of that legion, may be either members of other families + which have lost their skeleton accidentally, or young <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> which have + not yet developed a skeleton. But in some preparations of the Challenger certain large, + well-preserved <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, without any trace of skeleton, are not rare; and + since I myself have observed a complete living <i>Phæodina</i>, I have no doubt that they are + independent, primordial forms (like <i>Actissa</i>, <i>Thalassicolla</i>, <i>Cystidium</i>, + <i>Nassella</i>, &c.). Probably also two skeletonless <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> belong + to this family which are figured by R. Hertwig, in 1879, in his Organismus d. Radiol. (Taf. x. + fig. 1, 11); this author, however, supposed that they had lost their original skeleton.</p> + + <p>The three species of Phæodinida which are described in the sequel represent two different + genera, <i>Phæodina</i> and <i>Phæocolla</i>, already distinguished in my first note on the <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> (Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, 1879, Dec. 12, p. 4). + <i>Phæodina</i> is a true <span class="sc">Tripylea</span>, and has the usual three openings which + occur in the majority of <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, a large astropyle or main-opening on + the oral pole of the main axis, and a pair of lateral accessory openings, or parapylæ, on the + aboral pole. <i>Phæocolla</i>, however, has only a single opening, the astropyle, and agrees + therefore with those <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> which possess no parapylæ (Challengerida, + Medusettida, Castanellida, &c.).</p> + + <p>The complete body is in all observed Phæodinida a small jelly sphere of 1 to 3 mm. in diameter, + with a transparent cortical layer and an opaque dark central part. This latter is the phæodium, in + which the central capsule is hidden, surrounded on all sides by the gelatinous spherical calymma; + the smooth surface of the latter is spherical.</p> + + <p>The <i>central capsule</i> of the Phæodinida (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, figs. 1, + 2), is either spherical or spheroidal, somewhat lenticular, slightly depressed in the direction of + the main axis. Its diameter is between 0.15 and 0.25. Its double membrane exhibits the same + structure as in the other <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>. The thick, double-contoured outer + membrane is separated from the thin and delicate inner membrane by a clear space, filled up by + jelly or by a fluid; the two are connected in <i>Phæocolla</i> (fig. 1) only at the astropyle, in + <i>Phæodina</i> (fig. 2), <span class="pagenum" id="page1544">{1544}</span>they are also connected + at the two parapylæ. The radiate operculum of the astropyle opens by a tubular prolongation or + proboscis, which is very long in the former, shorter in the latter. The two parapylæ of the latter + also bear short tubules. The protoplasm, enclosed in the inner membrane, contains numerous small + circular vacuoles. The large central nucleus is sometimes spherical or ellipsoidal, at other times + spheroidal or lenticular; it always contains numerous nucleoli. One specimen observed, with two + nuclei, was apparently engaged in self-division (fig. 2).</p> + + <p>The spherical gelatinous calymma, in the centre of which the central capsule is placed, has a + diameter of 1 to 2 mm. In the specimen of <i>Phæodina tripylea</i>, which I observed living, it + exhibited exactly the same shape as the figure of <i>Dictyocha stapedia</i> in Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, fig. 10; + the only distinction in this latter being indicated by the pileated pieces of the skeleton on the + surface. The jelly-sphere contained numerous roundish or globular alveoles of very different + sizes, and between them an areolated network of protoplasm; the latter has arisen from the outer + surface of the calymma in the form of very numerous, radiating, partly branched and anastomosing + pseudopodia. The dark and opaque centre of the jelly-sphere is filled up by the granular, + blackish-brown phæodium, which envelops the oral half of the central capsule completely; it + exhibits the same characters as in all the other <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Phæodinida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w50 smaller vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Phæodinida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Phæodinida"> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Central capsule with a single opening (an astropyle on the oral + pole),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">656. <i>Phæocolla</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Central capsule with three openings (an oral astropyle and two aboral + parapylæ),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">657. <i>Phæodina</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h5>Genus 656. <i>Phæocolla</i>,<a id="NtA_274" href="#Nt_274"><sup>[274]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1879, + Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 4.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Phæodinida</span> with a single aperture to the + central capsule (an astropyle with radiate operculum, placed on the oral pole of the main + axis).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Phæocolla</i> may be regarded as the simplest form of all <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, and perhaps as the common ancestral form of this legion. It has no + skeleton, and the central capsule exhibits only a single aperture on one pole of the main axis. In + this it agrees with the Challengerida, Medusettida, and Castanellida, which have also no parapylæ + or secondary openings.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Phæocolla primordialis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Central capsule subspherical, or somewhat depressed in the direction of the main axis. The oral + pole of the latter exhibits a large astropyle, or a radiate operculum, about as broad as the <span + class="pagenum" id="page1545">{1545}</span>nucleus. From its centre arises a conical mammilla, + prolonged into a thin, cylindrical, S-like tubulus, the proboscis, which is about as long as the + diameter of the capsule. The outer membrane of the capsule is thick and double-contoured; the + inner is very thin, but distinct, and includes finely granulated protoplasm, and numerous + spherical, clear vacuoles, each with some small granules. Nucleus spheroidal, depressed in the + direction of the main axis, containing numerous dark, irregularly amœbiform nucleoli. The + diameter of the nucleus is about equal to the radius of the central capsule. The extracapsular + calymma is an alveolated sphere, the diameter of which is six to eight times that of the capsule. + The inner part of it contains an irregular, blackish phæodium, which surrounds and hides the oral + half of the central capsule.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the central capsule 0.16, of the nucleus 0.08, of the + calymma 1.0 to 1.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271 to 274, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 657. <i>Phæodina</i>,<a id="NtA_275" href="#Nt_275"><sup>[275]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1879, + Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 4.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Phæodinida</span> with three apertures to the + central capsule (an astropyle on the oral pole of the main axis, and two lateral parapylæ on both + sides of the aboral pole).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Phæodina</i> has the same structure of the central capsule as the + majority of <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>; one large main-opening or astropyle on the oral + pole of the main axis, and two smaller lateral accessory openings or parapylæ on each side of the + aboral pole: it is therefore a true Tripylean genus, like the majority of <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Phæodina tripylea</i>, Haeckel (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + fig. 2).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Tripylea</i> sp., R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., Taf. x. figs. 1, + 11.</p> + </div> + + <p>Central capsule spheroidal or lenticular, somewhat depressed in the direction of the main axis. + Astropyle with a strongly ribbed, radiate operculum, scarcely one-third as broad as the diameter + of the capsule, and prolonged into a short tubular proboscis. Parapylæ also with short tubular + openings. The outer strong (double-contoured) membrane of the central capsule is separated from + the inner thin (simple-contoured) membrane by a wide interval, filled up by a clear fluid or + jelly; only at the three apertures both membranes are in direct connection. The granulated + protoplasm contains numerous vacuoles, and surrounds a large spheroidal nucleus, with numerous + small nucleoli. The voluminous calymma in a specimen, observed living, was alveolar, and the + ramification of the pseudopodia, as well as the formation of the dark brown phæodium, very similar + to that of <i>Dictyocha stapedia</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + fig. 10). Another specimen, figured in Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + fig. 2, exhibited the first stages of self-division; the reticulated nucleus and the radiate + operculum of the astropyle were already doubled, and the two membranes of the capsule between them + constricted in the median plane. To this species belong probably the central capsules figured by + R. Hertwig, <i>loc. cit.</i></p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1546">{1546}</span></div> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the central capsule 0.15 to 0.25, of the nucleus 0.06 to + 0.1, of the calymma 0.8 to 1.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean; Portofino, near Genoa (Haeckel); Messina + (Hertwig).</p> + + <p>2. <i>Phæodina cannopylea</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Central capsule subspherical, scarcely depressed in the direction of the main axis. Astropyle + with a finely ribbed radiate operculum, about as broad as the radius of the capsule, prolonged + into a slender, tubular proboscis which is S-shaped, about as long as the radius, and similar to + that of <i>Phæocolla primordialis</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + fig. 1. Parapylæ also tubular, with two slender prolongations, half as long and broad as the + proboscis of the parapyle. Nucleus spheroidal, about half as broad as the capsule. This species + differs from the preceding mainly in the cylindrical slender prolongations of the three apertures, + which are similar to those of <i>Aulosphæra</i> and <i>Aularia</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the central capsule 0.2, of the nucleus 0.1, of the + calymma 1.2 to 1.5.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Family LXXII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Cannorrhaphida</span></span>, Haeckel, 1879 + (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + figs. 3-14; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>, + figs. 7-13).</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc35"> + <p><i>Cannorrhaphida</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. + 4.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> with an incomplete skeleton, + composed of numerous separate, not radially arranged pieces, which are either hollow tangential + spicula or cap-shaped dishes, or fenestrated rings, scattered loosely in the calymma. Central + capsule placed in the centre of the spherical calymma.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Cannorrhaphida</span> comprises those <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> in which the incomplete skeleton is represented by numerous separate + pieces of silica, which exhibit very different forms, and are scattered tangentially on the + surface of the spherical calymma, sometimes also throughout its jelly-mass. They agree in this + peculiar character with the Thalassosphærida (among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>) and + bear the same relation to the skeletonless Phæodinida as the Thalassosphærida do to the + Thalassicollida (compare pp. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page10">10</a> + and <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page29">29</a>). The + Cannorrhaphida represent the former group among the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>. They differ + from the following family, the Aulacanthida, in the arrangement and position of the hollow + spicula, which are never directed radially and never touch the central capsule, as is constantly + the case in the latter.</p> + + <p>Two genera of Cannorrhaphida have been hitherto known. The first species observed in a complete + and living state (at Messina in 1859) was <i>Cannobelos cavispicula</i>, described in 1862 in my + Monograph as <i>Thalassoplancta cavispicula</i> (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 261, Taf. iii. figs. 10-13). + I there figured a complete living specimen with expanded pseudopodia and a double central capsule + (in the stage of self-division). The latter was surrounded by an <span class="pagenum" + id="page1547">{1547}</span>alveolar calymma and by a voluminous mass of blackish-brown pigment, + the phæodium; numerous, long, hollow, cylindrical tubes were scattered on the surface of the + calymma. At that time I did not know the tripylean character of the central capsule and the + peculiar radiate operculum in the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, and therefore placed <i><span + class="correction" title="Original reads 'Thallassoplancta'.">Thalassoplancta</span> + cavispicula</i> among the Thalassosphærida.</p> + + <p>The second description of a complete form of Cannorrhaphida was given in 1879 by R. Hertwig, + under the name <i>Dictyocha fibula</i> (Organismus d. Radiol., p. 89, Taf. ix. fig. 5). The genus + <i>Dictyocha</i> had been already founded by Ehrenberg in 1838, with the following + definition:—"Lorica simplex, univalvis, silicea, laxe reticulata aut stellata" (Abhandl. d. + k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1838, p. 128). Ehrenberg had found only scattered pieces of the + skeleton, fossil in Tertiary rocks. He placed them among the <i>Bacillaria</i> (= + <i>Diatomaceæ</i>), but added, that they may be possibly scattered spicula of Sponges ("forsan + Spongiarum ossicula").</p> + + <p>In 1859 I myself observed similar forms of <i>Dictyocha</i> at Messina, and first recognised + them as true Radiolaria. But I placed them at that time among the Acanthodesmida, beside + <i>Prismatium</i>, supposing that a small spherical body which I had sometimes seen in the cavity + of the pileated pieces (probably a phæodellum) was the small central capsule (Monogr. d. Radiol., + 1862, p. 271, Taf. xii. figs. 3-6). The complete body of <i>Dictyocha</i> was not described till + 1879, when R. Hertwig gave a full description of its peculiar structure, and especially of the + great central capsule, which resembles that of the other <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>. He + first stated that the singular pileated pieces described by Ehrenberg were not complete shells, + but isolated pieces of the skeleton, which are scattered in the jelly-envelope around the central + capsule in a mode similar to the spicula of <i>Thalassoplancta</i>, <i>Thalassosphæra</i> and + <i>Sphærozoum</i>. Hertwig also first recognised that the thin rods, which compose the reticular + pileated pieces of the skeleton in <i>Dictyocha</i>, are not solid bars, but thin hollow tubules, + similar to the hollow rods of <i>Aulacantha</i> and of other <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>.</p> + + <p>Numerous complete and well-preserved specimens of <i>Dictyocha</i>, which I found in the + collection of the Challenger, have convinced me that the accurate description of R. Hertwig is + correct in every respect, and that these remarkable bodies are true <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, most closely allied to <i>Cannobelos</i> (= <i>Thalassoplancta</i>) + and to <i>Aulacantha</i> (compare Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + fig. 10). I now regard them as representatives of a peculiar subfamily of Cannorrhaphida, which I + call Dictyochida. To the same subfamily also belong the small annular bodies which Ehrenberg + described in 1841 as <i>Mesocena</i> (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 401), and the elegant, more + complicated, reticular and pileated bodies, which Stöhr figured in 1880 under the name + <i>Distephanus</i> (Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 121). These peculiar bodies are also only isolated + pieces of the siliceous skeleton, and are scattered tangentially in great numbers in the calymma, + around the tripylean central capsule. A still higher degree of development is attained by the + interesting forms <span class="pagenum" id="page1548">{1548}</span>which I describe here as + <i>Cannopilus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>, + figs. 7-13). All these peculiar forms may be derived from the simple annular pieces of skeleton, + which are aggregated in great numbers in the calymma of <i>Mesocena</i>. The pieces of the + skeleton of these Dictyochida never assume the form of slender, cylindrical, tangential tubules + which is characteristic of the Cannobelida.</p> + + <p>A third subfamily of Cannorrhaphida, the Catinulida, is represented by the remarkable new genus + <i>Catinulus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, + fig. 8). The single pieces of the skeleton, scattered in hundreds or thousands throughout the + calymma, are here not composed of hollow rods, as in the two former subfamilies, but are solid + hemispherical caps, or small, more flatly vaulted dishes, with a peculiar radial striation. All + the complete specimens of <i>Catinulus</i> which I could examine possessed four equal central + capsules, united in one spherical calymma.</p> + + <p>The common character which unites the three rather different subfamilies, the Cannobelida, + Dictyochida and Catinulida into a single family, and which separates this family, the + Cannorrhaphida, from the other <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, is to be found in the + composition of the rudimentary skeleton from numerous single pieces, which are loosely scattered + either on the surface of the calymma, or throughout its jelly-mass, and which are never arranged + radially and never touch the central capsule as is always the case in the closely allied + Aulacanthida.</p> + + <p>The slender spicula of the Cannobelida are cylindrical or spindle-shaped, tubular, scattered in + variable numbers, but always in a tangential direction on the surface of the calymma. Usually they + are 0.2 to 0.5 long, and 0.005 to 0.03 broad; either straight or slightly curved; smooth and + simple in <i>Cannobelos</i>, spiny or branched in <i>Cannorrhaphis</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, figs. + 3-5). Their wall is thin and fragile, their diameter sometimes equal throughout their whole + length, at other times tapering towards both ends. Their cavity is filled by jelly, and seems to + be open at both ends, since the purified and dried spicula constantly become filled by air.</p> + + <p>The peculiar pieces of silica which compose the skeleton of the Catinulida are not hollow, like + the rods of the other Cannorrhaphida, but concave hemispherical cups or more flatly vaulted little + dishes, the thin flinty wall of which is slightly thickened at the circular margin, and radially + striped above it. In all three species of <i>Catinulus</i> observed they were scattered throughout + the calymma in hundreds or thousands (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, + fig. 8). Their relation to the Dictyochida is doubtful. Perhaps the small cups of <i>Catinulus</i> + may be derived from the simple rings of <i>Mesocena</i>, by development of an operculum on one + side of the ring.</p> + + <p>The skeleton of the Dictyochida is much more developed and possesses a higher morphological + interest; the numerous different forms, however, which its pieces here assume, may be all derived + from the simple circular ring of <i>Mesocena</i>. This ring is formed by a thin, hollow, + cylindrical, or prismatic rod, sometimes circular or elliptical, at <span class="pagenum" + id="page1549">{1549}</span>other times polygonal. From its margin small, hollow, radial spines + often proceed (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + fig. 9). In <i>Dictyocha</i> there arise from the ring two, three, four or more siliceous bars or + arches, which form one or more bulges over one side of the ring; usually the little fenestrated + shell thus produced assumes the form of a three-sided or four-sided pyramid, or of a little hat + with three or four meshes (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + figs. 10-14). From this <i>Dictyocha</i> (in a restricted sense) we separate the genus + <i>Distephanus</i>, in which the little pyramids become truncated, so that one central apical mesh + (the apical or upper ring) is surrounded by four, five, six or eight lateral meshes, the sides of + the pyramid (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>, + figs. 7-9). The edges of the small pyramid are formed by the same number of siliceous bars arising + from the ring and alternating with the meshes. Radial spines in different numbers and arrangements + arise from the corners of the two parallel rings, as well from the smaller apical as from the + larger basal ring. The simple apical ring of <i>Distephanus</i> becomes divided or fenestrated in + the highest developed genus of this subfamily, in <i>Cannopilus</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>, figs. + 10-13); each pileated piece of the skeleton exhibits here two rows of alternating lateral meshes, + an upper row of smaller and a lower row of larger meshes.</p> + + <p>The majority of Dictyochida are armed with spines or thorns, which arise in a regular manner + from different points of the annular or pileated pieces. In the ancestral genus, <i>Mesocena</i>, + radial spines start from the corners of the simple ring in centrifugal direction, and lie + horizontally in its plane. As these primary corner-spines determine the radial composition of the + more highly developed genera we call them perradial (lying in rays of the first order). In + <i>Dictyocha</i> and <i>Distephanus</i> commonly (but not quite constantly) these perradial spines + alternate with the ascending bars which bisect the sides of the basal ring; these bars are + therefore interradial (lying in rays of the second order); consequently also the corners of the + apical ring of <i>Distephanus</i> are interradial. The latter also often bear small thorns or + teeth. Other teeth frequently start in centripetal direction from the lower or basal ring, on the + side of the perradial spines, and frequently they are directed obliquely downwards.</p> + + <p>In <i>Dictyocha</i> and <i>Distephanus</i> are frequently found remarkable twin pieces, + composed of two pileated and reticulated skeleton pieces. These are united by their basal rings + loosely in such a way that they form together a small fenestrated subspherical body; the union is + strengthened by those small teeth of the basal rings, which are directed downwards and catch one + into the other (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + fig. 12; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>, + fig. 8). A similar twin piece has been already observed by Stöhr in the fossil <i>Distephanus + rotundus</i>, and upon this was founded this genus. Since the teeth of the two opposed basal + rings, catching one into the other, seem to be specially adapted for the composition of those + small double pyramids, it is probable that the latter possess a special protective function in + these <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, and perhaps envelop their phæodella or their flagellate + spores (?). In every case these formations are very remarkable.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1550">{1550}</span></div> + + <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the Cannorrhaphida seems to possess the same shape in the three + subfamilies, and to agree in general with that of the Aulacanthida. In a living specimen of + <i>Dictyocha stapedia</i>, which I observed at Ceylon (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, fig. 10), + the three openings of the <span class="sc">Tripylea</span> were distinct; the radiate operculum of + the astropyle (on the oral pole) was surrounded by the granules of the dark phæodium, whilst on + the opposite aboral side, two parapylæ or conical secondary openings were visible. The voluminous + spherical calymma (about four times as broad as the central capsule) contained numerous large + alveoles (as in <i>Aulosphæra</i>) and its surface was protected by numerous pileated pieces of + the skeleton; the basal ring of the latter was placed tangentially in the spherical surface of the + calymma, their apical spine being directed outwards. The pseudopodia, arising from the central + capsule and forming a network between the alveoles of the calymma, radiated outwards in great + number from its surface (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + fig. 10).</p> + + <p>The propagation by self-division seems to be very frequent in the Cannorrhaphida. I frequently + found two equal central capsules in one calymma, as in the first observed species, <i>Cannobelos + cavispicula</i>, and in <i>Cannorrhaphis spinulosa</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, fig. 3), + sometimes also in <i>Dictyocha</i> and <i>Distephanus</i>. As already mentioned, <i>Catinulus</i> + constantly exhibited four central capsules united in each calymma.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Cannorrhaphida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Cannorrhaphida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Cannorrhaphida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Cannobelida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Pieces of the skeleton cylindrical or spindle-shaped tangential tubules.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Tubules simple, smooth,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">658. <i>Cannobelos</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Tubules spiny or branched,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">659. <i>Cannorrhaphis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Catinulida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Pieces of the skeleton hemispherical or cap-shaped, solid.</p> + </td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Caps or hemispherical pieces of the skeleton solid, with + radiate margin and circular opening,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">660. <i>Catinulus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>III. Subfamily Dictyochida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Pieces of the skeleton either simple rings or pileated or pyramidal bodies, + composed of thin hollow rods and reticular meshes.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace11sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Flinty pieces simple or arched rings, not truncated + pyramids, with a basal ring, but without apical ring.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Basal ring simple, not arched or fenestrated,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">661. <i>Mesocena</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Basal ring fenestrated, with two or more arches, vaulted over one + side,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">662. <i>Dictyocha</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Flinty pieces of the skeleton resembling a truncated + pyramid, with an upper smaller apical ring, and a lower larger basal ring.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Apical ring simple, not fenestrated (one girdle of meshes on each + piece),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">663. <i>Distephanus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Apical ring fenestrated (two girdles of meshes on each piece),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">664. <i>Cannopilus</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Cannorrhaphida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Cannorrhaphida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Cannobelida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Pieces of the skeleton cylindrical or spindle-shaped tangential tubules.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5" class="sp0">Tubules simple, smooth,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">658. <i>Cannobelos</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5" class="sp0">Tubules spiny or branched,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">659. <i>Cannorrhaphis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Catinulida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Pieces of the skeleton hemispherical or cap-shaped, solid.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5" class="sp0">Caps or hemispherical pieces of the skeleton solid, + with radiate margin and circular opening,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">660. <i>Catinulus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="sp0"> + <p>III. Subfamily Dictyochida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Pieces of the skeleton either simple rings or pileated or pyramidal bodies, + composed of thin hollow rods and reticular meshes.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5" class="sp0">Flinty pieces simple or arched rings, not truncated + pyramids, with a basal ring, but without apical ring.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Basal ring simple, not arched or fenestrated,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">661. <i>Mesocena</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Basal ring fenestrated, with two or more arches, vaulted over one + side,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">662. <i>Dictyocha</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5" class="sp0">Flinty pieces of the skeleton resembling a truncated + pyramid, with an upper smaller apical ring, and a lower larger basal ring.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Apical ring simple, not fenestrated (one girdle of meshes on each + piece),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">663. <i>Distephanus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Apical ring fenestrated (two girdles of meshes on each + piece),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">664. <i>Cannopilus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1551">{1551}</span></div> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Cannobelida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cannorrhaphida</span> with numerous + hollow cylindrical or spindle-shaped tubes, which lie tangentially scattered on the surface of the + spherical calymma.</p> + + <h5>Genus 658. <i>Cannobelos</i>,<a id="NtA_276" href="#Nt_276"><sup>[276]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cannorrhaphida</span> with a skeleton composed of + tubular acicular pieces, which are smooth, cylindrical or spindle-shaped tangential needles, + without spines and branches.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cannobelos</i>, and the following closely allied <i>Cannorrhaphis</i>, + represent the peculiar subfamily Cannobelida, differing from the other Cannorrhaphida in the + acicular form of the pieces of the skeleton, which are tangentially scattered on the surface of + the spherical calymma. The cylindrical or spindle-shaped hollow needles are smooth in + <i>Cannobelos</i>, whilst in <i>Cannorrhaphis</i> they are studded with lateral spines or + branches.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cannobelos cavispicula</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Thalassoplancta cavispicula</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 261, Taf. iii. + figs. 10-13.</p> + <p><i>Thalassicolla cavispicula</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wis. + Berlin, p. 798.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cannorrhaphis cavispicula</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 470.</p> + </div> + + <p>Tangential tubes cylindrical, more or less curved, gradually tapering towards the two pointed + ends. Calymma with a voluminous phæodium.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubular spicule 0.25, breadth 0.003.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, Messina, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cannobelos calymmata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Tangential tubes cylindrical, straight, of equal breadth throughout their whole length, closed + by a hemispherical cap on the two rounded ends. Calymma very voluminous, with a small + phæodium.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubular spicula 0.3 to 0.5, breadth 0.004 to 0.008.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Cannobelos thalassoplancta</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Tangential tubes spindle-shaped, straight, gradually tapering towards the two pointed ends. + Calymma and the included phæodium rather voluminous.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubular spicula 0.15 to 0.2, breadth in the middle part + 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1552">{1552}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 659. <i>Cannorrhaphis</i>,<a id="NtA_277" href="#Nt_277"><sup>[277]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 4.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cannorrhaphida</span> with a skeleton composed of + tubular acicular pieces, which are spiny, cylindrical or spindle-shaped tangential needles, either + with lateral spines or branches.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cannorrhaphis</i> differs from the preceding closely allied + <i>Cannobelos</i> in the spiny shape of the tangential acicular spicula, which are studded either + with short spines or with longer lateral branches.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cannorrhaphis spinulosa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, figs. 3, + 4).</p> + + <p>Tangential tubes cylindrical, straight, gradually tapering towards the two pointed ends, + densely studded with conical spines, arising perpendicularly. (The specimen figured, fig. 3, + exhibited two ovate central capsules, each of which contained two large nuclei, with numerous + nucleoli.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubular spicula 0.3 to 0.5, breadth 0.01 to 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cannorrhaphis lampoxanthium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Tangential tubes cylindrical, more or less curved, suddenly tapering towards the two pointed + ends, densely studded with irregular conical spines of unequal length, which arise obliquely from + their surface.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubular spicula 0.4 to 0.5, breadth 0.005 to 0.008.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Cannorrhaphis lappacea</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Tangential tubes spindle-shaped, gradually tapering towards the two pointed ends, densely + studded with irregular lateral branches, which are partly simply, partly forked, more or less + curved, and arise obliquely from their surface.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubular spicula 0.2 to 0.3, breadth 0.015 to 0.025.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Cannorrhaphis spathillata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <p>Tangential tubes cylindrical, thin and straight, regularly zigzag, with pointed, regularly + alternating lateral spines, with an elegant spathilla, or a cap-shaped verticil of eight to ten + recurved spines on the two ends.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubular spicula 0.3, breadth 0.003.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1553">{1553}</span></div> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Catinulida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cannorrhaphida</span> with a skeleton + composed of numerous cap-shaped pieces, which lie tangentially scattered on the surface of the + spherical calymma. Each piece is a hemispherical or flatly cap-shaped siliceous body, often with + radial striations, and with a thin solid wall.</p> + + <h5>Genus 660. <i>Catinulus</i>,<a id="NtA_278" href="#Nt_278"><sup>[278]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cannorrhaphida</span> with a skeleton composed of + solid, cap-shaped or hemispherical, not fenestrated, pieces.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Catinulus</i> differs from all the other Cannorrhaphida in the + peculiar shape of the numerous siliceous pieces, which are scattered on the surface of the calymma + and compose their rudimentary skeleton. These pieces are neither hollow rings (as in the + Dictyochida), nor hollow tubes (as in the Cannobelida), but solid hemispherical caps or more + flatly vaulted small dishes. All the complete specimens of this genus which I observed exhibited + four equal central capsules in the spherical calymma.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Catinulus quadrifidus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, figs. 8, + 8<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Cap-shaped pieces of the skeleton flatly vaulted, three times as broad as high, smooth; the + marginal ring with fine radial ribs and with smooth margin.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the calymma 0.6 to 0.8, of the four central capsules 0.12 + to 0.2; breadth of the concave caps 0.024, height 0.008.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 323, depth 1900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Catinulus catillum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cap-shaped pieces of the skeleton flatly vaulted, three times as broad as high, rough, covered + with numerous small spinules; the marginal ring with stout radial ribs and a corona of denticles + on the margin.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Breadth of the concave caps 0.03, height 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Catinulus lopadium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Cap-shaped pieces of the skeleton hemispherical, twice as broad as high, smooth; the marginal + ring smooth, slightly radiate, with thickened smooth margin.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the calymma 1.2, of the central capsule 0.22; breadth of + the concave caps 0.024, height 0.012.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1554">{1554}</span></div> + + <h4>Subfamily 3. <span class="sc">Dictyochida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cannorrhaphida</span> with a skeleton + composed of numerous annular pieces, which lie tangentially scattered on the surface of the + calymma. Each piece is either a simple hollow ring or a pileate and reticulate cap, composed of a + ring and several connected bars.</p> + + <h5>Genus 661. <i>Mesocena</i>,<a id="NtA_279" href="#Nt_279"><sup>[279]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1841, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 401.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cannorrhaphida</span> with a skeleton composed of + simple annular pieces, each of which is a circular, elliptical or polygonal, not fenestrated, + ring, with or without radial spines.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Mesocena</i> is the simplest form of the Dictyochida, and no doubt the + common ancestral form of this subfamily. The siliceous pieces, which are scattered in variable and + indefinite number in the calymma, are simple hollow rings, with or without spines on the + periphery. Ehrenberg, who first described and figured such rings (found fossil in different + Tertiary rocks) has mistaken them for Diatoms. Some species, which I found in the Challenger + preparations, leave no doubt that these rings are the siliceous pieces of the skeleton of the + simplest Dictyochida. They are scattered in great numbers in the spherical calymma, which + surrounds a tripylean central capsule with all the characters of the <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>. In the living body the rings probably always lie in the spherical + periphery of the extracapsular jelly-veil, in tangential planes, whilst in some of the Challenger + preparations the rings were scattered in hundreds throughout the whole jelly-mass. In a few + species the rings are quite simple, circular or elliptical, smooth, and without teeth or spines. + In the majority of species some teeth or radial spines, regularly disposed, arise from the + periphery of each ring (two, three, four to eight; sometimes sixteen, eight smaller alternating + with eight larger spines). In some species small teeth occur on the inner margin of the rings. The + number of radial spines seems to be rather constant in all the rings of one and the same + individual, with the exception of a few variations. Thus in <i>Mesocena octogona</i> I found here + and there single rings with seven or nine teeth, instead of the usual number eight. Ehrenberg + enumerated sixteen different species of <i>Mesocena</i>; many, however, of these are synonymous, + being founded on slight variations in the number of the teeth; of others he has given only the + name, but neither a figure nor a description (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Mesocena stephanolithis</i>, + <i>Mesocena spongolithis</i>, &c.).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1555">{1555}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Mesocena circulus</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Mesocena circulus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1840, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 208.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Mesocena circulus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xix. fig. 44.</p> + </div> + + <p>Rings of the skeleton circular, smooth or slightly denticulate on the outer margin, without + spines. This simple form is probably the ancestral form of the Dictyochida.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the rings 0.02 to 0.03, thickness of the hollow rod 0.001 + or less.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Barbados and of the Mediterranean + (Ægina, Greece; Caltanisetta, Sicily).</p> + + <p>2. <i>Mesocena annulus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Mesocena crenulata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 822.</p> + </div> + + <p>Rings of the skeleton elliptical, smooth or slightly denticulate on the outer margin, without + spines. This species is possibly identical with <i>Mesocena crenulata</i> of Ehrenberg, of which, + however, no figure is given. The major axis of the ellipse is one and a half times as long as the + minor.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the rings in the major axis 0.03, in the minor 0.02; + thickness of the bars 0.002.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Mesocena diodon</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Mesocena diodon</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 84.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Mesocena diodon</i>, <span class="correction" + title="Original reads 'Ebrenberg'.">Ehrenberg</span>, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxiii., Nr. xv. + fig. 18.</p> + </div> + + <p>Rings of the skeleton elliptical, smooth, with two opposite spines on the poles of the major + axis, which is about one and one-third as long as the minor axis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the rings in the major axis 0.04, in the minor 0.03; + length of the spines 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados, and in North America (Virginia).</p> + + <p>4. <i>Mesocena triangula</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Mesocena triangula</i>, Ehrenberg, 1840, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 208.</p> + <p><i>Mesocena triangula</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 41.</p> + <p><i>Dictyocha triangula</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 46.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocircus triangularis</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 121, + Taf. vii. fig. 10.</p> + </div> + + <p>Rings triangular, with small peripheral thorns, and three larger teeth on the corners of the + equilateral triangle.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the rings 0.03 to 0.05, length of the spines 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary deposits of the Mediterranean; + Caltanisetta, Sicily (Ehrenberg, Stöhr).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1556">{1556}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Mesocena quadrangula</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p>? <i>Mesocena quadrangula</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, pp. + 145, 273.</p> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Mesocena quaternaria</i>, Ehrenberg, 1855, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 302.</p> + </div> + + <p>Rings square, with four radial spines on the corners of the square. Ehrenberg has given only + the name of this species, but neither diagnosis nor figure. I think it may be identical with the + species described, which I found in the North Atlantic.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the rings 0.02 to 0.025, length of the spines 0.007 to + 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Færöe Channel, Gulf Stream (John Murray), + depth 600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Mesocena elliptica</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Mesocena elliptica</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 84.</p> + <p><i>Mesocena elliptica</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., vol. i. Taf. xx. fig. 44.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha elliptica</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 44.</p> + </div> + + <p>Rings elliptical or ovate, with four peripheral spines which lie in two diameters, + perpendicular to one another, two opposite in the major, the two others in the minor axis of the + ellipse.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the rings 0.015 to 0.03, length of the spines 0.005.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of the Mediterranean (Placca di + furni, from Zante, Greece); Caltanisetta, Sicily.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Mesocena pentagona</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Rings regularly pentagonal, with smooth straight bars, and with five short and straight radial + spines on the five corners.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the rings 0.02, length of the spines 0.005.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Mesocena hexagona</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p>? <i>Mesocena senaria</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, pp. 163, + 273.</p> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Mesocena septenaria</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, pp. 163, 273.</p> + </div> + + <p>Rings regular, hexagonal, with six radial spines on the six corners (sometimes between the + usual six-radiate rings of one and the same individual are intermingled single rings with five or + seven spines).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the rings 0.025 to 0.03, length of the spines 0.007 to + 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, Krim (Ehrenberg), Corfu (Haeckel).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1557">{1557}</span></div> + + <p>9. <i>Mesocena octogona</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Mesocena octogona</i>, Ehrenberg, 1841, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 417, Taf. + i., Nr. iii. fig. 27.</p> + <p>? <i>Mesocena heptagona</i>, Ehrenberg, 1841, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 417, + Taf. i., Nr. iii. fig. 26.</p> + <p>? <i>Mesocena heptagona</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xx. fig. 49.</p> + <p>? <i>Mesocena octoradiata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, pp. + 163, 273.</p> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Mesocena nonaria</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + pp. 163, 273.</p> + </div> + + <p>Rings regular, octagonal, with eight radial spines on the eight corners of the ring (sometimes + between the common octoradiate rings single rings with seven or nine teeth are intermingled in one + and the same calymma).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the rings 0.02, length of the spines 0.005.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific; Peru, Ehrenberg; Station 272 to 274, + surface.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Mesocena bisoctona</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Mesocena bisoctona</i>, Ehrenberg, 1845, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 78; Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxv., Nr. xviii. figs. 9, 10.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Mesocena binonaria</i>, Ehrenberg, 1845, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 78, <i>loc. cit.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>Rings circular, with sixteen teeth; eight stronger teeth regularly disposed on the outer + margin, alternating with these eight smaller teeth on the inner margin.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the rings 0.02, length of the outer spines 0.005.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Guano from Peru and South Africa, also in + Barbados.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Mesocena stellata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <p>Rings circular, with sixteen teeth regularly disposed on the outer margin of the rings, eight + stronger teeth alternating with eight smaller.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the rings 0.03, length of the larger spines 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central area of the Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 662. <i>Dictyocha</i>,<a id="NtA_280" href="#Nt_280"><sup>[280]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, + 1838, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 128.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cannorrhaphida</span> with a skeleton composed of + annular pieces, which are fenestrated by one or more arches, arising on one side of the simple + ring, but do not form a truncated pyramid (therefore no apical ring).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Dictyocha</i> is a very remarkable and interesting form of <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, which has had a curious history. Ehrenberg, who first observed single + pieces of it fossil in Tertiary rocks, supposed it to be the siliceous carapace of a Diatom, and + gave it the following <span class="pagenum" id="page1558">{1558}</span>diagnosis: "Dictyocha, e + familia Bacillariorum. Lorica simplex univalvis silicea, laxe reticulata aut stellulata" (<i>loc. + cit.</i>). In my Monograph (1862, p. 271), I placed it in the class Radiolaria, supposing that it + might be a simple form of Acanthodesmida, having found only isolated siliceous pieces. Afterwards + (in 1879) Richard Hertwig observed the entire living body, and demonstrated that the hollow + siliceous pieces are scattered in great numbers around a tripylean central capsule, which exhibits + all the essential characters of <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> (Organismus d. Radiol., 1879, p. + 89). Hertwig describes the position of the numerous siliceous pieces in the surface of the + extracapsular jelly-sphere so densely aggregated, that they touch one another and produce the + appearance of a reticulated sphere. In two specimens, which I observed living (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, fig. 10), + and in numerous complete specimens which I found in the collection of the Challenger, the number + of the siliceous pieces was much smaller, and they were scattered irregularly in the surface of + the alveolate jelly-sphere, being separated by wide and unequal intervals. The regular position + seems to be that the basal rings lie tangentially in the spherical surface of the calymma, whilst + the bars of the reticulum are directed outwards, and the apical spine radially in centrifugal + direction. Very often two pieces are united by their basal rings in such a manner that they form a + little spheroidal fenestrated body (as in <i>Distephanus</i>, Stöhr; compare p. <a + href="#page1550">1550</a>). The characteristic reticular skeleton-pieces of <i>Dictyocha</i> must + be derived from <i>Mesocena</i>; from its simple siliceous ring (on one side of its plane), arise + two, three, or four (rarely more) bars, which become united to a loose framework (with two, three, + or four meshes). When this network assumes the form of a truncated pyramid (with a central mesh on + the apex), <i>Dictyocha</i> passes over into <i>Distephanus</i>. From the corners of the original + basal ring several radial spines usually arise in a centrifugal direction, and on the sides of + these sometimes small teeth or thorns also run in a centripetal direction. The number of the + meshes and the separating rods is usually four, more rarely two or three. The hollow rods are very + thin, either cylindrical or prismatic. As the ascending rods alternate regularly with the + corner-spines of the basal ring, we may call the latter perradial, the former interradial. + Ehrenberg has distinguished in his genus <i>Dictyocha</i> not less than fifty species, thirty-five + living and twenty-five fossil (ten species both living and fossil). The greater part of these + cannot be retained, as they are only slight varieties or abnormalities of single pieces of the + skeleton, such as very frequently occur associated with the common regular forms in one and the + same individual. Such abnormal species are, <i>e.g.</i>, <i>Dictyocha abnormis</i>, <i>Dictyocha + binoculus</i>, <i>Dictyocha bipartita</i>, <i>Dictyocha haliomma</i>, <i>Dictyocha hexathyra</i>, + <i>Dictyocha septenaria</i>, &c. One species (<i>Dictyocha splendens</i>), is the fenestrated + calcareous body of a Holothurian. Of some other species Ehrenberg has only given the name, but + neither a description nor a figure (e.g., <i>Dictyocha borealis</i>, <i>Dictyocha + cenostephania</i>, <i>Dictyocha compos</i>, <i>Dictyocha coronata</i>, <i>Dictyocha socialis</i>, + <i>Dictyocha specillum</i>). A number of other species must be placed in the genera + <i>Distephanus</i> and <i>Cannopilus</i>, so that only eight of his species of true + <i>Dictyocha</i> remain.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1559">{1559}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Dictyocha navicula</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Dictyocha navicula</i>, Ehrenberg, 1838, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 129; Mikrogeol., Taf. xx., Nr. i. fig. 43.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha ponticulus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 267.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each individual ring elliptical or oblong, with one transverse arch in the shorter axis, which + bisects it into two meshes. No spines or teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the ring 0.02, of the bars 0.001.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary deposits, Barbados, Sicily, &c.; + living in the Atlantic, Stations 352, 354, and off Bermuda, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Dictyocha quadrata</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha quadrata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 267.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each individual ring square or rhomboid, with one transverse arch in the shorter axis, forming + two meshes. Two peripheral opposite spines on the poles of one axis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the ring 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Atlantic, Bermuda Islands; fossil in Barbados.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Dictyocha pons</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Dictyocha pons</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 80; Mikrogeol., Taf. xxi. fig. 40.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha tripyla</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 80; Mikrogeol., Taf. xxi. fig. 41.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each individual ring elliptical or oblong, with one transverse arch in the shorter axis, + forming two meshes. Four peripheral spines, on the poles of the longer and of the shorter axis. + (The individual abnormality, figured as <i>Dictyocha tripyla</i>, <i>loc. cit.</i>, Taf. xxi. fig. + 41, has the transverse arch bifid at one end, therefore three meshes result; this forms an + interesting transition to <i>Dictyocha fibula</i>.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the ring 0.01, of the bars 0.001.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks, Oran, Africa.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Dictyocha triommata</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Dictyocha triommata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1845, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 76; Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxiii., Nr. xv. fig. 11.</p> + <p><i>Dictyocha triactis</i> (= <i>triacantha</i>), Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. + Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 80.</p> + <p><i>Dictyocha trifenestrata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1841, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. + Berlin, p. 410; Mikrogeol., Taf. xix. fig. 38.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha abyssorum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 38.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton is a small three-sided pyramid, the sides of which form + three triangular meshes; the three edges between them are three curved interradial beams, united + in the <span class="pagenum" id="page1560">{1560}</span>centre (the apex of the pyramid). + Alternating with these, three horizontal, perradial, centrifugal spines start from the base.</p> + + <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Errata."><i>Dictyocha trigona</i>, Zittel, 1876 (L. N. + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#ln29">29</a>, p. 83, Taf. ii. + fig. 6), is an interesting Cretaceous species, perhaps a variety of <i>Dictyocha + triommata</i>.</span></p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal triangle 0.01, of the three meshes 0.005.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in different Tertiary deposits (of Sicily, Greece, + North America); living in the Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 272, depth 2600 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Dictyocha tripyla,</i> Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Dictyocha tripyla,</i> Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 80.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha tripyla,</i> Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xix. fig. 38 (et Taf. + xxi. fig. 41?).</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileate piece of the skeleton is a small three-sided pyramid, similar to that of + <i>Dictyocha triommata</i>, but differs from it in the possession of three small perpendicular + teeth, which are directed downwards and start from the basal ring near the origin of the three + horizontal spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the triangular basal ring 0.015, of the three meshes + 0.007.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary deposits. North Africa (Oran), Sicily + (Caltanisetta).</p> + + <p>6. <i>Dictyocha medusa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + figs. 13, 14).</p> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton has four equal, cruciate, triangular meshes. From the four + corners of the square basal ring proceed four perradial horizontal spines, and between these four + interradial curved bars, which correspond to the edges of a four-sided pyramid, arise from the + centre of the four sides and become united in the centre (on the apex of the pyramid). No apical + spine.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.02, of the four meshes 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central area of the Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Dictyocha staurodon</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Dictyocha staurodon,</i> Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 80.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha staurodon,</i> Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xviii. fig. 58.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton is a small, regular, four-sided pyramid, similar to the + foregoing species. It differs from <i>Dictyocha medusa</i> in the development of a vertical apical + spine, and of four small centripetal teeth, which start from the inside of the basal square, + between the four perradial spines and the four ascending interradial beams.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.025, of the meshes 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks; Tripel of Richmond, Virginia + (Ehrenberg); Barbados, (Haeckel); living in the Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1561">{1561}</span></div> + + <p>8. <i>Dictyocha fibula</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Dictyocha fibula</i>, Ehrenberg, 1839, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 149; + Mikrogeol., Taf. xviii. fig. 54, <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, <i>c</i>, Taf. xix. fig. 43, Taf. xx. fig. + 45, Taf. xxi. fig. 42, &c.</p> + <p><i>Dictyocha abnormis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1845, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 76; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxxvA., Nr. xvii. fig. 9.</p> + <p><i>Dictyocha bipartita</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 44.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha tenella</i>, Ehrenberg, 1841, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + Taf. ii. fig. 11.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton stirrup-shaped, with two pairs of meshes, and a square + basal ring, the four corners of which are prolonged into four perradial spines. Between the latter + four interradial beams arise from the sides in pairs, and the two pairs are connected by a + diagonal arch. Therefore the two opposite meshes are larger and pentagonal, the other two meshes + (alternating with these) are smaller and square. No vertical spine on the apex.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal square ring (diagonal) 0.01 to 0.02, of the + meshes 0.005.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in different Tertiary rocks (Barbados, Oran, Greece, + Sicily, &c.), Ehrenberg.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Dictyocha messanensis</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Dictyocha messanensis</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 272, Taf. xii. figs. + 3-6.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha fibula</i>, R. Hertwig (not Ehrenberg), 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., + p. 89, Taf. ix. fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton stirrup-shaped, very similar to <i>Dictyocha fibula</i>, + but distinguished by a vertical apical spine in the centre of the transverse arch, which connects + the two pairs of ascending bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.02 to 0.03, of the meshes 0.01 to + 0.016.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina), North Atlantic (Canary Islands), + Station 354, surface.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Dictyocha epiodon</i>, Ehrenberg.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha epiodon</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 79; Mikrogeol., Taf. xviii. fig. 55.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton stirrup-shaped, with four paired meshes similar to the hats + of <i>Dictyocha fibula</i>, but distinguished by four small centripetal thorns, which start from + the inside of the basal ring, at the side of the four ascending beams. No apical spine.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.03, of the meshes 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of North America (Miocene Tripel of + Richmond, Virginia, &c.).</p> + + <p>11. <i>Dictyocha stapedia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + figs. 10-12).</p> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton stirrup-shaped, with four paired meshes, similar to the + hats of <i>Dictyocha fibula</i> and <i>Dictyocha messanensis</i>, but distinguished by four small + centripetal teeth, which start from the inside of the basal ring, at the side of the four + ascending beams. In the centre of the diagonal arch arises a vertical apical spine (differing from + <i>Dictyocha epiodon</i>). This species seems <span class="pagenum" id="page1562">{1562}</span>to + be the most common of the living forms and widely distributed over all warmer seas. I observed in + Ceylon, taken on the surface, the living specimen figured in Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, fig. 10, + the numerous spicula were irregularly scattered over the spherical surface of the alveolate + calymma. Other specimens occur in various preparations of the Challenger collection, from the + Atlantic and the Pacific. The majority of the siliceous little hats exhibited the stirrup-form + shown in fig. 11, and many were united in pairs, forming a twin-piece (fig. 12). Intermingled with + these are found some irregular forms, representing the specific form of some allied species, viz., + <i>Dictyocha speculum</i>, <i>Dictyocha staurodon</i>, <i>Dictyocha epiodon</i> and <i>Dictyocha + messanensis</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.015 to 0.03, of the meshes 0.005 to + 0.012.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Ocean, in the + Tropical and warmer regions; Stations 159, 244, 266-272, 318, 352, &c.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Dictyocha rhombus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton stirrup-shaped, similar to <i>Dictyocha stapedia</i>, with + four paired meshes. It differs from the latter in the rhomboid form of the basal ring and the + larger size of the two opposite meshes, which are two to three times as large as the two others. + Therefore the four centripetal teeth of the basal ring do not stand in the four single meshes, but + in pairs only in the two larger meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.02, of the meshes 0.005 to 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic; Færöe Channel, Gulf Stream, depth 50 to 600 + fathoms, John Murray.</p> + + <h5>Genus 663. <i>Distephanus</i>,<a id="NtA_281" href="#Nt_281"><sup>[281]</sup></a> Stöhr, 1880, + Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. Taf. ii. p. 121.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cannorrhaphida</span> with a skeleton composed of + pileated pieces, each of which is a small truncated pyramid with one girdle of meshes (the apical + ring being simple).</p> + + <p>The genus <i>Distephanus</i> was founded in 1880 by Stöhr (<i>loc. cit.</i>) for a single + twin-piece of the skeleton of <i>Dictyocha speculum</i>. Among the common fossil forms of this + species he once found in the Tertiary rocks of Caltanisetta, Sicily, a single piece (<i>loc. + cit.</i>, Taf. vi. fig. 9), which seemed to be composed of two equal pieces so united that they + formed a little sphere with fourteen meshes; on each pole of the sphere lies a central hexagonal + mesh surrounded by six pentagonal meshes, and from the six corners of the equatorial ring arise + six centrifugal spines. No doubt this was a mistake, and the apparent little sphere was one of the + above mentioned twin-forms, composed of two separate hexagonal truncated pyramids, which were + loosely connected by their basal rings. I have often seen such twin-pieces of <i>Dictyocha + speculum</i> and of other species (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + fig. 12, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>, + fig. 8), and was always able to separate the two loosely connected halves of the bivalve shell by + slight compression.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1563">{1563}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Distephanus</i> of Stöhr, therefore, is nothing other than the + <i>Dictyocha</i> of Ehrenberg. But I think it is more convenient to retain the name + <i>Distephanus</i> for those forms of <i>Dictyocha</i> which possess a simple apical mesh + surrounded by a ring of lateral meshes, and in which each piece of the skeleton forms a small + truncated pyramid. The basal plane of this pyramid is marked by the original basal ring + (<i>Mesocena</i>), the truncated upper plane by the parallel apical ring, and the edges of the + pyramid by the rising bars which connect both rings. In this sense, so far as the two rings lying + in parallel planes are concerned, the term <i>Distephanus</i> is correct (but not in the original + sense of Stöhr). The number of the rising bars between the two rings varies from four, five, six + to eight or more. It seems rather constant in each species, so that all the pieces of the skeleton + of one specimen possess either four or six or eight lateral meshes, &c. But sometimes + individual irregularities occur. In the majority of species each skeleton-piece is armed with + spines. Usually a radial horizontal spine starts centrifugally from each corner of the basal ring, + and on the side of this a small tooth or thorn often starts centripetally or downwards. In the + twin-pieces, where the two basal rings are united, these teeth catch into one another. In some + species upper spines also occur, starting from the corners of the apical ring. The perradial + spines of the corners of the basal ring alternate regularly with the interradial ascending bars, + which bisect the sides of the ring, as in <i>Dictyocha</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Distephanus crux</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Dictyocha crux</i>, Ehrenberg, 1840, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 207; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xviii. fig. 56, Taf. xx. fig. 46, Taf. xxxiii. Nr. xv. fig. 9.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha bipartita</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 79, Taf. xxii. + fig. 44.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton exhibits four pentagonal lateral meshes around one square + central mesh, and is composed of two horizontal square rings; the smaller upper square is + connected with the larger lower square by four ascending interradial beams, which start from the + corners of the former and bisect the sides of the latter; from the corners of the basal ring arise + four short perradial spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—-Diameter of the basal ring 0.02 to 0.03, of the apical ring + 0.008.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—-Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface; fossil in Tertiary + deposits of the Mediterranean (Sicily, Oran).</p> + + <p>2. <i>Distephanus mesophthalmus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha mesophthalma</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 80; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. fig. 43.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton exhibits four lateral meshes around the central mesh, and + is composed of two parallel horizontal square rings, like those of <i>Distephanus crux</i>, but + distinguished <span class="pagenum" id="page1564">{1564}</span>from this by eight short teeth, + four centripetal on the larger lower ring and four perradial centrifugal on the smaller upper + ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.03, of the apical ring 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Caltanisetta (Ehrenberg); + living in the Central Pacific, Station 270 to 272, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Distephanus stauracanthus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha stauracanthus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1845, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. + d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 76; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxxiii., Nr. xv. fig. 10.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton exhibits four lateral meshes around the central mesh, and + is composed of two horizontal rings, which are connected by four perradial beams arising from the + corners of the upper and smaller square ring. Lower ring octagonal, with eight peripheral adradial + spines, and with four interradial centripetal teeth on the inside.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.03, of the apical ring 0.004.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of North America (Hollis Cliff, + Virginia; Norwich, Connecticut).</p> + + <p>4. <i>Distephanus asteroides</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha asteroides</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton exhibits five lateral meshes around the central mesh (or + the upper ring). Five peripheral spines (on the corners of the lower ring) simple, not + articulated.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.02, of the apical ring, 0.007.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Distephanus pentasterias</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Dictyocha pentasterias</i>, Ehrenberg, 1839, Mikrogeol., Taf. xviii. fig. 61.</p> + <p>? <i>Dictyocha quinaria</i>, Ehrenberg, 1842, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 265.</p> + <p>? <i>Dictyocha elegans</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 80; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. fig. 51.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Actiniscus elegans</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 51.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton exhibits five lateral meshes around the central mesh (or + the upper ring). Five peripheral spines (on the corners of the lower ring) articulated, + triangular, with three distinct joints (tapering towards the distal end).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.012 to 0.018, of the apical ring 0.002 to + 0.003.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; living in the depths of the Atlantic and + Central Pacific, Stations 247, 270 to 272, depths 2530 and 2600 to 2925 fathoms; fossil in + Tertiary deposits (Tripel of Caltanisetta, Sicily; Richmond, Virginia).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1565">{1565}</span></div> + + <p>6. <i>Distephanus speculum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Dictyocha speculum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1837, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 150; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xviii. fig. 57, Taf. xix. fig. 41, Taf. xxi. fig. 44, Taf. xxii. + fig. 47, &c.</p> + <p><i>Dictyocha speculum</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi., Taf. vii. fig. 8.</p> + <p><i>Dictyocha anacantha</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 238.</p> + <p><i>Dictyocha diommata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxiii., Nr. xvii. fig. 6.</p> + <p><i>Dictyocha erebi</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 238.</p> + <p><i>Dictyocha haliomma</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Mikrogeol., 1854. Taf. xxi. fig. 46.</p> + <p><i>Dictyocha hexathyra</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. fig. 46.</p> + <p><i>Dictyocha ubera</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 80.</p> + <p><i>Dictyocha stella</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 52.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha rotundus</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi., Taf. vii. fig. + 9.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton is a truncated, six-sided pyramid, and composed of two + regular hexagonal rings which lie in parallel plains, and are connected by six ascending + interradial beams; these start from the corners of the upper smaller ring and bisect the sides of + the lower larger ring; from the corners of the latter start six perradial centrifugal spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.03, of the apical ring 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; + fossil in Barbados, Sicily, &c.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Distephanus ornamentum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Dictyocha ornamentum,</i> Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 80; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. fig. 49.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha binoculus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 79; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xix. fig. 42.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton is a truncated, six-sided pyramid, similar to that of + <i>Distephanus speculum</i>, but distinguished by six small (probably vertical) teeth, which start + from the inside of the lower (larger) ring, on the sides of the ascending beams.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.03, of the apical ring 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary deposits of Sicily, Caltanisetta + (Ehrenberg).</p> + + <p>8. <i>Distephanus aculeatus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Dictyocha aculeata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1839, Abhandl. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 149; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. Fig. 48, Taf. xix. fig. 40.</p> + <p><i>Dictyocha aculeata</i>, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 120, Taf. vii. fig. + 7.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha bisternaria</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 201.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton is a truncated, six-sided pyramid, similar to that of + <i>Distephanus speculum</i>, but distinguished by six small perradial, horizontal teeth, which + start from the sides of the upper (smaller) ring.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.02, of the apical ring 0.008.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary deposits of the Mediterranean; plastic + clay of Greece and Sicily; living in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, Station 352, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1566">{1566}</span></div> + + <p>9. <i>Distephanus sirius</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Actiniscus sirius</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. + 68.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha sirius</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xviii. fig. 59.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton is a truncated six-sided pyramid, similar to that of + <i>Distephanus speculum</i>, but distinguished by the six broad, triangular, peripheral spines, + which are articulated and connected by a thin siliceous membrane (like a web-membrane); each spine + has three articulations (as in <i>Dictyocha pentasterias</i>).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.02, of the apical ring 0.005.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks (Richmond, Virginia), but also + living in the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf Stream, Færöe Channel, John Murray, 1880.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Distephanus corona</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>, + figs. 7-9).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha corona</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton is a truncate six-sided pyramid like that of <i>Distephanus + speculum</i>, but differing in the number (twenty-four) of teeth or spines. Six interradial + ascending beams connect the two horizontal rings between these, and six nearly vertical spines + arise from the perradial corners of the upper hexagonal ring. In the same meridional (perradial) + plains six larger spines descend downwards from the corners of the lower larger ring. Between + these six descending spines and the six ascending beams arise from the upper edge of the lower + ring twelve shorter teeth of unequal size (the right tooth in each pentagonal lateral mesh being + smaller and directed upwards, the left tooth being larger and directed nearly horizontally + outwards). The lower ring is nearly dodecagonal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.025 to 0.03, of the apical ring 0.012 to + 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North-west Pacific, Sea of Japan, Station 231, depth 2250 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Distephanus octonarius</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Dictyocha octonaria</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 201.</p> + <p><i>Dictyocha polyactis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 80; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. + xxii. fig. 50.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha septenaria</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 80; + Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxi. fig. 45.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileate piece of the skeleton is a truncated eight-sided pyramid, composed of two regular + octagonal rings, which lie in parallel plains, and are connected by eight radial beams. From the + eight outer corners of the lower ring (or from the eight interradial meshes, between the eight + perradial beams) start eight basal centrifugal spines. (This species is similar to <i>Distephanus + speculum</i>, but has eight beams instead of six. In single pieces the number of the beams and + meshes varies between seven and nine, the constant number being eight.) A seven-rayed variety is + <i>Dictyocha septenaria</i> (<i>loc. cit.</i>), a nine-rayed <i>Dictyocha polyactis</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.02 to 0.03, of the apical ring 0.01 to + 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks (Tripel and Marne from Caltanisetta, + Sicily; Oran, Africa); living in the depths of the Atlantic, Station 348, and Pacific, Station + 270, &c.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1567">{1567}</span></div> + + <p>12. <i>Distephanus octogonius</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha septenaria</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvA., Nr. xxi. + fig. 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton is a truncated eight-sided pyramid, like that of + <i>Distephanus octonarius</i>, but differs from it by having eight short erect teeth, which arise + from the corners of the upper smaller ring and lie in the same perradial plains as the eight + horizontal spines starting from the corners of the lower larger ring. Ehrenberg has figured only + an individual abnormality with seven beams instead of eight, taken from the Antarctic ice; but I + found the same form frequent in deep-sea soundings from the Antarctic, almost constantly with + eight beams, isolated hats with six, seven, or nine beams being intermingled.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.02, of the apical ring 0.012.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean; in smolten "Pancake-Ice," taken by Sir James + Clark Ross in lat. 78° 10' S., long. 162° W. (Ehrenberg); Station 156, depth 1975 fathoms.</p> + + <p>13. <i>Distephanus diadema</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha diadema</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton is an eight-sided pyramid, like that of the two foregoing + species, but differing in the number and distribution of the teeth or spines, which are + thirty-two. From the eight corners of the basal ring start eight long, nearly horizontal perradial + spines, which bear on each side a smaller, nearly vertically descending spine. From the eight + corners of the upper ring ascend also eight perradial spines, alternating with the eight + interradial beams, which connect the two rings.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.04, of the apical ring 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 293, depth 2025 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 664. <i>Cannopilus</i>,<a id="NtA_282" href="#Nt_282"><sup>[282]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cannorrhaphida</span> with a skeleton composed of + pileated pieces, each of which is a small truncated pyramid with two girdles of meshes (the apical + ring being fenestrated).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cannopilus</i> represents the most highly developed form of + Dictyochida. Each piece of the skeleton is a little fenestrated hat or topped pyramid, as in + <i>Distephanus</i>. But the apical mesh is simple in the latter, in the former it is divided into + several meshes by bars which start in a centripetal direction from the upper ring. Therefore we + find two annular rows of meshes, one above the other; an apical or upper row of smaller meshes and + a basal or lower row of larger meshes. In the apex of the little <span class="pagenum" + id="page1568">{1568}</span>hat is either a central mesh or an apical spine. Other spines arise + from the basal ring, as in the former genera. The number of corner-spines on the basal ring is + either four, six, or eight (in individual abnormalities also five or seven).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cannopilus superstructus</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha superstructa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 80; Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 45.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton is a reticulated four-sided pyramid. The base of it (or the + lower ring) is a square, from the four perradial corners of which start four centrifugal + horizontal spines. In the centres of the four basal bars (or the sides of the square) arise four + interradial beams, which unite in the second (or upper) square ring. This latter forms a second + (but much smaller) four-sided pyramid, the apex of which is truncated. Therefore the little hat + bears nine meshes; around the large central opening four upper smaller and four lower larger + quadrangular meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.03, of the apical ring 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Caltanisetta).</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cannopilus diplostaurus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton is a truncated quadrangular pyramid. From the corners of + the square basal ring start four perradial, nearly horizontal, spines. Between these arise four + interradial beams, which are united above by an upper square ring. This latter is divided into + four small square meshes by a regular cross of perradial bars, the distal ends of which are + prolonged into four short ascending spines. In the centre of the cross arises a vertical apical + spine.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.04, of the apical ring 0.016.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Cannopilus calyptra</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha heptacanthus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1840, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 208; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xix. fig. 39 (?).</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton is a truncated six-sided pyramid, like that of <i>Dictyocha + speculum</i>, but distinguished by the reticulation of the upper (smaller) ring, which is divided + by six beams into six meshes, lying in the horizontal plane of the upper ring. Six peripheral + spines on the corners of the lower ring. (The irregular form, figured by Ehrenberg as <i>Dictyocha + heptacanthus</i>, <i>loc. cit.</i>, is probably only an individual abnormality with seven + peripheral spines, instead of six; similar abnormalities occur also among the regular hexagonal + forms which I found in the Tertiary rocks of Caltanisetta (Sicily).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.05, of the apical ring 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Fossil in Tertiary deposits of Greece and Sicily.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1569">{1569}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Cannopilus hemisphæricus</i> (Haeckel).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha hemisphærica</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. + Wiss. Berlin, p. 266.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton is nearly hemispherical, with thirteen meshes; six lower + and larger meshes in the sides of the truncated six-sided pyramid, seven others in the convex + surface of the upper ring (one central with six surrounding it). From the six corners of the lower + ring arise six horizontal perradial spines. From the inside of the same ring (probably on the side + of the six ascending interradial beams) spring six centripetal teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.02, of the apical ring 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic; Bermuda (Bailey).</p> + + <p>5. <i>Cannopilus cyrtoides</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>, + figs. 11, 12).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocha cyrtoides</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus.</p> + </div> + + <p>Each pileated piece of the skeleton is an eight-sided truncated pyramid, or nearly + hemispherical. From the basal ring arise twenty-four thorns or teeth, eight longer perradial + centrifugal teeth placed almost horizontally, and between these sixteen shorter adradial teeth, + directed downwards and somewhat centripetally. The network of the small hat is composed of + seventeen meshes, arranged in two rows. The eight lower meshes are hexagonal, separated by six + interradial ascending beams, and twice as large as the eight upper pentagonal meshes, which are + separated by eight perradial beams, and enclose an apical central mesh.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the basal ring 0.04, of the apical ring 0.005.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central area of the Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 + fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Family LXXIII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Aulacanthida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pls. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>).</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc24"> + <p><i>Aulacanthida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 262.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> with an incomplete skeleton, + composed of numerous hollow radial tubes, which pierce the spherical calymma and touch with their + proximal ends the surface of the tripylean central capsule.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Aulacanthida</span> represents a large and interesting group of + <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, differing from all other families of this legion in the + possession of numerous large radial tubes, which pierce the gelatinous and alveolated calymma in a + radial direction, and come in contact with the outer surface of the central capsule by their inner + or proximal ends, whilst their outer or distal ends project over the surface of the spherical + calymma, and develop a great variety of manifold branches and terminal appendages. Usually (with + the exception of a single genus only) the surface of the calymma is covered by an <span + class="pagenum" id="page1570">{1570}</span>arachnoidal veil or mantle, composed of thousands of + very fine, hollow, tangential needles. The skeleton therefore is incomplete, without any direct + connection between the isolated pieces, just as in the preceding Cannorrhaphida, but the latter + never possess the large, hollow, cylindrical, radial tubes, which are characteristic of all + Aulacanthida.</p> + + <p>The spherical body of the Aulacanthida has usually a diameter of 1 to 2 mm., and including the + radial tubes, of 4 to 5 mm. or more. Some species are very common and cosmopolitan, and some + genera contain numerous species, distributed widely over all oceans. In spite of their + considerable size and wide distribution, only one species of this great family has been hitherto + known, having been discovered by me at Messina in 1859, and described in my Monograph as + <i>Aulacantha scolymantha</i> (1862, p. 263, Taf. ii. figs. 1, 2, and Taf. iv. figs. 1-5). I there + founded for it the peculiar subfamily Aulacanthida, and annexed it to the Thalassicollida. The + same cosmopolitan species has been subsequently observed at Messina by R. Hertwig, who first + recognised the three openings in its central capsule, and therefore united it with his <span + class="sc">Tripylea</span> (Organism. d. Radiol., 1879, p. 88, Taf. ix. figs. 3, 4; Taf. x. figs. + 7, 10). The rich collection of the Challenger has added an astonishing number of new and + interesting forms of Aulacanthida, so that I can describe here not less than six genera and + fifty-eight species. The majority are inhabitants of the colder parts of the South Pacific and + South Atlantic, at great depths, whilst a few species only are found in the tropics.</p> + + <p>The structure of the body in all Aulacanthida seems to be similar in all important points, and + the differences by which we are enabled to separate this great number of species are mainly + produced by differences in the development of the radial tubes, their form and their polymorphous + apophyses. The entire body represents a rather firm jelly-sphere of 1 to 2 mm. diameter (rarely + less or more); the peripheral layer of the spherical calymma is rather clear and transparent, + whilst its central part is dark and opaque, containing the big phæodium and the enclosed central + capsule. The diameter of the latter is usually between 0.1 and 0.3, often 0.4 to 0.5, or even + more. The gelatinous calymma, in the centre of which the capsule is placed, always contains + numerous, large, spherical or roundish alveoles, similar to those of <i>Thalassicolla</i>, and + between them a delicate network of sarcode (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>, fig. 1; + Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, + fig. 1; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>The spherical surface of the calymma is nearly always protected by that characteristic + arachnoidal veil or mantle, which is composed of thousands of very fine tangential needles, + densely interwoven in all tangential directions but never directly connected. They are wanting in + a single genus only, in <i>Aulactinium</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, figs. + 6-8). This genus, therefore, may represent a separate subfamily, the Aulactinida, whilst all other + genera protected by that mantle constitute the subfamily Aulographida. The tangential needles + always seem to have the same shape as I have accurately described, in 1862, of <i>Aulacantha + scolymantha</i>. They are constantly smooth, very thin and fragile, but also very elastic + cylinders of silica, of equal breadth throughout their whole length, and seem <span + class="pagenum" id="page1571">{1571}</span>to be open at both ends, since they are easily and + constantly filled by air when dried. Their length is usually between 0.2 and 0.3 mm., rarely less + than 0.15 or more than 0.5; their diameter is always less than 0.001, usually less than + 0.0005.</p> + + <p>The large radial tubes of the Aulacanthida constitute the most characteristic structures of + this family, and are always so placed that their inner or proximal ends are in loose contact with + the outer surface of their central capsule (upon which they rest), whilst their outer or distal + ends are more or less prominent over the spherical surface of the calymma. Their position, + therefore, is rather loose and movable, since they are fixed only by the consistence of the jelly + of the surrounding calymma, and on the surface of the latter by the covering veil or the mantle of + tangential needles (compare Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>, + fig. 1; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, + fig. 1; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>, + fig. 1). Their number seems never to be fixed, and is probably very variable in different species. + I found, in 1859, in the common <i>Aulacantha scolymantha</i>, the number varying from thirty to + one hundred and fifty (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 264). So also in <i>Aulographis pandora</i>, + <i>Aulospathis variabilis</i>, and some other common species, numerous specimens of which I could + compare, I found their number very variable, being in one and the same species sometimes only from + ten to twenty, at other times from fifty to eighty, and sometimes even from one hundred to one + hundred and fifty or more. Perhaps the number increases with the age and the increasing size of + the calymma.</p> + + <p>The radial tubes are always cylindrical (circular in transverse section), never angular or + prismatic. Usually they are straight, more rarely slightly curved (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>, figs. 1, + 2; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, + fig. 6). The cylinders are usually more or less tapering towards both ends, sometimes even + spindle-shaped; the inner or proximal end is always simple and rounded, often slightly swollen or + inflated, and ovate; the outer or distal end is often thickened, club-shaped, and exhibits the + greatest variety in form and ramification. The length of the radial tubes is usually from 1 to 3 + mm., rarely less than 0.8, or more than 3.2; their diameter is usually between 0.02 and 0.03, + rarely less than 0.01 or more than 0.05. The smallest radial tubes are found in + <i>Aulactinium</i>, the largest in <i>Aulospathis</i>.</p> + + <p>The siliceous wall of the cylindrical radial tubes is usually very thin, fragile, and perfectly + structureless. Only in a few species, mainly of <i>Aulographis</i>, does the wall become very + thick and composed of concentric cylindrical layers (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>, figs. + 6-11). Their cavity is wide and simple, and filled up by jelly (not by sarcode, as I supposed in + my first description). The simple cavity of the tubes, though not smaller than in the radial tubes + of the Aulosphærida, Circoporida and Tuscarorida, never contains the characteristic axial filament + with its branches, which is constantly found in the latter families. According to the description + of R. Hertwig, the tubes are perfectly closed and have no opening. I suppose, however, that a + small opening always exists in the centre of the rounded base, and perhaps a second on the distal + apex. Otherwise the circumstance that the entire and well-preserved tubes become easily and + constantly filled <span class="pagenum" id="page1572">{1572}</span>up by air, when purified by hot + mineral acids and afterwards dried, cannot be explained. I suppose that the jelly contained in the + cavity of the tubes remains in constant connection by these openings with the jelly of the + surrounding calymma.</p> + + <p>The distal ends of the radial tubes exhibit in the Aulacanthida the greatest variety in the + production of different branches and capturing apparatus, and this serves for the distinction of + the genera and subgenera here described. In two genera only (in <i>Aulactinium</i> Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, figs. + 6-8; and in <i>Aulacantha</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>, + fig. 16), the distal ends are simple, not branched. In the four other genera they are armed with + terminal branches, which are usually arranged in elegant verticils. The greatest variety in the + formation of these verticils is developed in <i>Aulographis</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>). The + single branches of the terminal verticils are here simple, whilst in the closely allied <span + class="correction" title="Original reads 'Auloceras'."><i>Auloceros</i></span> they are forked or + elegantly ramified (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>). + <i>Aulospathis</i>, the biggest of all Aulacanthida, is distinguished by the possession of a + verticil of lateral branches, placed beyond the terminal verticil, immediately above the veil of + tangential needles (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>). + <i>Aulodendron</i>, finally, possesses lateral and terminal branches, which are irregularly + scattered.</p> + + <p>The branches of the radial tubes are rarely straight, usually more or less curved, either + simple or again ramified. Their surface is either smooth or armed with small spines or recurved + teeth, often elegantly dentated or serrated (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, figs. + 20-27; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>, + figs. 7-13). Their distal ends are either simply pointed or armed with a spathilla, or a small + crown of verticillate, usually recurved teeth (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>, figs. + 4-17). The variety and elegance of these minute armatures are very interesting, the more so as + they occur in very similar and analogous forms among the Aulosphærida, the Cœlographida, + and other <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>.</p> + + <p>The <i>central capsule</i> of the <span class="correction" + title="Original reads 'Aulasphærida'.">Aulosphærida</span> and its large nucleus + ("Binnenbläschen"), as well as the surrounding alveolate calymma ("Alveolen-Hülle"), and the + enclosed dark phæodium ("dunkels Pigment") were first described in my Monograph (1862, <i>loc. + cit.</i>, p. 362). Their minute structure has been examined afterwards very accurately by R. + Hertwig (1879, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 95). The numerous well-preserved preparations of the + Challenger (stained with carmine and preserved in glycerine) which I could examine, confirmed in + all respects the detailed description of Hertwig (compare Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>, fig. 1; + Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, + fig. 1; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>The spherical or subspherical central capsule is usually slightly depressed in the shortened + main axis. Its diameter is usually between 0.1 and 0.3, rarely less than 0.08 or more than 0.4 mm. + Its outer membrane (<i>e</i>) is thick and double-contoured, separated by a clear interval from + the very thin but firm inner membrane (<i>i</i>). The large astropyle, or the main-opening on the + oral pole of the main axis, is closed by a large, convex, radiate operculum (<i>o</i>), from which + arises a short tubular proboscis. On both sides of the opposite aboral pole (to the right and + left) are two conical parapylæ or secondary openings (<i>u, u</i>). The space between the inner + membrane of the capsule and <span class="pagenum" id="page1573">{1573}</span>the nucleus is filled + up by protoplasm, containing numerous spherical vacuoles of equal size (<i>v</i>); each vacuole + encloses a small, dark, fat-granule. The large nucleus (<i>n</i>) is either spherical or + lenticular, and more or less depressed in the main axis; its diameter is usually about half as + great as that of the enclosing capsule, 0.05 to 0.15, rarely less or more; it contains, enclosed + in a clear mass, numerous dark, roundish or oblongish nucleoli (<i>l</i>).</p> + + <p>Numerous preparations of Aulacanthida exhibited a central capsule with two nuclei (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, fig. 6), + or a calymma with two central capsules (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>, + figs. 1, 3); so that the process of propagation by self-division, observed already in many + different <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, seems to happen very frequently in the Aulacanthida. + The voluminous phæodium is usually about twice or three times as large as the central capsule, and + covers its oral or anterior half; the colour of the roundish phæodella composing it is sometimes + more green or brown, at other times more blackish. The roundish alveoles, which fill up the rather + firm jelly of the calymma, exhibit nearly the same shape as in the common <i><span + class="correction" title="Original reads 'Thallassicolla'.">Thalassicolla</span> nucleata</i>. The + surface of the calymma is usually protected by the dense veil of tangential needles, and often + forms conical or tent-shaped elevations around the bases of the piercing radial tubes (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Aulacanthida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w50 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Aulacanthida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Aulacanthida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">Radial tubes simple, without lateral and terminal + branches.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Surface of the calymma naked, without tangential needles,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">665. <i>Aulactinium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Surface of the calymma covered by a veil of tangential needles,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">666. <i>Aulacantha</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">Radial tubes without lateral branches, but with a + verticil of terminal branches.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Terminal branches simple,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">667. <i>Aulographis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Terminal branches forked or again ramified,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">668. <i>Auloceros</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">Radial tubes with lateral and with terminal + branches.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Lateral branches verticillate,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">669. <i>Aulospathis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Lateral branches irregularly scattered, not verticillate,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">670. <i>Aulodendron</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Aulacanthida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Aulacanthida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="5">Radial tubes simple, without lateral and terminal branches.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Surface of the calymma naked, without tangential needles,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">665. <i>Aulactinium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Surface of the calymma covered by a veil of tangential + needles,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">666. <i>Aulacantha</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5">Radial tubes without lateral branches, but with a verticil of terminal + branches.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Terminal branches simple,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">667. <i>Aulographis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Terminal branches forked or again ramified,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">668. <i>Auloceros</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5">Radial tubes with lateral and with terminal branches.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Lateral branches verticillate,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">669. <i>Aulospathis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Lateral branches irregularly scattered, not verticillate,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">670. <i>Aulodendron</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Aulactinida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Aulacanthida</span> without external + veil of tangential needles on the surface of the calymma.</p> + + <h5>Genus 665. <i>Aulactinium</i>,<a id="NtA_283" href="#Nt_283"><sup>[283]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Aulacanthida</span> without a veil of tangential + needles, with simple radial tubes, which bear neither lateral nor terminal branches.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1574">{1574}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Aulactinium</i> differs from all the other Aulacanthida in the + complete absence of the characteristic fine tangential needles, which constitute in the latter an + arachnoidal veil or mantle around the spherical calymma. We accordingly divide the whole family + into two subfamilies, the Aulactinida with a naked calymma, and the <span class="correction" + title="Original reads 'Aulagraphida'.">Aulographida</span> with a veil of tangential needles. The + radial tubes possess in the few species of <i>Aulactinium</i> observed a very simple shape, as in + the closely allied <i>Aulacantha</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Aulactinium actinastrum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, figs. 6, + 7).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes slenderly spindle-shaped, slightly curved, gradually tapering from the middle + towards both ends. The proximal two-thirds of the tubes enclosed in the calymma are smooth; the + distal freely prominent third is armed with six to eight equidistant verticils of small conical + teeth (ten to fifteen in each verticil).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 0.5 to 1.5, breadth 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Aulactinium actinelium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, slightly tapering towards both ends. Proximal two-thirds + smooth, the distal third studded with numerous small recurved thorns.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 0.6 to 0.9, breadth 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 293, depth 2025 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Aulactinium actinosphærium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, smooth, of nearly equal breadth throughout their whole + length, without thorns and spathillæ, pointed at both ends.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 1.6 to 2.2, breadth 0.02 to 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Sea, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Aulographida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Aulacanthida</span> with an external + veil of interwoven, very numerous and thin, hollow, tangential needles, entirely covering the + surface of the calymma.</p> + + <h5>Genus 666. <i>Aulacantha</i>,<a id="NtA_284" href="#Nt_284"><sup>[284]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 799.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Aulacanthida</span> with a veil of tangential + needles, and with simple radial tubes, which bear neither lateral nor terminal branches.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1575">{1575}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Aulacantha</i>, hitherto the only representative of this family, was + founded by me in 1860 for the cosmopolitan <i>Aulacantha scolymantha</i>, the most common and most + widely distributed of all the members of the family. It is the simplest form of the Aulographida, + or of those Aulacanthida in which the spherical surface of the calymma is densely covered with + interwoven tangential needles. The large radial tubes of <i>Aulacantha</i> possess a very simple + shape, as in the preceding <i>Aulactinium</i>, and have neither lateral nor terminal branches.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Aulacantha scolymantha</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Aulacantha scolymantha</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 263, Taf. ii. figs. 1, + 2, Taf. iv. figs. 1-5.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Aulacantha scolymantha</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., p. 88, + Taf. ix. fig. 3, Taf. x. figs. 7-10.</p> + </div> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, of nearly equal breadth throughout their whole length, + somewhat inflated on the proximal basal end, smooth throughout the greater part of their length, + but in the distal third dentate, with numerous (ten to forty) small pointed teeth, which are + curved outwards, and shorter than the thickness of the tube.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 0.5 to 2.0, breadth 0.01 to 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; at + many Stations; surface and at various depths; the most common of all Aulacanthida.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Aulacantha tubulosa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical or nearly spindle-shaped, straight, gradually tapering towards the two + pointed ends, twice as broad in the middle third as in the outer and inner third, smooth in the + inner half, dentate in the outer half, with very numerous (one hundred to two hundred) short + conical teeth, which are scarcely one-fourth as large as the greatest breadth of the tube.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 0.4 to 0.5, breadth in the middle part 0.02 to + 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Aulacantha spinosa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, of equal breadth throughout their whole length, rounded on + the proximal base, smooth in the inner proximal half, dentate or spinescent in the outer distal + half, with numerous (fifty to eighty) slender conical teeth, which are curved forwards, increasing + in size towards the distal end, and somewhat longer than the breadth of the tube.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 0.8 to 1.2, breadth 0.015 to 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 241 to 253, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1576">{1576}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Aulacantha cannulata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>, + fig. 16).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical in the inner proximal half, prismatic in the outer distal half, with + from three to six, usually four, prominent, thick, parallel edges, which are dentate towards the + thicker distal end; their teeth short, conical, directed outwards, scarcely one-fourth as long as + the thickness of the tube. The edges are separated in the distal third by more or less deep + furrows, like a channelled column.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 1.2 to 2.5, breadth 0.03 to 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Stations 291 to 293, surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Aulacantha clavata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes more or less irregularly curved, in the inner proximal half slenderly conical, and + gradually tapering towards the inflated base, in the outer distal half club-shaped, armed with a + few (five to twenty) short conical teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 1.0 to 1.2, breadth in the middle pact 0.01, in + the distal part 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Aulacantha lævissima</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, of nearly equal breadth throughout their whole length; the + inner proximal end rounded, the outer distal end pointed. Surface of the tubes perfectly smooth, + without any teeth. The thickness and length of the simple spicula, as well as the thickness of + their wall, are very variable in this species.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 0.5 to 4.2, breadth 0.003 to 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 253, Færöe Channel, surface, John + Murray.</p> + + <h5>Genus 667. <i>Aulographis</i>,<a id="NtA_285" href="#Nt_285"><sup>[285]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Aulacanthida</span> with a veil of tangential + needles, and with radial tubes, which bear no lateral branches, but at the distal end a verticil + of simple terminal branches.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Aulographis</i>, the richest in the number of species among all + Aulacanthida, differs from the preceding <i>Aulacantha</i>, its ancestral form, in the development + of simple terminal branches, which form either a fork or a verticil. The branches are either + smooth or spiny, but not ramified as in the following genus, <i>Auloceros</i>. Their distal <span + class="pagenum" id="page1577">{1577}</span>ends are either simply pointed or bear a terminal + spathilla, or a little crown of recurved teeth. According to these differences we may dispose the + twenty-six species described into four subgenera.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Aulographantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Terminal branches of the radial tubes simple, smooth, + without lateral teeth and terminal spathillæ. Tubes usually thin and fragile.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Aulographis pandora</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, + figs. 2-9).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, slender, straight or slightly curved, of equal breadth. Terminal + branches of the tubes very variable in size and number (two to six, usually three or four), + without lateral teeth and terminal spathillæ, slender, conical, slightly curved, directed + outwards, twice to four times (rarely five to eight times) as long as the breadth of the tubes. + This species is extraordinarily variable in the number and size of the simple terminal branches; + the eight tubes, shown in figs. 2 to 9, are all found in one and the same specimen.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 0.5 to 1.5, breadth 0.01 to 0.03; branches 0.02 to + 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; + surface and in various depths.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Aulographis bovicornis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, figs. + 12-14).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, slender, straight, of equal breadth. Terminal branches usually two + (rarely three), smooth, without lateral teeth and terminal spathillæ, eight to ten times as long + as the breadth of the tube, pointed, S-shaped, or curved like the horns of an ox.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 0.6 to 0.8, breadth 0.015 to 0.02; branches 0.1 to + 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic (east of Buenos Ayres), Stations 323 to 325, + surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Aulographis taumorpha</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, fig. + 16).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, slender, straight, gradually tapering towards the pointed proximal + end. Terminal branches constantly two, opposite in a tangential, slightly concave or nearly + straight line, ten to twelve times as long as the breadth of the tube, smooth, straight in the + proximal part, recurved in the distal part.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 0.7 to 0.8, breadth 0.01 to 0.015; branches 0.1 to + 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 231, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1578">{1578}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Aulographis triglochin</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, fig. + 17).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes robust, club-shaped at the distal end. Terminal branches three (rarely two or + four), widely divergent, geniculated and recurved, smooth, without lateral teeth and terminal + spathillæ.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 1.2 to 1.8, breadth 0.02; branches 0.12 to + 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Aulographis cruciata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, + fig. 25).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes slender, cylindrical, of equal breadth. Terminal branches almost constantly four, + equal, regularly crossed (very rarely three or five), slender, straight or slightly curved, + smooth, divergent outwards, six to eight times as long as the breadth of the tube.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 1.0 to 1.5, breadth 0.02; branches 0.12 to + 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Stations 325 to 332, surface.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Aulographis ancorata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, + fig. 21).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes slender, cylindrical, straight. Terminal branches constantly four, equal, + regularly crossed, arcuato-recurved or nearly semicircular, smooth, six to eight times as long as + the breadth of the tube. Resembling an anchor with four teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 0.5 to 0.7, breadth 0.012 to 0.015; branches 0.07 + to 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South-west Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Aulographis stellata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, + figs. 23, <i>a</i>-<i>c</i>).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes club-shaped, gradually thickened towards the distal end. Terminal branches + stellate, numerous (five to ten or more), diverging in all directions, smooth, straight or + slightly curved, slenderly conical, three to five times as long as the distal breadth of the tube. + The branches are very variable in size, sometimes very small (figs. <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 0.4 to 0.8, breadth 0.02; branches 0.01 to + 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Aulographis penicillata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes slender, cylindrical, of equal breadth. Terminal branches pencil-shaped, smooth, + very numerous (twenty to thirty or more), diverging outwards, curved, eight to ten times as long + as the breadth of the tube, very thin and fragile, resembling a brush.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 1.0 to 1.5, breadth 0.02; branches 0.15 to + 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic (Antilles), Weber, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1579">{1579}</span></div> + + <p>9. <i>Aulographis pistillum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes club-shaped, robust, straight, gradually thickened towards the distal end. + Terminal branches eight to ten (usually nine), conical, smooth, slightly curved, divergent + outwards like a regular corona.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 0.5 to 0.6, distal breadth 0.04; branches + 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 354, depth 1675 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Aulographella</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Terminal branches of the radial tubes without terminal + spathillæ, but with lateral teeth or secondary spines. (Tubes usually very stout and robust, + club-shaped.)</p> + + <p>10. <i>Aulographis triæna</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes club-shaped, straight, tapering gradually towards the rounded proximal end. + Terminal branches constantly three, divergent, very stout, eight to ten times as long as the + breadth of the tube, each studded with three to six irregular, conical, secondary spines. + Sometimes the branches become forked, the species passing over into <i>Auloceros cervinus</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 1.2 to 1.5, breadth 0.004 to 0.06; branches 0.3 to + 0.5.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 299, depth 2160 fathoms.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Aulographis martagon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes club-shaped or slenderly conical, strongly thickened towards the distal end. + Terminal branches six to nine, conical, slightly curved, divergent outwards, studded outside with + small, conical, secondary spines, twice to three times as long as the breadth of the tube.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 1.0 to 1.2, breadth 0.04 to 0.05; branches 0.1 to + 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Aulographis flammabunda</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes club-shaped, more or less curved, with thickened distal ends. Terminal branches + three to six, conical, very stout, three to four times as long as the breadth of the tube, densely + studded with numerous, crowded, conical, secondary spines, which are very irregular and more or + less curved, resembling the flames of a fire.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 1.0 to 1.2, distal breadth 0.08 to 0.1; branches + 0.2 to 0.4.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 302, depth 1450 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1580">{1580}</span></div> + + <p>13. <i>Aulographis gemmascens</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes club-shaped, more or less curved, with thickened distal end. Terminal branches + three to nine (usually three larger and six smaller) stout, conical, studded with irregular, + straight, conical, secondary spines, crowded and densely aggregated, like the leaves in a bud.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 1.5 to 1.8, distal breadth 0.07 to 0.1; branches + 0.2 to 0.6.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>14. <i>Aulographis flosculus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes club-shaped, straight, tapering gradually towards the rounded proximal end. + Terminal branches nine to twelve, stout, conical, twice to three times as long as the breadth of + the tube, studded with irregular secondary spines, connected in the proximal half by a solid, + cap-shaped, flinty lamella, so that the terminal corona resembles a flower. The hollow canal of + the tube sends a thin branch into each branch of the crown.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 1.2 to 1.8, distal breadth 0.04 to 0.05; branches + 0.1 to 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Færöe Channel (Gulf Stream), John Murray, + depth 600 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Aulographidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Terminal branches of the radial tubes armed with terminal + spathillæ (or whorls of small radial teeth), but without lateral denticles or spines.</p> + + <p>15. <i>Aulographis furcula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, + figs. 10, 11).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, slender, slightly curved. Terminal branches usually two, sometimes on + single tubes three, eight to ten times as long as the tube is broad, strongly curved, ascending + vertically from a horizontal base, with a terminal spathilla of four crossed teeth at the distal + end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 0.6 to 0.8, breadth 0.006 to 0.008; branches 0.06 + to 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North-west Pacific (off Japan), Station 231, depth 2250 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>16. <i>Aulographis triangulum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, fig. + 15).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, slender, straight. Terminal branches constantly three, slender, + slightly curved, nearly horizontally (tangentially) expanded, eight to ten times as long as the + tube is broad, with a terminal spathilla of four recurved teeth which are opposite in pairs. Since + the angles between the three branches are equal (= 120°) they correspond to the axes of an + equilateral triangle.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 1.2, breadth 0.015 to 0.02; branches 0.1 to + 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1581">{1581}</span></div> + + <p>17. <i>Aulographis tetrancistra</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, fig. + 22).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes slender, cylindrical, straight. Terminal branches four to six (usually four), + eight to ten times as long as the tube is broad, slightly curved and widely divergent, with a + terminal spathilla of four crossed recurved teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 0.5 to 0.7, breadth 0.01; branches 0.08 to + 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>18. <i>Aulographis hexancistra</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, figs. 18, + 19).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes club-shaped, slightly curved, gradually thickened from the proximal to the distal + end. Terminal branches four to eight (usually six in the majority of tubes), widely divergent, + nearly straight, three to four times as long as the tube is broad, with a terminal spathilla of + six (rarely five) recurved teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 0.4 to 0.6, breadth 0.01 to 0.02; branches 0.04 to + 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 244 to 253, depth 2050 to 3125 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>19. <i>Aulographis polyancistra</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes club-shaped, straight, thickened towards the distal end. Terminal branches ten to + twenty, smooth, strongly curved, disposed in a corona, six to eight times as long as the tube is + broad, each with a terminal spathilla of eight to twelve radial teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 0.6 to 0.8, distal breadth 0.02; branches 0.12 to + 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>20. <i>Aulographis asteriscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, fig. + 24).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes slender, cylindrical, straight, equally broad. Terminal branches six to nine, + widely divergent, disposed in a radiate corona, around a central branch, which is the distal + prolongation of the tube itself. Each branch bears a stellate terminal spathilla, composed of ten + to twenty conical teeth, which radiate in all directions.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 0.5 to 0.8, breadth 0.02; branches 0.06 to + 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Aulographonium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Terminal branches of the radial tubes armed with numerous + lateral denticles, and with terminal spathillæ (or whorls of small radial teeth).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1582">{1582}</span></div> + + <p>21. <i>Aulographis dentata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, + fig. 20).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes slender, cylindrical, equally broad, scarcely inflated at the distal end. Terminal + branches six to eight, curved, disposed in a corona around a straight central branch, eight to ten + times as long as the tube is broad, armed with numerous stout recurved lateral denticles and with + a terminal spathilla of five or six recurved teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 1.5 to 2.5, breadth 0.03; branches 0.15 to 0.2 + long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 354, depth 1675 fathoms.</p> + + <p>22. <i>Aulographis pulvinata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, fig. + 26).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes club-shaped, straight, gradually thickened towards the distal end, which bears a + broad, circular, biconvex cushion. The margin of this cushion bears two alternating verticils of + radially divergent, straight, terminal branches, which are twice to three times as long as the + tube is broad. Each branch is armed with two opposite lateral rows of numerous small denticles, + and bears a terminal spathilla with six to eight recurved radial teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 2.0 to 2.4, distal breadth 0.03 to 0.07; branches + 0.05 to 0.08 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South-east Pacific (off Valparaiso), Station 298, depth 2225 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>23. <i>Aulographis tripentas</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>, fig. 13, + 13<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes club-shaped, straight, thickened towards the inflated distal end, which bears + three alternating verticils of terminal branches, each with five radial branches. The ten branches + of the inner and outer verticils are perradial, smooth; the alternating five branches of the + middle verticil are armed with recurved lateral denticles. Each of the fifteen branches bears a + terminal spathilla with five to seven recurved teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the spines 2.0 to 2.5, distal breadth 0.03 to 0.06; branches + 0.1 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South-east Pacific (off Juan Fernandez), Station 299, depth + 2160 fathoms.</p> + + <p>24. <i>Aulographis verticillata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>, fig. 12, + 12<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, equally broad, with an inflated ellipsoidal knob at the distal end. + This knob bears twenty to thirty slender, slightly curved, terminal branches, which are regularly + arranged in five radial or meridional rows, and in four to six concentric verticils. The branches + are five to ten times as long as the tube is broad, and armed with two opposite rows of lateral + denticles, and with a terminal spathilla of six to eight recurved teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 1.5 to 1.8, breadth 0.01 to 0.02; branches 0.5 to + 1.0 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 293, depth 2025 fathoms.</p> + + <p>25. <i>Aulographis serrulata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, fig. + 27).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes club-shaped, curved, thickened towards the inflated ellipsoidal distal end, which + bears a bunch of fifteen to twenty-five terminal branches, arranged more or less regularly in + radial <span class="pagenum" id="page1583">{1583}</span>or meridional rows and concentric + horizontal verticils. The branches are irregularly curved, twice to four times as long as the + distal end of the tube, armed with two opposite rows of lateral denticles, and at the distal end + with a spathilla of six radial teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 1.5 to 1.8, breadth 0.02 to 0.04; branches 0.1 to + 0.15 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 253 and 254, depth 3025 to 3125 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>26. <i>Aulographis candelabrum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes club-shaped, straight, thickened towards the distal end and constricted beyond the + ovate, inflated, terminal knob. This knob is similar to a candelabrum and bears a corona of six to + nine strongly curved terminal branches, which are eight to ten times as long as the tube is broad, + armed with scattered lateral denticles, and with a spathilla of five to seven radial teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 1.6 to 2.4, breadth 0.03 to 0.05; branches 0.2 to + 0.3 long.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South-east Pacific (off Juan Fernandez), Station 300, depth + 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 668. <i>Auloceros</i>,<a id="NtA_286" href="#Nt_286"><sup>[286]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Aulacanthida</span> with a veil of tangential + needles, and with radial tubes, which bear no lateral branches, but at the distal end a verticil + of ramified or forked terminal branches.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Auloceros</i> differs from the preceding closely allied + <i>Aulographis</i>, its ancestral form, in the ramification of the verticillate terminal branches. + They are either simply forked or again ramified, and their distal ends are either simply pointed + or armed with a terminal spathilla, or a little crown of recurved teeth. Some forms of this genus + belong to the most elegant and graceful <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, as the <i>Auloceros + elegans</i> figured, which I observed living in the Indian Ocean.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Auloceræa</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Distal ends of the terminal branches pointed, smooth, + without spathilla (or corona of radiate denticles).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Auloceros furcosus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>, + figs. 2-6).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes slender, spindle-shaped or nearly cylindrical, more or less tapering towards the + two ends. Terminal branches slender, curved, twice to four times as long as the tube is broad, + very variable in number (usually two or three, rarely four, five, or six; compare figs. 2-6), once + or twice forked; the secondary branches are short, irregular, and pointed. No terminal spathillæ. + <span class="pagenum" id="page1584">{1584}</span>In some specimens of this species all the tubes + bear two or three terminal branches, whilst in others there are tubes with four, five, or six + branches intermingled. When the number of the terminal branches is constant in single localities, + this transformistic or "Darwinian" species may be divided into the following "subspecies:" (1) + <i>Auloceros pandora</i> (with variable numbers); (2) <i>Auloceros bifurca</i> (fig. 2); (3) + <i>Auloceros trifurca</i> (fig. 3); (4) <i>Auloceros quadrifurca</i> (fig. 4); (5) <i>Auloceros + quinquefurca</i> (fig. 5); (6) <i>Auloceros sexfurca</i> (fig. 6).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 1.5 to 2.5, breadth 0.02 to 0.03; branches 0.05 to + 0.15 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 231 to 253, surface and at various + depths.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Auloceros trigeminus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes club-shaped, gradually thickened towards the inflated distal end. Terminal + branches short, scarcely longer than the tube is broad, two constantly opposite, each with three + equal, conical, short secondary branches. No terminal spathillæ.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 0.6 to 0.8, breadth 0.02 to 0.03; branches 0.04 to + 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Auloceros capreolus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, equally broad. Terminal branches in two opposite clustered bunches, + each with sixteen to eighteen unequal secondary branches. The total length and breadth of each + cluster is about four times as great as the tube is broad. No terminal spathillæ.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tube 1.5 to 2.0, breadth 0.03; branches 0.07 to 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Auloceros cervinus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>, + figs. 9, 10).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes slender, spindle-shaped, slightly curved, tapering gradually from the middle + towards the two ends. Terminal branches constantly three, obliquely ascending, each twice or three + times forked (often more or less irregularly), with slender, curved, secondary and tertiary + branches (twenty to twenty-four on each tube); the latter are scarcely half as broad as the three + main branches of each tube. No terminal spathillæ.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 2.0 to 3.5, breadth 0.03 to 0.04; branches 0.12 to + 0.15 long.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 325, depth 2650 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Auloceros elegans</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes slender, cylindrical, straight, equally broad. Terminal branches two or three, + more or less irregularly branched, each with twelve to eighteen curved and pointed secondary + branches. No terminal spathillæ. Differs from the preceding <i>Auloceros cervinus</i> in the + cylindrical form of the thinner straight tubes, and the more irregular ramification; the branches + are nearly <span class="pagenum" id="page1585">{1585}</span>tangentially expanded, The specimen + figured, with expanded pseudopodia, red central capsule, and green phæodium, was observed living + by me in 1882 in Ceylon.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—length of the tubes 1.0 to 2.0, breadth 0.02 to 0.03; branches 0.15 to + 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Ceylon (south of Matura), Haeckel, surface.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Auloceratium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Distal ends of the terminal branches with a spathilla, or + a small corona of radial, usually recurved teeth.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Auloceros dicranaster</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>, figs. 14, + 15).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, equally broad. Terminal branches tangential, forked, + expanded horizontally, five to six times as long as the tube is broad; their number is usually + five (more rarely four or six), and each is divided into two short, equal, divergent, secondary + branches, armed at the distal end with a spathilla of five or six unequal recurved teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 1.0 to 1.5, breadth 0.01 to 0.02; branches 0.05 to + 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 244 to 252, depth 2050 to 3050 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Auloceros spathillaster</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes club-shaped or nearly cylindrical, straight, often thickened towards the distal + end. Terminal branches ascending, three to six, usually four, partly simple, partly forked, + slightly curved. The branches are from twice to three times as long as the tube is broad, and much + thinner; at the distal end they are armed with a spathilla of five or six recurved teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 2.0 to 2.5, breadth 0.02 to 0.03; branches 0.08 to + 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 319, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Auloceros arborescens</i>, n. sp, (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>, figs. 11, + 13).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes club-shaped, irregularly curved, thickened towards the distal end. Terminal + branches two opposite (rarely three or four), forked near the base, and either dichotomously or + more irregularly branched; each tube bears fifteen to thirty, usually twenty to twenty-four, + secondary branches, which are irregularly curved, and armed at the distal end with a spathilla of + four to eight recurved teeth. The tubes are more richly branched than in the preceding, smaller, + closely allied species, and the branches are more flatly expanded.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 2.6 to 3.3, breadth 0.03 to 0.04; branches 0.1 to + 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Stations 288 to 295, depth 1500 to 3000 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1586">{1586}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 669. <i>Aulospathis</i>,<a id="NtA_287" href="#Nt_287"><sup>[287]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Aulacanthida</span> with a veil of tangential + needles, and with radial tubes, which bear two verticils of branches, a distal verticil of + terminal branches, and a proximal verticil of lateral branches.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Aulospathis</i> and the following <i>Aulodendron</i> differ from the + preceding Aulacanthida in the possession of lateral branches; these are usually similar to the + terminal branches, and irregularly scattered along the distal half of the tubes in + <i>Aulodendron</i>. In <i>Aulospathis</i>, however, the largest form in the family, each tube + bears two whorls or verticils only, a verticil of terminal branches at the distal end, and a + verticil of lateral branches beyond the latter, between the middle and distal third of the tube. + The number of branches in each verticil is usually from two to four, rarely more; it is, however, + very variable, so that the ten species described in the sequel are "Darwinian species," derived + either from <i>Aulospathis polymorpha</i>, or from <i>Aulospathis variabilis</i>. Each branch + bears at the distal end a spathilla, the teeth of which are very variable in form, number and + arrangement.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Aulospathessa</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Distal ends of the radial tubes inflated, usually in the + form of an ovate or pyriform terminal knob.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Aulospathis bifurca</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>, + figs. 1-5).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes with an inflated ovate terminal knob at the distal end, which bears two divergent, + curved, terminal branches (often a few tubes bear three or four branches instead of the usual + two). Proximal whorl usually cruciate, with four irregularly crossed lateral branches (but often + with five or six, more rarely with two or three).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 0.15 to 25 mm., breadth 0.04 to 0.06; branches 0.1 + to 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Stations 293 to 295, depth 1500 to 2270 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Aulospathis trifurca</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>, + figs. 6, 7, 7<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes with an inflated ovate terminal knob at the distal end, which bears three + divergent, straight, or slightly curved terminal branches (often a few tubes bear two or four + branches instead of the usual three). Proximal whorl irregular, usually with six divergent, + straight, lateral branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 2.2 to 3.4, breadth 0.03 to 0.05; branches 0.1 to + 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific (off Valparaiso), Stations 298 to 300, depth + 1375 to 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1587">{1587}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Aulospathis quadrifurca</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes with an inflated ovate terminal knob at the distal end, which bears four crossed, + divergent, curved terminal branches. Proximal whorl also rather regular, with a cross of four + straight lateral branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 3.0 to 4.0, breadth 0.04 to 0.08; branches 0.2 to + 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 291, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Aulospathis polymorpha</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>, figs. + 10-13).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes with an inflated ovate terminal knob at the distal end, which bears a variable + number of divergent, curved, irregular, terminal branches. Usually the majority of the tubes bear + three branches, whilst others exhibit two or four, sometimes also five or six. Proximal whorl also + very variable and irregular, with two to six, usually three or four unequal branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 2.0 to 4.0, breadth 0.04 to 0.06; branches 0.1 to + 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Aulospathilla</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Distal ends of the radial tubes of equal breadth or + tapering gradually, not inflated, without terminal knobs.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Aulospathis diodon</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes without inflated terminal knob, forked at the tapering distal end, with two + divergent curved branches of equal size. Proximal whorl cruciate, with four rather equal, crossed, + straight, lateral branches (sometimes three or five instead of four in single tubes).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 2.0 to 2.5, breadth 0.03 to 0.04; branches 0.1 to + 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 231, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Aulospathis triodon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes without inflated terminal knob, with three divergent, slightly curved, terminal + branches. Proximal whorl with a variable number of curved lateral branches, usually also three + (often two or four, rarely more).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 2 to 3, breadth 0.03 to 0.05; branches 0.2 to + 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 250 to 253, depth 2740 to 3125 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1588">{1588}</span></div> + + <p>7. <i>Aulospathis tetrodon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes without inflated terminal knob, with four crossed, divergent, slightly curved + terminal branches. Proximal whorl usually with an irregular cross of four lateral branches (often + five or six, rarely two or three instead of the usual four).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 2.0 to 2.5, breadth 0.03 to 0.04; branches 0.2 to + 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 244 to 245, depth 2775 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Aulospathis hexodon</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes without inflated terminal knob, with three forked, curved branches at the distal + end, so that each tube usually bears six terminal branches; but other tubes of the same specimen + bear only three simple or a few irregularly forked branches. Proximal whorl usually with six + curved, irregular, lateral branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 2.0 to 3.0, breadth 0.03 to 0.06; branches 0.2 to + 0.5.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Aulospathis furcata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes without inflated terminal knob, with a variable number of unequal terminal + branches, which are partly simple, partly irregularly forked or branched; the usual number of + terminal branches is three or four, more rarely two or five or six. Proximal whorl very irregular, + usually with four to six unequal, lateral branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 2.0 to 2.5, breadth 0.03 to 0.05; branches 0.1 to + 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Aulospathis variabilis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>, figs. + 14-17).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes without inflated terminal knob, with a variable number of unequal terminal + branches, which are constantly simple, never forked; the usual number is in the majority of the + tubes three or four, often also two, rarely five to eight. Proximal whorl irregular, with a + variable number of lateral branches (usually four to six).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 2.0 to 3.0, breadth 0.03 to 0.06; branches 0.1 to + 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 670. <i>Aulodendron</i>,<a id="NtA_288" href="#Nt_288"><sup>[288]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Aulacanthida</span> with a veil of tangential + needles, and with radial tubes, which bear numerous, irregularly scattered, lateral and terminal + branches.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1589">{1589}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Aulodendron</i> differs from the other Aulacanthida in the possession + of lateral and terminal branches, which are irregularly scattered on the radial tubes and not + arranged in regular verticils. The branches are usually short, simple or forked, rarely longer and + again irregularly ramified.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Aulodendron antarcticum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, more or less curved, in the inner proximal half smooth and half as + broad as in the outer distal half, which is studded with irregularly curved, partly branched + spines, arising usually perpendicularly from the tube. The majority of the spines usually simple, + the minority forked, with two to four short branches, the largest spines scarcely twice as long as + the breadth of the tube.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 0.7 to 0.9, breadth 0.01 to 0.02; length of the + branches 0.02 to 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean (Kerguelen), Stations 156 to 159, + surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Aulodendron pacificum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, slightly curved, in the proximal half smooth, in the distal half with + scattered lateral branches, which are partly simple, partly forked, about twice as long as the + breadth of the tube, and bear at the distal end a spathilla with five to six recurved teeth. The + distal end of the tubes bears a spherical knob, which is separated by a deep stricture and armed + with a bunch of six to twelve strong conical teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 1 to 1.2, breadth 0.015 to 0.02; branches 0.03 to + 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 293, depth 2025 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Aulodendron australe</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, thin, smooth in the proximal half, armed with numerous + lateral branches in the distal half; the majority of the branches forked, about as long as the + breadth of the tube, with two or three short ramules, each of which bears a spinulate terminal + knob. The distal end of the tubes also forked, with two or three divergent branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 1.2 to 1.6, breadth 0.01 to 0.012.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 289; New Zealand, Station 169, + surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Aulodendron atlanticum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, tapering gradually towards the two ends; smooth and straight in the + proximal half, irregularly curved and branched in the distal half, with ten to twenty (rarely + more) branches, which arise almost perpendicularly from the tube. The proximal branches are from + four to eight times as long as the greatest breadth of the tube, forked, with two or three short + ramules; <span class="pagenum" id="page1590">{1590}</span>the distal branches are much smaller and + simple. The distal end of each branch bears a spathilla with four to six short teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 2.4 to 3.6, breadth 0.06 to 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Aulodendron indicum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, irregularly curved, tapering gradually towards the two ends; smooth + in the proximal half, irregularly branched in the distal half, with ten to twenty or more curved + branches. The proximal branches are very large, one-sixth to one-fourth as long as the tube and + irregularly ramified; the distal branches are much shorter, also ramified or simple. All the + branches are more or less curved and bear a spinulate knob at the distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the tubes 1.2 to 1.8, breadth 0.02 to 0.03; length of the + branches 0.1 to 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean; Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.</p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <h3>Order II. PHÆOSPHÆRIA, Haeckel, 1879.</h3> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> with a simple or double, + usually spherical lattice-shell, which is not bivalved and has no peculiar mouth or peristome. + Central capsule placed in the centre of the shell.</p> + + <h4>Family LXXIV. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Orosphærida</span></span>, n. fam. (Pls. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>).</h4> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> with a big spherical (sometimes + polyhedral or ellipsoidal), very coarse shell, which is composed of thick bars containing an axial + canal. Nodal points of the coarse network without astral septa. Meshes of moderate size, + irregularly polygonal. Surface of the shell usually with radial spines and pyramidal elevations. + No peculiar mouth in the shell. Central capsule tripylean, in the centre of the shell.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Orosphærida</span> comprises those <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> which possess a simple spherical or polyhedral lattice-shell, composed + of hollow, very thick, non-articulate rods, without a peculiar shell-mouth. They agree in the + considerable size of the spherical lattice-shell and the absence of a peculiar shell-mouth with + the other <span class="gsp">Phæosphæria</span>, but differ from them in the coarse and irregular + shape of the massive network, which is composed of irregular polygonal meshes, separated by very + thick concentrically stratified rods, containing a fine axial canal. The closely allied + Sagosphærida differ from them in the delicate shape of the solid and very thin, filiform rods of + the network, and its subregular <span class="pagenum" id="page1591">{1591}</span>triangular + meshes. The Aulosphærida differ in the development of the peculiar nodal cavities and astral + septa, by which the thin-walled cylindrical tubes of the articulated network are separated in the + stellate nodal points. The Cannosphærida, closely allied to these latter, also differ in the + articulated network, and further in the possession of an internal concentric shell. The + Castanellida are sometimes similar to the Orosphærida, but distinguished by a peculiar large + shell-mouth and a network of different shape.</p> + + <p>The Orosphærida belong to the biggest Radiolaria, and the lattice-work of their spherical shell + is of a ruder and coarser shape than in any of the other families of this class. Nevertheless they + have been hitherto perfectly unknown, and were first discovered by the Challenger. We have been + able to distinguish in the collection four genera and twenty-seven species. This strange fact may + be explained by the circumstance, that they are in general rare, and restricted to a few + localities, and that probably all the species are inhabitants of great depths. Complete shells + also are rarely found, whilst broken fragments of their big shells, easily recognisable by the + coarse irregular meshes and the thick stratified bars, are met with frequently in the Radiolarian + ooze of some Pacific Stations, especially at Stations 265 and 268, at a depth of 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>The lattice-shell of the Orosphærida is usually spherical, or an endospherical polyhedron (Pl. + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>, fig. + 4); rarely one axis is somewhat prolonged, so that the shell becomes slightly ellipsoidal (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>, fig. 1). + Its diameter is usually between 2 and 3, often also between 2 and 1 mm., rarely more than 3, or + less than 1 mm. The largest shells observed attained 5 to 6, the smallest 0.5 to 0.6 mm. Their + general habit is very characteristic, so that they may be easily distinguished from all other + spherical lattice-shells, especially from the Castanellida and from the simple Monosphærida + (<i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Cenosphera'.">Cenosphæra</span></i>, + <i>Acanthosphæra</i>), with which I confounded them in the beginning (hence the first shell + observed, figured in 1878, was placed among the Monosphærida in Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>). A closer + examination of the coarse network and of the peculiar structure of its thick bars always enables + one to recognise even small isolated fragments of broken shells.</p> + + <p>The meshes of the coarse network exhibit in all observed Orosphærida a very irregular form and + unequal size; the majority are usually more or less quadrangular, more rarely they are triangular, + pentagonal or hexagonal, very rarely rounded. They are often arranged in parallel rows, which seem + to be determined by prominent crests, connecting the bases of the radial spines (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>, fig. 1; Pl. + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>, fig. + 4, &c.). The diameter of the meshes is usually between 0.05 and 0.1, often 0.1 to 0.2, rarely + more than 0.25, or less than 0.025 mm. In <i>Oroplegma</i>, which develops an outer loose, spongy + shell around the inner primary shell, the big meshes of the former become much larger and very + irregular (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>The coarse bars which separate the large meshes of the irregular network are very thick and + massive, cylindrical, usually of unequal thickness, straight or slightly curved, never angular or + prismatic. Their diameter is usually between 0.01 and 0.02, rarely <span class="pagenum" + id="page1592">{1592}</span>more than 0.03 or less than 0.005 mm. Their surface is either smooth or + slightly spinulate. Examined in the dry state and by strong lenses, they constantly exhibit a + fine, but distinct longitudinal striation, as the expression of concentric stratification. A fine + axial canal or central tubule is usually visible in the axis of each rod, and often this axial + canal is studded with numerous short lateral branches (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>, figs. 2, + 4, 8). But very often the axial canals become rudimentary or lost, or are developed only in a part + of the bars (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>, + fig. 1). When they are completely developed, the entire network of the shell is drained by a + reticulate system of communicating axial canals; they are probably filled by jelly in the living + body. This tubular system never attains that regularity and high development which is constantly + found in the Aulosphærida; and the characteristic stellate nodal points of the latter, with their + astral septa, are never found in any of the Orosphærida. Moreover the wall of the tubular bars is + very thin and structureless in the Aulosphærida, very thick and stratified in the Orosphærida, the + enclosed canal very wide in the former, very narrow in the latter. The stratification of the + concentric cylindrical lamellæ, which surround the narrow axial canal, is effected by the gradual + deposition of the concentric layers, and is very similar to that which is found in the thick + spicula of many sponges. The peculiar structure of the bars in the Orosphærida becomes very + distinct if the skeleton be burned, or acted upon by fire for some time; it then assumes a brown + colour and its surface often appears dimpled. Sometimes the concave dimples on the surface of the + bars are rather deep and separated by prominent crests (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>, figs. 4, + 7). The few genera of Orosphærida which are here distinguished have all the same structure, are + closely allied, and differ mainly in the shape of the outer surface of the lattice-sphere. The + latter is quite simple and smooth only in <i>Orona</i>. In the common <i>Orosphæra</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>, figs. + 1-3) it is studded with radial spines. In the most frequent form, <i>Oroscena</i>, the shell has a + pyramidal or tent-shaped elevation on the base of each radial spine, and usually the bases of the + neighbouring spines are connected by strong prominent crests, the edges of the three-sided or + four-sided pyramids (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>, + fig. 1; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>, + fig. 4). This remarkable form is more or less polyhedral, with concave sides, and is similar to + the characteristic shells which are represented by <i>Auloscena</i> among the Aulosphærida, by + <i>Sagoscena</i> and <i>Sagoplegma</i> among the Sagosphærida (compare Pls. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a> and <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate110"><b>110</b></a>). The + pyramids or tents, however, are in these latter more regularly and distinctly developed than in + the Orosphærida. The radial spines which arise form the top of the pyramids are often branched, + and the branches become connected to form an outer enveloping secondary shell or a loose spongy + framework in <i>Oroplegma</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>The radial spines of the Orosphærida never exhibit a constant number or disposition in the + individual species; their usual number is from twenty to sixty. Their form exhibits two different + types, which, however, are not sharply separated; robust club-shaped and slender rod-shaped + spines. The robust club-shaped spines are usually about as long as <span class="pagenum" + id="page1593">{1593}</span>the diameter of the shell; they are longitudinally striped in the basal + part, spinulate or reticulately dimpled in the distal part; sometimes they are straight, at other + times curved or undulate (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>, + figs. 1-4; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>, + figs. 4-6). The slender rod-shaped spines are usually longer than the diameter of the shell, + cylindrical, more or less curved or even undulate, smooth or thorny, sometimes irregularly + branched, and often the branches are all or partly connected (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>, fig. 3; + Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>, + fig. 1). In the majority of the shells observed the radial spines were found to be partly broken + off. Their structure is the same as that of the bars of the network; but the central axial canal + and the surrounding concentric lamellæ are usually more distinct than in the latter.</p> + + <p>The central capsule of the Orosphærida lies in the centre of the spherical lattice-shell, + surrounded by the voluminous calymma, which fills up its cavity. The form, structure, and size of + the central capsule are the same as in the closely allied Aulosphærida (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, fig. 2). + Its diameter is usually about 0.2, or between 0.15 and 0.25, rarely more than 0.3 or less than + <span class="correction" title="Original reads '1.2'.">0.12</span>. The dark phæodium is of about + the same volume as the central capsule, and envelops its oral half with the radiate operculum and + the proboscis of the astropyle. The two opposite parapylæ are small.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Orosphærida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w50 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Orosphærida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Orosphærida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">I. Subfamily Oronida. Surface of the shell without + pyramidal or tent-shaped elevations.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Surface smooth, without radial spines,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">671. <i>Orona</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Surface studded with simple or branched radial spines,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">672. <i>Orosphæra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">II. Subfamily Oroscenida. Surface of the shell with + numerous pyramidal or tent-shaped elevations.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Pyramids of the surface free, without spongy envelope,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">673. <i>Oroscena</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Pyramids of the surface connected by a spongy envelope or an external + lattice-shell,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">674. <i>Oroplegma</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Orosphærida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Orosphærida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="5">I. Subfamily Oronida. Surface of the shell without pyramidal or tent-shaped + elevations.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Surface smooth, without radial spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">671. <i>Orona</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Surface studded with simple or branched radial spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">672. <i>Orosphæra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5">II. Subfamily Oroscenida. Surface of the shell with numerous pyramidal or + tent-shaped elevations.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Pyramids of the surface free, without spongy envelope,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">673. <i>Oroscena</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Pyramids of the surface connected by a spongy envelope or an + external lattice-shell,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">674. <i>Oroplegma</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h5>Genus 671. <i>Orona</i>,<a id="NtA_289" href="#Nt_289"><sup>[289]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Orosphærida</span> with a simple spherical or + slightly ellipsoidal shell, without pyramidal elevations and radial spines.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Orona</i> is the simplest of the Orosphærida, and probably the common + ancestral form of this family. The lattice-shell is a simple fenestrated sphere, sometimes + slightly ellipsoidal, with prolonged main axis, and bears on its surface neither tent-shaped + elevations nor radial spines. It may be confounded with some big forms of <i>Cenosphæra</i>; it + differs, however, in the possession of hollow central canals in the thick bars of the very coarse + lattice-plate.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1594">{1594}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Orona maxima</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Shell spherical, with very irregular polygonal meshes. Bars of the loose network smooth or + slightly spinulate, very thick, with a pinnulate axial canal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 5.0 to 5.5, of the meshes 0.2 to 0.4, of the + bars 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Orona robusta</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spherical, with irregular quadrangular meshes (intermingled with single triangular, + pentagonal, and hexagonal meshes). Bars of the coarse network very thick, spinulate.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 3.0 to 3.6, of the meshes 0.05, of the bars + 0.012.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Orona crassissima</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <p>Shell ellipsoidal, slightly prolonged in the main axis, with irregular polygonal meshes of very + different sizes and unequal forms. Bars of the coarse network very thick, thorny and dimpled, + their surface being covered with a network of prominent polygonal crests.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 3.0 to 4.0, of the meshes 0.2 to 0.5, of the + bars 0.02 to 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 672. <i>Orosphæra</i>,<a id="NtA_290" href="#Nt_290"><sup>[290]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Orosphærida</span> with a simple, spherical + (sometimes slightly ellipsoidal or polyhedral) lattice-shell without pyramidal elevations, but + with numerous radial spines.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Orosphæra</i> differs from the preceding <i>Orona</i>, its ancestral + form, in the development of simple or branched radial spines. It bears, therefore, the same + relation to the latter that <i>Acanthosphæra</i> has to <i>Cenosphæra</i>. In the two latter + genera, however, the bars of the network are solid, in the two former hollow. The species referred + to <i>Orosphæra</i> are closely allied and require a further accurate examination.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Oronium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Radial spines simple, smooth or spiny, but neither + branched nor arborescent.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1595">{1595}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Orosphæra hastigera</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial spines cylindrical, straight, smooth, simple, about as long as the diameter of the + spherical shell, and as broad as its smooth bars. Meshes of the network irregularly polygonal, the + majority quadrangular, of different sizes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1.0 to 1.2, length of the radial spines 1.1 to + 1.5, middle breadth 0.004.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Orosphæra spinigera</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial spines cylindrical, irregularly curved, thorny, simple, two to three times as long as + the diameter of the spherical shell, and as broad as its spiny bars. Meshes of the network + irregularly polygonal, the majority pentagonal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1.5 to 1.8, length of the spines 3.0 to 5.0, + breadth 0.006.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Orosphæra fusigera</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial spines slender, spindle-shaped, straight, smooth, about as long as the diameter of the + spherical or slightly ellipsoidal shell, in the thicker middle part five times as broad as the + bars, and tapering equally towards both ends. Meshes of the network irregularly polygonal, the + majority quadrangular, separated by smooth bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 1.0 to 1.2, length of the spines 1.2 to 1.6, + basal breadth 0.02, middle breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Orosphæra foveolata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial spines spindle-shaped, straight, dimpled, half as long as the radius of the spherical + shell and three to five times as thick as the bars. Meshes irregular, polygonal, of very different + shapes, separated by dimpled bars. (Similar to <i>Oroscena gegenbauri</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>, fig. 4, + but with spherical dimpled shell, without pyramidal elevations.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 2.0 to 2.4, length of the spines <span + class="correction" title="Original reads '0.05'.">0.5</span>, breadth 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 267, depth 2700 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Orosphæra serpentina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Radial spines cylindrical, dimpled, undulate or curved in a snake-like manner, about as long as + the diameter of the ellipsoidal or spherical shell and four to six times as broad as its smooth + bars. Meshes very irregular, polygonal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 1.0 to 1.2, length of the spines 0.12 to 0.15, + breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1596">{1596}</span></div> + + <p>6. <i>Orosphæra horrida</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>, + fig. 2).</p> + + <p>Radial spines club-shaped, very strong, straight, about as long as the diameter of the + polyhedral shell, ovate and smooth in the distal half, slenderly conical, and armed with recurved + spines in the proximal half; their outer third is the thickest, and five times as broad as the + smooth bars of the coarse network. Meshes of the latter irregularly quadrangular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 1.2 to 1.6, length of the spines 1.2 to 2.0, + breadth 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 291, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Orosphæra clavigera</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial spines club-shaped, thickened towards the distal end, more or less curved, spinulate, + about as long as the diameter of the spherical shell; in the distal third four to six times as + broad as the spinulate bars. Meshes irregularly polygonal, the majority pentagonal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 2.0 to 2.5, length of the spines 1.8 to 2.2, + breadth 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Orothamnus</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Radial spines branched or arborescent.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Orosphæra ramigera</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial spines cylindrical, spinulate, straight, about twice as long as the diameter of the + spherical shell and as thick as its spinulate bars. Numerous simple spinulate branches, straight + or slightly curved, and two to four times as long as the meshes, are irregularly scattered, and + arise nearly perpendicularly from the bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 2.0 to 2.2, length of the spines 4 to 5, breadth + 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Orosphæra furcata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial spines cylindrical, smooth, irregularly curved, about as long as the radius of the + spherical shell and as thick as its smooth bars, forked at the distal end, with two or three + terminal branches of various lengths. Meshes irregularly polygonal (the majority hexagonal).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 1.2, length of the spines 0.7, breadth 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface (?).</p> + + <p>10. <i>Orosphæra confluens</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial spines cylindrical, smooth, irregularly curved, two to three times as long as the + diameter of the polyhedral shell, twice as broad as its smooth bars, bearing numerous irregular, + lateral <span class="pagenum" id="page1597">{1597}</span>branches, which are partly confluent and + fenestrated (similarly as in Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>, + fig. 1), but not forming an outer lattice-shell. Meshes irregularly polygonal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 3.3, length of the spines 6 to 9, breadth + 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Orosphæra arborescens</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Orothamnus arborescens</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Atlas, loc. cit.</p> + </div> + + <p>Radial spines cylindrical, rough, more or less curved, somewhat longer than the diameter of the + subspherical or slightly ellipsoidal shell, and at the thicker base three times as broad as its + smooth bars, bearing numerous irregularly branched and curved, sometimes confluent, lateral + branches. Meshes irregularly quadrangular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 1.2 to 1.6, length of the spines 1.5 to 2.2, + breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 673. <i>Oroscena</i>,<a id="NtA_291" href="#Nt_291"><sup>[291]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Orosphærida</span> with a simple, polyhedral or + subspherical lattice-shell, and with numerous pyramidal elevations on its surface, the top of + which bears a radial spine.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Oroscena</i> differs from the preceding <i>Orosphæra</i> in the + possession of numerous pyramidal or tent-shaped elevations, each of which bears on its top a + radial spine. It exhibits therefore the same relation to the latter that <i>Sagoscena</i> does to + <i>Sagosphæra</i> and <i>Auloscena</i> to <i>Aulosphæra</i>. The bases of the radial spines are + usually connected by prominent concave crests, the edges of the pyramids. The species described of + <i>Oroscena</i> seem to be very variable and transformistic.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Oroscenium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Radial spines simple, smooth or spiny, but neither + branched nor forked.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Oroscena gegenbauri</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>Radial spines club-shaped, about half as long as the radius of the shell, cylindrical and + finely sulcate in the basal third, ovate and elegantly dimpled in the distal two-thirds. The bases + of the radial spines are connected by prominent concave crests, which form the edges of the + polyhedral shell. Meshes irregularly polygonal, the majority quadrangular, separated by + denticulate bars.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1598">{1598}</span></div> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell (without spines) 1.2 to 1.8, of the meshes 0.04 + to 0.1; length of the spines 0.3 to 0.5.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Oroscena mülleri</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>, + fig. 8).<a id="NtA_292" href="#Nt_292"><sup>[292]</sup></a></p> + + <p>Radial spines club-shaped, very similar to that of the preceding species, but much larger, + about as long as the radius of the shell. Meshes irregularly polygonal, the majority pentagonal, + separated by smooth bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 2.0 to 2.4, length of the spines 1.0 to 1.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Oroscena cuvieri</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <p>Radial spines club-shaped, compressed and smooth in the proximal half, spindle-shaped and + dimpled in the distal half, about as long as the radius of the shell. Meshes irregularly + polygonal, the majority hexagonal, separated by denticulate bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 1.5, length of the spines 0.8.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Oroscena bærii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>Radial spines nearly spindle-shaped, undulate, tapering from the thicker middle towards both + ends, coarsely dimpled, about one-third as long as the radius of the shell. Meshes irregularly + polygonal, the majority pentagonal, separated by spinulate bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 3.2, length of the spines 1.0 to 1.2, breadth + 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Oroscena wolffii</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial spines cylindrical, spinulate, more or less curved, longer than the diameter of the + shell and about twice as broad as its bars. Meshes irregularly polygonal, of very variable form + and unequal size, separated by smooth bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 2.5, length of the spines 3.0 to 3.5, breadth + 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Zanzibar (Pullen), depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Orodendrum</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Radial spines branched or arborescent.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1599">{1599}</span></div> + + <p>6. <i>Oroscena huxleyi</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>, + figs. 1, 1<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Radial spines cylindrical, obliquely ascending and irregularly curved, about as long as the + diameter of the shell and somewhat thicker than its thorny bars. A variable number of short, + irregular, partly simple, partly forked, lateral branches arises from the spines. Meshes of the + network very irregular, partly solid, partly hollow (fig. 1<i>a</i>*), the majority quadrangular. + This species, the first observed form of Orosphærida (captured the 21st February 1873 at Station + 5), was at the beginning of my observations, in 1876, and when I had no knowledge of the central + capsule, erroneously regarded by me as a gigantic Sphæroid (of the Monosphærida) and therefore + placed in Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>. + The long branched spines, afterwards observed complete in another specimen, were broken off in the + specimen first figured.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 2.0 to 2.5, length of the spines 2 to 3 mm., + breadth 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic (west of Canary Islands), Station 5, depth + 2740 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Oroscena darwinii</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial spines cylindrical, irregularly curved and branched, about twice as long as the diameter + of the shell; the branches are all again ramified and partly confluent (as in Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>, fig. 1). + The branches and the bars of the network are of equal breadth, smooth (not thorny as in the + similar preceding species). Meshes rather subregular, quadrangular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 2.4 to 2.8, length of the spines 4 to 5 mm., + breadth 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Oroscena duncanii</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Hexactinellida dictyonina</i>, Martin Duncan, 1881, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., + p. 175, pl. iii. figs. 4, 6.</p> + </div> + + <p>Radial spines cylindrical, thorny, arborescent, somewhat shorter than the diameter of the + shell, with irregular ramified branches (similar to <i>Orosphæra arborescens</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>, fig. 3). + The size and ramification of the arborescent spinulate branches decrease towards the apex. The + thicker branches are from two to three times as broad as the spinulate bars of the network. Meshes + of the latter irregular, the majority quadrangular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 3.2, length of the spines 3.5 to 4.5, breadth + 0.02 to 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms; coast of + Portugal, 1095 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 674. <i>Oroplegma</i>,<a id="NtA_293" href="#Nt_293"><sup>[293]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Orosphærida</span> with a spongy, spherical or + slightly polyhedral lattice-shell, which is enveloped by a loose spongy framework and bears + numerous radial spines.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Oroplegma</i> differs from the other Orosphærida in the development of + an external lattice-work enveloping the internal primary shell, and produced by the union <span + class="pagenum" id="page1600">{1600}</span>of the branches of the radial spines. This outer shell + is either a simple lattice-plate (comparable to the cortical shell of <i>Diplosphæra</i>), or a + spongy framework (as in <i>Rhizoplegma</i>).</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Oroplegmium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—External shell a simple fenestrated lamella, forming an + outer concentric lattice-sphere around the inner primary shell.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Oroplegma diplosphæra</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Radial spines slender, cylindrical, smooth, more or less curved, about twice as broad as the + smooth bars of the network. External shell a simple irregular lattice-sphere, with loose polygonal + meshes, which are on an average three to four times as broad as the irregular meshes of the + internal shell. The free prominent parts of the radial spines are irregularly branched, very long, + with partly confluent branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the inner sphere 1.5 to 2.0, of the outer 2.5 to 3.0; + length of the free spines 1.2, breadth 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Oroplegma spinulosum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial spines slender, cylindrical, thorny, more or less curved, very similar to those of the + preceding species; the shell also much resembles that of <i>Oroplegma perplexum</i>. It differs + from the latter in the more regular fenestration of both shells, and mainly in the shape of the + bars and the spine-branches, which are all spinulate and densely studded with small conical + thorns.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the inner sphere 1.5 to 2.0, of the outer 2.5 to 3.0; + length of the spines 1.2, breadth 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Oroplegma velatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial spines stout, cylindrical, somewhat club-shaped, spiny, slightly curved, about three to + four times as broad as the thorny bars of the network. External shell a simple lattice-sphere with + irregular polygonal meshes, which are for the most part pentagonal and about four times as broad + as the polygonal meshes of the inner shell. The free prominent parts of the radial spines are + thickened, club-shaped, and about as long as the radius.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the inner sphere 2.0 to 2.4, of the outer 2.8 to 3.6; + length of the free spines 0.5 to 0.7, breadth 0.12 to 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1601">{1601}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Orodictyum</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—External shell a complex framework, forming an outer + spongy envelope around the inner primary shell.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Oroplegma spongiosum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Radial spines stout, cylindrical, spinulate, slightly curved, three to five times as broad as + the inner rough bars. External shell with pyramidal elevations, forming a loose spongy framework, + the irregular polygonal meshes of which are two to five times as broad as those of the enclosed + internal shell; the thickness of the spongy envelope equals about half the radius of the inner + shell. External free prolongations of the radial spines about equal to the radius.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the inner sphere 2 to 2.5, of the outer 3 to 3.5; length + of the free radial spines 0.5 to 2.0, breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Oroplegma giganteum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>, + fig. 2).</p> + + <p>Radial spines slender, cylindrical, spinulate, irregularly curved, about twice as broad as the + spinulate tubular bars of the network (fig. 2). External shell an irregular, loose, spongy + framework, the polygonal meshes of which are three to six times as broad as the rounded irregular + meshes of the inner shell; the thickness of the spongy envelope about equals the radius of the + inner shell. External free prolongation of the radial spines irregularly branched.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the inner sphere 3.2 to 3.5, of the outer 5.4 to 6.6; + length of the free spines 1.4 to 1.5, breadth 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Family LXXV. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Sagosphærida</span></span>, n. fam. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>).</h4> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> with a large spherical (or sometimes + polyhedral), very delicate shell, which is composed of solid, very thin and long threads. Nodal + points of the arachnoidal network without astral septa. Meshes large, triangular. Surface of the + shell usually armed with radial spines and often studded with pyramidal elevations. No peculiar + mouth in the shell. Central capsule tripylean, in the centre of the shell.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Sagosphærida</span> comprises a rather large number of common and + widely distributed <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, which in respect of the special form and + differentiation of the shell exhibit the greatest similarity to the common Aulosphærida, but + differ essentially from them in the peculiar structure of the network. This is not composed of + stout hollow cylindrical tubes, but of solid, very thin threads; and these fine arachnoidal <span + class="pagenum" id="page1602">{1602}</span>threads are simply united or confluent at the nodal + points, and are not connected by a radial or stellate septal junction, as in the Aulosphærida. + There are, therefore, neither astral septa nor a nodal cavity in each nodal point. The delicate + shape of the thin and fragile threads separates the Sagosphærida from the closely allied + Orosphærida, the thick bars of which contain a central axial canal and exhibit a concentric + structure. Another difference between these two similar families is indicated by the form of the + meshes of the network, which are constantly triangular in the Sagosphærida, but irregularly + polygonal or quadrangular in the Orosphærida. The general habit of these two families, however, is + very different, since the big and stout spheres of the Orosphærida are the coarsest and rudest + spherical shells of all Radiolaria, whilst the fragile and delicate spheres of the Sagosphærida + represent the finest and most tender in the whole class.</p> + + <p>The spherical lattice-shell of the Sagosphærida has a considerable size, its diameter being + usually between one and three millimetres, rarely less or more. Some species are very common and + widely distributed, usually accompanying the common Aulosphærida; very frequently the similar + shells of the two are found interwoven. But in spite of this frequency and visible size, the + Sagosphærida have hitherto almost completely escaped the attention of observers. The main cause of + this strange fact may be their extreme delicacy and fragibility, so that complete and intact + shells occur very rarely, the majority being more or less broken and incomplete. It seems that + only two species of Sagosphærida have been hitherto observed.</p> + + <p>The first form described is <i>Sagmarium trigonizon</i>, observed by me in 1859 living at + Messina, and figured in 1862 in my Monograph as <i>Dictyosoma trigonizon</i> (Taf. xxvi. figs. + 4-6), but afterwards called <i>Spongodictyum trigonizon</i> (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 459). I supposed + at that time (now twenty-five years ago), that this remarkable and in many respects distinct form + might belong to the Spongosphærida, and that an internal, triple, spherical lattice-shell, found + entangled in its spongy framework, might be its central "medullary shell." But at present, having + found many shells of different Radiolaria accidentally entangled in the arachnoidal framework of + various Sagosphærida, I think it much more probable, that that "triple medullary shell," composed + of three simple concentric lattice-spheres, was really a species of <i>Plegmosphæra</i> or + <i>Actinomma</i>, accidentally entangled in the arachnoidal spongy framework of <i>Sagmarium</i>. + This is the more probable, as I had observed very frequently at Messina, in 1859, fragments of + that framework, but only once the triple lattice-shell which I supposed to be the "triple + medullary shell" of the former. The peculiar structure of the loose framework, its very large + triangular meshes and thin arachnoidal bars, partly provided with cruciate verticils (<i>loc. + cit.</i>, Taf. xxvi. figs. 4, 5) have been very frequently observed by me during the last ten + years in various Sagosphærida (<span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>), but never in any true <span + class="gsp">Sphæroidea</span> (<span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>).</p> + + <p>The second species of Sagosphærida hitherto observed, is <i>Sagoscena gracilis</i>, described + and figured in 1879 by Richard Hertwig as <i>Aulosphæra gracilis</i> (Organism. <span + class="pagenum" id="page1603">{1603}</span>d. Radiol., p. 91, Taf. ix. fig. 4). He too observed + only fragments of destroyed and incomplete shells, and was led by their striking similarity to + fragments of <i>Aulosphæra elegantissima</i> to unite it with the genus <i>Aulosphæra</i>. But the + accurate description and the figure given by him of the fragments observed leaves no doubt that it + was a true <i>Sagoscena</i>.</p> + + <p>In the collection of the Challenger the Sagosphærida are so common and so richly represented, + that we may describe here not less than seven genera and thirty-three species, but this may be a + small part only of the numerous species of this family, which seems to be widely distributed over + all oceans, in the Arctic and Antarctic as well as in temperate and tropical zones. The majority + are inhabitants of the surface, but a few species have been found only in deep-sea soundings. A + striking fact is their usual association with the similar Aulosphærida. The majority of shells of + both families were found entangled in one another.</p> + + <p>The shell of all Sagosphærida seems to be spherical or nearly spherical in the complete state; + but complete spheres can be observed only very rarely, and it is not impossible that deviations + from the spherical form exist just as in some Aulosphærida (<i>e.g.</i>, the lenticular + <i>Aulophacus</i> and the spindle-shaped <i>Aulatractus</i>). The diameter of the spheres usually + seems to be between 1 and 2, often also 3 millimetres; very rarely shells occur which are less + than 1 or more than 3 (4 or 5) millimetres.</p> + + <p>The siliceous network or lattice-work of the Sagosphærida exhibits a very characteristic shape, + and this enables one to distinguish it at first sight from all the other Radiolaria. It is + constantly composed of triangular, very large meshes, which are separated by very thin and + delicate, flexible and elastic bars. With respect to the arrangement of these meshes we + distinguish two different subfamilies; in the Sagenida the wall of the spherical shell is very + thin and composed only of a simple lattice-plate; in the Sagmarida the wall is thickened and + spongy, with a complete wicker-work of threads, interwoven in different directions.</p> + + <p>The typical triangular form of the large meshes is usually regular or subregular in the + fenestrated Sagenida, more or less irregular in the spongy Sagmarida. In many cases, however, + irregular triangles also occur in the former, and regular triangles in the latter subfamily. Very + rarely irregular polygonal meshes are found in a part of the network, small connecting bars being + developed accidentally between two neighbouring sides of the triangles. The diameter of the meshes + is usually between 0.1 and 0.2 mm., often also greater, between 0.2 and 0.3, rarely smaller, 0.05 + to 0.09 mm. The triangular meshes of the Sagosphærida are therefore on an average ten times as + large as the usual meshes in the network of the common <span class="gsp">Sphæroidea</span>.</p> + + <p>The filiform bars, or the thread-shaped, very long and thin rods between the triangular meshes, + are scarcely less characteristic of the Sagosphærida than the form and size of the meshes. Their + length is usually between 0.1 and 0.2 mm., often also <span class="pagenum" + id="page1604">{1604}</span>from 0.2 to 0.3 mm., whilst their thickness is only 0.002 to 0.004 mm., + often it is less than 0.001, rarely more than 0.005 mm. The nodal points of the network, in which + six threads are usually united, are more or less thickened, often stellate (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, figs. 9, + 12, &c.). Sometimes they are pierced by a central pore. The thin threads are constantly + cylindrical, never edged or prismatic, very elastic and flexible; usually they are perfectly + smooth, rarely spiny or thorny, sometimes provided with scattered cruciate verticils of lateral + branches, as in <i>Sagena crucifera</i> and in the first described form of this family, + <i>Sagmarium trigonizon</i> (compare my Monograph, 1862, Taf. xxvi. fig. 5).</p> + + <p>The surface of the spherical shell is smooth only in two genera of Sagosphærida, in + <i>Sagena</i> and <i>Sagmarium</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, + figs. 2, 8). In the five other genera it is covered either with radial spines, arising from the + nodal points of the network, or with peculiar cortical pyramids or tent-shaped elevations (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, figs. 1, + 3-6, &c.). These pyramids are of the same characteristic shape as in the similar + <i>Auloscena</i> among the Aulosphærida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate110"><b>110</b></a>, + fig. 1); usually, however, they are less regular than in the latter. The pyramids or tents are + usually six-sided, often, however, they are also four-sided or three-sided, more rarely five, + seven or more sided. The edges of the pyramids are formed by filiform bars similar to those which + compose the original lattice-work of the Sagosphærida. The cavity of the pyramids is quite simple + in <i>Sagoscena</i> (figs. 1, 5, 6), whilst in <i>Sagenoscena</i> and <i>Sagoplegma</i> a radial + column arises in its axis, the thickened axial rod (figs. 3, 4, 10).</p> + + <p>The radial spines, which arise either from the tops of the pyramids or from the nodal points of + the network, exhibit in the Sagosphærida a variety and elegance similar to the closely allied + Aulosphærida. Sometimes a single radial spine arises in each nodal point or at the top of each + pyramid (figs. 3, 4, 10); at other times two, three, or four (rarely more) divergent spines (figs. + 6-9, 12, 13). These are rarely quite simple, usually provided with lateral and terminal branches. + The lateral branches are either scattered irregularly, or regularly disposed in elegant verticils, + each of which is usually composed of three or four short branches (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, figs. 9, + 13). The terminal branches form either a similar verticil, or a bunch or corona, composed of + numerous radial secondary spines. The distal ends of the terminal as well as of the lateral + branches are rarely simple, usually they are provided with a spinulate knob or with an elegant + spathilla (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, + figs. 3, 9, 13).</p> + + <p>The <i>central capsule</i> of the Sagosphærida is comparatively small, as it also is in the + Aulosphærida and Orosphærida. Its diameter is usually about one-third or one-fourth that of the + enveloping shell, between 0.2 and 0.3, often only 0.12 to 0.18, rarely more than 0.3 mm. It is + surrounded on the oral half by a red or dark phæodium and separated from the inner surface of the + shell by the voluminous calymma. The subspherical nucleus is usually about half as broad as the + capsule. The three openings of the latter, the large tubular astropyle and the two opposite + lateral parapylæ, exhibit the same shape <span class="pagenum" id="page1605">{1605}</span>as in + the closely allied Aulosphærida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, + fig. 3). The pseudopodia arising from the central capsule form a loose network in the calymma, and + proceed over its surface as numerous delicate radial filaments, often supported by the radial + spines.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Sagosphærida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Sagosphærida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Sagosphærida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Sagenida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Wall of the spherical shell composed of a simple lattice-plate with or + without pyramidal elevations.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Surface of the spherical shell smooth or spiny, without + pyramidal elevations.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">No radial spines, surface smooth,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">675. <i>Sagena</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Radial spines in the nodal points,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">676. <i>Sagosphæra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Surface of the spherical shell covered with pyramidal or + tent-shaped elevations.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Pyramids without internal axial rod,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">677. <i>Sagoscena</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Pyramids with an internal radial axial rod,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">678. <i>Sagenoscena</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Sagmarida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Wall of the spherical shell spongy, composed of an irregular complicated + wicker-work.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Surface of the spherical shell smooth or spiny, without + pyramidal elevations.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Surface smooth, without radial spines,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">679. <i>Sagmarium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Surface studded with radial spines,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">680. <i>Sagmidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Surface of the spherical shell covered with pyramidal elevations.</td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Pyramids on the top with a radial spine or a bunch of divergent + spines,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">681. <i>Sagoplegma</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Sagosphærida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Sagosphærida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Sagenida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Wall of the spherical shell composed of a simple lattice-plate with or + without pyramidal elevations.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Surface of the spherical shell smooth or spiny, without pyramidal + elevations.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No radial spines, surface smooth,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">675. <i>Sagena</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Radial spines in the nodal points,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">676. <i>Sagosphæra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Surface of the spherical shell covered with pyramidal or + tent-shaped elevations.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Pyramids without internal axial rod,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">677. <i>Sagoscena</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Pyramids with an internal radial axial rod,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">678. <i>Sagenoscena</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Sagmarida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Wall of the spherical shell spongy, composed of an irregular complicated + wicker-work.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Surface of the spherical shell smooth or spiny, without pyramidal + elevations.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Surface smooth, without radial spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">679. <i>Sagmarium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Surface studded with radial spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">680. <i>Sagmidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Surface of the spherical shell covered with pyramidal + elevations.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Pyramids on the top with a radial spine or a bunch of divergent + spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">681. <i>Sagoplegma</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Sagenida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sagosphærida</span> with a delicate + spherical shell, the thin wall of which is composed of a simple lattice-plate, not spongy.</p> + + <h5>Genus 675. <i>Sagena</i>,<a id="NtA_294" href="#Nt_294"><sup>[294]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>.—<span class="gsp">Sagosphærida</span> with a delicate shell, the thin + wall of which is composed of a simple smooth lattice-plate, without radial spines.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Sagena</i> is the simplest of the Sagosphærida and may be regarded as + the common ancestral form of this family. The delicate wall of the simple spherical lattice-shell + is composed of large, regular, or subregular, triangular meshes, the nodal points of which bear no + radial spines. It agrees therefore perfectly with <i>Aularia</i>, and differs from this simplest + form of Aulosphærida only in the structure of the skeleton, which is composed not of hollow + articulated tubes, but of very thin solid threads. The skeleton may therefore also be confounded + with <i>Cenosphæra</i>, but the central capsule of this latter is "peripylean," with numerous fine + pores in the entire wall, whilst that of <i>Sagena</i> is "tripylean," having the proboscis of all + <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1606">{1606}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Sagena ternaria</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>Network subregular, with equilateral triangular meshes, intermingled with single irregular + meshes (fig. 8). Bars of the network smooth, its nodal points solid, not pierced.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the spherical shell 1.5 to 2.5, length of the bars 0.1 to + 0.2, breadth 0.002 to 0.005.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, + surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Sagena pertusa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Network subregular, with nearly equal triangular meshes. Bars of the network smooth, its nodal + points pierced by a circular hole.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 1.2 to 1.8, length of the bars 0.2 to 0.25, + breadth 0.003.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Sagena triangula</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Network very regular, with equilateral triangular meshes. Bars of the network spinulate, like + those of <i>Sagoplegma spinulosa</i>. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, + fig. 14), its nodal points solid, not pierced.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 2.2, length of the bars 0.25, breadth 0.004.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Sagena crucifera</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Network more or less irregular, with unequal triangular meshes. Bars of the network studded + with scattered, rectangular, minute crosses, arising perpendicularly, each cross composed of four + small equal bars. Nodal points partly solid, partly pierced by a hole. Network very similar to + that of <i>Dictyosoma trigonizon</i>, figured in my Monograph, Taf. xxvi. figs. 4, 5.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 1.5, length of the bars 0.1 to 0.2, breadth + 0.003.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, Atlantic, Canary Islands, Station 353, + surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 676. <i>Sagosphæra</i>,<a id="NtA_295" href="#Nt_295"><sup>[295]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sagosphærida</span> with a delicate spherical shell, + the thin wall of which is composed of a simple lattice-plate, and bears on its nodal points radial + spines.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Sagosphæra</i> differs from the preceding <i>Sagena</i>, its ancestral + form, in the development of radial spines on the nodal points of the simple delicate + lattice-sphere. It exhibits therefore the same relation to the latter as <i>Aulosphæra</i> bears + to <i>Aularia</i>. <span class="pagenum" id="page1607">{1607}</span>The regular or subregular + triangular meshes of the lattice-sphere are separated in <i>Sagosphæra</i> by solid, very thin + threads, in the similar <i>Aulosphæra</i>, however, by thicker hollow tubes. The genus + <i>Sagosphæra</i> may be divided into two subgenera:—<i>Sagosphærella</i> with a single + radial spine at each nodal point of the network, and <i>Sagosphæroma</i> with a bunch of two to + four or more divergent radial spines.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Sagosphæra trigonilla</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial spines simple, straight, smooth, about as long as the smooth bars of the network, a + single one at each nodal point. Meshes very regular, of equal size, equilateral triangular. + (Similar to the common <i>Aulosphæra trigonopa</i>.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1.2 to 1.8, length of the bars 0.1 to 0.2, + breadth 0.002 to 0.006.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Sagosphæra penicilla</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, + fig. 10).</p> + + <p>Radial spines straight, stout, a single one at each nodal point, twice as thick, but of the + same length as the smooth bars of the network, armed at the distal end with a brush of numerous + thin radial bristles. (Very similar to <i>Sagenoscena <span class="correction" + title="Original reads 'pencillata'.">penicillata</span></i>, but without pyramidal elevations on + the surface of the sphere.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1.0 to 1.5, length of the bars 0.1 to 0.15, + breadth 0.002 to 0.004.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean, Station 154, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Sagosphæra verticilla</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial spines slender, slightly curved, a single one at each nodal point, armed with three to + five cruciate verticils, each of which is composed of four crossed lateral branches with spinulate + terminal knobs (similar to <i>Sagmidium crucicorne</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, fig. 9), + but with a spherical shell, having a simply latticed, and not a spongy wall.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2.0 to 2.5, length of the bars 0.1 to 0.2, + breadth 0.002.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 256, surface</p> + + <p>4. <i>Sagosphæra furcilla</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, + figs. 11, 11<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Radial spines short, spinulate, with a spiny terminal knob (fig. 11<i>a</i>), two or three + arising from each nodal point of the network in divergent directions, only one-third or one-fourth + as long as its smooth bars. Meshes more or less irregular, triangular.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2.2, length of the bars 0.2 to 0.3, breadth + 0.004.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 293, depth 2025 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1608">{1608}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Sagosphæra coronilla</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial spines slender, smooth, three to six arising from each nodal point of the network in + divergent directions, about as long as its smooth bars, crowned at the distal end with a bunch of + twenty to thirty radial terminal branches, and provided with a spinulate knob at the distal end + (similar to <i>Sagenoscena stellata</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 3.0, length of the bars 0.1 to 0.2, breadth + 0.002.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 677. <i>Sagoscena</i>,<a id="NtA_296" href="#Nt_296"><sup>[296]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sagosphærida</span> with a delicate spherical shell, + the thin wall of which is composed of a simple lattice-plate and covered with numerous pyramidal + elevations; each pyramid bears on its top one or more radial spines, but has no axial rod in its + radial axis.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Sagoscena</i>, and the following closely allied <i>Sagenoscena</i> + (both very common and widely distributed), exhibit a peculiar and very remarkable structure of the + delicate lattice-shell, similar to that which <i>Auloscena</i> represents among the Aulosphærida. + The surface of the simple spherical lattice-shell is covered with numerous pyramidal or + tent-shaped elevations. These elegant and delicate pyramids are, however, in <i>Sagoscena</i> + usually not so regular as in the similar <i>Auloscena</i>; the edges of the pyramids are in the + latter hollow cylindrical tubes, in the former thin solid threads. The top of each pyramid usually + bears a bunch of apical spines.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Sagoscena castra</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Pyramids subregular, of equal size and similar form, usually three-sided, crowned at the top + with three divergent apical spines, which alternate with the three edges of the pyramids and bear + a small spinulate terminal knob. (Some four-sided and single five-sided pyramids are often + intermingled with the three-sided.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1.7 to 2.3, length of the bars 0.2 to 0.25, + breadth 0.008.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South-Eastern Pacific, Stations 295, 296, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Sagoscena tentorium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <p>Pyramids subregular, of equal size and similar form, usually four-sided, crowned at the top + with three divergent apical spines, which are trifurcate at the distal end. (Some three-sided and + five-sided pyramids are often intermingled with the four-sided.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2.2, length of the bars 0.2 to 0.25, breadth + 0.005.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 291, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1609">{1609}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Sagoscena prætorium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <p>Pyramids subregular, of equal size and similar form, usually four-sided, crowned at the distal + top with three or four divergent apical spines, which bear some irregular verticils of lateral and + terminal branches. (Some five-sided and some six-sided pyramids are often intermingled with the + four-sided.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2.6, length of the bars 0.3, breadth 0.006.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Sagoscena pellorium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Pyramids subregular, of equal size and similar form, usually five-sided or six-sided, crowned + at the distal end with three to six divergent apical spines, which bear an irregularly spinulate + terminal knob. (The size and form of the apical spines is here very variable, as well as the + number of the edges of the pyramids, which varies between three and six.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 3.2, length of the bars 0.15 to 0.25, breadth + 0.008.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean, Station 156, surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Sagoscena cruciarium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pyramids subregular, usually six-sided (intermingled with single five-sided and seven-sided or + eight-sided forms), crowned at the distal top with three divergent, slender, apical spines, each + of which bears three to six regular cruciate verticils; the four crossed lateral branches of each + verticil bearing a spinulate terminal knob. (Similar to <i>Sagoplegma scenophora</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, fig. + 13.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 2.5, length of the bars 0.2 to 0.3, breadth + 0.004.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 240 to 244, surface.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Sagoscena debilis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pyramids more or less irregular, with four, five, or six sides, of somewhat different form and + unequal size; crowned at the top with one, two, or three slender apical spines, of variable + length. These spines as well as the bars of the network bear scattered cruciate verticils, each + usually composed of four crossed, small, lateral branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 2 to 3.0, length of the bars 0.1 to 0.15, + breadth 0.003.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, surface.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Sagoscena gracilis</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Aulosphæra gracilis</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., p. 91, Taf. + ix. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Pyramids more or less irregular, with five, six, or seven sides, often of somewhat different + form and unequal size; crowned at the top with a single radial spine, which has the same size as + the <span class="pagenum" id="page1610">{1610}</span>bars of the network, and bears in its distal + half four cruciate verticils, each composed of four crossed and curved horizontal branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1 to 2, length of the bars 0.08 to 0.09, + breadth 0.002.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Sagoscena fragilis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pyramids very irregular, with four to eight sides, of different form and unequal size; crowned + at the top with a single, slender, radial spine, of the same thickness as the slender bars of the + network; the latter as well as the former are smooth, without lateral branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1.0 to 2.0, length of the bars 0.1 to 0.2, + breadth 0.001 to 0.002.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 678. <i>Sagenoscena</i>,<a id="NtA_297" href="#Nt_297"><sup>[297]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sagosphærida</span> with a delicate spherical shell, + the thin wall of which is composed of a simple lattice-plate and covered with numerous pyramidal + elevations; each pyramid bears on its top one or more radial spines, and has an internal axial rod + in its radial axis.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Sagenoscena</i> differs from the preceding closely allied + <i>Sagoscena</i> in the possession of an internal radial axial rod, which arises in the centre of + the base of each pyramid, and is prolonged usually over its apex into a free, radial, apical + spine. The distal end of the latter is usually armed with a bunch of terminal teeth or bristles. + In the similar <i>Sagoscena</i> the internal cavity of the pyramids is simple, without axial + rod.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Sagenoscena stellata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Pyramids rather regular, usually six-sided (intermingled with single five-sided and four-sided + forms); their axial rod and its prolongation, the radial apical spine, three to four times as + thick as the slender edges of the pyramid. The distal end of the apical spine bears an elegant + star of numerous radially divergent terminal branches, each of which is armed with a spinulate + terminal knob.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 3.5 to 4.0, length of the net bars 0.3, breadth + 0.003; length of the radial spines 0.2, breadth 0.012.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Sagenoscena ornata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>Pyramids rather regular, usually six-sided (intermingled with single five-sided and seven-sided + forms); their axial rod and apical spine spindle-shaped, two to four times as thick as the smooth + bars <span class="pagenum" id="page1611">{1611}</span>of the network. The distal end of the radial + spines bears an elegant, foliate, terminal knob, composed of four to six vertical pinnate leaves, + lying in crossed meridional planes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2 to 3, length of the rods 0.1 to 0.2, breadth + 0.003 to 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean, Station 156, depth 1975 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Sagenoscena penicillata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Pyramids rather regular, usually six-sided (intermingled with single five-sided, seven-sided, + and eight-sided forms); their axial rod and apical spine spindle-shaped, thicker than the smooth + bars of the network. The distal end of the radial spines is penicillate and bears a brush of + bristle-shaped, radial, terminal spinules (compare <i>Sagosphæra penicilla</i>, p. <a + href="#page1607">1607</a>).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1 to 1.5, length of the bars 0.1 to 0.15, + breadth 0.004 to 0.005.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Sagenoscena coronata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pyramids rather regular, usually four-sided (intermingled with single five-sided and six-sided + forms); their axial rod and apical spines cylindrical, scarcely thicker than the smooth bars of + the network. The distal end of the radial spines bears a corona of twenty to thirty curved + terminal branches, which form a regular circle, and are armed with a spinulate terminal knob.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2 to 3, length of the bars 0.12 to 0.18, + breadth 0.004 to 0.008.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 256, surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Sagenoscena spathillata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pyramids more or less irregular, of different sizes and various forms, each composed of four to + eight convergent rods and a central axial rod. The latter is prolonged into a free apical spine, + which bears at the distal end a spathilla of eight to twelve recurved teeth, and often beyond it a + second similar verticil.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 4.0, length of the bars 0.1 to 0.2, breadth + 0.002.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Arctic Ocean, Greenland (Olrik).</p> + + <p>6. <i>Sagenoscena cruciata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pyramids very irregular, of different sizes and various forms, each composed of six to nine + convergent rods and a central axial rod. The latter is prolonged into a free apical spine, which + bears three to five cruciate verticils, each composed of four perpendicularly crossed lateral + branches which bear at the distal end a spinulate knob (similar to <i>Sagmidium crucicorne</i>, + Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1.0 to 1.2, length of the bars 0.06 to 0.09, + breadth 0.001.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1612">{1612}</span></div> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Sagmarida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sagosphærida</span> with a spongy + spherical shell, the thickened wall of which is composed of a loose spongy framework.</p> + + <h5>Genus 679. <i>Sagmarium</i>,<a id="NtA_298" href="#Nt_298"><sup>[298]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sagosphærida</span> with a spongy spherical shell, + the thickened wall of which is composed of a loose spongy framework, and exhibits a smooth + surface, without radial spines and pyramidal elevations.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Sagmarium</i>, and the following two genera of Sagosphærida, represent + together the subfamily Sagmarida, differing from the preceding Sagenida in the spongy structure of + the shell-wall. Whilst in the latter the thin wall of the delicate spherical shell is composed of + a simple lattice-plate with triangular meshes, in the former numerous branches diverge from the + nodal points of these meshes, and produce by union an irregular and loose spongy framework. The + surface of this spongy hollow sphere (similar to <i>Plegmosphæra</i>) is in <i>Sagmarium</i> + smooth.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Sagmarium spongodictyum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Spongy wall of the hollow sphere about half as thick as the radius of its cavity. Bars of the + spongy framework very thin and fragile, smooth, without thorns.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2.0 to 2.4; length of the bars 0.1 to 0.2, + breadth 0.001.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 333, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Sagmarium plegmosphærium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, fig. + 14).</p> + + <p>Spongy wall of the hollow sphere about one-fourth as thick as the radius of its cavity. Bars of + the spongy framework rather stout, studded with numerous small spines, which arise perpendicularly + from their surface.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1.2 to 1.5, length of the bars 0.1 to 0.16, + breadth 0.004.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Sagmarium trigonizon</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Dictyosoma trigonizon</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, + p. 841.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Spongodictyon trigonizon</i>, Haeckel, 1863, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 459, Taf. + xxvi. figs. 4, 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Bars of the spongy framework thin, irregularly curved, bearing scattered small crosses, which + are composed of four small rods arising perpendicularly from the bars. Nodal points of the <span + class="pagenum" id="page1613">{1613}</span>framework partly pierced by a hole. The peculiar + network of a complete specimen, observed by me at Portofino in 1880, was so similar to that of + <i>Spongodictyon trigonizon</i>, described above (p. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page91">91</a>), and figured in + 1862 in my Monograph, that I am doubtful if the two forms are not identical, the two medullary + shells of the latter being accidentally entangled in the framework. (Compare p. <a + href="#page1602">1602</a>.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1.1 to 1.5, length of the bars 0.1 to 0.2, + breadth 0.002.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina, Portofino), surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 680. <i>Sagmidium</i>,<a id="NtA_299" href="#Nt_299"><sup>[299]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—Sagosphærida with a spongy spherical shell, the thickened wall of + which is composed of a loose spongy framework, and bears on the nodal points of its surface radial + spines.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Sagmidium</i> differs from the preceding <i>Sagmarium</i> in the + development of radial spines on the surface of the spongy hollow sphere. It bears therefore the + same relation to the latter as <i>Sagosphæra</i> does to <i>Sagena</i>, and may be derived either + from <i>Sagmarium</i> by the formation of radial spines, or from <i>Sagosphæra</i> by development + of the spongy envelope.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Sagmidium unicorne</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial spines simple, straight, smooth, a single one at each nodal point of the surface of the + spongy sphere, bearing on its distal end a spinulate knob, or a bunch of numerous radial bristles. + (Similar to <i>Sagenoscena penicillata</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, fig. 10.) + Bars of the spongy framework smooth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 3.0 to 3.5, length of the bars 0.15 to 0.2, + breadth 0.003 to 0.006.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean, Station 256, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Sagmidium tricorne</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial spines simple, smooth, usually three divergent united at each nodal point of the surface + (sometimes two or four instead of three). Each spine bears on its distal end three short divergent + conical teeth. (Similar to the terminal teeth of <i>Sagoscena tentorium</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, fig. 6.) + Bars of the spongy framework smooth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1.6 to 2.4, length of the bars 0.06 to 0.09, + breadth 0.001 to 0.002.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 268, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Sagmidium crucicorne</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <p>Radial spines slender, verticillate, three or four divergent arising from each nodal point of + the surface. Each spine bears three to six cruciate verticils of lateral branches; each verticil + being <span class="pagenum" id="page1614">{1614}</span>composed of four crossed small branches + with a spinulate terminal knob. Bars of the spongy framework partly covered with similar + verticils.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2.0 to 3.0, length of the bars 0.2 to 0.3, + breadth 0.002 to 0.003.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 240 to 244, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Sagmidium quadricorne</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>Radial spines stout, smooth, cylindrical, usually four divergent arising from each nodal point + of the surface (sometimes three, five, or six, instead of four). Each spine bears on its distal + end a club-shaped stellate knob. Bars of the spongy framework smooth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 4.5, length of the bars 0.2 to 0.3, breadth + 0.003 to 0.005.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 293, depth 2025 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Sagmidium multicorne</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial spines slender, more or less curved, verticillate, in variable number (three to six) + divergent, arising from the nodal points of the surface. The spines as well as the bars of the + spongy framework are partly simple, partly covered with irregularly scattered cruciate verticils, + very similar to those of <i>Sagmarium trigonizon</i> (or <i>Dictyosoma trigonizon</i>), figured in + my Monograph, pl. xxvi. figs. 4, 5.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 5.0, length of the bars 0.2 to 0.3, breadth + 0.003.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 681. <i>Sagoplegma</i>,<a id="NtA_300" href="#Nt_300"><sup>[300]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Sagosphærida</span> with a spongy spherical shell, + the thickened wall of which is composed of a loose spongy framework, and bears on its surface + numerous pyramidal elevations.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Sagoplegma</i> differs from <i>Sagmarium</i>, its ancestral form, in + the development of pyramidal or tent-shaped elevations on the surface of the spongy hollow sphere. + It exhibits, therefore, the same relation to the latter as the similar <i>Sagoscena</i> bears to + <i>Sagena</i>. The wall of the spherical shell is in the two latter genera a thin simple + lattice-plate, in the former a thickened spongy framework.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Sagoplegma pyramidophora</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pyramids on the surface of the spongy sphere subregular, mostly tetrahedral, of nearly equal + size and similar form. The three edges of each pyramid are prolonged over its top into three <span + class="pagenum" id="page1615">{1615}</span>short, divergent, apical spines which are forked at the + distal end. (Very similar to <i>Sagoscena castra</i> and <i>Sagoscena tentorium</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, figs. 1, + 6, probably derived from them, but differing in the spongy structure of the thickened shell-wall, + which is half as thick as the radius of its cavity.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2.0 to 2.5, length of the bars 0.15 to 0.2, + breadth 0.002.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 231 to 239, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Sagoplegma scenophora</i> <span class="correction" title="Added by Errata.">n. sp.</span> + (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, + fig. 13).</p> + + <p>Pyramids on the surface of the spongy sphere irregular, with three to six sides, unequal in + size and different in form. The edges of each pyramid are prolonged over its top into three to six + divergent apical spines, which bear three to six cruciate verticils, each composed of four small, + crossed, lateral branches, armed with a spinulate knob at the distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 3.0 to 3.5, length of the bars 0.25 to 0.35, + breadth 0.003.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 252, 253, surface.</p> + + <h4>Family LXXVI. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Aulosphærida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pls. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>).</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc25"> + <p><i>Aulosphærida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 357.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> with a large spherical or + subspherical (rarely spindle-shaped) articulated shell, which is composed of hollow tangential + tubes. Nodal points of the loose network stellate, with a nodal cavity and astral septa. Meshes + either triangular or polygonal. Hollow radial spines arise usually at the nodal points of the + surface. No peculiar mouth in the shell. Central capsule tripylean, placed in the centre of the + shell.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Aulosphærida</span> comprises a great number of splendid and + widely distributed <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, which have a special interest on account of + the peculiarly complicated structure of their large lattice-shell, of the extraordinary beauty of + their form and of their remarkable relations to the other <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>. They + differ from all the other Radiolaria in the peculiar articulate composition of the spherical + skeleton of hollow tangential tubes, which are connected (and at the same time separated) by + sutural or astral septa and filled up by jelly. The same peculiar structure recurs only in the + closely allied Cannosphærida, which, however, differ in the possession of a second internal + concentric shell, connected with the outer by radial beams. The similar Sagosphærida, which + exhibit corresponding forms in various genera, differ from the Aulosphærida in the simpler + structure of the delicate lattice-sphere, which is composed of very thin solid threads of silica, + without astral septa. The Orosphærida, finally, also nearly related to the preceding families, + differ from them in the coarse structure of the lattice-sphere, which is composed of very thick + tangential, concentrically stratified rods, with an internal axial canal, but without astral septa + at the nodal points.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1616">{1616}</span></div> + + <p>One genus only, and two species, of Aulosphærida have been hitherto known, having been + discovered by me in 1859 at Messina, and described in my Monograph in 1862 as <i>Aulosphæra + trigonopa</i> and <i>Aulosphæra elegantissima</i> (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 357, Taf. x. figs. 4, 5; + Taf. ix. figs. 5, 6). The characteristic structure of their central capsule, as true <span + class="sc">Tripylea</span>, was afterwards, in 1879, described more accurately by Richard Hertwig + (Organism. d. Radiol., p. 90, Taf. x. figs. 2, 8, 14). The rich collection of the Challenger has + demonstrated that the Aulosphærida belong to the most common and most widely distributed <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>; many of them are distinguished by the admirable elegance and + astonishing regularity of their large and delicate shell. Nine genera and fifty-six species of + this great family are described in the following pages, which, however, may represent only a small + part of the numerous forms which are found on the surface as well as in different depths of all + oceans and in all zones.</p> + + <p>The shell is in the great majority of Aulosphærida a regular sphere or an endospherical + polyhedron. Two genera only, both rather rare, exhibit a different monaxonial form, one vertical + main axis being developed either more or less than all the other ones of the + sphere:—<i>Aulatractus</i> is spindle-shaped or ellipsoidal, with prolonged main axis; + <i>Aulophacus</i> is lenticular or discoidal, with shortened main axis. The former may be compared + to the <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, the latter to the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, + in opposition to the common regular <span class="gsp">Sphæroidea</span>. The size of the + lattice-shell is very considerable in all Aulosphærida, its diameter varying usually between 1 and + 3 mm., often it amounts to 4 or 5 mm.; very rarely the diameter is more than 5 or less than 1 mm. + The largest form observed is the spindle-shaped <i>Aulatractus</i>, in which the vertical + prolonged main axis attains 6 to 10 mm., the horizontal equatorial axis 3 to 5 mm.</p> + + <p>The network of the lattice-shell exhibits in the Aulosphærida two different types, according to + which we distinguish two different subfamilies: Aularida and Aulonida; the former are much more + common and richer in remarkable forms than the latter. The meshes of the network are in the + Aularida constantly triangular, regular or subregular, and very similar to those of the + Sagosphærida; at each nodal point six tangential tubes are usually united, so that the network may + be regarded also as composed of regular hexagonal meshes, each of which is divided into six + smaller triangular meshes (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>, + figs. 1, 3, 5). The second subfamily, the Aulonida, are much rarer than the former, and are + distinguished by the polygonal meshes of the network; these are usually more or less irregular, + pentagonal and hexagonal intermingled, more rarely tetragonal, heptagonal, or octagonal; usually + three or four, rarely five or more tangential tubes are united at each nodal point (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, figs. 1, + 3). The size of the meshes is very considerable, and agrees with that of the Sagosphærida; their + diameter being usually between 0.1 and 0.3, rarely less or more.</p> + + <p>The hollow tubes which compose the loose network are usually cylindrical, straight or slightly + curved, smooth (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, + fig. 2), more rarely somewhat spinulate (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>, + <span class="pagenum" id="page1617">{1617}</span>fig. 5). Their length is usually between 0.1 and + 0.2 mm., rarely less than 0.08, or more than 0.24 mm.; their diameter usually between 0.003 to + 0.005, sometimes only 0.002 or less, at other times 0.006 or more. In several species the + tangential tubes are thinner in the middle part, and thickened towards the two ends (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>, figs. 3, + 4). Each tube consists of a thin cylindrical wall of silex, and of a jelly-mass filling up its + cavity; in its axis runs a very thin, straight or slightly curved thread of silica, the axial + filament.</p> + + <p>The arrangement of the tangential tubes, which originally, in the simplest Aulosphærida, lie + tangentially in the spherical face of a simple lattice-sphere, exhibits various secondary + modifications, leading to various interesting generic forms. Two genera only, <i>Aularia</i> (with + triangular meshes, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, + fig. 2) and <i>Aulonia</i> (with polygonal meshes, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, fig. 1) + possess a smooth, perfectly simple lattice-sphere, and may therefore be regarded as the ancestral + genera of the two subfamilies. Two other corresponding genera, the common <i>Aulosphæra</i> (Pl. + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>) and + the rarer <i>Aulastrum</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, + fig. 3), differ from the former in the development of radial spines at the nodal points of the + simple lattice-sphere. <i>Aulophacus</i> may be developed from <i>Aulosphæra</i> by shortening, + <i>Aulatractus</i>, however, by prolongation of the vertical main axis (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, figs. 6, + 7). In two genera, <i>Auloplegma</i> and <i>Aulodictyum</i>, the latticed wall of the spherical + shell becomes thickened and spongy, an irregular framework being formed by tubes connected in + different directions (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, + fig. 8). The most remarkable and the most elegant form, however, of the whole family is + represented by <i>Auloscena</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate110"><b>110</b></a>). + The entire surface of the spherical lattice-shell is here covered with numerous regular or + subregular pyramids, or tent-shaped elevations. Usually each pyramid is six-sided, and surrounded + by six other six-sided pyramids, their bases being separated by six triangular meshes, which lie + in the spherical face. A similar elegant form is developed among the Sagosphærida in the genera + <i>Sagoscena</i>, <i>Sagenoscena</i> and <i>Sagoplegma</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>, fig. 1). + The structure of <i>Auloscena</i>, however, is usually more regular, and in the top of each + pyramid a radial tube arises.</p> + + <p>The junction of the cylindrical tubes at the nodal points of the network is very remarkable. + <i>Aularia</i>, the simplest form of the family, exhibits at each nodal point the union of six + tangential tubes (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, + fig. 2); their ends are so pointed and truncated that they are connected in the form of a regular + six-radiate star; the conical end of each tube is separated from, and at the same time closely + connected with, the adjacent conical ends of the two neighbouring tubes by a thin septum, the + astral or sutural septum. The six astral septa compose together a six-radiate star, and in the + centre of this star the six axial filaments of the tubes are united. Their central union is + surrounded by a small, double-contoured circle, and this circle seems to be the perimeter of a + small and flat cavity on the inside of the star, which we call shortly the "nodal cavity" ("die + kleine Vertiefung" according to Hertwig, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 90). The nodal cavity of + <i>Aularia</i> probably possesses a central opening on its inside and six small surrounding pores, + which <span class="pagenum" id="page1618">{1618}</span>lead into the six connected tangential + tubes. In <i>Aulosphæra</i> and <i>Auloscena</i>, where a radial spine arises at each nodal point, + its axial filament arises from the centre of the star, and is usually prolonged on the inside into + a free centripetal beam (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>, + figs. 6, 7; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate110"><b>110</b></a>, + figs. 4, 6). This centripetal beam is a slender, very thin, conical tube (often with a six-sided + pyramidal base) and perhaps of great morphological interest as a rudiment, being homologous to the + hollow radial beams which connect the two concentric spheres of the Cannosphærida. Possibly the + Aulosphærida have been derived from the latter by loss of the inner shell and reduction of the + radial beams; the centripetal beams which are found in many (but not in all) Aulosphærida, may be + the last remnant of those radial beams. They contain also an axial filament, as a direct internal + prolongation of that of the external radial spine. The axial filaments of the radial spines are + usually connected with their thin wall by a variable number of scattered transverse threads, or + sometimes even by thin transverse septa (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate110"><b>110</b></a>, + figs. 4-7, &c.). This structure corresponds to the similar axial filaments and their thin + filiform transverse branches which we have found in other <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, + <i>e.g.</i>, in the Tuscarorida and Circoporida.</p> + + <p>The Aulonida (with polygonal meshes) exhibit in general the same structure as the Aularida + (with triangular meshes). But whilst in the latter usually six tangential tubes are united at each + nodal point, in the former only three or four tubes become united. Therefore also the number of + the small sutural partitions or astral septa, which radiate from the central openings of the nodal + cavity, is six in the latter, three or four in the former. Correspondingly three or four small + pores lead from the nodal cavity into the surrounding tangential tubes.</p> + + <p>The true nature of the nodal points, and the intimate structure of the different parts here + united, is a matter which it is very difficult to explain. It is a certain fact, well established + by hundreds of observations, that in the complete and well-preserved skeletons which are perfectly + purified by fire, or by hot mineral acids, and afterwards dried, all the tubes of the skeleton, + the tangential as well as the radial cylinders, become filled up by air. Each tube contains + usually one large cylindrical air-bubble, with two hemispherical ends. But the air-bubbles of the + neighbouring tubes are completely separated one from another by the thin astral or sutural septa, + and the air-bubble of the radial tubes is also separated from the former. The central cavity of + each nodal point is therefore surrounded in the Aularida by six, in the Aulonida by three or four + separate cylinders of air. This fact seems to be explained only on the supposition that each + single tube has two terminal pores or fissures, which open into the two nodal cavities on its two + ends. The radial tubes must also possess at least one small opening, probably on their base, and + probably they have another on their distal apex. In no other way can it be explained, that in all + complete, well-preserved and purified skeletons, each single tube constantly becomes easily filled + by an air-bubble after drying.</p> + + <p>In the living Aulosphærida the cavities of all tubes are filled up by a jelly-substance, <span + class="pagenum" id="page1619">{1619}</span>which may be stained by carmine and is probably + identical with the jelly of the calymma. The latter is probably in direct connection with the + former by the central pore of the nodal cavity, which is placed on its inside and surrounded by + the astral septa; these separate the tangential tubes, radiating from one nodal point, completely, + and are thin and simple, but very solid lamellæ of silica. Therefore the nodal stars of broken + shells usually remain united, whilst the single radiating tubes composing them are broken off (Pl. + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate110"><b>110</b></a>, figs. + 3, 8, 10). But it happens only rarely (and only in certain individual species) that complete + single tubes separate; usually the fragments of the connected neighbouring tubes remain on their + ends. The two small terminal openings of each tangential tube, which lead from its cavity into the + nodal cavity, and are surrounded on each end by the truncated ends of two neighbouring astral + septa, are very difficult to observe (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate110"><b>110</b></a>, + figs. 8-10).</p> + + <p>The wonderful elegance and the high complication of these regular skeletons of the + Aulosphærida, produced by a single cell, becomes increased by the graceful and manifold appendages + and apophyses which are usually developed on the radial tubes. In only a few species these are + simple, as in the common and cosmopolitan <i>Aulosphæra trigonopa</i>. Usually lateral or terminal + appendages are developed in great variety, a selection of which is figured in Pls. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>. The + lateral branches are either irregularly scattered spines (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate110"><b>110</b></a>, figs. + 3-7) or regular verticils of cruciate or radiate spines; each verticil is usually composed of four + perpendicularly crossed horizontal branches (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>, figs. 3, + 4, 7, 10, &c.), more rarely of a greater number of radiating transverse branches.</p> + + <p>The terminal appendages of the radial spines exhibit a striking similarity with those of the + Aulacanthida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>). They are + either forks with two or three divergent branches (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, figs. 3, + 4), or regular crosses with four branches opposite in pairs (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>, figs. 2, + 6, 7, 10), or elegant crowns or verticils, composed of numerous radiating branches (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate110"><b>110</b></a>, figs. + 1-6). The distal ends of the terminal as well as of the lateral branches are either simple, + pointed, or armed with a spinulate knob, or with a terminal spathilla. The variety and elegance of + these terminal ornaments, the function of which is that of capturing tentacles, is in the + Aulosphærida not less admirable than in the Aulacanthida and Cœlodendrida.</p> + + <p>The <i>central capsule</i> of the Aulosphærida (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, fig. 2) + was first figured in my Monograph (1862, Taf. xi. fig. 5) of <i>Aulosphæra elegantissima</i>, as a + sphere of 0.2 to 0.3 mm. in diameter. I described there the large nucleus (of half that size) as a + spherical "Binnenblase," and the numerous pseudopodia which arise from the capsule and radiate + through the meshes of the lattice-shell. But I had not observed at that time the three typical + openings of the capsule, which were first discovered and accurately described by R. Hertwig (1879, + <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 94, Taf. x. figs. 2, 4, 5, 8, 14). The large astropyle with its radiate + operculum and proboscis, and the two smaller lateral parapylæ, provided with <span class="pagenum" + id="page1620">{1620}</span>a smaller tubule, have in general the same shape as in the closely + allied Sagosphærida and Orosphærida, and agree in their strong development with that of the + Aulacanthida. The collection of the Challenger contains numerous well-preserved preparations of + Aulosphærida, which were stained by carmine immediately after being captured, and in which the + central capsule and its nucleus exhibit the same intimate structure already accurately described + by R. Hertwig. The diameter of the capsule is usually between 0.2 and 0.3, rarely less than 0.15 + or more than 0.35 mm., the nucleus has half that size. The phæodium has usually about the same + volume (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>, + fig. 1), but seems to be in many Aulosphærida less developed than in the other <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Aulosphærida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Aulosphærida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Aulosphærida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="6" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Aularida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Meshes of the network triangular, regular or subregular. Six tangential tubes + united at each nodal point of the net.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace15sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Shell spherical, with a simple network.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Without radial tubes,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">682. <i>Aularia</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">With radial tubes in the nodes of the net,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">683. <i>Aulosphæra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Shell spherical, with pyramidal elevations or with spongy + framework.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell covered with pyramidal elevations, the top of which bears a + radial tube,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">684. <i>Auloscena</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell with spongy framework, the surface of which bears radial + tubes,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">685. <i>Auloplegma</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Shell not spherical, either lenticular or spindle-shaped, + with simple network.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell lenticular, with shortened main axis and radial tubes,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">686. <i>Aulophacus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell spindle-shaped, with prolonged main axis and radial tubes,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">687. <i>Aulatractus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Aulonida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Meshes of the network polygonal, usually irregular. Three or four (rarely + more) tangential tubes united at each nodal point.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Shell spherical, with a simple network.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Without radial tubes,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">688. <i>Aulonia</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">With radial tubes in the nodes of the net,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">689. <i>Aulastrum</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell spherical, with a spongy framework.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Without radial tubes,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">690. <i>Aulodictyum</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Aulosphærida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Aulosphærida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Aularida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Meshes of the network triangular, regular or subregular. Six tangential tubes + united at each nodal point of the net.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell spherical, with a simple network.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Without radial tubes,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">682. <i>Aularia</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With radial tubes in the nodes of the net,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">683. <i>Aulosphæra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell spherical, with pyramidal elevations or with spongy + framework.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell covered with pyramidal elevations, the top of which bears a + radial tube,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">684. <i>Auloscena</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell with spongy framework, the surface of which bears radial + tubes,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">685. <i>Auloplegma</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell not spherical, either lenticular or spindle-shaped, with + simple network.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell lenticular, with shortened main axis and radial tubes,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">686. <i>Aulophacus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell spindle-shaped, with prolonged main axis and radial + tubes,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">687. <i>Aulatractus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Aulonida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Meshes of the network polygonal, usually irregular. Three or four (rarely + more) tangential tubes united at each nodal point.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell spherical, with a simple network.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Without radial tubes,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">688. <i>Aulonia</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With radial tubes in the nodes of the net,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">689. <i>Aulastrum</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell spherical, with a spongy framework.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Without radial tubes,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">690. <i>Aulodictyum</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Aularida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—Network of the shell with triangular, regular or + subregular meshes; six tangential tubes being united at each nodal point.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1621">{1621}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 682. <i>Aularia</i>,<a id="NtA_301" href="#Nt_301"><sup>[301]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Aulosphærida</span> with triangular meshes in the + network, the tangential tubes of which form a simple smooth lattice-sphere. No radial tubes at the + nodal points.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Aularia</i> is the simplest form of the subfamily Aularida, or of + those Aulosphærida in which the network of the shell is composed of regular or subregular + triangular meshes; they are the main group of the family, much more common and far richer in + distinct forms than the Aulonida (or the Aulosphærida with polygonal meshes). The shell of + <i>Aularia</i>, the probable ancestral form of the family, is a simple lattice-sphere with smooth + surface, and differs from the common <i>Aulosphæra</i> in the absence of radial tubes, arising at + the nodal points.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Aularia ternaria</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, + fig. 2).</p> + + <p>Tangential tubes of the network cylindrical, straight, smooth, of equal breadth. Triangular + meshes of the reticular sphere very regular, equilateral triangular. This species is the simplest + of all Aulosphærida and similar to the common <i>Aulosphæra trigonopa</i>, but has no radial + tubes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1.0 to 2.0; tubes 0.1 to 0.15 long, 0.007 to + 0.01 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Aularia tubularia</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Tangential tubes of the network cylindrical, straight, of equal breadth, thorny, covered with + numerous short bristle-shaped thorns, which are all of the same length and perpendicular to the + tube.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 3.0; tubes 0.15 long, 0.005 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 291, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Aularia trigonaria</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Tangential tubes of the network smooth, very thin in the middle part, gradually dilated towards + both ends, so that the nodal points of the network are inflated. (Similar to <i>Aulosphæra + sceptrophora</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>, + fig. 3, but without radial tubes.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2.2; tubes 0.1 long, 0.002 broad in the middle + part, 0.01 on both sides.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1622">{1622}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 683. <i>Aulosphæra</i>,<a id="NtA_302" href="#Nt_302"><sup>[302]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 802.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Aulosphærida</span> with triangular meshes in the + network, the tangential tubes of which form a simple lattice-sphere. Radial tubes arise at its + nodal points.</p> + + <p>The genus <i>Aulosphæra</i>, the first observed form of all Aulosphærida, is also the most + common form of the whole family, the richest in distinct species, and widely distributed over all + oceans, in the tropical as well as in the temperate and Arctic zones.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The twenty-one species here enumerated may be only a small part of the numerous + forms, which may be distinguished according to the different forms of the tubes. One of the two + Mediterranean species, which I first described in my Monograph, is cosmopolitan. The shell is in + all species a simple regular lattice-sphere with triangular meshes; it differs from the preceding + <i>Aularia</i> in the development of radial tubes at the nodal points of the lattice-work.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Aulosphærantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Radial tubes simple, smooth, without terminal teeth and + without lateral branches.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Aulosphæra trigonopa</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Aulosphæra trigonopa</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 359, Taf. x. + fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Radial tubes of the spherical shell cylindro-conical, straight, smooth, of the same length as + the tangential tubes of the network, which are also smooth, straight, cylindrical.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1.0 to 2.0; tangential tubes 0.1 to 0.2 long, + 0.002 to 0.004 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, + surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Aulosphæra flexuosa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes slenderly conical, smooth, gradually tapering towards the distal end, more or less + irregularly curved, two to three times as long as the tangential tubes, which are cylindrical, + straight and smooth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2.2; tangential tubes 0.15 long, 0.006 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Færöe Channel (Gulf Stream), John Murray, + surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1623">{1623}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Aulosphærella</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Radial tubes smooth, without lateral branches or spines, + but armed with a verticil of teeth at the distal end.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Aulosphæra diodon</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindro-conical, straight, smooth, of the same length as the smooth, cylindrical, + tangential tubes; armed at the distal end with two divergent terminal teeth, which are slightly + curved, pincer-shaped, and about one-fourth as long as the tube.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2.5; tangential tubes 0.16 long, 0.003 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Aulosphæra triodon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, smooth, two to three times as long as the smooth, + cylindrical, tangential tubes; armed at the distal end with three divergent terminal teeth, which + are straight or slightly curved and about one-third as long as the tube.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1.2; tangential tubes 0.1 long, 0.01 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North-Eastern Pacific (off Japan), Station 231, surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Aulosphæra tetrodon</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes slender, cylindrical, straight, smooth, about three times as long as the smooth, + cylindrical, tangential tubes; armed at the distal end with a regular cross of four terminal + teeth, which are directed almost horizontally, and are slightly recurved (just as in <i>Aulosphæra + spathillata</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>, + fig. 7, but longer and without lateral verticils).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1.6; tangential tubes 0.15 long, 0.005 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Aulosphæra polyodon</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes slender, spindle-shaped, gradually tapering towards the two ends, smooth, about + twice as long as the cylindrical, smooth, tangential tubes; armed at the distal end with a + verticil of twelve to twenty or more divergent, conical, slightly curved teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 3.3; tangential tubes 0.2 long, 0.01 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Aulosphærissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Radial tubes verticillate, armed with a variable number of + regular verticils of lateral branches.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1624">{1624}</span></div> + + <p>7. <i>Aulosphæra verticillata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes slender, cylindro-conical, straight, tapering towards the distal end, about as + long as the smooth, cylindrical, tangential tubes; armed with eight to twelve verticils of three + curved, simple, lateral branches. (Very similar to the tubes of <i>Aulastrum trichoceros</i>, Pl. + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, fig. + 5<i>a.</i>)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1.6; tangential tubes 0.15 long, 0.008 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, surface.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Aulosphæra spathillata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>, figs. 7, + 7<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes slender, cylindro-conical, straight, tapering towards the distal end, two to three + times as long as the smooth, cylindrical, tangential tubes; armed with two or three distal + alternate verticils, each of which forms a horizontal cross of four (sometimes three or five) + equidistant branches; their distal ends are on the terminal cross simple hooks, on the proximal + cross spathillæ.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 3.2; tangential tubes 0.12 to 0.16 long, 0.01 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South-Eastern Pacific (off Valparaiso), Station 298, depth + 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Aulosphæra cruciata</i>, Haeckel (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>, + fig. 10).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Aulosphæra elegantissima</i>, R. Hertwig (<i>non</i> Haeckel), 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., + p. 90, Taf. ix. fig. 1; Taf. x. figs. 2, 4, 5, 8, 14, 15.</p> + <p class="sp0">? <i>Aulosphæra pourtalesii</i>, Duncan, 1881, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., p. 175, + pl. iii. figs. 1-3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Radial tubes slender, cylindro-conical, straight, tapering towards the distal end, twice as + long as the smooth, cylindrical, tangential tubes; armed with four to eight cruciate equidistant + verticils, each of which forms a regular cross of four equal, horizontal, lateral branches, + bearing at the end a small knob or spathilla.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1.2 to 1.8; tangential tubes 0.1 to 0.15 long, + 0.003 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina), North Atlantic (Canary Islands), + Caribbean Sea.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Aulosphæra elegantissima</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Aulosphæra elegantissima</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 359, Taf. + x. fig. 5; Taf. xi. figs. 5, 6.</p> + </div> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, twice as long as the smooth, cylindrical, tangential tubes; + armed with four to eight equidistant verticils, each of which is composed of eight to twelve + simple, horizontal, lateral branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1.5 to 2; tangential tubes 0.12 to 0.16 long, + 0.004 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Aulosphæra bisternaria</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>, figs. 11, + 12).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, about as long as the cylindrical tangential tubes, smooth + or somewhat thorny, armed at the distal end with two alternate verticils of three branches, which + bear <span class="pagenum" id="page1625">{1625}</span>a terminal spathilla; the proximal branches + are twice as long as the distal, and alternate with them regularly, so that the six branches lie + in six different meridional planes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2.5; tangential tubes 0.2 long, 0.01 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean, Station 156, surface.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Aulosphæra dendrophora</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>, figs. 1, + 2).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, about as long as the cylindrical, smooth, tangential tubes, + armed in the distal half with three verticils of four crossed branches; the four proximal branches + are three times as long as the four distal, and twice as long as the four intermediate branches. + All twelve branches bear a terminal spinulate knob, and lie in two perpendicularly crossed + meridian planes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2.2 to 2.8; tangential tubes 0.2 long, 0.01 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>13. <i>Aulosphæra sceptrophora</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>, figs. 3, + 4).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes straight, in the proximal half conical, with inflated base; in the distal half + cylindrical, with five or six cruciate verticils, each of which has four perpendicularly crossed + teeth. Tangential tubes half as long as the radial tubes, in the middle part very thin, thickened + towards both ends.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1.2; tangential tubes 0.1 long, 0.002 broad in + the middle part, 0.012 on both ends.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>14. <i>Aulosphæra spathophora</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes slender, cylindrical, more or less curved, about three times as long as the + tangential tubes, in the distal half with eight to twelve verticils of six to eight lateral + branches, which are forked, decrease in length towards the distal end, and bear on each ramule a + terminal spathilla. Tangential tubes slightly curved and thorny. (Similar to <i>Auloplegma + perplexum</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, + fig. 8<i>a</i>, but with a simple lattice-sphere.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2.2; tangential tubes 0.2 long. 0.006 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Aulosphæromma</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Radial tubes spiny or thorny, with irregular lateral + branches, often with forked distal ends.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1626">{1626}</span></div> + + <p>15. <i>Aulosphæra bifurca</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, thorny, twice as long as the smooth, cylindrical, + tangential tubes, forked at the distal end, with two curved, convergent, thorny, terminal + branches. (Similar to <i>Aulastrum dendroceros</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, figs. + 4<i>a</i>-4<i>c</i>, but with longer and more spinulate branches.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 3.2; tangential tubes 0.25 long, 0.01 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 239, surface.</p> + + <p>16. <i>Aulosphæra trifurca</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, thorny, about as long as the smooth, cylindrical, + tangential tubes, forked at the distal end, with three curved, convergent, terminal branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2.5 to 3.0; tangential tubes 0.2 long, 0.01 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 240, surface.</p> + + <p>17. <i>Aulosphæra quadrifurca</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindro-conical, straight, about as long as the smooth, cylindrical, tangential + tubes; studded with numerous irregular lateral branches in the distal half, and armed at the + distal end with a cross of four divergent, forked, terminal branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 4.2; tangential tubes 0.2 long, 0.01 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>18. <i>Aulosphæra multifurca</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, more or less curved, three to four times as long as the smooth, often + curved, tangential tubes; studded with numerous forked, irregular, lateral branches, and armed at + the distal end with a verticil of twelve to sixteen divergent, forked, terminal branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1.2; tangential tubes 0.06 long, 0.003 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Arctic Ocean, Greenland (Olrik), surface.</p> + + <p>19. <i>Aulosphæra coronata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes spindle-shaped, tapering from the thicker middle part towards both ends, twice as + long as the thorny tangential tubes, studded with numerous irregular, curved, lateral spines, and + bearing at the distal end a corona of twenty to twenty-five divergent, curved, terminal branches. + (Similar to <i>Auloscena flammabunda</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate110"><b>110</b></a>, + fig. 4.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 3.0; tangential tubes 0.2 long, 0.08 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1627">{1627}</span></div> + + <p>20. <i>Aulosphæra undulata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes slender, cylindro-conical, undulate, about twice as long as the spinulate and + undulate tangential tubes; studded with numerous short, perpendicular, lateral branches which are + partly simple, partly forked, and bear small terminal spathillæ. The distal end of each radial + tube bears usually a verticil of four to eight similar pediculate spathillæ.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2.4; tangential tubes 0.2 long, 0.005 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 252, surface.</p> + + <p>21. <i>Aulosphæra spinosa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes and tangential tubes equal in size and similar in form, more or less curved, + slender, cylindrical, densely studded with numerous irregular spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1.6; tangential tubes 0.1 long, 0.004 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 684. <i>Auloscena</i>,<a id="NtA_303" href="#Nt_303"><sup>[303]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Aulosphærida</span> with triangular meshes in the + network, the tangential tubes of which arise in pyramidal groups of six over the surface of the + spherical shell. Radial tubes arise at the tops of the six-sided pyramids, which cover the whole + surface.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Auloscena</i> differs from the preceding <i>Aulosphæra</i>, its + ancestral form, in a very remarkable and elegant character. The tangential tubes of the network + here lie not on a spherical face (as in the latter), but arise over the surface of the spherical + calymma in the form of numerous, regular, hexagonal pyramids; each pyramid being composed of six + convergent ascending tubes, which are united in a common nodal point; at the latter arises a + radial tube, which usually bears an elegant corona of radially divergent terminal branches. + Therefore the base of each hexagonal pyramid is in contact at its six corners with the basal + corners of six similar neighbouring pyramids, whilst the neighbouring sides of the bases are + separated by six regular triangular meshes, which lie on the spherical face. In some species this + remarkable and elegant structure is quite regular, whilst in others it becomes more or less + irregular.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Auloscenium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Radial tubes smooth, without lateral branches or spines, + bearing a terminal verticil at the distal end.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1628">{1628}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Auloscena mirabilis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate110"><b>110</b></a>, + figs. 1, 2).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, smooth, about as long as the smooth pyramidal tubes (or the + convergent tubes which form the edges of the six-sided pyramids of the network). The distal end of + each radial tube bears an elegant spathillate terminal corona (fig. 2), or a verticil of fifteen + to twenty curved radial branches, the distal end of which is armed with a spinulate knob.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2.0 to 3.0; pyramidal tubes 0.16 to 0.24 long, + 0.008 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Auloscena spectabilis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate110"><b>110</b></a>, figs. 8, + 9).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindro-conical, straight, smooth, twice as long as the smooth pyramidal tubes, + armed at the distal end with a conical terminal corona, or a verticil of twelve to sixteen + divergent, straight, pointed, terminal branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 4.0 to 5.0; pyramidal tubes 0.25 to 0.3 long, + 0.012 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean, Station 154, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Auloscena pyramidalis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes slender, conical, straight, smooth, of the same length as the smooth pyramidal + tubes, armed at the distal end with a hexagonal terminal corona, or a verticil of six divergent, + straight, pointed, terminal branches, which correspond to the six sides of a pyramid; the proximal + apex of this terminal pyramid is opposed to the distal apex of the similar basal pyramid.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 3.0 to 4.0; pyramidal tubes 0.2 to 0.3 long, + 0.01 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Stations 347 to 349, surface.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Auloscenidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Radial tubes thorny, with lateral branches or spines, + usually with a terminal verticil at the distal end.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Auloscena tentorium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate110"><b>110</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes spindle-shaped, tapering towards both ends, nearly smooth, of the same length as + the smooth pyramidal tubes. The distal part of the radial tubes is thorny, and bears a verticil or + a corona of twenty to thirty slender terminal branches, which are about one-third as long as the + tube, sabre-shaped, with concave outer edge and pointed distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 4.0; radial tubes 0.3 to 0.4 long, 0.02 to 0.03 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North-Western Pacific (off Japan), Station 231, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1629">{1629}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Auloscena verticillus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate110"><b>110</b></a>, figs. 10, + 11).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes slender, cylindrical, twice as long as the smooth or somewhat thorny pyramidal + tubes, armed in the distal part with two or three irregular verticils of three to six + perpendicular spines, and on the distal end with a corona of twelve to eighteen straight, + divergent, pointed, terminal branches, which often arise in pairs.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 3.2; pyramidal tubes 0.15 long, 0.01 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Auloscena penicillus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate110"><b>110</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes slender, cylindrical, thorny, one and a half times as long as the thin and smooth + pyramidal tubes, armed in the distal half with densely crowded perpendicular spines and a terminal + corona of numerous (twenty to thirty or more) bristle-shaped branches, like a brush.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2.0 to 2.5; radial tubes 0.15 to 0.2 long, + 0.005 to 0.01 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean, Stations 156, 157, surface.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Auloscena flammabunda</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate110"><b>110</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindro-conical, twice as long as the thorny pyramidal tubes, studded with + numerous curved spines, and armed with a verticil or corona of numerous (twenty to thirty or more) + undulate, divergent, pointed, terminal branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 3.0; radial tubes 0.3 to 0.4 long, 0.02 to 0.03 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 252, surface.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Auloscena gigantea</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate110"><b>110</b></a>, + fig. 7).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, thorny, about as long as the thorny pyramidal tubes, armed in the + distal half with four to eight verticils of short curved ciliæ, and at the distal end with a + similar small terminal verticil.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 5.2; pyramidal tubes 0.2 to 0.3 long, 0.01 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, surface.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Auloscena arboretum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, about the same length as the smooth + pyramidal tubes; armed in the distal half with three or four verticils, tapering in size towards + the distal end; each verticil is composed of four crossed and curved branches, which bear a + terminal spinulate knob. (This species is very similar to <i>Aulosphæra dendrophora</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>, fig. 1, + and may <span class="pagenum" id="page1630">{1630}</span>be derived from it by elevation of the + hexagonal pyramids, which in the latter lie in the spherical plane).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 4.4; pyramidal tubes 0.25 long, 0.01 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Auloscena serrata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate110"><b>110</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes spindle-shaped, tapering towards both ends, thorny, twice as long as the thorny + pyramidal tubes; armed at the distal end with an elegant corona which is composed of twelve to + sixteen curved terminal branches. Each branch bears two opposite series of small recurved teeth + and a terminal spathilla of six to eight larger recurved teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 3.0; pyramidal tubes 0.3 long, 0.012 broad.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 685. <i>Auloplegma</i>,<a id="NtA_304" href="#Nt_304"><sup>[304]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Aulosphærida</span> with triangular meshes in the + network, the tubes of which are connected in different directions, and form the spongy wall of a + spherical shell. Radial tubes arise on the surface at the nodal points.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Auloplegma</i>, one of the rarest forms of Aulosphærida, differs from + the preceding genera in the spongy structure of the lattice-sphere, the thickened wall of which is + composed of a loose framework. Numerous tubes, irregularly disposed in different directions, are + connected at the nodal points of this loose spongy framework, whilst radial tubes arise on the + surface of the latter. <i>Auloplegma</i> exhibits therefore a relation to <i>Aulosphæra</i>, its + probable ancestral form, similar to that which <i>Plegmosphæra</i> does to <i>Acanthosphæra</i> + among the <span class="gsp">Sphæroidea</span>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Auloplegma perplexum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, + figs. 8, 8<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes straight, cylindro-conical, armed with six to eight verticils of lateral branches, + which increase in size towards the base; each verticil is a cross of four dichotomous delicate + ramules, ending with a spinulate knob. The length of the radial tube is about equal to the radial + diameter of the spongy framework, which forms the thick wall of the spherical shell, and is + composed of smooth and straight cylindrical tubes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 1.5 to 2.0, of its wall 0.3 to 0.4; length of + the radial tubes 0.2 to 0.3, basal breadth 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 237, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1631">{1631}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Auloplegma spongiosum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes slender, straight, cylindro-conical, studded irregularly with lateral branches, + which are short, simple, slightly curved, partly verticillate in the distal third, and ending with + a small spinulate knob. The length of the radial tubes is about twice as great as the radial + diameter of the spongy framework, which forms the wall of the spherical shell, and is composed of + thorny or verticillate cylindrical tubes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 3.2, of its wall 0.1; length of the radial tubes + 0.24, breadth 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 231, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 686. <i>Aulophacus</i>,<a id="NtA_305" href="#Nt_305"><sup>[305]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Aulosphærida</span> with triangular meshes in the + network, the tangential tubes of which form a simple, lenticular, biconvex lattice-shell, with + shortened vertical main axis. Radial tubes arise at its nodal points.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Aulophacus</i> differs from the common <i>Aulosphæra</i>, its + ancestral form, only in the lenticular compression of the spherical lattice-shell, the vertical + axis of which is considerably shortened. It exhibits therefore to the latter the same relation as + <i>Cenodiscus</i> does to <i>Cenosphæra</i> among the <span class="gsp">Sphæroidea</span>. The + contrary condition is shown in the following genus <i>Aulatractus</i>, in which the vertical axis + is prolonged. In the two species of <i>Aulophacus</i> observed the radial spines exhibit a + remarkable peculiarity, being longer on the circular periphery of the lens, shorter on both its + faces, and shortest in the vertical main axis.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Aulophacus lenticularis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, fig. + 5<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Shell biconvex, lenticular, with rounded circular margin; its horizontal diameter three times + as great as its thickness (or its vertical main axis). Radial tubes cylindro-conical, straight, + with six to nine triradiate verticils, those of the margin of the lens twice as long as the smooth + tangential tubes, the others shorter.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Horizontal diameter of the lens 5.5 mm., vertical main axis 0.2; + length of the radial tubes 0.2, breadth 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Belligemma, Ceylon (Haeckel), surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Aulophacus amphidiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, fig. + 5<i>b</i>).</p> + + <p>Shell discoidal, slightly biconvex, with rounded circular margin; its horizontal diameter five + times as great as its thickness. Radial tubes cylindrical, covered with numerous short thorns, + those of the margin of the lens three times as long as the smooth tangential tubes, the others + shorter.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1632">{1632}</span></div> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Horizontal diameter of the lens 6.0, vertical main axis 1.2; length of + the radial tubes 0.2, breadth 0.005.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 687. <i>Aulatractus</i>,<a id="NtA_306" href="#Nt_306"><sup>[306]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Aulosphærida</span> with triangular meshes in the + network, the tangential tubes of which form an ellipsoidal or spindle-shaped, simple + lattice-shell, with prolonged vertical main axis. Radial tubes arise at its nodal points.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Aulatractus</i> differs from all the other Aulosphærida in the + peculiar prolongation of the vertical axis of the lattice-sphere, by which the latter becomes + ellipsoidal or spindle-shaped. The triangular meshes of the regular lattice-work become usually + more or less irregular and polygonal at the two poles of the elongated main axis. + <i>Aulatractus</i> seems to be developed from <i>Aulosphæra</i> in the opposite way from + <i>Aulophacus</i>, the former by elongating, the latter by shortening of the vertical + main-axis.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Aulatractus fusiformis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, figs. 6, + 6<i>a</i>, 6<i>b</i>).</p> + + <p>Shell spindle-shaped, about twice as long as broad, rounded at both poles of the main axis. + Tangential tubes smooth, cylindrical. Radial tubes of the same length as the tangential tubes, but + much thinner, slender cylindrical, studded with perpendicularly arising, short, lateral branches, + which are scattered in the proximal part, verticillate in the distal part, and bear a spinulate + terminal knob.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 7.5 to 10.0, breadth 3.5; length of the radial + tubes 0.15 to 0.18, breadth 0.004.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Stations 348, 349; surface, and in various + depths.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Aulatractus diploconus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Shell diploconical or nearly spindle-shaped, about three times as long as broad, equally + pointed at the two poles of the main axis, not inflated in the middle part. Radial tubes slenderly + conical, thorny, only half as long as the smooth tangential tubes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 6.0 to 8.0, breadth 2.2 to 4.5; length of the + radial tubes 0.1 to 0.15, breadth 0.007.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Canary Islands, Station 353, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Aulatractus fusulus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spindle-shaped, about twice as long as broad, pointed at the two equal poles of the main + axis. Radial tubes cylindro-conical, smooth, about as long as the smooth tangential tubes. This + <span class="pagenum" id="page1633">{1633}</span>species resembles in its simple structure the + common cosmopolitan <i>Aulosphæra trigonopa</i>, and differs from it only in the constant + spindle-form of the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 6 to 8, breadth 3 to 4; length of the radial tubes + 0.16 to 0.2, breadth 0.008.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Færöe Channel, Gulf Stream (John Murray); + Hebrides (Mœbius).</p> + + <p>4. <i>Aulatractus ellipsoides</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ellipsoidal, about twice as long as broad, with equally rounded poles on the main axis. + Radial tubes straight, cylindrical, verticillate, about twice as long as the smooth tangential + bars; each verticil is cruciate, composed of four rectangularly crossed, short, lateral branches + which bear a small spathilla at the distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 6.6, breadth 3.6; length of the radial tubes 0.2, + breadth 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Aulonida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—Network of the shell with polygonal, usually irregular + meshes; three or four tangential tubes usually being united at each nodal point.</p> + + <h5>Genus 688. <i>Aulonia</i>,<a id="NtA_307" href="#Nt_307"><sup>[307]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Aulosphærida</span> with polygonal meshes in the + network, the tangential tubes of which form a simple smooth lattice-sphere. No radial tubes at the + nodal points.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Aulonia</i> is the simplest form of the subfamily Aulonida, or of + those Aulosphærida in which the lattice-work of the shell is composed not of triangular but of + polygonal meshes; all these Aulonida are much rarer and much less differentiated than the Aularida + or the common Aulosphærida with triangular meshes. <i>Aulonia</i> has the same simple, smooth, + spherical lattice-shell as <i>Aularia</i>, and differs from it only in the polygonal form of the + meshes, which, however, is very constant.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Aulonia tetragonia</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Meshes regular or subregular, square, sometimes intermingled with a variable number of + irregular, triangular, and pentagonal meshes. Bars cylindrical, of equal breadth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the spherical shell 2.0 to 3.2, of the meshes 0.12 to + 0.18; breadth of the bars 0.008.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean, Station 154, depth 1800 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1634">{1634}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Aulonia pentagonia</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Meshes subregular, pentagonal, intermingled with a smaller number of quadrangular and + triangular irregular meshes. Bars cylindrical, of equal breadth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the spherical shell 2.8 to 3.2, of the meshes 0.15 to 0.2; + breadth of the bars 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Stations 293 to 302, depth 1375 to 2270 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Aulonia hexagonia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Meshes regular or subregular, hexagonal, often intermingled with a variable number of + pentagonal and heptagonal meshes. Bars cylindrical, of equal breadth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the spherical shell 2.5 to 3.3, of the meshes 0.15 to + 0.25; breadth of the bars 0.012.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Stations 347 to 349, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Aulonia metagonia</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Meshes subregularly alternating, larger octagonal and smaller tetragonal. The network of this + remarkable species has a striking similarity to the arrangement of the radial tubes in some + species of <i>Sycon</i>, figured in my Monograph of the Calcispongiæ (1872, Bd. iii., Taf. ix. + fig. 12).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 4.4, of the greater octagonal meshes 0.24 to + 0.3, smaller tetragonal 0.1 to 0.12; breadth of the bars 0.007.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Aulonia polygonia</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Meshes irregular, polygonal, variable in form and unequal in size; the majority usually + pentagonal or hexagonal, but numerous intermingled meshes with three, four, seven, or eight sides. + Very variable in the size of the bars and the form of the meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2.5 to 5.5, of the meshes 0.1 to 0.2; breadth + of the bars 0.008 to 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 689. <i>Aulastrum</i>,<a id="NtA_308" href="#Nt_308"><sup>[308]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Aulosphærida</span> with polygonal meshes in the + network, the tangential tubes of which form a simple lattice-sphere. Radial tubes arise at its + nodal points.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1635">{1635}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Aulastrum</i> differs from the preceding <i>Aulonia</i>, its ancestral + form, only in the development of radial spines at the nodal points of the simple lattice-sphere. + It exhibits therefore to the latter the same relation as <i>Aulosphæra</i> does to <i>Aularia</i>. + But the meshes of the spherical network are constantly triangular in the two latter genera, + polygonal in the two former. The different species of <i>Aulastrum</i> are much rarer, and are not + so differentiated as those of the common <i>Aulosphæra</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Aulastrum monoceros</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes simple, smooth, straight, cylindro-conical, about as long as the smooth tangential + tubes or somewhat longer. Meshes of the network irregularly polygonal, the majority usually + pentagonal or hexagonal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 3.0 to 4.0, of the meshes 0.15; breadth of the + tubes 0.012.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Stations 347, 348, depth 2250 to 2450 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Aulastrum dichoceros</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, more or less curved, undulate, smooth, twice as long as the smooth + tangential tubes, forked at the distal end, with two divergent curved branches. Meshes of the + network subregular, hexagonal (as in <i>Aulonia hexagonia</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, fig. 1), + intermingled with single pentagonal and square meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2.0 to 2.5, of the meshes 0.12 to 0.18; breadth + of the tubes 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Aulastrum dendroceros</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, figs. + 4<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, <i>c</i>).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, thorny, forked at the distal end, two to + three times as long as the thorny tangential tubes; the thorns are short and thin, partly simple, + partly irregularly branched and scattered, arborescent. Meshes of the network irregularly + polygonal, the majority pentagonal or tetragonal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2.4; radial tubes 0.2 to 0.3 long, 0.02 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 241 to 244, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Aulastrum triceros</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, + figs. 3, 3<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, smooth, about twice as long as the smooth tangential tubes, + armed with three divergent curved teeth at the distal end. Meshes subregular, pentagonal, + intermingled with a small number of tetragonal and hexagonal meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1.2 to 1.8; radial tubes 0.15 long, 0.01 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 349, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1636">{1636}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Aulastrum trichoceros</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes slender, straight, cylindro-conical, about twice as long as the smooth tangential + tubes, armed with six to eight verticils of lateral branches, each of which is composed of three + short curved branches (similar to those of <i>Aulophacus lenticularis</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, fig. + 5<i>a</i>). Meshes irregularly polygonal, the majority tetragonal, intermingled with pentagonal + and triangular meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2.2; tangential tubes 0.12 long, 0.007 + broad.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Aulastrum tetraceros</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes straight, cylindrical, about three times as long as the smooth tangential meshes, + armed with three to six subregular cruciate verticils of branches, each of which is composed of + four short, regularly crossed branches, bearing at the end a spinulate knob (similar to those of + <i>Aulatractus fusiformis</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, + fig, 6<i>b</i>). Meshes subregular, square, intermingled with single pentagonal and hexagonal + meshes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 1.5, of the meshes 0.12 to 0.16; breadth of the + bars 0.008.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Aulastrum pentaceros</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes straight, cylindrical, smooth, about as long as the smooth tangential tubes, armed + at the distal end with a corona of five curved teeth (of the same shape as in <i>Cannosphæra + atlantica</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate112"><b>112</b></a>, + fig. 6). Meshes subregular pentagonal (intermingled with single tetragonal, hexagonal, and + heptagonal meshes).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 5.0, of the meshes 0.2; breadth of the bars + 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Aulastrum polyceros</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Radial tubes spindle-shaped, tapering from the broader middle towards both ends, spiny, twice + as long as the spiny tangential tubes, armed at the distal end with a corona of twelve to twenty + divergent curved teeth (similar to the radial tubes of <i>Auloscena tentorium</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate110"><b>110</b></a>, fig. 6). + Meshes irregular, polygonal, very variable in size and form. All tubes of this species are armed + with scattered, short, conical spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 4.5, of the meshes 0.1 to 0.2; breadth of the + bars 0.006.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1637">{1637}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 690. <i>Aulodictyum</i>,<a id="NtA_309" href="#Nt_309"><sup>[309]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Aulosphærida</span> with polygonal meshes in the + network, the tubes of which are connected in different directions and form the spongy wall of a + spherical shell. No radial tubes prominent over the surface.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Aulodictyum</i> differs from <i>Aulonia</i>, its ancestral form, in + the development of a spongy framework in the thickened wall of the spherical lattice-shell. It + bears therefore to the latter the same relation as <i>Auloplegma</i> does to <i>Aularia</i>. But + the outer surface of the hollow sphere is in <i>Aulodictyum</i> completely smooth, as well as the + inner, and bears no radial tubes. Only one species of this genus has been observed.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Aulodictyum hydrodictyum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spherical, smooth on the outer and inner surfaces, composed of an irregular framework of + straight and smooth cylindrical tubes; its meshes very irregular, of unequal size and various + forms. The diameter of the sphere is about six or eight times as great as the thickness of its + reticular wall.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the sphere 2 to 3, of its meshes 0.1 to 0.2; breadth of + the bars 0.01.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Family LXXVII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Cannosphærida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate112"><b>112</b></a>).</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc35"> + <p><i>Cannosphærida</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> with two concentric spherical or + subspherical shells, which are connected by numerous thin, tubular, radial beams. Inner shell + simple, spherical or ovate, solid or latticed, with a peculiar mouth. Outer shell spherical or + polyhedral, articulate, composed of hollow tangential tubes, which are separated by astral septa + at the stellate nodal points. From the latter arise hollow radial tubes, whilst the inner radial + beams, connecting the two shells, are inserted in the middle of the tangential tubes. No peculiar + mouth in the outer shell. Central capsule enclosed by the inner shell.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Cannosphærida</span> comprises a small number of remarkable <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> which are rare and found only in a few localities. They differ from + all the other <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> in the possession of two concentric spherical + shells, which are connected by radial beams, and the inner of which is quite simple, like that of + the Medusettida, <span class="pagenum" id="page1638">{1638}</span>whilst the outer is articulated + and composed of hollow tangential tubes, like that of the Aulosphærida. This latter family seems + to be most nearly allied to the Cannosphærida, and is perhaps derived from them by loss of the + inner shell. The possession of a peculiar mouth in this inner shell brings the Cannosphærida + nearer to the Phæogromia. The similar Cœlodrymida, in which also two concentric spherical + shells are connected by hollow radial beams, differ essentially in the bivalved shape of the inner + shell and the simple, non-articulated, network of the outer shell.</p> + + <p>Only a single species of Cannosphærida has been hitherto known, described and figured in 1879 + by R. Hertwig as <i>Cœlacantha anchorata</i> (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 92, Taf. ix. fig. 2). + The rich collection of the Challenger has added to it only four other species, one of which is + most nearly allied to the former, whilst the others belong to a separate genus, <i>Cannosphæra</i> + (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate112"><b>112</b></a>). + The inner shell is in this latter genus a solid lamella of silica, whilst in the former it is + fenestrated. In all other essential points of structure both genera are scarcely different.</p> + + <p>The inner shell is either spherical or ovate and has a diameter of 0.1 to 0.4 (usually 0.2 to + 0.3 mm.). A distinct main axis is always marked by the large open mouth on its oral pole. The + aboral part of the shell-cavity contains the spherical central capsule, the oral part the dark + phæodium, a part of which is often prominent through the mouth (figs. 1, 2, 4). The wall of the + inner shell is a very thin and transparent lamella of silica, which is structureless and solid in + <i>Cannosphæra</i>, distinctly fenestrated in <i>Cœlacantha</i>; the pores of the latter + are irregularly rounded and seem to possess a thickened margin.</p> + + <p>From the surface of the inner shell arise numerous thin tubular, radial beams (twenty to eighty + or more) and connect it with the outer shell. These beams are always very thin and straight + cylindrical tubules, about twice to four times as long as the diameter of the inner shell, and + usually 0.001 mm. broad, or even less. Their basal end at the surface of the latter appears + mammillated (figs. 2, 4). The cavity of the inner shell seems to pass over immediately into the + tubular cavities of the radial beams. These latter are sometimes simple, at other times + articulated or jointed by a number of transverse septa. The radial beams are covered in all the + species observed either with scattered spines (fig. 5) or with verticils of anchor-threads, very + thin, filiform, lateral branches which bear a spathilla with three or four recurved teeth on the + distal end (figs. 2, 4).</p> + + <p>The outer shell is either spherical or an endospherical polyhedron, the prominent nodal points + of which fall into a spherical face. Its diameter is usually from 2 to 3 mm., rarely more than 3 + or less than 1 mm. Its structure is the same as described for the Aulosphærida, being composed of + hollow cylindrical tubes, which form a loose network and are separated at its nodal points by + astral septa. The meshes of the network are <span class="pagenum" id="page1639">{1639}</span>very + large, usually twice to three times as broad as the inner shell, and irregularly polygonal; the + usual and prevailing form is pentagonal, but hexagonal meshes are also often intermingled, more + rarely meshes with five, seven, or eight sides.</p> + + <p>The cylindrical tangential tubes possess in general the same shape as in the similar + Aulosphærida, have a thin wall, are filled with jelly, and contain a delicate axial filament in + their axis; they differ, however, in a peculiar constant character; in the middle of each tube is + inserted an inner radial beam coming from the inner shell, so that both together have the form of + a T. The central point of insertion has a somewhat shorter radial distance from the centre of the + body than the two nodal points on both ends of the tangential tube, so that the latter is somewhat + geniculate (figs. 1-5). The two halves of each tangential tube are usually somewhat thinner on the + central end (where the inner radial beam is inserted), thicker on the distal end (where the outer + radial tube arises); at both ends they are closed by a thin transverse septum. Often also some + other septa are developed, so that each tangential tube seems to be composed of four to six joints + or segments. Usually the tangential tubes are armed with spines or anchor threads, similar to + those of the inner radial beams. The length of the single tangential tubes is usually between 0.1 + and 0.3, their diameter from 0.01 to 0.02.</p> + + <p>The nodal points of the outer lattice-sphere, in which the outer radial spines arise, seem to + possess the same structure as in the similar Aulosphærida. Since three tangential tubes are + connected to each nodal point, in its centre is the union of three small astral septa or sutural + partitions. The small nodal cavity on the inside of the nodal point has probably three small + pores, which lead into the three tangential tubes between the three astral septa. A fourth pore + probably leads from the nodal cavity into the cavity of the hollow radial tube. This structure is + difficult to observe, but seems to be demonstrated by the fact, that in the complete and carefully + purified skeletons which are treated with hot mineral acids and afterwards dried, all cylinders, + the tangential as well as the radial tubes, become easily filled by air (compare the description + of the similar structure in the Aulosphærida).</p> + + <p>The external radial tubes which arise in the nodal points of the outer shell are either + cylindrical or cylindro-conical, straight, and usually about as long as the diameter of the inner + shell. Their structure and armature is the same as in the similar Aulosphærida. In the axis of + each radial tube runs a delicate axial filament, which is connected with its thin and fragile wall + either by filiform transverse branches or by delicate transverse septa. The outside of the radial + tubes is either smooth (figs. 3-5) or armed with scattered spines (fig. 4) or with verticils of + lateral branches; each verticil is usually composed of three or four branches. The distal end of + the radial tubes is rarely simple, pointed; it is usually armed with a spathilla of three or four + curved terminal branches (figs. 3, 5) sometimes with an elegant corona composed of twenty to + thirty thin radially divergent branches (fig. 4).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1640">{1640}</span></div> + + <p>The <i>central capsule</i> of the Cannosphærida is small (of 0.1 to 0.15 in diameter) and + hidden in the aboral half of the enclosing inner shell, whilst the oral half of the latter is + filled up by the phæodium (figs. 2, 4). The structure of the capsule and of its three openings + seems to be the same as in the closely allied Aulosphærida. I have, however, not been able to + recognise the two parapylæ or secondary openings, and have only observed the astropyle or the + main-opening with its radiate operculum surrounded by the phæodium, and directed with its tubular + proboscis towards the mouth of the inner shell. As R. Hertwig also could not recognise the two + parapylæ, it is not impossible that they are wanting, and that the Cannosphærida possess only one + opening, the astropyle, like the Medusettida and Challengerida. The nucleus, enclosed in the + central capsule, is spherical, half or one-third as broad as the latter, and contains numerous + nucleoli.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Cannosphærida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc smaller vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Cannosphærida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Cannosphærida"> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Internal shell solid, without open pores,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">691. <i>Cannosphæra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Internal shell latticed, with open pores,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">692. <i>Cœlacantha</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h5>Genus 691. <i>Cannosphæra</i>,<a id="NtA_310" href="#Nt_310"><sup>[310]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cannosphærida</span> with a solid, not latticed + internal shell.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cannosphæra</i> comprises those Cannosphærida in which the inner shell + is formed by a thin solid siliceous-plate and exhibits no pores between the prominent bases of the + radial beams.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cannosphæra atlantica</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate112"><b>112</b></a>, figs. 5, + 6).</p> + + <p>Internal shell not mammillate, with fifteen to twenty radial rods, which are loosely studded + with single, scattered, simple, lateral spines. External shell with irregular, mostly hexagonal + meshes, armed with numerous scattered forks of paired divergent spines, and with twenty to thirty + larger simple radial spines, which are about half as long as the internal rods, and bear at the + distal end a verticil of three to five curved, simple, terminal branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the inner shell 0.1, of the outer 0.5.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Stations 347 to 349, depth 2250 to 2450 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cannosphæra antarctica</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate112"><b>112</b></a>, figs. + 1-3).</p> + + <p>Internal shell mammillate, with sixty to ninety radial rods, which are studded with cruciate + verticils of tridentate anchor-threads. External shell with irregular, mostly pentagonal meshes, + <span class="pagenum" id="page1641">{1641}</span>the bars of which bear on the outside bunches of + similar tridentate anchor-threads. At each nodal point arises a simple, smooth, radial spine, + which bears at the distal end a verticil of three or four small, curved, terminal branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the inner shell 0.2 to 0.3, of the outer 1.5 to 2.0.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean, Stations 154 to 157, depth 1300 to 1975 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Cannosphæra pacifica</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate112"><b>112</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>Internal shell mammillate, with one hundred to one hundred and twenty radial rods, which are + studded with cruciate verticils of tridentate anchor-threads. External shell with irregular, + mostly hexagonal meshes, the bars of which bear on the outside and on the inside bunches of + similar tridentate anchor-threads. At each nodal point arises a simple, thorny, radial spine, + which bears at the distal end an elegant verticil of fifteen to twenty flatly expanded, thin, + terminal branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the inner shell 0.25 to 0.35, of the outer 2.0 to 2.5.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 692. <i>Cœlacantha</i>,<a id="NtA_311" href="#Nt_311"><sup>[311]</sup></a> R. + Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., p. 91.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cannosphærida</span> with a latticed internal + shell.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cœlacantha</i> comprises those Cannosphærida in which the inner + shell is formed by a fenestrated flint-plate, and exhibits numerous pores between the prominent + bases of the radial beams.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cœlacantha anchorata</i>, R. Hertwig.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cœlacantha anchorata</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., p. + 92, Taf. ix. fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Internal shell slightly mammillate, with thirty to forty radial rods, which are densely studded + with verticils of tridentate anchor-threads. External shell with irregular, mostly pentagonal + meshes, the bars of which bear the same verticils, each composed of three thin, tridentate + anchor-threads. At each nodal point arises a slender radial spine, which bears six verticils, each + composed of three to five lateral branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the inner shell 0.5, of the outer 3.0.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, Messina (R. Hertwig), surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cœlacantha mammillata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Internal shell strongly mammillate, with sixty to eighty radial rods, which are densely studded + with cruciate verticils of quadridentate anchor-threads. External shell with irregular, mostly + <span class="pagenum" id="page1642">{1642}</span>hexagonal meshes, the bars of which bear the same + verticils, each composed of four thin quadridentate anchor-threads. At each nodal point arises a + slender, smooth, radial spine, which bears at its distal end a verticil of four large, curved, + terminal branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the inner shell 0.4, of the outer 3.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <h3>Order III. PHÆOGROMIA, Haeckel, 1879.</h3> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> with a simple, not + bivalved lattice-shell, which assumes very different forms, but is always provided with a peculiar + mouth and peristome on the oral pole of the main axis. Central capsule always excentric, placed in + the aboral half of the shell-cavity.</p> + + <h4>Family LXXVIII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Challengerida</span></span>, John Murray + (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>).</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc39"> + <p><i>Challengerida</i>, John Murray, 1876, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., vol. xxiv. p. 471, pl. xxiv. + figs. 1, 2.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> with a monaxonial, usually ovate or + lenticular shell, which exhibits a peculiar, fine, regularly hexagonal, diatomaceous structure, + and is usually provided with teeth on the mouth, but without articulated feet. Central capsule + excentric, placed in the aboral half of the shell-cavity.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Challengerida</span> represent a large, peculiar, and interesting + group of <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, which are, for the most part, inhabitants of great + depths, and were perfectly unknown before the discoveries of the Challenger. The first note on + these remarkable Radiolaria was given in 1876 by John Murray, in his Preliminary Reports on Work + done on board the Challenger (Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., vol. xxiv. pp. 471, 536, pl. xxiv. figs. 1, + 2). He described the peculiar exceedingly beautiful tracery of their shell, similar to that of the + Diatomaceæ, the enclosed central capsule coloured by carmine, and the surrounding mass of + black-brown pigment lumps (the phæodium). "At times these Challengerida come up with a good deal + of sarcode outside of the shell, and two specimens have been seen to throw out elongated + pseudopodia" (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 536). He found also the shells in the Radiolarian ooze of the + deep sea. The number of different forms found in the collection of the Challenger is so great, + that I can describe in the following pages not less than six genera and fifty-eight species. A + part of these have already been figured by Dr. John Murray in the Narrative of the Challenger + Expedition, vol. i. p. 226, Pl. A, 1885.</p> + + <p>In my first preliminary note on the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, in 1879, I gave a + stricter definition <span class="pagenum" id="page1643">{1643}</span>of the Challengerida + (Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, 1879, p. 5). But I united at that time the true + Challengerida with the Tuscarorida, which, however, are sharply separated by the entirely + different structure of their shell. In Plate A given by Dr. John Murray, and mentioned above, + figs. 1-14 represent genuine Challengerida, with diatomaceous shell-structure, whilst figs. 15-20 + are Tuscarorida, with porcellanous shell-structure. These latter, therefore, are more closely + allied to the Circoporida, whilst the Challengerida exhibit a closer affinity to the Medusettida + and Castanellida. But the two latter families never possess that peculiar extremely regular and + delicate diatomaceous structure which is exhibited only by the Challengerida.</p> + + <p>The general form of the Challengerida is rather simple, usually more or less ovate, sometimes + nearly triangular, at other times subspherical. In nearly all species, with a few exceptions, the + shell is more or less compressed from the two sides, so that its horizontal transverse section is + not circular, but elliptical or lanceolate. In many species the shell is more or less lenticular, + with a sharp or sometimes keeled margin. This margin lies in the sagittal plane of the body, + whilst the two flat sides are right and left. The main axis is always perpendicular, and its oral + or anterior pole is marked by the open mouth of the shell; the latter is in the living organism + probably the upper pole, whilst the opposite aboral or posterior pole (often marked by large + spines) is the lower pole. The dorsal margin of the mouth is usually different from the ventral, + and in the majority of species this difference is so striking, that right and left sides of the + body may be recognised immediately, the fundamental form being dipleuric or + bilaterally-symmetrical. In a few species, however, and mainly in those simplest forms in which + the ovate shell has a circular mouth without teeth, and a circular transverse section, that + difference is not recognisable, and the ovate shell is monaxonial, as it is in <i>Gromia</i> and + <i>Lagena</i> among the Foraminifera (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, + figs. 19, 20, 22). The size of the shell is in the majority of species between 0.2 and 0.5 mm.; + there are, however, some very small species, in which the diameter of the shell is only 0.05 to + 0.08, or even less; and some large species, the diameter of which attains 0.8 to 0.9 mm.</p> + + <p>The peculiar structure of the siliceous shell-wall, which we call shortly "diatomaceous," and + by which the Challengerida differ from all the other <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, has been + already represented very well by Dr. John Murray, in Pl. A. of the Narrative (vol. i. p. 266, + figs. 1<i>c</i>-1<i>e</i>, 2<i>a</i>, 4<i>a</i>, 7<i>a</i>, 7<i>b</i>). This elegant diatomaceous + structure is extremely similar or nearly identical with that well-known regular structure which we + find in the common Diatomaceæ or Bacillariæ. The entire surface of the shell is covered with a + very great number of very small pit-like depressions, perfectly regular, circular in form, equal + in size, and quincuncial in arrangement. The neighbouring equidistant pits are always surrounded + by regular hexagonal frames of equal size, and the prominent fine crests of these frames produce + the regular hexagonal tracery, which gives to the shell such a striking similarity to that of the + Diatomaceæ. According to <span class="pagenum" id="page1644">{1644}</span>the different positions + to which the focus of the microscope is brought, the hexagonal tracery exhibits a different + appearance; either a regular network of equal hexagonal frames, or a lattice with equal and + equidistant circular openings, or a combination of three crossed and equidistant systems of + parallel lines (crossed at angles of 120°). All the well-known and often discussed optical + phenomena which are observed in the valves of the Diatomaceæ, reappear also on the shell of the + Challengerida.</p> + + <p>To recognise the true nature of this diatomaceous structure, sections and slides of the shell + are required, and also fragments of broken shells, the broken margins of which are of special + value for obtaining further explanation. The figures given by Dr. J. Murray (<i>loc. cit.</i>, Pl. + A) have already demonstrated that the pit-like depressions are regular small cavities in the + flinty shell-wall, which possess an inner and an outer opening. These intraparietal cavities are + either spherical (fig. 7<i>b</i>) or cylindrical (fig. 1<i>d</i>, 4<i>a</i>) or spindle-shaped, + with a constriction (fig. 2<i>a</i>). Further accurate examinations probably will show a greater + variety in their shape. But each cavity constantly possesses two small openings, one on the outer, + and the other on the inner surface of the shell-wall. Closer examination (especially of broken + shells and slides) proves the presence of these two openings, which in the smaller species seem to + be absent on the first view. I may, therefore, suppose that also in the similar valves of the + Diatomaceæ, which exhibit exactly the same structure, an inner and an outer opening are always + present in each hexagonal pit, and that the very small size alone prevents them from being + recognised. The regular hexagonally-framed cavities in the shell-wall of the Challengerida + (probably also of the Diatomaceæ) are therefore genuine pores, differing from the pores of other + Radiolaria only in their smaller size and the dilatation of the middle part, which is much wider + than the two openings.</p> + + <p>The mouth of the shell, its single larger opening, exhibits in the various Challengerida a + great variety in form and structure, and offers the best means for separating genera and species. + According to its essential shape two different subfamilies and six genera may be distinguished in + this family. In the first subfamily, Lithogromida, the mouth is a simple large opening in the wall + of the shell on the oral pole of its main axis (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, figs. + 1-15). In the second subfamily, Pharyngellida, the mouth is prolonged into a cylindrical hollow + tube, which is prominent into the shell-cavity, and comparable to the pharynx of the Metazoa in + general form and function (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, + figs. 16-20). In this case we may distinguish an inner and an outer mouth of the tubular + pharynx.</p> + + <p>In a few forms of both subfamilies the mouth is toothless, smooth, and not armed with prominent + external spines or teeth, as in <i>Lithogromia</i>, the simplest form of all (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, fig. 22) + and in <i>Entocannula</i> (figs. 19, 20). In the great majority of Challengerida, however, the + outer opening of the mouth is armed with one or more teeth, usually strong prominent spines (figs. + 1-18). Usually the base of these teeth is <span class="pagenum" + id="page1645">{1645}</span>semitubular or a half cylinder, forming a more or less prominent + peristome or a proboscis; and always in this case the open concave side of the canal-shaped groove + is directed towards the ventral side of the shell, the closed convex side towards the dorsal side. + When several teeth arise from the two lateral free margins of the groove, they are also directed + towards the ventral side (figs. 2, 12, 17, &c.). Often a deep ventral incision or a guttural + constriction separates the base of the proboscis from the genuine shell. The structure of this + proboscis or peristome is usually the same as in the diatomaceous shell-wall; but sometimes its + lattice-work assumes a different shape.</p> + + <p>The opening of the mouth itself is rarely circular, usually it is elliptical or even + lanceolate, often triangular. Sometimes two prominent opposite lips may be distinguished as right + and left, when the fissure of the mouth is prolonged in a sagittal or longitudinal direction; as + upper and lower, when it is prolonged in a frontal or transverse direction. The upper or dorsal + lip is always more developed than the lower or ventral; and the entire semitubular proboscis may + be regarded as a production of the upper lip. Sometimes the latter attains an extraordinary size + and development, the greatest in <i>Challengeria murrayi</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>The teeth of the mouth, which arise from the upper lip, are usually hollow, at least on the + base; a prolongation of the shell-cavity arising into the base of the teeth. Their form is very + variable, conical, lanceolate, triangular, sabre-shaped, &c. Usually they are more or less + curved, and shorter than the radius of the shell; rarely they are straight, and longer than the + radius (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, + figs. 5, 6). More important is their different number, which we have employed for the distinction + of subgenera; future observations may prove that they are different genera. The most important are + the following cases:—(A.) a single odd dorsal tooth (figs. 5, 16); (B.) two paired lateral + teeth (figs. 4, 6, 17); (C.) three teeth, an odd dorsal and two paired lateral (figs. 7, 9, 10); + (D.) four paired teeth, two dorsal and two ventral (figs. 3, 13); (E.) five teeth, an odd dorsal + and two pairs of lateral (figs. 2, 12); (F.) six teeth in three lateral pairs (fig. 1).</p> + + <p>The teeth of the peristome are not the only apophyses which arise from the shell of the + Challengerida. In the majority other spines appear on the sagittal margin, which separates the + right and left halves of the shell. These marginal spines are characteristic of the genera + <i>Challengeron</i> and <i>Porcupinia</i>; they are usually radially directed, straight, conical, + sometimes solid, at other times hollow. Their number and arrangement is very variable and serves + for the distinction of species; the following differences are the most important:—(A.) a + single odd spine on the apical pole of the shell, in the principal axis, opposite to the centre of + the mouth (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, + figs. 6, 7); (B.) two aboral spines, a dorsal and a ventral (figs. 8-10); (C.) a bunch or a + crowded group of radial spines on the aboral margin of the shell, usually one larger apical spine + surrounded by several smaller dorsal and ventral (figs. 11, 12, 16); (D.) numerous radial spines + along the whole sagittal margin of the shell (figs. 13-15).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1646">{1646}</span></div> + + <p>The <i>central capsule</i> of the Challengerida is constantly placed in the aboral half of the + shell-cavity, whilst its oral half is occupied by the phæodium; the intervals between them and the + inner surface of the shell are filled up by the calymma. Frequently from the outer surface of the + capsule arise numerous branched streams of sarcode, which pierce the calymma and are directed + towards the inside of the shell-wall, where they are united by a thin continuous layer of + protoplasm (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, + fig. 1). The phæodium is usually more voluminous than the capsule and envelops the latter on its + anterior or oral face; more rarely the entire capsule is hidden in the phæodium. The phæodella, + constituting the latter, are of very different sizes, of variable colour, olive and + greenish-brown, red-brown, black-brown or nearly black. In some preparations, stained with + carmine, numerous red coloured granula, similar to nuclei, were scattered in the phæodium (compare + Murray, <i>loc. cit.</i>, Pl. A, figs. 1-14).</p> + + <p>The diameter of the central capsule is usually about one-half or one-third as great as that of + the enclosing shell (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, + figs. 1-20). Its form is either spherical or slightly compressed, spheroidal, or sometimes + lenticular. The large nucleus has the same form, is about half as broad as the capsule and + contains numerous nucleoli. Sometimes the capsule contained two nuclei of equal size, and in a few + specimens the shell contained two central capsules, each with a nucleus, so that the Challengerida + seem to propagate also by self-division (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <p>The astropyle, or the large opening of the central capsule, exhibits the usual radiate + operculum of the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, and the tubular proboscis arising from it. + This is constantly placed on the oral or anterior pole of the capsule and directed towards the + mouth of the shell. I was never able to discover any parapyle or secondary opening in the central + capsule, though numerous and well-preserved specimens of the Challenger collection were accurately + examined. It seems therefore that the Challengerida are not <span class="sc">Tripylea</span> (as + the majority of <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>), but <span class="sc">Monopylea</span> with a + single opening (like the closely allied Medusettida and Castanellida).</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Challengerida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w50 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Challengerida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Challengerida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Lithogromida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Shell without pharynx or inner prominent tube of the mouth.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell smooth, without adoral teeth and marginal spines,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">693. <i>Lithogromia</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell with adoral teeth, but without marginal spines,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">694. <i>Challengeria</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell with adoral teeth and with marginal spines,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">695. <i>Challengeron</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Pharyngellida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Shell with a pharynx, or an inner cylindrical tube, arising from the mouth + and prominent inside.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell smooth, without adoral teeth and marginal spines,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">696. <i>Entocannula</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell with adoral teeth, but without marginal spines,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">697. <i>Pharyngella</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell with adoral teeth and with marginal spines,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">698. <i>Porcupinia</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Challengerida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Challengerida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Lithogromida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Shell without pharynx or inner prominent tube of the mouth.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell smooth, without adoral teeth and marginal spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">693. <i>Lithogromia</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell with adoral teeth, but without marginal spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">694. <i>Challengeria</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell with adoral teeth and with marginal spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">695. <i>Challengeron</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Pharyngellida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Shell with a pharynx, or an inner cylindrical tube, arising from the mouth + and prominent inside.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell smooth, without adoral teeth and marginal spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">696. <i>Entocannula</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell with adoral teeth, but without marginal spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">697. <i>Pharyngella</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell with adoral teeth and with marginal spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">698. <i>Porcupinia</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1647">{1647}</span></div> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Lithogromida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Challengerida</span> without pharynx, + with a simple mouth, not prolonged into an inner prominent tube.</p> + + <h5>Genus 693. <i>Lithogromia</i>,<a id="NtA_312" href="#Nt_312"><sup>[312]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Challengerida</span> without pharynx, without adoral + teeth and marginal spines.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Lithogromia</i> and the two following genera represent together the + subfamily Lithogromida, comprising those Challengerida in which the mouth of the shell is a simple + opening, and not prolonged into a pharynx or an internal prominent tube. <i>Lithogromia</i> may be + regarded as the common ancestral form of this family, since it is the simplest of all, and + possesses no external apophyses, neither teeth on the mouth, nor spines on the margin of the + smooth shell.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Lithogromia silicea</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, + fig. 22).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, one and a half times as long as broad, not compressed. Transverse section + circular. Mouth a simple circular opening with smooth edges about one-third as broad as the + shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.2, breadth 0.15; mouth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Færöe Channel (Gulf Stream), John Murray, + depth 600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Lithogromia diatomacea</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, fig. + 21).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, lenticular, one and one-third times as long as broad, strongly compressed. + Transverse section elliptical. Mouth a broad fissure, half as broad as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.27, breadth 0.2; mouth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Lithogromia lenticula</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subcircular, lenticular, about as long as broad, strongly compressed. Transverse section + lanceolate. Mouth a narrow fissure, one-third as broad as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.15, mouth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1648">{1648}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 694. <i>Challengeria</i>, John Murray, 1876, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., vol. xxiv. p. + 536.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Challengerida</span> without pharynx, with one or + more adoral teeth, but without spines on the sagittal margin.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Challengeria</i>, and the following closely allied + <i>Challengeron</i>, differ from the preceding <i>Lithogromia</i>, their ancestral form, in the + development of teeth on the mouth of the shell. <i>Challengeron</i> has also radial spines on the + sagittal margin, while these are wanting in <i>Challengeria</i>. The latter genus exhibits not + less than twenty-one, the former twenty-five species, so that both together make by far the + greatest part of the family (containing fifty-eight species). They are also more common and more + widely distributed than the four other genera of Challengerida, and many species appear in great + numbers in certain localities. With a few exceptions living on the surface, they are all + inhabitants of great depths.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Challengerantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Peristome with a single simple tooth, which is neither + forked nor branched (<i>Challengeriæ monodontes</i>).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Challengeria naresii</i>, John Murray.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Challengeria naresii</i>, John Murray, 1876, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., vol. xxiv. pl. xxiv. + fig. 1.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Challengeria naresii</i>, John Murray, 1879, <i>in litteris</i>, Narr. Chall. + Exp., vol. i. p. 236, pl. A, figs. 1, 1<i>a</i>-1<i>e</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell circular or nearly circular, strongly compressed, lenticular. Peristome on the dorsal + corner with a single simple vertical tooth, which is nearly straight, conical, with two sharp + lateral edges on the base, about half as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.5 to 0.6, length of the tooth 0.2 to 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, at depths between + 1000 and 3000 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Challengeria xiphodon</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell circular, nearly spherical, slightly compressed. Peristome on the dorsal corner with a + single simple vertical tooth, which is straight, three-sided prismatic, and as long as the + shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.13, length of the tooth 0.1 to + 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Stations 349 to 352, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1649">{1649}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Challengeria sigmodon</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell circular, nearly spherical, slightly compressed. Peristome with a single simple tooth, + which is S-shaped, more or less curved, and about one-third as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.3 to 0.4, length of the tooth 0.1 to 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 231, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Challengeria tritonis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, slightly compressed. Peristome with a single simple tooth, which is vertical, + straight, slenderly conical, and about half as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.15 to 0.2, length of the tooth 0.1 to + 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Færöe Channel, Gulf Stream, in great numbers, + in depths from 100 to 600 fathoms. (Expedition of H.M.S. "Triton," 1882), John Murray.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Challengeria pyramidalis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly ovate, one and a half times as long as broad, slightly compressed. Peristome + with a single, simple, large tooth, which is three-sided pyramidal, vertical, straight, and longer + than half the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.6 to 0.8, breadth 0.4 to 0.5; length of the + tooth 0.4 to 0.5.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Challengeria cyrtodon</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, lenticular, strongly compressed. Peristome with a single simple tooth, which is + crescent-shaped, curved over the mouth, and about half as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.4 to 0.5, breadth 0.3 to 0.4; length of the + tooth 0.2 to 0.25.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Challengeretta</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Peristome with a forked or bifid tooth, or with two + parallel lateral teeth (<i>Challengeria diodontes</i>).</p> + + <p>7. <i>Challengeria sloggettii</i>, John Murray (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Challengeria harstoni</i>, John Murray, 1879 (<i>partim</i>), <i>in + litteris</i>, Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 14.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell triangular, strongly compressed, with three rounded corners, or nearly semicircular; its + aboral margin straight, horizontal, longer than the convex, dorsal, and ventral margins. Peristome + <span class="pagenum" id="page1650">{1650}</span>with two parallel, triangular pointed teeth, + which are obliquely ascending, lamellar, with inflated ovate base, and about as long as the + shell-radius.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.3, length of the teeth 0.1 to 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Stations 347, 348, depth 2250 to 2450 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Challengeria harstoni</i>, John Murray.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Challengeria harstoni</i>, John Murray, 1879, <i>in litteris</i>, Narr. Chall. + Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 14<i>a</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subcircular or somewhat triangular, with convex margins. Peristome with two parallel, + slender, lanceolate teeth, which are obliquely ascending, and about half as long as the + shell-radius.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.15 to 0.18, length of the teeth 0.04 to + 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 231, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Challengeria campbelli</i>, John Murray.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Challengeria campbelli</i>, John Murray, 1879, <i>in litteris</i>, Narr. + Chall. Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 9.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell cordate, nearly triangular, compressed, with blunt apex. Peristome in the excavated + middle of the broad base, with two short, parallel, triangular teeth. This species is very similar + to <i>Porcupinia cordiformis</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, + fig. 16), but differs from it in the absence of an internal pharynx and of external apical + spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.24; length of the teeth 0.03 to + 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Stations 332 to 335, depth 1425 to 2200 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Challengeria thomsoni</i>, John Murray.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Challengeria thomsoni</i>, John Murray, 1879, <i>in litteris</i>, Narr. Chall. + Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 2.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, slightly compressed, with rounded apical pole. Peristome semitubular, obliquely + ascending, nearly straight, in the lower half an open half-cylinder, in the upper half forked, + with two parallel, thin, oblique teeth. Sometimes a third small (dorsal) tooth is developed.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.3 to 0.35, breadth 0.2 to 0.25; length of the + peristome 0.08 to 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Stations 318 to 330, surface, and in depths + from 1900 to 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Challengeria bidens</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, strongly compressed, lenticular. Peristome with two curved, long and thin + bristle-shaped teeth, which are obliquely inclined over the mouth, and longer than the radius of + the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.12 to 0.18, breadth 0.1 to 0.14; length of the + teeth 0.08 to 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1651">{1651}</span></div> + + <p>12. <i>Challengeria havergalli</i>, John Murray.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Challengeria havergalli</i>, John Murray, 1879, <i>in litteris</i>, Narr. + Chall. Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, figs. 13, 13<i>a</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subspherical, slightly compressed. Peristome semitubular, slender, somewhat curved, in + the lower half a simple half-cylinder, in the upper half forked, with two divergent teeth, nearly + as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.15, length of the peristome 0.08 to + 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>13. <i>Challengeria elephas</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ellipsoidal, not compressed. Peristome very similar to that of <i>Challengeron diodon</i> + (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, + fig. 6), from which this species differs mainly in the absence of an apical spine, and in a more + constricted mouth. The two conical teeth of the mouth are very large, nearly as long as the shell, + straight, and almost parallel, each tooth has a large hole on the thickened base.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.22, length of the teeth 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Challengerilla</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Peristome with three teeth or trifid, with an odd dorsal + and two paired lateral teeth (<i>Challengeriæ triodontes</i>).</p> + + <p>14. <i>Challengeria macleari</i>, John Murray.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Challengeria macleari</i>, John Murray, 1879, <i>in litteris</i>, Narr. Chall. + Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subcircular, lenticular, with a sharp marginal edge. Peristome semitubular, an oblique + half-cylinder, with three divergent, short, triangular teeth; the dorsal odd tooth nearly + vertical, the paired lateral teeth subhorizontal. Length of the peristome about one-third or + one-fourth of the diameter of the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.25 to 0.35, length of the peristome 0.1 to + 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Stations 325 to 332, depth 1715 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>15. <i>Challengeria tridens</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, slightly compressed. Peristome about as long as the radius of the shell, + with three diverging and obliquely descending teeth; the dorsal odd tooth twice as long as the + paired lateral teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.08 to 0.12, length of the peristome 0.05 to + 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Færöe Channel (Gulf Stream), John Murray.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1652">{1652}</span></div> + + <p>16. <i>Challengeria trigona</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Challengeria macleari</i>, var., John Murray, 1879, <i>in litteris</i>, Narr. + Chall. Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 3<i>b</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell triangular, with three rounded corners; the two lateral sides nearly straight, equal, the + aboral side more or less convex and somewhat shorter. Peristome a curved half-tube (often longer + than in Murray's figure), one-third to one-half as long as the shell, with three short triangular + diverging and ascending teeth of equal length.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.25 to 0.3, breadth 0.2 to 0.25; length of the + peristome 0.08 to 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Stations 332 to 335, depth 1425 to 2200 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>17. <i>Challengeria trifida</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, more or less compressed, about two-thirds as long as broad. Peristome semitubular, + obliquely ascending, about one-third as long as the shell, in the lower half simple, in the upper + trifid, with three curved divergent teeth; the dorsal odd tooth shorter than the paired lateral + teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.3 to 0.36, breadth 0.24 to 0.28.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Challengeromma</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Peristome with four to six or more teeth.</p> + + <p>18. <i>Challengeria quadridens</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subglobose, with nearly circular perimeter. Peristome an oblique short and broad tube, + the breadth of which is twice as great as its length and equal to the radius of the shell. Margin + of the peristome with four divergent, short, triangular teeth, the two dorsal teeth half as long + as the two ventral.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.22 to 0.24, breadth of the peristome 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>19. <i>Challengeria bromleyi</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, lenticular, strongly compressed. Peristome a broad, trapezoidal, horizontal + lamella, the breadth of which is twice as great as its length and nearly equal to the diameter of + the shell; its margin with four divergent triangular lamellar teeth, the two dorsal teeth three + times as long as the two ventral.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.08 to 0.1, breadth 0.05 to 0.07; breadth of the + peristome 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 244 to 253, surface, and in various + depths.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1653">{1653}</span></div> + + <p>20. <i>Challengeria wildi</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, + fig. 2).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, slightly compressed. Peristome semitubular, curved, as long as the + shell-radius; with five curved lamellar teeth, an odd longer dorsal tooth and two pairs of lateral + teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.18, length of the peristome 0.08 to + 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Stations 347 to 348, depth 2250 to 2450 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>21. <i>Challengeria aldrichi</i>, John Murray, <span class="correction" + title="Added by Errata."><i>Challengeria aldrichi</i>1876, L. N. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#ln27">27</a>, pl. 24, fig. + 2.</span></p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Challengeria aldrichi</i>, John Murray, 1879, in litteris, Narr. Chall. Exp., + vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subspherical, slightly compressed. Peristome a collar-like curved lamella, the breadth of + which is twice as great as its length, and equals the radius of the shell; its margin with six + short triangular teeth, two convergent ventral, two external horizontal lateral, and two ascending + dorsal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.2, breadth of the peristome 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244 to 248, depth 2050 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>22. <i>Challengeria murrayi</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Shell subcircular, lenticular, strongly compressed. Peristome a trapezoidal, curved, + collar-like lamella, the breadth of which is three times as great as its length and equal to the + diameter of the shell; its margin with six triangular teeth, disposed like the preceding species, + but larger.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.15, breadth of the peristome 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North-Western Pacific (south of Japan), Station 231, depth + 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 695. <i>Challengeron</i>, John Murray, 1879, <i>in litteris et schedulis</i>.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Challengerida</span> without pharynx, with one or + more teeth on the mouth, and with marginal spines.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Challengeron</i> has in general the same shape as the preceding + closely allied <i>Challengeria</i>, but differs from it in the development of radial spines on the + sagittal margin of the shell, which in the latter genus is smooth. According to the different + number and arrangement of these marginal spines, which give a very singular appearance to them, we + divide the twenty-five species of this cosmopolitan genus into four subgenera:—(1) with a + single, odd apical spine; (2) with two opposed aboral spines (a dorsal and a ventral); (3) with a + bunch of aboral spines; (4) with numerous radial spines along the whole sagittal margin of the + shell.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Challengeranium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Margin of the shell with a single spine on the apical + pole, opposite to the peristome (<i>Challengeriæ caudatæ</i>).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1654">{1654}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Challengeron monodon</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, slightly compressed, with a single straight conical spine on the apical + pole, about as long as the radius. Peristome with a single vertical, straight, conical tooth, + diametrically opposite to the apical spine and of the same length. (Similar to <i>Challengeria + naresii</i>.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.3, length of the two opposite spines + 0.1 to 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Challengeron cochlear</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nearly circular, lenticular, strongly compressed, with a single straight conical spine on + the apical pole, about half as long as the radius. Peristome spoon-shaped, obliquely curved and + inclined over the mouth, with a single terminal tooth, somewhat longer than the radius.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.1, length of the peristome 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, Rabbe, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Challengeron diodon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, slightly compressed, with a single straight conical spine on the aboral pole, half + as long as the radius. Peristome short and broad, collar-shaped, about twice as broad as long, and + half as long as the radius, obliquely inclined over the mouth, with two divergent straight teeth, + which are conical and longer than the shell-radius; beyond each tooth a large ovate hole in the + wall of the peristome.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.08 to 0.1, length of the teeth 0.06 to + 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South-Eastern Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Challengeron pearceyi</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Shell ellipsoidal or subspherical, scarcely compressed, with a single straight conical spine on + the apical pole, about as long as the diameter. Peristome slender, semitubular, nearly as long as + the diameter, somewhat obliquely inclined over the mouth, with three divergent triangular or + lanceolate teeth; the dorsal odd tooth about twice as large as the paired lateral teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.08 to 0.12, length of the peristome 0.08 to + 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean, between Kerguelen and Heard Island, Station + 157.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Challengeron swirei</i>, John Murray.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Challengeria swirei</i>, John Murray, 1879, <i>in litteris</i>, Narr. Chall. + Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 11.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subspherical or somewhat ovate, with a single straight conical spine on the apical pole, + about as long as the radius. Peristome slender, semitubular, straight and vertical, nearly as long + as the shell, with three pointed teeth, an odd longer terminal and two paired shorter lateral.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.06 to 0.08, length of the peristome 0.05 to + 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, surface, common.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1655">{1655}</span></div> + + <p>6. <i>Challengeron triodon</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, one and a half times as long as broad, not compressed, with a single short and + stout conical spine on the apical pole, shorter than half the radius. Peristome short and broad, + collar-shaped, nearly half as broad and one-third as long as the shell, with three divergent + terminal teeth, an odd dorsal and two paired lateral.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.25 to 0.3, breadth 0.15 to 0.2; length and + breadth of the peristome 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 245, surface.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Challengerebium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Margin of the shell with two widely distant aboral spines, + opposite in the sagittal plane, a dorsal and a ventral.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Challengeron balfouri</i>, John Murray.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Challengeria balfouri</i>, John Murray, 1879, <i>in litteris</i>, Narr. Chall. + Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 10.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subcircular, lenticular, strongly compressed, with two short divergent spines on the + apical margin (a dorsal and a ventral). Peristome slender, semitubular, as long as the radius, + vertical, in the distal half forked, with two parallel teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.08 to 0.16, length of the peristome 0.04 to + 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Stations 353 to 354, Hebrides, surface.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Challengeron golfense</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, lenticular, compressed, with two short divergent spines on the apical margin (a + dorsal and a ventral). Peristome slender, semitubular, half as long as the radius, with three + terminal teeth, two short, vertically ascending, paired teeth and a larger odd tooth, which is + inclined obliquely over the mouth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.15 to 0.2, peristome 0.05 to 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Færöe Channel, Gulf Stream, surface and at + various depths, John Murray.</p> + + <p>9. <i>Challengeron richardsii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <p>Shell subcircular, lenticular, strongly compressed, with two stout, divergent, straight spines + on the aboral margin (a dorsal and a ventral) which reach the length of the radius. Peristome + slender, semitubular, slightly curved, about as long as the radius, with three short, divergent, + <span class="pagenum" id="page1656">{1656}</span>terminal teeth. Mouth obliquely truncate. The + dorsal odd tooth is nearly vertical, the two lateral paired teeth almost horizontal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.25, length of the spines and the + peristome 0.08 to 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, surface, common.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Challengeron fergusoni</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Shell isosceles triangular, with three slightly convex edges and two short, nearly vertically + descending spines on the two corners of the aboral margin. Peristome inversely funnel-shaped, with + a deep ventral incision on the base, and three broad, ovate, triangular teeth. The dorsal odd + tooth is nearly vertical, whilst the two lateral paired teeth are almost horizontal; therefore the + angle between the former and the latter is about a right angle.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.3, length of the peristome 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Challengeron tizardi</i>, John Murray.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Challengeria tizardi</i>, John Murray, 1879, <i>in litteris</i>, Narr. Chall. + Exp., vol i. p. 226, pl. A, figs. 7-7<i>b</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell nearly equilateral triangular, with concave ventral, convex dorsal and aboral edges, on + the two corners of the latter two opposite horizontal spines (a dorsal and a ventral). Peristome + auriculate and bilobate, with a deep ventral incision on the base, and three pointed triangular + teeth, the upper margins of which are nearly horizontal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.22 to 0.3, length and breadth of the peristome + 0.01 to 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Stations 332 to 335, depth 1425 to 2200 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Challengeron triangulum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly equilateral triangular, with three slightly convex or nearly straight sides, and + two opposite obliquely descending and diverging spines on the two corners of the aboral margin. + Peristome auriculate and bilobate, with a very thin basal neck and a deep incision on its ventral + side; its distal margin is obliquely truncate, and exhibits an odd ascending dorsal tooth and two + parallel, paired, descending, lateral teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.3; length and breadth of the peristome + 0.1 to 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 244 to 253, depth 2050 to 3125 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Challengeridium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Margin of the shell smooth on the dorsal and the ventral + side, but with three to five or more large spines (or a bunch of spines) on the aboral side; the + middle spine is placed in the main axis, and larger than the others.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1657">{1657}</span></div> + + <p>13. <i>Challengeron bisternum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subcircular, lenticular, strongly compressed, with three stout conical spines on the + aboral pole; the middle spine is placed in the main axis, as long as the radius and three times as + long as the two others. Peristome semitubular, straight, vertical, about as long as the radius, + with three divergent teeth, the middle of which is odd and twice as large as the two paired + lateral teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.22; length of the peristome 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>14. <i>Challengeron heptacanthum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, slightly compressed, with a series of five stout, conical, radial spines on the + aboral margin; the middle spine is placed in the main axis and longer than the radius, twice as + long as the two next, and three times as long as the more distant spines. Peristome short and + broad, collar-shaped, with two large, divergent, straight teeth, each of which is longer than the + shell-radius and bears at its base a large hole.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.09 to 0.11, breadth 0.07 to 0.08; length of the + teeth 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Stations 347, 348, depth 2250 and 2450 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>15. <i>Challengeron crosbiei</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, fig. + 11).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, strongly compressed, with a series of seven to nine conical spines on the aboral + margin; the middle spine is placed in the main axis, as long as the radius, and much larger than + the six or eight other spines. Peristome short and broad, collar-like, with several small spines + and two slender, widely distant, conical teeth, which are half as long as the shell, and curved + towards one another like a pincer, each with a large hole at its base.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.08 to 0.09, breadth 0.06 to 0.07; length of the + two larger teeth 0.04 to 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>16. <i>Challengeron buchanani</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, fig. + 12).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, slightly compressed, with a terminal comb of nine to twelve conical radial spines, + densely crowded on the aboral pole; the middle spine is placed in the main axis, about half as + long as the shell and much larger than the others. Peristome subconical, semitubular, recurved, + half as long as the shell, with five triangular teeth; the dorsal odd tooth is inclined backwards, + the two parallel pairs of lateral teeth directed ventrally.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.15 to 0.18, breadth 0.1 to 0.12; length of the + peristome 0.06 to 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1658">{1658}</span></div> + + <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Challengerosium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Margin of the shell dentated or serrated, with a + continuous series of numerous short radial spines.</p> + + <p>17. <i>Challengeron channeri</i>, John Murray.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Challengeron channeri</i>, John Murray, 1879, <i>in litteris</i>, Narr. Chall. + Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 12.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subcircular, lenticular, strongly compressed, with fourteen to eighteen slender, + straight, radial spines on the margin; the spines are straight, equidistant, cylindrical, and + about as long as the radius of the shell. Peristome short, with two parallel, vertical, lateral, + straight teeth, which are less than half the length of a spine.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.14 to 0.17; length of the spines 0.06 to + 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 231, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>18. <i>Challengeron moseleyi</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, fig. + 14).</p> + + <p>Shell circular, lenticular, strongly compressed, with thirty to forty slender, straight, + equidistant, radial spines on the margin, larger and smaller spines alternating; the larger spines + are about as long as the radius, the smaller only half as long. Peristome short, tubular, with two + divergent ovate or nearly triangular teeth, a dorsal and a ventral, about as long as the shorter + marginal spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.13 to 0.15; length of the larger spines <span + class="correction" title="Original reads '0.6'.">0.06</span> to 0.07, of the smaller 0.03 to + 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>19. <i>Challengeron bethelli</i>, John Murray.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Challengeron bethelli</i>, John Murray, 1879, <i>in litteris</i>, Narr. Chall. + Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 6.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subcircular, lenticular, strongly compressed, with numerous (twenty to thirty) short + conical spines on the margin (often wanting in the upper part of the dorsal margin). Peristome + with a deep labial incision and two parallel triangular lateral teeth, the upper margin of which + is horizontal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.25; length of the spines 0.02 to + 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 238, 241 (off Japan), depth between + 2300 and 3950 fathoms.</p> + + <p>20. <i>Challengeron bathybium</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subcircular, lenticular, slightly compressed, with a corona of numerous (thirty to forty + or more) short, conical, radial spines on the margin. Peristome helmet-shaped, nearly as long as + the <span class="pagenum" id="page1659">{1659}</span>radius, with two widely divergent, conical, + curved teeth, a vertical dorsal and a nearly horizontal ventral tooth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.22; length of the peristome 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>21. <i>Challengeron johannis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, slightly compressed, with a corona of numerous (forty to sixty or more) short + radial spines on the margin, ten to fifteen of them (in the aboral half) are pyramidal, and much + larger than the others. Peristome helmet-shaped, about one-third as long as the shell, with a deep + bosom and two widely divergent teeth on the concave upper margin, a forked dorsal and a conical + ventral.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.13, breadth 0.1; length of the peristome + 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Færöe Channel (Gulf Stream), John Murray.</p> + + <p>22. <i>Challengeron carpenterii</i>, John Murray.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Challengeron carpenterii</i>, John Murray, 1877, <i>in litteris</i>, Narr. + Chall. Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 8.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, with a series of twelve to fifteen short, conical, radial spines on the aboral + half of the margin. Peristome slender, semitubular, nearly as long as the shell, in the upper half + forked, with two short parallel teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.13 to 0.18, breadth 0.1 to 0.14; length of the + peristome 0.1 to 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Stations 347 to 348, depth 2250 to 2450 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>23. <i>Challengeron ciliatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, slightly compressed, with numerous (forty to fifty or more) short and thin, + bristle-shaped, radial spines on the margin. Peristome obliquely truncate, with three curved + spines; the dorsal odd spine subvertical, nearly as long as the radius, and much stronger than the + two parallel, nearly horizontal, lateral spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.15, breadth 0.11; length of the peristome + 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 231, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>24. <i>Challengeron willemoesii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, fig. + 13).</p> + + <p>Shell broadly-ovate or nearly circular, lenticular, with numerous (fifty to sixty) short and + stout, conical, radial spines on the margin, increasing in size towards the aboral pole; the + spines are alternately larger and smaller, the largest about half as long as the radius. Peristome + helmet-shaped or half conical, longer than the radius of the shell, with two pairs of conical, + curved, <span class="pagenum" id="page1660">{1660}</span>divergent teeth; the terminal teeth are + the halves of a forked dorsal tooth and diverge laterally; the lower teeth are nearly horizontal + and directed ventrally.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.13 to 0.15; length of the peristome 0.07 to + 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific, Stations 274 to 276, depth 2350 to 2750 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>25. <i>Challengeron wyvillei</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, fig. + 15).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, lenticular, strongly compressed, with numerous (forty to fifty) short, conical, + radial spines on the margin; the spines are larger on the aboral side and spinulate. Peristome + narrow, with two parallel, lateral, lamellar, forked teeth, about as long as the radius; the upper + branch of the forks is sabre-shaped, obliquely truncate, subvertical, ciliate, and much broader + than the lower nearly horizontal branch, which is directed towards the ventral side and curved + upwards.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.12 to 0.16, breadth 0.1 to 0.14; length of the + peristome 0.08 to 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Pharyngellida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Challengerida</span> with a pharynx, or + an internal prominent mouth tube.</p> + + <h5>Genus 696. <i>Entocannula</i>,<a id="NtA_313" href="#Nt_313"><sup>[313]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Challengerida</span> with a pharynx, without teeth + on the mouth, and without marginal spines.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Entocannula</i> and the two following genera represent together the + subfamily Pharyngellida, differing from the preceding Lithogromida in the development of a + peculiar pharynx, an internal, cylindrical, or funnel-shaped tube, which is conspicuous, leads + from the mouth into the shell-cavity, and is provided with an inner and an outer opening. The + Pharyngellida are much rarer than the Lithogromida; only ten species have been observed of the + former, fifty of the latter. <i>Entocannula</i> is the simplest form of the Pharyngellida, having + a smooth shell, without aboral teeth and marginal spines; it differs from <i>Lithogromia</i> only + in the possession of the pharynx. One remarkable species is covered entirely with extremely thin, + flinty hairs, and may represent therefore a peculiar genus, <i>Trichogromia</i>.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1661">{1661}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Entocannula circularis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell circular or nearly circular, lenticular, strongly compressed. Pharynx cylindrical, + one-third or one-fourth as broad as the shell, twice as broad as long, its outer and inner + apertures of equal breadth. Surface smooth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.20 to 0.32, of the pharynx 0.07 to 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 250, depth 3050 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Entocannula subglobosa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Challengeria bromleyi</i>, (<i>partim</i>), John Murray, 1879, <i>in + schedulis</i> Chall. Coll.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell circular, nearly spherical, slightly compressed. Pharynx funnel-shaped, truncate, + conical, its outer opening twice as broad as the inner. Surface smooth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.25 to 0.28, of the inner mouth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Entocannula infundibulum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, fig. + 19).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Challengeria bromleyi</i> (<i>partim</i>), John Murray, 1879, <i>in + litteris</i>, Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate, truncate at the mouth, slightly compressed. Pharynx funnel-shaped, its outer + aperture two to three times as broad as the inner. Surface smooth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.22 to 0.28, breadth 0.2 to 0.25; inner mouth + 0.04 to 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Entocannula hirsuta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, + fig. 20).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Trichogromia hirsuta</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Manuscript.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell ovate. Pharynx cylindrical, one-fourth as broad as the shell, its inner and outer + apertures of equal breadth. The whole surface of the shell, and mainly the outer mouth, is densely + covered with thin, curved, siliceous bristles.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.27 to 0.36, breadth 0.2 to 0.3; mouth 0.05 to + 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Færöe Channel (Gulf Stream), John Murray, + depth 600 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 697. <i>Pharyngella</i>,<a id="NtA_314" href="#Nt_314"><sup>[314]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Challengerida</span> with a pharynx, and with one or + more teeth on the mouth, but without marginal spines.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Pharyngella</i> differs from the preceding <i>Entocannula</i>, its + ancestral form, in the development of one or more teeth on the peristome, and exhibits therefore + the same relation to it that <i>Challengeria</i> bears to <i>Lithogromia</i>. Only a few species + of this genus have been observed, all in the Atlantic.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1662">{1662}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Pharyngella monoceros</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, slightly compressed, with a single large tooth on the dorsal corner of the + peristome. The tooth is cylindro-conical, half as long as the shell, straight or slightly curved, + and lies in the main axis of the shell. Pharynx cylindrical, straight, half as long as the + shell-radius. This species is very similar to <i>Challengeria tritonis</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, fig. 5), + and to the common cosmopolitan <i>Challengeria naresii</i>, but differs generically from them in + the possession of the pharynx.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.25 to 0.28; length of the tooth 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Pharyngella gastrula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, + fig. 18).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate. Peristome with two parallel, vertical, straight, pointed teeth, which are half as + long as the shell-radius. Pharynx of the same length, cylindrical or funnel-shaped, its outer + aperture scarcely broader than the inner.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.3 to 36, breadth 0.24 to 0.3; teeth and pharynx + 0.07 to 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Færöe Channel (Gulf Stream), John Murray, + depth 600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Pharyngella invaginata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell circular, slightly compressed or nearly spherical. Peristome with two parallel, vertical, + straight, pointed teeth, which are about as long as the shell-radius. Pharynx of the same length, + funnel-shaped; its outer aperture twice as broad as the inner.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.22, teeth and pharynx 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Pharyngella gastræa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, + fig. 17).</p> + + <p>Shell broad, ovate or nearly circular, lenticular, strongly compressed. Peristome with two + parallel, pointed teeth, which are nearly as long as the shell-radius, slightly curved, and + obliquely inclined over the mouth. Pharynx half as long, cylindrical, obliquely descending; its + outer and inner apertures of equal breadth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.3 to 0.33, teeth 0.12, pharynx 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Stations 328 to 334, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 698. <i>Porcupinia</i>,<a id="NtA_315" href="#Nt_315"><sup>[315]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Challengerida</span> with a pharynx, with teeth on + the mouth and marginal spines.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Porcupinia</i> differs from the preceding <i>Pharyngella</i> in the + development <span class="pagenum" id="page1663">{1663}</span>of marginal spines, and exhibits + therefore the same relation to it that <i>Challengeron</i> bears to <i>Challengeria</i>. Only two + species have been observed; the first of these bears, besides the large marginal spines, numerous + flinty bristles on the surface of the shell.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Porcupinia aculeata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, one and one-third times as long as broad, slightly compressed, covered with short, + bristle-shaped spines over the whole surface, similar to <i>Entocannula hirsuta</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, fig. 20). + The keeled margin is armed with numerous long and stout radial spines, which are alternately + larger and smaller, as in <i>Challengeron moseleyi</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, fig. 14); + the larger about as long as the radius, the smaller half as long. Peristome with two straight, + parallel teeth. <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Pharnyx'.">Pharynx</span> + funnel-shaped, half as long as the radius, its outer aperture twice as broad as the inner.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.24, breadth 0.18; peristome 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Porcupinia cordiformis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, fig. + 16).</p> + + <p>Shell heart-shaped, nearly triangular, with a deep, concave bosom at the broad oral base, and a + bunch of five to nine divergent spines at the blunt aboral apex, the middle spine (in the main + axis) larger than the others. Peristome with two parallel, short, triangular teeth, which are + obliquely inclined over the mouth (their upper convex edge nearly horizontal). Pharynx + cylindrical, short, curved, and obliquely descending.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.25, of the pharynx 0.05 to 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Family LXXIX. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Medusettida</span></span>, n. fam. (Pls. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>).</h4> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> with a simple, ovate, hemispherical + or cap-shaped lattice-shell of peculiar alveolate structure, and with hollow articulate feet + surrounding the widely open mouth. Central capsule excentric, placed in the aboral half of the + shell-cavity.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Medusettida</span> represents a peculiar group of remarkable <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, which are similar to the Challengerida and Tuscarorida in the general + form of the monaxonian shell and its apophyses, but differ from both families in the strange + alveolate structure of the shell and of the hollow articulate feet surrounding its mouth. All the + forms of this family here described are new, and not a single species was known before the + discoveries of the Challenger. The majority seem to be inhabitants of the deep-sea, and occur + mainly in those places where other families of <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> (Aulacanthida, + Aulosphærida, Cœlodendrida) are also well represented; they are, however, nowhere so common + as these latter families. Their long feet and the small delicate <span class="pagenum" + id="page1664">{1664}</span>shell are extremely fragile, so that complete and well-preserved + specimens are rare. Some species are among the most admirable forms of Radiolaria, and are similar + to small elegant Medusæ, <i>e.g.</i>, <i>Medusetta</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, figs. + 1-4), <i>Gazelletta</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>, + fig. 1), and <i>Gorgonetta</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate119"><b>119</b></a>).</p> + + <p>The shell of the Medusettida is usually very small and delicate, in comparison to the long, + often exceedingly large, feet, which depend from the margin of its mouth. From the size and the + weight of these feet, we must suppose that the shell floats in the water in the same position as + in the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, so that the main axis is vertical, and the open mouth + with the feet on its lower pole. The form of the shell exhibits the same varieties as the similar + umbrella of the Medusæ. It is usually more or less hemispherical, sometimes flatter, cap-shaped, + at other times more highly vaulted, campanulate or ovate. The similarity with the umbrella of a + Medusa is so great, that in many species the large lower opening on the mouth of the shell is + surrounded by a prominent ring or diaphragm, comparable to the velum of the Craspedotæ or + Hydromedusæ (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + figs. 3-4).</p> + + <p>The structure of the shell, which we term shortly "alveolate," is very remarkable, and seems to + be different from that of the other <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>. Its reticulate appearance + seems to indicate at first sight the usual lattice-shell, pierced by numerous very small pores + (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>, + figs. 1-3). But as soon as we make the shell dry, air always enters into its thin walls, and each + apparent pore is found to be a small alveole or a separate compartment, which contains a small + bubble of air (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + figs. 11, 16). The thin wall of the shell is therefore double, composed of two parallel, very thin + lamellæ of silica, which are little distant from one another, and are connected by a network of + small rods or septa. This network is rarely regular, with square meshes (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>, fig. 3), + or with hexagonal or triangular meshes (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate116"><b>116</b></a>, + fig. 2); it is usually irregular, with polygonal meshes (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, figs. + 11-16). The size of the meshes or alveoles is usually smallest on the aboral apex of the shell, + and increases gradually towards the mouth. The largest alveoles are around the mouth, on the + velum-shaped peristome, and here the marginal alveoles of the shell pass directly over into the + separate alveoles or hollow compartments of the articulate feet (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>, fig. 1). + Probably each alveole is a separate compartment, filled up by jelly, and has a small opening or + pore on its inside; this pore is very distinct in the marginal alveoles of some larger species + (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate116"><b>116</b></a>, + fig. 1<i>a</i>; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + fig. 14), but I have not been able to recognise it everywhere. Moreover, it often happens that the + alveoles are apparently completely closed. In some smaller species the alveolate structure seems + to be present only in the peripheral part of the shell, whilst the central part is solid.</p> + + <p>The outer convex surface of the shell is usually smooth, sometimes papillate (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate116"><b>116</b></a>, fig. 1), + at other times studded with small, conical, radial spines (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>, fig. 1; + Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + figs. 4-11). Prolonged cylindrical spines or tubes are rarely <span class="pagenum" + id="page1665">{1665}</span>scattered over the surface (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate116"><b>116</b></a>, figs. 1, + 2). In some genera a long vertical or oblique spine is developed from the apex of the shell, and + is comparable to the "apical horn" of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>, figs. 2, + 3; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + figs. 1-4).</p> + + <p>The mouth of the shell, or the large opening on the lower pole of its vertical main axis, is + usually widely open, circular or polygonal, more rarely constricted. In many species the peristome + is broadened and its margin developed in the form of a horizontal diaphragm, which constricts the + entrance into the shell-cavity, and is comparable to the velum of the Hydromedusæ (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, figs. + 1-4). Sometimes the margin of the velum is fringed and bears numerous small dependent filaments of + silica, comparable to the marginal tentacles of many Medusæ (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>, figs. 1, + 3; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + fig. 16). Rarely the mouth is strongly constricted and prolonged into a narrow, long, cylindrical + tube, comparable to a proboscis; its opening is usually fringed (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate116"><b>116</b></a>, figs. 1, + 2).</p> + + <p>The hollow articulate feet, or the large radial apophyses of the peristome, are the most + remarkable organs of the Medusettida, and occur in the same form in no other family of Radiolaria. + Their number is variable from three to twelve or more, and is here employed for the distinction of + genera, as it is rather constant; the most frequent number is four (<i>Medusetta</i>) or six + (<i>Gazelletta</i>). The feet are usually cylindrical, much longer than the shell, and more or + less curved; more rarely they are straight or slightly compressed. They are always articulate, and + divided by numerous transverse parallel septa into hollow compartments or alveoles; the + transversely striated appearance of the feet is brought about by these septa. The alveoles have + usually the form of short discoidal cylinders, and are broader than long (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, figs. + 5-13); rarely they are longer than broad (fig. 15). The septa between the alveoles are always + perforated by a small opening and usually this opening is prolonged into a shorter or longer + tubule, comparable to the siphuncle in the septa of the chambered shells of Cephalopoda; as in + these latter, the succeeding siphons are arranged in a continuous series, which lies either in the + axis of the foot or parallel to it (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + figs. 8, 13, 15). The siphons are directed towards the distal end of the foot, so that, + <i>e.g.</i>, the siphon which arises from the septum between the ninth and tenth alveole, projects + into the cavity of the latter. The communicating cavities of all the alveoles are filled up by + jelly. In the dry shells, which are cleaned by hot mineral acids or by fire, and in which, + therefore, the jelly is destroyed, the cavities become easily filled by air-bubbles (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, figs. 8, + 11, 15). Whilst the alveoles of each foot always form a long simple series, this series becomes + doubled on the base of the larger feet, where they are broadened, and pass over into the + compartments of the peristome (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate122"><b>122</b></a>, + figs. 10, 11, 14). The terminal alveole of each foot is closed.</p> + + <p>The feet of the Medusettida are rarely quite simple and smooth (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, figs. 1, + 5, 7, 10, &c.). Usually they are armed with numerous spines or with elegant pencils of + spathillæ. These secondary appendages or branches are also hollow, with a <span class="pagenum" + id="page1666">{1666}</span>thin wall of silex; but they seem usually not to communicate with the + alveoles of the foot directly; the cavities of the foot and its appendages are separated by a + thin, solid septum. In <i>Medusetta</i> the convex outer edge of each curved foot is studded with + a series of simple alveolate branches (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + figs. 2-4). In <i>Gazelletta</i>, the feet are usually armed with verticillate or alternate + spines, which are either simple or branched (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, figs. + 11-15); sometimes each branch is elegantly arborescent (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>, fig. 1). + Sometimes the distal end of each branch is armed with a spathilla or a coronet of recurved teeth. + The branches attain their highest development in the admirable <i>Gorgonetta</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate119"><b>119</b></a>). The + twelve feet of this most interesting genus are differentiated into two different and alternating + groups, six descending and six ascending. The six upper or ascending feet are arborescent, and + each branch is armed at the distal end with a spathilla (figs. 1, 2). The six lower or descending + feet are covered with most elegant arborescent pencils or anchor-bearing trees; each terminal + branch of a tree is armed with two spathillæ, a smaller terminal and a larger below it (figs. 3, + 4). The distal ends of the feet are rarely simple, usually they are forked or branched, or armed + with peculiar spathillæ; and sometimes these terminal branches are very large (Pls. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate119"><b>119</b></a>).</p> + + <p>The <i>central capsule</i> of the Medusettida is usually subspherical or somewhat lenticular, + and hidden in the aboral or upper part of the shell-cavity, whilst its oral or lower part is + filled up by the phæodium (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + figs. 2, 9, 10, 11). Sometimes the phæodium is very large and prominent at the aperture of the + mouth (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>, + figs. 2, 3; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate119"><b>119</b></a>, + fig. 1). The nucleus is usually ellipsoidal, half as large as the central capsule, and includes + numerous nucleoli. The membrane of the central capsule seems in all Medusettida to possess only + one opening, the astropyle or main-opening with a radiate operculum and proboscis, placed at the + lower or oral pole (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + fig. 2). I have never been able to observe any secondary opening or parapyle. The free space + between the shell wall and the capsule is filled up by the calymma, which also includes the + phæodium. The jelly of the calymma is probably in direct continuity with the jelly which fills up + the alveoles of the shell-wall and of the articulate feet.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Medusettida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w50 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Medusettida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Medusettida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Euphysettida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Peristome of the shell with a corona of three or four feet. Apex of the shell + (usually) with an apical horn.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Three equal feet,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">699. <i>Cortinetta</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Four equal feet,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">700. <i>Medusetta</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">One large and three small feet,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">701. <i>Euphysetta</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Gazellettida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Peristome of the shell with six to twelve or more feet. Apex of the shell + (usually) without apical horn.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Six descending feet,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">702. <i>Gazelletta</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Six descending and six ascending alternating feet,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">703. <i>Gorgonetta</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Numerous (ten to twenty or more) descending feet,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">704. <i>Polypetta</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Medusettida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Medusettida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Euphysettida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Peristome of the shell with a corona of three or four feet. Apex of the shell + (usually) with an apical horn.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Three equal feet,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">699. <i>Cortinetta</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Four equal feet,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">700. <i>Medusetta</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">One large and three small feet,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">701. <i>Euphysetta</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Gazellettida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Peristome of the shell with six to twelve or more feet. Apex of the shell + (usually) without apical horn.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Six descending feet,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">702. <i>Gazelletta</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Six descending and six ascending alternating feet,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">703. <i>Gorgonetta</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Numerous (ten to twenty or more) descending feet,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">704. <i>Polypetta</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1667">{1667}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 699. <i>Cortinetta</i>,<a id="NtA_316" href="#Nt_316"><sup>[316]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Medusettida</span> with three articulate feet on the + peristome.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus Cortinetta comprises Medusettida which exhibit the minimum number of + feet, three, and which therefore may be compared to the tripodal <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (<i>Cortina</i>, <i>Cortiniscus</i>, <i>Tripodiscus</i>, &c.). + This similarity is the greater, as in the few observed species an apical horn is developed (as + also in the following genus). The three feet are in the two species observed of equal size and + similar form, and equidistant, so that they cannot be distinguished as an odd caudal and two + paired lateral feet, as in the similar <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cortinetta tripodiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, covered with numerous curved ascending bristles, with a prominent annular + velum on the peristome, similar to that of <i>Medusetta craspedota</i>. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, fig. 4). + Feet equal, widely divergent and equidistant, somewhat longer than the shell, slightly curved, and + covered on their convex outer edge with a series of short lateral branches, the three ramules of + which bear a spathilla. Apical horn conical, straight, about as long as the shell, also covered + with curved bristles.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.14, breadth 0.11; length of the feet 0.16, of + the apical horn 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cortinetta cortiniscus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, subspherical, thorny, with a prominent annular velum on the peristome. Feet + equal, very large, widely divergent, about three times as long as the shell and studded with + arborescent branches, similar to those of <i>Gazelletta drymonema</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>, fig. 1). + Apical horn slender, conical, straight, thorny, twice as long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.18, breadth 0.16; length of the feet 0.5 to 0.6, + of the apical horn 0.33.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 700. <i>Medusetta</i>,<a id="NtA_317" href="#Nt_317"><sup>[317]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Medusettida</span> with four equidistant articulate + feet of equal size on the peristome.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Medusetta</i> comprises those forms of the family which bear on the + peristome four equal radial feet, and therefore exhibit a striking similarity to many <span + class="pagenum" id="page1668">{1668}</span>small Medusæ (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Codonium</i>, + <i>Tiara</i>, <i>Sarsia</i>, &c.). This similarity is the greater, as usually the four feet + are elegantly curved and the entrance in the shell-cavity partly closed by a marginal diaphragm, + comparable to the velum of the Craspedotæ or Hydromedusæ. In all the species observed the apex of + the shell bears a slender vertical or curved spine, comparable to the apical horn of the <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. In most species the feet bear on their convex outside a series of + teeth or branches, which are also alveolate.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Medusetta codonium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, twice as broad as the constricted mouth. Apical horn about as long as the + shell, nearly straight, smooth. Feet cylindrical, smooth, irregularly curved, about as long as the + shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Medusetta tiara</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, smooth, about as long as broad, and three times as broad as the constricted + mouth, which is surrounded by a horizontal broad ring, like the velum of a Hydromedusa. Apical + horn conical, straight, half as long as the shell. Feet divergent, irregularly curved, twice as + long as the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.07, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic (Færöe Channel), John Murray, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Medusetta minima</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell slenderly ovate, smooth, about twice as long as broad, twice as broad as the constricted + mouth. Apical horn straight, vertical, of the same length. Feet somewhat longer, very thin, + slightly curved at the base, in the distal half nearly parallel and descending vertically.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.06, breadth 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Medusetta quadrigata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + fig. 2).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, campanulate, smooth, little broader than the wide open mouth. Apical horn longer + than the shell, more or less curved, smooth. Feet cylindrical, about as long as the shell, + strongly curved and somewhat spirally revoluted, with a series of short curved teeth on the + abaxial margin.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.07 to 0.09, breadth 0.04 to 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific (off Japan), Stations 231 to 237, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1669">{1669}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Medusetta tetranema</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, conical, smooth, nearly twice as broad as the constricted mouth, without + prominent velum. Apical horn somewhat shorter, straight, conical, thorny. Feet strongly curved + inwards, convergent, twice as long as the shell, each with four to six strong, ascending, + alveolate branches on the abaxial margin.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.07 to 0.09, breadth 0.05 to 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 352, surface.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Medusetta spiralis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell hemispherical, thorny, with wide open mouth. Apical horn straight, vertical, thorny, + twice as long as the shell; feet cylindrical, three times as long as the shell, spirally + convoluted around the vertical axis of the shell, with a series of recurved teeth on the abaxial + margin.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.05, breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 272, surface.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Medusetta craspedota</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + fig. 4).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate or nearly spherical, spiny, twice as broad as the constricted mouth, which is + surrounded by a funnel-shaped truncate velum. Apical horn conical, straight, spiny, half as long + as the shell. Feet strongly curved, longer than the shell, with a series of short conical spines + on the abaxial side.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.06, breadth 0.06.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 239, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 701. <i>Euphysetta</i>,<a id="NtA_318" href="#Nt_318"><sup>[318]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Medusettida</span> with four articulate feet on the + peristome, one odd very large, and three small or rudimentary feet.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Euphysetta</i> agrees with the preceding <i>Medusetta</i> in the + possession of four articulate feet; but whilst these in the latter are of equal size and similar + shape, in the former a single odd foot only is developed, and very large, whilst the three others + are rudimentary and very small. <i>Euphysetta</i> exhibits therefore the same relation to + <i>Medusetta</i> that the Euphysidæ (<i>Euphysa</i>, <i>Steenstrupia</i>, &c.) bear to the + Sarsiadæ (<i>Codonium</i>, <i>Sarsia</i>), among the Hydromedusæ (compare my System der Medusen, + 1879, vol. i. p. 12).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1670">{1670}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Euphysetta staurocodon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>, fig. + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, nearly as broad as long, smooth, with an oblique, slender, conical, apical horn of + the same length. The larger odd foot cylindrical, curved, somewhat longer than the shell, with + three diverging branches at the distal end. The three smaller feet very short, representing the + form of a regular rectangular cross.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.15, breadth 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Euphysetta hybocodon</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, one and one-third times as long as broad, smooth, with an oblique, stout, conical + horn of half the length. The larger odd foot cylindrical, curved, twice as long as the shell, with + a few pairs of short lateral branches and forked distal end. The three smaller feet half as long + as the shell, thorny.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.16, breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Euphysetta amphicodon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth, with a short, oblique, conical, apical horn. The larger odd foot + cylindrical, nearly straight, as long as the shell, with a few short lateral branches, at the + distal end forked. The three smaller feet were in one specimen observed forked, in another (the + specimen figured) replaced by nine small thorns.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.11, breadth 0.13.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 702. <i>Gazelletta</i>,<a id="NtA_319" href="#Nt_319"><sup>[319]</sup></a> John Murray, + 1876 (<i>in litteris</i>).</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Medusettida</span> with six articulate feet on the + peristome.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Gazelletta</i> is by far the most common of all Medusettida, and some + species seem to be widely distributed, or even cosmopolitan. The number of species, too, is in + this genus much larger than in all the other genera of this family. It differs from the latter in + the possession of six feet, which number is very constant in the majority of species; in some + species, however, single specimens are not rarely found which possess five or seven feet instead + of six. Usually the six feet are rather regularly formed and disposed, and diverge downwards; but + sometimes there is more or less <span class="pagenum" id="page1671">{1671}</span>irregularity in + their shape and arrangement. In the majority of species the feet are very long, curved, and armed + in a very various manner, so that four subgenera may be distinguished, according to the + armatures.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Gazellarium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet simple, smooth, without spines and without terminal + branches.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Gazelletta hexanema</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Shell hemispherical, smooth. Feet very long, cylindrical, straight, smooth, widely divergent, + without terminal branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.03 to 0.04, breadth 0.06 to 0.07; length of the + feet 0.1 to 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, + surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Gazelletta macronema</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + figs. 7, 8).</p> + + <p>Shell hemispherical, smooth. Feet very long, cylindrical, smooth, in the basal part + horizontally expanded, in the distal part strongly curved downwards, without terminal + branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, length of the feet 1.2 to 1.6.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Gazelletta orthonema</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + fig. 10).</p> + + <p>Shell hat-shaped, thorny. Feet cylindrical, straight, smooth, widely divergent, without + terminal branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.16, length of the feet 0.3 to 0.5.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Gazelletta cyrtonema</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <p>Shell hat-shaped, thorny. Feet cylindrical, smooth, widely diverging at the base, strongly + curved and convergent in the distal part, often semicircular, without terminal branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.11 to 0.13, length of the feet 0.4 to 0.6.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 354, Canary Islands, surface.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Gazellidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet smooth, without lateral spines, but branched at the + distal end, or with a bunch of terminal spines.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1672">{1672}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Gazelletta furcata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell flat, cap-shaped, smooth. Feet cylindrical, nearly straight, at the distal end forked, + with two divergent, spinulate, terminal branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.3; length of the feet 0.6 to + 0.8.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, surface.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Gazelletta bifurca</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <p>Shell cap-shaped, thorny. Feet nearly straight, widely divergent, cylindrical, smooth, at the + distal end twice forked, with four divergent, terminal branches, each of which bears a spathillum + with six to eight recurved teeth (sometimes, as in the specimen figured, five or six terminal + branches instead of four).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.1, length of the feet 0.3 to 0.4.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Gazelletta penicillata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, spiny. Feet cylindrical, strongly curved, smooth, with a bunch of twelve to + twenty or more curved spines at the distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.08, length of the feet 0.6.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Gazellonium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet spiny, armed with simple or branched lateral spines, + and with terminal branches of the same shape.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Gazelletta pectinata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell flat, cap-shaped, thorny, three times as broad as high. Feet straight or slightly curved, + cylindrical, widely divergent, with four longitudinal rows of short and simple conical spines, + which are directed towards the distal end, and about as long as a single joint of the foot.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.16, breadth 0.5; length of the feet 1.5 to 2.0, + breadth 0.03 to 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Færöe Channel (John Murray), Hebrides + (Mœbius).</p> + + <p>9. <i>Gazelletta pinnata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell hat-shaped, thorny. Feet cylindrical, strongly curved, pinnate, with two opposite + longitudinal rows of simple conical spines, which are slightly curved, directed towards the distal + end and opposed in pairs on about each third or fourth joint.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.3, length of the feet 1.2 to 1.5.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 325, depth 2650 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1673">{1673}</span></div> + + <p>10. <i>Gazelletta studeri</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + fig. 15).</p> + + <p>Shell flat, cap-shaped, thorny. Feet widely divergent, nearly straight and horizontally + expanded, with two alternate longitudinal rows of lateral spines, which arise perpendicularly from + the foot, are simple, conical, slightly curved, and alternate on the succeeding joints. Ends of + the feet constricted, with four to six spines in one row. Dedicated to Professor Studer.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.15, length of the feet 0.6 to 0.8.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic (east of Patagonia), Station 318, surface.</p> + + <p>11. <i>Gazelletta schleinitzii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, figs. 11, + 12).</p> + + <p>Shell hat-shaped, thorny. Feet cylindrical, nearly straight and horizontally expanded, with + four longitudinal rows of equal lateral spines, which arise perpendicularly from the foot and bear + at the end three short divergent teeth. The end of the arms bears three forked spines. I name this + elegant species in honour of Captain Schleinitz, commander of the German ship "Gazelle," who + conducted the deep-sea soundings during the years 1874 to 1876.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.12, length of the feet 0.6 to 0.8.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>12. <i>Gazelletta trispathilla</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, fig. + 13).</p> + + <p>Shell flat, cap-shaped, smooth. Feet cylindrical, nearly straight, widely divergent, with + longitudinal rows of alternate spines, which arise perpendicularly from the foot and bear at the + end three short divergent branches, each with a spathilla of six short teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.25, length of the feet 1.2 to 1.5.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 235 to 238, surface.</p> + + <p>13. <i>Gazelletta robusta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + fig. 14).</p> + + <p>Shell flat, cap-shaped, thorny. Feet cylindrical, very stout, slightly curved, covered with + short irregularly branched spines; their ends with a bunch of similar spines.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.6, length of the feet 2.5 to 3.3.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, surface.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Gazellusium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Feet spiny, armed with simple or branched lateral spines, + and with larger terminal branches of a different shape.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1674">{1674}</span></div> + + <p>14. <i>Gazelletta dendronema</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, fig. + 16).</p> + + <p>Shell hemispherical, thorny, with a broad, alveolate velum which bears irregular hollow thorns + on the inside and on the free margin (fig. 16). Feet divergent, irregularly curved, with scattered + arborescent lateral spines, which are irregularly branched, and bear at the distal end of each + branch a small spathilla with four to six teeth. The distal ends of the feet are dichotomously + branched, with stouter simple fork-branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.17, breadth 0.36; length of the feet 0.5 to + 0.7.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 252, surface.</p> + + <p>15. <i>Gazelletta melusina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, spiny. Feet divergent, strongly curved, with scattered arborescent lateral + spines, which are richly and dichotomously branched, with thin, simple, terminal branches. The + distal ends of the feet bear three or four much larger and stouter branches, which are again + dichotomously branched.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.2, breadth 0.15; length of the feet 0.5 to + 0.8.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 293, depth 2025 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 703. <i>Gorgonetta</i>,<a id="NtA_320" href="#Nt_320"><sup>[320]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Medusettida</span> with twelve articulate feet on + the peristome, six ascending and six alternate descending.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Gorgonetta</i> is the most highly developed of all hitherto observed + Medusettida, and belongs to the most remarkable forms of Radiolaria. Its general shape is very + similar to that of a larva of a <i>Geryonia</i> or <i>Carmarina</i>, in which six interradial + larval tentacles are directed upwards, six alternating perradial permanent tentacles downwards. + The six ascending feet are in all the four species observed smaller, more or less branched, and + armed with spathillæ. The six descending feet are much larger and covered with very elegant + pencils, the single threads of which bear a double spathilla. The distal ends of the feet are + forked or branched.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Gorgonetta mirabilis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate119"><b>119</b></a>, + figs. 1-4).</p> + + <p>Shell cap-shaped, flatly vaulted, or nearly hemispherical, about twice as broad as long, with + smooth surface. Six ascending feet widely divergent, about twice as long as the breadth of the + shell, nearly straight, arborescent, with numerous curved branches, each of which bears at the + distal end a spathilla with four to six short recurved teeth (fig. 2). Six descending feet about + twice as <span class="pagenum" id="page1675">{1675}</span>long as the six alternate ascending, + nearly straight, covered with numerous elegant pencils. Each pencil is richly branched, with fifty + to one hundred or more thread-like ramules, and each terminal ramule has two cruciate spathillæ, a + larger proximal and a smaller distal (figs. 3, 4); the four recurved anchor-teeth of the proximal + spathilla are twice as large as those of the distal. The distal end of each descending foot bears + three or four very stout terminal branches, each of which is about as long as the shell and again + trifurcate at the distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.2 to 0.3, breadth 0.4 to 0.5.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Stations 346 to 348, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Gorgonetta geryonia</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell hemispherical, twice as broad as long, with short scattered thorns on the surface. Twelve + feet of similar shape to those in the preceding species, but differing in the following + characters:—the six ascending feet are much smaller, about as long as the breadth of the + shell, and each bears only six to twelve short branches; the six descending feet are about three + times as long as the shell, more or less curved; their pencils much smaller, and the two spathillæ + of each pencil-thread bear five anchor-teeth. The distal ends are more richly and irregularly + branched.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.4, breadth 0.7.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean (Cocos Islands), Rabbe, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Gorgonetta carmarina</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell flat, cap-shaped, three times as broad as long. Twelve feet similar in shape to those of + the two preceding species, but more irregular in form and arrangement, and differing in the + following characters:—the six ascending feet are nearly horizontally expanded, one and a + half times as long as the breadth of the shell, with few short branches, each of which bears a + spathilla with six recurved anchor-teeth. The six descending feet are about five times as long as + the shell, irregularly curved, studded with numerous small pencils, each thread of which bears a + double spathilla with six teeth. The distal ends are irregularly branched.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.2, breadth 0.7.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Gorgonetta bisenaria</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, similar to that of <i>Gazelletta melusina</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>, fig. 1), + with smooth surface. Six ascending feet about as long as the shell, nearly straight, similar to + those of <i>Gorgonetta mirabilis</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate119"><b>119</b></a>, + fig. 1). Six descending feet also similar to those of the latter, but shorter, about twice as long + as the shell, strongly curved, studded with numerous small pencils, each thread of which has a + double spathilla with three teeth. The distal end of each foot bears a whorl of six to eight + irregular forked branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.5, breadth 0.4.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 263, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1676">{1676}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 704. <i>Polypetta</i>,<a id="NtA_321" href="#Nt_321"><sup>[321]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Medusettida</span> with numerous (ten to twenty or + more) articulate feet.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Polypetta</i> comprises those Medusettida in which the number of feet + is very large and not limited, usually twenty to thirty or more. The few specimens of this genus + that have been observed are rather different; and it may be that only the two first species + described in the following lines are true Medusettida; they possess the usual distinctly alveolate + feet, and are derived from the similar <i>Medusetta</i> or <i>Gazelletta</i> simply by + multiplication of the feet. The two other species, however (figured in Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate116"><b>116</b></a>, figs. 1, + 2, as <i>Porospathis</i>), belong perhaps to another family of <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> + (Castanellida?); their shell-structure is peculiar and their feet not distinctly alveolate; they + may therefore represent a peculiar genus <i>Porospathis</i> (Haeckel, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. + Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, 1879, p. 5).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Polypetta polynema</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, thorny, about as long as broad, with slightly constricted mouth, similar to + that of <i>Gazelletta orthonema</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + fig. 10). Shell-wall hollow, with irregular polygonal alveoles. Peristome with a corona of + eighteen divergent, curved, cylindrical feet of unequal size; six larger primary on the margin of + the shell, the other twelve secondary, between the former, somewhat above the margins at different + heights. The feet are two to three times as long as the shell, irregularly curved and distinctly + alveolate, without appendages.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.11.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Polypetta alveolata</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell campanulate, thorny, about as long as broad, very similar to that of <i>Medusetta + craspedota</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, + fig. 4). Shell-wall hollow, with subregular hexagonal alveoles. Peristome prolonged into a short + funnel-shaped proboscis, twice as long as the similar velum of the latter. The velum is surrounded + by a corona of eight larger and eight to twelve smaller feet; the larger are about as long as the + shell, divergent, irregularly curved, thorny, and distinctly alveolate; the smaller feet are + scattered above the latter and form an immediate transition to the small spines of the + shell-surface.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 284, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1677">{1677}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Polypetta tabulata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate116"><b>116</b></a>, + figs. 2, 2<i>a</i>, 2<i>b</i>).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Porospathis tabulata</i>, Hæckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, + Dec. 12.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subspherical, with elegantly panelled or tabulate surface, composed of small triangular + plates, which are separated by a network of prominent crests; at each nodal point of the network a + small conical thorn arises (figs. 2<i>a</i>, 2<i>b</i>). Each triangular plate seems to contain a + hollow alveole, which opens into the shell-cavity (?). On the surface of the shell are scattered + numerous (thirty to forty or more), cylindrical, hollow, radial spines, which are straight or + slightly curved, not distinctly alveolate, and increase in size towards the mouth. The aboral + spines are scarcely one-third as long as the radius of the shell, whilst the oral spines are three + times as long as its diameter. The proboscis of the constricted mouth is a hollow cylinder, longer + than the shell-radius, and armed with a corona of fifteen to twenty slender bristle-shaped teeth. + The position of this singular species in this family is doubtful.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.11, length of the peristome 0.07, + breadth 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Polypetta mammillata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate116"><b>116</b></a>, + figs. 1, 1<i>a</i>).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Porospathis mammillata</i>, Hæckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat., Gesellsch. + Jena, Dec. 12.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subspherical, densely covered with numerous mammiliform hollow papillæ, between which are + scattered single longer, hollow, radial spines; these are irregularly curved, cylindrical, without + distinct alveoles; the twelve longest are two to three times as long as the shell, divergent in + the oral direction, and surround the base of the peristome in two irregular alternate circles, + each with six spines. The hollow papillæ of the surface, between which are placed numerous + circular pores (or dimples?), open into the shell-cavity by a small pore (fig. 1<i>a</i>); they + are perhaps reduced radial spines. The constricted peristome is conical and prolonged into an + inversely conical proboscis, which is about as long as the radius of the shell; its dilated mouth + is surrounded by a corona of slender, divergent, bristle-shaped teeth. The position of this + species in the family Medusettida is doubtful; perhaps it is more closely allied to the + Castanellida.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.12; length of the proboscis 0.08, breadth + 0.03; length of the shorter spines 0.1, of the longest spines 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 252, surface.</p> + + <h4>Family LXXX. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Castanellida</span></span>, Haeckel, 1879 (Pl. + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>).</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc33"> + <p><i>Castanellida</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> with a spherical or subspherical + shell, exhibiting ordinary lattice-work, with circular or roundish pores. Radial spines without + circles of basal pores. Mouth of the shell large, usually circular and armed with teeth. Central + capsule excentric, placed in the aboral half of the shell-cavity.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1678">{1678}</span></div> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Castanellida</span> represents a common and widely distributed + group of <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, which posses a very simple and uniform shell, viz., a + simple lattice-sphere with radial spines and one simple mouth. It may therefore be easily + confounded with the Coscinommida, or those <span class="gsp">Sphæroidea</span> in which the shell + is also a simple lattice-sphere armed with radial spines (<i>Astrosphærida simplicia</i>, p. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page209">209</a>). Indeed the shell + of both groups is very similar, and differs in one important point only; the Castanellida + constantly possess one larger opening in the shell-wall, the shell-mouth, which is either smooth + or armed with a corona of teeth; in the Coscinommida, however, such a mouth is never present. The + living specimens of both groups, and those shells in which the soft body is preserved, are very + easily distinguished, since the shell encloses in the Coscinommida the central capsule and the + transparent calymma only, whilst the latter, besides, in the Castanellida contains a voluminous + dark brown or green mass of phæodella, the characteristic phæodium. A closer examination of the + central capsule reveals in all Castanellida the typical operculum, the astropyle, with the + proboscis of the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, which is never present in any <span + class="gsp">Sphæroidea</span>.</p> + + <p>The Castanellida are easily distinguished also from those similar <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> in which the shell is also a lattice-sphere; the lattice-work is + constantly quite simple, as in the similar Coscinommida, never composed of separated tangential + pieces (as in the Aulosphærida), or of porcellanous structure, with basal circles of pores (as in + the Circoporida), or of diatomaceous structure (as in the Challengerida). The gigantic + Orosphærida, which also in part posses a simple lattice-sphere, differ from the Castanellida in + the absence of the peculiar shell-mouth.</p> + + <p>Though the Castanellida belong to the most common <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, and though + the number of individuals, floating on the surface of the tropical seas, is extraordinarily great, + their variety of forms is very small; the six genera distinguished in the following system differ + only in very slight characters, and the majority of the species are very similar, and often hardly + distinguishable. The seven species figured in Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a> exhibit + the most striking differences which I could distinguish among all the species observed. The shell + usually has the characteristic appearance of a chestnut, a sphere covered with very numerous short + radial spines or bristles. In the majority of species a certain number of longer thin radial + spines is scattered over the surface; these are usually simple, rarely branched. The mouth of the + shell, corresponding to the proboscis of the central capsule, and placed in the same radius, is + either a quite simple larger opening with a smooth margin (figs. 3, 5, 7) or is armed with a + corona of teeth (figs. 1, 6).</p> + + <p>The size of the shell varies between 0.2 and 0.8 mm., and is usually between 0.3 and 0.5 mm. + Its form is in the majority of species a geometrical sphere; rarely it is somewhat irregular, + slightly ellipsoidal (prolonged in the axis of the mouth and proboscis), or polyhedral (by conical + protuberances from the bases of the radial spines). <span class="pagenum" + id="page1679">{1679}</span>The ideal fundamental form of the shell, however, is constantly + monaxonian, since the place of the shell-mouth and of the proboscis of the capsule (both lying in + one axis of the sphere), causes a principal axis to be different from all others. The longer + radial spines, quite variable in number and disposition, are never arranged regularly or + symmetrically, and therefore determine no constant axes.</p> + + <p>The lattice-work of the spherical shell offers also but slight differences. It is usually more + or less irregular, with circular or subcircular pores of unequal sizes. More rarely the network is + perfectly regular, with equidistant circular pores of equal size, and sometimes these are + surrounded by hexagonal frames (fig. 6), as in many <span class="gsp">Sphæroidea</span>. More + rarely the pores are perfectly irregular, roundish or sometimes polygonal, of unequal sizes and + dissimilar forms (fig. 2). The size of the pores is very variable between 0.01 and 0.05, usually + between 0.015 and 0.025. They are commonly somewhat broader than the bars between them, more + rarely smaller. The substance of the shell-wall is in the the majority of Castanellida hyaline, + transparent (as in the similar <span class="gsp">Sphæroidea</span>); in some larger forms, + however, a network of fine axial filaments is visible in the lattice (fig. 2), and sometimes this + seems to be hollow, with an axial canal (as in the large Orosphærida). Such an axial filament or + fine axial canal is usually visible in the larger radial spines. The shell-wall of the + Castanellida, however, never exhibits that characteristic structure (with tangential needles in a + cement-like fundamental substance), which we find in all Circoporida. The latter differ also in + the constant presence of circles of large pores around the bases of the radial spines, which are + never found in the Castanellida. The shell becomes usually stained more or less purple by carmine, + and when burned by fire, becomes of a brown colour.</p> + + <p>The inner surface of the shell is always quite smooth, the outer surface armed with numerous + short and thin radial bristles. Sometimes these bristles or "by-spines" are very short, but never + perfectly wanting. Usually their length is about one-third or one-fourth of the radius of the + shell, often less, rarely more. They arise from the nodal points between every three or four + neighbouring spines, and are commonly very thin and straight, pointed, with slightly thickened + conical basis. Rarely they are directed not quite radially, but more or less obliquely.</p> + + <p>The larger radial spines, which arise between the thin bristles or "by-spines" and may be + opposed to the latter as "main-spines," are wanting in two genera only, in <i>Castanarium</i> and + <i>Castanella</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>, + fig. 6). They are simple in <i>Castanidium</i> (figs. 2, 5, 7) and <i>Castanissa</i> (fig. 1), + irregularly branched in <i>Castanopsis</i> and <i>Castanura</i> (figs. 3, 4). Their number and + disposition is never regular nor symmetrical (as in the majority of <span + class="gsp">Sphæroidea</span>) and varies even in each single species. In general the number of + main-spines varies between ten and forty (rarely less or more) usually between twenty and thirty. + Their length is commonly about equal to the diameter of the shell, often somewhat shorter, rarely + considerably longer. Their <span class="pagenum" id="page1680">{1680}</span>thickness is in the + majority of species about equal to the diameter of one or two pores of the lattice. Sometimes they + are much stronger, rarely thinner.</p> + + <p>The form of the radial main-spines is not very variable, usually it is cylindrical or + cylindro-conical, rarely angular, prismatic or pyramidal. Sometimes they are straight (perfectly + radial), at other times more or less irregularly curved. Usually they are simple, rarely branched; + the branches are always very irregular and exhibit a remarkable tendency to unite by concrescence + (figs. 3, 4). Some thicker forms of spines exhibit a remarkable structure, the surface being + covered with small dimples and spinules between them (fig. 1); sometimes the dimples are hexagonal + (fig. 5<i>a</i>). In the axis of the thicker spines there is often visible the same axial filament + or funicle which we find in many other <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, more rarely a hollow + axial canal.</p> + + <p>The mouth of the shell is usually circular, more rarely polygonal or irregularly roundish (fig. + 2). It is either quite smooth (fig. 3, 5, 7) or armed with a corona of strong teeth (figs. 1, 4, + 6). These teeth are different from the other spines of the shell; they are much thicker than the + radial bristles, and shorter than the main-spines. Their number varies between three and twenty, + usually between five and seven. They are usually parallel to the main axis, which is determined by + the excentric position of the mouth and the centre of the sphere (figs. 1, 6). The teeth are + usually conical, more or less irregular in size and form, more rarely of equal size. The corona of + teeth is usually sharply separated from the surrounding lattice-work of the shell, but has no + influence on its regular spherical form.</p> + + <p>The <i>central capsule</i> of the Castanellida immediately determines beyond doubt their true + <span class="sc">Phæodarian</span> nature; it lies excentrically in the cavity of the enclosing + shell, and is surrounded at the oral pole by the large and dark phæodium. The latter covers the + radiate operculum of the capsule membrane and the tubular proboscis, which arises from it and is + directed towards the shell mouth. Usually the diameter of the spherical central capsule is about + one-third of the shell diameter, rarely one-quarter only, and in a few cases it attains nearly its + half. The calymma, therefore, is larger than the capsule, and fills up the whole cavity of the + shell which is not occupied by the latter. The greater part of the calymma again is filled up by + the dark green or brown, sometimes black phæodella, the roundish granules which compose the + voluminous non-transparent phæodium. Sometimes the latter proceeds through the mouth and is + partially placed outside the shell (fig. 5).</p> + + <p>The astropyle, or the main-opening of the central capsule, is placed on the oral pole of its + main axis, while its radiate operculum and the tubular proboscis arising from it possess the same + structure as in the other <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>. But the two lateral parapylæ or + accessory openings which are present in the majority of the latter seem to be absent in the + Castanellida as well as in the Medusettida and the Challengerida. I could never observe a trace of + them. The proboscis is a small cylindrical tube and is directed towards the <span class="pagenum" + id="page1681">{1681}</span>mouth of the shell, therefore placed in its main axis; it is usually + quite hidden in the dark phæodium, which occupies the oral half of the shell-cavity, whilst the + capsule lies in the aboral half. The large nucleus of the central capsule and its double membrane + present the same characters as in the other <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Castanellida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w50 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Castanellida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Castanellida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">No long radial main-spines (in addition to + the constant short bristles of the shell-surface).</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Mouth smooth,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">705. <i>Castanarium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Mouth dentate,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">706. <i>Castanella</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">Long radial main-spines scattered between the short + constant bristles of the shell-surface.</td> + <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi wnw">Main spines simple.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Mouth smooth,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">707. <i>Castanidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Mouth dentate,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">708. <i>Castanissa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi wnw">Main spines branched.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Mouth smooth,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">709. <i>Castanopsis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Mouth dentate,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">710. <i>Castanura</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Castanellida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Castanellida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="7">No long radial main-spines (in addition to the constant short bristles of the + shell-surface).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth smooth,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">705. <i>Castanarium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth dentate,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">706. <i>Castanella</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7">Long radial main-spines scattered between the short constant bristles of the + shell-surface.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Main spines simple.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth smooth,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">707. <i>Castanidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth dentate,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">708. <i>Castanissa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Main spines branched.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth smooth,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">709. <i>Castanopsis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth dentate,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">710. <i>Castanura</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h5>Genus 705. <i>Castanarium</i>,<a id="NtA_322" href="#Nt_322"><sup>[322]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Castanellida</span> without radial main-spines, with + a smooth mouth.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Castanarium</i> is the simplest form of all the Castanellida, and may + be regarded as the common ancestral form of this family. The simple spherical shell has a smooth, + toothless mouth and no larger radial spines; it is densely studded with the simple, radial + bristles, which are common to all Castanellida. The shell therefore is very similar to those + species of the Astrosphæride <i>Acanthosphæra</i>, which represent the subgenus + <i>Rhapidococcus</i> (compare above, p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page210">210</a>, + Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate26"><b>26</b></a>, fig. + 3); it differs from the latter in the possession of the shell-mouth, which is absent in all <span + class="gsp">Sphæroidea</span>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Castanarium darwini</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, three times as broad as the bars. Radial bristles + half as long as the radius.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.3 to 0.4, of the pores 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic (east of Patagonia), Station 318, depth 2040 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1682">{1682}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Castanarium hookeri</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars. Radial bristles + one-third as long as the radius.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.55, of the pores 0.025.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Castanarium lyelli</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores regular, circular, without hexagonal frames, of the same breadth as the bars. Radial + bristles twice as long as the diameter of one pore.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.24, of the pores 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Castanarium lubbocki</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores irregularly roundish, about of the same breadth as the roundish, non-crested bars. Radial + bristles one-third as long as the radius.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.36, of the pores 0.01 to 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Castanarium huxleyi</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores irregularly polygonal, two to three times as broad as the bars, separated by prominent + polygonal crests. Radial bristles half as long as the radius.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.45, of the pores 0.02 to 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific (off Australia), Station 165, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 706. <i>Castanella</i>,<a id="NtA_323" href="#Nt_323"><sup>[323]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Castanellida</span> without radial main-spines, with + a dentate mouth.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Castanella</i> comprises the most common and most widely distributed + species of Castanellida. It agrees in general shape with its ancestral form, the preceding + <i>Castanarium</i>, differing from it only in the possession of strong teeth, which form a corona + around the mouth.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1683">{1683}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Castanella wyvillei</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <p>Pores regular, circular, of equal size, hexagonally framed, of the same breadth as the bars. + Radial bristles twice as long as the diameter of one pore. Mouth with five to six parallel, + conical strong teeth, which are twice as long as a bristle (fig. 6<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.5 to 0.7, of the pores 0.02 to 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 252 to 256, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Castanella thomsoni</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores regular, circular, of equal size, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars. Radial + bristles about as long as the diameter of one pore. Mouth with four strong, conical teeth, forming + a regular cross, four times as long as a bristle.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.7 to 0.8, of the pores 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Stations 295 to 298, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Castanella campbelli</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, three times as broad as the bars. Radial bristles + half as long as the radius of the shell. Mouth with a coronet of eight conical, parallel teeth, of + the same length as the bristles, but four to six times as thick.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.4 to 0.45, of the pores 0.025.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Castanella sloggetti</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores subregular, circular, without frames, of different sizes, about twice as broad as the + bars. Radial bristles three times as long as one pore. Mouth with five or six strong, conical + teeth, twice as long as the bristles.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.3 to 0.36, of the pores 0.02 to 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Stations 347 to 349, surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Castanella balfouri</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores irregular, roundish, two to three times as broad as the bars. Bristles about one-fourth + as long as the radius. Mouth with four strong conical teeth, forming a cross, somewhat longer and + much thicker than the bristles.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.22 to 0.28, of the pores 0.01 to 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 240 to 245, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1684">{1684}</span></div> + + <p>6. <i>Castanella channeri</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores irregular, roundish, two to four times as broad as the bars. Bristles nearly half as long + as the radius. Mouth with seven to nine short conical teeth, shorter than the bristles, but much + thicker.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.3 to 0.4, of the pores 0.02 to 0.025.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Stations 352 to 354, surface.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Castanella horstoni</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores irregular, polygonal, three to four times as broad as the bars. Bristles about as long as + the radius. Mouth with six stout pyramidal teeth, which are scarcely one-third as long as the + radius.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.55, of the pores 0.02 to 0.025.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 707. <i>Castanidium</i>,<a id="NtA_324" href="#Nt_324"><sup>[324]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Castanellida</span>, with simple radial main-spines + and a simple smooth mouth.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Castanidium</i> agrees with its ancestral form <i>Castanarium</i> in + the simple shape of the smooth and toothless mouth, but differs from it in the possession of long + radial main-spines, which are scattered between the constant radial bristles or by-spines of the + surface. The shell agrees therefore in its general shape with the Astrosphæride + <i>Heliosphæra</i>, as defined above (p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page217">217</a>, + Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate26"><b>26</b></a>, fig. + 9), but differs from it in the possession of the shell-mouth wanting in all <span + class="gsp">Sphæroidea</span>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Castanidium willemoesi</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars. Bristles three times + as long as the diameter of one pore. Radial main-spines straight, conical, smooth, as long as the + radius.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.3 to 0.4, of the pores 0.012 to 0.016.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 263 to 274, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Castanidium wildi</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, of the same breadth as the bars. Bristles twice as + long as one pore. Radial main-spines straight and short, cylindrical, with dimpled surface (as in + Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>, + fig. 1), as broad as one pore and as long as the diameter of the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.66, of the pores 0.045.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 297, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1685">{1685}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Castanidium buchanani</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Pores regular, circular, without frames, twice as broad as the bars, of variable size. Bristles + five to six times as long as one pore. Radial main-spines numerous, straight, slender, + cylindrical, about as long as the diameter of the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.25 to 0.3, of the pores 0.012 to 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Stations 346 to 349, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Castanidium murrayi</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>, + figs. 5, 5<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Pores subregular, circular, without frames, three times as broad as the bars. Bristles three + times as long as one pore. Radial main-spines cylindrical, stout, irregularly curved, longer than + the shell-diameter, covered with longish hexagonal dimples, which are separated by a network of + prominent crests (fig. 5<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.4 to 0.5, of the pores 0.02 to 0.025.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 352 to 354, surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Castanidium aldrichi</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores subregular, circular, without frames, of variable size, about as broad as the bars. + Bristles four times as long as one pore. Radial main-spines conico-cylindrical, irregularly + curved, straight, about as long as the radius. (The conical base of the spines is inflated and + fenestrated, therefore the shell is nearly polyhedral.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.35 to 0.4, of the pores 0.012 to 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Castanidium bromleyi</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores irregular, roundish, two to four times as broad as the bars. Bristles half as long as the + radius. Radial main-spines cylindrical, straight, slender, longer than the shell-diameter.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.22 to 0.26, of the pores 0.006 to 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean and Southern Pacific, Stations 162 to 169, + surface.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Castanidium bethelli</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores irregular, roundish or polygonal, two to three times as broad as the bars. Bristles + one-third as long as the radius. Radial main-spines conico-cylindrical, irregularly curved, with + dimpled surface, somewhat longer than the radius.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.5 to 0.6, of the pores 0.015 to 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 235 to 245, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1686">{1686}</span></div> + + <p>8. <i>Castanidium moseleyi</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>, + fig. 2).</p> + + <p>Pores irregular, roundish or polygonal, two to four times as broad as the bars. Bristles about + as long as the diameter of one pore, or a little longer. Radial main-spines cylindrical, + irregularly curved, somewhat longer than the diameter of the shell; their base is more or less + inflated and fenestrated, therefore the shell is nearly polyhedral.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.7 to 0.8, of the pores 0.01 to 0.04.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Stations 346 to 349, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 708. <i>Castanissa</i>,<a id="NtA_325" href="#Nt_325"><sup>[325]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Castanellida</span> with simple radial main-spines + and a dentate mouth.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Castanissa</i> agrees with the preceding <i>Castanidium</i> in the + possession of large radial main-spines, scattered between the numerous bristles or by-spines of + the surface; but it differs from it in the possession of teeth around the mouth, identical with + those of <i>Castanella</i>; it may be derived therefore either from the latter by development of + main-spines, or from the former by formation of teeth.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Castanissa challengeri</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>, fig. + 1).</p> + + <p>Pores regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars. Bristles one-fourth as long as the + radius. Radial main-spines (about twelve) very stout, straight, cylindrical, at the distal end + conical, pointed, with dimpled surface, about half as long as the radius. Mouth very large, + circular, about one-third as broad as the shell, with a corona of twelve to sixteen very large, + triangular, parallel teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.7 to 0.8, of the pores 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Castanissa pearceyi</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars. Bristles half as long as the radius. + Radial main-spines (about twenty) slender, cylindrical, smooth, irregularly curved, about as long + as the radius. Mouth large, half as broad as the radius, with a corona of ten to twelve irregular, + slender teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.5 to 0.6, of the pores 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1687">{1687}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Castanissa richardsi</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores subregular, circular, about as broad as the bars. Bristles twice as long as one pore. + Radial main-spines (about twenty) slender, cylindrical, irregularly curved, with dimpled surface + (like those in Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>, + fig. 5<i>a</i>). Mouth with a corona of six stout, parallel, triangular teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.3 to 0.35, of the pores 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Castanissa crosbiei</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores irregular, roundish, two to three times as broad as the bars. Bristles one-third as long + as the radius. Radial main-spines very numerous, straight, cylindrical, smooth, about as long as + the diameter of the shell. Mouth with ten or twelve irregular, conical, parallel teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.28, of the pores 0.01 to 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 231 to 235, surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Castanissa macleani</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores irregular, roundish or polygonal, two to four times as broad as the bars. Bristles about + one-fourth as long as the radius. Radial main-spines numerous, straight, conical, stout, with + dimpled surface, shorter than the radius. Mouth with six to eight irregular conical teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.32, of the pores 0.012 to 0.024.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Castanissa hoylei</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores irregular, polygonal, two to three times as broad as the bars. Bristles nearly half as + long as the radius. Radial main-spines (about thirty) very long and thin, cylindrical, irregularly + curved, at the conical base inflated and fenestrated; shell therefore slightly polyhedral. Mouth + with five strong conical teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.35 to 0.4, of the pores 0.02 to 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 245 to 250, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 709. <i>Castanopsis</i>,<a id="NtA_326" href="#Nt_326"><sup>[326]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Castanellida</span> with branched radial main-spines + and a simple smooth mouth.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Castanopsis</i> differs from its ancestral form <i>Castanidium</i> in + the ramification of the radial main-spines; the branches are usually very irregular and often + partly <span class="pagenum" id="page1688">{1688}</span>confluent. The shell is very similar to + the Astrosphæride <i>Cladococcus</i> (compare above p. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page223">223</a>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate27"><b>27</b></a>), but + differs from it in the possession of the shell-mouth, absent in all <span + class="gsp">Sphæroidea</span>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Castanopsis naresi</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Pores subregular, circular, about twice as broad as the bars. Bristles twice as long as one + pore. Radial main-spines somewhat shorter than the diameter of the shell, straight, cylindrical, + in the proximal half simple, in the distal half irregularly branched, each with ten to twelve + partly confluent branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.6 to 0.7, of the pores 0.02 to 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347 to 349, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Castanopsis macleari</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores irregular, roundish, two to four times as broad as bars. Bristles half as long as the + radius. Radial main-spines about as long as the radius, stout and straight, cylindrical, forked at + the distal end, with two or three unequal fork-branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.42, of the pores 0.015 to 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Castanopsis fergusoni</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores irregular, roundish or polygonal, about as broad as the bars. Bristles three times as + long as one pore. Radial main-spines somewhat longer than the diameter of the shell, cylindrical, + with irregular and partly confluent lateral branches (similar to Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>, fig. + 4<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.55, of the pores 0.012 to 0.016.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 710. <i>Castanura</i>,<a id="NtA_327" href="#Nt_327"><sup>[327]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1879, + Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Castanellida</span> with branched radial main-spines + and a dentate mouth.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Castanura</i> differs from the preceding <i>Castanopsis</i> in the + possession of a corona of teeth surrounding the mouth, similar to that of <i>Castanissa</i>. It + differs from the latter in the ramification of the radial main-spines, wherein it agrees with the + former. <i>Castanura</i> may therefore be derived either from <i>Castanissa</i> by ramification of + the main-spines, or from <i>Castanopsis</i> by development of teeth around the mouth.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1689">{1689}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Castanura tizardi</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>, + fig. 4, 4<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Pores regular, circular, without hexagonal frames, twice as broad as the bars. Bristles twice + as long as one pore. Radial main-spines somewhat longer than the radius, straight, very stout, + with irregular lateral branches, which are partly confluent. Mouth with six strong conical + teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.6, of the pores 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 346, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Castanura havergali</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, as broad as the bars. Bristles three times as long + as one pore. Radial main-spines as long as the shell-diameter, in the basal half simple, in the + distal half with irregular, not confluent, lateral branches. Mouth with ten to twelve irregular, + parallel, conical teeth of different sizes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.5, of the pores 0.045.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Castanura swirei</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, as broad as the bars. Bristles half as long as the + radius. Radial main-spines straight, longer than the shell-diameter; on the distal end with a few + irregular, confluent, lateral branches. Mouth with six larger and six alternate smaller, parallel, + conical teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.28, of the pores 0.015.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Castanura carpenteri</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Pores irregular, roundish, twice to four times as broad as the bars. Bristles about as long as + the largest pores. Radial main-spines irregularly curved, longer than the shell-diameter, with + inflated and fenestrated conical base; in the distal half irregularly branched, with simple, not + confluent, lateral branches. Mouth with six to nine irregular, strong, conical teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.3, of the pores 0.012 to 0.025.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 331, depth 1715 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Family LXXXI. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Circoporida</span></span>, Haeckel, 1879 + (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>).</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc33"> + <p><i>Circoporida</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> with a spherical or polyhedral + shell, exhibiting a peculiar solid porcellanous structure, with a stellate circle of radial pores + around the base of the hollow radial spines. Mouth usually with teeth. Surface of the shell <span + class="pagenum" id="page1690">{1690}</span>tabulate, panelled or dimpled. Central capsule + excentric, placed in the aboral half of the shell-cavity.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Circoporida</span> comprises those <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> in which the simple spherical or polyhedral shell exhibits a peculiar + porcellanous structure, possesses a simple mouth, and is particularly distinguished by the + constant character denoted by their name, viz., by circles of pores surrounding the base of the + radial spines. It agrees in these striking peculiarities with the following family, the + Tuscarorida, but differs from them essentially by the spherical or polyhedral form of the shell, + which is never ovate, with the main axis prolonged. The radial spines, variable in number, are + regularly or symmetrically disposed in all Circoporida, whilst they are arranged around the poles + of the main axis in all Tuscarorida. Whilst the latter are always extremely large, more than a + millimeter in size, the former are much smaller and never reach the diameter of a millimeter. The + number of genera and species in this family is not large, and the majority are very rare, but they + belong to the most remarkable Radiolaria by the peculiar structure, as well as by the geometrical + regularity of the polyhedral shell.</p> + + <p>The Circoporida may be divided into two different subfamilies, the Circogonida and the + Haeckelinida. The latter are represented by the single genus <i>Haeckeliana</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>), and + possess a spherical shell with numerous small dimples between the circles of pores, and numerous + simple radial spines which do not exhibit a regular arrangement. The Circogonida, on the other + hand, comprise all other genera (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>) and + possess a panelled shell with polygonal plates, and a certain number of radial spines, which are + regularly disposed on the corners of the polyhedral shell, and usually armed with verticillate + bristles and terminal forks or spathillæ. Perhaps the Circogonida and Haeckelinida may be better + considered as two separate families.</p> + + <p>The geometrical fundamental form of the shell is in the Circoporida of the highest interest, + since it exhibits regular proportions, which are very rare in other organic forms, generally some + rare forms of regular polyhedrons. The shell in all members of this family belongs to that group + of geometrical forms which I have called in my General Morphology "<i>Polyaxonia</i>" (vol. i., + 1866, pp. 406-416). The shell therefore is constantly an "endospherical polyhedron," <i>i.e.</i>, + a polyhedron, all the corners of which lie in a spherical surface. The corners are always + indicated by the bases of the radial spines arising from the surface of the shell and marking its + axes, and it is immaterial whether the shell itself is a true polyhedron or a sphere; for in the + latter case also the radial spines mark the axes of the polyhedron.</p> + + <p>The six genera which we here distinguish among the Circoporida, represent six different + fundamental forms. <i>Circoporus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, + figs. 1-3; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, + figs. 5, 6) possesses six radial spines, opposite in pairs in three diameters, perpendicular one + to another; it agrees therefore with the Cubosphærida (p. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page169">169</a>, Pls. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate25"><b>25</b></a>) and <span + class="pagenum" id="page1691">{1691}</span>represents the regular octahedron, with eight congruent + triangular faces and six corners. It has the same form as the well-known antheridia of Chara + (Gener. Morphol., vol. i. p. 412). <i>Circogonia</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, figs. + 8-10; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, + fig. 1) exhibits twelve radial spines, opposite in pairs in six equidistant diameters. The surface + of the shell is divided into twenty equal and equilateral triangles, and agrees therefore with the + regular icosahedron. The same form appears also in some forms of <i>Aulosphæra</i>, and in several + Astrosphærida (Gener. Morphol., vol. i. p. 411). <i>Circorrhegma</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, fig. 2) + possesses a regular shell with twelve equal pentagonal faces and twenty equidistant corners, from + which arise twenty regularly disposed radial spines. It represents therefore the regular + "pentagonal dodecahedron," the same remarkable form which is found in some Astrosphærida, and in + the pollen-grains of some plants, <i>e.g.</i>, <i>Bucholzia maritima</i>, <i>Fumaria spicata</i>, + <i>Polygonum amphibium</i>, &c. (Gener. Morphol., vol. i. p. 412, Taf. ii. fig. 18).</p> + + <p>The three genera of Circoporida mentioned therefore represent three different forms of regular + polyhedrons, in the exact mathematical sense, viz., <i>Circoporus</i>, the regular octahedron, + <i>Circogonia</i>, the regular icosahedron, and <i>Circorrhegma</i>, the regular dodecahedron. In + each of these three regular forms all the faces, edges, and corners are equal. The remaining three + genera of Circoporida represent, however, three forms of subregular or irregular endospherical + polyhedra, which are not perfectly regular. <i>Circospathis</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, figs. + 4-7; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, + fig. 3) is a rather common form, and constantly possesses nine symmetrically disposed radial + spines; the shell is either spherical or polyhedral, with fourteen triangular faces and thirty + edges; the nine spines lie in three meridional planes, which are crossed at equal angles (three + equidistant spines in each plane). We call this remarkable form the tetradecahedron; it appears + also in some Astrosphærida (<i>e.g.</i>, in <i>Haliomma echinaster</i>, figured in my Monograph, + Taf. xxiv. fig. 1). <i>Circostephanus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate116"><b>116</b></a>, + fig. 3) exhibits a subregular polyhedral shell with a variable number of triangular faces and of + radial spines (twenty-four to forty or more). <i>Circostephanus sexagenarius</i> possesses sixty + triangular equilateral faces, which are disposed in twelve pentagonal groups (each with five + faces), so that the shell seems to be derived from a regular pentagonal dodecahedron, the twelve + regular faces of which are divided each into five congruent triangles. From its corners arise + thirty-two radial spines (twelve from the central points of the pentagons, twenty from the meeting + corners of every three pentagons). In other cases the number of faces and radial spines seems to + be larger and their arrangement more irregular. The same may be said of <i>Haeckeliana</i>, in + which the dimpled shell is constantly spherical, and possesses a variable number of radial spines, + from sixteen to fifty-five (usually between thirty and forty).</p> + + <p>The structure of the shell in the Circoporida is the same as in the Tuscarorida, of a peculiar + porcellanous nature. The shell-wall is very thick, more or less opaque, and in direct light + whitish or yellowish. Its surface is dimpled, with numerous small, circular, <span class="pagenum" + id="page1692">{1692}</span>roundish or polygonal dimples in <i>Haeckeliana</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>, figs. + 1-6). In the Circogonida, however, the surface is panelled, with regular or irregular polygonal + plates, often separated by high prominent crests (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, figs. + 4-9, &c.). Numerous simple thin needles of silica lie tangentially disposed and irregularly + scattered in the porcellanous or cement-like substance of the thick shell-wall. Under a strong + lens this substance appears finely punctate, being probably pierced by numerous very fine pores. + The surface of the shell is therefore minutely roughened, and often appears quite black under the + microscope, by the adhesion of innumerable fine air-bubbles. In all Circoporida, as well is in the + Tuscarorida, the porcellanous shell has not the perfect transparency of the purely siliceous + shells of other Radiolaria; its refractive power is somewhat different from the latter; it becomes + deeply stained by carmine and browned by fire, and seems therefore to consist of a peculiar + carbonic silicate.</p> + + <p>The shell in all Circoporida exhibits a simple, excentric mouth, which corresponds to the main + osculum of the central capsule. The excentric position of this shell-mouth has no influence on the + regular form of the shell. The mouth is either circular or polygonal, usually about as large as a + basal circle of pores. It is always armed with prominent conical or pyramidal teeth, the number of + which is variable and seems to depend partly upon the number of the shell-faces or the radial + spines. <i>Circoporus</i> has usually four cruciate teeth (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, fig. 1; + Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, + figs. 4, 5). <i>Circorrhegma</i> exhibits a pentagonal mouth with five teeth (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, fig. 2). + <i>Circogonia</i> possesses a hexagonal mouth with six teeth (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, fig. 8; + Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, + fig. 1). <i>Circospathis</i> has no constant number; some species have five teeth (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, fig. 4), + others four (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, + fig. 10), others nine (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, + fig. 3<i>a</i>). <i>Circostephanus</i> is also variable; one species exhibits eight teeth (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate116"><b>116</b></a>, fig. + 3<i>a</i>), another ten, another twelve. In <i>Haeckeliana</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>, fig. 3) + the teeth are smaller and more numerous. Usually the teeth arise vertically from the surface of + the shell and are spinulate; more rarely their points are directed towards the centre of the + mouth. Sometimes numerous thin needles arise between the teeth (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>The radial spines of the Circoporida are tubular, usually cylindrical and conical at the + thickened base, more rarely prismatic or slenderly pyramidal, with three or more edges; sometimes + the edges are spirally wound around the axis (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, fig. 6). + In the majority of species their length is about equal to the diameter of the shell; often they + are somewhat shorter, more rarely longer. Their tubular structure is always the same as in the + Tuscarorida; the wall of the tube is thick, and in the axis of its cavity lies an axial cord or + funicle, which is connected with the wall by numerous horizontal, simple, or branched threads (Pl. + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, figs. + 6, 7). The axial funicle itself is either a simple thread of silica, or a strand, composed of + three to fifteen or more filaments, which are closely twisted like a rope around the axis of the + spine, and arise separately from the bridges between the pores of the basal circle (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, figs. 7, + 9). The number of <span class="pagenum" id="page1693">{1693}</span>pores in these circles is very + variable, commonly from three to nine, sometimes twelve to fifteen or more; their form is usually + irregularly ovate (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, + figs. 7, 9). The bridges between the pores usually bear numerous siliceous threads or bristles, + which are curved downwards or upwards (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, + figs. 4-6). Sometimes the spines are entirely covered with similar bristles or cilia (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, figs. + 2-5), more rarely with regular verticils of lateral branches (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>The distal ends of the radial spines are simple in <i>Haeckeliana</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>), whilst + in the other Circoporida they are usually (or perhaps constantly) either forked or armed with a + verticil of terminal branches. When the spines are simply forked, their two terminal branches lie + in certain meridional planes (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, + fig. 5). The same is probably the case when they bear three divergent branches (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, figs. 1, + 2), or four crossed branches (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, + figs. 4, 6). The larger species usually bear a corona of five curved branches disposed around the + distal apex of each spine (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate116"><b>116</b></a>, + fig. 3; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, + figs. 1, 2). Sometimes the formation of these coronas is twice or more often repeated, so that the + spines appear verticillate.</p> + + <p>The <i>central capsule</i> of the Circoporida (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, fig. 8; + Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, + fig. 6) is usually about half as large as the enclosing shell, and lies excentrically in that half + of its cavity which is remote from the shell-mouth (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, fig. 8). + The other half (near the mouth) is filled up by the cap-shaped, dark phæodium. The proboscis, or + the central tubule of the astropyle, is hidden in the axis of the blackish phæodium, and is + directed towards the mouth of the shell; it is often S-shaped, more or less curved. The circular + radiate operculum of the astropyle, placed on the base of the proboscis, exhibits numerous + branched radial ribs, and closes the main-opening like the lid of a tea-kettle (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, fig. 3). + The number of the parapylæ, or the accessory openings of the capsule, which in the majority of + <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> is two, seems to be usually increased in the Circoporida. In + <i>Circoporus</i> the capsule seems to posses six and in <i>Circospathis</i> nine secondary + openings, and therefore there is some probability that each circle of pores on the base of a + radial spine corresponds to a secondary opening of the capsule. In <i>Haeckeliana</i>, however + (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>), + I could observe no parapylæ at all. These accessory openings are always very small in the + Circoporida, and may be easily overlooked. Furthermore, the number of observations respecting this + difficult point is too small, and their certainty not satisfactory; it requires therefore further + accurate examination, as also does the whole central capsule of the Circoporida.</p> + + <p>The numerous and remarkable characters of shape and structure, which we have described above as + occurring in the Circoporida, are also found in the following closely allied family, the + Tuscarorida; all the species are inhabitants of great depths. Perhaps it may therefore be more + convenient to separate these two families from the other <span class="sc">Phæogromia</span> as a + peculiar order, under the name <span class="sc">Phæocalpia</span>.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1694">{1694}</span></div> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Circoporida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Circoporida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Circoporida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="5" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Circogonida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Shell spherical or polyhedral with panelled structure and polygonal plates. A + certain number of radial spines are geometrically disposed.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="5" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Shell octahedral (or spherical),</td> + <td></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Six radial spines,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">711. <i>Circoporus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell tetradecahedral,</td> + <td></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Nine radial spines,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">712. <i>Circospathis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell icosahedral,</td> + <td></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Twelve radial spines,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">713. <i>Circogonia</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell dodecahedral,</td> + <td></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Twenty radial spines,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">714. <i>Circorrhegma</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell polyhedral,</td> + <td></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Twenty-four to forty or more radial spines,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">715. <i>Circostephanus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">II. Subfamily Haeckelinida.</td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell spherical, with dimpled structure, and a variable + number of radial spines (without polygonal plates),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">716. <i>Haeckeliana</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Circoporida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Circoporida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Circogonida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Shell spherical or polyhedral with panelled structure and polygonal plates. A + certain number of radial spines are geometrically disposed.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell octahedral (or spherical),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Six radial spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">711. <i>Circoporus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell tetradecahedral,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Nine radial spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">712. <i>Circospathis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell icosahedral,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Twelve radial spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">713. <i>Circogonia</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell dodecahedral,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Twenty radial spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">714. <i>Circorrhegma</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell polyhedral,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Twenty-four to forty or more radial spines,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">715. <i>Circostephanus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7">II. Subfamily Haeckelinida.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell spherical, with dimpled structure, and a variable number of + radial spines (without polygonal plates),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">716. <i>Haeckeliana</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Circogonida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Circoporida</span> with panelled shell, + composed of polygonal plates. The shell is usually polyhedral, more rarely spherical, and the + radial spines are usually (or perhaps constantly) branched and regularly arranged.</p> + + <h5>Genus 711. <i>Circoporus</i>,<a id="NtA_328" href="#Nt_328"><sup>[328]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Circoporida</span> with a spherical or regularly + octahedral shell, composed of eight congruent, triangular plates, with six corners from which + arise six radial spines, opposite in pairs in three diameters, perpendicular one to another.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Circoporus</i>, the simplest among the Circoporida, is distinguished + by the regular octahedral form of the shell, with the three equal axes of the regular crystalline + system perpendicular one to another. Six equal radial spines, arising from the six corners, lie + opposite in pairs in those three dimensive axes. The eight equal triangular faces of the + octahedron are sometimes plane, sometimes concave or convex, and sometimes the shell becomes + spherical. In this case it becomes very similar to the Hexastylida among the <span + class="gsp">Sphæroidea</span>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Circoporus sexfurcus</i>, Haeckel (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Challengeria</i> sp., John Murray, 1876, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., vol. xxiv. pl. + xxiv. fig. 5.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell spherical, covered with irregular, polygonal plates. Six radial spines shorter than the + diameter of the shell, covered with thin curved bristles, in the proximal half cylindrical, in the + distal half forked, each with two equal curved fork-branches. Around the ciliated base of each + spine a <span class="pagenum" id="page1695">{1695}</span>corona of twelve to sixteen pores + surrounded by a circle of numerous, curved, longer bristles. Mouth cruciform, with four + triangular, convergent teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.55, length of the spines 0.4.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Circoporus hexastylus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Shell regularly octahedral, with eight plane, congruent, triangular faces, which are covered + with a very delicate network of small, regular, hexagonal plates. Six radial spines as long as the + radius of the shell, four-sided pyramidal, simple, in the basal half covered with numerous curved + bristles. Around the base of each spine a corona of four equal pores, surrounded by a circle of + twelve short teeth. Apex with four crossed, curved branches (like those of <i>Circospathis + tetrodon</i>). Mouth cruciform, with four smooth teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.24, length of the spines 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Circoporus characeus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spherical, covered with a delicate network of irregular polygonal plates. Six radial + spines longer than the diameter of the shell, cylindrical, covered with numerous curved bristles, + each with eight pores at the base surrounded by a circle of long bristles. Apex of each spine with + a trident or fuscina, similar to that of the following species. Similar to an antheridium of + Chara.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.32, length of the spines 0.4.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Circoporus sexfuscinus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, figs. + 1-3).</p> + + <p>Shell subregular, octahedral, with eight triangular, concave, somewhat unequal faces, which are + covered with an extremely delicate network of small square dimples, and furrowed by radial crests + arising from the bases of the spines (fig. 2). Six radial spines about as long as the diameter of + the shell, four-sided, prismatic, with rounded edges; each in the basal half with a verticil of + four crossed, curved bristles (fig. 1), sometimes with two verticils (fig. 2); on the distal apex + inflated, armed with a trident or fuscina. Around the base of each spine four crossed elliptical + pores. Mouth cruciform, with four small teeth (fig. 1).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.25, length of the spines 0.2 to + 0.25.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Circoporus octahedrus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Shell regularly octahedral, with eight plane, or slightly convex, congruent, triangular faces, + which are covered with very small, regular, triangular plates (like those of <i>Polypetta + tabulata</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate116"><b>116</b></a>, + fig. 2). Six stout radial spines, about as long as the diameter of the shell, four-sided + prismatic, <span class="pagenum" id="page1696">{1696}</span>covered with three or four verticils + of four long curved bristles; at the distal apex inflated, with four crossed, divergent, stout, + curved horns. Around the pyramidal base of each spine a corona of eight pores (two on each of the + four faces). Mouth cruciform, with four triangular, convergent teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.16, length of the spines 0.18.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 712. <i>Circospathis</i>,<a id="NtA_329" href="#Nt_329"><sup>[329]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Circoporida</span> with a subregular, spherical, or + polyhedral shell, composed of fourteen triangular, nearly equal plates, with nine corners, from, + which arise nine radial spines, symmetrically disposed.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Circospathis</i> exhibits the remarkable and peculiar form of a + "Tetradecahedron," or a subregular polyhedron with fourteen triangular faces, thirty edges, and + nine corners, from which arise nine radial spines. These lie in three meridional planes, which are + crossed at equal angles (three equidistant spines in each plane). The same interesting form occurs + also in some Astrosphærida, which bear nine regularly disposed radial spines, as <i>Haliomma + echinaster</i>. All four observed species of <i>Circospathis</i> are South Atlantic.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Circospathis furcata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, + figs. 4-6).</p> + + <p>Shell polyhedral or nearly spherical, with nine prominent corners, from which arise nine radial + spines, about as long as the diameter of the shell. The polygonal plates of the shell are + separated by high crests, usually hexagonal or pentagonal, irregular, about twelve to fifteen on + the half meridian. Radial spines cylindrical, straight, about as long as the diameter of the + shell, with spirally turned edges, covered with numerous curved bristles, at the distal end + forked; the two fork branches curved, one-third as long as the simple basal part. The inflated + base of each spine is surrounded by a corona of nine to twelve ovate basal pores. Mouth + pentagonal, with five thick, mammillate and spinulate, somewhat convergent teeth (fig. 5).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.6, length of the spines 0.5.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic (east of Buenos Ayres), Station 325, depth + 2650 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Circospathis novena</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, + figs. 3, 3<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Shell polyhedral (tetradecahedral), with fourteen triangular, plane, or slightly convex faces, + covered with small, irregular, polygonal (usually hexagonal) plates, and nine prominent corners, + from which arise nine radial spines, shorter than the diameter of the shell. Each spine is + surrounded at the broader base by a circle of twelve to sixteen pores and a corona of bristles, + and bears at the <span class="pagenum" id="page1697">{1697}</span>inflated distal apex a trident + or fuscina, similar to that of <i>Circoporus sexfuscinus</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, fig. 2). + Mouth with nine convergent, conical, denticulate teeth (fig. 3<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.6, length of the spines 0.4.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 318 (east of Patagonia), depth 2040 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Circospathis tetradeca</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell spherical, covered with irregular, polygonal plates. Nine radial spines, cylindrical, as + long as the radius of the shell, bristly, armed at the distal apex with a trident. (In one + specimen six spines possessed three terminal branches, two spines two branches, and one spine four + branches.) The broader base of each spine is surrounded by a corona of nine pores and a circle of + curved bristles. Mouth with nine smooth conical teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.55, length of the spines 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332 (west of Tristan da Cunha), depth + 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Circospathis tetrodonta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, fig. + 10).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical or polyhedral, with fourteen triangular, convex faces, covered with + irregular polygonal plates. Nine radial spines cylindrical, nearly smooth, about as long as the + diameter of the shell; at the distal apex with four strong curved horns, like those of + <i>Circoporus hexastylus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, + fig. 4. Each spine is surrounded at the base by a corona of nine irregular pores. Mouth with four + large, prominent, conical teeth, which are spinulate, with vertical inner edge (fig. 10).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.5, length of the spines 0.45.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 323 (east of Buenos Ayres), depth + 1900 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 713. <i>Circogonia</i>,<a id="NtA_330" href="#Nt_330"><sup>[330]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Circoporida</span> with a regular icosahedral shell, + composed of twenty congruent, triangular plates, with twelve corners, from which arise twelve + radial spines.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Circogonia</i> is remarkable for the regular icosahedral form of its + shell, a geometrical fundamental form, which occurs very rarely in organised bodies (as in + <i>Aulacantha icosahedra</i>, and in some Astrosphærida with twelve regularly disposed radial + spines). The shell is composed of twenty triangular, equilateral and congruent plates, which are + sometimes separated by prominent crests; their surface is panelled by smaller hexagonal or + polygonal secondary plates. The thirty edges between the plates are sometimes thickened. From the + twelve corners of the regular icosahedron (where every five triangular plates meet), twelve equal + radial spines arise, each of which is surrounded at the base by a corona of nine to sixteen pores. + Two species only of <i>Circogonia</i> have been observed; the one has smooth spines, forked at the + distal end, <span class="pagenum" id="page1698">{1698}</span>the other bears numerous curved + bristles around each spine, and at the distal end a verticil of five curved branches. The mouth of + the shell (placed in the centre of one of the triangular plates) is in both species armed with six + teeth. Both species are found in the Tropical Atlantic.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Circogonia icosahedra</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, figs. 1, + 1<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Shell regularly icosahedral, with twenty equal, triangular, nearly plane faces, which are + separated by thirty prominent, crest-like edges, and covered by a delicate network of small, + subregular, hexagonal plates. Twelve radial spines nearly conical, one and a half times as long as + the radius of the shell, with five prominent edges. The campanulate base of each spine is covered + with numerous long, curved bristles, surrounded by a circle of twelve to sixteen ovate, irregular + pores, and separated from the slender distal part by a constriction. The distal apex of the spine + is surrounded by a verticil of five conical, curved branches (corresponding to the five edges of + the spines, and to the five faces, which meet in the corners where the spine arises). Mouth + hexagonal, with six conical, spinulate teeth, convergent towards its centre (fig. 1<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.75, length of the spines 0.5.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Circogonia dodecacantha</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, figs. 8, + 9).</p> + + <p>Shell subregularly icosahedral, with twenty equal, triangular, slightly convex faces, which are + not separated by prominent crests, but covered with a network of irregular polygonal plates. + Twelve radial spines, cylindrical, smooth, about as long as the diameter of the shell, forked at + the distal end with two divergent, slightly curved branches (similar to <i>Circospathis + furcata</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, + figs. 4-6). The conical base of each spine is surrounded by a circle of nine to twelve irregular, + ovate pores (fig. 9). Mouth circular, with a corona of six conical, smooth teeth which arise + perpendicularly from the shell (in the upper part of fig. 8, at left).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.6, length of the spines 0.7.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 714. <i>Circorrhegma</i>,<a id="NtA_331" href="#Nt_331"><sup>[331]</sup></a> n. + gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Circoporida</span> with a regular dodecahedral + shell, composed of twelve congruent, pentagonal plates, with twenty corners, from which arise + twenty radial spines.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Circorrhegma</i> is remarkable for the geometrical regularity of its + shell, which represents a pentagonal dodecahedron. The shell is therefore composed of twelve equal + and regular pentagonal plates, and these are separated in the only known <span class="pagenum" + id="page1699">{1699}</span>species by thirty prominent crest-like edges. From the corners of the + dodecahedron, at which every three pentagons meet, arise twenty radial spines, opposite in pairs + in ten equidistant axes.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Circorrhegma dodecahedra</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, figs. 2, + 2<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Shell dodecahedral, with twelve equal and regular, plane, pentagonal plates, which are + separated by thirty prominent crests, and bear a network of numerous polygonal (usually also + pentagonal), smaller plates. Twenty radial spines about as long as the radius of the shell, + three-sided prismatic, covered with numerous bristles; each surrounded at the thickened base by a + circle of twelve to sixteen pores, and at the distal apex by a corona of five curved, terminal + branches. Mouth pentagonal, with five conical, subvertical, spinulate teeth (fig. 2<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.8, length of the spines 0.5.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe).</p> + + <h5>Genus 715. <i>Circostephanus</i>,<a id="NtA_332" href="#Nt_332"><sup>[332]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Circoporida</span> with a subregular, polyhedral or + nearly spherical shell, composed of thirty to sixty or more triangular plates, with twenty-four to + thirty-two or more corners, from which arise radial spines, symmetrically disposed.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Circostephanus</i> comprises those Circoporida in which the + porcellanous shell is an endospherical polyhedron, with numerous (thirty to sixty or more) + triangular faces, and has a variable number of radial spines (twenty-four to forty or more), + arising from its corners. The number of faces and corners seems to be variable in this genus, but + may perhaps be typical in some species. <i>Circostephanus sexagenarius</i> has the typical form of + a "Sexagenal-Polyhedron," with sixty equal triangular faces and thirty-two corners, and may be + derived from the "Pentagonal-Dodecahedron" (<i>Circorrhegma</i>) by dividing its twelve pentagonal + faces each into five congruent triangles.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Circostephanus coronarius</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate116"><b>116</b></a>, figs. 3, + 3<i>a</i>, 3<i>b</i>).</p> + + <p>Shell polyhedral, with thirty-two to forty triangular, concave faces of nearly equal size, + which are separated by high prominent crests. From the elevated corners of the polyhedron arise + twenty-four to thirty radial spines, which are three-sided prismatic or nearly cylindrical, about + as long as the radius of the shell, and covered with long curved bristles. The distal end of each + spine is surrounded by a verticil of five stout, curved branches, its pyramidal base by a corona + of five (or <span class="pagenum" id="page1700">{1700}</span>sometimes six) ovate, basal pores + (fig. 3<i>b</i>). Mouth armed with a corona of eight short, conical, vertical, spinulate teeth + (fig. 3<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.4 to 0.5, length of the spines 0.2 to + 0.25.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South-Eastern Pacific (off Valparaiso), Station 298, depth + 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Circostephanus sexagenarius</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell polyhedral, with sixty triangular, equilateral congruent faces which are nearly plane, + and separated by high prominent crests. They are disposed in twelve pentagonal groups, each with + five faces, so that they appear as if derived from a regular pentagonal dodecahedron, the twelve + regular faces of which are each divided into five congruent triangles, meeting in its centre. From + the elevated corners of the polyhedron arise thirty-two radial spines (twelve in the central + points of the pentagons, twenty in the meeting corners of every three pentagons). The radial + spines are nearly as long as the diameter of the shell, cylindrical, spinulate, and surrounded at + the distal end by a verticil of five stout, curved branches, and at the pyramidal base by a corona + of twelve to sixteen basal pores. Mouth armed with a corona of twelve conical, vertical, spinulate + teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.75, length of the spines 0.6.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Circostephanus polygonarius</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell polyhedral, with sixty to eighty subregular, triangular, concave faces, which are + separated by prominent crests. From the elevated corners of the polyhedron arise thirty to forty + radial spines, which are longer than the diameter of the shell, densely covered with curved + bristles and three-sided prismatic, with three spirally convoluted edges. Their distal end is + surrounded by a verticil of eight or nine curved branches, and their pyramidal base by a corona of + eight or nine basal pores. Mouth armed with a corona of ten conical, vertical, spinulate + teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.8, length of the spines 0.9.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 288, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Haeckelinida</span>.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Circoporida</span> with dimpled + spherical shell, not composed of polygonal plates. The shell is covered with small roundish + dimples, never polyhedral, and the radial spines are simple, not branched, and usually not + regularly arranged.</p> + + <h5>Genus 716. <i>Haeckeliana</i>, John Murray, 1879, <i>in schedulis</i>, Chall. Coll.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Circoporida</span> with spherical shell of a + peculiar dimpled, porcellanous structure, and with a variable number of simple radial main-spines + which are usually not regularly arranged.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1701">{1701}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Haeckeliana</i> comprises the spherical Circoporida, with dimpled, + porcellanous shell, which are widely distributed, but rather rare, in depths between 2000 and 3000 + fathoms. All the known species (six in number) are very closely related, and though the extreme + forms appear very different in size and structure, they are so connected by a continuous series of + intermediate forms, that they may be regarded as varieties of a single species, first observed by + Dr. John Murray, and called by him <i>Haeckeliana porcellana</i>. The number of radial spines may + be from sixteen to fifty-five, and is usually between thirty and forty. Each is surrounded by a + basal coronet of aspinal pores, usually five, more rarely four or six; the number, however, is not + constant in any one species. Each coronet is armed with an outer ring of by-spines. The surface of + the shell between the coronets is dimpled. The mouth (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>, fig. 3) + is about as large as a corona, and also armed with a ring of by-spines. The structure of the thick + porcellanous shell and the radial spines is different from the other Circoporida.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Haeckeliana porcellana</i>, John Murray (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Haeckeliana porcellana</i>, John Murray, 1879, <i>in schedulis</i>, Chall. + Coll.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell with forty to forty-five coronets, the majority of which have five pores (more rarely + four or six). Coronets broader than their intervals, and twice as broad as the length of the + by-spines. Dimples subcircular, of the same breadth as the pores. Main-spines about as long as the + radius.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.37 to 0.42, of the coronets 0.06 to 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Stations 289 to 293, depth 2025 to 2550 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Haeckeliana maxima</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Shell with fifty to fifty-five coronets, the majority of which have six pores (more rarely five + or seven). Coronets broader than their intervals, and eight to ten times as broad as the length of + the by-spines. Dimples irregularly polygonal, of about the same breadth as the pores. Radial + main-spines about as long as the diameter of the shell.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.5 to 0.52, of the coronets 0.08 to 0.09.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Haeckeliana lamarckiana</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Shell with thirty-five to forty coronets, the majority of which have five pores (more rarely + six or four). Coronets broader than their intervals; each funnel-shaped pore on the inside with a + circle of small conical thorns. By-spines rudimentary or wanting. Dimples irregularly polygonal, + half as broad as the pores. Radial main-spines shorter than the radius.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.38 to 0.45, of the coronets 0.06 to 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Stations 318 to 333, depth 2000 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1702">{1702}</span></div> + + <p>4. <i>Haeckeliana murrayana</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Challengeria</i> sp., John Murray, 1876, Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. xxiv, pl. xxiv. + fig. 6.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell with twenty to twenty-five coronets, the majority of which have five pores (more rarely + four or six). Coronets of about the same breadth as their intervals, and twice as broad as the + by-spines. Dimples subcircular, of about the same breadth as the pores. Radial main-spines about + as long as the radius.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.35 to 0.4, of the coronets 0.06 to 0.07.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Haeckeliana goetheana</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Shell with sixteen to twenty coronets, the majority of which have four pores (more rarely five + and very rarely six). Coronets smaller than their intervals. By-spines very short or rudimentary. + Dimples subcircular, half as broad as the pores. Radial main-spines shorter than the radius.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.25 to 0.3, of the coronets 0.04 to 0.05.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific (south of Japan), Station 231, depth 2250 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Haeckeliana darwiniana</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>, figs. 1, + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell with twenty-six to thirty-two coronets, the majority of which have five pores (rarely + four or six). Coronets smaller than their intervals and than the length of the by-spines. Dimples + subcircular, half as broad as the pores, Radial main-spines longer than the radius.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.30 to 0.42, of the coronets 0.07 to 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific (east of Japan), Stations 241 to 245, depth + 2300 to 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Family LXXXII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Tuscarorida</span></span>, n. fam. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>).</h4> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> with an ovate, spindle-shaped, or + nearly spherical shell exhibiting a peculiar solid porcellanous structure; with a few radial pores + around the base of the hollow tubules, which are symmetrically arranged around the main axis and + the mouth. Surface of the shell smooth or spiny, not tabulate nor panelled. Central capsule + excentric, placed in the aboral half of the shell-cavity.</p> + + <p>The <span class="gsp">Tuscarorida</span>, and the preceding closely allied family, the + Circoporida, represent together a peculiar small group, which differs from the other <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> in the singular porcellanous structure of the shell-wall, and may be + called <span class="gsp">Phæocalpia</span>; their hollow radial spines are distinguished by + peculiar basal pores, forming a circle around their base. The shell of the Tuscarorida is + monaxonian, ovate, spindle-shaped <span class="pagenum" id="page1703">{1703}</span>or nearly + spherical, whilst in the Circoporida it is polyaxonian, spherical or polyhedral; the hollow radial + spines are arranged in the former around the main axis, in the latter around the common central + point. All <span class="gsp">Phæocalpia</span> (the Tuscarorida as well as the Circoporida) are + inhabitants of great depths, usually between 2000 and 3000 fathoms.</p> + + <p>Though the number of Tuscarorida at present known is small (only three genera, with ten + species), they represent a very distinct and remarkable family of <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, as well by their considerable size, as by the peculiar arrangement of + the radial spines and the structure of the shell-wall, which in some species is more solid and + thicker than in any other Radiolaria. The diameter of the shell is always more than 1 mm., usually + between 1 and 2, and sometimes more than 3 mm.</p> + + <p>The dry shell of the Tuscarorida is not hyaline and transparent as is usual in the other + Radiolaria, but perfectly opaque, milk-white or yellowish-white. This opacity is caused by + innumerable very fine pores, which everywhere pierce the thick, apparently solid, fundamental + substance of the shell-wall. Besides those very small pores, it is also pierced by a certain + number of larger pores, which are scattered at wide distances (Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. pl. A, + fig. 15<i>b</i>). These larger pores or pore-channels have a diameter of about 0.01 mm., and + pierce the shell-wall either in a perpendicular or in an oblique direction. Very numerous + straight, simple, and thin needles, usually 0.1 to 0.2 mm. in length, similar to the thin + tangential needles of the Aulacanthida, are everywhere scattered tangentially in the cement-like + fundamental substance, which seems to be a peculiar carbonic silicate; their axis is parallel to + the shell-surface.</p> + + <p>The general form of the shell is somewhat different in the three genera of Tuscarorida; ovate + or spherical in <i>Tuscarora</i> and <i>Tuscarusa</i>, which bear no caudal axial spine (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, figs. + 1-7), or sometimes three-sided pyramidal (fig. 4); it is spindle-shaped in <i>Tuscaridium</i>, + which bears on the aboral pore an axial caudal spine (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, fig. 8). + In every case the main axis of the shell, determining its monaxonian fundamental form, is + indicated by the mouth, which is placed in the oral pole of the main axis and prolonged into a + short tube or proboscis.</p> + + <p>The hollow apophyses, arising from the shell of the Tuscarorida, are always cylindrical, long + and thin tubules, the narrow cavity of which communicates directly with the large shell-cavity. In + the axis of the tubules lies a thin axial chord or funicle, composed of a few (usually three or + four) siliceous threads which arise from bridges between the basal pores of the apophyses, and are + twisted together like the strands of a rope. The axial funicle is connected with the thin wall of + the tubular apophyses by innumerable very thin radial beams, perpendicular to the axis (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, fig. + 3<i>a</i>, 5<i>b</i>). The surface of the apophyses is almost constantly covered with numerous + small bristles or spines, which are usually curved and directed towards their distal ends.</p> + + <p><i>Tuscarora</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, + figs. 1-6) exhibits two different groups of apophyses, which may be distinguished according to + their different position and direction as "circoral <span class="pagenum" + id="page1704">{1704}</span>teeth" and "aboral feet"; the teeth immediately surround the opening of + the mouth, whilst the feet are remote from it and usually placed in the aboral half of the body, + more rarely in the equator or in the oral half. The general form and structure are the same in + both groups of apophyses, but their position and direction is different; the circoral teeth are + directed forwards, often parallel (at the base at least), while the aboral feet are either + divergent and directed backwards, or they diverge forwards in the basal part, then form a large + arch, and finally curve backwards.</p> + + <p>The number of the aboral feet, and their position relative to the circoral teeth, are different + but probably constant in each single species, and serve, in the first place, for the distinction + of genera and species. <i>Tuscarora</i> (in restricted sense) (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, figs. + 1-6), has constantly three feet (comparable to the three cortinar feet of the tripodal <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span>); <i>Tuscarusa</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, fig. 7) + has four feet, opposite in pairs and forming a regular cross; <i>Tuscaridium</i>, finally (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, fig. 8), + has only one foot, which is situated in the main axis, on its aboral pole, and may therefore be + called a caudal spine.</p> + + <p>The number of the circoral teeth varies from two to four, and is usually three. Originally + these three teeth alternate regularly with the three aboral feet, so that the latter may be + regarded as perradial, the former as interradial (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, figs. + 1-4). The proportion of the number of each group of apophyses in the different species is + synoptically shown in the following table<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <table class="sp3 mc ba smaller nothand" title="Synopsis of the Tuscarorida" + summary="Synopsis of the Tuscarorida"> + <tr class="ba"> + <th colspan="2"></th> + <th class="ac br">Depth<br/> + in<br/> + Fathoms.</th> + <th class="ac br">Challenger<br/> + Station.</th> + <th class="ac br">Length<br/> + of the<br/> + Shell.</th> + <th class="ac br">Breadth<br/> + of the<br/> + Shell.</th> + <th class="ac br">Number<br/> + of Feet.</th> + <th class="ac br">Number<br/> + of Pedal<br/> + Pores.</th> + <th class="ac br">Number<br/> + of Teeth.</th> + <th class="ac br">Number<br/> + of Dental<br/> + Pores.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">1.</td> + <td class="br"><i>Tuscarora bisternaria</i>,</td> + <td class="ac br">3000</td> + <td class="ac br">264</td> + <td class="ac br">2.0</td> + <td class="ac br">1.5</td> + <td class="ac br">3</td> + <td class="ac br">8</td> + <td class="ac br">3</td> + <td class="ac br">8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">2.</td> + <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tusc</span>"<span class="hid">rora</span> + <i>murrayi</i>,</td> + <td class="ac br">2000</td> + <td class="ac br">295</td> + <td class="ac br">2.5</td> + <td class="ac br">1.5</td> + <td class="ac br">3</td> + <td class="ac br">3</td> + <td class="ac br">3</td> + <td class="ac br">3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">3.</td> + <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tusc</span>"<span class="hid">rora</span> + <i>wyvillei</i>,</td> + <td class="ac br">2250</td> + <td class="ac br">291</td> + <td class="ac br">1.5</td> + <td class="ac br">1.4</td> + <td class="ac br">3</td> + <td class="ac br">4</td> + <td class="ac br">3</td> + <td class="ac br">4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">4.</td> + <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tusc</span>"<span class="hid">rora</span> + <i>tetrahedra</i>,</td> + <td class="ac br">2450</td> + <td class="ac br">348</td> + <td class="ac br">2.5</td> + <td class="ac br">2.0</td> + <td class="ac br">3</td> + <td class="ac br">4</td> + <td class="ac br">3</td> + <td class="ac br">3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">5.</td> + <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tusc</span>"<span class="hid">rora</span> + <i>tubulosa</i>,</td> + <td class="ac br">3000</td> + <td class="ac br">249</td> + <td class="ac br">1.4</td> + <td class="ac br">1.2</td> + <td class="ac br">3</td> + <td class="ac br">4</td> + <td class="ac br">2</td> + <td class="ac br">3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">6.</td> + <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tusc</span>"<span class="hid">rora</span> + <i>porcellana</i>,</td> + <td class="ac br">2650</td> + <td class="ac br">325</td> + <td class="ac br">1.5</td> + <td class="ac br">1.3</td> + <td class="ac br">3</td> + <td class="ac br">4</td> + <td class="ac br">2</td> + <td class="ac br">4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">7.</td> + <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tusc</span>"<span class="hid">rora</span> + <i>belknapii</i>,</td> + <td class="ac br">2025</td> + <td class="ac br">293</td> + <td class="ac br">2.5</td> + <td class="ac br">1.5</td> + <td class="ac br">3</td> + <td class="ac br">3</td> + <td class="ac br">4</td> + <td class="ac br">2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">8.</td> + <td class="br"><i>Tuscarusa medusa</i>,</td> + <td class="ac br">3125</td> + <td class="ac br">253</td> + <td class="ac br">1.2</td> + <td class="ac br">1.0</td> + <td class="ac br">4</td> + <td class="ac br">4</td> + <td class="ac br">2</td> + <td class="ac br">2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">9.</td> + <td class="br"><i>Tuscaridium cygneum</i>,</td> + <td class="ac br">3050</td> + <td class="ac br">250</td> + <td class="ac br">3.2</td> + <td class="ac br">1.6</td> + <td class="ac br">1</td> + <td class="ac br">2</td> + <td class="ac br">4</td> + <td class="ac br">4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ar">10.</td> + <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tusca</span>"<span class="hid">idium</span> + <i>lithornithium</i>,</td> + <td class="ac br">3000</td> + <td class="ac br">264</td> + <td class="ac br">3.6</td> + <td class="ac br">1.8</td> + <td class="ac br">1</td> + <td class="ac br">4</td> + <td class="ac br">4</td> + <td class="ac br">6</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp2 w100 ba smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Tuscarorida" + summary="Synopsis of the Tuscarorida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="8" class="pl2">a = Depth in Fathoms.<br/> + b = Challenger Station.<br/> + c = Length of the Shell.<br/> + d = Breadth of the Shell.<br/> + e = Number of Feet.<br/> + f = Number of Pedal Pores.<br/> + g = Number of Teeth.<br/> + h = Number of Dental Pores.<br/> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ac ba">(a)</td> + <td class="ac ba">(b)</td> + <td class="ac ba">(c)</td> + <td class="ac ba">(d)</td> + <td class="ac ba">(e)</td> + <td class="ac ba">(f)</td> + <td class="ac ba">(g)</td> + <td class="ac ba">(h)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="8" class="ac">1. <i>Tuscarora bisternaria</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ac ba">3000</td> + <td class="ac ba">264</td> + <td class="ac ba">2.0</td> + <td class="ac ba">1.5</td> + <td class="ac ba">3</td> + <td class="ac ba">8</td> + <td class="ac ba">3</td> + <td class="ac ba">8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="8" class="ac">2. <i>Tuscarora murrayi</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ac ba">2000</td> + <td class="ac ba">295</td> + <td class="ac ba">2.5</td> + <td class="ac ba">1.5</td> + <td class="ac ba">3</td> + <td class="ac ba">3</td> + <td class="ac ba">3</td> + <td class="ac ba">3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="8" class="ac">3. <i>Tuscarora wyvillei</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ac ba">2250</td> + <td class="ac ba">291</td> + <td class="ac ba">1.5</td> + <td class="ac ba">1.4</td> + <td class="ac ba">3</td> + <td class="ac ba">4</td> + <td class="ac ba">3</td> + <td class="ac ba">4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="8" class="ac">4. <i>Tuscarora tetrahedra</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ac ba">2450</td> + <td class="ac ba">348</td> + <td class="ac ba">2.5</td> + <td class="ac ba">2.0</td> + <td class="ac ba">3</td> + <td class="ac ba">4</td> + <td class="ac ba">3</td> + <td class="ac ba">3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="8" class="ac">5. <i>Tuscarora tubulosa</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ac ba">3000</td> + <td class="ac ba">249</td> + <td class="ac ba">1.4</td> + <td class="ac ba">1.2</td> + <td class="ac ba">3</td> + <td class="ac ba">4</td> + <td class="ac ba">2</td> + <td class="ac ba">3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="8" class="ac">6. <i>Tuscarora porcellana</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ac ba">2650</td> + <td class="ac ba">325</td> + <td class="ac ba">1.5</td> + <td class="ac ba">1.3</td> + <td class="ac ba">3</td> + <td class="ac ba">4</td> + <td class="ac ba">2</td> + <td class="ac ba">4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="8" class="ac">7. <i>Tuscarora belknapii</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ac ba">2025</td> + <td class="ac ba">293</td> + <td class="ac ba">2.5</td> + <td class="ac ba">1.5</td> + <td class="ac ba">3</td> + <td class="ac ba">3</td> + <td class="ac ba">4</td> + <td class="ac ba">2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="8" class="ac">8. <i>Tuscarusa medusa</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ac ba">3125</td> + <td class="ac ba">253</td> + <td class="ac ba">1.2</td> + <td class="ac ba">1.0</td> + <td class="ac ba">4</td> + <td class="ac ba">4</td> + <td class="ac ba">2</td> + <td class="ac ba">2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="8" class="ac">9. <i>Tuscaridium cygneum</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ac ba">3050</td> + <td class="ac ba">250</td> + <td class="ac ba">3.2</td> + <td class="ac ba">1.6</td> + <td class="ac ba">1</td> + <td class="ac ba">2</td> + <td class="ac ba">4</td> + <td class="ac ba">4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="8" class="ac">10. <i>Tuscaridium lithornithium</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ac ba">3000</td> + <td class="ac ba">264</td> + <td class="ac ba">3.6</td> + <td class="ac ba">1.8</td> + <td class="ac ba">1</td> + <td class="ac ba">4</td> + <td class="ac ba">4</td> + <td class="ac ba">6</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <p>The base of the apophyses in all Tuscarorida is inflated, conical, and pierced by a small + number of large ovate pores, the typical "basal pores," which occur also in the closely allied + Circoporida. The number of these basal pores varies from two to eight, and is usually three or + four; it never becomes in this family so great as in the Circoporida, where each circle of pores + is often composed of sixteen to twenty-four or more basal pores. The number seems to be rather + constant in each single species, as may be seen in the preceding Table. The pedal pores (on the + base of the aboral feet) are usually larger than the dental pores (on the base of the circoral + teeth). Their form is <span class="pagenum" id="page1705">{1705}</span>usually irregularly ovate + or triangular; their outer aperture is armed with spines or bristles, which are commonly larger + than in the other parts of the apophyses.</p> + + <p>The mouth of the shell varies in form, according to the number and arrangement of the teeth on + its corners. It is therefore a narrow transverse fissure, with two broad opposite lips and two + corners, in the bidental forms (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, + figs. 5, 7), triangular in the tridental species (figs. 1-4), quadrangular or square in the + quadridental species, <i>Tuscarora belknapii</i> (Narr. Chall. Exp., <i>loc. cit.</i>, pl. A, fig. + 15). The singular genus <i>Tuscaridium</i> (fig. 8) exhibits four teeth, which are nearly + horizontally divergent in two pairs, a dorsal and a ventral pair (corresponding in position to the + four feet of <i>Tuscarusa</i>, fig. 7); the mouth is here prolonged into a cylindrical, spinulate + proboscis, which is curved towards the ventral face of the shell (fig. 8).</p> + + <p>The <i>central capsule</i> of the Tuscarorida is kidney-shaped or spheroidal, scarcely half as + large as the dark olive-green phæodium, which surrounds its anterior (oral) face. Usually the + capsule and the phæodium together fill up the aboral half of the shell-cavity, and are separated + from its walls by the calymma. The latter is pierced by numerous branched and reticulately + anastomosing pseudopodia, which arise from the matrix enveloping the capsule, and pass over into a + thin layer of sarcode, adjacent to the inner surface of the shell. The astropyle or the + main-opening of the central capsule exhibits the usual radiate operculum and tubular proboscis of + the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, + fig. 3), and is directed towards the mouth of the shell. The number of the parapylæ or accessory + openings seems to be variable in this family, and to correspond to the number of radial feet which + arise from the shell. Therefore <i>Tuscaridium</i> possesses only one parapyle, which is + diametrically opposite to the mouth, lies on the aboral pole of the capsule, and is directed + towards the single caudal tube. <i>Tuscarora</i> seems to have three parapylæ, corresponding to + the three radial feet, and <i>Tuscarusa</i> probably has four parapylæ, directed towards its four + radial feet; in the latter genus, however, the capsule was not observed (the shell being empty); + and in the other Tuscarorida this important and difficult anatomical question must be solved by + further accurate examinations.</p> + + <p>The nucleus is nearly half as large as the central capsule, ellipsoidal, and contains numerous + nucleoli. In one specimen of <i>Tuscarora belknapii</i> I observed two nuclei in the central + capsule, and in another specimen of the same species John Murray observed two central capsules + (figured by him in the Narr. Chall. Exp., vol i. pl. A, fig. 15).</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Tuscarorida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w50 smaller vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Circoporida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Circoporida"> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Three equidistant aboral radial feet,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">717. <i>Tuscarora</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Four equidistant aboral radial feet,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">718. <i>Tuscarusa</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">One single aboral foot or terminal spine,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">719. <i>Tuscaridium</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1706">{1706}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 717. <i>Tuscarora</i>,<a id="NtA_333" href="#Nt_333"><sup>[333]</sup></a> John Murray, + 1876, <i>in schedulis</i>, Chall. Coll.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tuscarorida</span> with three radial aboral feet, + and a variable number of circoral teeth.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Tuscarora</i> comprises seven of the ten observed species of + Tuscarorida, all seven agreeing in the possession of three perradial feet, which alternate + originally (in four species), with three interradial teeth surrounding the mouth. The latter is + armed in two other species with two teeth, and in one species with four teeth (compare above, p. + <a href="#page1704">1704</a>). The three perradial feet have a similar position as in the tripodal + <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, so that they may be distinguished as an odd caudal foot and + two paired lateral feet.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tuscarantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with three perradial equidistant feet and three + interradial equidistant circoral teeth, alternating regularly with the former.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tuscarora bisternaria</i>, John Murray (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, figs. 1, + 1<i>a</i>).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Tuscarora bisternaria</i>, John Murray, 1879, <i>in litteris</i>, Narr. Chall. + Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, figs. 16, 16<i>a.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subspherical, with three lateral perradial feet in the equatorial zone, and three basal + interradial teeth around the mouth, alternating regularly with the former. The three lateral feet + arise either in the equator itself or a little above it, and are nearly horizontally expanded, + descending a little towards the aboral pole. They are straight, cylindrical, twice to four times + as long as the shell, geniculate at the inflated base, and covered with small thorns. A circle of + six to eight basal pores in the base of each foot. The narrow mouth is triangular, surrounded by + the thorny, inflated, subspherical bases of the three long, cylindrical, diverging, thorny teeth, + which ascend obliquely and are longer than the shell; each tooth exhibits in the upper part of the + inflated base a corona of eight to ten ovate holes.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 2.0, breadth 1.5.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 264, depth 3000 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Tuscarora murrayi</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, + fig. 2). <span class="correction" title="Added by Errata.">John Murray, 1876, L. N. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#ln27">27</a>, pl. 24, fig. + 4.</span></p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, with three circoral perradial feet in the upper third and three basal + interradial teeth around the mouth. The three lateral feet are thin, cylindrical, arcuate, very + bristly, arise immediately beyond the narrow tubular peristome, and ascend obliquely nearly to the + height of the mouth; then they are curved downwards in a large arc, three to four times as long as + <span class="pagenum" id="page1707">{1707}</span>the shell. The tubular peristome is about half as + long as the shell, bottle-shaped, nearly three-sided prismatic, and bears three very long + spinulate teeth, which in the lower half are parallel, in the upper slightly curved and diverging, + at the base pear-shaped. Three ovate basal pores in the inflated base of each foot and each + tooth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 2.5, breadth 1.5.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Tuscarora wyvillei</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, + figs. 3, 3<i>a</i>-3<i>c</i>).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, pellucid, thinner and more fragile than in the other species of the genus, + with three aboral perradial feet in the lower third, and three interradial teeth around the wide + mouth. The three feet are straight, conical, widely divergent, shorter than the shell, and arise + from its lower third; on the inflated base of each four small ovate pores. The three teeth, + alternating with them, are straight, cylindrical, arise from the margin of the mouth and diverge + obliquely upwards. On the base of each foot four opposite cordate pores of very unequal size.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 1.5, breadth 1.4.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 291, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Tuscarora tetrahedra</i>, John Murray (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, figs. 4, + 4<i>a</i>).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Tuscarora tetrahedra</i>, John Murray, 1879, <i>in litteris</i>, Narr. Chall. + Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 19.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell tetrahedral or three-sided pyramidal, with three perradial basal feet, and three + alternate, interradial, circoral teeth. The three rounded edges of the pyramid are prolonged + directly over the aboral base into the three short, divergent, conical, basal feet, which are + smooth and scarcely one-fourth as long as the shell. The base of each foot is pierced by four + small crossed pedal pores. The narrow mouth, on the apex of the pyramid, is surrounded by three + short and broad, triangular, spinulate teeth, each of which bears three slender, triangular, + dental pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 2.5, breadth 2.0.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tuscaretta</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with three perradial equidistant feet, and with two + circoral teeth, which are opposite in the radius of the odd dorsal foot; therefore a dorsal and a + ventral tooth.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Tuscarora tubulosa</i>, John Murray (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, figs. 5, + 5<i>a</i>, 5<i>b</i>).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Tuscarora tubulosa</i>, John Murray, 1879, <i>in litteris</i>, Narr. Chall. + Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 17.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subspherical, with three lateral perradial feet on the upper half of the shell (above the + equator), and two parallel vertical teeth on the mouth. The three feet arise between the upper and + <span class="pagenum" id="page1708">{1708}</span>the middle third of the shell, diverge upwards, + and are slightly arcuate, covered with numerous curved spines. Their base is pierced by four pedal + pores. The peristome is a narrow sagittal fissure, placed in the radius of the odd or dorsal foot, + and bears two opposite teeth on its two corners. The teeth are cylindrical, longer than the shell, + covered with curved spines, and ascend in a parallel and vertical manner; each is perforated at + the base by three large dental pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 1.4, breadth 1.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 244 to 250, depth 2050 to 3050 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Tuscarora porcellana</i>, John Murray (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, figs. + 6<i>a</i>, 6<i>b</i>).</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Tuscarora porcellana</i>, John Murray, 1819, <i>in litteris</i>, Narr. Chall. + Exp., pl. A, fig. 18.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, with three lateral perradial feet in the lower half of the shell, and two + parallel vertical teeth on the mouth. The three lateral feet arise between the middle and the + lower third of the shell, are straight, cylindrical, spinulate, about as long as the shell and + diverge downwards; their base is pierced by four ovate pedal pores. The two parallel and vertical + teeth are straight, shorter than half the shell, and opposite in the sagittal plane, on the two + corners of the narrow mouth, in the radius of the dorsal odd foot. The base of each tooth exhibits + four cordate dental pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 1.5, breadth 1.3.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 325, depth 2650 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Tuscarilla</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Shell with three perradial equidistant feet, and with four + crossed equidistant teeth around the mouth.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Tuscarora belknapii</i>, John Murray.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Tuscarora belknapii</i>, John Murray, 1879, <i>in litteris</i>, Narr. Chall. + Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, figs. 15, 15<i>a</i>-15<i>d.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, with three lateral perradial feet in the upper third, and four crossed teeth + around the mouth. The three arcuate feet are thin, cylindrical, covered with small curved thorns, + and arise at the base of the peristome, between the upper and middle third of the shell; they + ascend diverging to the height of the mouth, and are then curved downwards in a large arc, twice + to three times as long as the shell. The base of each foot is dilated and pierced by three pedal + pores. The four thin and long teeth of the peristome are similar to the feet, ascend in a slightly + diverging manner, and are so placed that two opposite lie in the sagittal plane (or in the radius + of the dorsal odd foot), whilst the two others are opposite in the frontal plane (perpendicular to + the former). The base of each tooth exhibits two large ovate dental pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 2.5, breadth 1.5.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 293, depth 2025 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1709">{1709}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 718. <i>Tuscarusa</i>,<a id="NtA_334" href="#Nt_334"><sup>[334]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tuscarorida</span> with four radial aboral feet and + a variable number of circoral teeth.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Tuscarusa</i> differs from the preceding closely allied + <i>Tuscarora</i> in the possession of four radial feet instead of three. The mouth of the single + observed species is a narrow sagittal fissure, and armed with two opposite teeth (a dorsal and a + ventral, as in the subgenus <i>Tuscaretta</i>). The four lateral feet form a cross, and lie + opposite in pairs, in two diagonals of the square, which is bisected by the sagittal mouth.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tuscarusa medusa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, + figs. 7, 7<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, with four crossed lateral feet in the upper third, and with two opposite teeth + around the mouth. The four feet are opposite in pairs in two diameters of the shell, perpendicular + one to another, and arise between the upper and middle third of the shell; they are thin, + cylindrical, spinulate, arcuate, and ascend to the height of the mouth diverging upwards; then + they are curved downwards in a large arc. They lie in the diagonals of the square, which is halved + by the narrow and long fissure of the mouth. This lies in the original sagittal plane, and from + its two corners arise the two opposite teeth (a dorsal and a ventral), diverging upwards, + cylindrical and slightly curved. The base of each foot is pierced by four pedal pores, of each + tooth by two dental pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 1.2, breadth 1.0.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 719. <i>Tuscaridium</i>,<a id="NtA_335" href="#Nt_335"><sup>[335]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Tuscarorida</span> without radial aboral feet, but + with a terminal axial caudal foot, and a variable number of circoral teeth.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Tuscaridium</i>, comprising two closely allied species, differs from + the two preceding genera of Tuscarorida in the absence of lateral radial feet, which are + represented by a single large caudal spine placed in the main axis of the shell, at its aboral + pole. The shell is therefore spindle-shaped, and not ovate or subspherical, as in the two other + genera. It reaches in the two observed species a length of more than 3 mm.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Tuscaridium cygneum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Tuscarora cygnea</i>, John Murray, 1879, in litteris, Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. + i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 20.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell spindle-shaped, twice as long as broad (in the transverse section circular), equally + tapering towards both poles of the main axis. The aboral pole bears a thin, cylindrical, straight, + caudal <span class="pagenum" id="page1710">{1710}</span>spine, placed in the prolongation of the + main axis, and about half as long as the shell. Its base is pierced by two large opposite pedal + pores. The anterior or oral pole bears a cylindrical peristome, similar to a bird's head, and + curved towards the ventral face; on both sides of its neck (at right and left) a series of three + or four irregular, ovate, buccal holes. The neck bears four cylindrical, spinulate, radial tubes + (two on each side), crossed nearly horizontally, and placed in two diagonal planes perpendicular + one to another; these planes correspond to those in which the four feet of <i>Tuscarusa medusa</i> + lie. The base of each tube is pierced by four dental pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 3.2, breadth 1.6.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 250, depth 3050 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Tuscaridium lithornithium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, figs. 8, + 8<i>a</i>, 8<i>b</i>).</p> + + <p>Shell spindle-shaped, twice as long as broad, very similar to the preceding closely allied + species. It differs from the latter in the following characters:—The curved proboscis of the + peristome is broader and more spiny. The four radial tubes of the mouth and the terminal caudal + spine are very spiny (in the preceding species nearly smooth). The number of buccal holes (six to + eight on each side of the mouth) is twice as great as in the former. Each circoral tube is pierced + at the base by six or eight (in the former by four pores), and the base of the caudal spine + exhibits a cross of four pores (in <i>Tuscaridium cygneum</i> only two pores).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 3.6, breadth 1.8.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 264, depth 3000 fathoms.</p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <h3>Order IV. PHÆOCONCHIA, Haeckel, 1879.</h3> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> with a bivalved + lattice-shell, composed of two free opposite valves (a dorsal and a ventral), between which the + central capsule is enclosed.</p> + + <h4>Family LXXXIII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Concharida</span></span>, Haeckel, 1879 + (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>).</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc33"> + <p><i>Concharida</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> with a bivalved lattice-shell, which + is spherical or lenticular, and composed of two equal or unequal boat-shaped valves, a dorsal and + a ventral. The valves bear neither an apical latticed cupola or galea, nor hollow radial tubes. + The central capsule is placed in the aboral half of the shell-cavity, and so enclosed between both + valves, that its three openings lie in the open frontal fissure between them (the astropyle on the + oral pole of the main axis, the two parapylæ on both sides of its aboral pole, at right and + left).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1711">{1711}</span></div> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Concharida</span> and the two following closely allied families, + the Cœlodendrida and Cœlographida, compose together the most remarkable and + interesting suborder of <span class="gsp">Phæoconchia</span> (or "<span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span> bivalva"), differing from all the other Radiolaria in the possession + of a bivalved lattice-shell, composed of two separate valves, like the shell of a Brachiopod. The + central capsule is so enclosed between the two fenestrated valves that its three openings lie in + the horizontal open (frontal) fissure between them, the astropyle or main-opening on the oral pole + of the main axis; the two secondary openings or parapylæ on the two sides of its aboral pole, at + right and left. The plane in which the three openings lie is therefore the frontal plane, dividing + the entire body into a dorsal and a ventral half. The two valves, accordingly, must be considered + as dorsal and ventral valves (as in the Brachiopoda), and the symmetrical halves of each valve as + right and left. These halves may be always easily distinguished, since the oral pole of each valve + is constantly different from the aboral pole. The voluminous phæodium always lies in the oral + half, and the central capsule in the aboral half of the shell-cavity, whilst the calymma encloses + the whole shell.</p> + + <p>The Concharida differ from the other two families of bivalved <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> + in the absence of the apical galeas, and the branched hollow tubes arising from them. Each of + these two cupolas, which are at the opposite poles of the sagittal axis (one cupola on the apex of + each valve), is in the Cœlographida connected by a simple or double frenulum with a + peculiar rhinocanna, or an open nasal tube directed towards the mouth; whilst the cupolas of the + Cœlodendrida possess neither a rhinocanna nor a frenulum. The three families of <span + class="gsp">Phæoconchia</span> may therefore represent a phylogenetical series, the common root of + which are the Concharida. From these are developed the Cœlodendrida by development of an + apical cupola or galea on each valve, and of hollow radial tubes arising from it; whilst the + Cœlographida are developed from the latter by production of a rhinocanna on the base of + each cupola, and of one or two frenula connecting the former with the latter.</p> + + <p>All the Concharida described in the following pages (seven genera and thirty species), are + perfectly new to science, and not a single form of this interesting family was known before the + explorations of the Challenger. Some species (mainly of the genera <i>Conchidium</i> and + <i>Conchopsis</i>) are by no means rare, and are found in great numbers at some stations of the + tropical seas (in the Pacific as well as in the Atlantic). All described species are closely + allied, agree in the majority of characters, and are easy to distinguish from all the other + Radiolaria. Some few forms of Concharida, however, form a direct passage to the + Cœlodendrida.</p> + + <p>Regarding the probable origin of the Concharida (and therefore also of all other <span + class="gsp">Phæoconchia</span> derived from the latter), two different hypotheses are possible. + They have either been derived directly from the skeletonless <i>Phæodina</i>, by development of a + bivalved lattice-shell; or they may be derived from <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> with a + simple <span class="pagenum" id="page1712">{1712}</span>spherical lattice-shell (Castanellida), by + the halving of this latter, or its splitting into two hemispherical valves; the former hypothesis + is more probable than the latter.</p> + + <p>The two valves of the lattice-shell (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate126"><b>126</b></a>) must in + the Concharida (as in all other <span class="gsp">Phæoconchia</span>) be distinguished as dorsal + and ventral, and may therefore be compared with the two valves of the Brachiopoda, not with those + of the Lamellibranchia. This important morphological distinction is expressed by the constant + position of the central capsule within the shell-cavity. The capsule always exhibits the character + of the "<span class="sc">Tripylea</span>" and has three tubular openings, placed in the frontal or + lateral plane of the unicellular body. In the same plane lies the open frontal fissure between the + two valves, and the three openings are so disposed in it that the large anterior main-opening (or + the astropyle) is placed on the oral pole of the main axis, whilst the two accessory small lateral + openings or parapylæ are placed on both sides of the aboral pole, at the right and left. Therefore + in a dorsal or ventral view all three openings are visible (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, figs. 1, + 8<i>a</i>); in the usual lateral view, however, from the right or left side, only two openings are + visible, the astropyle on the anterior, and one parapyle (right or left) near the posterior pole + of the main axis (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, + figs. 8, 9; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, + figs. 6, 10). The posterior view (from the aboral pole) shows the two parapylæ, at right and left; + in the anterior view (from the oral pole) the astropyle may be visible, but usually it is + completely hidden in the dark voluminous phæodium. This latter envelops sometimes nearly the whole + capsule as an opaque conglomeration of green or brown phæodella (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, figs. 8, + 9); but usually the phæodium fills up the anterior (oral) half of the shell-cavity, whilst the + capsule occupies the posterior (aboral) half (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, figs. 6, + 10).</p> + + <p>The dorsal shell-valve is in almost all <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> smaller or somewhat + different in shape from the ventral valve, and this difference is often very striking (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, figs. + 3-16); but in a few species both valves are so similar, that I could not discover any certain + difference. This equality of the two valves occurs mainly in those Concharida which pass over into + the Cœlodendrida; in these latter as well as in the Cœlographida, both valves are + usually equal in size and form. Whilst the main axis (or the longitudinal axis of the body) in the + two latter families of <span class="gsp">Phæoconchia</span> seems to be normally vertical (in the + living and freely floating body), in the living Concharida it is probably horizontal, so that the + larger and heavier ventral valve lies below the smaller and lighter dorsal valve.</p> + + <p>The geometrical fundamental form of the body is therefore in the Concharida dipleural or + bilaterally symmetrical, and we distinguish in it the same three dimensive axes, as in all other + dipleural forms. On the anterior or oral pole of the main axis (or longitudinal axis) lies the + mouth of the shell, and behind it the phæodium; on the opposite posterior or aboral pole lies the + hinge of the shell (comparable to the shell-hinge of the Brachiopoda) and in front of it the + central capsule. The sagittal (or <span class="pagenum" id="page1713">{1713}</span>dorso-ventral) + axis, determining the height of the shell, has on its dorsal (or upper) pole the apex or highest + point of the dorsal valve, on its ventral (or lower) pole the apex or lowest point of the ventral + valve. The two poles of the frontal (lateral or transverse) axis are equal and are determined by + the two parapylæ of the capsule, and the corresponding points of the shell-fissure between both + valves. Usually the main-axis is the longest, the frontal axis the shortest, and between both the + sagittal axis.</p> + + <p>In regard to the three dimensive planes which are determined by these three axes, perpendicular + to one another, they are rarely of nearly equal size (as in some subspherical species), usually + the sagittal plane (separating the right and left halves of the body) is the largest; the + cinctural or equatorial plane (separating oral and aboral halves) is the smallest, and the frontal + or lateral plane (separating dorsal and ventral halves) is intermediate in size. The relation of + the three perimeters of these three planes corresponds to that proportion; the sagittal perimeter + (in which the keel of the compressed valves lies) is the largest; the cinctural or equatorial + perimeter (separating the anterior phæodium and the posterior central capsule) is the smallest, + and the frontal or lateral perimeter (in which the fissure between the valves lies) is + intermediate in size.</p> + + <p>The general form of the single valves is very varied in the different species, in the majority + boat-shaped or hat-shaped, more or less laterally compressed, in a few forms hemispherical. In + <i>Conchopsis</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>) + and <i>Conchoceras</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, + figs. 15, 16) the lateral parts of the valves (right and left) are vaulted, whilst their median + parts are so strongly compressed that they form a sharp sagittal keel, and then the shell in the + dorsal or ventral view appears spindle-shaped (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, fig. + 8<i>a</i>; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>, + fig. 8). Often the frontal margins of the valves are somewhat constricted (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>The junction between the two valves of the shell is always loose, but not so loose as in the + two following families. In the Cœlodendrida and Cœlographida the two valves are + either perfectly free and separated by a frontal zone of jelly, or in very loose contact on the + frontal margins. In the Concharida, however, the margins of both valves seem to be usually in + contact, and their connection is effected in a double way. In the subfamily Conchasmida + (comprising the genera <i>Concharium</i> and <i>Conchasma</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, figs. + 1-6) the lateral margins of both valves are smooth, not dentated, and fit one into another like + the two parts of a box, or like the two valves of a Diatom (<i>Navicula</i>). In the second + subfamily, however, Conchopsida (comprising the five other genera, Pls. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>), the + lateral margins of the valves are dentate, usually provided with a series of numerous strong + conical teeth, and the teeth of both valves so catch into one another, that their union is rather + firm (like the margin of the shells of <i>Tridacna</i>, <i>Pecten</i>, and other + Lamellibranchiata). Besides, a more solid junction is often effected on the posterior or aboral + part of the margins, which we shall call the hinge. Here often peculiar strong teeth catch one + into another, and in the majority of species <span class="pagenum" id="page1714">{1714}</span>two + aboral spines are developed, the caudal horns (a dorsal and a ventral); these are very large in + <i>Conchoceras</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, + figs. 15, 16). But a peculiar and most interesting kind of junction is effected in some Concharida + by a true ligament between the valves (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, + figs. 8, 9; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>, + fig. 2). This ligament is always placed on the aboral hinge, is of dark brown colour, and is not + dissolved by mineral acids unless long applied. It may preserve the connection of the posterior + parts of both valves, when their anterior parts are removed one from another, just as in the + Brachiopoda. I observed this interesting ligament mainly in the genus <i>Conchopsis</i>, but not + in all species, and it is not yet certain whether it is a constant organ in these and some other + Concharida.</p> + + <p>In the majority of Concharida the lateral margins of the two valves project slightly inwards + into the cavity, and in some species of <i>Conchopsis</i> these inner borders are so broadened + that they form a broad, horizontal, fenestrated inner shelf, comparable to the deck of a boat or + to the velum of the Hydromedusæ or Craspedotæ (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>, fig. 9). + In this case the velum surrounds the ovate aperture through which the two lobes of the central + capsule (dorsal and ventral) enter into the cavity of both valves.</p> + + <p>The mouth of the shell lies on the oral pole of the main axis, and is therefore opposed to the + aboral hinge. The two valves are here usually more or less emarginate, so as to form a transverse + mouth with an upper and a lower lip (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, + figs. 6, 7, 11). The form of these two lips is often very different and characteristic of + particular species (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, + figs. 3, 15, 16). The mouth remains in many species constantly open, even when the frontal fissure + is closed (figs. 7, 16). Since the centre of the shell mouth lies in the prolongation of the + proboscis arising from the operculum of the central capsule, probably the main stream of sarcode, + issuing from the latter, becomes protruded by the former.</p> + + <p>Apophyses of the shell (besides the teeth of the margins) are completely wanting in three + genera, <i>Concharium</i>, <i>Conchellium</i>, and <i>Conchopsis</i> (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, figs. + 1-4, 7; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>). + The four other genera possess free apophyses or spines, which we call horns. They are probably + important as the beginnings of those large hollow tubes which are characteristic of the two + following families, Cœlodendrida and Cœlographida. We distinguish two different + forms of horns, apical horns on the poles of the sagittal axis, and caudal horns on the aboral + pole of the main axis; the former probably correspond to the sagittal tubes and the latter to the + caudal tubes of the two following families. Apical horns are found in a single genus only, + <i>Conchonia</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, + figs. 10-14). Here either on one pole or on poles of the sagittal axis a horn is developed, + usually curved backwards. Sometimes the base of this conical horn is inflated and fenestrated, and + may represent the beginning of the formation of the galea or apical cupola of the + Cœlodendrida.</p> + + <p>The two caudal horns are opposite on the aboral hinge of the shell, one arising from the + posterior end of each valve. Usually they are short and thick, pyramidal, the <span + class="pagenum" id="page1715">{1715}</span>ventral horn larger than the dorsal (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, figs. 3, + 6). Rarely the two caudal horns are fenestrated at the base and reach a considerable size, as in + <i>Conchoceras</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, + figs. 15, 16).</p> + + <p>The walls of the bivalved shell usually exhibit in the Concharida a rather solid shape and + regular structure, with an elegant network of regularly arranged pores. But in some species the + walls of the shell become very thin and fragile, and assume the same shape (with very irregular + network), as in the Cœlodendrida and Cœlographida. The pores are usually small and + numerous, circular, often hexagonally framed (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>, figs. + 4-6). They pierce the thick shell-wall either in a radial or in an oblique direction. Sometimes + each pore is armed with six radial teeth (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, + fig. 7<i>a</i>). At other times each pore represents an oblique ampullaceous canal, dilated in its + middle part, with two narrow openings (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>, + figs. 5<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, <i>c</i>, 6). The pores are so arranged in the majority of species that + they form regular curved series, which are separated by prominent crests, and converge towards the + poles of the main axis. Usually the marginal pores (along the frontal margin of the valves) are + much smaller (compare Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>).</p> + + <p>The <i>central capsule</i> of the Concharida, very well preserved in numerous specimens of the + Challenger collection, constantly possesses the same situation and structure. It is always + enclosed in the aboral or posterior half of the shell-cavity, whilst the oral or anterior half is + filled up by the phæodium. The free spaces between both and between the inner surface of the shell + are completely filled up by the jelly of the calymma, which also covers the whole shell as a thin + outer jelly-envelope. The form of the central capsule is sometimes nearly spherical, usually + somewhat compressed in the direction of the main axis, and sometimes also in the direction of the + frontal axis (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, + figs. 1-9). In some species it becomes bilobed, with an upper dorsal and a lower ventral lobe, and + in some others it becomes triangular (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>, + fig. 7). Its two membranes (inner and outer) are often separated by a broad colourless interval, + containing a clear fluid or jelly (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, + figs. 8, 9). The nucleus is usually about half as large as the central capsule and ellipsoidal, + its longer axis lying in the sagittal diameter of the body. Several specimens (of different + genera) contained two separate nuclei, one placed in the dorsal, the other in the ventral half of + the capsule (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, + fig. 6). This duplication of the nucleus is probably the preparation for the division of the + capsule. The division will be probably effected in the frontal plane, so that each half of the + bisected capsule gets one nucleus and one valve, and the other valve becomes newly formed (in a + way similar to that in the bivalved Diatomaceæ). The astropyle, or the main-opening of the + capsule, is closed by a radiate operculum, from which arises a tubular proboscis; this lies in the + main axis of the body, is directed towards the anterior mouth of the shell, and surrounded by the + phæodium. The two shorter tubes of the paired parapylæ, or the accessory lateral openings, lie on + the posterior or caudal side of <span class="pagenum" id="page1716">{1716}</span>the capsule, at + right and left, and are directed half backwards, half outwards (towards the frontal fissure + between the valves, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, + figs. 1, 8<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>The phæodium exhibits in all Concharida the same characteristic shape, and represents a dark + conglomeration of phæodellæ, filling up the anterior or oral half of the shell-cavity. Usually it + is bilobed, divided into a dorsal and a ventral lobe or wing, which fills up the corresponding + valve of the shell (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, + figs. 8, 9). The phæodium is commonly more voluminous than the capsule, and surrounds its anterior + half, more rarely it encloses nearly the entire capsule (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, figs. 6, + 10). Its colour is usually olive, sometimes more greenish, at other times more brownish, in some + species nearly black. The phæodellæ, or the roundish granules which compose the phæodium, exhibit + the same shape as in all other <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> (compare above, p. <a + href="#page1535">1535</a>). Sometimes peculiar rather oblong nucleated cells are scattered in + great numbers between the phæodellæ, probably parasites or symbiontes (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, figs. + 7-9, 9<i>a</i>).</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Concharida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Concharida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Concharida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Conchasmida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Lateral edges of the two valves smooth, without teeth.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Valves without sagittal keel, nearly hemispherical or + slightly compressed.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Aboral hinge without horns,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">720. <i>Concharium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Aboral hinge with two horns (one on each valve),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">721. <i>Conchasma</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="5" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Conchopsida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Lateral edges of the two valves dentate, with a series of prominent teeth on + both sides. The teeth of both valves catch one into another.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="5" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace11sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Valves without sagittal keel, nearly hemispherical or + slightly compressed.</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Aboral hinge without horns,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">722. <i>Conchellium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Aboral hinge with two horns. No apical horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">723. <i>Conchidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Aboral hinge with two horns. Apex also with a horn,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">724. <i>Conchonia</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Valves with a sharp sagittal keel, strongly compressed on + both sides, boat-shaped.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Aboral hinge without horns,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">725. <i>Conchopsis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Aboral hinge with two horns (one on each valve).</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">726. <i>Conchoceras</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Concharida" + summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Concharida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Conchasmida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Lateral edges of the two valves smooth, without teeth.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Valves without sagittal keel, nearly hemispherical or slightly + compressed.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Aboral hinge without horns,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">720. <i>Concharium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Aboral hinge with two horns (one on each valve),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">721. <i>Conchasma</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Conchopsida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Lateral edges of the two valves dentate, with a series of prominent teeth on + both sides. The teeth of both valves catch one into another.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Valves without sagittal keel, nearly hemispherical or slightly + compressed.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Aboral hinge without horns,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">722. <i>Conchellium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Aboral hinge with two horns. No apical horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">723. <i>Conchidium</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Aboral hinge with two horns. Apex also with a horn,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">724. <i>Conchonia</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Valves with a sharp sagittal keel, strongly compressed on both + sides, boat-shaped.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Aboral hinge without horns,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">725. <i>Conchopsis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Aboral hinge with two horns (one on each valve).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">726. <i>Conchoceras</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Conchasmida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Concharida</span> with the lateral + margins of the two valves smooth, without interlocking teeth.</p> + + <h5>Genus 720. <i>Concharium</i>,<a id="NtA_336" href="#Nt_336"><sup>[336]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Concharida</span> with the lateral margins of the + valves smooth, without sagittal keel and without horns on the hinge.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1717">{1717}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Concharium</i> is the simplest and the most primitive form of all + Concharida; it may be regarded as the common ancestral form of the whole family. The entire shell + is usually almost spherical, without horns or teeth, and may be regarded as a <i>Castanella</i> + which is bisected or broken into two equal hemispherical halves. The lateral margins of the two + hemispherical valves are smooth, without teeth, and catch one into the other like the two valves + of a Diatom, or the two halves of a bivalved box. <i>Concharium</i> agrees in this simple shape of + the frontal margins with the following genus <i>Conchasma</i>, and represents with it the small + subfamily Conchasmida.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Concharium bivalvum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, + figs. 2, 2<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Shell spherical, smooth. Diameter in all directions nearly the same. Borders of the two + hemispherical valves circular, smooth, about twice as broad as the pores. In the half frontal + perimeter of the shell (along the right and the left border of each valve) twenty-two to + twenty-four pores, in the half sagittal perimeter (in the middle line of each valve) eighteen to + twenty-two pores, in the half equator (in the cinctural perimeter of each valve) twenty to + twenty-two pores. All pores circular, of the same size, twice as broad as their bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (longitudinal diameter) 0.35, height (sagittal + diameter) 0.34, breadth (lateral diameter) 0.33.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, west of Madeira, Station 354, depth 1675 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Concharium nucula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, + fig. 3).</p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, with costate surface. Oral face somewhat truncated, broader than the aboral + face. Its longitudinal diameter about one-fifth longer than the two other diameters. Borders of + the two valves ovate, smooth, about as broad as the pores. In the half frontal perimeter of the + shell twenty-two to twenty-four pores, in the half sagittal perimeter eighteen to twenty, in the + half equator sixteen to eighteen. Pores irregularly roundish, three to four times as broad as the + bars. The pores are so disposed in meridional rows that the crests between the rows converge + towards the two poles of the sagittal axis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.2, height 0.18, breadth 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic (west of Tristan da Cunha), Station 332, depth + 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Concharium diatomeum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, + fig. 1).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly spherical, slightly lenticular, somewhat compressed in dorso-ventral direction; + the sagittal diameter therefore somewhat shorter than the two others. Borders of the two + hemispherical valves nearly circular, quite smooth, about as broad as the length of the largest + pores. In the half frontal perimeter of the shell forty-four to fifty pores; in the half sagittal + perimeter twenty to twenty-four; in the half equator thirty to thirty-three. Pores different in + form and size; the <span class="pagenum" id="page1718">{1718}</span>marginal pores small, nearly + circular; the dorsal and ventral pores oblongish-hexagonal, twice as long as broad, about four to + six times as long as the bars, regularly arranged in transverse rows.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.22, height 0.21, breadth 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, near Sierra Leone, Station 348, depth 2450 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Concharium bacillarium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, fig. + 4).</p> + + <p>Shell walnut-shaped, with panelled surface; oral and aboral face of the same form. Its + longitudinal diameter about one-fifth longer than the two other diameters. Borders of the two + cup-shaped valves elliptical, smooth, with a prominent edge, about as broad as the larger pores. + In the half frontal perimeter of the shell fifty to fifty-five pores, in the half sagittal + perimeter thirty-six to forty, in the half equator also thirty to forty. Pores hexagonally framed. + The pores are tapering in size from the sagittal plane towards the valve-margins, and so regularly + arranged in meridional rows that the crests between the latter converge towards both poles of the + longitudinal axis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.2, height 0.15, breadth 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, off St. Helena, Station 340, depth 1500 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Concharium fragilissimum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, very thin-walled and fragile. Diameter in all directions nearly the same. + Oral and aboral face scarcely different. Margins of the hemispherical valves extremely thin and + hyaline. Pores irregularly roundish, of very different sizes and unequal forms. The fragile shell + of this species differs in general shape from that of all other Concharida, and is like that of + the Cœlodendrida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>, + fig. 3), but exhibits neither an apical cupola or galea, nor radial tubes arising from it. It may + be perhaps a young specimen of <i>Cœlodendrum</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.22, of the pores 0.002 to 0.02.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean, Portofino (Haeckel), surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 721. <i>Conchasma</i>,<a id="NtA_337" href="#Nt_337"><sup>[337]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Concharida</span> with the lateral margins of the + valves smooth, without sagittal keel, but with two caudal horns on the hinge (a dorsal and a + ventral).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Conchasma</i> is closely allied to the preceding <i>Concharium</i>, + and has the same hemispherical valves with smooth margins, without teeth; but it differs from the + latter in the development of two caudal horns or posterior spines on the aboral hinge, one horn on + the aboral end of each valve. The three species of this genus were all found in great depths of + the Antarctic Ocean, in Diatom ooze, between 1260 and 1975 fathoms, at Stations 152 to 157.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1719">{1719}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Conchasma radiolites</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, + fig. 5).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly spherical, somewhat compressed on both sides; the dorsal valve smaller, flatter + and shorter than the ventral valve. In the half sagittal perimeter of the shell twenty to + twenty-two pores, in the half frontal perimeter twelve to fourteen, in the half equator eighteen + to twenty. All pores nearly of the same size, circular, hexagonally framed, scarcely as broad as + the bars. The two horns of the hinge are four-sided pyramidal, of different sizes; the ventral + horn (of the larger valve) two to three times as long as the dorsal horn (of the smaller valve); + the latter twice as long as a pore.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.16, height 0.15, breadth 0.14.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean, Station 154, depth 1800 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Conchasma sphærulites</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly spherical, somewhat compressed on both sides, the frontal diameter therefore + somewhat shorter than the two others. Both valves nearly of the same size, hemispherical, their + borders smooth, twice as broad as the largest pores. In the half sagittal perimeter of the shell + twenty-eight to thirty pores, in the half frontal perimeter twenty to twenty-two, in the half + equator twenty-four to twenty-six. Size of the pores increasing from the borders towards the top + of the valves. One series of very small pores along the frontal free margin of each valve. Pores + roundish-polygonal, three to four times as broad as the bars. The two horns of the hinge are of + equal size, four-sided pyramidal, and twice as long as the larger pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.18, height 0.18, breadth 0.16.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean, Station 152, depth 1260 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Conchasma hippurites</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nearly spherical, scarcely compressed. The frontal diameter equal to the two others. Both + valves equal. In the half sagittal perimeter of the shell thirty-two to thirty-four pores, in the + half frontal perimeter twenty-four to twenty-six, in the half equator twenty-six to twenty-eight. + All pores of nearly equal size, circular, polygonally framed, twice as broad as the bars. The two + horns of the hinge are large, three-sided pyramidal, the ventral horn twice as long as the dorsal, + and four to six times as long as one pore.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.22, height 0.21, breadth 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Conchopsida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Concharida</span> with the lateral + margins of the two valves dentate, the teeth of both catch one into another.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1720">{1720}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 722. <i>Conchellium</i>,<a id="NtA_338" href="#Nt_338"><sup>[338]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Concharida</span> with the lateral margins of the + valves dentate, without sagittal keel and without horns on the hinge.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Conchellium</i> and the four following genera represent together the + subfamily Conchopsida, differing from the Conchasmida in the dentate lateral margins of the two + valves. These are armed with a series of strong, conical teeth, and catch one into another just as + the two valves of many Lamellibranchiata and Brachiopoda do (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, figs. + 1-16). <i>Conchellium</i> is the simplest form among the Conchopsida, since the valves are + hemispherical, and possess neither a sagittal keel nor projecting horns.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Conchellium tridacna</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, + figs. 7, 7<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p>Shell nearly spherical, finely tuberculated, the sagittal diameter somewhat longer than the two + others. Borders of the two hemispherical valves smooth in 0.2 of the oral, and 0.1 at the aboral + part, dentated in the remaining 0.7 part; on one side of each valve fourteen to sixteen very + strong and long teeth, all nearly of the same size, about one-fourth as long as the shell-radius. + In the half frontal perimeter of the shell (on one border of each valve) twenty-five to thirty + pores, in the half sagittal perimeter thirty-five to forty, in the equator twenty-five to thirty. + Pores circular, hexagonally framed, of equal size (except some smaller rows along the fissure), + twice as broad as the bars. On the conical inside of each funnel-like pore six small spinules, + between every three neighbouring pores a triangular facette (fig. 7<i>a</i>).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.34 to 0.38, height 0.38 to 0.42, breadth 0.32 to + 0.36.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 250 to 253, depth 2740 to 3125 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Conchellium hippopus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell nearly spherical, in the lateral perimeter (along the girdle-fissure) somewhat + constricted. Borders of the two hemispherical valves semicircular, smooth in 0.3 of the oral, and + 0.2 of the aboral part, dentated only in the remaining 0.5 middle part; on one side of each valve + seven to eight very strong and long teeth, increasing in size towards the mouth, the longest + (foremost) teeth nearly one-third as long as the shell-radius. In the half frontal perimeter of + the shell (along one border of each valve) twenty-four to twenty-eight pores, in the half sagittal + perimeter thirty-two to thirty-six, in the half equator twelve to fourteen. Pores circular, twice + to three times as broad as the bars, smaller along the fissure.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.06, height 0.065, breadth 0.055.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central area of the Tropical Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1721">{1721}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 723. <i>Conchidium</i>,<a id="NtA_339" href="#Nt_339"><sup>[339]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Concharida</span> with the lateral margins of the + valves dentate, without sagittal keel and apical horns, but with two caudal horns on the hinge (a + dorsal and a ventral).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Conchidium</i> is the most common form of all Concharida, and some of + its species occur in great numbers in the tropical zone of the Pacific and the Atlantic, on the + surface as well as at various depths. It differs from the preceding <i>Conchellium</i>, its + ancestral form, in the development of two caudal horns, or two strong pyramidal spines which arise + from the posterior end of the valves; the dorsal horn usually is smaller than the ventral.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Conchidium terebratula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, figs. 1, + 2).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, smooth; both valves of nearly equal size and form, hemispherical. The three + dimensive axes of the body are almost equal. Margins of the valves dentate in nearly the whole + periphery; on each side of one valve eleven or twelve strong conical teeth, all of the same size. + Aboral hinge with two short and stout four-sided pyramidal horns of equal length. Mouth with two + equal short lips. Pores of the shell subregular, circular, three to four times as broad as the + bars, in the dorsal valve twice as large as in the ventral valve.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.24 to 0.28.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface, and at various + depths.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Conchidium thecidium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, + fig. 6).</p> + + <p>Shell subspherical, slightly compressed on both sides. Dorsal valve somewhat smaller than the + ventral, of similar form. Principal axis of the shell somewhat longer than the sagittal, and this + longer than the frontal axis. Margins of the valves smooth in the oral quarter, strongly dentate + in the remainder; on each side of one valve eight or nine very large triangular teeth, half as + long as the height of the valve. Aboral hinge with two unequal, stout, four-sided pyramidal horns; + the dorsal horn half as long at the ventral. Mouth with two unequal lips, the upper shorter than + the lower. Pores of the shell subregular, hexagonal, three to four times as broad as the bars. The + figured specimen, well preserved, contained in the central capsule two nuclei, one in the dorsal, + the other in the ventral half.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.28 to 0.33, height 0.27 to 0.3, breadth 0.22 to + 0.24.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 292, depth 1600 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1722">{1722}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Conchidium rhynchonella</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Shell with three different dimensive axes in the proportion = 6 : 5 : 4. + Ventral valve semi-ovate, larger than the humpbacked dorsal valve. Margins of the valves dentate + almost in the whole periphery; on each side of one valve twelve or thirteen strong conical teeth. + Aboral hinge with two very unequal horns, the dorsal much smaller than the pyramidal ventral. + Under lip of the mouth emarginate, much larger than the acute upper lip. Pores subregular, + circular, twice as broad as the bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.3, height 0.25, breadth 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 244 to 253, surface, and at various + depths.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Conchidium dimerella</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell laterally compressed, very similar to the preceding, but differing in the following + characters:—Proportion of the three axes = 7 : 5 : 4. Ventral valve + hemispherical, larger than the humpbacked dorsal. Margins of the valves dentate in the middle half + only, whilst the anterior and posterior quarters are smooth; on each side of one valve six or + seven strong conical teeth. Ventral horn of the aboral hinge very large, pyramidal, one-third as + long as the shell and three times as long as the dorsal.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.35, height 0.25, breadth 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 236, surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Conchidium leptæna</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, + figs. 4, 5).</p> + + <p>Shell laterally compressed, with three different dimensive axes of the proportions = + 4 : 3 : 2. Ventral valve larger than the dorsal, both semi-ovate. Margins of + the valves dentate along the lateral sides; on each side of one valve nine or ten conical teeth, + the middle of which are smaller. Aboral hinge with two unequal short horns; the dorsal + rudimentary. Under lip of the mouth pointed, much larger than the truncate upper lip. Pores + circular, about twice as broad as the bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.2, height 0.15, breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 271 and 272, surface, and at + various depths.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Conchidium argiope</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, + figs. 7-9).</p> + + <p>Shell laterally compressed, with three different dimensive axes of the proportion = + 6 : 5 : 3. Both valves nearly equal. Margins of the shell dentate along the + lateral fissure, on each side of one valve thirteen or fourteen thin conical teeth. Aboral hinge + with two equal, short, pyramidal horns. Mouth with two equal short lips. Pores subregular, + circular, twice as broad as the bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.2, height 0.17, breadth 0.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Stations 341 to 349, surface, and at + various depths.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1723">{1723}</span></div> + + <p>7. <i>Conchidium magasella</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell laterally compressed, with two equal valves, very similar to the preceding species, but + differing in the following characters:—Proportion of the three axes = + 6 : 4 : 3. Margins of the valves with smaller and more numerous teeth; on each + side of one valve sixteen to eighteen short conical teeth. Pores smaller and more numerous, about + as broad as the bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.24, height 0.16, breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Conchidium productum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell laterally compressed, prolonged, with two equal valves, similar to the two preceding + species, differing in the following characters:—Proportion of the three axes = + 3 : 2 : 1. Margins of the valves smooth in the anterior and posterior quarter, + dentate in the middle lateral half; on each side of one valve ten to twelve strong conical teeth. + Horns of the aboral hinge prolonged, conical, half as long as the shell, the ventral somewhat + larger than the dorsal. Pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.25, height 0.15, breadth 0.08.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 724. <i>Conchonia</i>,<a id="NtA_340" href="#Nt_340"><sup>[340]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Concharida</span> with the lateral margins of the + valves dentate, without sagittal keel, but with an apical horn on the poles of the sagittal axis, + and with two caudal horns on the hinge (a dorsal and a ventral).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Conchonia</i> is closely allied to the preceding <i>Conchidium</i>, + its ancestral form, but differs from this and from all other Concharida in the development of + horns on the poles of the sagittal axis. These are probably of great morphological importance, + since they represent the beginnings of the hollow tubes arising from the poles of the sagittal + axis in all Cœlodendrida and Cœlographida. In one of the three observed species each + valve possessed an apical or sagittal horn, whilst in the two other species one valve only was + provided with a horn. Since I observed one specimen only of each species, I cannot say whether + this difference is important and of constant generic value.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Conchonia diodon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, + figs. 10-12).</p> + + <p>Shell laterally compressed, with two very unequal valves. Dorsal valve smaller, hat-shaped, on + the apex with a fenestrated protuberance which is similar to the galea of the Cœlodendrida, + and bears a short, conical, backwardly-directed horn. Ventral valve larger, boat-shaped, without + apical <span class="pagenum" id="page1724">{1724}</span>horn. Aboral hinge with two pyramidal, + horizontal, caudal horns of different sizes, the dorsal smaller than the ventral. Lateral margin + of each valve on one side with twelve to fourteen strong conical teeth (fig. 12). Lips of the + narrow mouth thickened (fig. 11).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.3, height 0.27, breadth 0.21.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 342, depth 1445 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Conchonia triodon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, + figs. 13, 14).</p> + + <p>Shell laterally compressed, with two very unequal valves. Dorsal valve (fig. 14) larger, + hat-shaped, on the apex with a large pyramidal horn which is half as long as the shell, curved and + directed backwards. Ventral valve (fig. 13) smaller, boat-shaped, without apical horn. Aboral + hinge with two pyramidal caudal horns of different sizes, the dorsal horn twice as long as the + ventral. Lateral margin of each valve on one side with twelve to fifteen conical teeth. Perhaps + the larger horned valve (fig. 14) may be the ventral, and the opposite smaller hornless (seen from + above in fig. 13) the dorsal valve.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.21, height 0.17, breadth 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Conchonia tetrodon</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Conchura tetrodon</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell subspherical, with two nearly equal hemispherical valves, which are very thin-walled and + similar in structure to those of the Cœlodendrida, with very irregular roundish pores of + different shapes and sizes (compare Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>, + fig. 3). Lateral margins of the valves with very numerous and irregular, thin, bristle-shaped + teeth, similar to those of some Cœlographida (compare Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, fig. 8). + Aboral hinge with two equal, conical, caudal horns, which are straight, parallel, and half as long + as the shell. Two similar straight conical horns are opposed on the poles of the sagittal axis, + and arise from the apex of the two valves. This remarkable species may perhaps better represent a + separate genus, <i>Conchura</i>, forming a direct transition to the ancestral form of the + Cœlodendrida, <i>Cœlodoras</i>; it differs from the latter in the absence of a galea + or hollow conical cupola on the apex of each valve, and in the solid, not hollow structure of the + horns.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the shell 0.24, length of the two sagittal horns 0.1, of + the two caudal horns 0.12.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 725. <i>Conchopsis</i>,<a id="NtA_341" href="#Nt_341"><sup>[341]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Concharida</span> with dentate lateral margins and a + sharp sagittal keel of the compressed valves, without horns on the hinge.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1725">{1725}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Conchopsis</i> and the following <i>Conchoceras</i> differ from the + other Concharida in the strong lateral compression of the shell, so that each valve is provided in + the sagittal plane with a sharp prominent keel, comparable to the dorsal and the anal fin of + fishes. These compressed shells are in general twice to three times as large as the more roundish + and keelless shells of the five preceding genera. The sculpture of the fenestrated valves is + extremely elegant. <i>Conchopsis</i> possesses at the aboral hinge not the two prominent caudal + horns, which mark the following genus <i>Conchoceras</i>, but in some species a peculiar ligament + connects the aboral ends of both valves.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Conchopsis orbicularis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>, fig. + 3).</p> + + <p>Shell subcircular, lenticular, strongly compressed on both sides, nearly as high as long, its + sagittal perimeter nearly circular; frontal and cinctural perimeter spindle-shaped. Borders of the + two boat-shaped valves smooth in 0.4 of the oral part, and in 0.1 of the aboral part of their + length, strongly dentated in the remaining 0.5 middle part; about twenty-five slender, straight + teeth on each side of one valve, size of the teeth increasing from the aboral towards the oral + pole. In the half lateral perimeter of the shell (along the right and the left borders of each + valve) sixty to sixty-five pores, in the half sagittal perimeter (along the keel of each valve) + eighty to eighty-five pores, in the half equator sixty to sixty-five pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.53, height 0.55, breadth about 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, west of Tristan da Cunha, Station 333, depth + 2025 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Conchopsis compressa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>, + figs. 7, 8).</p> + + <p>Shell lenticular, strongly compressed on both sides; proportion of its longitudinal diameter to + the sagittal and lateral = 10 : 9 : 3, its sagittal perimeter elliptical (fig. + 7), cinctural and frontal perimeter spindle-shaped (fig. 8). Borders of the two boat-shaped valves + smooth in 0.3 of the oral, and 0.3 in the aboral part, dentated in the remaining 0.4 middle part; + about forty to forty-four very slender teeth of equal size on one lateral edge of each valve. In + the half frontal perimeter of the shell (along the border of the valve) sixty-four to sixty-eight + pores, in the half sagittal perimeter (along one valve-keel) seventy to eighty pores, in the half + equator forty-four to forty-eight pores. Ventral and dorsal pores linear, three to four times as + long as the circular, lateral pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.6 to 0.8, height 0.55 to 0.72, breadth 0.2 to + 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, between 30° and 40° north latitude (between + Japan and San Francisco), in depths from 2000 to 3000 fathoms frequent, Stations 241 to 252.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Conchopsis carinata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, + fig. 8).</p> + + <p>Shell subcircular, lenticular, in the central half slightly compressed, nearly spherical, in + the peripheral half strongly compressed, with a broad, hyaline, smooth keel on the sagittal plane. + Borders of the two valves smooth in the 0.2 of the oral, and 0.1 of the aboral part, strongly + <span class="pagenum" id="page1726">{1726}</span>dentated in the remaining 0.7 middle part; about + fifty slender teeth of equal size on one lateral edge of each valve. In the half lateral perimeter + of the shell about forty-five to fifty pores, in the half sagittal perimeter sixty-five to + seventy, in the half equator thirty-two to forty pores. The pores are arranged in parallel curved + rows, which are separated by high denticulate crests. Aboral hinge with a strong ligament.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.6 to 0.7, height 0.55 to 0.65, breadth 0.35 to + 0.45.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic (east of Patagonia), Station 318, depth 2040 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Conchopsis lenticula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <p>Shell subcircular, lenticular, strongly compressed on both sides, with a sharp and broad + hyaline keel in the sagittal perimeter. Borders of the two valves smooth in 0.3 of the oral, and + 0.2 of the aboral part, strongly dentated in the remaining 0.5 middle part; about thirty strong, + conical teeth on the lateral edge of each valve. In the half lateral perimeter of the shell fifty + to fifty-five pores, in the half sagittal seventy to seventy-five, in the half frontal forty to + forty-five pores. The large central capsule of this species fills up the posterior half of the + shell-cavity, the dark green phæodium the anterior half; the latter contains numerous peculiar, + longish, nucleated cells (fig. 9<i>a</i>), parasites or symbiontes (?). Aboral hinge of the shell + with a strong ligament.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.7, height 0.6, breadth 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Conchopsis pilidium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>, + fig. 9).</p> + + <p>Shell ovate, lenticular, compressed on both sides, with a broad, wing-like sagittal keel. + Proportion of its longitudinal diameter to the sagittal and lateral = + 6 : 5 : 3. Sagittal perimeter elliptical. Borders of the two hat-like valves + smooth in 0.15 of the oral, and 0.2 of the aboral part, strongly dentated in the remaining 0.65 + middle part; about twenty-five to thirty teeth of nearly equal size on one side of each valve. In + the half lateral perimeter of the shell (along one border of each valve) forty-five to fifty + pores, in the half sagittal perimeter (on the keel of one valve) seventy to seventy-five pores, in + the half equator thirty-six to forty pores. Each pore is surrounded by a hexagonal frame. The + opening of each valve in this species is bordered and partly closed by a broad, horizontal + diaphragm or velum, like the deck of a boat; it is broadest on the oral side.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.78 to 0.8, height 0.66 to 0.7, breadth 0.3 to + 0.4.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, between Buenos Ayres and Tristan da Cunha, + Stations 324 to 334, at depths between 1715 and 2900 fathoms.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Conchopsis aspidium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>, + figs. 1, 2).</p> + + <p>Shell scutiform, strongly compressed on both sides, in the centre only lenticular, in the + periphery wing-like, keeled. Proportion of the longitudinal diameter to the sagittal and frontal = + 6 : 5 : 2. Sagittal circumference in the oral half semicircular, in the aboral + half pentagonal, two <span class="pagenum" id="page1727">{1727}</span>acute corners jutting out + near the aboral hinge, one corner in the keel of the dorsal, the outer in the keel of the ventral + valve. Borders of the two boat-shaped valves smooth in 0.3 of the oral part, and in 0.1 of the + aboral part, strongly dentated in the remaining 0.6 middle part; about thirty-five teeth in one + side of each valve, larger on both ends than in the middle. In the half frontal perimeter of the + shell sixty to sixty-five pores, in the half sagittal perimeter eighty to eighty-five, in the half + equator of the shell forty to fifty pores.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.55 to 0.65, height 0.5 to 0.55, breadth 0.2 to + 0.22.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 243 and 244, depth 2800 to 2900 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Conchopsis navicula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>, + figs. 4-6).</p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped, compressed on both sides, in the sagittal periphery keeled. Proportion of + the longitudinal diameter to the sagittal and lateral = 4 : 3 : 2. Its + sagittal perimeter nearly ovate. Borders of the two boat-shaped valves smooth in 0.3 of the oral, + and 0.15 of the aboral part, strongly dentated in the remaining 0.55 middle part; teeth conical, + of nearly equal size. In the half frontal perimeter of the shell (along one border of each valve) + forty to forty-five pores, in the half sagittal fifty-four to fifty-six pores, in the half equator + thirty-two to thirty-six pores. Each pore is surrounded by a hexagonal frame, and pierces the + shell in an oblique direction, dilated in the middle part (figs. 5, 6). Shell very thick-walled, + several longitudinal crests on both sides of the keel of each valve. Hinge very strong, usually + with a broad ligament between the two unequal aboral lips of the hinge.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 0.8, height 0.6, breadth 0.4.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 293, depth 2025 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 726. <i>Conchoceras</i>,<a id="NtA_342" href="#Nt_342"><sup>[342]</sup></a> Haeckel, + 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Concharida</span> with dentate lateral margins and a + sharp sagittal keel of the compressed valves, and with two caudal horns on the hinge (a dorsal and + a ventral).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Conchoceras</i> has the same lenticular keeled and laterally + compressed shell as the preceding ancestral genus <i>Conchopsis</i>, but is distinguished from it + by the development of two large caudal horns on the aboral hinge. It bears therefore the same + relation to the latter as <i>Conchidium</i> does to <i>Conchellium</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Conchoceras caudatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, + fig. 15).</p> + + <p>Shell lenticular, slightly compressed; proportion of the longitudinal diameter to the sagittal + and lateral = 6 : 5 : 4; sagittal and cinctural perimeter ovate, frontal + perimeter elliptical. Free <span class="pagenum" id="page1728">{1728}</span>margins of the two + boat-shaped valves dentate nearly in the whole perimeter; in one lateral border of each valve + eleven or twelve very large conical teeth, the largest of which are nearly half as high as the + valve. On the aboral hinge of the shell two divergent, very large horns, four-sided pyramidal, + acute, straight, at the base perforated by a few large pores. The dorsal horn (of the smaller + valve) is somewhat shorter than the ventral horn (of the larger valve). The apical distance of + both horns is somewhat greater than their length, and about half the length of the shell. In the + half frontal perimeter (along one border of each valve) thirty-two to thirty-four pores, in the + half sagittal perimeter thirty-four to thirty-eight, in the half equator thirty to thirty-three. + The pores are smaller near the girdle-fissure, irregularly quadrangular, and arranged in + longitudinal rows, which are separated by meridional crests, and converge towards both poles of + the main axis.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (without the horns) 0.24 to 0.26, height 0.20 to + 0.22, breadth 0.16 to 0.18; length of the horns 0.1 to 0.13.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Eastern part of the Tropical Atlantic, near the Equator, + Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Conchoceras cornutum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, + fig. 16).</p> + + <p>Shell lenticular, strongly compressed on both sides; proportion of the longitudinal axis to the + sagittal and lateral = 4 : 3 : 2. Sagittal perimeter ovate, frontal perimeter + elliptical, cinctural perimeter spindle-shaped. Free margins of the two keeled valves in the oral + third smooth, in the remaining part strongly dentate; ten or eleven large teeth on one lateral + border of each valve, the largest about half as high as the valve. On the aboral hinge of the + shell two fenestrated apophyses which bear two stout, strongly curved horns, like pincers; the + dorsal horn (of the smaller upper valve) is shorter and less curved than the ventral horn (of the + larger lower valve). The lips of the mouth (at left on fig. 16) are also unequal, the upper lip + emarginate. In the half frontal perimeter of the valve twenty-two to twenty-four pores, in the + half sagittal perimeter twenty-eight to thirty, in the half equator twenty to twenty-two. The + pores are separated by high parallel crests and arranged in longitudinal rows, which converge + towards the aboral hinge.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell (without the horns) 0.36 to 0.4, height 0.27 to + 0.3, breadth 0.2 to 0.22; length of the horns 0.16 to 0.22.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Family LXXXIV. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Cœlodendrida</span></span>, Haeckel + (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>).</h4> + + <div class="poem smaller pc25"> + <p><i>Cœlodendrida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 360.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> with a bivalved lattice-shell, + composed of two hemispherical valves, a dorsal and a ventral. A conical cupola or a pyramidal + galea arises from the apical pole of both valves, therefore at the opposite poles of the sagittal + axis. Rhinocanna and frenula wanting. Three or more hollow radial tubes arise from each valve and + are symmetrically disposed. Sometimes their branches form an outer <span class="pagenum" + id="page1729">{1729}</span>bivalved mantle. The central capsule is so enclosed between the two + inner valves, that its three openings lie in the open frontal fissure between them.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Cœlodendrida</span> differs from the preceding Concharida + (its probable ancestral group) in the development of a conical galea or pyramidal cupola on the + apical pole of each valve, and of three or more hollow radial tubes arising from each galea. They + do not possess, however, the peculiar sagittal nasal tube or rhinocanna, which is constantly + developed from the base of each cupola (and connected with its apex by a frenulum) in the + following family, the Cœlographida. These latter differ also from the former in the + constant possession of prominent verticillate styles.</p> + + <p>The family Cœlodendrida was founded in 1862 in my Monograph (p. 360) and represented + hitherto only by two species of the genus <i>Cœlodendrum</i>, there described (p. 361, Taf. + xiii. figs. 1-3, and Taf. xxxii. fig. 1). This first description, however, contained some errors, + which were afterwards (in 1879) corrected by Richard Hertwig; this author also gave the first + accurate description of the central capsule and its three openings. In the rich collection of the + Challenger, the Cœlodendrida are represented by four genera, but only seventeen species, + some of which, however, are cosmopolitan and very common, particularly + <i>Cœlodendrum</i>.</p> + + <p>The two valves of the lattice-shell, dorsal and ventral, are either hemispherical, or somewhat + more flatly vaulted or cap-shaped. They are never connected in the equatorial zone of the body, as + I supposed in my Monograph (1862, <i>loc. cit.</i>); but they are separated by the girdle-fissure, + a free circular equatorial interval, in which lie the three openings of the enclosed central + capsule. Though the two valves, therefore, have no direct connection, they are, however, always + opposed so accurately, that their equal free circular edges correspond exactly one to the other, + so that the apex of each valve lies in one pole of the sagittal axis. From this apex there arises + on each valve an irregular conical or three-sided pyramidal cupola, the galea (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>, figs. 3, + 4, 8). The Cœlodendrida differ in the possession of this galea from the Concharida, and + agree with the Cœlographida; but they never exhibit the peculiar rhinocanna or nasal tube, + which arises from each galea in the latter family.</p> + + <p>The siliceous lattice-plate of the two valves, and of the galea arising from them, is very thin + and fragile, and its irregular roundish pores are extremely variable in size, number, and + disposition. Sometimes the pores are so small and so scarce, that the plate appears nearly solid. + At other times the siliceous plate seems to be really solid, and covered by a network of thin + crests, the small dimples between which give to it the appearance of being fenestrated. Often the + pores or the dimples are wanting in the central part of each valve, while they are very numerous + and dense in the peripheral part. The same may be said of the lattice-plate of the galea, which is + sometimes nearly solid, at other times richly fenestrated. The Cœlodendrida agree in this + structure with the following <span class="pagenum" id="page1730">{1730}</span>family, the + Cœlographida, and differ from the preceding family, the Concharida, in which the siliceous + wall of the two valves is much thicker, and perforated by regular circular or roundish pores.</p> + + <p>The galea or conical cupola in the apex of the two valves ("der kegelförmige Aufsatz" of the + German authors) has in all Cœlodendrida a triangular base and an irregularly conical or + nearly three-sided pyramidal form. Its cavity is about one-third or one-fourth as large in + diameter as the cavity of the hemispherical valve upon which it rests. The galea is relatively + smaller and more irregularly formed than in the Cœlographida, and differs essentially from + that of the latter in the constant absence of a rhinocanna; there are also wanting, therefore, the + characteristic frenula, which connect the nasal tube with the apex of the galea. The cavity of the + galea probably always communicates with that of the valves by pores in the separating siliceous + plate, and is besides pierced by irregular pores in its outer wall, very variable in form, size, + and number, but it does not communicate with the cavity of the hollow radial tubes, from which it + is separated by a thin, solid, siliceous plate.</p> + + <p>The hollow radial tubes which arise from the galea in the Cœlodendrida do not seem to + possess that constant regularity in number, origin, and disposition, which is found in the + following family, and there serves for distinction of genera. In my first description of the + Cœlodendrida (1862, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 362), I pointed out this irregularity, and + mentioned that the number of radial tubes arising from each galea varies from three to eight; the + total number therefore amounts to from six to sixteen, the same minimum and maximum numbers which + we shall encounter also in the radial styles of the following family. But whilst it is easy to + determine the position and relation of these hollow tubes in the Cœlographida, owing to the + constant sagittal position of their rhinocanna, this task is very difficult in the + Cœlodendrida, where the rhinocanna is wanting. In the most frequent cases there arise from + each galea three or four tubes, more rarely five or six, and very rarely seven or eight. The + simplest and probably the original case is the development of three tubes, two of which are paired + (divergent on the right and left), while the third is odd, lying in the sagittal plane. Perhaps + these three primary tubes may be compared to the three cortinar feet of the <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, so that we may regard the two paired anterior as pectoral, and the + odd posterior as a caudal tube. Usually the two paired or pectoral tubes arise from two corners of + the triangular base of the galea, whilst the third odd or caudal tube does not arise from the + third corner of the base, but more or less above it, and often even from the highest point or the + apex of the galea. In the majority of species observed, this odd sagittal tube is forked even at + its origin, so that two divergent tubes (an anterior and a posterior) arise from the apex of the + galea (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>, + figs. 3, 8). More rarely the two paired or pectoral tubes are also forked at the base, so that + three pairs of tubes arise from each galea, and the total number of tubes amounts to twelve. Very + rarely <span class="pagenum" id="page1731">{1731}</span>four separate tubes or four pairs of tubes + arise from each galea, viz., two from the two anterior corners of the basal triangle, one from the + posterior corner, and one from the apex of the galea. It is possible that this difference in the + origin, furcation, and number of the hollow radial tubes may be employed for the distinction of + genera of Cœlodendrida, in the same manner as it is employed in the next following family, + the Cœlographida. But I have not been able, in spite of numerous and accurate examinations, + to demonstrate in the former the same regularity in number and arrangement of the tubes as in the + latter. It seems that these relations here are very variable, even in one and the same Species, + and not yet fixed.</p> + + <p>It is, however, probable, on the other hand, that the primary tubes (all or partly) are + identical to the Cœlodendrida and Cœlographida. This is most probably the case with + the posterior odd or caudal tube, which seems to be never wanting, and in both families is + developed in the form of a dichotomous brush (never in the form of a verticillate style). Possibly + also the two paired pectoral tubes are homologous in both families.</p> + + <p>The hollow tubes are perfectly simple and unbranched only in one genus, + <i>Cœlodoras</i>, which is probably the common ancestral form of both families, and which + may have been derived from <i>Concharium</i> by development of a galea and tubes on the sagittal + apex of the valves. All the other Cœlodendrida have branched spines, and the ramification + is constantly dichotomous, or repeatedly forked. There never occur in this family those + characteristic "styles," or verticillate prolonged tubes, which we find in all + Cœlographida. Usually the cylindrical tubes are slightly curved and forked even near their + base. The furcation is repeated a variable number of times in the different species. In the + largest species each tube becomes a brush with more than one hundred terminal bristles.</p> + + <p>We divide the Cœlodendrida into two subfamilies, according to the different development + of the distal branches of the hollow tubes. In the Cœlodorida all the branches of the tubes + remain free and are never connected by anastomoses, so that the surface of the bivalved skeleton + is protected by the free radial distal branches of the tubes. In the larger species of + <i>Cœlodendrum</i> (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Cœlodendrum furcatissimum</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>, fig. 1), + the numerous branches of the dichotomous tubes form a dense thicket, similar to that in the + Cœlotholida.</p> + + <p>In the second subfamily, Cœlodrymida, the distal branches of the tubes are connected by + numerous anastomoses, and compose either a simple lattice-plate on the surface of the skeleton + (<i>Cœlodrymus</i>), or a thicker envelope of spongy framework (<i>Cœlodasea</i>). + The lattice-mantle so produced is always bivalved, and its two outer hemispherical valves (dorsal + and ventral) correspond exactly to the two inner valves, from which arise the hollow tubes. The + free margins of the two external mantle-valves come externally into contact in the equatorial + plane of the body, in which the girdle-fissure lies internally between the two central + shell-valves. The free edges <span class="pagenum" id="page1732">{1732}</span>of the two external + mantle-valves, opposed to one another in the circle of the equator, seem usually to catch one into + another in the same way as the corresponding mantle-valves of the Cœloplegmida are loosely + connected (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>, + figs. 1, 7). A true concrescence between the two valves seems never to take place.</p> + + <p>The two subfamilies of Cœlodendrida therefore exactly correspond to the two subfamilies + of the following family, the Cœlographida. The Cœlodorida and Cœlotholida + form in a similar way a thicket, by dichotomous ramification of the hollow tubes, all the branches + of which remain free. The Cœlodrymida and Cœloplegmida, on the other hand, form an + outer lattice-mantle by anastomosing branches. The latter two subfamilies, of course, have been + derived correspondingly from the two former, and the common ancestral form of all four is probably + <i>Cœlodoras</i>, derived from the Concharida.</p> + + <p>Though the two corresponding subfamilies in both groups are very similar, they are, however, + separated by important hereditary characters. All Cœlodendrida (the Cœlodorida + without a mantle as well as the Cœlodrymida with a mantle) possess no rhinocanna and no + frenula on the galea, and they never develop prominent verticillate styles; the surface of their + calymma is probably always spherical or subspherical. All Cœlographida, however (the + Cœlotholida without a mantle as well as the Cœloplegmida with a mantle), possess a + rhinocanna and frenula on the galea, and always develop prominent verticillate styles; the surface + of their calymma is probably always symmetrically polyhedral.</p> + + <p>The superficial armature of the skeleton in the Cœlodendrida is rather simple, and by no + means so manifold and differentiated as in the more highly developed Cœlographida. The thin + terminal branches of the hollow tubes are in the Cœlodorida closed at the distal end, and + armed with a variable number of short teeth (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>, fig. 2), + or with a spinulate terminal knob, or a corona of recurved hooks (<i>ibid.</i>, figs. 5-7). In the + Cœlodrymida, however, where the distal ends of the branches by anastomosing form the + lattice-mantle, the spherical surface of this latter is armed with numerous thin spathillæ or + radial bristles (often zig-zag or spinulate), and each bristle usually bears at the distal end a + small anchor with two, three, or four recurved teeth; the outer convex edge of these teeth is + usually smooth, the inner concave edge denticulate. All these ramules and branches of the tubes + (also the thinnest terminal threads) are hollow, and filled up by jelly.</p> + + <p>The <i>central capsule</i> of the Cœlodendrida does not lie outside the two central + valves (as I supposed in my first description, in 1862, being deceived by the dark enveloping + phæodium, Monogr. d. Radiol., Taf. xxxii. fig. 1), but it is enclosed between the two valves, as + in the preceding and the following family. The first accurate description of it was given by + Richard Hertwig in 1879 (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 95, Taf. x. fig. 3). Its constant position between + the two lattice-valves (dorsal and ventral) is such, that its three openings lie in the frontal + plane, in the open fissure between the valves. The astropyle or the main-opening, with the radiate + operculum and the tubular proboscis arising from it, lies on the anterior (or oral) <span + class="pagenum" id="page1733">{1733}</span>pole of the main axis, whilst the two lateral accessory + openings, or parapylæ, lie on both sides of the posterior (or aboral) pole, to the right and left. + The position of the capsule is therefore the same as in the preceding Concharida (Pls. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>), and the + following Cœlographida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate126"><b>126</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>). The + large nucleus, enclosed in the central capsule, is usually half as broad, and contains numerous + nucleoli.</p> + + <p>The calymma, or the extracapsular jelly-veil, is in the Cœlodendrida usually spherical, + very voluminous, and includes the entire skeleton, the thicket of the Cœlodorida as well as + the lattice-mantle of the Cœlodrymida. Only the outermost terminal branches of the tubes in + the former, and the radial bristles and spathillæ on the surface of the latter, remain free and + project beyond the surface of the calymma. The phæodium is usually very large, three to four times + as broad as the central capsule, and envelops it often completely. Usually it envelops only the + anterior half of it, and the proboscis (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>, + figs. 1, 9). Often numerous green, brown, or blackish phæodellæ are scattered through the whole + calymma, and sometimes accumulate in a superficial layer on its surface. The galea of both valves + is usually also filled up by the phæodium.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Cœlodendrida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w50 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of + Cœlodendrida" summary="Synopsis of the Genera of + Cœlodendrida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Cœlodorida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Hollow tubes, arising from the galea of both valves, simple or dichotomously + branched; the branches always free, not anastomosing. No outer lattice-mantle.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Tubes simple, not branched,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">727. <i>Cœlodoras</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Tubes forked or dichotomously branched,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">728. <i>Cœlodendrum</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Cœlodrymida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Hollow tubes, arising from the galea of both valves, dichotomously branched; + the branches anastomose and form an outer bivalved lattice-mantle.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Lattice-mantle simple; its meshes lying in a spherical surface,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">729. <i>Cœlodrymus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Lattice-mantle spongy; its meshes lying in different planes,</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">730. <i>Cœlodasea</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of + Cœlodendrida" summary="Synopsis of the Genera of + Cœlodendrida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Cœlodorida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Hollow tubes, arising from the galea of both valves, simple or dichotomously + branched; the branches always free, not anastomosing. No outer lattice-mantle.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Tubes simple, not branched,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">727. <i>Cœlodoras</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Tubes forked or dichotomously branched,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">728. <i>Cœlodendrum</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="5" class="sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Cœlodrymida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Hollow tubes, arising from the galea of both valves, dichotomously branched; + the branches anastomose and form an outer bivalved lattice-mantle.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Lattice-mantle simple; its meshes lying in a spherical + surface,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">729. <i>Cœlodrymus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Lattice-mantle spongy; its meshes lying in different planes,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">730. <i>Cœlodasea</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily I. <span class="sc">Cœlodorida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cœlodendrida</span> without an + external bivalved lattice-mantle, with simple or branched hollow tubes, the terminal branches of + which are free, not anastomosing.</p> + + <h5>Genus 727. <i>Cœlodoras</i>,<a id="NtA_343" href="#Nt_343"><sup>[343]</sup></a> n. + gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cœlodendrida</span> without external + lattice-mantle, with simple, not branched, radial tubes, which arise separately from the + galea.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1734">{1734}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cœlodoras</i> is the simplest form of the Cœlodendrida, + and may be regarded as the common ancestral form of this and of the following family. It differs + from all other members of these two families in the simple shape of the hollow radial tubes which + arise from the galea, and are neither branched nor forked; the galea is very small, a flat + triangular cap. <i>Cœlodoras</i> may be derived immediately from <i>Concharium</i> or + <i>Conchonia</i> (p. <a href="#page1723">1723</a>), by development of the galea and the radial + tubes.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cœlodoras hexagraphis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Three straight, cylindrical, equidistant hollow tubes arise divergent from the three corners of + each galea, and are about as long as the diameter of the valves, at the distal end armed with a + spinulate knob. The odd sagittal (or caudal tube) is directed backwards, the two paired (or + pectoral) tubes, forwards.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the valves 0.16, length of the tubes 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cœlodoras octographis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Four hollow cylindrical tubes, slightly curved, arise divergent from each galea, and are about + one and a half times as long as the diameter of the valves, at the distal end knob-shaped, and + armed with four crossed, recurved teeth. Two anterior (or pectoral) tubes arise from the two + frontal corners of the galea basis, and diverge forwards to right and left. Two posterior tubes (a + sagittal and a caudal) arise from the posterior corner of each galea, and diverge in the sagittal + plane backwards.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the valves 0.2, length of the tubes 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 728. <i>Cœlodendrum</i>,<a id="NtA_344" href="#Nt_344"><sup>[344]</sup></a> + Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 801.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cœlodendrida</span> without external + lattice-mantle, with branched radial tubes, the hollow branches of which are free and never + connected by anastomoses.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Cœlodendrum</i> is the first described form not only of the + family Cœlodendrida, but of all <span class="gsp">Phæoconchia</span> or bivalved <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>; it is also the most common form of this group, and represented by ten + different species, some of which are cosmopolitan, very common, and widely distributed. In my + first description of <i>Cœlodendrum</i> I confounded it erroneously with some forms of + <i>Cœlodasea</i> and <i>Cœlographis</i>, the separated fragments of which I had + found entangled between the branches of the former. The first figures of <i>Cœlodendrum</i> + are given in my Monograph, in 1862, <span class="pagenum" id="page1735">{1735}</span>Taf. xiii. + figs. 1-3 (not 4) and Taf. xxxii. fig. 1 (not 2 and 3). <i>Cœlodendrum</i> has been derived + from <i>Cœlodoras</i> by furcation and repeated dichotomous ramification of the hollow + radial tubes which arise from the galea.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Cœlodendridium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Ramification of the hollow tubes regularly dichotomous, + each branch being forked again; therefore the two terminal ramules of the last branches equal.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cœlodendrum ramosissimum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p><i>Cœlodendrum ramosissimum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 363, Taf. xiii. + figs. 1-3.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cœlodendrum ramosissimum</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., + p. 93, Taf. x. figs. 3, 12.</p> + </div> + + <p>Terminal branches regularly forked, with two equal, smooth, nearly straight or slightly curved + fork-branches, diverging at right angles; their end-knobs with four crossed (or sometimes five or + six) short recurved teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the spherical skeleton 1.2 to 1.8, of the two central + valves 0.2 to 0.25.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; many + Stations, surface and at various depths.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cœlodendrum spinosissimum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>, fig. + 7).</p> + + <p>Terminal branches regularly forked, with two equal, smooth, straight, fork-branches, diverging + at right angles, their end-knobs echinoidal, subspherical or club-shaped, with numerous short + radial thorns.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the skeleton 2 to 2.2, of the two central valves 0.25 to + 0.03.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Stations 346 to 349, surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Cœlodendrum furcatissimum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>, fig. + 1-4).</p> + + <p>Terminal branches regularly forked, with two equal, smooth, straight, or slightly curved + fork-branches, diverging at acute angles; their end-knobs very small, with three short, diverging, + conical teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the skeleton 2 to 2.5, of the two central valves 0.3 to + 0.4.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; many Stations, + surface, and at various depths.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Cœlodendrum bifurcum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Terminal branches regularly forked, with two equal, smooth, more or less curved fork-branches, + diverging at acute angles; their end-knobs thin, with two slender, parallel, bristle-shaped + teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the skeleton 0.6 to 0.8, of the two central valves 0.1 to + 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Stations 252 to 256, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1736">{1736}</span></div> + + <p>5. <i>Cœlodendrum gracillimum</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cœlodendrum gracillimum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 364, + pl. xxxii. fig. 1.</p> + </div> + + <p>Terminal branches regularly forked, with two equal, spinulate, curved fork-branches, diverging + at obtuse angles and covered with numerous small thorns; their end-knobs cap-shaped, with a corona + of six to eight small recurved teeth. In one specimen of this species (in 1859) I found entangled + the fragments of <i>Cœlographis gracillima</i>, figured in Taf. xxxii. figs. 2, 3, <i>loc. + cit.</i> I supposed at that time, erroneously, that the latter belonged to full-grown specimens of + the former.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the skeleton 1 to 1.2, of the valves 0.15 to 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p> + + <p>6. <i>Cœlodendrum lappaceum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Terminal branches regularly forked, with two equal, spinulate, straight or slightly curved + fork-branches, diverging at acute angles and covered with small recurved hooks; their end-knobs + large, conical, with a prominent apex and a basal corona of six to eight recurved teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the skeleton 1.5 to 1.8, of the valves 0.22.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Stations 285 to 295, depth 1500 to 2600 + fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Cœlodendronium</i>, Haeckel.</h5> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>—Ramification of the hollow tubes more or less irregular, + mainly in the periphery; the terminal ramules of the last branches unequal.</p> + + <p>7. <i>Cœlodendrum cervicorne</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <p>Terminal branches irregularly ramified, with unequal, smooth, curved ramules, diverging at + obtuse angles, their end-knobs echinoidal, small, with short, diverging, conical thorns.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the skeleton 1 to 1.2, of the valves 0.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <p>8. <i>Cœlodendrum digitatum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Terminal branches irregularly ramified, with unequal, spinulate, straight ramules, diverging at + acute angles; the two last fork-branches digitate, each with five diverging finger-shaped ramules, + lying in a meridian plane; their end-knobs conical, pointed, with a corona of recurved hooks.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the skeleton 1.6, of the valves 0.24.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1737">{1737}</span></div> + + <p>9. <i>Cœlodendrum flabellatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>, fig. + 6).</p> + + <p>Terminal branches flabellate, irregularly ramified, each of the last two fork-branches being + divided into four or five diverging straight branches of different lengths; usually the last eight + or ten ramules lie in a meridional plane; their end-knobs cap-shaped, with a corona of recurved + teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the skeleton 2.0 to 2.5, of the valves 0.25 to 0.3.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 235 to 240, surface.</p> + + <p>10. <i>Cœlodendrum serratum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>, fig. + 5).</p> + + <p>Terminal branches flabellate, irregularly ramified like the preceding species; it differs from + this in the strong compression of the broad, saw-shaped, terminal branches; the two opposite edges + (placed in the meridional plane of the flabellum) are finely serrated; their end-knobs with a + corona of diverging teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the skeleton 3.0 to 3.2, of the valves 0.3 to 0.36.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 + fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Cœlodrymida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cœlodendrida</span> with an + external bivalved lattice-mantle, produced by the anastomosing branches of the hollow radial + tubes.</p> + + <h5>Genus 729. <i>Cœlodrymus</i>,<a id="NtA_345" href="#Nt_345"><sup>[345]</sup></a> + Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cœlodendrida</span> with an external bivalved + lattice-mantle, produced by the anastomosing terminal branches of the hollow tubes, which are + connected in a spherical face.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cœlodrymus</i>, and the following closely allied genus + <i>Cœlodasea</i>, represent together the small subfamily Cœlodrymida, differing from + the Cœlodorida in the possession of an outer bivalved lattice-mantle. They exhibit + therefore the same relation to the latter, that in the following family the Cœloplegmida + bear to the Cœlotholida. The bivalved spherical mantle is composed of a simple + lattice-plate in <i>Cœlodrymus</i>, of a spongy framework in <i>Cœlodasea</i>; the + anastomosing branches of the hollow radial tubes become connected in the former in a spherical + face, in the latter in the form of a spongy framework.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1738">{1738}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Cœlodrymus ancoratus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>, figs. 9, + 10).</p> + + <p>Network of the mantle loose, with large, irregular, polygonal meshes; the terminal branches of + the forked trees, which communicate at the spherical surface of the calymma, and compose the + mantle, are smooth. Spherical surface covered with very numerous and thin zigzag radial filaments, + which are about as long as the galea, and bear at the distal end an anchor with two recurved + teeth, denticulate at the concave proximal edge (fig. 10).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the spherical lattice-mantle 2 to 2.5, of the valves 0.3 + to 0.4.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South-Eastern Pacific (off Juan Fernandez), Station 300, + depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cœlodrymus lappulatus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Network of the mantle rather dense, with numerous and small irregular polygonal meshes; the + terminal branches of the forked trees, which compose the mantle, are spinulate. Spherical surface + densely studded with very numerous spinulate, radial filaments, which are about half as long as + the galea, and bear at the distal end an anchor with four crossed recurved teeth, denticulate at + the concave proximal edge.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the spherical lattice-mantle 2.5 to 3, of the valves 0.4 + to 0.5.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South-Western Pacific (east of New Zealand), Station 169, + depth 700 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Cœlodrymus echinatus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Network of the mantle very dense, with very numerous and small irregular roundish meshes; the + terminal branches of the forked trees, which compose the mantle, are spiny. Spherical surface + studded with very numerous, thin, radial bristles, which bear no anchor at the distal end.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the spherical lattice-mantle 1.8, of the valves 0.22.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 730. <i>Cœlodasea</i>,<a id="NtA_346" href="#Nt_346"><sup>[346]</sup></a> n. + gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cœlodendrida</span> with an external spongy + lattice-mantle, produced by the anastomosing branches of the hollow tubes, which are connected in + different heights.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cœlodasea</i> differs from the preceding + <i>Cœlodrymus</i> in the spongy structure of the outer bivalved mantle. The hollow branches + of the radial tubes of <i>Cœlodendrum</i>, which anastomose in <i>Cœlodrymus</i> + only on the spherical surface of the calymma, and form a simple lattice-sphere, become connected + in <i>Cœlodasea</i> in different planes (laterally and terminally), and therefore form an + irregular spongy framework. The latter exhibits therefore to the former a relation similar to that + which <i>Spongoplegma</i> bears to <i>Carposphæra</i> among the <span + class="gsp">Sphæroidea</span>.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1739">{1739}</span></div> + + <p>1. <i>Cœlodasea ramosissima</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cœlodendrum ramosissimum</i> (<i>partim</i>), Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. + Radiol., p. 363, Taf. xiii. fig. 4.</p> + </div> + + <p>Spongy framework of the spherical bivalved mantle very dense and thick, produced by very + numerous, irregular anastomoses of the lateral and terminal branches, which arise from the hollow + tubes. The last and thinnest terminal branches are forked, as seen in the radial section of fig. 4 + (<i>loc. cit.</i>), their ends are closed and armed with some very small denticles (not open, as + figured in fig. 4). In my Monograph I had confounded this species with <i>Cœlodendrum + ramosissimum</i>, which however, may possibly be its ancestral form.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the spongy spherical mantle 2 to 2.5, of the central + valves 0.15.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cœlodasea spongiosa</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Spongy framework of the bivalved mantle rather loose, not nearly so thick and dense as in the + preceding species. The last and thinnest terminal branches are prolonged into denticulate, + zigzagged, radial filaments, which bear at their distal end an anchor with two recurved teeth + (similar to <i>Cœlodrymus ancoratus</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>, figs. 9, + 10).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the spongy spherical mantle 3 to 3.2, of the central + valves 0.24.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Family LXXXV. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Cœlographida</span></span>, n. fam. + (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate122"><b>122</b></a>, + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate126"><b>126</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>).</h4> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> with a bivalved lattice-shell, + composed of two hemispherical valves, a dorsal and a ventral. A conical cupola or a helmet-shaped + galea arises on the apical pole of each valve, therefore on the opposite poles of the sagittal + axis. The cavity of the galea communicates with the sagittal rhinocanna, a peculiar nasal tube, + which rests upon the valve, and is connected with the galea by a simple or double frenulum; its + opening being directed towards the proboscis. Three or more branched hollow radial tubes arise + from each valve, and are symmetrically disposed. Sometimes their branches form an outer bivalved + mantle. The central capsule is so enclosed between the two inner valves, that its three openings + lie in the open frontal fissure between them.</p> + + <p>The family <span class="gsp">Cœlographida</span>, the last family of the <span + class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, exhibits the highest degree of morphological development, not only in + this group, but among all Radiolaria. They attain also the greatest size of all members of the + class, since the diameter of their body is sometimes more than 20 mm., and in a few species even + more than 30 mm. The complexity of their structure attains at the same time such a high degree, + that they may be regarded as the most complicated, and (in a morphological sense) as the most + highly developed of all Protozoa. Nevertheless their body always remains a single cell, <span + class="pagenum" id="page1740">{1740}</span>and is closely allied to the preceding + Cœlodendrida; they differ from the latter mainly in the development of a peculiar new + organ, the "rhinocanna," or "nasal tube." This is a hollow tube placed in the sagittal plane, + arising from the base of each galea, and is connected with its apex by a simple or double + frenulum. Between the oral openings of the two opposed rhinocannæ (one dorsal and one ventral) + lies the proboscis of the central capsule.</p> + + <p>The first observed species of Cœlographida was <i>Cœlographis gracillima</i>, + some parts of which (but not the entire skeleton) were figured in my Monograph (1862, Taf. xxxii. + figs. 2, 3). But I confounded these with <i>Cœlodendrum gracillimum</i>, in the branched + hollow trees of which the fragments of the former were entangled. I detected this error + afterwards, when I had the opportunity of the observing some complete specimens. The first + description of a complete skeleton was given in 1882 by O. Bütschli, who examined a large specimen + of <i>Cœlothamnus davidoffii</i>, captured by Davidoff in the Mediterranean (Zeitschr. f. + wiss. Zool., Bd. xxxvi. p. 486, Taf. xxxi.). In the rich collection of the Challenger I was able + to distinguish not less than nine genera and twenty-six species of Cœlographida, but the + majority of their large and most fragile skeletons were more or less injured, or quite broken. It + was, therefore, of the highest importance for the minute study of this difficult group, that Dr. + John Murray, during his expedition to the Færöe Channel (in 1882, in H.M.S. "Triton"), discovered + in the Gulf Stream the beautiful <i>Cœloplegma murrayanum</i>, and brought up home hundreds + of well-preserved specimens (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>). + Only by the complete examination of this excellent material it was possible to answer many + difficult questions as to their morphology, and to correct the errors in my description and in + that of Bütschli.</p> + + <p>We divide the family Cœlographida into two rather different subfamilies, which may + afterwards be separated as two divergent families, the Cœlotholida (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate122"><b>122</b></a>) and + Cœloplegmida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate126"><b>126</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>). Both + groups may be easily distinguished at a glance, since the numerous branches, arising from the + hollow radial tubes, remain constantly free and independent in the former, and represent a spiny + thicket, whilst in the latter they constantly become united, and by anastomosing form a peculiar + "mantle," or outer envelope of delicate network. But besides, there are other and more important + differences between the two groups. The peculiar hollow tube, arising from the base of the galea + on each valve, which is filled with phæodella, and which we call the rhinocanna, develops in the + Cœlotholida on its open mouth two paired lateral frenula (right and left), which connect it + (like two lateral bridges) with the base of two paired hollow main tubes (the "frontal tubes"). In + the Cœlospathida, however, the mouth of the rhinocanna develops a single odd frenulum only + (in the sagittal plane), and is connected by it with the base of an odd, single, hollow main tube, + directed forwards, the "nasal style."</p> + + <p>The central bivalve lattice-shell, from which the galea and the tubes arise, exhibits in <span + class="pagenum" id="page1741">{1741}</span>the Cœlographida essentially the same form and + structure as in the preceding Cœlodendrida. The only (but important) difference between + them is indicated by the constant presence of the peculiar rhinocanna in the former, whilst this + is always absent in the latter. The two valves of the shell, dorsal and ventral, are either + hemispherical or somewhat flatter, sometimes nearly cap-shaped, and formed of an extremely + delicate and irregularly fenestrated plate of silica, as in the Cœlodendrida. As in the + latter, so also in the Cœlographida both valves are of similar form and usually of equal + size, but sometimes the dorsal is a little smaller than the ventral valve. The remarkable + difference which Bütschli describes in his <i>Cœlothamnus davidoffii</i>, and the inverse + origin of the three tubes in both valves (<i>loc. cit.</i>, Taf. xxxi; figs. 2, 4), depends upon + an error of observation, produced by the artificial inversion of one valve, and the dislocation of + their natural arrangement. The valves are never in direct contact, but separated by the equatorial + fissure or girdle-cleft, in which the girdle zone of the enclosed central capsule and its three + openings lie freely (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, + figs. 4, 5; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>, + fig. 2). The free margins of both valves, which are opposite to one another, and bound the + girdle-cleft, are always equidistant, so that the cleft in the whole equatorial circumference is + of equal breadth. The margins are usually irregularly denticulate, sometimes armed with longer + bristles (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, + fig. 8), more rarely smooth (fig. 5). The delicate lattice-work of the valves is always irregular + and very variable, usually with numerous small and unequal pores, sometimes rudimentary, so that + the valves appear partly solid and hyaline. The size of the valves is usually between 0.2 and 0.5 + (in diameter).</p> + + <p>The galea (<i>g</i>) or the apical cupola, which arises from the vaulted apex of each valve (or + its sagittal pole) is more developed in the Cœlographida than in the preceding + Cœlodendrida, and differs from the latter in the peculiar rhinocanna arising from its base, + and in the single or double frenulum, connecting the open mouth of the rhinocanna with the odd or + paired main tube arising from the galea. The two opposite galeæ lie therefore on the poles of the + sagittal axis of the bivalve shell, and are so symmetrically disposed in the sagittal plane, that + the open mouths of their rhinocannæ are directed towards the oral pole of the main axis, and + nearly come in contact with the proboscis arising from the radiate operculum of the central + capsule (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, + figs. 4, 5).</p> + + <p>The size and form of the galea are very variable, even in one and the same species. The volume + of its cavity is generally about as great as that of the hemispherical valve from which it arises, + sometimes larger, at other times smaller. Its fundamental form is constantly dipleuric or + bilateral, since the radial hollow tubes arise symmetrically on both its sides, and the rhinocanna + proceeding from its base determines the sagittal plane. Usually the galea has the form of a + vaulted helmet, the convex crest of which is inclined towards the mouth (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, figs. 4, + 5, 8, 9). Its anterior or apical part is broad and truncated in the Cœlotholida, more or + less conical in the Cœlospathida; sometimes it assumes nearly the form of a bilateral + three-sided pyramid, at other times it is more <span class="pagenum" + id="page1742">{1742}</span>pear-shaped (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate126"><b>126</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>). The thin + siliceous wall of the galea has the same irregular and delicate network as the valve from which it + arises, and sometimes the small irregular pores are also here reduced, so that the wall becomes + partly solid. In some cases the thin, solid, siliceous plate of the galea and of the valve is + covered by an irregular delicate network of crests; the dimples between these crests may be easily + confounded with true pores.</p> + + <p>The cavity of the galea is filled with phæodella and does not communicate with the cavity of + the shell-valves, nor with the cavity of the radial tubes filled by jelly; it is closed towards + the latter and the former by a thin solid plate of silex. Bütschli (1882, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. + 488) describes in <i>Cœlothamnus</i> a large circular opening (Taf. xxxi. figs. 2<i>a</i>, + 4<i>a</i>), and states that this is a direct communication between the cavities of the valves and + of their galeas which are called by him "der dreiseitige kastenförmige Aufsatz" (<span title="e" + class="fsn">ε</span>). This error was caused by the fact that he observed the valves from + the apical face only. The apparent opening of communication does not exist, and is the optical + section of the rhinocanna, the shortened walls of which he describes as "trapezförmige + Kiesellamelle" (<span title="g" class="fsn">γ</span>); the two lateral edges of the latter + ("die seitlichen Zipfel," <span title="d" class="fsn">δ</span>) are the paired frenula, + which connect the open mouth of the rhinocanna with the base of the two frontal tubes.</p> + + <p>The "rhinocanna or nasal tube" (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate126"><b>126</b></a>, + figs. 1, 4; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, + figs. 4-9<i>t</i>) is a very remarkable organ which is common to all Cœlographida (without + any exception), and distinguishes them markedly from all the other Radiolaria, and particularly + from the closely allied Cœlodendrida in which we find no trace of it. The rhinocanna is a + cylindrical or three-sided prismatic hollow tube, which lies in the sagittal plane, on the outer + surface of each valve, arises from the base of the galea, and is directed towards the proboscis of + the central capsule. The two opposite rhinocannæ open on each side of the latter (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, figs. + 4-9<i>m</i>), and usually this "nasal mouth" or the anterior opening of the nose is somewhat + dilated or even funnel-shaped. The posterior opening of the nose passes directly over into the + base of the cavity of the galea.</p> + + <p>Usually the rhinocanna is densely filled up by dark phæodella, which enter by this channel into + the cavity of the galea (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, + figs. 4, 5, 9). Sometimes the entire phæodium is enclosed in the two galeæ and their rhinocannæ + (figs. 5, 9), whilst at other times a great part of the phæodium lies outside of their cavities, + and surrounds the proboscis of the mouth, or even the anterior half of the central capsule (fig. + 4). The length of the cylindrical rhinocanna is usually about equal to that of the galea, whilst + the diameter of the latter is from three to five times as great as that of the former. The + structure of the thin wall is the same in both. The fine reticulation (fig. 8) is produced either + by true, very small and irregular pores, or by a fine network placed on the solid thin wall. We + may distinguish on each rhinocanna an outer or distal convex face, which is opposite to the + proximal concave face of the galea, and an inner concave or proximal face, which rests immediately + upon the convex outer face of the shell-valve; a thin solid lamella of <span class="pagenum" + id="page1743">{1743}</span>silica here completely separates the cavities of the valve and of the + rhinocanna resting upon it.</p> + + <p>The "frenula or nasal suspensoria" (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, + figs. 4-9<i>b</i>) are thin ligaments of silica, which connect the nasal mouth (<i>m</i>) with the + base of the main tubes arising from the galea; they are, therefore, also common to all + Cœlographida, and an exclusive and marked attribute of this family. They are, however, + different in the two subfamilies of this group, corresponding to the different origin of the odd + or paired main tubes. In the Cœloplegmida (Pls. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate126"><b>126</b></a>-<a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>) from the + apex of each galea arises an odd main style, the nasal style (<i>g</i> 1), and its base is + connected with the nasal mouth by an odd frenulum (<i>b</i>). In the Cœlotholida however + (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate122"><b>122</b></a>) + the large nasal odd style is always wanting, and there arise two paired frontal tubes from the two + corners of the truncate frontal face of the galea; therefore two paired frenula are developed (a + right and a left), and these, converging towards the nasal mouth, connect its distal corner with + the base of the two frontal tubes.</p> + + <p>The odd frenulum of each valve of the Cœloplegmida lies therefore in the sagittal plane, + whilst the two paired frenula of the Cœlotholida lie on both sides of it, to the right and + left. The frenula seem to be supporting columellæ or pillars, which support the fragile skeleton, + and mainly effect a fixed prop for the fragile galea. In the Cœlotholida the frenula are + often rather broad and irregularly fenestrated lamellæ of silica (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate122"><b>122</b></a>, fig. 2), + whilst in the Cœloplegmida they are usually thin ligaments, fenestrated only at the + broadened ends, which are inserted inside on the distal apex of the nasal mouth, and outside on + the base of the nasal main styles.</p> + + <p>The large hollow tubes which arise from the galea of all Cœlographida, are very variable + in number, size and shape, but are always richly branched and symmetrically arranged in the dorsal + and the ventral valve of the shell. They exhibit an important difference in the two subfamilies of + the group; in the Cœlotholida all the branches, and also the thin terminal ramules, are + free, without any junction; in the Cœloplegmida, however, they communicate by frequent + anastomoses, and the connected terminal ramules form on the surface of the calymma an outer + lattice-mantle of very delicate network. Another marked difference between the two families is + indicated by the origin and site of those main tubes which are connected with the rhinocanna by a + frenulum. In the Cœloplegmida an odd, very large main tube (the nasal style) arises from + the anterior apex of each galea and bears on its base an odd frenulum. This nasal style and its + frenulum is altogether wanting in the Cœlotholida, where two paired main tubes (the frontal + tubes) arise from the lateral corners of the truncate anterior side of the galea, and are + connected with the mouth of the rhinocanna by two paired convergent lateral frenula.</p> + + <p>We distinguish in all Cœlographida two different forms of hollow branched tubes, which + we will call "brushes" and "styles." The brushes are dichotomously branched from the base, not + verticillate; their distal ramules remain separate in the Cœlotholida <span class="pagenum" + id="page1744">{1744}</span>and compose the spiny surface, of the peculiar "fork-thicket" whilst in + the Cœlographida they become connected by frequent anastomoses and form the outer + "lattice-mantle." The styles however are much longer projecting over the surface of the thicket or + the mantle, and are not dichotomously branched, but verticillate, or armed with cruciate or + alternately cruciate pairs of branches; the larger branches of the styles may be again + dichotomously branched like the brushes; whilst the free prominent parts of the styles are always + verticillate or cruciate-pinnate. The brushes are identical with the hollow tubes of the + Cœlodendrida, whilst the styles are peculiar forms of apophyses, wanting in the latter.</p> + + <p>The minimum number of hollow tubes which arise from each valve is three, and these are probably + homologous with the three primary tubes of the Cœlodendrida. Two of these are paired (right + and left), whilst the third is odd and lies in the sagittal plane; they have the same position as + in the tripodal <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, and may therefore bear the same names, the + two paired anterior or pectoral tubes being divergent forwards, the odd or caudal tube being + bisected backwards (so in the Cœlotholida, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>). The odd + caudal tube (probably identical with the odd tube of the Cœlodendrida) is always a brush, + dichotomously branched, and never prolonged into free style. The two paired frontal or pectoral + tubes, however are usually prolonged into two long verticillate styles. The basal origin also of + these three primary tubes is different. The two pectoral or anterior paired tubes always arise + from the galea itself whilst the posterior odd or caudal tube usually arises behind the galea from + the valve (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, + figs. 4-8, <i>g</i> 6).</p> + + <p>Since these three primary tubes the odd caudal and the paired pectoral, are probably homologous + in all Cœlographida and Cœlodendrida, they have a great morphological importance, + similar to the three primary feet of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. All other tubes + arising from the valves must be regarded as secondary apophyses, since they are not constant in + all members of the two families, but present only in some of them. All the Cœlotholida + observed (a small number of species only) possess no secondary tubes, but only the three primary; + whilst all Cœloplegmida possess one or more secondary tubes, and one of these is constant, + viz., the odd nasal style, directed towards the mouth, and arising as the foremost from the apex + of the galea (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, + figs. 4-8, <i>g</i> 1).</p> + + <p>The maximum number of tubes observed, which arise from each valve in the <span + class="correction" title="Original reads 'Colœplegmida'.">Cœloplegmida</span>, is + eleven; five of these are odd and placed in the sagittal plane of the body, viz.:—(A) the + primary caudal tube (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, + figs. 4-8, <i>g</i> 6); (B) an odd procaudal tube, arising between the caudal and the sagittal + tube; (C) the sagittal tube, placed either in the sagittal axis of the body or near it (often + prolonged into a sagittal style, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>, + fig. 1); (D) an odd postnasal tube, arising between the sagittal and the nasal tube; (E) the odd + nasal tube, constant in all Cœloplegmida, and connected at its base by the odd frenulum + with the rhinocanna (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, + figs. 4-8, <i>g</i> 1). All other tubes occurring in the Cœloplegmida are paired, and + symmetrically arranged on both sides of the sagittal <span class="pagenum" + id="page1745">{1745}</span>plane, at right and left; their maximum number is three pairs, + viz.:—(F) the paired pectoral tubes (as the foremost), directed forwards; (G) the paired + frontal or lateral tubes, placed either in the frontal axis of the valve, or in a neighbouring + axis, directed towards the right and left pole (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, figs. + 4-8, <i>g</i> 4 and <i>g</i> 5); (H) the paired tergal tubes, directed backwards (constant in all + Cœloplegmida). The origin of these tubes is rather variable, since they arise in nearly + allied species, sometimes independently of one another, at other times united at the base. But a + closer comparison of them in the different species will demonstrate their homology, caused by + constant heredity.</p> + + <p>The terminal ramules of the brushes, which form the subspherical "fork-thicket" in the + Cœlotholida, the outer "lattice-mantle" in the Cœloplegmida, are constantly armed at + the distal ends either with spathillæ or with anchor-pencils, bunches of those most elegant + spinulate threads, which bear at the free end an anchor, or a whorl of two, three, or four + recurved teeth (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate122"><b>122</b></a>, + fig. 8; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, + fig. 10; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>, + figs. 1, 6). The pencils are usually dichotomously branched, their threads zig-zag or delicately + serrate, often armed with very small recurved denticles, and the anchor teeth (commonly three or + four) are usually smooth on the convex outer, serrate on the concave inner edge. The entire + surface of the subspherical thicket in the Cœlotholida, and of the polyhedral + lattice-mantle in the Cœloplegmida, is armed with thousands of those most elegant + spathillæ, or anchor-pencils.</p> + + <p>The "fork-thicket" of the Cœlotholida is identical with that of the Cœlodendrida, + and is composed only of the innumerable dichotomous branches of the hollow tubes. It envelops the + two central valves and the enclosed central capsule in the same way as in the Cœlodendrida. + But the Cœlotholida differ from these latter in constantly possessing a rhinocanna and two + frenulæ. The entire form of this thicket, which in the few species observed was never complete, + but always more or less destroyed, is usually probably subspherical or polyhedral, sometimes + cordate or kidney-shaped. Its surface is densely studded with thousands of spathillæ. Its diameter + is about four to eight times as great as that of the enclosed bivalve shell.</p> + + <p>The "lattice-mantle" of the Cœloplegmida, which replaces in this subfamily the + fork-thicket of the Cœlotholida, is always produced by the anastomoses of the distal + ramules of the brushes, and of those branches of the styles which do not proceed over the surface + of the mantle. Its network is always very irregular, and composed of polygonal meshes of very + different sizes. Usually it is quite simple, and may be compared with the cortical shell of the + Disphærida. More rarely it is more or less spongy. Its surface is densely studded with thousands + of spathillæ or anchor-pencils. The entire form of the lattice-mantle is always symmetrically + polyhedral, since its dorsal and ventral halves are symmetrically developed on both sides of the + equatorial plane, and therefore correspond perfectly to the enclosed smaller halves of the central + bivalve shell. The two valves of the lattice-mantle (dorsal and ventral valves) are never really + united and grown together, <span class="pagenum" id="page1746">{1746}</span>but are in loose + contact in the equatorial plane; here the free edges of both valves catch into one another by + means of free ramules (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>, + figs. 1, 7). This loose connection is similar to what occurs in the Conchopsida (or in the + Concharida with dentate edges), but never so regular. The special form of the polyhedral + lattice-mantle depends on the number, arrangement, and development of the styles, which proceed + over its surface; it preserves the polyhedral form of the calymma, on the surface of which it is + deposed.</p> + + <p>The characteristic styles of the Cœlographida (which are never found in the preceding + Cœlodendrida) are longer hollow tubes, symmetrically disposed on both valves. They are + prominent over the surface of the fork-thicket in the Cœlotholida, of the lattice-mantle in + the Cœloplegmida. They bear in these latter a peculiar terminal coronet on their distal + end, whilst in the former this end is armed with large pencils of spathillæ. The styles may be + forked once or twice at their base, but in their greatest part they are verticillate, and not + dichotomously branched like the brushes. The lateral branches of the styles are usually very + numerous and regularly cruciate in alternating opposite pairs. In the odd nasal style, + <i>e.g.</i>, the first and third pairs of opposite lateral branches usually lie in the frontal + plane, the second and fourth in the sagittal plane, perpendicular to the former, and so on. A + similar regular disposition of the lateral branches is found also in other styles, but not in all. + There are certain styles in which the lateral branches are not opposite in pairs, but alternate or + verticillate, and others in which they represent unequal branches of forks, so that each single + segment of the branched style represents the stouter branch of a fork, and the appertaining + lateral branch the thinner branch of the fork. Further accurate examinations are required to + recognise the different laws of the ramification of the styles in the different forms of + Cœlographida. The lateral branches of the styles are usually again dichotomously branched + inside the lattice-mantle, and their distal ends pass over into its network. But the verticillate + or cruciate branches, which arise from the free part of the styles outside the lattice-mantle, are + always armed with the same elegant pencils of spathillæ which cover the surface of the + fork-thicket in the Cœlotholida, the surface of the lattice-mantle in the + Cœloplegmida. These pencils also are often regularly opposite in pairs, and the pairs + alternate in two planes perpendicular one to another (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>, figs. 1, + 4).</p> + + <p>The terminal coronets are peculiar ornaments which protect the distal ends of the styles in the + Cœloplegmida, whilst in the Cœlotholida these are armed with the usual pencils of + spathillæ (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate122"><b>122</b></a>, + fig. 8). Each coronet is usually produced by the double, triple, or quadruple furcation of the + free distal end of the style; therefore composed of four, eight, or sixteen terminal branches, + which, on account of their peculiar form and function, we may call "fingers." More rarely the + ramification of the coronets is more or less irregular, and sometimes the number of the fingers + exceeds twenty or even thirty.</p> + + <p>In the majority of species eight fingers are regularly disposed (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, figs. + 1-3; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>, + figs. 1-8). Often too sixteen occur, rarely four only. Sometimes the fingers <span class="pagenum" + id="page1747">{1747}</span>are placed nearly in one plane and form a hand. The form of the fingers + is very variable and most characteristic of the individual species. Very often they have the shape + of a human finger, and are smooth, spinulate, or armed with recurved hooks. The distal end of each + finger often again bears a small coronet or a spathilla (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>, figs. + 5-9), and sometimes it is arrow-shaped (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate126"><b>126</b></a>, + fig. 2<i>a</i>). All these apophyses of the terminal coronets as well as the anchor-pencils of the + mantle and the finest branches of the tubes, are hollow and filled up by jelly.</p> + + <p>The different number and arrangement of the styles offers the best means for the distinction of + genera in the Cœlographida. The minimum number is six (<i>Cœlographis</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate126"><b>126</b></a>, fig. 1), + the maximum number sixteen (<i>Cœlothamnus</i>, Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate122"><b>122</b></a>, fig. 3, + and <i>Cœlagalma</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate126"><b>126</b></a>, + fig. 4). Since the arrangement of the styles in both valves is constantly symmetrical, the + fundamental form of the whole body is in all Cœloplegmida "amphithect," as in the + <i>Ctenophora</i>. The longitudinal or main axis of the body is vertical, with two distinct poles; + the proboscis of the central capsule and the two rhinocannæ are directed upwards, towards the oral + pole; the caudal tube of each valve is directed downwards, towards the aboral pole. The two other + axes of the body are unequal, horizontal, and perpendicular one to the other; each has two equal + poles. On the poles of the sagittal axis lie the galeæ of the dorsal and ventral valves; on the + poles of the frontal axis lie the two secondary openings or parapylae of the central capsule. The + frontal fissure or the large cleft between the dorsal and ventral valves of the skeleton lies in + the vertical frontal plane of the body, which is perpendicular to the vertical sagittal plane; the + equatorial plane, however, is horizontal.</p> + + <p>The <i>central capsule</i> of the Cœlographida exhibits the same shape and position as + in the preceding Cœlodendrida. It is subspherical, slightly depressed in the direction of + the main axis, and lies enclosed between the two central valves of the lattice-shell. Its three + constant openings lie in the frontal plane, and therefore in the frontal fissure between the two + valves. The astropyle, or the main-opening of the capsule, lies on the oral pole of the main axis, + and its radiate operculum (<i>d</i>) is directed upwards; the curved proboscis arising from it + (<i>o</i>) is prominent between the mouths of the two opposed rhinocannæ. The two lateral parapylæ + or accessory openings lie on both sides of the aboral pole, on the right and left (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, figs. + 4-6). The large spheroidal or somewhat lenticular nucleus (<i>n</i>) is usually about half as + broad as the capsule, and contains numerous nucleoli. The protoplasm around the nucleus contains + many vacuoles, and in the oral part of the capsule (between nucleus and operculum) often numerous + groups of crystals (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, + figs. 4-6<i>k</i>, 7). The double membrane of the central capsule exhibits the same shape as in + the other <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>.</p> + + <p>The calymma, or the extracapsular jelly-veil, is in the Cœlographida very voluminous, + and includes the entire skeleton, the fork-thicket of the Cœlotholida, the lattice-mantle + of the Cœloplegmida, and also the prominent large styles. Only the distal ends of the <span + class="pagenum" id="page1748">{1748}</span>latter (with the terminal coronets), and the anchor + pencils, covering the surface of the thicket and the mantle, seem to project over the surface of + the calymma. The entire form of the latter is therefore a symmetrical polyhedron. The phæodium + fills up a small part only of the calymma, and is usually enclosed in the two galeæ and their + rhinocannæ (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, + figs. 5, 9), but often also a part of the phæodium is scattered around the oral half of the + central capsule.</p> + + <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Cœlographida.</i></h5> + + <table class="sp4 mc w75 smaller nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of + Cœlographida" summary="Synopsis of the Genera of + Cœlographida"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0 w33"> + <p>I. Subfamily Cœlotholida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Rhinocanna of each valve with two paired lateral frenula. The distal ends of + the dichotomous brushes are not united by anastomoses, and form an outer bivalved + fork-thicket.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Eight paired styles (four on each valve),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">731. <i>Cœlotholus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Twelve paired styles (six on each valve),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">732. <i>Cœlothauma</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Sixteen paired styles (eight on each valve),</td> + <td class="vbm wnw">733. <i>Cœlothamnus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="6" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Cœloplegmida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Rhinocanna of each valve with an odd sagittal frenulum. The distal ends of + the dichotomous brushes are united by anastomoses, and form an outer bivalved + lattice-mantle.</p> + </td> + <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace13sm.png" class="brace" + alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi wnw">Mantle with six styles.</td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">One odd and two paired styles on each valve,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">734. <i>Cœlographis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Mantle with eight styles.</td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Two odd and two paired styles on each valve,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">735. <i>Cœlospathis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Mantle with ten styles.</td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">One odd and four paired styles on each valve,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">736. <i>Cœlodecas</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi wnw">Mantle with twelve styles.</td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Two odd and four paired styles on each valve,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">737. <i>Cœlostylus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mantle with fourteen styles.</td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">One odd and six paired styles on each valve,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">738. <i>Cœloplegma</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Mantle with sixteen styles.</td> + <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td> + <td class="vmi it1p05">Two odd and six paired styles on each valve,</td> + <td class="vmi wnw">739. <i>Cœlagalma</i>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of + Cœlographida" summary="Synopsis of the Genera of + Cœlographida"> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="sp0"> + <p>I. Subfamily Cœlotholida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Rhinocanna of each valve with two paired lateral frenula. The distal ends of + the dichotomous brushes are not united by anastomoses, and form an outer bivalved + fork-thicket.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Eight paired styles (four on each valve),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">731. <i>Cœlotholus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Twelve paired styles (six on each valve),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">732. <i>Cœlothauma</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Sixteen paired styles (eight on each valve),</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">733. <i>Cœlothamnus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" class="sp0"> + <p>II. Subfamily Cœloplegmida.</p> + <p class="sp0">Rhinocanna of each valve with an odd sagittal frenulum. The distal ends of + the dichotomous brushes are united by anastomoses, and form an outer bivalved + lattice-mantle.</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Mantle with six styles.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">One odd and two paired styles on each valve,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">734. <i>Cœlographis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Mantle with eight styles.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two odd and two paired styles on each valve,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">735. <i>Cœlospathis</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Mantle with ten styles.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">One odd and four paired styles on each valve,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">736. <i>Cœlodecas</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Mantle with twelve styles.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two odd and four paired styles on each valve,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">737. <i>Cœlostylus</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Mantle with fourteen styles.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">One odd and six paired styles on each valve,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">738. <i>Cœloplegma</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Mantle with sixteen styles.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two odd and six paired styles on each valve,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd br"></td> + <td class="qd bb"></td> + <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">739. <i>Cœlagalma</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + <td class="qd"></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Cœlotholida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cœlographida</span> with two + paired lateral frenula on each galea, and with free terminal branches on the hollow radial tubes, + without an external lattice-mantle. Eight to sixteen long styles are prominent over the surface of + the fork-thicket, which is composed of the caudal brush and the dichotomous basal branches of the + styles.</p> + + <h5>Genus 731. <i>Cœlotholus</i>,<a id="NtA_347" href="#Nt_347"><sup>[347]</sup></a> n. + gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cœlographida</span> with two paired lateral + frenula on each galea, without external lattice-mantle, armed with eight styles (two pairs of + styles on each valve).</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1749">{1749}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cœlotholus</i> and the two following genera form together the + subfamily Cœlotholida, the hollow tubes of which do not communicate by anastomosing + branches, and therefore form no lattice-mantle, as in the following subfamily Cœloplegmida. + Another important difference between these two subfamilies of Cœlographida is found in the + arrangement of the main tubes and their connection with the rhinocanna. In all Cœlotholida + a pair of divergent frontal styles arise from the truncate oral side of each galea, and are + connected with the mouth of the rhinocanna by two lateral convergent paired frenula (right and + left); whereas the characteristic odd nasal style, which in all Cœloplegmida arises from + the sagittal apex of each galea and is connected with the mouth of the rhinocanna by an odd + sagittal frenulum, is always wanting. The total number of long verticillate styles, which project + over the outer surface of the fork-thicket, is eight in <i>Cœlotholus</i>, whilst it is + twelve in <i>Cœlothauma</i>, and sixteen in <i>Cœlothamnus</i>. The two latter may + be derived from <i>Cœlotholus</i>, as the common ancestral genus of this subfamily.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cœlotholus octonus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate122"><b>122</b></a>, figs. 1, + 2).</p> + + <p>Eight styles of equal length, regularly zig zag, twice as long (in their free part) as the + diameter of the loose fork-thicket. Anchor-pencils gradually tapering from the proximal towards + the distal end. Each of the four primary frontal tubes (to the right and left of each valve) is + simply forked, and the pectoral (anterior) branch of each tube is so diametrically opposed to the + tergal (posterior) tube of the other side, that they form together a double cross.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the whole body 12, of the fork-thicket 2.5.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South-Eastern Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cœlotholus cruciatus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Eight styles of equal length, straight, twice as long (in their free part) as the diameter of + the dense fork-thicket. Anchor-pencils of about equal size throughout their whole length. Each of + four primary frontal tubes is divided into two equal, widely divergent branches; the anterior + branches of the right side are diametrically opposed to the posterior branches of the left side, + so that all eight together form a double cross.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the whole body 20, of the fork-thicket 4.0.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South-Western Pacific (off Sydney), Station 164A, depth 1200 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Cœlotholus ancoratus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Eight styles of different lengths, slightly curved. Anchor-pencils gradually tapering from the + proximal to the distal end. Each of the four primary frontal tubes is divided into two divergent + <span class="pagenum" id="page1750">{1750}</span>branches of different lengths; the anterior (or + pectoral branch) twice as long (in the free part) as the diameter of the fork-thicket, the + posterior (or tergal branch) three times as long.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the whole body 20, of the fork-thicket 3.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean (Sunda Strait), Rabbe, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 732. <i>Cœlothauma</i>,<a id="NtA_348" href="#Nt_348"><sup>[348]</sup></a> + Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cœlographida</span> with two paired lateral + frenula on each galea, without external lattice-mantle, armed with twelve styles (three pairs of + styles on each valve).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cœlothauma</i> differs from the preceding + <i>Cœlotholus</i>, its ancestral form, in the possession of twelve long, prominent styles, + six of which are opposite in three pairs on each valve. In the single species observed each of the + four main tubes (opposite in pairs on the frontal corners of the two galeæ) is simply forked, as + in <i>Cœlotholus</i>; but whilst in this latter all eight styles remain simple, in + <i>Cœlothauma</i> the anterior (or pectoral) branch only is simple, the posterior (or + tergal) branch is again forked.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cœlothauma duodenum</i>., n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate122"><b>122</b></a>, figs. + 3-5).</p> + + <p>Twelve styles straight, of different lengths. Two short bilateral main tubes arise opposite in + pairs from the two frontal corners of each galea, and are divided into an anterior and posterior + branch. The anterior or pectoral branch is simple, and twice as long as the diameter of the + fork-thicket. The posterior or tergal branch is again forked near the base, and its two divergent + branches are three times as long as the diameter of the fork-thicket. All twelve styles are + densely studded with anchor-pencils of nearly equal size.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the whole body 21, of the fork thicket 3.5.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South-Western Pacific (east of New Zealand), Station 169, + depth 700 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 733. <i>Cœlothamnus</i>,<a id="NtA_349" href="#Nt_349"><sup>[349]</sup></a> + Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cœlographida</span> with two paired lateral + frenula on each galea, without external lattice-mantle, armed with sixteen styles (four pairs of + styles on each valve).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <span class="gsp">Cœlothamnus</span> differs from its ancestral + form, <i>Cœlotholus</i>, in the duplication of the number of long verticillate styles, + which are prominent over the surface of the <span class="pagenum" id="page1751">{1751}</span>dense + fork-thicket. Whilst in <i>Cœlotholus</i> each frontal main tube (arising from the frontal + corner of the galea at right and left) is divided into an anterior or pectoral, and a posterior or + tergal style, in <i>Cœlothamnus</i> each of these two divergent main styles is again + forked, so that the total number of projecting and radially diverging styles amounts to sixteen. + One Mediterranean species of this genus, <i>Cœlothamnus davidoffii</i>, has been already + described by Bütschli in 1882 (Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. 486, Taf. xxxi.). Though + its description on the whole is accurate, some important errors, which may be here corrected, are + to be met with. The two central valves of the lattice-shell (dorsal and ventral) are symmetrically + equal in size and in form, as in all other Cœlographida; the different forms and the + inverse arrangement of the two valves, described by Bütschli (pp. 488, 491), were effected by an + artificial dislocation and inversion. The peculiar opening <span title="a" + class="fsn">α</span>, which, according to his opinion, was supposed to bring about a direct + communication between the cavities of the galea and its valve, is in reality the optical section + of the rhinocanna, the two convergent frenula of which (<span title="g" + class="fsn">γ</span>) he figured, but did not recognise. <i>Cœlothamnus</i> attains + the greatest size among all Radiolaria; the diameter of the body in <i>Cœlothamnus + maximus</i> amounts to 33 mm.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cœlothamnus bivalvis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate122"><b>122</b></a>, figs. + 6-9).</p> + + <p>Sixteen styles all of equal length, about three times as long (in their free part) as the + diameter of the dense fork-thicket. The size of the anchor-pencils tapers from the proximal to the + distal end. Each of the four primary frontal tubes (which arise in opposite pairs from the frontal + corners of the two galeæ) is twice forked, and so produces four styles.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the whole body 18, of the fork-thicket 2.4 to 3.0.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Canary Islands, Station 354, surface.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cœlothamnus davidoffii</i>, Bütschli.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cœlothamnus davidoffii</i>, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., + vol. xxxvi. p. 486, Taf. xxxi.</p> + </div> + + <p>Sixteen styles all of equal length (?), about four times as long (in their free part) as the + diameter of the fork-thicket. The size of the anchor-pencils is nearly equal throughout their + entire length. (Compare the careful description of this species by Bütschli.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the whole body 15, of the fork-thicket 1.8.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Villafranca, near Nice), Davidoff, + surface.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Cœlothamnus sedecimalis</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Sixteen styles straight, of different sizes. The pectoral or anterior branch of each frontal + main tube is simple, and twice as long as the diameter of the large fork-thicket. The tergal or + posterior branch is forked at the base, and its anterior branch is again forked in the middle + part, so that three <span class="pagenum" id="page1752">{1752}</span>long divergent styles arise + from each tergal tube. The hindermost of these is the longest, three times as long as the diameter + of the fork-thicket. All anchor-pencils have nearly equal size.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the whole body 22, of the fork-thicket 5.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 166 (west of New Zealand), depth 275 + fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Cœlothamnus maximus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Sixteen styles straight, of different sizes. The four frontal main tubes are already forked at + the base, so that from each frontal corner of the two galeæ two divergent tubes, an anterior or + pectoral and a posterior or tergal, arise. Each of these is again forked, and each branch + prolonged into a very long verticillate style. The hindermost style of each side is the longest, + twice as long as the foremost, and one and a half times as long as the two intermediate styles. + The size of the anchor-pencils decreases in the distal third of the styles.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Diameter of the whole body 32, of the fork-thicket 7.5.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Cœloplegmida</span>, Haeckel.</h4> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cœlographida</span> with an odd + sagittal frenulum on each galea, and with an external bivalved lattice-mantle, produced by the + anastomosing branches of the hollow radial tubes. Six to sixteen long styles are prominent over + the surface of the mantle, and bear terminal coronets.</p> + + <h5>Genus 734. <i>Cœlographis</i>,<a id="NtA_350" href="#Nt_350"><sup>[350]</sup></a> n. + gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cœlographida</span> with an odd sagittal + frenulum on each galea and an outer lattice-mantle, armed with six styles (one odd and two paired + styles on each valve).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cœlographis</i> is the simplest form of the + Cœloplegmida, or of those Cœlographida in which the branches of the arborescent + tubes are united on the surface of the calymma, and form a delicate bivalved lattice-mantle. In + all these Cœloplegmida an odd nasal main style is developed on the apex of the galea, and + this is connected by an odd sagittal frenulum with the mouth of the rhinocanna, + <i>Cœlographis</i> differs from the other Cœlographida in the minimum number of + coronal styles, viz., three on each valve, an odd anterior (nasal) and two paired posterior + (tergal).</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cœlographis regina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate126"><b>126</b></a>, figs. + 1<i>a</i>-<span class="correction" title="Printed '1d', corrected by Errata.">1<i>c</i></span>).</p> + + <p>Shell-mantle twice as long as broad, its frontal perimeter isosceles triangular, with a + triangular excision at the base, its sagittal perimeter slenderly ovate. Nasal odd style twice as + long as the <span class="pagenum" id="page1753">{1753}</span>paired tergal styles, the former with + ten to twelve, the latter with five to six alternate-cruciate pairs of lateral branches. Terminal + coronets (on the free distal ends of the styles) palmate, with ten to twelve spinulate, irregular, + finger-shaped branches (fig. 1<i>d</i>).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 5.6, breadth 2.7.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South-Eastern Pacific (off Juan Fernandez), Station 297, + depth 1775 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cœlographis sagittella</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell-mantle one and a half times as long as broad, its frontal perimeter arrow-shaped, + isosceles triangular, with a deep concave excision at the base, its sagittal perimeter slenderly + ovate. Nasal odd style one and a half times as long as the paired tergal styles, the former with + fourteen to sixteen, the latter with eight to nine verticils of branches. Terminal coronets three + times forked, with eight subregular, broad and spinulate, finger-shaped branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 6.4, breadth 4.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Cœlographis hexastyla</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell-mantle one and a half times as long as broad, very similar to the preceding species, its + frontal perimeter isosceles triangular, with a flat basal excision. Nasal odd style one and a + third times as long as the paired tergal styles, the former with fourteen to sixteen, the latter + with ten to twelve verticils of branches. Terminal coronets with four forks in the form of a + cross, and eight divergent spinulate fingers.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 4.2, breadth 3.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 259, depth 2225 fathoms.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Cœlographis gracillima</i>, Haeckel.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2"> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cœlodendrum gracillimum</i> (<i>partim</i>) Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. + Radiol., Taf. xxxii. figs. 2, 3.</p> + </div> + + <p>Shell-mantle one and a third times as long as broad, similar to the three preceding species, + its frontal perimeter isosceles triangular. Nasal odd style one and a half times as long as the + two paired tergal styles, the former with eleven or twelve, the latter with seven or eight pairs + of branches. Terminal coronets irregularly dichotomously branched, with twelve to sixteen + spinulate fingers. The network of the mantle is also spinulate (<i>loc. cit.</i>, fig. 3). This + species was formerly confounded by me with <i>Cœlodendrum gracillimum</i> (<i>loc. + cit.</i>, fig. 1), since I found a fragment only of the former entangled in the branch-work of the + latter (1859, in Messina). Afterwards (in 1877) I observed a complete specimen in Corfu.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 3.2, breadth 2.4.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Mediterranean (Messina, Corfu), surface.</p> + + <p>5. <i>Cœlographis triangulum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell-mantle about as long as broad, its frontal perimeter equilateral triangular, without + basal excision, with three equal straight sides. Nasal odd style and the two paired pectoral + styles nearly <span class="pagenum" id="page1754">{1754}</span>of equal length, each with ten to + twelve alternate-cruciate pairs of lateral branches. Terminal coronets umbrella-shaped, composed + of eight equal, simply forked branches.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 3.6, breadth 3.4.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 293, depth 2025 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 735. <i>Cœlospathis</i>,<a id="NtA_351" href="#Nt_351"><sup>[351]</sup></a> n. + gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cœlographida</span> with an odd sagittal + frenulum on each galea and an outer lattice-mantle, armed with eight styles (two odd and two + paired styles on each valve).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cœlospathis</i> differs from the preceding + <i>Cœlographis</i> in the possession of four coronal styles on each valve. Two of these are + odd and lie in the sagittal plane, viz., the constant vertical nasal style (directed towards the + mouth), and the horizontal sagittal style, which is placed in the equatorial plane, in the + sagittal axis of the body. The two other styles are paired and identical with the tergal styles of + <i>Cœlographis</i>, directed backwards, and divergent to right and left.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cœlospathis ancorata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>, figs. + 1-7).</p> + + <p>Shell-mantle one and a half times as long as broad, its frontal perimeter isosceles triangular; + its zonal perimeter square, its sagittal perimeter nearly rectangular, with a concave excision on + the oral side (fig. 1). Odd nasal styles of both valves divergent in the sagittal plane (each with + fourteen to sixteen pairs of branches), three times as long as the odd sagittal styles (each with + three or four pairs) and twice as long as the paired tergal styles (each with four to six pairs of + branches). Terminal coronets (on the free distal end of the styles) three times forked, each with + eight slender, widely divergent fingers, which are curved, zig-zag, and armed with alternating + recurved hooks; at the end of each finger a verticil of four to six small recurved teeth (fig. + 5).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 2 to 3, breadth 1.2 to 2.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cœlospathis octostyla</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>, fig. + 8).</p> + + <p>Shell-mantle one and a third times as long as broad, very similar to the preceding species; but + differing from this in the following characters: the odd nasal styles bear ten to twelve pairs of + branches, and are twice as long as the odd sagittal and the paired pectoral styles, which are + nearly equal in size (each with five or six pairs of branches). The eight fingers of the terminal + coronets are less divergent and curved than in the preceding species, and each finger bears at its + end a verticil of four to six divergent, slender teeth, which are not recurved (fig. 8).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 2.2 to 2.6, breadth 1.7 to 1.9.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1755">{1755}</span></div> + + <p>3. <i>Cœlospathis octodactyla</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>, fig. + 9).</p> + + <p>Shell-mantle about as long as broad, in the frontal perimeter nearly isosceles triangular, very + similar to the two preceding species; it differs from them in the following characters: all eight + styles have nearly equal size, and each bears six to eight pairs of branches. The eight fingers of + the terminal coronets diverge nearly in one plane, and are not curved in a zigzag manner, but + armed with alternate, slender, recurved hooks, which are larger than in the two preceding species, + and geniculate at the base; the distal end of each finger bears a verticil of eight to ten very + small divergent teeth, which are not recurved (fig. 9).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 2.4, breadth 2.2.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 252, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 736. <i>Cœlodecas</i>,<a id="NtA_352" href="#Nt_352"><sup>[352]</sup></a> n. + gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cœlographida</span> with an odd sagittal + frenulum on each galea and an outer lattice-mantle, armed with ten styles (one odd and four paired + styles on each valve).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cœlodecas</i> is closely allied to <i>Cœlographis</i>, + but differs from it in the development of a new pair of styles on each valve. These are placed + between the odd nasal and the paired tergal styles, are usually directed laterally, parallel to + the frontal axis of the body, and may therefore be called frontal or lateral styles. The total + number of coronal styles is therefore ten.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cœlodecas sagittaria</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate126"><b>126</b></a>, figs. + 2<i>a</i>, 2<i>b</i>).</p> + + <p>Shell-mantle one and a half times as long as broad; its frontal perimeter pentagonal, with a + deep median incision at the base; the two oral sides of the pentagon twice as long as the two + lateral sides, and one and a half times as long as the base. Sagittal perimeter ovate; equatorial + perimeter subcircular. Nasal odd style of each valve with fourteen to sixteen pairs of branches, + one and a half times as long as the paired frontal styles (each with eight to nine pairs), and + twice as long as the paired tergal styles (each with four to six pairs of branches). Terminal + coronets (on the free distal ends of the styles) richly branched, each with thirty to forty thorny + fingers, which bear a conical point with recurved teeth, like an arrow.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 3.2, breadth 2.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Cœlodecas decastyla</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell-mantle one and a third times as long as broad; its frontal perimeter pentagonal, with a + slight incision on the base; the two oral sides of the pentagon as long as the base, and one and a + <span class="pagenum" id="page1756">{1756}</span>half times as long as the two lateral sides. + Nasal odd style of each valve with ten to twelve pairs of branches, about twice as long as the + four paired frontal and tergal styles, each of which bears five or six pairs. Terminal coronets + three times forked, each with eight straight, spinulate, slightly divergent fingers, shaped like a + human finger.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 3.6, breadth 2.7.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Cœlodecas pentagona</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell-mantle about as long as broad; its frontal perimeter nearly regular pentagonal, with five + equal sides. Nasal odd style of each valve with six to eight pairs of branches scarcely longer + than the four paired frontal and tergal styles, each of which is provided with four to six pairs. + Terminal coronets irregularly branched, each with twelve to sixteen slender curved fingers, which + bear at the distal end a spinulate knob.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 2.6, breadth 2.4.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p> + + <h5>Genus 737. <i>Cœlostylus</i>,<a id="NtA_353" href="#Nt_353"><sup>[353]</sup></a> n. + gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cœlographida</span> with an odd sagittal + frenulum on each galea and an outer lattice-mantle, armed with twelve styles (two odd and four + paired styles on each valve).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cœlostylus</i> is characterised by the possession of twelve + coronal styles; it is closely allied to <i>Cœlospathis</i>, and differs from this in the + development of a new pair of styles on each valve. These are placed between the odd nasal and the + odd sagittal style of each valve, they are directed forwards, and may therefore be called + "pectoral styles."</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cœlostylus bisenarius</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate126"><b>126</b></a>, fig. + 3<i>a</i>, 3<i>b</i>).</p> + + <p>Shell-mantle one and a third times as long as broad; its frontal perimeter pentagonal, with a + deep median incision at the base; the two oral sides of the pentagon about as long as the basal + odd side, and half as long as the two lateral sides. Sagittal perimeter (fig. 3<i>a</i>) + octagonal; the three paired lateral sides of the bilateral octagon about equal, and somewhat + shorter than the basal and oral odd sides. Equatorial perimeter rounded square. Nasal odd style of + each valve with twelve alternate-cruciate pairs of lateral branches, about twice as long as the + two paired pectoral styles (each with four pairs), and the odd sagittal style (with six pairs); + the two paired tergal styles bear eight pairs and are longer than the latter, shorter than the + nasal style. All styles are more or less curved, divergent, and at the distal end four times + forked, bearing a terminal coronet with sixteen spinulate fingers (fig. 3<i>b</i>).</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 4.2, breadth 3.2.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1757">{1757}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Cœlostylus flabellatus</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell-mantle one and a half times as long as broad, very similar to that of the preceding + species. It differs from this mainly in the peculiar form of the twenty-four terminal coronets, + which are flabellate and very similar to the terminal branches of <i>Cœlodendrum + flabellatum</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>, + figs. 5, 6). I formerly supposed, therefore, that both forms belonged to one and the same species. + But though I had no complete specimens of the two species, I was afterwards led to the opinion + that one and the same peculiar form of terminal branches is here produced by adaptation to similar + conditions in two very different genera. Each coronet is a flat flabellum, placed in a meridian + plane, and composed of eight pairs of spinulate branches as figured, <i>loc. cit.</i>, in figs. 5 + and 6. The cap-shaped distal end of each finger is armed with eight to twelve recurved teeth.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 3.8, breadth 2.6.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Pacific, Station 252, surface.</p> + + <h5>Genus 738. <i>Cœloplegma</i>,<a id="NtA_354" href="#Nt_354"><sup>[354]</sup></a> n. + gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cœlographida</span> with an odd frenulum on + each galea and an outer lattice-mantle, armed with fourteen styles (one odd and six paired styles + on each valve).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cœloplegma</i>, distinguished by the possession of fourteen + coronal styles, is closely allied to <i>Cœlodecas</i>, but differs from it in the + development of a new pair of styles on each valve. These are placed between the odd nasal and the + paired frontal styles, are directed forwards, and may therefore be called pectoral styles, + corresponding to those of <i>Cœlostylus</i>.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cœloplegma murrayanum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, <span + class="correction" title="Printed 'fig. 1', corrected by Errata.">figs. 1-13.</span>).</p> + + <p>Shell-mantle about as long as broad, its frontal perimeter subcircular, or slightly pentagonal, + with five convex sides, its sagittal perimeter also nearly circular. Odd nasal style with six to + eight, the paired pectoral styles with two or three, lateral styles with three to five, and tergal + styles with six to nine pairs of branches. The central capsule constantly contains masses of + crystals (figs. 4-7). Terminal coronets (on the free distal ends of the styles) three times + furcate, each with eight simple and short fingers. This interesting species, discovered by Dr. + John Murray in August 1882, during the expedition of H.M.S. "Triton," in great numbers in the Gulf + Stream, off the Færöe Channel, is very variable and connected by numerous transitional forms with + the following closely allied species. (Compare the following note.)</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 1.6 to 2.2, breadth 1.5 to 2.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Gulf Stream, off the Færöe Channel, in depths + between 40 and 200 fathoms, John Murray.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1758">{1758}</span></div> + + <p>2. <i>Cœloplegma tritonis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, figs. + 2-13).</p> + + <p>Shell-mantle one and a quarter times as long as broad, its frontal perimeter heptagonal, with + seven concave sides (fig. 2), its sagittal perimeter ovate, its zonal perimeter nearly square + (fig. 3). Odd nasal style with twelve to fourteen, the paired pectoral styles with three to four, + lateral styles with six to eight, and tergal styles with eight to ten pairs of branches. Coronets + three times forked, each with eight terminal branches, bearing a small spinulate knob. This + remarkable species, in external appearance very different from the preceding, is connected + immediately with it by numerous transitional varieties; both species represent the opposite + terminal poles of a long series of "Darwinian metamorphic forms." If only the two specimens, + figured in Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, + figs. 1 and 2, were known, every one would distinguish them as two widely different species. But + the careful comparison of numerous intermediate forms demonstrates that there is no "missing link" + in this long and remarkable chain. The careful comparative study of these very variable and most + highly developed Cœlographida may be regarded as a strong argument for the theory of + descent, and explains the true "origin of species."</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 1.8 to 2.5, breadth 1.5 to 2.1.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—North Atlantic, Gulf Stream, off the Færöe Channel, in depths + between 40 and 200 fathoms, John Murray.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Cœloplegma tetradecastylum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell-mantle one and a third times as long as broad, its frontal perimeter heptagonal, with + seven concave sides. Similar to the preceding species, differs from it mainly in the prolonged + nasal style, which bears sixteen to eighteen pairs of branches, and is about three times as long + as each of the six paired styles, each of which bears five to six pairs of branches. Coronets + three times forked, each with eight terminal branches, armed with scattered spines, and bearing a + knob with three recurved hooks.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 3.2, breadth 2.4.</p> + + <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>—Tropical Atlantic, Stations 335 to 342, surface.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Cœloplegma atlanticum</i>, n. sp.</p> + + <p>Shell-mantle one and a half times as long as broad, its frontal perimeter ovate. Similar to + <i>Cœloplegma murrayanum</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, + fig. 1), differs from it in the different length of the styles; the nasal odd style (with eighteen + to twenty pairs of branches) is about twice as long as the lateral styles (with ten to twelve + pairs), and three times as long as the pectoral and tergal styles (with six to eight pairs). + Coronets four times forked, each with sixteen terminal branches, armed with recurved spines, and + bearing a cross of four curved hooks.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 2.5, breadth 1.7.</p> + + <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>—South Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1759">{1759}</span></div> + + <h5>Genus 739. <i>Cœlagalma</i>,<a id="NtA_355" href="#Nt_355"><sup>[355]</sup></a> n. + gen.</h5> + + <p><i>Definition.</i>—<span class="gsp">Cœlographida</span> with an odd sagittal + frenulum on each galea and an outer lattice-mantle, armed with sixteen styles (two odd and six + paired styles on each valve).</p> + + <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cœlagalma</i> represents the highest degree of development + among the Cœlographida, and exhibits the maximum number of coronal styles in this family, + viz., sixteen (eight on each valve). Two of these are odd (as in <i>Cœlospathis</i> and + <i>Cœlostylus</i>), viz., the longitudinal anterior nasal style, and the horizontal + sagittal style. The six others are paired (as in <i>Cœloplegma</i>), viz., two anterior or + pectoral, two lateral or frontal, and two posterior or tergal styles. Since + <i>Cœlagalma</i> in this highest developed armature exceeds all the other + Cœloplegmida, and exhibits at the same time the utmost complexity in structural detail, it + may be regarded as one of the most perfect forms not among the <span class="sc">Phæodaria</span> + only, but among all Radiolaria.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Cœlagalma mirabile</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate126"><b>126</b></a>, figs. + <span class="correction" title="Printed '4a, 4b', corrected by Errata.">4, 4<i>a</i></span>).</p> + + <p>Shell-mantle one and a half times as long as broad, its frontal perimeter (fig. 4<i>a</i>) + heptagonal, with seven concave sides, its sagittal perimeter octagonal, its equatorial perimeter + hexagonal (fig. 4<i>b</i>), the corners of the polygons are marked by the sixteen prominent + styles. Nasal odd style longer; and sagittal odd style shorter, than the six paired styles of each + valve; the two pectoral styles are directed forwards, the two lateral styles are nearly opposed in + the horizontal frontal diameter, while the two shorter tergal styles are directed backwards. The + terminal coronets (at the distal ends of the sixteen styles) are four times forked, with sixteen + equal spinulate fingers, each finger at the distal end with eight recurved teeth. The entire + surface of the bivalved latticed mantle is densely studded with hundreds of most elegant + anchor-pencils, so that the external appearance of this beautiful species becomes one of the most + wonderful among Radiolaria.</p> + + <p><i>Dimensions.</i>—Length of the shell 5.4, breadth 3.6.</p> + + <p class="sp5"><i>Habitat.</i>—Central area of the Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 + fathoms.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1760">{1760}</span></div> + + <h2 class="sp3">NOTE ON THE DIMENSIONS AND MEASUREMENTS OF THE DESCRIBED SPECIES OF + RADIOLARIA.</h2> + + <p class="sp5">All the dimensions of the species of Radiolaria described in the present work are + given in millimetres. In the majority of the species the dimensions of only a single observed + specimen have been measured by the micrometer, and usually only the most important proportions + have been recorded. But since the outlines of nearly all the species figured (with very few + exceptions) have been drawn by the camera lucida, and therefore usually are almost perfectly + exact, and since the excellent artist, Mr. Adolph Giltsch, has executed the lithographic plates + with the greatest accuracy, having examined the objects themselves under the microscope, it is + very easy to determine the dimensions of all the separate parts by comparative measurement. In + very many of the species described (perhaps nine hundred or a thousand) several specimens of each + species (usually three or four) have been measured comparatively, and the dimensions recorded are + taken as averages. A very important contribution to the general conception of the proportions, and + especially to the important question of the constancy of the dimensions, has been given by my + honoured friend Dr. Reinhold Teuscher of Jena. This excellent observer, to whom I am indebted for + much and important co-operation in my Radiolarian work, has instituted at my request a long series + of measurements, with the view of comparing the dimensions (of the entire skeleton as well as of + its individual parts) in numerous (usually twenty or thirty) specimens of one and the same + species. About three hundred species of very different groups (mainly <span + class="gsp">Sphæroidea</span>, <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, <span + class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, and <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>) have been measured in this + manner, and the general survey of the results obtained (about eight thousand measurements were + recorded) has enabled me to form a good opinion of the constancy and variability of the dimensions + in the individual species. The general result is, that they are not absolutely constant in any + given case, but that each species (of which many specimens have been carefully compared) exhibits + a certain degree of variability in all its proportions. The general meaning of "species," + therefore, is in the unicellular Radiolaria the same as in all other organisms, and its + development follows the same laws as are so accurately explained by Charles Darwin in his Origin + of Species.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1761">{1761}</span></div> + + <h2 class="sp3">ADDENDA.</h2> + + <div class="poem smaller pc28"> + <p>I. <i>List of Twenty-two Deep-Sea Radiolarians from the Banda Sea.</i></p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3">P. Harting (L. N. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#ln18">18</a>) + published in 1863 the description of 14 <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and 8 <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, taken in depths between 900 and 4000 fathoms, in the Banda Sea. The + figures of them are, however, for the most part not complete enough. The names are the + following<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <div class="poem smaller pc24 sp3"> + <p style="margin-left:7.00em">I. <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>.</p> + <p class="stanza"><span class="hid">0</span>1. <i>Haliomma nitidum</i>, figs. 13, 14 = + <i>Heliodiscus</i>?</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>2. <i>Haliomma gracile</i>, fig. 15 = <i>Acanthosphæra</i>?</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>3. <i>Haliomma lens</i>, fig. 16 = <i>Stylodiscus</i>?</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>4. <i>Haliomma pyriforme</i>, fig. 17 = <i>Cenellipsis</i>?</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>5. <i>Haliomma scutum</i>, fig. 18 = <i>Botryocella</i>?</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>6. <i>Haliomma polyacanthum</i>, fig. 40 = <i>Druppocarpus</i>?</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>7. <i>Haliomma inerme</i>, fig. 41 = <i>Thecosphæra</i>?</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>8. <i>Haliomma oblongum</i>, fig. 42 = <i>Druppula</i>?</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>9. <i>Haliomma amphiaspis</i>, fig. 43 = <i>Monozonium</i>?</p> + <p>10. <i>Tetrapyle polyacantha</i>, fig. 44 = <i>Larcarium</i>?</p> + <p>11. <i>Flustrella cyclica</i>, fig. 19 = <i>Porodiscus</i>.</p> + <p>12. <i>Flustrella micromma</i>, fig. 47 = <i>Porodiscus</i>.</p> + <p>13. <i>Rhopalastrum bandaicum</i>, fig. 45 = <i>Dictyastrum</i>.</p> + <p>14. <i>Lithocyclia reticulata</i>, fig. 20 = <i>Spongodiscus</i>?</p> + <p style="margin-left:7.00em" class="stanza">II. <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>.</p> + <p class="stanza">15. <i>Lithocircus annulus</i>, fig. 50 = <i>Lithocircus</i>.</p> + <p>16. <i>Acanthodesmia arcuata</i>, fig. 25 = <i>Zygostephanus</i>.</p> + <p>17. <i>Acanthodesmia inermis</i>, fig. 26 = <i>Dictyospyris</i>?</p> + <p>18. <i>Cladospyris moluccana</i>, fig. 48 = <i>Cyphonium</i>?</p> + <p>19. <i>Podocyrtis brevipes</i>, fig. 24 = <i>Podocyrtis</i>.</p> + <p>20. <i>Podocyrtis micracantha</i>, fig. 49 = <i>Podocampe</i>?</p> + <p>21. <i>Lithocampe corbula</i>, fig. 21 = <i>Lithomitra</i>.</p> + <p>22. <i>Lithocampe sinuosa</i>, fig. 22 = <i>Lithocampe</i>?</p> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1762">{1762}</span></div> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it1 sp2"> + <p class="sp0">II. <i>List of Fossil Radiolaria (probably Jurassic) found in the "Diaspri della + Toscana," and described in 1880 by Dante Pantanelli</i> (L. N. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#ln36">36</a>). (<i>Compare</i> § + 243, <i>Note</i> B, p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#pageclxviii">clxviii</a>).</p> + </div> + + <p>The figures are too small and too incomplete for certain determination.</p> + + <div class="poem smaller pc15 sp5"> + <p style="margin-left:3.50em">I. <span class="sc">Spumellaria.</span></p> + <p class="stanza"><span class="hid">0</span>1. <i>Ethmosphæra minuta</i>.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>2. <i>Ethmosphæra vulgaris</i>.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>3. <i>Ethmosphæra siphonophora</i>.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>4. <i>Heliosphæra echinoidites</i>.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>5. <i>Rhaphidococcus lusianensis</i>.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>6. <i>Heliodiscus simplex</i>.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>7. <i>Histiastrum lusianense</i>.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>8. <i>Trematodiscus soritoides</i>.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>9. <i>Euchitonia muellerites</i>.</p> + <p>10. <i>Euchitonia amœna</i>.</p> + <p>11. <i>Euchitonia clathrata</i>.</p> + <p>12. <i>Euchitonia crevolensis</i>.</p> + <p>13. <i>Euchitonia grandis</i>.</p> + <p>14. <i>Euchitonia dubia</i>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:3.50em" class="stanza">II. <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>.</p> + <p class="stanza">15. <i>Lithocircus haeckelii</i>.</p> + <p>16. <i>Lithocircus truncatus</i>.</p> + <p>17. <i>Lithocircus rhombus</i>.</p> + <p>18. <i>Cornutella pseudoprofunda</i>.</p> + <p>19. <i>Cornutella pseudoclathrata</i>.</p> + <p>20. <i>Lithopera ovata</i>.</p> + <p>21. <i>Lithopera elongata</i>.</p> + <p>22. <i>Polystichia ehrenbergii</i>.</p> + <p>23. <i>Polystichia haeckelii</i>.</p> + <p>24. <i>Polystichia muelleri</i>.</p> + <p>25. <i>Urocyrtis emmæ</i>.</p> + <p>26. <i>Urocyrtis amaliæ</i>.</p> + <p>27. <i>Urocyrtis stephanii</i>.</p> + <p>28. <i>Adelocyrtis cometa</i>.</p> + <p>29. <i>Adelocyrtis pala</i>.</p> + <p>30. <i>Adelocyrtis spinosa</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1763">{1763}</span></div> + + <h2 class="sp3">ERRATA.</h2> + + <div class="bq1 smaller it1 sp5"> + <p>Page 23, line 3 from top, <i>add</i> "Compare also <i>Myxobrachia cienkowski</i>, Wagner, + 1872, L. N. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#ln23">23</a>."</p> + <p>Page 40, bottom line, <i>add</i> "The two following species are incompletely + known:—<i>Sphærozoum orientale</i>, Dana, 1863, <i>Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.</i>, vol. xii. + p. 54. <i>Sphærozoum sanderi</i>, Dœnitz, 1871, L. N. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#ln60">60</a>, p. 71."</p> + <p>Page 65, line 15 from top, <i>add</i> "<i>Cenosphæra radiata</i>, Zittel, 1876 (L. N. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#ln29">29</a>, p. 84, Taf. ii. + figs. 7, 8), a fossil Cretaceous species, is closely allied to <i>Cenosphæra compacta</i>."</p> + <p>Page 84, line 17 from top, <i>add</i> "<i>Caryosphæra polysphærica</i>, Bütschli, 1882 (L. N. + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#ln41">41</a>, Taf. xxiii. fig. + 12) is probably a <i>Cromyosphæra</i> (fossil in Barbados)."</p> + <p>Page 95, line 11 from top, <i>add</i> "<i>Dermatosphæra</i>, Ehrenberg, is a + <i>Collosphæra</i> with small pores (compare L. N. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#ln16">16</a>, p. 533)."</p> + <p>Page 97, line 8 from foot, <i>for</i> "xxiv." <i>read</i> "xxxiv."</p> + <p>Page 122, line 14 from foot, <i>for</i> "<i>Spongolonche</i>" <i>read</i> + "<i>Spongolonchis</i>."</p> + <p>Page 149, lines 1, 4, 6 and 12 from top, <i>for</i> "<i>Spongolonche</i>" <i>read</i> + "<i>Spongolonchis</i>."</p> + <p>Page 149, line 2 from foot, <i>for</i> "<i>Spongolonche</i>" <i>read</i> + "<i>Spongolonchis</i> (<span title="spongos" class="fsn">σπόγγος</span>, + <span title="lonchis" class="fsn">λογχίς</span>)."</p> + <p>Page 172, line 4 from foot, <i>add</i> Synonym "? <i>Haliphormis hexacantha</i>, Ehrenberg, + 1872, L. N. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#ln24">24</a>, Taf. + x. fig. 6."</p> + <p>Page 216, line 11 from foot, <i>add</i> "Taf. xiii."</p> + <p>Page 308, line 4 from top, <i>add</i> "Compare <i>Haliomma oblongum</i>, Harting, 1863, L. N. + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#ln18">18</a>, p. 15, pl. 2, + fig. 42."</p> + <p>Page 326, line 14 from foot, <i>for</i> "1872" <i>read</i> "1875."</p> + <p>Page 461, line 12 from foot, <i>delete</i> "H."</p> + <p>Page 463, line 10 from top, <i>add</i> "Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, Rabbe."</p> + <p>Page 492, bottom line, <i>add</i> "<i>Porodiscus haeckelii</i> = <i>Trematodiscus + haeckelii</i>, Bütschli, 1882, L. N. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#ln41">41</a>, + Taf. xxiv. figs. 5<i>a</i>, 5<i>b</i>."</p> + <p>Page 509, bottom line, <i>add</i> "<i>Stylodictya haeckelii</i>, Zittel, 1876, L. N. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#ln29">29</a>, p. 85, Taf. ii. + fig. 9, is a fossil Cretaceous species, related to <i>Stylodictya multispina</i>."</p> + <p>Page 534, line 11 from foot, <i>add</i> "Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe). Also in the + Central Pacific, Station 267."</p> + <p>Page 584, line 12 from top, <i>for</i> "1872" <i>read</i> "1875."</p> + <p>Page 586, line 7 from foot, <i>add</i> "<i>Spongotrochus ehrenbergii</i>, Bütschli, 1882, L. + N. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#ln41">41</a>, Taf. xxvi. + figs. 1<i>a</i>, 1<i>b</i>."</p> + <p>Page 633, bottom line, <i>add</i> "<i>Monozonium hartingii</i> = <i>Haliomma amphiaspis</i>, + Harting, 1863 (L. N. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#ln18">18</a>, + p. 15, pl. 2, fig. 43)."</p> + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1764">{1764}</span></div> + <p>Page 763, line 8 from top, <i>add</i> "Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>, + fig. 11."</p> + <p>Page 784, line 16 from top, <i>for</i> "vi." <i>read</i> "xvi."</p> + <p>Page 802, line 14 from bottom, <i>after</i> "11<i>a</i>" <i>insert</i> "11<i>c</i>."</p> + <p>Page 839, line 13 from top, <i>for</i> "<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>" + <i>read</i> "<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>."</p> + <p>Page 841, line 8 from foot, <i>after</i> "figs." <i>insert</i> "2."</p> + <p>Page 842, line 13 from top, <i>add</i> "<i>Haliomma ligurinum</i>, J. Müller (= + <i>Haliommatidium ligurinum</i>, Haeckel, L. N. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#ln16">16</a>, p. 423) seems to be + closely allied to the preceding."</p> + <p>Page 889, line 6 from top, <i>add</i> "<i>Cricoidea</i>, Bütschli, 1882 (L. N. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#ln40">40</a>, p. 537) = <span + class="sc">Nassellaria</span>."</p> + <p>Page 951, line 9 from foot, <i>add</i> "Fossil in Barbados."</p> + <p>Page 952, line 2 from foot, <i>add</i> "Fossil in Barbados."</p> + <p>Page 966, line 10 from top, <i>add</i> "Fossil in Barbados."</p> + <p>Page 981, line 19 from top, <i>add</i> "Fossil in Barbados."</p> + <p>Page 1037, line 8 from top, <i>add</i> "Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate85"><b>85</b></a>, + fig. 2."</p> + <p>Page 1081, line 12 from foot, <i>add</i> "Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, fig. + 15."</p> + <p>Page 1158, line 10 from foot, <i>for</i> "516. <i>Cyrtophormis</i>" <i>read</i> "516. + <i>Cystophormis</i>."</p> + <p>Page 1165, lines 8, 11 and 15 from foot, <i>for "Cyrtophormis" read "Cystophormis</i>."</p> + <p>Page 1165, bottom line, <i>read</i> "<i>Cystophormis</i> = bladder-basket; <span + title="kystê" class="fsn">κυστή</span>, <span title="phormis" + class="fsn">φορμίς</span>."</p> + <p>Page 1166, lines 1, 7 and 13 from top, <i>for</i> "<i>Cyrtophormis</i>" <i>read</i> + "<i>Cystophormis</i>."</p> + <p>Page 1250, line 7 from top, <i>for</i> "<i>Dictyoprora</i>" <i>read</i> + "<i>Dictyoprona</i>."</p> + <p>Page 1251, line 11 from top, <i>add</i> "Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate62"><b>62</b></a>, fig. + 3."</p> + <p>Page 1356, line 9 from foot, <i>add</i> "Pl. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate68"><b>68</b></a>, fig. + 14."</p> + <p>Page 1384, line 2 from foot, <i>for</i> "<i>Calocycloma</i>" <i>read</i> + "<i>Calocyclura</i>."</p> + <p>Page 1411, first line, <i>add</i> "Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate68"><b>68</b></a>, + fig. 15."</p> + <p>Page 1560, line 2 from top, <i>add</i> "<i>Dictyocha trigona</i>, Zittel, 1876 (L. N. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#ln29">29</a>, p. 83, Taf. ii. + fig. 6), is an interesting Cretaceous species, perhaps a variety of <i>Dictyocha + triommata</i>."</p> + <p>Page 1615, line 6 from top, <i>insert</i> "n. sp." <i>after</i> "<i>scenophora</i>."</p> + <p>Page 1653, line 7 from top, <i>add</i> "John Murray, 1876, L. N. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#ln27">27</a>, pl. 24, fig. + 2."</p> + <p>Page 1706, line 7 from foot, <i>add</i> "John Murray, 1876, L. N. <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#ln27">27</a>, pl. 24, fig. + 4."</p> + <p>Page 1752, line 4 from bottom, <i>for</i> "figs. 1<i>a</i>-1<i>d</i>" <i>read</i> "figs. + 1<i>a</i>-1<i>c</i>."</p> + <p>Page 1757, line 14 from bottom, <i>for</i> "fig. 1" <i>read</i> "figs. 1-13."</p> + <p class="sp0">Page 1759, line 14 from bottom <i>for</i> "figs. 4<i>a</i>, 4<i>b</i>" read + "figs. 4, 4<i>a</i>."</p> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1765">{1765}</span></div> + + <h2>INDEX.</h2> + + <div class="poem smaller pc36"> + <p>Synonyms are printed in <i>Italics</i>; names of Families, Orders, &c., in <span + class="sc">Small Capitals</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="poem smaller pc13 sp4"> + <p><span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page716">716</a>.</p> + <p>Acanthochiasma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page739">739</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fusiforme, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page739">739</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">krohnii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page739">739</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rubescens, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page739">739</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spirale, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page739">739</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Acanthochiasmida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page738">738</a>.</p> + <p>Acanthocorallium, <a href="#page1262">1262</a>.</p> + <p>Acanthocoronium, <a href="#page1263">1263</a>.</p> + <p>Acanthocorys, <a href="#page1261">1261</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bütschlii, <a href="#page1262">1262</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecaster, <a href="#page1264">1264</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">enneapodia, <a href="#page1263">1263</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="#page1264">1264</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexapodia, <a href="#page1262">1262</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macroceras, <a href="#page1264">1264</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macropodia, <a href="#page1262">1262</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polypodia, <a href="#page1264">1264</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pristipodia, <a href="#page1262">1262</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triloba, <a href="#page1263">1263</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">umbellifera, <a href="#page1263">1263</a>.</p> + <p>Acanthocorythium, <a href="#page1264">1264</a>.</p> + <p>Acanthocyrtis, <a href="#page1494">1494</a>.</p> + <p>Acanthocystis, <a href="#page1461">1461</a>.</p> + <p>Acanthodesmia, <a href="#page975">975</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>arcuata</i>, <a href="#page1761">1761</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ceratospyris, <a href="#page976">976</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">corona, <a href="#page976">976</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>dumetum</i>, <a href="#page930">930</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>hertwigii</i>, <a href="#page983">983</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>inermis</i>, <a href="#page1761">1761</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mülleri, <a href="#page976">976</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>polybrocha</i>, <a href="#page930">930</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>prismatium</i>, <a href="#page1010">1010</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">vinculata, <a href="#page975">975</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Acanthodesmida</span>, <a href="#page973">973</a>.</p> + <p>Acantholithium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page753">753</a>.</p> + <p>Acantholonche, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page790">790</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphipolaris, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page790">790</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">peripolaris, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page791">791</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Acantholonchida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page781">781</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Acanthometra</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page725">725</a>.</p> + <p><i>Acanthometra</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page742">742</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>alata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page761">761</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>anomale</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page789">789</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>arachnoides</i>, <a href="#page910">910</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>belonoides</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page783">783</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>brevispina</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page745">745</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>bulbosa</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page743">743</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cataphracta</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page810">810</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>claparedei</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page751">751</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>complanata</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page786">786</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>compressa</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page747">747</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>costata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page812">812</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cruciata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page754">754</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cuspidata</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page752">752</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>dichotoma</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page747">747</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>dolichoscia</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page743">743</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>echinoides</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page751">751</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>elastica</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page742">742</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>elongata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page785">785</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>forceps</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page770">770</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>fragilis</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page750">750</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>furcata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page747">747</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>fusca</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page743">743</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>hastata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page770">770</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>hemicompressa</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page748">748</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>heteracantha</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page784">784</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>lanceolata</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page746">746</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>messanensis</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page786">786</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>mucronata</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page756">756</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>mülleri</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page750">750</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>multispina</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page752">752</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ovata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page785">785</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pallida</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page770">770</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pectinata</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page757">757</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pellucida</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page744">744</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>purpurascens</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page769">769</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>quadridentata</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page758">758</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>quadrifolia</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page752">752</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>serrata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page757">757</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>sicula</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page744">744</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>spinulosa</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page759">759</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tenuis</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page784">784</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tetracopa</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page749">749</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tetraptera</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page787">787</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>wageneri</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page744">744</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Acanthometrea</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page716">716</a>.</p> + <p>Acanthometrella, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page742">742</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Acanthometrida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page725">725</a>.</p> + <p>Acanthometron, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page742">742</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bifidum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page745">745</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bulbiferum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page745">745</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bulbosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page743">743</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">catervatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page745">745</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conicum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page743">743</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cylindricum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page743">743</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dolichoscion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page743">743</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elasticum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page742">742</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fuscum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page743">743</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pellucidum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page744">744</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">siculum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page744">744</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">wageneri, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page744">744</a>.</p> + <p>Acanthonarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page749">749</a>.</p> + <p>Acanthonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page751">751</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">claparedei, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page751">751</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">concava, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page750">750</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">convexa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page750">750</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cuspidata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page752">752</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">denticulata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page750">750</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diplopyramis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page752">752</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echinoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page751">751</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fragilis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page750">750</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mülleri, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page750">750</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">multispina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page752">752</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">prismatica, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page749">749</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrangula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page751">751</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrifolia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page752">752</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serrulata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page753">753</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stellata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page753">753</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetracopa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page749">749</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Acanthonida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page740">740</a>.</p> + <p>Acanthonidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page751">751</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Acanthophracta</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page791">791</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Acanthophractida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page791">791</a>.</p> + <p>Acanthosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page209">209</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">acanthica, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page215">215</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1766">{1766}</span>acufera, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page211">211</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">angulata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page216">216</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">antarctica, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page214">214</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arctica, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page214">214</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">brevispina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page215">215</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">capillaris, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page214">214</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">castanea, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page211">211</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clavata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page212">212</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">compacta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page213">213</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conifera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page216">216</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>coronata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page219">219</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dentata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page211">211</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echinoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page214">214</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>elliptica</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page350">350</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">enneacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page213">213</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">florida, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page213">213</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">flosculenta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page211">211</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fortispina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page212">212</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gibbosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page216">216</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">haliphormis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page215">215</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">insignis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page212">212</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">longispina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page215">215</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macropora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page210">210</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">marginata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page212">212</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">maxima, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page216">216</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">micropora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page210">210</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mucronata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page212">212</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octahedralis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page213">213</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pectinata</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page218">218</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">reticulata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page217">217</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>setosa</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page174">174</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">simplex, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page216">216</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tenuis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page210">210</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tenuissima, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page210">210</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>zonaster</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page281">281</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Acanthostaurida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page768">768</a>.</p> + <p>Acanthostaurus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page769">769</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">æquatorialis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page769">769</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bipennis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page769">769</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conacanthus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page769">769</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page771">771</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">forceps, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page770">770</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hastatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page770">770</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pallidus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page770">770</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">purpurascens, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page769">769</a>.</p> + <p>Acontasparium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page829">829</a>.</p> + <p>Acontaspidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page829">829</a>.</p> + <p>Acontaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page829">829</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">capillata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page830">830</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page829">829</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hastata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page829">829</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lanceolata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page829">829</a>.</p> + <p>Acostaurus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page769">769</a>.</p> + <p>Acrobotrys, <a href="#page1114">1114</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">acuminata, <a href="#page1115">1115</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aquaria, <a href="#page1114">1114</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">auriculata, <a href="#page1115">1115</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">disolenia, <a href="#page1114">1114</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">monosolenia, <a href="#page1114">1114</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentasolenia, <a href="#page1115">1115</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrasolenia, <a href="#page1115">1115</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trisolenia, <a href="#page1115">1115</a>.</p> + <p>Acrocalpis, <a href="#page1168">1168</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>virginica</i>, <a href="#page1169">1169</a>.</p> + <p>Acrocorona, <a href="#page1176">1176</a>.</p> + <p><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Acrocoronia'.">Acrocoronis</span>, <a + href="#page977">977</a>.</p> + <p>Acrocubus, <a href="#page992">992</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphistylus, <a href="#page993">993</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphithectus, <a href="#page994">994</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arcuatus, <a href="#page993">993</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">brachiatus, <a href="#page993">993</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cortina, <a href="#page994">994</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lasanum, <a href="#page994">994</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octopylus, <a href="#page993">993</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tesseralis, <a href="#page993">993</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrapodius, <a href="#page994">994</a>.</p> + <p>Acromelissa, <a href="#page1203">1203</a>.</p> + <p>Acropyramis, <a href="#page1159">1159</a>.</p> + <p>Acrosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page99">99</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">collina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page101">101</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echinoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page100">100</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">erinacea, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page100">100</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">inflata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page101">101</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">setosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page100">100</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page100">100</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Acrosphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page94">94</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Acrospyrida</span>, <a href="#page1085">1085</a>.</p> + <p>Acrospyris, <a href="#page1085">1085</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clathrocanium, <a href="#page1085">1085</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dictyophimus, <a href="#page1085">1085</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fragilis, <a href="#page1086">1086</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macrocephala, <a href="#page1085">1085</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyramidalis, <a href="#page1086">1086</a>.</p> + <p>Actidiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page15">15</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>discoides</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page15">15</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>lenticularis</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page15">15</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>phacoides</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page15">15</a>.</p> + <p>Actilarcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page16">16</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>larcoides</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page16">16</a>.</p> + <p>Actinastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page733">733</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">legitimum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page733">733</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentazonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page733">733</a>.</p> + <p>Actinelarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page730">730</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Actinelida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page728">728</a>.</p> + <p>Actinelidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page730">730</a>.</p> + <p>Actinelius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page730">730</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pallidus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page731">731</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyacanthus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page731">731</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">primordialis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page730">730</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">protogenes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page730">730</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">purpureus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page730">730</a>.</p> + <p>Actinelonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page731">731</a>.</p> + <p>Actinomma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page251">251</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>aculeatum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page258">258</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">anthomma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page252">252</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arcadophorum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page255">255</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>asteracanthion</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page196">196</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">capillaceum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page255">255</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">castanomma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page253">253</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">crenatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page314">314</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>daturæforme</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page164">164</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">denticulatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page254">254</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecomma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page256">256</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">drymodes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page198">198</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">entactinia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page253">253</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">facetum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page252">252</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>fenestratum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page315">315</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">giganteum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page256">256</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>hexactis</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page192">192</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page252">252</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hirsutum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page251">251</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>inerme</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page80">80</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">japonicum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page253">253</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>medusa</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page80">80</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pachycapsa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page256">256</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pachyderma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page254">254</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">schwageri, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page256">256</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>sphærechinus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page258">258</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinigerum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page254">254</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tetracanthum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page164">164</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trinacrium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page254">254</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>triplex</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page314">314</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Actinommatida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page251">251</a>.</p> + <p>Actinommida, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page251">251</a>.</p> + <p>Actinopyramis, <a href="#page1256">1256</a>.</p> + <p>Actiprunum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page14">14</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ellipsoides</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page14">14</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>prunoideum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page14">14</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Actipylea</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page716">716</a>.</p> + <p>Actissa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page12">12</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">discoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page15">15</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ellipsoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page14">14</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">larcoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page16">16</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lenticularis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page15">15</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">phacoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page13">13</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">primordialis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page13">13</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">princeps, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page13">13</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">prototypus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page13">13</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">prunoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page14">14</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">radiata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page14">14</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Adelacantha</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page717">717</a>.</p> + <p>Adelocyrtis, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cometa, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pala, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosa, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p>Aegospyris, <a href="#page1053">1053</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aegoceras, <a href="#page1054">1054</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aequispina, <a href="#page1053">1053</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">caprina, <a href="#page1054">1054</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">longibarba, <a href="#page1054">1054</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octospina, <a href="#page1053">1053</a>.</p> + <p>Alacorys, <a href="#page1370">1370</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aculeata, <a href="#page1373">1373</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bismarckii, <a href="#page1372">1372</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">carcinus, <a href="#page1375">1375</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecantha, <a href="#page1375">1375</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">enneacantha, <a href="#page1374">1374</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1767">{1767}</span>friderici, <a + href="#page1372">1372</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gigas, <a href="#page1374">1374</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="correction" + title="Original reads 'gulielmi'.">guilelmi</span>, <a href="#page1372">1372</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexacantha, <a href="#page1373">1373</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexapleura, <a href="#page1373">1373</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lutheri, <a href="#page1370">1370</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octacantha, <a href="#page1374">1374</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ornata, <a href="#page1375">1375</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentacantha, <a href="#page1371">1371</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyacantha, <a href="#page1375">1375</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetracantha, <a href="#page1371">1371</a>.</p> + <p>Amphiactura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page470">470</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>diploconus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page470">470</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphibrachia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page470">470</a>.</p> + <p>Amphibelithium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page790">790</a>.</p> + <p>Amphibelone, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page788">788</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aciculata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page788">788</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">anomala, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page789">789</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clavaria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page790">790</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cultellata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page789">789</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyramidata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page789">789</a>.</p> + <p>Amphibelonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page788">788</a>.</p> + <p>Amphibrachium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page516">516</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphilonche, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page517">517</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">armatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page518">518</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">capitatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page518">518</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clavula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page518">518</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dilatatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page517">517</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">indicum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page518">518</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lanceolatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page517">517</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">murrayanum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page523">523</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sponguroides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page517">517</a>.</p> + <p><i>Amphicentria</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page614">614</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>salpa</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page614">614</a>.</p> + <p>Amphicraspedum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page523">523</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="correction" + title="Original reads 'maclagganium'.">maclaganium</span>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page523">523</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">murrayanum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page523">523</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">wyvilleanum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page523">523</a>.</p> + <p>Amphicyclia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page463">463</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphistylia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page464">464</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">chronometra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page463">463</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pachydiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page464">464</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Amphilithida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page781">781</a>.</p> + <p>Amphilithium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page787">787</a>.</p> + <p>Amphiloncharium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page783">783</a>.</p> + <p>Amphilonche, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page783">783</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">acufera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page788">788</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>anomala</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page789">789</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">belonoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page783">783</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">complanata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page786">786</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">concreta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page787">787</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conica, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page785">785</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">denticulata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page784">784</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diodon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page783">783</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elongata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page785">785</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">heteracantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page384">384</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hydrotomica, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page786">786</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lanceolata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page783">783</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lancetta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page786">786</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">messanensis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page786">786</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page785">785</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tenuis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page784">784</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetraptera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page787">787</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">violina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page787">787</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Amphilonchida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page781">781</a>.</p> + <p>Amphilonchidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page785">785</a>.</p> + <p>Amphiplecta, <a href="#page1223">1223</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">acrostoma, <a href="#page1223">1223</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphistoma, <a href="#page1223">1223</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">callistoma, <a href="#page1224">1224</a>.</p> + <p>Amphipyle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page641">641</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aceros, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page641">641</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphiceros, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page691">691</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphiptera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page642">642</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">callizona, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page644">644</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cladoceros, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page643">643</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">decaceros, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page643">643</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexaceros, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page642">642</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octoceros, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page643">643</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">platyptera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page641">641</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stauroceros, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page642">642</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stenoptera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page641">641</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetraceros, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page642">642</a>.</p> + <p>Amphipylonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page656">656</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octoceras, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page657">657</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">semilunare, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page656">656</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosissimum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page657">657</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetraceros, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page657">657</a>.</p> + <p>Amphirrhopalum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page521">521</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphidicranum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page521">521</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bigeminum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page522">522</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echinatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page522">522</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ximorphum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page521">521</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ypsilon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page532">532</a>.</p> + <p>Amphisphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page142">142</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">apollo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page143">143</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cronos, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page144">144</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">jupiter, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page143">143</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mars, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page144">144</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mercurius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page143">143</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">neptunus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page142">142</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pluto, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page144">144</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">uranus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page143">143</a>.</p> + <p>Amphispyridium, <a href="#page1096">1096</a>.</p> + <p>Amphispyris, <a href="#page1095">1095</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">costata, <a href="#page1097">1097</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrigemina, <a href="#page1096">1096</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">reticulata, <a href="#page1096">1096</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sternalis, <a href="#page1096">1096</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">subquadrata, <a href="#page1097">1097</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">thorax, <a href="#page1096">1096</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">toxarium, <a href="#page1097">1097</a>.</p> + <p>Amphispyrium, <a href="#page1095">1095</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Amphistylida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page142">142</a>.</p> + <p>Amphistylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page145">145</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clio, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page145">145</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>giganteus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page329">329</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">glyptodon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page145">145</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hippocampus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page145">145</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>neptunus</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page328">328</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Amphitholida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page663">663</a>.</p> + <p>Amphitholonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page668">668</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">acanthonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page669">669</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octostylonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page669">669</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricolonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page669">669</a>.</p> + <p>Amphitholus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page666">666</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">acanthometra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page667">667</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">armatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page668">668</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">artidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page666">666</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">artiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page666">666</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecanthus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page667">667</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octacanthus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page667">667</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">panicium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page668">668</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyacanthus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page668">668</a>.</p> + <p>Amphymenium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page519">519</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphistylium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page520">520</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fusiforme, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page521">521</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">monstrosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page520">520</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">naviculare, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page519">519</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pupula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page519">519</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">zygartus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page520">520</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Androspyrida</span>, <a href="#page1090">1090</a>.</p> + <p>Androspyris, <a href="#page1092">1092</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">anthropiscus, <a href="#page1093">1093</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aptenodytes, <a href="#page1093">1093</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">homunculus, <a href="#page1092">1092</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pithecus, <a href="#page1093">1093</a>.</p> + <p>Anthocorys, <a href="#page1456">1456</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>campanula</i>, <a href="#page1456">1456</a>.</p> + <p>Anthocyrtarium, <a href="#page1272">1272</a>.</p> + <p>Anthocyrtella, <a href="#page1269">1269</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Anthocyrtida</span>, <a href="#page1241">1241</a>.</p> + <p>Anthocyrtidium, <a href="#page1278">1278</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cineraria, <a href="#page1278">1278</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ligularia, <a href="#page1278">1278</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">matricaria, <a href="#page1279">1279</a>.</p> + <p>Anthocyrtis, <a href="#page1269">1269</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">butomus, <a href="#page1270">1270</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>collaris</i>, <a href="#page1273">1273</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cothurnata</i>, <a href="#page1353">1353</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ehrenbergii</i>, <a href="#page1277">1277</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">enneaphylla, <a href="#page1271">1271</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ficus</i>, <a href="#page1277">1277</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>flosculus</i>, <a href="#page1277">1277</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="#page1269">1269</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">grossularia, <a href="#page1271">1271</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hispida, <a href="#page1275">1275</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lauranthus, 1271</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>leptostyla</i>, <a href="#page1275">1275</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mespilus, <a href="#page1269">1269</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ophirensis, <a href="#page1270">1270</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovata, <a href="#page1272">1272</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>serrulata</i>, <a href="#page1268">1268</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>sethoconus</i>, <a href="#page1296">1296</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>setosa</i>, <a href="#page1276">1276</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">subglobosa, <a href="#page1271">1271</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1768">{1768}</span>ventricosa, <a + href="#page1270">1270</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>zanguebarica</i>, <a href="#page1277">1277</a>.</p> + <p>Anthocyrtissa, <a href="#page1270">1270</a>.</p> + <p>Anthocyrtium, <a href="#page1272">1272</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">adonis, <a href="#page1273">1273</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">anemone, <a href="#page1274">1274</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">anthemis, <a href="#page1273">1273</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">campanula, <a href="#page1274">1274</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">centaurea, <a href="#page1273">1273</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">chrysanthemum, <a href="#page1272">1272</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">collare, <a href="#page1273">1273</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">doronicum, <a href="#page1276">1276</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ehrenbergii, <a href="#page1277">1277</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ficus, <a href="#page1277">1277</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">flosculus, <a href="#page1277">1277</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hispidum, <a href="#page1275">1275</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">leptostylum, <a href="#page1275">1275</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyrum, <a href="#page1276">1276</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">reticulatum, <a href="#page1274">1274</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">setosum, <a href="#page1276">1276</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">turris, <a href="#page1275">1275</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">zanguebaricum, <a href="#page1277">1277</a>.</p> + <p>Anthocyrtoma, <a href="#page1268">1268</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">alterna, <a href="#page1268">1268</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serrulata, <a href="#page1268">1268</a>.</p> + <p>Anthocyrtonium, <a href="#page1274">1274</a>.</p> + <p>Anthocyrtura, <a href="#page1271">1271</a>.</p> + <p>Anthocyrturium, <a href="#page1276">1276</a>.</p> + <p><i>Anthomma</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page76">76</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>nodusum</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page76">76</a>.</p> + <p>Anthospyris, <a href="#page1064">1064</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aculeata, <a href="#page1065">1065</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arachnoides, <a href="#page1065">1065</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diaboliscus, <a href="#page1065">1065</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">doronicum, <a href="#page1065">1065</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mammillata, <a href="#page1064">1064</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spathulata, <a href="#page1065">1065</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tragopogon, <a href="#page1066">1066</a>.</p> + <p>Apocubus, <a href="#page992">992</a>.</p> + <p>Arachnocalpis, <a href="#page1172">1172</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ellipsoides, <a href="#page1172">1172</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sphæroides, <a href="#page1173">1173</a>.</p> + <p>Arachnocorallium, <a href="#page1265">1265</a>.</p> + <p>Arachnocoronium, <a href="#page1266">1266</a>.</p> + <p>Arachnocorys, <a href="#page1265">1265</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arachnodiscus, <a href="#page1267">1267</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">araneosa, <a href="#page1266">1266</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circumtexta, <a href="#page1266">1266</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">discoides, <a href="#page1265">1265</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">enneaptera, <a href="#page1266">1266</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexaptera, <a href="#page1265">1265</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyptera, <a href="#page1267">1267</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trifida, <a href="#page1267">1267</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>umbellifera</i>, <a href="#page1263">1263</a>.</p> + <p>Arachnocorythium, <a href="#page1267">1267</a>.</p> + <p>Arachnopegma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page267">267</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">increscens, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page267">267</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">longispinum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page267">267</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">verticillatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page267">267</a>.</p> + <p>Arachnopila, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page266">266</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonella, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page266">266</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polygonella, 266</p> + <p>Arachnopilium, <a href="#page1327">1327</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>clathrocanium</i>, <a href="#page1327">1327</a>.</p> + <p>Arachnosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page268">268</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dolichacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page269">269</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">increscens, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page269">269</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">myriacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page268">268</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">oligacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page268">268</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tenuissima, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page269">269</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">velaris, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page269">269</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Arachnosphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page265">265</a>.</p> + <p>Archibursa, <a href="#page1157">1157</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripodiscus, <a href="#page1157">1157</a>.</p> + <p>Archicapsa, <a href="#page1191">1191</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nonaforis, <a href="#page1192">1192</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadriforis, <a href="#page1192">1192</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triforis, <a href="#page1191">1191</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Archicapsida</span>, <a href="#page1189">1189</a>.</p> + <p>Archicircus, <a href="#page940">940</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">duodenus, <a href="#page942">942</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ellipsis, <a href="#page941">941</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hertwigii, <a href="#page942">942</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexacanthus, <a href="#page942">942</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">monopylus, <a href="#page941">941</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">monostephus, <a href="#page941">941</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovalis, <a href="#page941">941</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">primordialis, <a href="#page942">942</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">princeps, <a href="#page940">940</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadratus, <a href="#page941">941</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhombus, <a href="#page942">942</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sexangularis, <a href="#page943">943</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triglyphus, <a href="#page943">943</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Archicorida</span>, <a href="#page1180">1180</a>.</p> + <p>Archicorys, <a href="#page1184">1184</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ampulla, <a href="#page1184">1184</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">galea, <a href="#page1184">1184</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">globosa, <a href="#page1185">1185</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">microstoma, <a href="#page1185">1185</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovata, <a href="#page1185">1185</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Archidiscida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page485">485</a>.</p> + <p>Archidiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page486">486</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dioniscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page486">486</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="correction" + title="Original reads 'dithalamius'.">dithalamus</span>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page486">486</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexathalamus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page489">489</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexoniscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page488">488</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octoniscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page489">489</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentoniscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page488">488</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polythalamus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page489">489</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pylonsicus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page488">488</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stauroniscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page487">487</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrathalamus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page487">487</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetroniscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page487">487</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trioniscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page487">487</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="correction" + title="Original reads 'trithalamius'.">trithalamus</span>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page487">487</a>.</p> + <p>Archipera, <a href="#page1155">1155</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bicornis, <a href="#page1156">1156</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cortiniscus, <a href="#page1155">1155</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">multicornis, <a href="#page1156">1156</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentacantha, <a href="#page1155">1155</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadricornis, <a href="#page1156">1156</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricornis, <a href="#page1156">1156</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Archiperida</span>, <a href="#page1146">1146</a>.</p> + <p>Archiperidium, <a href="#page1154">1154</a>.</p> + <p>Archiphæna, <a href="#page1177">1177</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">corona, <a href="#page1178">1178</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gorgospyris, <a href="#page1178">1178</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stephanoma, <a href="#page1178">1178</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Archiphænida</span>, <a href="#page1173">1173</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Archiphormida</span>, <a href="#page1159">1159</a>.</p> + <p>Archiphormis, <a href="#page1167">1167</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">campanulata, <a href="#page1165">1165</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cancellata, <a href="#page1167">1167</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">urceolata, <a href="#page1168">1168</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Archipilida</span>, <a href="#page1135">1135</a>.</p> + <p>Archipilium, <a href="#page1139">1139</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cyrtopterum, <a href="#page1140">1140</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">orthopterum, <a href="#page1139">1139</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sigmopterum, <a href="#page1139">1139</a>.</p> + <p>Archiscenium, <a href="#page1150">1150</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">callimitra, <a href="#page1151">1151</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clathrocorys, <a href="#page1150">1150</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cyclopterum, <a href="#page1151">1151</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrispinum, <a href="#page1150">1150</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tricolpium</i>, <a href="#page1147">1147</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripterygium, <a href="#page1151">1151</a>.</p> + <p>Archistephus, <a href="#page941">941</a>.</p> + <p>Artidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page356">356</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Artinida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page354">354</a>.</p> + <p>Artiscium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page355">355</a>.</p> + <p>Artiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page355">355</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elegans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page356">356</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">facetus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page355">355</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hystrix, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page356">356</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nodosus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page356">356</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">panarius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page356">356</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">paniculus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page355">355</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">paniscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page355">355</a>.</p> + <p>Artocapsa, <a href="#page1519">1519</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">armata, <a href="#page1520">1520</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elegans, <a href="#page1520">1520</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fusiformis, <a href="#page1519">1519</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">infraculeata, <a href="#page1519">1519</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octocamera, <a href="#page1520">1520</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadricamera, <a href="#page1520">1520</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosa, <a href="#page1519">1519</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Artocapsida</span>, <a href="#page1467">1467</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Artocorida</span>, <a href="#page1467">1467</a>.</p> + <p>Artocyrtis, <a href="#page1490">1490</a>.</p> + <p>Artopera, <a href="#page1452">1452</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fusiformis, <a href="#page1452">1452</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">loxia, <a href="#page1452">1452</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">motacilla, <a href="#page1452">1452</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>thoracoptera</i>, <a href="#page1450">1450</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Artoperida</span>, <a href="#page1435">1435</a>.</p> + <p>Artophæna, <a href="#page1463">1463</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ærostatica, <a href="#page1463">1463</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexalatractus, <a href="#page1464">1464</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1769">{1769}</span>hexapodiscus, <a + href="#page1464">1464</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">senaria, <a href="#page1464">1464</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Artophænida</span>, <a href="#page1453">1453</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Artophormida</span>, <a href="#page1453">1453</a>.</p> + <p>Artophormis, <a href="#page1458">1458</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">barbadensis, <a href="#page1459">1459</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">costata, <a href="#page1459">1459</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">horrida, <a href="#page1458">1458</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Artopilida</span>, <a href="#page1435">1435</a>.</p> + <p>Artopilium, <a href="#page1439">1439</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">anomalum, <a href="#page1442">1442</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cornutella, <a href="#page1441">1441</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cyrtopterum, <a href="#page1440">1440</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elegans, <a href="#page1440">1440</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">longicorne, <a href="#page1440">1440</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stichopterygium, <a href="#page1442">1442</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trifenestra, <a href="#page1441">1441</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigonopterum, <a href="#page1441">1441</a>.</p> + <p>Artostrobium, <a href="#page1482">1482</a>.</p> + <p>Artostrobulus, <a href="#page1481">1481</a>.</p> + <p>Artostrobus, <a href="#page1481">1481</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">annulatus, <a href="#page1481">1481</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">articulatus, <a href="#page1482">1482</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">auritus, <a href="#page1482">1482</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">biseriatus, <a href="#page1482">1482</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elegans, <a href="#page1482">1482</a>.</p> + <p><i>Aspidomma</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page847">847</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>hystrix</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page854">854</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>mucronatum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page756">756</a>.</p> + <p>Astractinium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page476">476</a>.</p> + <p>Astractura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page476">476</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aristotelis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page476">476</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clavigera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page476">476</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">democriti, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page477">477</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hippocratis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page477">477</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ordinata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page476">476</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Astracturida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page469">469</a>.</p> + <p>Astracturium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page476">476</a>.</p> + <p>Astrocapsa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page799">799</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coronata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page799">799</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrifida, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page799">799</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stellata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page799">799</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tritonis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page799">799</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Astrocapsida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page797">797</a>.</p> + <p>Astrocyclia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page466">466</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arachnia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page467">467</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">heterocycla, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page468">468</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rotula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page467">467</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">solaster, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page466">466</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stella, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page467">467</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Astrocyrtida</span>, <a href="#page1129">1129</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Astrolithida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page726">726</a>.</p> + <p>Astrolithium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page745">745</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>bifidum</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page745">745</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>bulbiferum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page745">745</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cruciatum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page771">771</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>dicopum</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page748">748</a>.</p> + <p>Astroloncharium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page756">756</a>.</p> + <p>Astrolonche, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page756">756</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bicruciata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page756">756</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mucronata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page756">756</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pectinata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page757">757</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pinnata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page757">757</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serrata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page757">757</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Astrolonchida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page740">740</a>.</p> + <p>Astrolonchidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page757">757</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Astrolophida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page728">728</a>.</p> + <p>Astrolophus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page732">732</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">solaris, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page732">732</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stellaris, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page732">732</a>.</p> + <p><i>Astromma</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page475">475</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>aristotelis</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page476">476</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>entomocora</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page367">367</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pentactis</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page479">479</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pythagoræ</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page471">471</a>.</p> + <p>Astrophacus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page453">453</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">apollinis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page455">455</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">asteriscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page453">453</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cingillum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page454">454</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">phacodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page454">454</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">saturnus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page454">454</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">solaris, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page453">453</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trochiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page453">453</a>.</p> + <p>Astrosestrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page442">442</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">acanthastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page443">443</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">acraspedum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page443">443</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>caudatum</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page431">431</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echinastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page443">443</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ephyra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page442">442</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">floscula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page444">444</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nauphanta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page442">442</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octacanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page442">442</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pelagia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page444">444</a>.</p> + <p>Astrosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page250">250</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page250">250</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">splendens, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page250">250</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sideræa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page251">251</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stellata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page251">251</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Astrosphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page206">206</a>.</p> + <p>Astrostaurus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page436">436</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>magnificus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page436">436</a>.</p> + <p>Astrostylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page431">431</a>.</p> + <p>Atactodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page497">497</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>irregularis</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page498">498</a>.</p> + <p>Aulacantha, <a href="#page1575">1575</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cannulata, <a href="#page1576">1576</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clavata, <a href="#page1576">1576</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lævissima, <a href="#page1576">1576</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scolymantha, <a href="#page1575">1575</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosa, <a href="#page1575">1575</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tubulosa, <a href="#page1575">1575</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Aulacanthida</span>, <a href="#page1569">1569</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Aulactinida</span>, <a href="#page1573">1573</a>.</p> + <p>Aulactinium, <a href="#page1574">1574</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">actinastrum, <a href="#page1574">1574</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">actinelium, <a href="#page1574">1574</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">actinosphærium, <a href="#page1574">1574</a>.</p> + <p>Aularia, <a href="#page1621">1621</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ternaria, <a href="#page1621">1621</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigonaria, <a href="#page1621">1621</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tubularia, <a href="#page1621">1621</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Aularida</span>, <a href="#page1620">1620</a>.</p> + <p>Aulastrum, <a href="#page1635">1635</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dendroceros, <a href="#page1635">1635</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dichoceros, <a href="#page1635">1635</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">monoceros, <a href="#page1635">1635</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentaceros, <a href="#page1636">1636</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyceros, <a href="#page1636">1636</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetraceros, <a href="#page1636">1636</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triceros, <a href="#page1635">1635</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trichoceros, <a href="#page1636">1636</a>.</p> + <p>Aulatractus, <a href="#page1632">1632</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diploconus, <a href="#page1632">1632</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ellipsoides, <a href="#page1633">1633</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fusiformis, <a href="#page1632">1632</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fusulus, <a href="#page1632">1632</a>.</p> + <p>Auloceræa, <a href="#page1583">1583</a>.</p> + <p>Auloceratium, <a href="#page1585">1585</a>.</p> + <p>Auloceros, <a href="#page1583">1583</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arborescens, <a href="#page1585">1585</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">capreolus, <a href="#page1584">1584</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cervinus, <a href="#page1584">1584</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dicranaster, <a href="#page1585">1585</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elegans, <a href="#page1584">1584</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcosus, <a href="#page1583">1583</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spathillaster, <a href="#page1585">1585</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigeminus, <a href="#page1584">1584</a>.</p> + <p>Aulodendron, <a href="#page1588">1588</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">antarcticum, <a href="#page1589">1589</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">atlanticum, <a href="#page1589">1589</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">australe, <a href="#page1589">1589</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">indicum, <a href="#page1590">1590</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pacificum, <a href="#page1589">1589</a>.</p> + <p>Aulodictyum, <a href="#page1637">1637</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hydrodictyum, <a href="#page1637">1637</a>.</p> + <p><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Aulographanta'.">Aulographantha</span>, <a + href="#page1577">1577</a>.</p> + <p>Aulographella, <a href="#page1579">1579</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Aulographida</span>, <a href="#page1574">1574</a>.</p> + <p>Aulographidium, <a href="#page1580">1580</a>.</p> + <p>Aulographis, <a href="#page1577">1577</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">asteriscus, <a href="#page1581">1581</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ancorata, <a href="#page1578">1578</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bovicornis, <a href="#page1577">1577</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">candelabrum, <a href="#page1582">1582</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciata, <a href="#page1578">1578</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dentata, <a href="#page1582">1582</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">flammabunda, <a href="#page1579">1579</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">flosculus, <a href="#page1580">1580</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcula, <a href="#page1580">1580</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gemmascens, <a href="#page1580">1580</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexancistra, <a href="#page1581">1581</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">martagon, <a href="#page1579">1579</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pandora, <a href="#page1577">1577</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">penicillata, <a href="#page1578">1578</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pistillum, <a href="#page1579">1579</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyancistra, <a href="#page1581">1581</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pulvinata, <a href="#page1582">1582</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1770">{1770}</span>serrulata, <a + href="#page1582">1582</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stellata, <a href="#page1578">1578</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">taumorpha, <a href="#page1577">1577</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrancistra, <a href="#page1581">1581</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triæna, <a href="#page1579">1579</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triangulum, <a href="#page1580">1580</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triglochin, <a href="#page1578">1578</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripentas, <a href="#page1582">1582</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">verticillata, <a href="#page1582">1582</a>.</p> + <p>Aulographonium, <a href="#page1581">1581</a>.</p> + <p>Aulonia, <a href="#page1633">1633</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonia, <a href="#page1634">1634</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">metagonia, <a href="#page1634">1634</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentagonia, <a href="#page1634">1634</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polygonia, <a href="#page1634">1634</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetragonia, <a href="#page1633">1633</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Aulonida</span>, <a href="#page1633">1633</a>.</p> + <p>Aulophacus, <a href="#page1631">1631</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphidiscus, <a href="#page1631">1631</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lenticularis, <a href="#page1631">1631</a>.</p> + <p>Auloplegma, <a href="#page1630">1630</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">perplexum, <a href="#page1630">1630</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spongiosum, <a href="#page1631">1631</a>.</p> + <p>Auloscena, <a href="#page1628">1628</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arboretum, <a href="#page1629">1629</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">flammabunda, <a href="#page1629">1629</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gigantea, <a href="#page1629">1629</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mirabilis, <a href="#page1628">1628</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">penicillus, <a href="#page1629">1629</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyramidalis, <a href="#page1628">1628</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serrata, <a href="#page1630">1630</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spectabilis, <a href="#page1628">1628</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tentorium, <a href="#page1628">1628</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">verticillus, <a href="#page1629">1629</a>.</p> + <p>Aulospathessa, <a href="#page1586">1586</a>.</p> + <p>Aulospathilla, <a href="#page1587">1587</a>.</p> + <p>Aulospathis, <a href="#page1586">1586</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bifurca, <a href="#page1586">1586</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diodon, <a href="#page1587">1587</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="#page1588">1588</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexodon, <a href="#page1588">1588</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polymorpha, <a href="#page1587">1587</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrifurca, <a href="#page1587">1587</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrodon, <a href="#page1588">1588</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trifurca, <a href="#page1586">1586</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triodon, <a href="#page1587">1587</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">variabilis, <a href="#page1588">1588</a>.</p> + <p>Aulosphæra, <a href="#page1622">1622</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bifurca, <a href="#page1626">1626</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bisternaria, <a href="#page1624">1624</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coronata, <a href="#page1626">1626</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciata, <a href="#page1624">1624</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dendrophora, <a href="#page1625">1625</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diodon, <span class="correction" title="Original reads '1523'."><a + href="#page1623">1623</a></span>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elegantissima, <a href="#page1624">1624</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">flexuosa, <a href="#page1622">1622</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>gracilis</i>, <a href="#page1609">1609</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">multifurca, <a href="#page1626">1626</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyodon, <a href="#page1623">1623</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pourtalesii</i>, <a href="#page1624">1624</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrifurca, <a href="#page1626">1626</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sceptrophora, <a href="#page1625">1625</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spathillata, <a href="#page1624">1624</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spathophora, <a href="#page1625">1625</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosa, <a href="#page1627">1627</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrodon, <a href="#page1623">1623</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trifurca, <a href="#page1626">1626</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigonopa, <a href="#page1622">1622</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triodon, <a href="#page1623">1623</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">undulata, <a href="#page1627">1627</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">verticillata, <a href="#page1624">1624</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Aulosphærida</span>, <a href="#page1615">1615</a>.</p> + <p>Axellipsis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page293">293</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lobata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page293">293</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">perforata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page293">293</a>.</p> + <p>Axocorys, <a href="#page1420">1420</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macroceros, <a href="#page1420">1420</a>.</p> + <p>Axodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page490">490</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page490">490</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octogonus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page491">491</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page491">491</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">staurophorus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page490">490</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stylophorus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page490">490</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigonus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page490">490</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triradiatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page490">490</a>.</p> + <p>Axoprunum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page298">298</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stauraxonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page298">298</a>.</p> + <p class="stanza">Bathropyramis, <a href="#page1159">1159</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">acephala, <a href="#page1159">1159</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">interrupta, <a href="#page1160">1160</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">medusa, <a href="#page1160">1160</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrata, <a href="#page1159">1159</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ramosa, <a href="#page1161">1161</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosa, <a href="#page1160">1160</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trapezoides, <a href="#page1160">1160</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Beloidea</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page28">28</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Belonaspida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page859">859</a>.</p> + <p>Belonaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page863">863</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conifera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page864">864</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">datura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page863">863</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page863">863</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lanceolata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page864">864</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">multiforis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page864">864</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pandanus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page863">863</a>.</p> + <p>Belonostaurus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page771">771</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bicuspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page772">772</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadratus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page771">771</a>.</p> + <p>Belonozoum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page39">39</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">atlanticum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page40">40</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bacillosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page39">39</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">italicum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page40">40</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinulosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page40">40</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Botrida</span>, <a href="#page1103">1103</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Botryida</span>, <a href="#page1103">1103</a>.</p> + <p>Botryocampe, <a href="#page1122">1122</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">camerata, <a href="#page1124">1124</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">galea, <a href="#page1123">1123</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexathalamia, <a href="#page1125">1125</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">inflata, <a href="#page1123">1123</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rotalia, <a href="#page1123">1123</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">theocapsa, <a href="#page1123">1123</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Botryocampida</span>, <a href="#page1120">1120</a>.</p> + <p>Botryocella, <a href="#page1116">1116</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">borealis, <a href="#page1116">1116</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">multicellaris, <a href="#page1112">1112</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nucula, <a href="#page1116">1116</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadricellaris, <a href="#page1117">1117</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrigemina, <a href="#page1117">1117</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricellaris, <a href="#page1116">1116</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Botryocellida</span>, <a href="#page1112">1112</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Botryocyrtida</span>, <a href="#page1120">1120</a>.</p> + <p>Botryocyrtis, <a href="#page1120">1120</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cerebellum, <a href="#page1121">1121</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quinaria, <a href="#page1121">1121</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serpentis, <a href="#page1120">1120</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">theocampe, <a href="#page1121">1121</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Botryodea</span>, <a href="#page1108">1108</a>.</p> + <p>Botryopera, <a href="#page1108">1108</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cyrtoloba, <a href="#page1108">1108</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">multiloba, <a href="#page1109">1109</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadriloba, <a href="#page1109">1109</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triloba, <a href="#page1108">1108</a>.</p> + <p>Botryopyle, <a href="#page1112">1112</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cephalodes, <a href="#page1113">1113</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cribrosa, <a href="#page1113">1113</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dictyocephalus, <a href="#page1113">1113</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">inclusa, <a href="#page1113">1113</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sethocorys, <a href="#page1112">1112</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Botryopylida</span>, <a href="#page1112">1112</a>.</p> + <p>Botryostrobus, <a href="#page1475">1475</a>.</p> + <p>Brachiospyris, <a href="#page1037">1037</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diacantha, <a href="#page1038">1038</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ocellata, <a href="#page1038">1038</a>.</p> + <p>Buccinosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page99">99</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">invaginata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page99">99</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tubaria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page99">99</a>.</p> + <p class="stanza">Callimitra, <a href="#page1216">1216</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">agnesæ, <a href="#page1217">1217</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">annæ, <a href="#page1217">1217</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">carolotæ, <a href="#page1217">1217</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elisabethæ, <a href="#page1218">1218</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">emmæ, <a href="#page1218">1218</a>.</p> + <p>Calocyclas, <a href="#page1381">1381</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amicæ, <span class="correction" title="Original reads '1282'."><a + href="#page1382">1382</a></span>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="correction" + title="Original reads 'aspasiæ'.">aspasia</span>, <a href="#page1385">1385</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>barbadensis</i>, <a href="#page1459">1459</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>carcinus</i>, <a href="#page1375">1375</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">casta, <a href="#page1384">1384</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">erinaceus, <a href="#page1383">1383</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gigas, <a href="#page1384">1384</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hyalogaster, <a href="#page1383">1383</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">minervæ, <a href="#page1382">1382</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">monumentum, <a href="#page1385">1385</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">parthenia, <a href="#page1385">1385</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pudica, <a href="#page1384">1384</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1771">{1771}</span>sacerdotis, <a + href="#page1382">1382</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">turris, <a href="#page1383">1383</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">veneris, <a href="#page1381">1381</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">vestalis, <a href="#page1382">1382</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">virginis, <a href="#page1381">1381</a>.</p> + <p>Calocycletta, <a href="#page1381">1381</a>.</p> + <p>Calocyclissa, <a href="#page1383">1383</a>.</p> + <p>Calocycloma, <a href="#page1384">1384</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Calodictya</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page481">481</a>.</p> + <p>Calpocapsa, <a href="#page1190">1190</a>.</p> + <p>Calpophæna, <a href="#page1175">1175</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">enneaphylla, <a href="#page1176">1176</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ennearrhabda, <a href="#page1176">1176</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexacorethra, <a href="#page1177">1177</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexarrhabda, <a href="#page1176">1176</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">petalospyris, <a href="#page1177">1177</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetracorethra, <a href="#page1177">1177</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrarrhabda, <a href="#page1176">1176</a>.</p> + <p>Caminosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page111">111</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dendrophora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page112">112</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dichotoma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page112">112</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elongata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page111">111</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page111">111</a>.</p> + <p>Cannartidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page373">373</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphicanna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page374">374</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphiconicum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page373">373</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>amphiconus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page372">372</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphisiphon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page374">374</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bicinctum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page374">374</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mammiferum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page375">375</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mastophorum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page375">375</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tubarium</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page339">339</a>.</p> + <p>Cannartiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page372">372</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphiconiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page372">372</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphicylindrus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page373">373</a>.</p> + <p>Cannartus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page358">358</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">biscottus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page359">359</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bitubulus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page359">359</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">violina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page358">358</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cannobelida</span>, <a href="#page1551">1551</a>.</p> + <p>Cannobelos, <a href="#page1551">1551</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">calymmata, <a href="#page1551">1551</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cavispicula, <a href="#page1551">1551</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">thalassoplancta, <a href="#page1551">1551</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cannobotryida</span>, <a href="#page1107">1107</a>.</p> + <p>Cannobotrys, <a href="#page1109">1109</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cortina, <a href="#page1110">1110</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dicanna, <a href="#page1110">1110</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">monocanna, <a href="#page1110">1110</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentacanna, <a href="#page1111">1111</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sagittalis, <a href="#page1110">1110</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetracanna, <a href="#page1111">1111</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricanna, <a href="#page1110">1110</a>.</p> + <p>Cannocapsa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page801">801</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">osculata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page801">801</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stethoscopium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page801">801</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tubulosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page801">801</a>.</p> + <p>Cannopilus, <a href="#page1567">1567</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">calyptra, <a href="#page1568">1568</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cyrtoides, <a href="#page1569">1569</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diplostaurus, <a href="#page1568">1568</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hemisphæricus, <a href="#page1569">1569</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">superstructus, <a href="#page1568">1568</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cannopylea</span>, <a href="#page1521">1521</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cannorrhaphida</span>, <a href="#page1546">1546</a>.</p> + <p>Cannorrhaphis, <a href="#page1552">1552</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cavispicula, <a href="#page1551">1551</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lampoxanthium, <a href="#page1552">1552</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lappacea, <a href="#page1552">1552</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spathillata, <a href="#page1552">1552</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinulosa, <a href="#page1552">1552</a>.</p> + <p>Cannosphæra, <a href="#page1640">1640</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">antarctica, <a href="#page1640">1640</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">atlantica, <a href="#page1640">1640</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pacifica, <a href="#page1641">1641</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cannosphærida</span>, <a href="#page1637">1637</a>.</p> + <p>Cantharospyris, <a href="#page1050">1050</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ateuchus, <a href="#page1051">1051</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">carabus, <a href="#page1051">1051</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">platybursa, <a href="#page1051">1051</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">radicata, <a href="#page1051">1051</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Capsophracta</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page793">793</a>.</p> + <p>Carpocanarium, <a href="#page1279">1279</a>.</p> + <p>Carpocanidium, <a href="#page1280">1280</a>.</p> + <p>Carpocanistrum, <a href="#page1170">1170</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">acephalum, <a href="#page1171">1171</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">evacuatum, <a href="#page1172">1172</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">flosculum, <a href="#page1171">1171</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">giganteum, <a href="#page1171">1171</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">novenum, <a href="#page1171">1171</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyriforme, <a href="#page1172">1172</a>.</p> + <p>Carpocanium, <a href="#page1279">1279</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>arachnodiscus</i>, <a href="#page1164">1164</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">calycodes, <a href="#page1279">1279</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>campanula</i>, <a href="#page1144">1144</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cornutum</i>, <a href="#page1398">1398</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coronatum, <a href="#page1284">1284</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cylindricum, <a href="#page1281">1281</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dactylus, <a href="#page1284">1284</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diadema, <a href="#page1281">1281</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">enneaphyllum, <a href="#page1281">1281</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gemmula, <a href="#page1282">1282</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonale, <a href="#page1282">1282</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">irregulare, <a href="#page1284">1284</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">læve, <a href="#page1280">1280</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lanceolatum, <a href="#page1280">1280</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>macropterum</i>, <a href="#page1283">1283</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">microdon, <a href="#page1282">1282</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">palmipes, <a href="#page1283">1283</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">peristomium, <a href="#page1283">1283</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">petalospyris, <a href="#page1283">1283</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polypterum, <a href="#page1283">1283</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">setosum, <a href="#page1280">1280</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">solitarium, <a href="#page1281">1281</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trepanium, <a href="#page1282">1282</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">verecundum, <a href="#page1284">1284</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">virgineum, <a href="#page1285">1285</a>.</p> + <p>Carpocanobium, <a href="#page1282">1282</a>.</p> + <p>Carposphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page71">71</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">apiculata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page73">73</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">areca, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page74">74</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">belladonna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page74">74</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">borassus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page75">75</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">capillacea, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page72">72</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cerasus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page73">73</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">corypha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page75">75</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cubaxonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page72">72</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">entactinia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page74">74</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">infundibulum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page72">72</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">maxima, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page76">76</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">melissa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page73">73</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">melitomma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page73">73</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">micrococcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page75">75</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">modesta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page74">74</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nobilis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page75">75</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nodosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page76">76</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">prunulum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page74">74</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Carposphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page71">71</a>.</p> + <p>Caryomma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page265">265</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">irregulare, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page266">266</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">regulare, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page265">265</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Caryommida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page265">265</a>.</p> + <p>Caryosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page86">86</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexalepas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page86">86</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentalepas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page86">86</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polysphærica, <a href="#page1763">1763</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Caryosphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page85">85</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Caryostylida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page148">148</a>.</p> + <p>Caryostylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page148">148</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ceparius</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page336">336</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cepicius</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page336">336</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexalepas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page148">148</a>.</p> + <p>Castanarium, <a href="#page1681">1681</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">darwini, <a href="#page1681">1681</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hookeri, <a href="#page1682">1682</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">huxleyi, <a href="#page1682">1682</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lubbocki, <a href="#page1682">1682</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lyelli, <a href="#page1682">1682</a>.</p> + <p>Castanella, <a href="#page1683">1683</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">balfouri, <a href="#page1683">1683</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">campbelli, <a href="#page1683">1683</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">channeri, <a href="#page1684">1684</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">horstoni, <a href="#page1684">1684</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sloggetti, <a href="#page1683">1683</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">thomsoni, <a href="#page1683">1683</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">wyvillei, <a href="#page1683">1683</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Castanellida</span>, <a href="#page1677">1677</a>.</p> + <p>Castanidium, <a href="#page1684">1684</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aldrichii, <a href="#page1685">1685</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bethelli, <a href="#page1685">1685</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bromleyi, <a href="#page1685">1685</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">buchanani, <a href="#page1685">1685</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">moseleyi, <a href="#page1686">1686</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">murrayi, <a href="#page1685">1685</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">wildi, <a href="#page1684">1684</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">willemoesi, <a href="#page1684">1684</a>.</p> + <p>Castanissa, <a href="#page1686">1686</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">challengeri, <a href="#page1686">1686</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1772">{1772}</span>crosbiei, <a + href="#page1687">1687</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hoylei, <a href="#page1687">1687</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macleani, <a href="#page1687">1687</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pearceyi, <a href="#page1686">1686</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">richardsi, <a href="#page1687">1687</a>.</p> + <p>Castanopsis, <a href="#page1688">1688</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fergusoni, <a href="#page1688">1688</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">maclearei, <a href="#page1688">1688</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">naresi, <a href="#page1688">1688</a>.</p> + <p>Castanura, <a href="#page1689">1689</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">carpenteri, <a href="#page1689">1689</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">havergalli, <a href="#page1689">1689</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">swirei, <a href="#page1689">1689</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tizardi, <a href="#page1689">1689</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Catinulida</span>, <a href="#page1553">1553</a>.</p> + <p>Catinulus, <a href="#page1553">1553</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">catillum, <a href="#page1553">1553</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lopadium, <a href="#page1553">1553</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrifidus, <a href="#page1553">1553</a>.</p> + <p>Cecryphalium, <a href="#page1398">1398</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lamprodiscus, <a href="#page1398">1398</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sestrodiscus, <a href="#page1399">1399</a>.</p> + <p>Cenellipsis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page291">291</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circopora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page291">291</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ehrenbergii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page291">291</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">faceta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page291">291</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">heteropora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page292">292</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">infundibulum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page292">292</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">maxima, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page292">292</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">micropora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page291">291</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">oblonga, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page293">293</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovulum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page292">292</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">primitiva, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page291">291</a>.</p> + <p>Cenellipsium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page290">290</a>.</p> + <p>Cenellipsula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page292">292</a>.</p> + <p>Cenocapsa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page802">802</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nirvana, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page802">802</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cenocapsida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page802">802</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cenodiscida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page409">409</a>.</p> + <p>Cenodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page411">411</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lenticula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page412">412</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">phacoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page411">411</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rotula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page412">412</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cenolarcida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page606">606</a>.</p> + <p>Cenolarcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page606">606</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dimensivus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page607">607</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lentellipticus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page607">607</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">minimus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page607">607</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">primordialis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page607">607</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triaxonius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page607">607</a>.</p> + <p>Cenosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page62">62</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>acanthica</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page215">215</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">anthophora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page63">63</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">antiqua, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page67">67</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aspera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page68">68</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bombus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page63">63</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">compacta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page65">65</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coronata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page67">67</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">crassa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page65">65</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cristata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page66">66</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elysia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page64">64</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">eridani, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page64">64</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">favosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page62">62</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gigantea, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page67">67</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page62">62</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hirsuta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page68">68</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">inermis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page62">62</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lethe, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page64">64</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">marginata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page67">67</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">maxima, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page65">65</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>megapora</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page155">155</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">melecta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page63">63</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mellifica, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page62">62</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>micropora</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page155">155</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nirwana, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page65">65</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">papillata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page66">66</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">perforata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page66">66</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">plutonis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page64">64</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polygonalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page66">66</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">porophæna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page63">63</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">primordialis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page61">61</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">proserpinæ, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page64">64</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">radiata, <a href="#page1763">1763</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">reticulata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page66">66</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rosetta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page63">63</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">setosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page64">64</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">solida, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page65">65</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tenerrima, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page66">66</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">vesparia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page62">62</a>.</p> + <p>Centrocubus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page278">278</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cladostylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page278">278</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octostylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page278">278</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polystylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page278">278</a>.</p> + <p>Centrospira, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page495">495</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>perispongidium</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page495">495</a>.</p> + <p>Cephalopyramis, <a href="#page1253">1253</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>enneactis</i>, <a href="#page1254">1254</a>.</p> + <p>Cephalospyris, <a href="#page1034">1034</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cancellata, <a href="#page1035">1035</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovata, <a href="#page1035">1035</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triangulata, <a href="#page1035">1035</a>.</p> + <p>Cerasosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page73">73</a>.</p> + <p><i>Ceratocyrtis</i>, <a href="#page1281">1281</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ampliata</i>, <a href="#page1291">1291</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cucullaris</i>, <a href="#page1290">1290</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>mitra</i>, <a href="#page1291">1291</a>.</p> + <p>Ceratospyris, <a href="#page1065">1065</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>acuminata</i>, <a href="#page1080">1080</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">allmersii, <a href="#page1067">1067</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>articulata</i>, <a href="#page1048">1048</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ateuchus</i>, <a href="#page1051">1051</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>borealis</i>, <a href="#page1075">1075</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">calorrhiza, <a href="#page1069">1069</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">carnerii, <a href="#page1069">1069</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>clavata</i>, <a href="#page1028">1028</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>diacantha</i>, <a href="#page1038">1038</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>didiceros</i>, <a href="#page1030">1030</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>dirrhiza</i>, <a href="#page1039">1039</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echinus, <a href="#page1068">1068</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>fibula</i>, <a href="#page1082">1082</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>furcata</i>, <a href="#page1031">1031</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>heptaceros</i>, <a href="#page1038">1038</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">krausei, <a href="#page1068">1068</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>longibarba</i>, <a href="#page1054">1054</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mülleri, <a href="#page1068">1068</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mulderi, <a href="#page1067">1067</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ocellata</i>, <a href="#page1038">1038</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentagona, <a href="#page1067">1067</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polygona, <a href="#page1066">1066</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">preyeri, <a href="#page1068">1068</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">radicata, <a href="#page1051">1051</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ramosa, <a href="#page1069">1069</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>setigera</i>, <a href="#page1047">1047</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">strasburgeri, <a href="#page1068">1068</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>stylophora</i>, <a href="#page1038">1038</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>triceros</i>, <a href="#page1033">1033</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>triomma</i>, <a href="#page1047">1047</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>turrita</i>, <a href="#page1050">1050</a>.</p> + <p>Ceriasparium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page819">819</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Ceriaspida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page813">813</a>.</p> + <p>Ceriaspidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page820">820</a>.</p> + <p>Ceriaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page820">820</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cicatricosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page821">821</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">favosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page821">821</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">icosahedra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page821">821</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">inermis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page821">821</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lacunosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page820">820</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scrobiculata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page820">820</a>.</p> + <p>Ceriosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page66">66</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>perforata</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page66">66</a>.</p> + <p>Challengeranium, <a href="#page1653">1653</a>.</p> + <p>Challengerantha, <a href="#page1648">1648</a>.</p> + <p>Challengerebium, <a href="#page1655">1655</a>.</p> + <p>Challengeretta, <a href="#page1649">1649</a>.</p> + <p>Challengeria, <a href="#page1694">1694</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aldrichii, <a href="#page1653">1653</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>balfouri</i>, <a href="#page1655">1655</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bidens, <a href="#page1650">1650</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bromleyi, <a href="#page1652">1652</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">campbelli, <a href="#page1650">1650</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cyrtodon, <a href="#page1649">1649</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elephas, <a href="#page1651">1651</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">harstoni, <a href="#page1650">1650</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">havergalli, <a href="#page1651">1651</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macleari, <a href="#page1651">1651</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">murrayi, <a href="#page1653">1653</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">naresii, <a href="#page1648">1648</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyramidalis, <a href="#page1649">1649</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadridens, <a href="#page1652">1652</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sigmodon, <a href="#page1649">1649</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sloggettii, <a href="#page1649">1649</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>swirei</i>, <a href="#page1654">1654</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">thomsoni, <a href="#page1650">1650</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tizardi, <a href="#page1656">1656</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tridens, <a href="#page1651">1651</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trifida, <a href="#page1652">1652</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigona, <a href="#page1652">1652</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1773">{1773}</span>tritonis, <a + href="#page1649">1649</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">wildi, <a href="#page1653">1653</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">xiphodon, <a href="#page1648">1648</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Challengerida</span>, <a href="#page1642">1642</a>.</p> + <p>Challengeridium, <a href="#page1656">1656</a>.</p> + <p>Challengerilla, <a href="#page1651">1651</a>.</p> + <p>Challengeroma, <a href="#page1652">1652</a>.</p> + <p>Challengeron, <a href="#page1654">1654</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">balfouri, <a href="#page1655">1655</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bathybium, <a href="#page1658">1658</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bethelli, <a href="#page1658">1658</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bisternum, <a href="#page1657">1657</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">buchanani, <a href="#page1657">1657</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">carpenterii, <a href="#page1659">1659</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">channeri, <a href="#page1658">1658</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ciliatum, <a href="#page1659">1659</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cochlear, <a href="#page1654">1654</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">crosbiei, <a href="#page1657">1657</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diodon, <a href="#page1654">1654</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fergusoni, <a href="#page1656">1656</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">golfense, <a href="#page1655">1655</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">heptacanthum, <a href="#page1657">1657</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">johannis, <a href="#page1659">1659</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">monodon, <a href="#page1654">1654</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">moseleyi, <a href="#page1658">1658</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pearceyi, <a href="#page1654">1654</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">richardsii, <a href="#page1655">1655</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">swirei, <a href="#page1654">1654</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tizardi, <a href="#page1656">1656</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triangulum, <a href="#page1656">1656</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triodon, <a href="#page1655">1655</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">willemoesii, <a href="#page1659">1659</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">wyvillei, <a href="#page1660">1660</a>.</p> + <p>Challengerosium, <a href="#page1658">1658</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Chiastolida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page736">736</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Chiastolidina</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page738">738</a>.</p> + <p>Chiastolus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page738">738</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphicopium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page738">738</a>.</p> + <p><i>Chilomma</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page454">454</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>saturnus</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page454">454</a>.</p> + <p>Chitonastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page537">537</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bathybium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page537">537</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dicranoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page538">538</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">jugatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page537">537</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lyra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page538">538</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>regulare</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page539">539</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triglochin, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page537">537</a>.</p> + <p>Chœnicosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page102">102</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">flammabunda, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page103">103</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">flosculenta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page103">103</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">murrayana, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page102">102</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nassiterna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page103">103</a>.</p> + <p>Cinclopyramis, <a href="#page1161">1161</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cribellum, <a href="#page1161">1161</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">infundibulum, <a href="#page1161">1161</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lithosestrum, <a href="#page1162">1162</a>.</p> + <p>Circogonia, <a href="#page1698">1698</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecacantha, <a href="#page1698">1698</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">icosahedra, <a href="#page1698">1698</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Circogonida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page694">694</a>.</p> + <p>Circoniscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page489">489</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Circoporida</span>, <a href="#page1689">1689</a>.</p> + <p>Circoporus, <a href="#page1694">1694</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">characeus, <a href="#page1695">1695</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexastylus, <a href="#page1695">1695</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octahedrus, <a href="#page1695">1695</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sexfurcus, <a href="#page1694">1694</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sexfuscinus, <a href="#page1695">1695</a>.</p> + <p>Circorrhegma, <a href="#page1699">1699</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecahedra, <a href="#page1699">1699</a>.</p> + <p>Circospathis, <a href="#page1696">1696</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="#page1696">1696</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">novena, <a href="#page1696">1696</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetradeca, <a href="#page1697">1697</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrodonta, <a href="#page1697">1697</a>.</p> + <p>Circosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page63">63</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Circospyrida</span>, <a href="#page1072">1072</a>.</p> + <p>Circospyris, <a href="#page1072">1072</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gigas, <a href="#page1072">1072</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nucula, <a href="#page1072">1072</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tridentata, <a href="#page1072">1072</a>.</p> + <p>Circostephanus, <a href="#page1699">1699</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coronarius, <a href="#page1699">1699</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polygonarius, <a href="#page1700">1700</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sexagenarius, <a href="#page1700">1700</a>.</p> + <p>Circotympanum, <a href="#page1012">1012</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">decagonium, <a href="#page1013">1013</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonium, <a href="#page1012">1012</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octogonium, <a href="#page1013">1013</a>.</p> + <p>Cladarachnium, <a href="#page1165">1165</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>virgultum</i>, <a href="#page1296">1296</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ramosum, <a href="#page1165">1165</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cladococcida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page51">51</a>.</p> + <p>Cladococcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page223">223</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">abietinus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page226">226</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>acufer</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page211">211</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">antarcticus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page225">225</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arborescens, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page224">224</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bifurcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page226">226</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cervicornis</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page228">228</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>dentatus</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page211">211</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dendrites, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page227">227</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">japonicus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page225">225</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">penicillus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page224">224</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pinetum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page226">226</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadricuspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page225">225</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scoparius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page225">225</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>simplex</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page216">216</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinifer, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page224">224</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stalactites, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page227">227</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricladus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page227">227</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">viminalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page226">226</a>.</p> + <p>Cladocorona, <a href="#page1177">1177</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cladophracta</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page803">803</a>.</p> + <p>Cladopyramis, <a href="#page1160">1160</a>.</p> + <p>Cladoscenium, <a href="#page1148">1148</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ancoratum, <a href="#page1149">1149</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fulcratum, <a href="#page1148">1148</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gladiatum, <a href="#page1149">1149</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pectinatum, <a href="#page1150">1150</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pinnatum, <a href="#page1149">1149</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">verticillatum, <a href="#page1149">1149</a>.</p> + <p>Cladospyris, <a href="#page1069">1069</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>bibrachiata</i>, <a href="#page1039">1039</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>moluccana</i>, <a href="#page1761">1761</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ramosa</i>, <a href="#page1069">1069</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tribrachiata</i>, <a href="#page1029">1029</a>.</p> + <p><i>Clathrobursa</i>, <a href="#page1045">1045</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>dictyopus</i>, <a href="#page1045">1045</a>.</p> + <p>Clathrocanidium, <a href="#page1210">1210</a>.</p> + <p>Clathrocanium, <a href="#page1210">1210</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coarctatum, <a href="#page1211">1211</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diadema, <a href="#page1212">1212</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ehrenbergii</i>, <a href="#page1262">1262</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">reginæ, <a href="#page1212">1212</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sphærocephalum, <a href="#page1211">1211</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">squarrosum, <a href="#page1211">1211</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triomma, <a href="#page1211">1211</a>.</p> + <p>Clathrocorona, <a href="#page1212">1212</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>diadema</i>, <a href="#page1212">1212</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>reginæ</i>, <a href="#page1212">1212</a>.</p> + <p>Clathrocorys, <a href="#page1219">1219</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">giltschii, <a href="#page1220">1220</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">murrayi, <a href="#page1219">1219</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">teuscheri, <a href="#page1220">1220</a>.</p> + <p>Clathrocircus, <a href="#page961">961</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">decaporus, <a href="#page962">962</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dictyospyris, <a href="#page963">963</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexaporus, <a href="#page962">962</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">multiforis, <a href="#page963">963</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octoporus, <a href="#page962">962</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stapedius, <a href="#page962">962</a>.</p> + <p>Clathrocyclas, <a href="#page1385">1385</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">alcmenæ, <a href="#page1388">1388</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">basilea, <a href="#page1386">1386</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cassiopeiæ, <a href="#page1390">1390</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">collaris, <a href="#page1387">1387</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coscinodiscus, <a href="#page1389">1389</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">danaës, <a href="#page1388">1388</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">domina, <a href="#page1387">1387</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">europæ, <a href="#page1388">1388</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fimbriata, <a href="#page1386">1386</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">jonis, <a href="#page1389">1389</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">latonæ, <a href="#page1389">1389</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">principessa, <a href="#page1386">1386</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">puella, <a href="#page1387">1387</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">semeles, <a href="#page1388">1388</a>.</p> + <p>Clathrocyclia, <a href="#page1386">1386</a>.</p> + <p>Clathrolychnus, <a href="#page1240">1240</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">araneosus, <a href="#page1240">1240</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">periplectus, <a href="#page1241">1241</a>.</p> + <p>Clathromitra, <a href="#page1218">1218</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentacantha, <a href="#page1219">1219</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pterophormis, <a href="#page1219">1219</a>.</p> + <p>Clathropilium, <a href="#page1326">1326</a>.</p> + <p>Clathropyrgus, <a href="#page1441">1441</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>trifenestra</i>, <a href="#page1441">1441</a>.</p> + <p>Clathrosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page118">118</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1774">{1774}</span>arachnoides, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page119">119</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circumtexta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page118">118</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lamellosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page119">119</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Clathrosphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page118">118</a>.</p> + <p>Clathrospyris, <a href="#page1052">1052</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">camelopardalis, <a href="#page1052">1052</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fusiformis, <a href="#page1053">1053</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyramidalis, <a href="#page1052">1052</a>.</p> + <p>Clistophæna, <a href="#page1286">1286</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">armata, <a href="#page1288">1288</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">enneolena, <a href="#page1288">1288</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexolena, <a href="#page1287">1287</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyolena, <a href="#page1288">1288</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyramidalis, <a href="#page1287">1287</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rüstiana, <a href="#page1287">1287</a>.</p> + <p>Coccocyclia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page468">468</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">heliantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page468">468</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">liriantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page468">468</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Coccodiscida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page455">455</a>.</p> + <p>Coccodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page461">461</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">darwinii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page461">461</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">goethei, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page461">461</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lamarckii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page461">461</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Coccolarcida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page610">610</a>.</p> + <p>Coccolarcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page610">610</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lentellipsis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page610">610</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">platellipsis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page610">610</a>.</p> + <p>Coccostaurus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page466">466</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>magniducis</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page466">466</a>.</p> + <p>Cœlacantha, <a href="#page1641">1641</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">anchorata, <a href="#page1641">1641</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mammillata, <a href="#page1641">1641</a>.</p> + <p>Cœlagalma, <a href="#page1759">1759</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mirabile, <a href="#page1759">1759</a>.</p> + <p>Cœlodasea, <a href="#page1739">1739</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ramosissima, <a href="#page1739">1739</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spongiosa, <a href="#page1739">1739</a>.</p> + <p>Cœlodecas, <a href="#page1755">1755</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">decastyla, <a href="#page1755">1755</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentagona, <a href="#page1756">1756</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sagittaria, <a href="#page1755">1755</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cœlodendrida</span>, <a href="#page1728">1728</a>.</p> + <p>Cœlodendrum, <a href="#page1735">1735</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bifurcum, <a href="#page1735">1735</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cervicorne, <a href="#page1736">1736</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">digitatum, <a href="#page1736">1736</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">flabellatum, <a href="#page1737">1737</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcatissimum, <a href="#page1735">1735</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gracillimum, <a href="#page1736">1736</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lappaceum, <a href="#page1736">1736</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ramosissimum, <a href="#page1735">1735</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serratum, <a href="#page1737">1737</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosissimum, <a href="#page1735">1735</a>.</p> + <p>Cœlodoras, <a href="#page1734">1734</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagraphis, <a href="#page1734">1734</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octographis, <a href="#page1734">1734</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cœlodorida</span>, <a href="#page1733">1733</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cœlodrymida</span>, <a href="#page1737">1737</a>.</p> + <p>Cœlodrymus, <a href="#page1738">1738</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ancoratus, <a href="#page1738">1738</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echinatus, <a href="#page1738">1738</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lappulatus, <a href="#page1738">1738</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cœlographida</span>, <a href="#page1739">1739</a>.</p> + <p>Cœlographis, <a href="#page1752">1752</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gracillima, <a href="#page1753">1753</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexastyla, <a href="#page1753">1753</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">regina, <a href="#page1752">1752</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sagittella, <a href="#page1753">1753</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triangulum, <a href="#page1753">1753</a>.</p> + <p>Cœloplegma, <a href="#page1757">1757</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">atlanticum, <a href="#page1758">1758</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">murrayanum, <a href="#page1757">1757</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetradecastylum, <a href="#page1758">1758</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tritonis, <a href="#page1758">1758</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cœloplegmida</span>, <a href="#page1752">1752</a>.</p> + <p>Cœlospathis, <a href="#page1754">1754</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ancorata, <a href="#page1754">1754</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octodactyla, <a href="#page1755">1755</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octostyla, <a href="#page1754">1754</a>.</p> + <p>Cœlostylus, <a href="#page1756">1756</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bisenarius, <a href="#page1756">1756</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">flabellatus, <a href="#page1757">1757</a>.</p> + <p>Cœlothamnus, <a href="#page1751">1751</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bivalvis, <a href="#page1751">1751</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">davidoffi, <a href="#page1751">1751</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">maximus, <a href="#page1752">1752</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sedecimalis, <a href="#page1751">1751</a>.</p> + <p>Cœlothauma, <a href="#page1750">1750</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">duodenum, <a href="#page1750">1750</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cœlotholida</span>, <a href="#page1749">1749</a>.</p> + <p>Cœlotholus, <a href="#page1749">1749</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ancoratus, <a href="#page1749">1749</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciatus, <a href="#page1749">1749</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octonus, <a href="#page1749">1749</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Coleaspida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page861">861</a>.</p> + <p>Coleaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page867">867</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphilonche, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page867">867</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coronata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page866">866</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hydrotomica, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page867">867</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">obscura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page866">866</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">occulta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page867">867</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">vaginata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page866">866</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Collida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page9">9</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Collodaria</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page9">9</a>.</p> + <p>Collodastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page27">27</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amœboides, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page28">28</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pelagicum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page28">28</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stellatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page28">28</a>.</p> + <p>Collodinium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page24">24</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>inerme</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page25">25</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>nostochinum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page25">25</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>volvocinum</i> 25.</p> + <p>Collodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page27">27</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cœruleus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page27">27</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>discoideus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page27">27</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Colloidea</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page10">10</a>.</p> + <p>Collophidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page26">26</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>contortum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page26">26</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>serpentinum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page26">26</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>vermiforme</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page27">27</a>.</p> + <p>Colloprunum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page25">25</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ovatum</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page25">25</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ellipsoides</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page26">26</a>.</p> + <p>Collosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page95">95</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">globularis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page95">95</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">huxleyi, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page96">96</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">irregularis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page97">97</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ligurina</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page97">97</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyhedra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page97">97</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polygona, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page96">96</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">primordialis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page95">95</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyriformis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page96">96</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">regularis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page95">95</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>spinosa</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page100">100</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tuberosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page97">97</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tubulosa</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page105">105</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Collosphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page92">92</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Collozoida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page23">23</a>.</p> + <p>Collozoum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page24">24</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amœboides, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page28">28</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">contortum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page26">26</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cœruleum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page27">27</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">discoideum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page27">27</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ellipsoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page26">26</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">inerme, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page25">25</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nostochinum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page25">25</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page25">25</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pelagicum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page28">28</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serpentinum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page26">26</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stellatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page28">28</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">vermiforme, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page27">27</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">volvocinum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page25">25</a>.</p> + <p><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Conarachinum'.">Conarachnium</span>, <a + href="#page1290">1290</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>rayanum</i>, <a href="#page1291">1291</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cervus</i>, <a href="#page1292">1292</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>lophophæna</i>, <a href="#page1292">1292</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>trochus</i>, <a href="#page1290">1290</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Concharida</span>, <a href="#page1710">1710</a>.</p> + <p>Concharium, <a href="#page1716">1716</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bacillarium, <a href="#page1718">1718</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bivalvum, <a href="#page1717">1717</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diatomeum, <a href="#page1717">1717</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fragilissimum, <a href="#page1718">1718</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nucula, <a href="#page1717">1717</a>.</p> + <p>Conchasma, <a href="#page1718">1718</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hibburites, <a href="#page1719">1719</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">radiolites, <a href="#page1719">1719</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sphærulites, <a href="#page1719">1719</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Conchasmida</span>, <a href="#page1716">1716</a>.</p> + <p>Conchellium, <a href="#page1720">1720</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hippopus, <a href="#page1720">1720</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tridacna, <a href="#page1720">1720</a>.</p> + <p>Conchidium, <a href="#page1721">1721</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">argiope, <a href="#page1722">1722</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dimerella, <a href="#page1722">1722</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">leptæna, <a href="#page1722">1722</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">magasella, <a href="#page1723">1723</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1775">{1775}</span>productum, <a + href="#page1723">1723</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhynchonella, <a href="#page1722">1722</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">terebratula, <a href="#page1721">1721</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">thecidium, <a href="#page1721">1721</a>.</p> + <p>Conchoceras, <a href="#page1727">1727</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">caudatum, <a href="#page1727">1727</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cornutum, <a href="#page1728">1728</a>.</p> + <p>Conchonia, <a href="#page1723">1723</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diodon, <a href="#page1723">1723</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrodon, <a href="#page1724">1724</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triodon, <a href="#page1724">1724</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Conchopsida</span>, <a href="#page1719">1719</a>.</p> + <p>Conchopsis, <a href="#page1724">1724</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aspidium, <a href="#page1726">1726</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">carinata, <a href="#page1725">1725</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">compressa, <a href="#page1725">1725</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lenticula, <a href="#page1726">1726</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">navicula, <a href="#page1727">1727</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">orbicularis, <a href="#page1725">1725</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pilidium, <a href="#page1726">1726</a>.</p> + <p><i>Conchura</i>, <a href="#page1724">1724</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tetrodon</i>, <a href="#page1724">1724</a>.</p> + <p>Conosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page221">221</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">orthoconus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page221">221</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">plagioconus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page222">222</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">platyconus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page221">221</a>.</p> + <p>Conostrobus, <a href="#page1469">1469</a>.</p> + <p>Cornustrobus, <a href="#page1470">1470</a>.</p> + <p>Cornutanna, <a href="#page1183">1183</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cyrtoconus, <a href="#page1184">1184</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">loxoconus, <a href="#page1184">1184</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">orthoconus, <a href="#page1183">1183</a>.</p> + <p>Cornutella, <a href="#page1180">1180</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ampliata</i>, <a href="#page1291">1291</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">annulata, <a href="#page1182">1182</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>bimarginata</i>, <a href="#page1295">1295</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cassis</i>, <a href="#page1301">1301</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circularis, <a href="#page1181">1181</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clathrata, <a href="#page1182">1182</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cullaris</i>, <a href="#page1290">1290</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">curvata, <a href="#page1183">1183</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">distenta, <a href="#page1181">1181</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">granulata, <a href="#page1182">1182</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagona, <a href="#page1180">1180</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>longiseta</i>, <a href="#page1294">1294</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mitra, <a href="#page1181">1181</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>obtusa</i>, <a href="#page1308">1308</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>orthoceras</i>, <a href="#page1294">1294</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>profunda</i>, <a href="#page1284">1284</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pseudoprofunda</i>, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pseudoclathrata</i>, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>quadratella</i>, <a href="#page1254">1254</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>scalaris</i>, <a href="#page1203">1203</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sethoconus, <a href="#page1180">1180</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>spiniceps</i>, <a href="#page1303">1303</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spiralis, <a href="#page1183">1183</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stiligera, <a href="#page1181">1181</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stylophæna, <a href="#page1182">1182</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>trichostyla</i>, <a href="#page1294">1294</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>trochus</i>, <a href="#page1293">1293</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tumens</i>, <a href="#page1182">1182</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>verrucosa</i>, <a href="#page1293">1293</a>.</p> + <p>Cornutellium, <a href="#page1180">1180</a>.</p> + <p>Cornutissa, <a href="#page1181">1181</a>.</p> + <p>Cornutosa, <a href="#page1183">1183</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>clathrata</i>, <a href="#page1183">1183</a>.</p> + <p>Corocalyptra, <a href="#page1322">1322</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">agnesæ, <a href="#page1323">1323</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elisabethæ, <a href="#page1323">1323</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">emmæ, <a href="#page1323">1323</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ludovicæ, <a href="#page1324">1324</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">margarethæ, <a href="#page1323">1323</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Corocyrtida</span>, <a href="#page1129">1129</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Coronida</span>, <a href="#page967">967</a>.</p> + <p>Coronidium, <a href="#page973">973</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">acacia, <a href="#page975">975</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cervicorne, <a href="#page974">974</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diadema, <a href="#page974">974</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dyostephanus, <a href="#page974">974</a>.</p> + <p>Coronophæna, <a href="#page1178">1178</a>.</p> + <p>Coronosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page117">117</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diadema, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page117">117</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">calycina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page117">117</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">convolvulus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page117">117</a>.</p> + <p>Cortina, <a href="#page950">950</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cervina, <a href="#page952">952</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conifera, <a href="#page951">951</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dendroides, <a href="#page951">951</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="#page951">951</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripus, <a href="#page950">950</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">typus, <a href="#page951">951</a>.</p> + <p>Cortinetta, <a href="#page1667">1667</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cortiniscus, <a href="#page1667">1667</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripodiscus, <a href="#page1667">1667</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cortinida</span>, <a href="#page950">950</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cortiniscida</span>, <a href="#page963">963</a>.</p> + <p>Cortiniscus, <a href="#page963">963</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dipylaris, <a href="#page964">964</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrapylaris, <a href="#page964">964</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripodiscus, <a href="#page963">963</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripylaris, <a href="#page964">964</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">typicus, <a href="#page964">964</a>.</p> + <p>Corythospyris, <a href="#page1057">1057</a>.</p> + <p>Coscinasparium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page826">826</a>.</p> + <p>Coscinaspidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page828">828</a>.</p> + <p>Coscinaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page826">826</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ceriopora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page826">826</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coscinopora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page826">826</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">isopora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page828">828</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">orthopora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page827">827</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">parmipora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page827">827</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">peripora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page825">825</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polypora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page827">827</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhacopora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page827">827</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stigmopora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page826">826</a>.</p> + <p>Coscinomma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page222">222</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphisiphon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page222">222</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ectosiphon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page222">222</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">endosiphon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page223">223</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macrosiphon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page223">223</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Coscinommida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page209">209</a>.</p> + <p><i>Craniaspis</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page827">827</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>parmipora</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page827">827</a>.</p> + <p>Craspedilium, <a href="#page1247">1247</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>eupilium</i>, <a href="#page1247">1247</a>.</p> + <p>Craspedomma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page77">77</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cricoidea</span>, <a href="#page889">889</a>.</p> + <p>Cromyatractus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page335">335</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ceparius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page336">336</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cepicius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page336">336</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetracelyphus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page335">335</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetralepus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page335">335</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetraphractus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page335">335</a>.</p> + <p>Cromyechinus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page263">263</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecacanthus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page264">264</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">icosacanthus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page263">263</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyacanthus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page264">264</a>.</p> + <p>Cromyocarpus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page318">318</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrifarius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page318">318</a>.</p> + <p>Cromyodruppa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page317">317</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cepa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page317">317</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mango, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page318">318</a>.</p> + <p>Cromyodrymus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page264">264</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">abietinus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page265">265</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadricuspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page264">264</a>.</p> + <p>Cromyomma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page261">261</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circumtextum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page262">262</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macroporum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page262">262</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mucronatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page263">263</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">perplexum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page261">261</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">perspicuum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page262">262</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadruplex, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page262">262</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">villosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page261">261</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">zonaster, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page261">261</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cromyommida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page260">260</a>.</p> + <p>Cromyosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page85">85</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">antarctica, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page85">85</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bigemina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page85">85</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cepa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page85">85</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>perspicua</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page262">262</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadruplex, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page84">84</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rosetta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page84">84</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scorodonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page85">85</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cromyosphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page84">84</a>.</p> + <p>Cromyostaurus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page167">167</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">verticillatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page167">167</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cromyostylida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page146">146</a>.</p> + <p>Cromyostylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page147">147</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gladius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page147">147</a>.</p> + <p>Crucidiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page415">415</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page416">416</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cuspidatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page416">416</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echinatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page416">416</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">endostaurus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page416">416</a>.</p> + <p>Cryptocapsa, <a href="#page1312">1312</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bacca, <a href="#page1313">1313</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pila, <a href="#page1313">1313</a>.</p> + <p><span class="pagenum" id="page1776">{1776}</span>Cryptocephalus, <a + href="#page1252">1252</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">favosus, <a href="#page1252">1252</a>.</p> + <p><i>Cryptoprora</i>, <a href="#page1252">1252</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>microstoma</i>, <a href="#page1252">1252</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ornata</i>, <a href="#page1375">1375</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>plutonis</i>, <a href="#page1252">1252</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>polyptera</i>, <a href="#page1283">1283</a>.</p> + <p>Cubaxonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page204">204</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octahedrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page204">204</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spongiosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page204">204</a>.</p> + <p>Cubosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page203">203</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">concentrica, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page203">203</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cubaxonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page203">203</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cubosphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page169">169</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cubotholida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page677">677</a>.</p> + <p>Cubotholonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page682">682</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ellipsoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page682">682</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sphæroides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page682">682</a>.</p> + <p>Cubotholus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page680">680</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octoceras, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page681">681</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadraticus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page680">680</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">regularis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page680">680</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhombicus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page681">681</a>.</p> + <p>Cycladophora, <a href="#page1376">1376</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">campanula, <a href="#page1379">1379</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>davisiana</i>, <a href="#page1437">1437</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>discoides</i>, <a href="#page1397">1397</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecapleura, <a href="#page1378">1378</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">enneapleura, <a href="#page1378">1378</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>erinaceus</i>, <a href="#page1383">1383</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">favosa, <a href="#page1380">1380</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fenestrata, <a href="#page1390">1390</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">goetheana, <a href="#page1375">1375</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>gigas</i>, <a href="#page1384">1384</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexapleura, <a href="#page1377">1377</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lanterna, <a href="#page1377">1377</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nonagona, <a href="#page1378">1378</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pantheon, <a href="#page1379">1379</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyramidalis, <a href="#page1377">1377</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spatiosa, <a href="#page1379">1379</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosa, <a href="#page1378">1378</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stiligera, <a href="#page1380">1380</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tabulata</i>, <a href="#page1293">1293</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrapleura, <a href="#page1376">1376</a>.</p> + <p>Cyclampterium, <a href="#page1371">1371</a>.</p> + <p>Cyclamptidium, <a href="#page1380">1380</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cyclodiscaria</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page409">409</a>.</p> + <p>Cypassis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page366">366</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">entomocora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page367">367</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">eucolpos, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page367">367</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">halicora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page368">368</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">palliata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page366">366</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">puella, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page367">367</a>.</p> + <p>Cyphanta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page360">360</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arachnoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page361">361</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circopora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page361">361</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">colpodes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page361">361</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hispida, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page362">362</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hystrix, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page362">362</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lævis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page361">361</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cyphinida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page359">359</a>.</p> + <p>Cyphinidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page371">371</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>amphilophus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page370">370</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphistylium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page371">371</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">apicatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page371">371</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coronatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page372">372</a>.</p> + <p>Cyphinoma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page369">369</a>.</p> + <p>Cyphinura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page370">370</a>.</p> + <p>Cyphinus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page369">369</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphacanthus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page369">369</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphilophus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page370">370</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="correction" + title="Original reads 'dixiphos'.">dixiphus</span>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page370">370</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">penicillatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page370">370</a>.</p> + <p>Cyphocolpus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page368">368</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">didymus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page368">368</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">virginis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page369">369</a>.</p> + <p>Cyphonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page363">363</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diattus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page364">364</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ceratospyris, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page366">366</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coscinoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page363">363</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cribellum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page365">365</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ethmarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page363">363</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">facettarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page365">365</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page364">364</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mammarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page364">364</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">profundum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page365">365</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trinacrium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page364">364</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">virgineum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page363">363</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cyrtellaria</span>, <a href="#page1015">1015</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cyrtida</span>, <a href="#page1126">1126</a>.</p> + <p>Cyrtidosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page65">65</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>echinoides</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page214">214</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>reticulata</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page66">66</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cyrtocalpida</span>, <a href="#page1178">1178</a>.</p> + <p>Cyrtocalpis, <a href="#page1185">1185</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphora, <a href="#page1186">1186</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cassis</i>, <a href="#page1301">1301</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">compacta, <a href="#page1187">1187</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gromia, <a href="#page1188">1188</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lithomitra, <a href="#page1187">1187</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">obliqua, <a href="#page1187">1187</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovulum, <a href="#page1187">1187</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">reticulum, <a href="#page1186">1186</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sethopora, <a href="#page1187">1187</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">urceolus, <a href="#page1186">1186</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">urna, <a href="#page1186">1186</a>.</p> + <p>Cyrtocapsa, <a href="#page1512">1512</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">chrysalidium, <a href="#page1515">1515</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">colatractus, <a href="#page1414">1414</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">compacta, <a href="#page1512">1512</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cornuta, <a href="#page1513">1513</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">costata, <a href="#page1514">1514</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diploconus, <a href="#page1513">1513</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fusulus, <a href="#page1514">1514</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">incrassata, <a href="#page1514">1514</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">inflata, <a href="#page1513">1513</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyrum, <a href="#page1513">1513</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrapera, <a href="#page1512">1512</a>.</p> + <p>Cyrtocapsella, <a href="#page1512">1512</a>.</p> + <p>Cyrtocapsoma, <a href="#page1514">1514</a>.</p> + <p>Cyrtocorys, <a href="#page1457">1457</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cyrtoidea</span>, <a href="#page1126">1126</a>.</p> + <p>Cyrtolagena, <a href="#page1451">1451</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>laguncula</i>, <a href="#page1451">1451</a>.</p> + <p>Cyrtopera, <a href="#page1450">1450</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gasteroptera, <a href="#page1451">1451</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lagenella, <a href="#page1451">1451</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">laguncula, <a href="#page1451">1451</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ornithoptera, <a href="#page1450">1450</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">thoracoptera, <a href="#page1450">1450</a>.</p> + <p>Cyrtophormis, <a href="#page1459">1459</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aculeata, <a href="#page1461">1461</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">acutata, <a href="#page1461">1461</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">armata, <a href="#page1460">1460</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cingulata, <a href="#page1460">1460</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cornuta, <a href="#page1462">1462</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">corona, <a href="#page1462">1462</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cylindrica, <a href="#page1461">1461</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fimbriata, <a href="#page1462">1462</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovata, <a href="#page1460">1460</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">turricula, <a href="#page1463">1463</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">turrita, <a href="#page1462">1462</a>.</p> + <p>Cyrtophormiscus, <a href="#page1460">1460</a>.</p> + <p>Cyrtophormium, <a href="#page1460">1460</a>.</p> + <p>Cyrtostrobus, <a href="#page1471">1471</a>.</p> + <p>Cystidium, <a href="#page897">897</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">inerme, <a href="#page897">897</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lecythium, <a href="#page897">897</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">princeps, <a href="#page897">897</a>.</p> + <p>Cystophormis, <a href="#page1165">1165</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aerostatica, <a href="#page1166">1166</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pila, <a href="#page1165">1165</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spiralis, <a href="#page1166">1166</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tabulata, <a href="#page1166">1166</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Cytophora</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page1">1</a>.</p> + <p class="stanza">Dendrocircus, <a href="#page948">948</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arborescens, <a href="#page949">949</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">barbadensis, <a href="#page950">950</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecancistra, <a href="#page949">949</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecarrhiza, <a href="#page949">949</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elegans, <a href="#page949">949</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrangulus, <a href="#page948">948</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stalactites, <a href="#page950">950</a>.</p> + <p>Dendrospyris, <a href="#page1038">1038</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arborescens, <a href="#page1040">1040</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bibrachiata, <a href="#page1039">1039</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dirrhiza, <a href="#page1039">1039</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="#page1039">1039</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyrrhiza, <a href="#page1039">1039</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ramosa, <a href="#page1040">1040</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stylophora, <a href="#page1038">1038</a>.</p> + <p>Dermatosphæra, <a href="#page1763">1763</a>.</p> + <p>Desmartus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page398">398</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">larvalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page398">398</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tubulatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page399">399</a>.</p> + <p>Desmocampe, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page397">397</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aphrodite, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page397">397</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">atractus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page398">398</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">catenula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page397">397</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1777">{1777}</span>tænioides, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page397">397</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Desmocampida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page392">392</a>.</p> + <p>Desmospyris, <a href="#page1089">1089</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">anthocyrtoides, <a href="#page1090">1090</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">carpocanium, <a href="#page1090">1090</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cyrtocolpos, <a href="#page1090">1090</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mammillata, <a href="#page1089">1089</a>.</p> + <p>Dicolocapsa, <a href="#page1312">1312</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">megacephala, <a href="#page1312">1312</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">microcephala, 1312</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">platycephala, <a href="#page1312">1312</a>.</p> + <p>Dicranastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page550">550</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">antilope, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page551">551</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bifurcatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page552">552</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cornutum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page551">551</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dichotomum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page550">550</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page550">550</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricuspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page551">551</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trifarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page552">552</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">wyvillei, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page551">551</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyastrella, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page524">524</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyastromma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page525">525</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page524">524</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aculeatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page526">526</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">angulatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page524">524</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bandaicum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page525">525</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page525">525</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>lyra</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page538">538</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>taumorphum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page537">537</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triactis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page526">526</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trirrhopalum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page525">525</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trispinosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page525">525</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>velatum</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page545">545</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page865">865</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">compacta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page865">865</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">favosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page865">865</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">solidissima, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page865">865</a>.</p> + <p><i>Dictyatractus</i>, <a href="#page1361">1361</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>fenestratus</i>, <a href="#page1361">1361</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyocephalus, <a href="#page1305">1305</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphora, <a href="#page1305">1305</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ampulla, <a href="#page1308">1308</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">australis, <a href="#page1306">1306</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">capito, <a href="#page1309">1309</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cavea, <a href="#page1309">1309</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">crassiceps, <a href="#page1306">1306</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">excellens, <a href="#page1306">1306</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>galeatus</i>, <a href="#page1208">1208</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">globiceps, <a href="#page1308">1308</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hispidus, <a href="#page1309">1309</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>larvatus</i>, <a href="#page1292">1292</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mediterraneus, <a href="#page1307">1307</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">obtusus, <a href="#page1308">1308</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ocellatus, <a href="#page1306">1306</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">papillosus, <a href="#page1307">1307</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">reticulum, <a href="#page1307">1307</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tabulatus, <a href="#page1307">1307</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">urceolus, <a href="#page1305">1305</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyoceras, <a href="#page1324">1324</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bombus, <a href="#page1325">1325</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">formica, <a href="#page1325">1325</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">insectum, <a href="#page1324">1324</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">melitta, <a href="#page1325">1325</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">virchowii, <a href="#page1325">1325</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyocha, <a href="#page1557">1557</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>abnormis</i>, <a href="#page1561">1561</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>abyssorum</i>, <a href="#page1559">1559</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>aculeata</i>, <a href="#page1565">1565</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>anacantha</i>, <a href="#page1565">1565</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>asteroides</i>, <a href="#page1564">1564</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>binoculus</i>, <a href="#page1565">1565</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>bipartita</i>, <a href="#page1563">1563</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>bisternaria</i>, <a href="#page1565">1565</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>corona</i>, <a href="#page1566">1566</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>crux</i>, <a href="#page1563">1563</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cyrtoides</i>, <a href="#page1569">1569</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>diadema</i>, <a href="#page1567">1567</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>diommata</i>, <a href="#page1565">1565</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>elegans</i>, <a href="#page1564">1564</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>elliptica</i>, <a href="#page1556">1556</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">epiodon, <a href="#page1561">1561</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>erebi</i>, <a href="#page1565">1565</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fibula, <a href="#page1561">1561</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>haliomma</i>, <a href="#page1565">1565</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>hemisphærica</i>, <a href="#page1569">1569</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>heptacanthus</i>, <a href="#page1568">1568</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>hexathyra</i>, <a href="#page1565">1565</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">medusa, <a href="#page1560">1560</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>mesophthalma</i>, <a href="#page1563">1563</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">messanensis, <a href="#page1561">1561</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">navicula, <a href="#page1559">1559</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>octonaria</i>, <a href="#page1566">1566</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ornamentum</i>, <a href="#page1565">1565</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pentasterias</i>, <a href="#page1564">1564</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>polyactis</i>, <a href="#page1566">1566</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pons, <a href="#page1559">1559</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ponticulus</i>, <a href="#page1559">1559</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrata, <a href="#page1559">1559</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>quinaria</i>, <a href="#page1564">1564</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhombus, <a href="#page1562">1562</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>septenaria</i>, <a href="#page1566">1566</a>..</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>sirius</i>, <a href="#page1566">1566</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>speculum</i>, <a href="#page1565">1565</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stapedia, <a href="#page1561">1561</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>stauracanthus</i>, <a href="#page1566">1566</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">staurodon, <a href="#page1560">1560</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>stella</i>, <a href="#page1565">1565</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>superstructa</i>, <a href="#page1568">1568</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tenella</i>, <a href="#page1561">1561</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>triacantha</i>, <a href="#page1559">1559</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>triactis</i>, <a href="#page1559">1559</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>triangula</i>, <a href="#page1555">1555</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>trifenestrata</i>, <a href="#page1559">1559</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigona, <a href="#page1764">1764</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triommata, <a href="#page1559">1559</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripyla, <a href="#page1560">1560</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ubera</i>, <a href="#page1565">1565</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Dictyochida</span>, <a href="#page1554">1554</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyocodon, <a href="#page1334">1334</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">annasethe, <a href="#page1334">1334</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">carolotæ, <a href="#page1335">1335</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">palladius, <a href="#page1335">1335</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">prometheus, <a href="#page1336">1336</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyocoryne, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page592">592</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">agrigentina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page593">593</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">charybdaea, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page593">593</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echinata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page594">594</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">euchitonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page592">592</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentagona, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page593">593</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">profunda, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page592">592</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetradiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page592">592</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetras, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page597">597</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigona, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page593">593</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyocryphalus, <a href="#page1308">1308</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyomitra, <a href="#page1476">1476</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">articulata, <a href="#page1476">1476</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conica, <a href="#page1477">1477</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">costata, <a href="#page1478">1478</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">demersissima, <a href="#page1478">1478</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ehrenbergii, <a href="#page1422">1422</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">eurythorax, <a href="#page1477">1477</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lineata, <a href="#page1484">1484</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macilenta, <a href="#page1476">1476</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">microcephala, <a href="#page1477">1477</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">multicostata, <a href="#page1478">1478</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polypora, <a href="#page1477">1477</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">punctata, <a href="#page1486">1486</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ventricosa, <a href="#page1503">1503</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyomitrella, <a href="#page1476">1476</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyomitrissa, <a href="#page1477">1477</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyomitroma, <a href="#page1478">1478</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyophimium, <a href="#page1195">1195</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyophimus, <a href="#page1195">1195</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arabicus, <a href="#page1198">1198</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bicornis, <a href="#page1200">1200</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">brandtii, <a href="#page1198">1198</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bütschlii, <a href="#page1201">1201</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">challengeri, <a href="#page1196">1196</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cienkowskii, <a href="#page1200">1200</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cortina, <a href="#page1197">1197</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">craticula, <a href="#page1196">1196</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gracilipes, <a href="#page1197">1197</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hamosus, <a href="#page1199">1199</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hertwigii, <a href="#page1201">1201</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lasanum, <a href="#page1197">1197</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">longipes, <a href="#page1197">1197</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lucerna, <a href="#page1199">1199</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">platycephalus, <a href="#page1198">1198</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">plectaniscus, <a href="#page1196">1196</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pocillum, <a href="#page1200">1200</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyramis, <a href="#page1196">1196</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sphærocephalus, <a href="#page1195">1195</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tridentatus, <a href="#page1199">1199</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripus, <a href="#page1195">1195</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triserratus, <a href="#page1200">1200</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyoplegma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page90">90</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>spongiosum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page90">90</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyopodium, <a href="#page1352">1352</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1778">{1778}</span><i>bicorne</i>, + <a href="#page1332">1332</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>challengeri</i>, <a href="#page1231">1231</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cothurnatum, <a href="#page1353">1353</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>eucolpum</i>, <a href="#page1332">1332</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">eurylophus, <a href="#page1352">1352</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">oxylophus, <a href="#page1353">1353</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scaphopodium, <a href="#page1353">1353</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">thyrsolophus, <a href="#page1354">1354</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>trilobum</i>, <a href="#page1333">1333</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyoprona, <a href="#page1250">1250</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyoprora, <a href="#page1305">1305</a>.</p> + <p><i>Dictyosoma</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page90">90</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>spongiosum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page90">90</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>trigonizon</i>, <a href="#page1612">1612</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyospyrantha, <a href="#page1073">1073</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyospyrella, <a href="#page1074">1074</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyospyris, <a href="#page1073">1073</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">anthophora, <a href="#page1076">1076</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">biloba, <a href="#page1074">1074</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>clathrata</i>, <a href="#page1049">1049</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>clathrus</i>, <a href="#page1049">1049</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">distoma, <a href="#page1073">1073</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">enneastoma, <a href="#page1077">1077</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fenestra, <a href="#page1075">1075</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gigas, <a href="#page1075">1075</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexastoma, <a href="#page1077">1077</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mammillaris, <a href="#page1076">1076</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">messanensis, <a href="#page1076">1076</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polystoma, <a href="#page1077">1077</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadriloba, <a href="#page1076">1076</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>reticulata</i>, <a href="#page1096">1096</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>sphæra</i>, <a href="#page1400">1400</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinulosa, <a href="#page1075">1075</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stalactites, <a href="#page1073">1073</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrastoma, <a href="#page1075">1075</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tridentata</i>, <a href="#page1072">1072</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triloba, <a href="#page1074">1074</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triomma, <a href="#page1074">1074</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tristoma, <a href="#page1074">1074</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyospyrissa, <a href="#page1075">1075</a>.</p> + <p>Dictyospyromma, <a href="#page1076">1076</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Dicyrtida</span>, <a href="#page1192">1192</a>.</p> + <p>Didymocyrtis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page364">364</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ceratospyris</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page366">366</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>entomocora</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page367">367</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>hexagonia</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page364">364</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>faceta</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page365">365</a>.</p> + <p>Didymospyris, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page367">367</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>colpodes</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page367">367</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>entomocora</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page367">367</a>.</p> + <p>Dioniscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page486">486</a>.</p> + <p>Diplactinium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page470">470</a>.</p> + <p>Diplactura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page469">469</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diplobrachia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page469">469</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diploconus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page470">470</a>.</p> + <p>Diplacterium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page469">469</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Diploconida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page881">881</a>.</p> + <p>Diploconium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page886">886</a>.</p> + <p>Diploconulus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page885">885</a>.</p> + <p>Diploconus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page885">885</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amalla, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page885">885</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cotyliscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page886">886</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cyathiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page885">885</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cylindrus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page885">885</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fasces, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page886">886</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexaphyllus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page886">886</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">saturnus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page886">886</a>.</p> + <p>Diplocolpium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page887">887</a>.</p> + <p>Diplocolpulus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page880">880</a>.</p> + <p>Diplocolpus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page887">887</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">costatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page887">887</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cristatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page887">887</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dentatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page888">888</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serratus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page888">888</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sulcatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page888">888</a>.</p> + <p>Diplocyclas, <a href="#page1392">1392</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bicincta, <a href="#page1393">1393</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bicorona, <a href="#page1392">1392</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bizonalis, <a href="#page1373">1373</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Diplophracta</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page847">847</a>.</p> + <p>Diplosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page246">246</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">denticulata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page247">247</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dictyota, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page247">247</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gracilis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page247">247</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page246">246</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ornata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page246">246</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polygonalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page247">247</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">reticulata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page248">248</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>spinosa</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page245">245</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>stellata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page251">251</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triglochin, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page248">248</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Diplosphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page230">230</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Diplozonaria</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page640">640</a>.</p> + <p>Dipocoronis, <a href="#page980">980</a>.</p> + <p>Dipocubus, <a href="#page993">993</a>.</p> + <p>Diporasparium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page816">816</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Diporaspida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page808">808</a>.</p> + <p>Diporaspidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page817">817</a>.</p> + <p>Diporaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page816">816</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circopora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page816">816</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nephropora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page816">816</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">zygopora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page817">817</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Dipospyrida</span>, <a href="#page1035">1035</a>.</p> + <p>Dipospyris, <a href="#page1036">1036</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bipes, <a href="#page1036">1036</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">chelifer, <a href="#page1037">1037</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cubus, <a href="#page1036">1036</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">forcipata, <a href="#page1037">1037</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">irregularis, <a href="#page1037">1037</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mystax, <a href="#page1036">1036</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sigmopodium, <a href="#page1037">1037</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Discida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page402">402</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Discoidea</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page402">402</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Discopylida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page571">571</a>.</p> + <p>Discospira, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page495">495</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>accrescens</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page499">499</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>bilix</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page496">496</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>deformis</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page498">498</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>duplex</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page497">497</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>helicoides</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page496">496</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>operculina</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page496">496</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>spiralis</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page496">496</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Discospirida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page481">481</a>.</p> + <p>Discopyle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page573">573</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elliptica, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page573">573</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">osculata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page573">573</a>.</p> + <p>Discozonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page571">571</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cyclonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page571">571</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page572">572</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page572">572</a>.</p> + <p>Disolenia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page113">113</a>.</p> + <p>Distephanolithis, <a href="#page970">970</a>.</p> + <p>Distephanus, <a href="#page1562">1562</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aculeatus, <a href="#page1565">1565</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">asteroides, <a href="#page1564">1564</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">corona, <a href="#page1566">1566</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">crux, <a href="#page1563">1563</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diadema, <a href="#page1567">1567</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mesophthalmus, <a href="#page1563">1563</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octogonius, <a href="#page1567">1567</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octonarius, <a href="#page1566">1566</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ornamentum, <a href="#page1565">1565</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentasterias, <a href="#page1564">1564</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>rotundus</i>, <a href="#page1565">1565</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sirius, <a href="#page1566">1566</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">speculum, <a href="#page1565">1565</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stauracanthus, <a href="#page1564">1564</a>.</p> + <p>Distriactis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page436">436</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">alternatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page437">437</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphithectus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page437">437</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">corallanthus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page437">437</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lirianthus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page436">436</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">palmanthus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page437">437</a>.</p> + <p>Dizonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page635">635</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphacanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page636">636</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circulare, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page635">635</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ellipticum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page635">635</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octacanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page636">636</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pleuracanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page636">636</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stauracanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page636">636</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">transversum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page635">635</a>.</p> + <p>Dodecaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page834">834</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricinata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page834">834</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trizonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page835">835</a>.</p> + <p>Doracantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page756">756</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dorataspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page756">756</a>.</p> + <p>Doratasparium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page813">813</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Dorataspida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page802">802</a>.</p> + <p>Dorataspidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page814">814</a>.</p> + <p>Dorataspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page813">813</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>bipennis</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page809">809</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cataphracta</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page810">810</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>costata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page812">812</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>diodon</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page837">837</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fusigera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page813">813</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gladiata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page815">815</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">loricata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page814">814</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macracantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page814">814</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1779">{1779}</span>macropora, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page814">814</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">micropora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page815">815</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>parmipora</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page827">827</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>polyancistra</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page840">840</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polypora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page815">815</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">typica, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page815">815</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>solidissima</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page865">865</a>.</p> + <p>Dorcadospyris, <a href="#page1040">1040</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">antilope, <a href="#page1041">1041</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">decussata, <a href="#page1041">1041</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dentata, <a href="#page1040">1040</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dinoceras, <a href="#page1041">1041</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lunulata, <a href="#page1041">1041</a>.</p> + <p>Dorypelta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page857">857</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page858">858</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page857">857</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gladiata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page857">857</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lithoptera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page858">858</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ramosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page857">857</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stauroptera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page857">857</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tessaraspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page858">858</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrodon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page857">857</a>.</p> + <p>Dorypeltarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page856">856</a>.</p> + <p>Dorypeltidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page857">857</a>.</p> + <p>Dorypeltonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page858">858</a>.</p> + <p>Druppatractus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page324">324</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">accipenser, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page325">325</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">belone, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page325">325</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coronatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page326">326</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diodon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page327">327</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hippocampus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page324">324</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ichthydium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page324">324</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lævis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page327">327</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pisciculus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page328">328</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ostracion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page326">326</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">testudo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page325">325</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">xiphias, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page327">327</a>.</p> + <p>Druppocarpus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page311">311</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ananassa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page311">311</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">borassus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page312">312</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">castanea, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page311">311</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">chamærops, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page312">312</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">corypha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page312">312</a>.</p> + <p>Druppula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page308">308</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">areca, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page309">309</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">caryota, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page309">309</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cocos, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page308">308</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">drupa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page308">308</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elliptica, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page310">310</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nucula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page310">310</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">oliva, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page310">310</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page309">309</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pandanus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page308">308</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">phœnix, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page308">308</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">prunum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page310">310</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Druppulida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page306">306</a>.</p> + <p>Drymosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page248">248</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cladophora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page249">249</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dendrophora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page249">249</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page249">249</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page248">248</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polygonalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page249">249</a>.</p> + <p>Drymospira, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page694">694</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Dyoprunida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page288">288</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Dyosphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page52">52</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Dyostephida</span>, <a href="#page932">932</a>.</p> + <p>Dyscollosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page96">96</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Dystympanida</span>, <a href="#page1006">1006</a>.</p> + <p>Dystympanium, <a href="#page1006">1006</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dictyocha, <a href="#page1007">1007</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">distephanus, <a href="#page1007">1007</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">medusa, <a href="#page1007">1007</a>.</p> + <p class="stanza">Echinactura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page480">480</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">asteriscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page480">480</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">culcita, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page480">480</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">goniaster, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page480">480</a>.</p> + <p>Echinaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page833">833</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diadema, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page833">833</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dichotoma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page832">832</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echinoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page833">833</a>.</p> + <p>Echinocalpis, <a href="#page1170">1170</a>.</p> + <p>Echinocapsa, <a href="#page1190">1190</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Echinocystida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page1">1</a>.</p> + <p>Echinomma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page257">257</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aculeatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page258">258</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cidaris, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page257">257</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diadema, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page258">258</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echinidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page257">257</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sphærechinus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page258">258</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">toxopneustes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page259">259</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trinacrium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page258">258</a>.</p> + <p><i>Echinosphæra</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page638">638</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>datura</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page638">638</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Ectolithia</span>, lxxii.</p> + <p>Elaphococcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page227">227</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cervicornis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page228">228</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dichotomus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page229">229</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">drymodes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page229">229</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elaphoceras, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page228">228</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page228">228</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">umbellatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page229">229</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">umbellifer, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page228">228</a>.</p> + <p>Elaphospyris, <a href="#page1056">1056</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">alcicornis, <a href="#page1057">1057</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">capricornis, <a href="#page1056">1056</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cervicornis, <a href="#page1057">1057</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">damæcornis, <a href="#page1057">1057</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">heptaceros, <a href="#page1056">1056</a>.</p> + <p>Elatomma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page242">242</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">irregulare, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page243">243</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">juniperinum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page243">243</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">penicillus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page243">243</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pinetum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page242">242</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scoparium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page242">242</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Ellipsida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page299">299</a>.</p> + <p>Ellipsidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page294">294</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">artocarpus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page294">294</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">datura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page294">294</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echinidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page295">295</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">opuntia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page295">295</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pandanidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page294">294</a>.</p> + <p>Ellipsostylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page299">299</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aquila, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page300">300</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">avicularis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page299">299</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ciconia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page300">300</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">columba, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page300">300</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gallinula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page301">301</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hirundo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page301">301</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">megadictya, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page301">301</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ornithoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page299">299</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">psittacus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page300">300</a>.</p> + <p>Ellipsoxiphus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page296">296</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">atractus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page298">298</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bipolaris, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page287">287</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">claviger, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page297">297</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elegans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page296">296</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">flosculus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page296">296</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fragilis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page296">296</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">parvoforaminus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page297">297</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">suessi, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page297">297</a>.</p> + <p>Ennealacorys, <a href="#page1374">1374</a>.</p> + <p>Enneaphormis, <a href="#page1246">1246</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>rotula</i>, <a href="#page1246">1246</a>.</p> + <p><i>Enneaplegma</i>, <a href="#page929">929</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>enneacantha</i>, <a href="#page929">929</a>.</p> + <p>Enneapleuris, <a href="#page1257">1257</a>.</p> + <p>Entocannula, <a href="#page1660">1660</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circularis, <a href="#page1661">1661</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hirsuta, <a href="#page1661">1661</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">infundibulum, <a href="#page1661">1661</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">subglobosa, <a href="#page1661">1661</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Entolithia</span>, lxxii.</p> + <p>Ethmosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page69">69</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conosiphonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page69">69</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">leptosiphonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page70">70</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macrosiphonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page70">70</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">minuta, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pachysiphonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page70">70</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polysiphonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page70">70</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">siphonophora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page69">69</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">siphonophorites, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stenosiphonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page70">70</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">vulgaris, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Ethmosphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page61">61</a>.</p> + <p>Eucecryphalium, <a href="#page1221">1221</a>.</p> + <p>Eucecryphalus, <a href="#page1220">1220</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">campanella, <a href="#page1223">1223</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">corocalyptra, <a href="#page1221">1221</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cuvieri, <a href="#page1222">1222</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gegenbauri, <a href="#page1222">1222</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">halicalyptra, <a href="#page1221">1221</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>huxleyi</i>, <a href="#page1215">1215</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>lævis</i>, <a href="#page1213">1213</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mülleri, <a href="#page1222">1222</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>schultzei</i>, <a href="#page1216">1216</a>.</p> + <p>Euchitonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page532">532</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1780">{1780}</span>acuta, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page536">536</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amœna, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">beckmannii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page534">534</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">carcinus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page535">535</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clathrata, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">crevolensis, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page533">533</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dubia, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echinata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page536">536</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elegans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page535">535</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>euclidis</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page531">531</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page532">532</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>gegenbauri</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page439">439</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">grandis, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>leydigii</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page530">530</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>koellikeri</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page530">530</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>krohnii</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page539">539</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lanceolata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page434">434</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">muelleri, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page533">533</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">muellerites, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stoehrii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page534">534</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triangulum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page533">533</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">virchowii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page535">535</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ypsiloides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page536">536</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">zittelii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page534">534</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Euchitonida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page516">516</a>.</p> + <p>Eucollosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page95">95</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Eucoronida</span>, <a href="#page976">976</a>.</p> + <p>Eucoronis, <a href="#page976">976</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">angulata, <a href="#page978">978</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arborescens, <a href="#page978">978</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cervicornis, <a href="#page978">978</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">challengeri, <a href="#page978">978</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lævigata, <a href="#page977">977</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nephrospyris, <a href="#page977">977</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">perspicillum, <a href="#page977">977</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Eucyrtidina</span>, <a href="#page1127">1127</a>.</p> + <p>Eucyrtidium, <a href="#page1487">1487</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>acanthocephalum</i>, <a href="#page1421">1421</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>acephalum</i>, <a href="#page1484">1484</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>acuminatum</i>, <a href="#page1488">1488</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>acutatum</i>, <a href="#page1461">1461</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ægæum</i>, <a href="#page1400">1400</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>alauda</i>, <a href="#page1418">1418</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>amplum</i>, <a href="#page1402">1402</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ampulla</i>, <a href="#page1251">1251</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>annulatum</i>, <a href="#page1481">1481</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>anomalum</i>, <a href="#page1492">1492</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">anthophorum, <a href="#page1497">1497</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>antilope</i>, <a href="#page1404">1404</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>apiculatum</i>, <a href="#page1404">1404</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>aquilonare</i>, <a href="#page1504">1504</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>arctum</i>, <a href="#page1414">1414</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>argus</i>, <a href="#page1472">1472</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>armadillo</i>, <a href="#page1302">1302</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">armatum, <a href="#page1495">1495</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>articulatum</i>, <a href="#page1476">1476</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>asperum</i>, <a href="#page1408">1408</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>attenuatum</i>, <a href="#page1417">1417</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>auritum</i>, <a href="#page1482">1482</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>australe</i>, <a href="#page1487">1487</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>barbadense</i>, <a href="#page1406">1406</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>biauritum</i>, <a href="#page1411">1411</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>bicorne</i>, <a href="#page1421">1421</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bütschlii, <a href="#page1492">1492</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>campanulatum</i>, <a href="#page1400">1400</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cancrinum</i>, <a href="#page1299">1299</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>carinatum</i>, <a href="#page1316">1316</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cassis</i>, <a href="#page1424">1424</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cervus</i>, <a href="#page1292">1292</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">chrysalidium, <a href="#page1490">1490</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cienkowskii, <a href="#page1493">1493</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>compactum</i>, <a href="#page1512">1512</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conostoma, <a href="#page1495">1495</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cornutella</i>, <a href="#page1473">1473</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>coronatum</i>, <a href="#page1411">1411</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cranoides</i>, <a href="#page1322">1322</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>crassiceps</i>, <a href="#page1306">1306</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>creticum</i>, <a href="#page1415">1415</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cryptocephalum</i>, <a href="#page1426">1426</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cryptoprora</i>, <a href="#page1423">1423</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cuspidatum</i>, <a href="#page1473">1473</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cylindricum</i>, <a href="#page1406">1406</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>davisianum</i>, <a href="#page1437">1437</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>demersissimum</i>, <a href="#page1478">1478</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>diaphanum</i>, <a href="#page1505">1505</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">doliolum, <a href="#page1489">1489</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ehrenbergii, <a href="#page1495">1495</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>elegans</i>, <a href="#page1406">1406</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elongatum, <a href="#page1493">1493</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>embolum</i>, <a href="#page1369">1369</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">eruca, <a href="#page1493">1493</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>euporum</i>, <a href="#page1502">1502</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>excellens</i>, <a href="#page1306">1306</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>fastosum</i>, <a href="#page1369">1369</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ficus</i>, <a href="#page1403">1403</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>fistuligerum</i>, <a href="#page1498">1498</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fusiforme, <a href="#page1489">1489</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">galatheæ, <a href="#page1492">1492</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">galea, <a href="#page1492">1492</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>gemmatum</i>, <a href="#page1425">1425</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>gracile</i>, <a href="#page1295">1295</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hertwigii, <a href="#page1491">1491</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>heteroporum</i>, <a href="#page1506">1506</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonatum, <a href="#page1489">1489</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>hillaby</i>, <a href="#page1402">1402</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>hispidum</i>, <a href="#page1506">1506</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>hyperboreum</i>, <a href="#page1486">1486</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>imbricatum</i>, <a href="#page1483">1483</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>incrassatum</i>, <a href="#page1514">1514</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>increscens</i>, <a href="#page1506">1506</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>infraculeatum</i>, <a href="#page1519">1519</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lagena, <a href="#page1491">1491</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>lagenoides</i>, <a href="#page1498">1498</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>lineatum</i>, <a href="#page1484">1484</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>macilentum</i>, <a href="#page1476">1476</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>megaloporum</i>, <a href="#page1425">1425</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>microcephalum</i>, <a href="#page1477">1477</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>microporum</i>, <a href="#page1474">1474</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>microtheca</i>, <a href="#page1407">1407</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>mongolfieri</i>, <a href="#page1251">1251</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">montiparum, <a href="#page1493">1493</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>multiseriatum</i>, <a href="#page1505">1505</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>nassa</i>, <a href="#page1293">1293</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>nereidum</i>, <a href="#page1502">1502</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>nucula</i>, <a href="#page1423">1423</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>obstipum</i>, <a href="#page1484">1484</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ocellatum</i>, <a href="#page1306">1306</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovatum, <a href="#page1495">1495</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pachyderma</i>, <a href="#page1483">1483</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>papillosum</i>, <a href="#page1307">1307</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pauperum</i>, <a href="#page1482">1482</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>picus</i>, <a href="#page1472">1472</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pirum</i>, <a href="#page1423">1423</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>platycephalum</i>, <a href="#page1502">1502</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pleuracanthum</i>, <a href="#page1300">1300</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">profundissimum, <a href="#page1480">1480</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>punctatum</i>, <a href="#page1486">1486</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pupa</i>, <a href="#page1412">1412</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pusillum</i>, <a href="#page1406">1406</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>quadrarticulatum</i>, <a href="#page1504">1504</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>raphanus</i>, <a href="#page1498">1498</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>reticulum</i>, <a href="#page1307">1307</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scalarium, <a href="#page1484">1484</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>scolopax</i>, <a href="#page1416">1416</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>seriolatum</i>, <a href="#page1486">1486</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>sipho</i>, <a href="#page1497">1497</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>sphærophilum</i>, <a href="#page1418">1418</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosum, <a href="#page1490">1490</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>stephanophorum</i>, <a href="#page1410">1410</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stöhrii, <a href="#page1494">1494</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>subacutum</i>, <a href="#page1300">1300</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">teuscheri, <a href="#page1491">1491</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tornatum</i>, <a href="#page1473">1473</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>trachelium</i>, <a href="#page1405">1405</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricinctum, <a href="#page1464">1464</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>trochus</i>, <a href="#page1280">1280</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tropezianum, <a href="#page1488">1488</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tumidulum</i>, <a href="#page1506">1506</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>turgidulum</i>, <a href="#page1415">1415</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>versipellis</i>, <a href="#page1425">1425</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>zancleum</i>, <a href="#page1399">1399</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>zanguebaricum</i>, <a href="#page1400">1400</a>.</p> + <p>Eucyrtis, <a href="#page1488">1488</a>.</p> + <p>Eucyrtomphalus, <a href="#page1221">1221</a>.</p> + <p>Euphysetta, <a href="#page1670">1670</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphicodon, <a href="#page1670">1670</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hybocodon, <a href="#page1670">1670</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">staurocodon, <a href="#page1670">1670</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Euphysettida</span>, <a href="#page1666">1666</a>.</p> + <p>Euscenarium, <a href="#page1146">1146</a>.</p> + <p>Euscenidium, <a href="#page1147">1147</a>.</p> + <p>Euscenium, <a href="#page1146">1146</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">archicyrtis, <a href="#page1146">1146</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcatum, <a href="#page1147">1147</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hemisphæricum, <a href="#page1147">1147</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">plectaniscus, <a href="#page1146">1146</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1781">{1781}</span>quadratum, <a + href="#page1148">1148</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ramosum, <a href="#page1148">1148</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricolpium, <a href="#page1147">1147</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripospyris, <a href="#page1147">1147</a>.</p> + <p>Eusyringium, <a href="#page1496">1496</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cannostoma, <a href="#page1499">1499</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conosiphon, <a href="#page1496">1496</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fistuligerum, <a href="#page1498">1498</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lagenoides, <a href="#page1498">1498</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">leptosiphon, <a href="#page1497">1497</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macrosiphon, <a href="#page1487">1487</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pachysiphon, <a href="#page1496">1496</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhaphanus, <a href="#page1498">1498</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sipho, <a href="#page1497">1497</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">siphonostoma, <a href="#page1499">1499</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Eutympanida</span>, <a href="#page1007">1007</a>.</p> + <p>Eutympanium, <a href="#page1013">1013</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coronarium, <a href="#page1014">1014</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecarium, <a href="#page1014">1014</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">militare, <a href="#page1014">1014</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">musicantum, <a href="#page1013">1013</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octonarium, <a href="#page1014">1014</a>.</p> + <p class="stanza"><i>Flustrella</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page492">492</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>bilobata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page527">527</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>concentrica</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page492">492</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cyclia</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page494">494</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>haliomma</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page692">692</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>macropora</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page493">493</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>micromma</i>, <a href="#page1761">1761</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>spiralis</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page496">496</a>.</p> + <p class="stanza">Gamospyris, <a href="#page1042">1042</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">annulus, <a href="#page1042">1042</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circulus, <a href="#page1042">1042</a>.</p> + <p>Gazelletta, <a href="#page1670">1670</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bifurca, <a href="#page1672">1672</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cyrtonema, <a href="#page1671">1671</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dendronema, <a href="#page1674">1674</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="#page1672">1672</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexanema, <a href="#page1671">1671</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macronema, <a href="#page1671">1671</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">melusina, <a href="#page1674">1674</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">orthonema, <a href="#page1671">1671</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pectinata, <a href="#page1672">1672</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">penicillata, <a href="#page1672">1672</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pinnata, <a href="#page1672">1672</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">robusta, <a href="#page1673">1673</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">schleinitzii, <a href="#page1673">1673</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">studeri, <a href="#page1673">1673</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trispathilla, <a href="#page1673">1673</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Gazellettida</span>, <a href="#page1666">1666</a>.</p> + <p>Giraffospyris, <a href="#page1056">1056</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>heptaceros</i>, <a href="#page1076">1076</a>.</p> + <p>Gorgonetta, <a href="#page1675">1675</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bisenaria, <a href="#page1675">1675</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">carmarina, <a href="#page1675">1675</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">geryonia, <a href="#page1675">1675</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mirabilis, <a href="#page1674">1674</a>.</p> + <p>Gorgospyris, <a href="#page1069">1069</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ehrenbergii, <a href="#page1070">1070</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">eurycolpos, <a href="#page1071">1071</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lamellosa, <a href="#page1071">1071</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">liriope, <a href="#page1071">1071</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">medusa, <a href="#page1070">1070</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">medusetta, <a href="#page1070">1070</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polypus, <a href="#page1070">1070</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">schizopodia, <a href="#page1071">1071</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">thamnopodia, <a href="#page1071">1071</a>.</p> + <p>Gorgospyrium, <a href="#page1070">1070</a>.</p> + <p class="stanza">Haeckeliana, <a href="#page1702">1702</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">darwiniana, <a href="#page1702">1702</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gœtheana, <a href="#page1702">1702</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">maxima, <a href="#page1701">1701</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lamarckiana, <a href="#page1701">1701</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">murrayana, <a href="#page1702">1702</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">porcellana, <a href="#page1701">1701</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Haeckelinida</span>, <a href="#page1700">1700</a>.</p> + <p>Hagiastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page542">542</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bramæ, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page543">543</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">buddhæ, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page542">542</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">christi, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page543">543</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cornutum</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page551">551</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mohammedis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page543">543</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mosis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page543">543</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>rhopalophorum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page541">541</a>.</p> + <p>Halicapsa, <a href="#page1189">1189</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hystrix, <a href="#page1191">1191</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lithapium, <a href="#page1190">1190</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">papillata, <a href="#page1190">1190</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">prunoides, <a href="#page1190">1190</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyriformis, <a href="#page1191">1191</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triglochin, <a href="#page1190">1190</a>.</p> + <p>Halicalyptra, <a href="#page1168">1168</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ampulla, <a href="#page1169">1169</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">campanula, <a href="#page1169">1169</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cancellata</i>, <a href="#page1167">1167</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">castanella, <a href="#page1170">1170</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cornuta</i>, <a href="#page1398">1398</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>fimbriata</i>, <a href="#page1387">1387</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>galea</i>, <a href="#page1136">1136</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">novena, <a href="#page1169">1169</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>orci</i>, <a href="#page1397">1397</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">petalospyris, <a href="#page1169">1169</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>setosa</i>, <a href="#page1280">1280</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosa, <a href="#page1170">1170</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">virginica, <a href="#page1169">1169</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Halicalyptrina</span>, <a href="#page1127">1127</a>.</p> + <p>Haliomma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page230">230</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>amphiaspis</i>, <a href="#page1761">1761</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>amphidiscus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page447">447</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>amphisiphon</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page374">374</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">antarcticum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page238">238</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>apertum</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page159">159</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>apiculatum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page73">73</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arachnium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page230">230</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>asperum</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page344">344</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>asteracanthion</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page196">196</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">beroes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page238">238</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">boreale, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page237">237</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">capense, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page235">235</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">capillaceum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page236">236</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">castanea, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page232">232</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cenosphæra</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page291">291</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circumtextum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page233">233</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clavatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page239">239</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">compactum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page239">239</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>contiguum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page439">439</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>crenatum</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page314">314</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">datura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page232">232</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">denticulatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page235">235</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>didymocyrtis</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page366">366</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>didymum</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page367">367</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>dixyphos</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page135">135</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">duodecinum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page233">233</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>echinaster</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page240">240</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>echinoides</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page842">842</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ellipticum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page310">310</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">enneaxiphos, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page234">234</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>entactinia</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page74">74</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">erinaceum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page236">236</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">favosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page231">231</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>gracile</i>, <a href="#page1761">1761</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">grande, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page235">235</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>helianthus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page446">446</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>hexacanthum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page184">184</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page230">230</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>hexagonum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page138">138</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hispidum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page136">136</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">horridum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page232">232</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>humboldtii</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page449">449</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>hystrix</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page854">854</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>inerme</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page80">80</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>infundibuliforme</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page72">72</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>lagena</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page527">527</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>lens</i>, <a href="#page1761">1761</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ligurinum, <a href="#page1764">1764</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lirianthus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page232">232</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">longispinum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page235">235</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macrodoras, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page238">238</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>medusa</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page80">80</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">megaporum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page233">233</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">melitomma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page231">231</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>modestum</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page74">74</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>nitidum</i>, <a href="#page1761">1761</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>oblongum</i>, <a href="#page1761">1761</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>octacanthum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page442">442</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>oculatum</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page234">234</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ovatum</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page309">309</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">patagonicum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page239">239</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">permagnum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page239">239</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>perspicuum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page162">162</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>phacodiscus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page447">447</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>polyacanthum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page350">350</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pyriforme</i>, <a href="#page1191">1191</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>quadruplex</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page262">262</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>radians</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page423">423</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1782">{1782}</span><i>radiatum</i>, + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page423">423</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>radicatum</i>, <a href="#page1051">1051</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">regulare, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page231">231</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhodococcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page237">237</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>scutum</i>, <a href="#page1761">1761</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>sexaculeatum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page186">186</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>sol</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page446">446</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinulosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page237">237</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tabulatum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page871">871</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tenellum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page236">236</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tenuispinum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page234">234</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tetracanthum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page164">164</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>triactis</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page432">432</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>trinacrium</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page254">254</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>triplex</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page314">314</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>umbonatum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page449">449</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>virginicum</i>, <a href="#page1169">1169</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">wyvillei, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page238">238</a>.</p> + <p>Haliommantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page230">230</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Haliommatida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page230">230</a>.</p> + <p><i>Haliommatidium</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page842">842</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>echinoides</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page842">842</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>fenestratum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page869">869</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ligurinum</i>, <a href="#page1764">1764</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>mülleri</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page871">871</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tetragonopum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page845">845</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Haliommatina</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page51">51</a>.</p> + <p>Haliommetta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page233">233</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Haliommida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page230">230</a>.</p> + <p>Haliommilla, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page236">236</a>.</p> + <p>Haliommura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page237">237</a>.</p> + <p>Haliphormis, <a href="#page1166">1166</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">costata, <a href="#page1167">1167</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lagena, <a href="#page1167">1167</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Haplophracta</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page847">847</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Haplozonaria</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page632">632</a>.</p> + <p>Heliocladus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page451">451</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>dendrophorus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page451">451</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>furcatus</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page451">451</a>.</p> + <p>Heliodendrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page452">452</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Heliodiscida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page444">444</a>.</p> + <p>Heliodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page444">444</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphidiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page447">447</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">apollinis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page450">450</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">asteriscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page445">445</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cingillum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page448">448</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echiniscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page448">448</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">glyphodon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page446">446</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>grottense</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page451">451</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">helianthus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page446">446</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">humboldti, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page449">449</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">marginatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page449">449</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>medusinus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page438">438</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pertusus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page448">448</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">phacodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page447">447</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polymorphus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page447">447</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">siculus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page446">446</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">simplex, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sol, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page446">446</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">solaster, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page447">447</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sulcatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page449">449</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigonodon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page445">445</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trochiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page445">445</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">umbonatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page449">449</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">zoroaster, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page450">450</a>.</p> + <p>Heliodrymus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page450">450</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dendrocyclus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page451">451</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page451">451</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">grottensis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page451">451</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">setosus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page452">452</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ramosus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page452">452</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">viminalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page452">452</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Heliosestrida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page427">427</a>.</p> + <p>Heliosestrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page438">438</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ægineta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page440">440</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">contiguum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page439">439</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">craspedotum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page441">441</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>glyphodon</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page446">446</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">irregulare, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page440">440</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">liriope, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page439">439</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">medusinum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page438">438</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octagonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page441">441</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octangulum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page441">441</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page438">438</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octonum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page440">440</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrigeminum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page439">439</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">solarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page439">439</a>.</p> + <p>Heliosoma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page240">240</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">duodecilla, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page241">241</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echinaster, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page240">240</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elegans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page240">240</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hastatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page241">241</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">indicum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page241">241</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">radians, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page240">240</a>.</p> + <p>Heliosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page217">217</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">actinota, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page218">218</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">castenella, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page219">219</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coronata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page219">219</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cristata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page219">219</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echinoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page218">218</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echinoidites, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elector, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page220">220</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elegans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page218">218</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">floribunda, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page219">219</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">heteracantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page220">220</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonaria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page217">217</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hyperionis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page220">220</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>inermis</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page62">62</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>insignis</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page212">212</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pectinata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page218">218</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polygonaria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page220">220</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">solaris, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page221">221</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tenuissima</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page210">210</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Heliosphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page209">209</a>.</p> + <p>Heliostaurus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page434">434</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cruciatus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page434">434</a>.</p> + <p>Heliostylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page429">429</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>dentatus</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page429">429</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>serratus</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page429">429</a>.</p> + <p><i>Heptaplegma</i>, <a href="#page929">929</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>heptacantha</i>, <a href="#page929">929</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Hexacaryida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page202">202</a>.</p> + <p>Hexacaryum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page203">203</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arborescens, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page203">203</a>.</p> + <p>Hexacolparium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page880">880</a>.</p> + <p>Hexacolpidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page880">880</a>.</p> + <p>Hexacolpus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page880">880</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conifer, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page880">880</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="correction" + title="Original reads 'dodecotus'.">dodecodus</span>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page881">881</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">infundibulum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page881">881</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nivalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page880">880</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trypanon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page881">881</a>.</p> + <p>Hexaconarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page876">876</a>.</p> + <p>Hexaconidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page877">877</a>.</p> + <p>Hexacontarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page200">200</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dentatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page200">200</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clavatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page200">200</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Hexacontida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page191">191</a>.</p> + <p>Hexacontium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page192">192</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">antarcticum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page197">197</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">asteracanthion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page196">196</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">axophænum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page196">196</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">axotrias, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page192">192</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circumtextum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page193">193</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clavigerum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page195">195</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">drymodes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page198">198</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">favosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page194">194</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">floridum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page195">195</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page198">198</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gladiatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page198">198</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexaconicum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page196">196</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexactis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page192">192</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonale, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page194">194</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lævigatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page193">193</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octahedrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page193">193</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">papillosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page197">197</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">periplectum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page199">199</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">phænaxonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page192">192</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polygonale, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page197">197</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">prionacanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page195">195</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sceptrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page194">194</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">setosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page198">198</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triplosphærium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page193">193</a>.</p> + <p>Hexaconus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page876">876</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ciliatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page876">876</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coronatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page877">877</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echinatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page878">878</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serratus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page877">877</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">vaginatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page877">877</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">velatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page877">877</a>.</p> + <p>Hexacorethra, <a href="#page1048">1048</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>magica</i>, <a href="#page1048">1048</a>.</p> + <p>Hexacoronis, <a href="#page981">981</a>.</p> + <p><i>Hexacromidium</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page202">202</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>arachnoides</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page202">202</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Hexacromyida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page201">201</a>.</p> + <p>Hexacromyum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page201">201</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1783">{1783}</span>arachnoides, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page202">202</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cubaxonium</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page303">303</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elegans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page201">201</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octahedrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page202">202</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrigatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page201">201</a>.</p> + <p><i>Hexactura</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page560">560</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>orchidacea</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page560">560</a>.</p> + <p>Hexadendron, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page199">199</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bipinnatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page200">200</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadricuspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page199">199</a>.</p> + <p>Hexadoras, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page205">205</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">axophæna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page205">205</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lychnosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page205">205</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octahedrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page205">205</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Hexadorida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page205">205</a>.</p> + <p>Hexadoridium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page206">206</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">streptacanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page206">206</a>.</p> + <p>Hexalacorys, <a href="#page1372">1372</a>.</p> + <p>Hexalasparium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page874">874</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Hexalaspida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page872">872</a>.</p> + <p>Hexalaspidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page875">875</a>.</p> + <p>Hexalaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page874">874</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">heliodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page875">875</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexaglypha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page876">876</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexalastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page875">875</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>nivalis</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page880">880</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sexalata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page875">875</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stellata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page875">875</a>.</p> + <p>Hexalastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page559">559</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">crinanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page559">559</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>geryonidum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page560">560</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">orchidaceum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page560">560</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">palmanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page559">559</a>.</p> + <p>Hexalatractus, <a href="#page1393">1393</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fusiformis, <a href="#page1394">1394</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sexalatus, <a href="#page1394">1394</a>.</p> + <p>Hexaloncharium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page190">190</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hystricinum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page191">191</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octahedrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page190">190</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">philosophicum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page190">190</a>.</p> + <p>Hexalonche, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page179">179</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphisiphon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page182">182</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">anaximandri, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page182">182</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">anaximenis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page183">183</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aristarchi, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page185">185</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aspera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page184">184</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">brevicornis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page181">181</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">castanella, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page184">184</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conicornis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page181">181</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cristata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page183">183</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">curvicornis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page181">181</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ekphantæa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page185">185</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">favosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page180">180</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">geometrica, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page184">184</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">grandis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page182">182</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">heracliti, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page187">187</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page184">184</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hystricina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page187">187</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octahedra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page181">181</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octocolpa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page183">183</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">phænaxonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page180">180</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">philosophica, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page186">186</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pythagoræa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page185">185</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rosetta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page180">180</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">seleuci, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page186">186</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serrata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page183">183</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">setosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page187">187</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sexaculeata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page186">186</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">xenophanis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page187">187</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Hexalonchida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page179">179</a>.</p> + <p>Hexalonchidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page191">191</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">axonometrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page191">191</a>.</p> + <p>Hexancistra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page188">188</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ancorata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page188">188</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mirabilis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page189">189</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadricuspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page189">189</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricuspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page188">188</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triserrata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page188">188</a>.</p> + <p><i>Hexapitys</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page189">189</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>mirabilis</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page189">189</a>.</p> + <p>Hexaplagia, <a href="#page915">915</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">antarctica, <a href="#page915">915</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arctica, <a href="#page915">915</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">australis, <a href="#page916">916</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">collaris, <a href="#page916">916</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Hexaplagida</span>, <a href="#page915">915</a>.</p> + <p>Hexaplecta, <a href="#page927">927</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triaxonia, <a href="#page927">927</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricladonia, <a href="#page927">927</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Hexaplectida</span>, <a href="#page927">927</a>.</p> + <p>Hexapleuris, <a href="#page1257">1257</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Hexapylida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page567">567</a>.</p> + <p>Hexapyle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page568">568</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circularis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page569">569</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page569">569</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page569">569</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page570">570</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sexangula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page568">568</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page569">569</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triangula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page568">568</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Hexaspyrida</span>, <a href="#page1046">1046</a>.</p> + <p>Hexaspyridium, <a href="#page1047">1047</a>.</p> + <p>Hexaspyris, <a href="#page1046">1046</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">alterna, <a href="#page1047">1047</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">articulata, <a href="#page1048">1048</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bütschlii, <a href="#page1047">1047</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexacorethra, <a href="#page1048">1048</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ophirensis, <a href="#page1048">1048</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">setigera, <a href="#page1047">1047</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosa, <a href="#page1048">1048</a>.</p> + <p>Hexastylarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page177">177</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elongatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page178">178</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">heteraxonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page177">177</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadratum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page178">178</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Hexastylida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page171">171</a>.</p> + <p>Hexastylidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page178">178</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhomboides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page178">178</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spirale, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page179">179</a>.</p> + <p>Hexastylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page171">171</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">biantis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page172">172</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">brevispinus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page175">175</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">chilonis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page174">174</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cleobuli, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page174">174</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cochleatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page174">174</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conifer, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page176">176</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">contortus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page177">177</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dimensivus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page175">175</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dictyotus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page176">176</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">favosus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page172">172</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hirsutus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page176">176</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">longispinus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page175">175</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">longissimus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page172">172</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">marginatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page176">176</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">maximus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page173">173</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">minimus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page172">172</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">periandri, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page173">173</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">phænaxonius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page171">171</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pittaci, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page173">173</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sapientum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page171">171</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">setosus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page174">174</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">solonis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page173">173</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spiralis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page177">177</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">thaletis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page172">172</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triaxonius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page175">175</a>.</p> + <p>Hexinastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page560">560</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">geryonidum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page560">560</a>.</p> + <p>Hexonasparium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page878">878</a>.</p> + <p>Hexonaspidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page879">879</a>.</p> + <p>Hexonaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page879">879</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hastata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page879">879</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">heliosestrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page878">878</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagona, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page879">879</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexapleura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page879">879</a>.</p> + <p>Hexoniscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page488">488</a>.</p> + <p>Histiastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page544">544</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">boseanum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page546">546</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>brunonis</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page548">548</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circulare, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page546">546</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coronatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page546">546</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>democriti</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page548">548</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">excisum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page544">544</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>fasciatum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page535">535</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gladiatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page545">545</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>lurianense</i>, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentadiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page546">546</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrigatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page544">544</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quaternarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page545">545</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>straussii</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page547">547</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ternarium</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page531">531</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>trinacrium</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page530">530</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">velatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page545">545</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ypsiloides</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page536">536</a>.</p> + <p>Holosiphonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page104">104</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Holotrypasta</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page5">5</a>.</p> + <p>Hylaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page846">846</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">barbata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page847">847</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coronata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page847">847</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serrulata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page846">846</a>.</p> + <p><span class="pagenum" id="page1784">{1784}</span>Hymenactura, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page473">473</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">archimedis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page473">473</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">copernici, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page475">475</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagona, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page474">474</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ptolomaei, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page475">475</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pythagoræ, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page474">474</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigona, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page474">474</a>.</p> + <p>Hymenactinium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page475">475</a>.</p> + <p>Hymenacturium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page474">474</a>.</p> + <p>Hymenastrella, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page530">530</a>.</p> + <p>Hymenastromma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page531">531</a>.</p> + <p>Hymeniastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page530">530</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">archimedis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page531">531</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">euclidis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page531">531</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gümbelii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page530">530</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">koellikeri, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page530">530</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">leydigii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page530">530</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pythagoræ, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page531">531</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ternarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page531">531</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigonarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page532">532</a>.</p> + <p>Hystrichasparium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page822">822</a>.</p> + <p>Hystrichaspidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page823">823</a>.</p> + <p>Hystrichaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page822">822</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">armata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page824">824</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cristata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page823">823</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">divaricata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page824">824</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dorsata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page823">823</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">foveolata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page824">824</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fruticata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page825">825</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page822">822</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pectinata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page822">822</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serrata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page825">825</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sulcata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page824">824</a>.</p> + <p class="stanza"><span class="sc">Icosacantha</span>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page717">717</a>.</p> + <p>Icosasparium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page843">843</a>.</p> + <p>Icosaspidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page845">845</a>.</p> + <p>Icosaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page844">844</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page844">844</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elegans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page844">844</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">icosahedra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page845">845</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">icosastaura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page846">846</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">multiforis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page845">845</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ornata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page844">844</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spectabilis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page845">845</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tabulata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page843">843</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetragonopa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page845">845</a>.</p> + <p class="stanza">Lampoxanthium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page36">36</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>brevispiculum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page36">36</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octoceras, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page37">37</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pandora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page38">38</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">punctatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page37">37</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetractinium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page37">37</a>.</p> + <p>Lamprocyclas, <a href="#page1390">1390</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ægles, <a href="#page1391">1391</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bajaderæ, <a href="#page1392">1392</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">deflorata, <a href="#page1391">1391</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">maritalis, <a href="#page1390">1390</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nuptialis, <a href="#page1390">1390</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">reginæ, <a href="#page1391">1391</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">saltatricis, <a href="#page1391">1391</a>.</p> + <p>Lamprocyclia, <a href="#page1390">1390</a>.</p> + <p>Lamprocycloma, <a href="#page1392">1392</a>.</p> + <p>Lamprodiscus, <a href="#page1212">1212</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coscinodiscus, <a href="#page1213">1213</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lævis, <a href="#page1214">1214</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">monoceros, <a href="#page1213">1213</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricostatus, <a href="#page1213">1213</a>.</p> + <p>Lampromitra, <a href="#page1214">1214</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arborescens, <a href="#page1216">1216</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coronata, <a href="#page1214">1214</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dendrocorona, <a href="#page1216">1216</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="#page1215">1215</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">huxleyi, <a href="#page1215">1215</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyramidalis, <a href="#page1215">1215</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadricuspis, <a href="#page1214">1214</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">schultzei, <a href="#page1216">1216</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Lamprospyrida</span>, <a href="#page1092">1092</a>.</p> + <p>Lamprospyris, <a href="#page1093">1093</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">darwinii, <a href="#page1094">1094</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hookeri, <a href="#page1094">1094</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">huxleyi, <a href="#page1094">1094</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lyelli, <a href="#page1094">1094</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spenceri, <a href="#page1095">1095</a>.</p> + <p>Lamprotripus, <a href="#page1199">1199</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>horridus</i>, <a href="#page1201">1201</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>spinosus</i>, <a href="#page1201">1201</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>squarrosus</i>, <a href="#page1200">1200</a>.</p> + <p>Lampterium, <a href="#page1376">1376</a>.</p> + <p>Lamptidium, <a href="#page1377">1377</a>.</p> + <p>Lamptonium, <a href="#page1378">1378</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Larcarida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page605">605</a>.</p> + <p>Larcarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page608">608</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphistylum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page608">608</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">axostylum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page609">609</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">chætostylum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page609">609</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexastylum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page608">608</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octostylum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page609">609</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polystylum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page609">609</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">staurostylum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page608">608</a>.</p> + <p>Larcidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page611">611</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">axacanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page611">611</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dissacanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page611">611</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page612">612</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexacanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page611">611</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octacanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page612">612</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyacanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page612">612</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Larcoidea</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page599">599</a>.</p> + <p>Larcospira, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page696">696</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lentelliptica, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page696">696</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">oliva, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page697">697</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrangula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page696">696</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sexangula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page696">696</a>.</p> + <p>Larcospirema, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page696">696</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Larcospirida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page695">695</a>.</p> + <p>Larcospironium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page697">697</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Larnacalpida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page619">619</a>.</p> + <p>Larnacalpis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page620">620</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lentellipsis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page620">620</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macrococcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page621">621</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">phacodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page620">620</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">subsphærica, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page621">621</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triaxonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page621">621</a>.</p> + <p>Larnacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page621">621</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bicruciata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page623">623</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cladacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page623">623</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">decacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page624">624</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dissacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page622">622</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page624">624</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">drymacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page624">624</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page622">622</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page623">623</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">prismatica, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page623">623</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadricornis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page622">622</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stauracantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page622">622</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Larnacida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page614">614</a>.</p> + <p>Larnacidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page618">618</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexabelonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page619">619</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polybelonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page619">619</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">staurobelonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page619">619</a>.</p> + <p>Larnacilla, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page617">617</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">medullaris, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page618">618</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">prometor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page618">618</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">subglobosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page618">618</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">typus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page617">617</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Larnacillida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page617">617</a>.</p> + <p>Larnacoma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page625">625</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page625">625</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lentellipticum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page625">625</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadruplex, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page625">625</a>.</p> + <p>Larnacospongus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page626">626</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">larnacillifer, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page626">626</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrapylifer, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page626">626</a>.</p> + <p>Larnacostupa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page627">627</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dendrophora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page627">627</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page627">627</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page627">627</a>.</p> + <p>Leptarachnium, <a href="#page1248">1248</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>aurelia</i>, <a href="#page1248">1248</a>.</p> + <p>Leptosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page244">244</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ciliata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page245">245</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page244">244</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polygonalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page245">245</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">reticulum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page246">246</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serrata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page245">245</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page245">245</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stellata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page245">245</a>.</p> + <p>Liosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page76">76</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page76">76</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">peridromium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page77">77</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polypora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page78">78</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">porulosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page77">77</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhodococcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page77">77</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Liosphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page59">59</a>.</p> + <p>Liriospyris, <a href="#page1049">1049</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphithecta, <a href="#page1050">1050</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clathrata, <a href="#page1049">1049</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1785">{1785}</span>heteropoda, <a + href="#page1050">1050</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexapoda, <a href="#page1049">1049</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">turrita, <a href="#page1050">1050</a>.</p> + <p>Lithapium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page303">303</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">halicapsa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page303">303</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">monocyrtis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page304">304</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyriforme, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page303">303</a>.</p> + <p>Litharachnium, <a href="#page1163">1163</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arachnodiscus, <a href="#page1164">1164</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">araneosum, <a href="#page1163">1163</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">discoides, <a href="#page1164">1164</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">epeira, <a href="#page1164">1164</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pilidium, <a href="#page1164">1164</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>quadratella</i>, <a href="#page1254">1254</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tentorium, <a href="#page1163">1163</a>.</p> + <p>Lithatractus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page319">319</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">carduelis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page321">321</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cirsium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page321">321</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conifer, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page322">322</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conostylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page323">323</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">convallaria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page320">320</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echiniscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page321">321</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fragilis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page319">319</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gamoporus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page323">323</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page319">319</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">jugatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page323">323</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">leptostylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page320">320</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lobatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page322">322</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pachystylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page320">320</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rosetta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page322">322</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Lithelida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page688">688</a>.</p> + <p>Lithelius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page693">693</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">alveolina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page694">694</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arborescens, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page695">695</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">capreolus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page694">694</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">primordialis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page694">694</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">solaris, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page695">695</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spiralis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page693">693</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Lithobotryida</span>, <a href="#page1111">1111</a>.</p> + <p>Lithobotrys, <a href="#page1117">1117</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>adspersa</i>, <a href="#page1116">1116</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>biceps</i>, <a href="#page1113">1113</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>borealis</i>, <a href="#page1116">1116</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cribrosa</i>, <a href="#page1113">1113</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>denticulata</i>, <a href="#page1013">1013</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>galea</i>, <span class="correction" + title="Original reads '1128'."><a href="#page1123">1123</a></span>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">geminata, <a href="#page1118">1118</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>inflata</i>, <a href="#page1123">1123</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lithocorythium, <a href="#page1118">1118</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mascula, <a href="#page1119">1119</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nasuta, <a href="#page1118">1118</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>nucula</i>, <a href="#page1116">1116</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">orchidea, <a href="#page1119">1119</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ornata, <a href="#page1118">1118</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>quadriloba</i>, <a href="#page1109">1109</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sphærothorax, <a href="#page1119">1119</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>stiligera</i>, <a href="#page1088">1088</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>triloba</i>, <a href="#page1108">1108</a>.</p> + <p>Lithocampe, <a href="#page1501">1501</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>acuminata</i>, <a href="#page1488">1488</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ampullacea</i>, <a href="#page1402">1402</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>anomala</i>, <a href="#page1442">1442</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aquilonaris, <a href="#page1504">1504</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>arcta</i>, <a href="#page1414">1414</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>auricula</i>, <a href="#page1482">1482</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>aurita</i>, <a href="#page1482">1482</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>australis</i>, <a href="#page1487">1487</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clava, <a href="#page1507">1507</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>compressa</i>, <a href="#page1516">1516</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>corbula</i>, <a href="#page1761">1761</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diaphana, <a href="#page1505">1505</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diploconus, <a href="#page1505">1505</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>eminens</i>, <a href="#page1487">1487</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">eupora, <a href="#page1502">1502</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>fimbriata</i>, <a href="#page1462">1462</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>fusiformis</i>, <a href="#page1503">1503</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>galea</i>, <a href="#page1492">1492</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>heteropora</i>, <a href="#page1506">1506</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>hexacola</i>, <a href="#page1507">1507</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>heptacola</i>, <a href="#page1506">1506</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>hirundo</i>, <a href="#page1356">1356</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hispida, <a href="#page1506">1506</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>hyperborea</i>, <a href="#page1486">1486</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>increscens</i>, <a href="#page1506">1506</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>lagena</i>, <a href="#page1491">1491</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>lineata</i>, <a href="#page1484">1484</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">meta, <a href="#page1507">1507</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">multiseriata, <a href="#page1505">1505</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nereidum, <a href="#page1502">1502</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octocola, <a href="#page1505">1505</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovata, <a href="#page1504">1504</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">platycephala, <a href="#page1502">1502</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polycola, <a href="#page1508">1508</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>punctata</i>, <a href="#page1486">1486</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrarticulata, <a href="#page1504">1504</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">radicula, <a href="#page1503">1503</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>seriolata</i>, <a href="#page1486">1486</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>sinuosa</i>, <a href="#page1761">1761</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>solitaria</i>, <a href="#page1281">1281</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>subligata</i>, <a href="#page1518">1518</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tropeziana</i>, <a href="#page1488">1488</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tumidula, <a href="#page1506">1506</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">urceolata, <a href="#page1507">1507</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ventricosa, <a href="#page1503">1503</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Lithocampida</span>, <a href="#page1467">1467</a>.</p> + <p>Lithocampium, <a href="#page1504">1504</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>eurythorax</i>, <a href="#page1474">1474</a>.</p> + <p>Lithocampula, <a href="#page1502">1502</a>.</p> + <p><i>Lithocarpium</i>, <a href="#page1172">1172</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pyriforme</i>, <a href="#page1172">1172</a>.</p> + <p>Lithochytridium, <a href="#page1363">1363</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Lithochytrina</span>, <a href="#page1127">1127</a>.</p> + <p>Lithochytris, <a href="#page1362">1362</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>barbadensis</i>, <a href="#page1239">1239</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cortina, <a href="#page1362">1362</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">galeata, <a href="#page1363">1363</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lanterna, <a href="#page1364">1364</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lucerna, <a href="#page1364">1364</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pileata, <a href="#page1363">1363</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pteropus, <a href="#page1364">1364</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyramidalis, <a href="#page1364">1364</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyriformis, <a href="#page1362">1362</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>triangula</i>, <a href="#page1240">1240</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripodium, <a href="#page1363">1363</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">vespertilio, <a href="#page1365">1365</a>.</p> + <p>Lithochytrodes, <a href="#page1362">1362</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Lithocircida</span>, <a href="#page940">940</a>.</p> + <p>Lithocircus, <a href="#page943">943</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">annularis, <a href="#page943">943</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>annulus</i>, <a href="#page1761">1761</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">crambessa, <a href="#page944">944</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">decimalis, <a href="#page944">944</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcatus, <a href="#page945">945</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">haeckelii, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexablastus, <a href="#page944">944</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">magnificus, <a href="#page945">945</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>mesocena</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page132">132</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>productus</i>, <a href="#page948">948</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadricornis, <a href="#page944">944</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhombus, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tarandus, <a href="#page944">944</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>triangularis</i>, <a href="#page1555">1555</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">truncatus, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>vinculatus</i>, <a href="#page975">975</a>.</p> + <p>Lithocoronis, <a href="#page978">978</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>challengeri</i>, <a href="#page978">978</a>.</p> + <p><i>Lithocorythium</i>, <a href="#page1117">1117</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cephalodes</i>, <a href="#page978">978</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>galea</i>, <a href="#page1123">1123</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>oxylophus</i>, <a href="#page1118">1118</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>platylophus</i>, <a href="#page1118">1118</a>.</p> + <p>Lithocubus, <a href="#page1011">1011</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">astragalus, <a href="#page1012">1012</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">geometricus, <a href="#page1011">1011</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octacanthus, <a href="#page1011">1011</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">vinculatus, <a href="#page1012">1012</a>.</p> + <p>Lithocyclia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page459">459</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cingulata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page459">459</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">heteropora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page460">460</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lenticula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page459">459</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">monococcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page460">460</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ocellus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page460">460</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>reticulata</i>, <a href="#page1761">1761</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>stella</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page467">467</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Lithocyclida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page459">459</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Lithocyclidina</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page455">455</a>.</p> + <p>Lithogromia, <a href="#page1647">1647</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diatomacea, <a href="#page1647">1647</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lenticula, <a href="#page1647">1647</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">silicea, <a href="#page1647">1647</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Lithogromida</span>, <a href="#page1647">1647</a>.</p> + <p>Litholopharium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page735">735</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Litholophida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page733">733</a>.</p> + <p>Litholophidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page735">735</a>.</p> + <p>Litholophonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page736">736</a>.</p> + <p>Litholophus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page734">734</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">decapristis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page735">735</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1786">{1786}</span>decastylus, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page735">735</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">decimalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page735">735</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fasciculus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page736">736</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ligurinus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page736">736</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">penicillus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page736">736</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyramidalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page735">735</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhipidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page736">736</a>.</p> + <p>Lithomelissa, <a href="#page1203">1203</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphora, <a href="#page1205">1205</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bicornis, <a href="#page1206">1206</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bütschlii, <a href="#page1207">1207</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>capito</i>, <a href="#page1257">1257</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">corythium, <a href="#page1207">1207</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">decacantha, <a href="#page1208">1208</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ehrenbergii, <a href="#page1204">1204</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>falcifera</i>, <a href="#page1207">1207</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">haeckelii, <a href="#page1207">1207</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>hertwigii</i>, <a href="#page1207">1207</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macroceros, <a href="#page1204">1204</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macroptera, <a href="#page1204">1204</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mediterranea, <a href="#page1206">1206</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>microptera</i>, <a href="#page1236">1236</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">microstoma, <a href="#page1205">1205</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mitra, <a href="#page1204">1204</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pycnoptera, <a href="#page1205">1205</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>spongiosa</i>, <a href="#page1210">1210</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">thoracites, <a href="#page1206">1206</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ventricosa</i>, <a href="#page1236">1236</a>.</p> + <p>Lithomespilus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page301">301</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>alauda</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page128">128</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">flammabundus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page303">303</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">flammeus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page302">302</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">phloginus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page302">302</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">phlogoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page302">302</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>picus</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page129">129</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>trogon</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page129">129</a>.</p> + <p>Lithomitra, <a href="#page1483">1483</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">acephala, <a href="#page1484">1484</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">australis, <a href="#page1487">1487</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">chrysalis, <a href="#page1485">1485</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">costata, <a href="#page1485">1485</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cylindrica, <a href="#page1485">1485</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">eminens, <a href="#page1487">1487</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">eruca, <a href="#page1485">1485</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hyperborea, <a href="#page1486">1486</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">infundibulum, <a href="#page1487">1487</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lineata, <a href="#page1484">1484</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nodosaria, <a href="#page1484">1484</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pachyderma, <a href="#page1482">1482</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">punctata, <a href="#page1486">1486</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">seriolata, <a href="#page1486">1486</a>.</p> + <p>Lithomitrella, <a href="#page1483">1483</a>.</p> + <p>Lithomitrissa, <a href="#page1485">1485</a>.</p> + <p>Lithopera, <a href="#page1233">1233</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>amblystauros</i>, <a href="#page1311">1311</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ananassa, <a href="#page1234">1234</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bacca, <a href="#page1233">1233</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bursella, <a href="#page1234">1234</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>denticulata</i>, <a href="#page1073">1073</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elongata, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">globosa, <a href="#page1234">1234</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gutta, <a href="#page1234">1234</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>lagena</i>, <a href="#page1233">1233</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>nidus</i>, <a href="#page1311">1311</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>oceania</i>, <a href="#page1232">1232</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovata, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>oxystauros</i>, <a href="#page1311">1311</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pyrum</i>, <a href="#page1232">1232</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>setosa</i>, <a href="#page1276">1276</a>.</p> + <p>Lithophyllium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page753">753</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">condylatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page754">754</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page754">754</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">foliosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page754">754</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gladiatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page754">754</a>.</p> + <p>Lithoptera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page778">778</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">darwinii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page781">781</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecaptera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page780">780</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fenestrata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page781">781</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">icosaptera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page781">781</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lamarckii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page779">779</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mülleri, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page779">779</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page780">780</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetragona, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page780">780</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetraptera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page779">779</a>.</p> + <p>Lithopteranna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page779">779</a>.</p> + <p>Lithopterella, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page780">780</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Lithopterida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page776">776</a>.</p> + <p>Lithopteroma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page780">780</a>.</p> + <p>Lithornithium, <a href="#page1354">1354</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ciconia, <a href="#page1354">1354</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>dictyoceras</i>, <a href="#page1325">1325</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">falco, <a href="#page1355">1355</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">foveolatum, <a href="#page1355">1355</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fringilla, <a href="#page1355">1355</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hirundo, <a href="#page1356">1356</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>loxia</i>, <a href="#page1452">1452</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>luscinia</i>, <a href="#page1358">1358</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trochilus, <a href="#page1355">1355</a>.</p> + <p>Lithospira, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page693">693</a>.</p> + <p>Lithostrobus, <a href="#page1468">1468</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">acuminatus, <a href="#page1472">1472</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">argus, <a href="#page1472">1472</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">botryocyrtis, <a href="#page1475">1475</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">caloceras, <a href="#page1471">1471</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conulus, <a href="#page1472">1472</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cornutus, <a href="#page1474">1474</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cornutella, <a href="#page1473">1473</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cuspidatus, <a href="#page1473">1473</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cyrtoceras, <a href="#page1470">1470</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">distichus, <a href="#page1469">1469</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonalis, <a href="#page1475">1475</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexastichus, <a href="#page1470">1470</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">leptoceras, <a href="#page1471">1471</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lithobotrys, <a href="#page1475">1475</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macroceras, <a href="#page1471">1471</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">microporus, <a href="#page1474">1474</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">monostichus, <a href="#page1469">1469</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentastichus, <a href="#page1470">1470</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">picus, <a href="#page1472">1472</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadratus, <a href="#page1474">1474</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">seriatus, <a href="#page1474">1474</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrastichus, <a href="#page1470">1470</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tornatus, <a href="#page1473">1473</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tristichus, <a href="#page1469">1469</a>.</p> + <p>Lithotympanum, <a href="#page1006">1006</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosum, <a href="#page1006">1006</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tuberosum, <a href="#page1006">1006</a>.</p> + <p>Lonchostaurus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page772">772</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bifidus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page773">773</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bifurcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page773">773</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">crystallinus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page773">773</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lanceolatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page773">773</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhombicus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page773">773</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhomboides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page772">772</a>.</p> + <p>Lophoconus, <a href="#page1403">1403</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">antilope, <a href="#page1404">1404</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">apiculatus, <a href="#page1404">1404</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cervus, <a href="#page1405">1405</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cornutella, <a href="#page1404">1404</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonalis, <a href="#page1404">1404</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhinoceros, <a href="#page1405">1405</a>.</p> + <p>Lophocorys, <a href="#page1420">1420</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">acanthocephala, <a href="#page1421">1421</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">astrocephala, <a href="#page1421">1421</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bicornis, <a href="#page1421">1421</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">brevicornis, <a href="#page1422">1422</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadricornis, <a href="#page1422">1422</a>.</p> + <p>Lophocyrtis, <a href="#page1410">1410</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">biaurita, <a href="#page1411">1411</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coronata, <a href="#page1411">1411</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">holothuria, <a href="#page1410">1410</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stephanophora, <a href="#page1410">1410</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">synapta, <a href="#page1411">1411</a>.</p> + <p>Lophophæna, <a href="#page1303">1303</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>amphora</i>, <a href="#page1302">1302</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>apiculata</i>, <a href="#page1303">1303</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>capito</i>, <a href="#page1204">1204</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circumtexta, <a href="#page1304">1304</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cornuta</i>, <a href="#page1398">1398</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echinocephala, <a href="#page1304">1304</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">galea, <a href="#page1303">1303</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">galeata, <a href="#page1204">1204</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>larvata</i>, <a href="#page1282">1282</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">liothorax, <a href="#page1304">1304</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>lynx</i>, <a href="#page1303">1303</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>obtusa</i>, <a href="#page1308">1308</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">radians, <a href="#page1303">1303</a>.</p> + <p>Lophophænoma, <a href="#page1304">1304</a>.</p> + <p>Lophophænula, <a href="#page1303">1303</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Lophospyrida</span>, <a href="#page1078">1078</a>.</p> + <p>Lophospyris, <a href="#page1066">1066</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">acuminata, <a href="#page1080">1080</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">comosa, <a href="#page1071">1071</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dipodiacus, <a href="#page1080">1080</a>.</p> + <p>Lychnasparium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page839">839</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Lychnaspida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page835">835</a>.</p> + <p>Lychnaspidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page842">842</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" + id="page1787">{1787}</span><i>haliommidium</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page842">842</a>.</p> + <p>Lychnaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page829">829</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">capillaris, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page839">839</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cataplasta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page843">843</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echinoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page842">842</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">giltschii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page839">839</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">haliommidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page842">842</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">longissima, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page841">841</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">maxima, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page839">839</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">minima, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page841">841</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyancistra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page840">840</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rabbeana, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page842">842</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rottenburgii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page841">841</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serrata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page840">840</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">undulata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page841">841</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">wagenschieberi, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page840">840</a>.</p> + <p>Lychnocanella, <a href="#page1224">1224</a>.</p> + <p>Lychnocanissa, <a href="#page1225">1225</a>.</p> + <p>Lychnocanium, <a href="#page1224">1224</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>arabicum</i>, <a href="#page1198">1198</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>campanella</i>, <a href="#page1331">1331</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">carinatum, <a href="#page1226">1226</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clavigerum, <a href="#page1230">1230</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">continuum, <a href="#page1225">1225</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">crassipes, <a href="#page1230">1230</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cypselus, <a href="#page1229">1229</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>depressum</i>, <a href="#page1331">1331</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">falciferum, <a href="#page1207">1207</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">favosum, <a href="#page1225">1225</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fenestratum, <a href="#page1228">1228</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fortipes, <a href="#page1227">1227</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>hamosum</i>, <a href="#page1199">1199</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hirundo, <a href="#page1227">1227</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lanterna, <a href="#page1224">1224</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>lucerna</i>, <a href="#page1199">1199</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nodosum, <a href="#page1225">1225</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovatum, <a href="#page1229">1229</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>prætextum</i>, <a href="#page1330">1330</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pudicum, <a href="#page1230">1230</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyriforme, <a href="#page1225">1225</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sigmopodium, <a href="#page1228">1228</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tetrapodium</i>, <a href="#page1228">1228</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tribulus, <a href="#page1226">1226</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trichopus, <a href="#page1228">1228</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tridentatum</i>, <a href="#page1199">1199</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripodium, <a href="#page1229">1229</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tuberosum, <a href="#page1227">1227</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>turgidum</i>, <a href="#page1319">1319</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ventricosum, <a href="#page1226">1226</a>.</p> + <p>Lychnocanoma, <a href="#page1229">1229</a>.</p> + <p>Lychnodictyum, <a href="#page1230">1230</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">challengeri, <a href="#page1231">1231</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sethopodium, <a href="#page1231">1231</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scaphopodium, <a href="#page1231">1231</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">wyvillei, <a href="#page1231">1231</a>.</p> + <p>Lychnosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page276">276</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">regina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page277">277</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>rhizoplegma</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page276">276</a>.</p> + <p class="stanza">Mazosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page108">108</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">apicata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page109">109</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hippotis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page108">108</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>inflata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page101">101</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lævis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page109">109</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lagotis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page108">108</a>.</p> + <p>Medusetta, <a href="#page1667">1667</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">codonium, <a href="#page1668">1668</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">craspedota, <a href="#page1669">1669</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">minima, <a href="#page1668">1668</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrigata, <a href="#page1668">1668</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spiralis, <a href="#page1669">1669</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetranema, <a href="#page1669">1669</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tiara, <a href="#page1668">1668</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Medusettida</span>, <a href="#page1663">1663</a>.</p> + <p>Melitomma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page76">76</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">formosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page231">231</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>melittosphæra</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page73">73</a>.</p> + <p>Melittosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page72">72</a>.</p> + <p>Merosiphonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page106">106</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Merotrypasta</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page5">5</a>.</p> + <p>Mesocena, <a href="#page1554">1554</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">annulus, <a href="#page1555">1555</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>binonaria</i>, <a href="#page1557">1557</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bisoctona, <a href="#page1557">1557</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circulus, <a href="#page1555">1555</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>crenulata</i>, <a href="#page1555">1555</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diodon, <a href="#page1555">1555</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elliptica, <a href="#page1556">1556</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>heptagona</i>, <a href="#page1557">1557</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagona, <a href="#page1556">1556</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>nonaria</i>, <a href="#page1557">1557</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octogona, <a href="#page1557">1557</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>octoradiata</i>, <a href="#page1557">1557</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentagona, <a href="#page1556">1556</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrangula, <a href="#page1556">1556</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>quaternaria</i>, <a href="#page1556">1556</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>senaria</i>, <a href="#page1556">1556</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>septenaria</i>, <a href="#page1556">1556</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stellata, <a href="#page1557">1557</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triangula, <a href="#page1555">1555</a>.</p> + <p>Microcubus, <a href="#page997">997</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphispyris, <a href="#page999">999</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cornutus, <a href="#page999">999</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecastoma, <a href="#page998">998</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentacircus, <a href="#page998">998</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrupes, <a href="#page998">998</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">zonarius, <a href="#page998">998</a>.</p> + <p>Micromelissa, <a href="#page1205">1205</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">apis, <a href="#page1235">1235</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bombus, <a href="#page1235">1235</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">microptera, <a href="#page1236">1236</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ventricosa, <a href="#page1236">1236</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">vespa, <a href="#page1235">1235</a>.</p> + <p>Mitrocalpis, <a href="#page1188">1188</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">palliata, <a href="#page1188">1188</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Monocyrtida</span>, <a href="#page1133">1133</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Monodictya</span>, <a href="#page1126">1126</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Monoprunida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page288">288</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Monopylaria</span>, <a href="#page889">889</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Monopylea</span>, <a href="#page889">889</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Monosphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page52">52</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Monostephida</span>, <a href="#page937">937</a>.</p> + <p>Monostephus, <a href="#page940">940</a>.</p> + <p>Monozonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page633">633</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">alatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page633">633</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphistylum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page634">634</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hartingii, <a href="#page1763">1763</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pleurostylum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page634">634</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">primordiale, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page633">633</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">staurostylum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page634">634</a>.</p> + <p>Myelastrella, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page553">553</a>.</p> + <p>Myelastromma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page553">553</a>.</p> + <p>Myelastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page553">553</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">anomalum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page556">556</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ciliatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page555">555</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">decaceros, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page554">554</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecaceros, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page554">554</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">farfalla, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page554">554</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">giganteum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page555">555</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">heteropterum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page553">553</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lobatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page555">555</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">medullare, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page553">553</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octocorne, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page553">553</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">papilio, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page554">554</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rotula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page555">555</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinale, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page553">553</a>.</p> + <p><i>Myxobrachia</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page22">22</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cienkowskii</i>, <a href="#page1763">1763</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pluteus</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page22">22</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>rhopalum</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page22">22</a>.</p> + <p class="stanza">Nassella, <a href="#page898">898</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nassiterna, <a href="#page898">898</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">thalassicolla, <a href="#page898">898</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, <a href="#page889">889</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Nassellida</span>, <a href="#page896">896</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Nassoidea</span>, <a href="#page895">895</a>.</p> + <p>Nephrodictyum, <a href="#page1101">1101</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Nephrospyrida</span>, <a href="#page1099">1099</a>.</p> + <p>Nephrospyris, <a href="#page1100">1100</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cordata, <a href="#page1102">1102</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nephridium, <a href="#page1101">1101</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">paradictyum, <a href="#page1102">1102</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">paradoxa, <a href="#page1102">1102</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">phaseolus, <a href="#page1101">1101</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">renilla, <a href="#page1101">1101</a>.</p> + <p class="stanza">Octalacorys, <a href="#page1373">1373</a>.</p> + <p>Octodendron, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page279">279</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">araucaria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page280">280</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arboretum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page281">281</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">contortum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page281">281</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cubocentron, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page279">279</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pinetum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page280">280</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spathillatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page280">280</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spirale, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page279">279</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">verticillatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page281">281</a>.</p> + <p>Octopelta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page855">855</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cultella, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page855">855</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1788">{1788}</span>furcella, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page856">856</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scutella, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page856">856</a>.</p> + <p>Octophormis, <a href="#page1245">1245</a>.</p> + <p>Octopyle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page650">650</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphistyle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page651">651</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">decastyle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page654">654</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">euryzona, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page652">652</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexastyle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page653">653</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">obtecta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page653">653</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octostyle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page653">653</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovulina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page650">650</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page650">650</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sexangulata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page653">653</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">staurostyle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page651">651</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stenozona, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page652">652</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">subglobosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page651">651</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetraptera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page652">652</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrastyle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page652">652</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">transversaria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page651">651</a>.</p> + <p>Octotympanum, <a href="#page999">999</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arborescens, <a href="#page1000">1000</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cervicorne, <a href="#page1000">1000</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octonarium, <a href="#page1000">1000</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octospinum, <a href="#page1000">1000</a>.</p> + <p>Odontosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page102">102</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cyrtodon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page102">102</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">monodon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page102">102</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Ommacampida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page392">392</a>.</p> + <p>Ommatartus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page396">396</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphicanna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page396">396</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphisiphon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page396">396</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphiobolus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page396">396</a>.</p> + <p>Ommathymenium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page520">520</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Ommatida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page51">51</a>.</p> + <p>Ommatocampe, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page393">393</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphilonche, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page395">395</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">annulata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page393">393</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">chætopodum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page395">395</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">erucæformis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page394">394</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">increscens, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page393">393</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nereis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page394">394</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyarthra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page393">393</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>profundissima</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page380">380</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>setosa</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page381">381</a>.</p> + <p>Ommatocyrtis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page366">366</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Ommatodiscida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page500">500</a>.</p> + <p>Ommatodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page500">500</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circularis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page501">501</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">decipiens, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page500">500</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fragilis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page502">502</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">haeckelii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page501">501</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lævigatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page502">502</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stöhrii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page501">501</a>.</p> + <p><i>Ommatogramma</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page519">519</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>navicularis</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page519">519</a>.</p> + <p><i>Ommatospyris</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page363">363</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>apicata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page371">371</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>coscinoides</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page363">363</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>entomocora</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page367">367</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ethmaria</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page363">363</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>lœevis</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page361">361</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>penicillata</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page370">370</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>profunda</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page365">365</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>virginea</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page363">363</a>.</p> + <p>Orodendrum, <a href="#page1598">1598</a>.</p> + <p>Orodictyum, <a href="#page1601">1601</a>.</p> + <p>Orona, <a href="#page1594">1594</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">crassissima, <a href="#page1594">1594</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">maxima, <a href="#page1594">1594</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">robusta, <a href="#page1594">1594</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Oronida</span>, <a href="#page1593">1593</a>.</p> + <p>Oronium, <a href="#page1594">1594</a>.</p> + <p>Orophasparium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page818">818</a>.</p> + <p>Orophaspidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page818">818</a>.</p> + <p>Orophaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page817">817</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">astrolonche, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page818">818</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diporaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page819">819</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page818">818</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gladiata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page818">818</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ramosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page818">818</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tessaraspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page819">819</a>.</p> + <p>Oroplegma, <a href="#page1600">1600</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diplosphæra, <a href="#page1600">1600</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">giganteum, <a href="#page1601">1601</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinulosum, <a href="#page1600">1600</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spongiosum, <a href="#page1601">1601</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">velatum, <a href="#page1600">1600</a>.</p> + <p>Oroplegmium, <a href="#page1600">1600</a>.</p> + <p>Oroscena, <a href="#page1597">1597</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bærii, <a href="#page1598">1598</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cuvieri, <a href="#page1598">1598</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">darwinii, <a href="#page1599">1599</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">duncanii, <a href="#page1599">1599</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gegenbauri, <a href="#page1597">1597</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">huxleyi, <a href="#page1599">1599</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mülleri, <a href="#page1598">1598</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">wolffii, <a href="#page1598">1598</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Oroscenida</span>, <a href="#page1593">1593</a>.</p> + <p>Oroscenium, <a href="#page1597">1597</a>.</p> + <p>Orosphæra, <a href="#page1594">1594</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arborescens, <a href="#page1597">1597</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clavigera, <a href="#page1596">1596</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">confluens, <a href="#page1596">1596</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">foveolata, <a href="#page1595">1595</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="#page1596">1596</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fusigera, <a href="#page1595">1595</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hastigera, <a href="#page1595">1595</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">horrida, <a href="#page1596">1596</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ramigera, <a href="#page1596">1596</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinigera, <a href="#page1595">1595</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serpentina, <a href="#page1595">1595</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Orosphærida</span>, <a href="#page1590">1590</a>.</p> + <p>Orothamnus, <a href="#page1596">1596</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>arborescens</i>, <a href="#page1597">1597</a>.</p> + <p>Otosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page116">116</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">auriculata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page116">116</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polymorpha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page116">116</a>.</p> + <p class="stanza"><span class="sc">Panacantha</span>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page715">715</a>.</p> + <p>Panarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page388">388</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">annularium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page389">389</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">artophorum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page389">389</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">facettarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page388">388</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pipettarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page389">389</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tubularium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page390">390</a>.</p> + <p>Panartella, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page377">377</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Panartida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page375">375</a>.</p> + <p>Panartissa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page379">379</a>.</p> + <p>Panartoma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page381">381</a>.</p> + <p>Panartura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page381">381</a>.</p> + <p>Panartus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page376">376</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphiconus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page379">379</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diploconus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page379">379</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fusiformis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page379">379</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pluteus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page382">382</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">profundissimus, <span class="correction" + title="Original reads '880'."><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page380">380</a></span>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadriceps, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page380">380</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrigeminus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page381">381</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrijugus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page380">380</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">setosus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page381">381</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page381">381</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetracolus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page377">377</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrameres, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page378">378</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetraphalangus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page378">378</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetraplus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page377">377</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrathalamus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page378">378</a>.</p> + <p>Panicium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page385">385</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphacanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page385">385</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphistylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page385">385</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coronatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page386">386</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scoparium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page385">385</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Pansolenia</span>, <a href="#page1521">1521</a>.</p> + <p>Pantopelta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page855">855</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">icosaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page855">855</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Paradictyida</span>, <a href="#page1099">1099</a>.</p> + <p>Paradictyum, <a href="#page1102">1102</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">paradoxum, <a href="#page1102">1102</a>.</p> + <p>Parastephanus, <a href="#page1008">1008</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">asymmetricus, <a href="#page1008">1008</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circularis, <a href="#page1008">1008</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dispar, <a href="#page1009">1009</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrispinus, <a href="#page1008">1008</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Parastephida</span>, <a href="#page987">987</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Paratympanida</span>, <a href="#page1004">1004</a>.</p> + <p>Paratympanum, <a href="#page1005">1005</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">decastylum, <a href="#page1005">1005</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexastylum, <a href="#page1005">1005</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octostylum, <a href="#page1005">1005</a>.</p> + <p>Patagospyris, <a href="#page1087">1087</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">anthocyrtis, <a href="#page1088">1088</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">confluens, <a href="#page1088">1088</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lanceolata, <a href="#page1088">1088</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stiligera, <a href="#page1088">1088</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Peltophracta</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page803">803</a>.</p> + <p>Pentactura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page479">479</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">astropecten, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page479">479</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentactis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page479">479</a>.</p> + <p>Pentalacorys, <a href="#page1371">1371</a>.</p> + <p><span class="pagenum" id="page1789">{1789}</span>Pentalastrum, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page556">556</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">asteracanthion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page556">556</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">astropecten, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page556">556</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cometa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page557">557</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ophidiaster, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page557">557</a>.</p> + <p>Pentaphormis, <a href="#page1244">1244</a>.</p> + <p><i>Pentaplegma</i>, <a href="#page930">930</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>decacantha</i>, <a href="#page930">930</a>.</p> + <p>Pentasolenia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page113">113</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Pentaspyrida</span>, <a href="#page1052">1052</a>.</p> + <p>Pentaspyris, <a href="#page1054">1054</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">isacantha, <a href="#page1055">1055</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentacantha, <a href="#page1054">1054</a>.</p> + <p>Pentinastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page557">557</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">asteriscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page557">557</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">goniaster, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page558">558</a>.</p> + <p>Pentoniscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page488">488</a>.</p> + <p>Pentophiastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page558">558</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">caudatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page559">559</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dicranastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page558">558</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">forcipatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page559">559</a>.</p> + <p>Periarachnium, <a href="#page1297">1297</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">periplectum, <a href="#page1297">1297</a>.</p> + <p>Perichlamydium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page499">499</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">accrescens, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page499">499</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>æquale</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page515">515</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>asteriscus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page514">514</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>limbatum</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page514">514</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">prætextum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page499">499</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">saturnus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page499">499</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spirale, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page499">499</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>spongiosum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page516">516</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>venustum</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page515">515</a>.</p> + <p>Peridarium, <a href="#page1153">1153</a>.</p> + <p>Peridium, <a href="#page1153">1153</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">alatum, <a href="#page1155">1155</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cervinum, <a href="#page1155">1155</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">curvipes, <a href="#page1154">1154</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lasanum, <a href="#page1154">1154</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">palmipes, <a href="#page1154">1154</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">papillatum, <a href="#page1154">1154</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinipes, <a href="#page1154">1154</a>.</p> + <p>Peripanarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page390">390</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cenoconicum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page390">390</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cenocylindricum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page391">391</a>.</p> + <p>Peripanartus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page382">382</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphiconus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page383">383</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>amphicorona</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page387">387</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">atractus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page384">384</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cylindrus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page384">384</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lævigatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page383">383</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">palliatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page382">382</a>.</p> + <p>Peripanicium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page386">386</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphicorona, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page387">387</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphixiphus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page386">386</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coronarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page387">387</a>.</p> + <p>Periphæna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page426">426</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cincta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page426">426</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">decora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page426">426</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">statoblastus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page426">426</a>.</p> + <p>Periplecta, <a href="#page926">926</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cortina, <a href="#page926">926</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">monocyrtis, <a href="#page927">927</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pteroscenium, <a href="#page926">926</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Peripylaria</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page6">6</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Peripylea</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page6">6</a>.</p> + <p>Peripyramis, <a href="#page1162">1162</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cirumtexta, <a href="#page1162">1162</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spongiosa, <a href="#page1162">1162</a>.</p> + <p>Perispira, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page494">494</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>perforata</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page495">495</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>radiata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page495">495</a>.</p> + <p><i>Perispongidium</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page498">498</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>irregulare</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page498">498</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Perispyrida</span>, <a href="#page1095">1095</a>.</p> + <p>Perispyris, <a href="#page1098">1098</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bicincta, <a href="#page1099">1099</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lentellipsis, <a href="#page1099">1099</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spongiosa, <a href="#page1099">1099</a>.</p> + <p>Perizona, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page427">427</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scutella, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page427">427</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pterygota, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page427">427</a>.</p> + <p>Peromelissa, <a href="#page1236">1236</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">calva, <a href="#page1237">1237</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">capito, <a href="#page1237">1237</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">phalacra, <a href="#page1236">1236</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">psilocrana, <a href="#page1237">1237</a>.</p> + <p>Petalospyrantha, <a href="#page1060">1060</a>.</p> + <p>Petalospyrella, <a href="#page1060">1060</a>.</p> + <p>Petalospyris, <a href="#page1059">1059</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">anthemis, <a href="#page1062">1062</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">anthocyrtoides, <a href="#page1090">1090</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>arachnoides</i>, <a href="#page1065">1065</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">argiscus, <a href="#page1062">1062</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bellidiastrum, <a href="#page1063">1063</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>carinata</i>, <a href="#page1074">1074</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>clathrus</i>, <a href="#page1049">1049</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>confluens</i>, <a href="#page1088">1088</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">corona, <a href="#page1061">1061</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>diaboliscus</i>, <a href="#page1065">1065</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dictyocubus, <a href="#page1063">1063</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dinoceras, <a href="#page1063">1063</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">eupetala, <a href="#page1061">1061</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>flabellum</i>, <a href="#page1174">1174</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">floscula, <a href="#page1060">1060</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">foveolata, <a href="#page1060">1060</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="#page1064">1064</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lobata, <a href="#page1064">1064</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">novena, <a href="#page1062">1062</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ocellata</i>, <a href="#page1174">1174</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octopus, <a href="#page1061">1061</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ophirensis</i>, <a href="#page1048">1048</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">papillata, <a href="#page1063">1063</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pentas</i>, <a href="#page1070">1070</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">platyacantha, <a href="#page1060">1060</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>radicata</i>, <a href="#page1051">1051</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>seminulum</i>, <a href="#page1046">1046</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>spinosa</i>, <a href="#page1048">1048</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tessaromma, <a href="#page1062">1062</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triomma, <a href="#page1060">1060</a>.</p> + <p>Petalospyrissa, <a href="#page1061">1061</a>.</p> + <p>Petalospyromma, <a href="#page1062">1062</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Phacodiscaria</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page409">409</a>.</p> + <p><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Phacodisida'."><span + class="sc">Phacodiscida</span></span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page419">419</a>.</p> + <p>Phacodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page424">424</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clypeus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page425">425</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echiniscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page425">425</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">grandis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page425">425</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lentiformis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page425">425</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rotula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page424">424</a>.</p> + <p>Phacostaurium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page435">435</a>.</p> + <p>Phacostaurus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page435">435</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">magnificus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page436">436</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">oceanidum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page435">435</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pyramidalis</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page465">465</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrigatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page436">436</a>.</p> + <p>Phacostylium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page430">430</a>.</p> + <p>Phacostylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page430">430</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphipyramis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page431">431</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphistylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page430">430</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphixiphos, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page430">430</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">caudatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page431">431</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">maximus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page431">431</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Phænocalpida</span>, <a href="#page1157">1157</a>.</p> + <p>Phænocalpis, <a href="#page1173">1173</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">carinata, <a href="#page1174">1174</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">flabellum, <a href="#page1174">1174</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ocellata, <a href="#page1174">1174</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">petalospyris, <a href="#page1173">1173</a>.</p> + <p>Phænoscenium, <a href="#page1174">1174</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cladopodium, <a href="#page1175">1175</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexapodium, <a href="#page1175">1175</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polypodium, <a href="#page1175">1175</a>.</p> + <p>Phæocolla, <a href="#page1544">1544</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">primordialis, <a href="#page1544">1544</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Phæoconchia</span>, <a href="#page1710">1710</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Phæocoscina</span>, <a href="#page1537">1537</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Phæocystina</span>, <a href="#page1542">1542</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Phæodaria</span>, <a href="#page1521">1521</a>.</p> + <p>Phæodina, <a href="#page1545">1545</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cannopylea, <a href="#page1546">1546</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripylea, <a href="#page1545">1545</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Phæodinida</span>, <a href="#page1543">1543</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Phæogromia</span>, <a href="#page1642">1642</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Phæosphæria</span>, <a href="#page1590">1590</a>.</p> + <p>Pharyngella, <a href="#page1662">1662</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gastræa, <a href="#page1662">1662</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gastrula, <a href="#page1662">1662</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">invaginata, <a href="#page1662">1662</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">monoceros, <a href="#page1662">1662</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Pharyngellida</span>, <a href="#page1660">1660</a>.</p> + <p>Pharyngosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page98">98</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stomodæa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page98">98</a>.</p> + <p>Phatnacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page765">765</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">icosaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page765">765</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tessaraspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page765">765</a>.</p> + <p>Phatnasparium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page868">868</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Phatnaspida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page861">861</a>.</p> + <p>Phatnaspidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page871">871</a>.</p> + <p>Phatnaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page870">870</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1790">{1790}</span>coscinoides, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page870">870</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cristata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page869">869</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ensiformis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page869">869</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fenestrata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page869">869</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">haliommidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page871">871</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lacunaria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page869">869</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">loculata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page869">869</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mülleri, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page871">871</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">orthopora, 870,</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polypora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page870">870</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadratura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page871">871</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tabulata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page871">871</a>.</p> + <p>Phatnasplenium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page870">870</a>.</p> + <p>Phlebarachnium, <a href="#page1295">1295</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>facetum</i>, <a href="#page1296">1296</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>setosum</i>, <a href="#page1296">1296</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>venosum</i>, <a href="#page1297">1297</a>.</p> + <p>Phœnicosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page75">75</a>.</p> + <p>Phormobotrys, <a href="#page1124">1124</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cannothalamia, <a href="#page1125">1125</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexathalamia, <a href="#page1125">1125</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentathalamia, <a href="#page1124">1124</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polythalamia, <a href="#page1125">1125</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trithalamia, <a href="#page1124">1124</a>.</p> + <p>Phormocampe, <a href="#page1456">1456</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">campanula, <a href="#page1456">1456</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conus, <a href="#page1458">1458</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">eucalyptra, <a href="#page1457">1457</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lamprocyclas, <a href="#page1457">1457</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">metalis, <a href="#page1457">1457</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mitra, <a href="#page1458">1458</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Phormocampida</span>, <a href="#page1453">1453</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Phormocyrtida</span>, <a href="#page1365">1365</a>.</p> + <p>Phormocyrtis, <a href="#page1368">1368</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">carinata, <a href="#page1368">1368</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">costata, <a href="#page1369">1369</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">embolum, <a href="#page1369">1369</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fastosa, <a href="#page1369">1369</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">longicornis, <a href="#page1370">1370</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrata, <a href="#page1369">1369</a>.</p> + <p>Phormosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page61">61</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Phormospyrida</span>, <a href="#page1084">1084</a>.</p> + <p>Phormospyris, <a href="#page1076">1076</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricostata, <a href="#page1087">1087</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tridentata, <a href="#page1087">1087</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trifoliata, <a href="#page1087">1087</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Phorticida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page708">708</a>.</p> + <p>Phorticium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page709">709</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">abnorme, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page710">710</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">deforme, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page710">710</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pylonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page709">709</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spironium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page709">709</a>.</p> + <p>Phortolarcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page710">710</a>.</p> + <p>Phortopyle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page709">709</a>.</p> + <p>Phractacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page755">755</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bifurca, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page755">755</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bipennis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page755">755</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Phractacanthida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page753">753</a>.</p> + <p>Phractasparium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page808">808</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Phractaspida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page808">808</a>.</p> + <p>Phractaspidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page810">810</a>.</p> + <p>Phractaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page809">809</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bipennis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page809">809</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cataphracta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page810">810</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">complanata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page809">809</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">condylophora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page809">809</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">constricta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page810">810</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">prototypus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page809">809</a>.</p> + <p>Phractasplenium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page809">809</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bipenne, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page809">809</a>.</p> + <p>Phractopelta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page852">852</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aspidomma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page854">854</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dorataspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page852">852</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diporaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page852">852</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dyadopora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page852">852</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">haliomma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page854">854</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexadopora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page853">853</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hystrix, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page854">854</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octadopora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page853">853</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tessaraspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page853">853</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tessaromma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page854">854</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetradopora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page853">853</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Phractopeltida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page847">847</a>.</p> + <p>Phrenocodon, <a href="#page1433">1433</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clathrostomium, <a href="#page1434">1434</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diaphragma, <a href="#page1434">1434</a>.</p> + <p>Phyllostaurus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page744">744</a>.</p> + <p>Physematium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page34">34</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">atlanticum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page35">35</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mülleri, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page35">35</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Pilocyrtida</span>, <a href="#page1129">1129</a>.</p> + <p>Pipetta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page337">337</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page338">338</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fusus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page337">337</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">salpinx, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page338">338</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tuba, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page337">337</a>.</p> + <p>Pipettaria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page339">339</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fusaria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page339">339</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tubaria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page339">339</a>.</p> + <p>Pipettella, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page304">304</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elongata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page305">305</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fusiformis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page304">304</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">prismatica, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page305">305</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tubulosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page305">305</a>.</p> + <p>Pityomma, <span class="correction" title="Original reads '299'."><a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page259">259</a></span>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">drymodes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page260">260</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">piniferum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page260">260</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scoparium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page259">259</a>.</p> + <p>Plagiacantha, <a href="#page909">909</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">abietina, <a href="#page910">910</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arachnoides, <a href="#page910">910</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecantha, <a href="#page910">910</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elatine, <a href="#page911">911</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="#page910">910</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">verticillata, <a href="#page910">910</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Plagiacanthida</span>, <a href="#page898">898</a>.</p> + <p>Plagiocarpa, <a href="#page914">914</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">procortina, <a href="#page914">914</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">procyrtella, <a href="#page914">914</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Plagonida</span>, <a href="#page906">906</a>.</p> + <p>Plagonidium, <a href="#page913">913</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bigeminum, <a href="#page913">913</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrigeminum, <a href="#page914">914</a>.</p> + <p>Plagoniscus, <a href="#page912">912</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cortinaris, <a href="#page913">913</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">euscenium, <a href="#page912">912</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nassellaris, <a href="#page913">913</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripodiscus, <a href="#page912">912</a>.</p> + <p>Plagonium, <a href="#page916">916</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arborescens, <a href="#page917">917</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">distriactis, <a href="#page917">917</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lampoxanthium, <a href="#page907">907</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sphærozoum, <a href="#page916">916</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigeminum, <a href="#page917">917</a>.</p> + <p><i>Platybursa</i>, <a href="#page1051">1051</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>compressa</i>, <a href="#page1051">1051</a>.</p> + <p><i>Platycryphalus</i>, <a href="#page1298">1298</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>sethodiscus</i>, <a href="#page1298">1298</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Plectanida</span>, <a href="#page919">919</a>.</p> + <p>Plectaniscus, <a href="#page924">924</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">archiscenium, <a href="#page925">925</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cladoscenium, <a href="#page925">925</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clathrocorys, <a href="#page925">925</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cortiniscus, <a href="#page925">925</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripodiscus, <a href="#page925">925</a>.</p> + <p>Plectanium, <a href="#page928">928</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovodimare, <a href="#page928">928</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sphærozoum, <a href="#page928">928</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigeminum, <a href="#page928">928</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Plectellaria</span>, <a href="#page895">895</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Plectida</span>, <a href="#page898">898</a>.</p> + <p>Plectocoronis, <a href="#page979">979</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">anacantha, <a href="#page979">979</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentacantha, <a href="#page979">979</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triacantha, <a href="#page979">979</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Plectoidea</span>, <a href="#page898">898</a>.</p> + <p>Plectophora, <a href="#page922">922</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arachnoides, <a href="#page922">922</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">novena, <a href="#page923">923</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyramidalis, <a href="#page923">923</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triomma, <a href="#page922">922</a>.</p> + <p>Plectopyramis, <a href="#page1256">1256</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecomma, <a href="#page1258">1258</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fenestrata, <a href="#page1259">1259</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="#page1259">1259</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">heteromma, <a href="#page1259">1259</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexapleura, <a href="#page1257">1257</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lagena, <a href="#page1260">1260</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">magnifica, <a href="#page1257">1257</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polygonomma, <a href="#page1258">1258</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polypleura, <a href="#page1260">1260</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadratomma, <a href="#page1258">1258</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serrata, <a href="#page1259">1259</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>spongiosa</i>, <a href="#page1261">1261</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trapezomma, <a href="#page1258">1258</a>.</p> + <p>Plegmosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page87">87</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cœlopila, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page88">88</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">entodictyon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page88">88</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">exodictyon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page89">89</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1791">{1791}</span>leptodictyon, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page89">89</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">leptoplegma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page89">89</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">maxima, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page88">88</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pachypila, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page88">88</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pachyplegma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page89">89</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>polybrocha</i>, <a href="#page930">930</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Plegmosphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page86">86</a>.</p> + <p>Pleurasparium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page811">811</a>.</p> + <p>Pleuraspidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page812">812</a>.</p> + <p>Pleuraspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page811">811</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphithecta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page811">811</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">costata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page812">812</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">horrida, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page811">811</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyramidalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page812">812</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ramosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page812">812</a>.</p> + <p>Pleuropodium, <a href="#page1336">1336</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">charybdeum, <a href="#page1336">1336</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cortina, <a href="#page1336">1336</a>.</p> + <p>Podocampe, <a href="#page1445">1445</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conica, <a href="#page1446">1446</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cornuta, <a href="#page1446">1446</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trictenota, <a href="#page1446">1446</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripodiscus, <a href="#page1446">1446</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Podocampida</span>, <a href="#page1435">1435</a>.</p> + <p>Podocoronis, <a href="#page980">980</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cortiniscus, <a href="#page981">981</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dipodiscus, <a href="#page980">980</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexapodiscus, <a href="#page982">982</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">petalospyris, <a href="#page982">982</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polypodiscus, <a href="#page982">982</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrapodiscus, <a href="#page981">981</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">toxarium, <a href="#page980">980</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripodiscus, <a href="#page981">981</a>.</p> + <p>Podocyrtarium, <a href="#page1337">1337</a>.</p> + <p>Podocyrtecium, <a href="#page1339">1339</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Podocyrtida</span>, <a href="#page1314">1314</a>.</p> + <p>Podocyrtidium, <a href="#page1344">1344</a>.</p> + <p>Podocyrtis, <a href="#page1337">1337</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>aculeata</i>, <a href="#page1373">1373</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ægles</i>, <a href="#page1391">1391</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>aerostatica</i>, <a href="#page1252">1252</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>amphiacantha</i>, <a href="#page1344">1344</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ampla, <a href="#page1348">1348</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">argulus, <a href="#page1344">1344</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">argus, <a href="#page1346">1346</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">attenuata, <a href="#page1338">1338</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>bicornis</i>, <a href="#page1349">1349</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">brevipes, <a href="#page1340">1340</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bromia, <a href="#page1349">1349</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>campanella</i>, <a href="#page1331">1331</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">centriscus, <a href="#page1341">1341</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>charybdea</i>, <a href="#page1336">1336</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">collaris, <a href="#page1340">1340</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conica, <a href="#page1338">1338</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conulus, <a href="#page1339">1339</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">corythæola, <a href="#page1339">1339</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">costata, <a href="#page1345">1345</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cothurnata</i>, <a href="#page1353">1353</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cristata, <a href="#page1342">1342</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>dipus</i>, <a href="#page1349">1349</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">divergens, <a href="#page1340">1340</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>domina</i>, <a href="#page1387">1387</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ehrenbergii, <a href="#page1344">1344</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">euceros, <a href="#page1342">1342</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">eulophos, <a href="#page1346">1346</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">favosa, <a href="#page1346">1346</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">floribunda, <a href="#page1347">1347</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">flosculata, <a href="#page1341">1341</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fusiformis, <a href="#page1346">1346</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonalis, <a href="#page1343">1343</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lithoconus, <a href="#page1348">1348</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lyæa, <a href="#page1348">1348</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">magnifica, <a href="#page1341">1341</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>micracantha</i>, <a href="#page1761">1761</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mitra, <a href="#page1345">1345</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mitrella, <a href="#page1345">1345</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nana, <a href="#page1348">1348</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovata, <a href="#page1343">1343</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">papalis, <a href="#page1344">1344</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>parvipes</i>, <a href="#page1371">1371</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pedicellaria, <a href="#page1347">1347</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pentacantha</i>, <a href="#page1371">1371</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">princeps, <a href="#page1342">1342</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">prismatica, <a href="#page1340">1340</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>puella</i>, <a href="#page1387">1387</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>radicata</i>, <a href="#page1351">1351</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>rhizodon</i>, <a href="#page1351">1351</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scaphopodia, <a href="#page1347">1347</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">schomburgkii, <a href="#page1343">1343</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sinuosa, <a href="#page1347">1347</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sphærogaster, <a href="#page1349">1349</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>spinosa</i>, <a href="#page1169">1169</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">surena, <a href="#page1339">1339</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetracantha, <a href="#page1371">1371</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">thyrsoceras, <a href="#page1338">1338</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triacantha, <a href="#page1350">1350</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tridactyla, <a href="#page1339">1339</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripodiscus, <a href="#page1338">1338</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripus, <a href="#page1349">1349</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">urceolata, <a href="#page1343">1343</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ventricosa, <a href="#page1347">1347</a>.</p> + <p>Podocyrtonium, <a href="#page1347">1347</a>.</p> + <p>Polyalacorys, <a href="#page1374">1374</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Polycyrtida</span>, <a href="#page1103">1103</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Polycystina</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page1">1</a>.</p> + <p>Polyplagia, 917,</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">duodenaria, <a href="#page918">918</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">novenaria, <a href="#page918">918</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octonaria, <a href="#page918">918</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">septenaria, <a href="#page918">918</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">viminaria, <a href="#page919">919</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Polyplagida</span>, <a href="#page917">917</a>.</p> + <p>Polyplecta, <a href="#page929">929</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">decacantha, <a href="#page930">930</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dumetum, <a href="#page930">930</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">enneacantha, <a href="#page929">929</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">heptacantha, <a href="#page928">928</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polybrocha, <a href="#page930">930</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Polyplectida</span>, <a href="#page929">929</a>.</p> + <p>Polypleuris, <a href="#page1260">1260</a>.</p> + <p>Polypetta, <a href="#page1676">1676</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">alveolata, <a href="#page1676">1676</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mammillata, <a href="#page1677">1677</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polynema, <a href="#page1676">1676</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tabulata, <a href="#page1677">1677</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Polyprunida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page288">288</a>.</p> + <p>Polysolenia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page113">113</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>setosa</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page100">100</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Polysphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page52">52</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Polyspyrida</span>, <a href="#page1059">1059</a>.</p> + <p>Polystichia, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ehrenbergii, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">haeckelii, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">muelleri, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p>Porcupinia, <a href="#page1663">1663</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aculeata, <a href="#page1663">1663</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cordiformis, <a href="#page1663">1663</a>.</p> + <p>Porocapsa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page800">800</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coronodon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page801">801</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">murrayana, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page800">800</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octodon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page800">800</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrodon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page800">800</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Porocapsida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page799">799</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Porodiscida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page481">481</a>.</p> + <p>Porodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page491">491</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bispiralis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page497">497</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bilix, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page496">496</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">centrospira, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page495">495</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">concentricus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page492">492</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">deformis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page498">498</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">duplex, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page497">497</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ellipticus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page494">494</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">flustrella, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page493">493</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">helicoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page496">496</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">heterocyclus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page494">494</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">irregularis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page498">498</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macroporus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page493">493</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">microporus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page493">493</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">operculina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page496">496</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">orbiculatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page492">492</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">perispira, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page495">495</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrigatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page494">494</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">radiatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page495">495</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">semispiralis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page497">497</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sorites, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page493">493</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spiralis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page496">496</a>.</p> + <p><i>Porospathis</i>, <a href="#page1677">1677</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>mammillata</i>, <a href="#page1677">1677</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tubulata</i>, <a href="#page1677">1677</a>.</p> + <p>Porosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page67">67</a>.</p> + <p>Prismatium, <a href="#page1009">1009</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripleurum, <a href="#page1010">1010</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripodium, <a href="#page1009">1009</a>.</p> + <p>Pristacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page765">765</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecodon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page766">766</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octodon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page765">765</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyodon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page766">766</a>.</p> + <p>Pristodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page418">418</a>.</p> + <p><span class="pagenum" id="page1792">{1792}</span>Procyttarium, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page13">13</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>primordiale</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page13">13</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Protympanida</span>, <a href="#page991">991</a>.</p> + <p>Protympanium, <a href="#page991">991</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphipodium, <a href="#page992">992</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">primordiale, <a href="#page991">991</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trissocircus, <a href="#page992">992</a>.</p> + <p>Prunocarpus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page316">316</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">artocarpium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page316">316</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">datura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page316">316</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">melocactus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page317">317</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sparganium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page316">316</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Prunoidea</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page284">284</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Prunophracta</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page859">859</a>.</p> + <p>Prunosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page74">74</a>.</p> + <p>Prunulum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page313">313</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amygdalum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page313">313</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cerasum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page313">313</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coccymelium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page313">313</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">crenatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page314">314</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fenestratum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page315">315</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">frugulum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page313">313</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">persicum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page314">314</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyrenium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page315">315</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triplex, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page314">314</a>.</p> + <p>Pseudocubus, <a href="#page1010">1010</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexapylus, <a href="#page1011">1011</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">obeliscus, <a href="#page1010">1010</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octostylus, <a href="#page1010">1010</a>.</p> + <p>Psilomelissa, <a href="#page1208">1208</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">calvata, <a href="#page1209">1209</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">galeata, <a href="#page1208">1208</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hertwigii, <a href="#page1209">1209</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">phalacra, <a href="#page1208">1208</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sphærocephala, <a href="#page1209">1209</a>.</p> + <p>Pteractis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page535">535</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>elegans</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page535">535</a>.</p> + <p>Pterocanarium, <a href="#page1329">1329</a>.</p> + <p>Pterocanidium, <a href="#page1332">1332</a>.</p> + <p>Pterocanium, <a href="#page1328">1328</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>barbadense</i>, <a href="#page1318">1318</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>bibrachiatum</i>, <a href="#page1327">1327</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bicorne, <a href="#page1332">1332</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>bombus</i>, <a href="#page1443">1443</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">campanella, <a href="#page1331">1331</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>charybdeum</i>, <a href="#page1336">1336</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">contiguum, <a href="#page1330">1330</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>davisianum</i>, <a href="#page1437">1437</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">depressum, <a href="#page1331">1331</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">eucolpum, <a href="#page1332">1332</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>falciferum</i>, <a href="#page1317">1317</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gravidum, <a href="#page1329">1329</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">orcinum, <a href="#page1329">1329</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">prætextum, <a href="#page1330">1330</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">proserpinæ, <a href="#page1329">1329</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyramis, <a href="#page1330">1330</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>sabæ</i>, <a href="#page1317">1317</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>sphinx</i>, <a href="#page1443">1443</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricolpum, <a href="#page1331">1331</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trilobum, <a href="#page1333">1333</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">virgineum, <a href="#page1330">1330</a>.</p> + <p>Pterocodon, <a href="#page1333">1333</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>apis</i>, <a href="#page1318">1318</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">campana, <a href="#page1333">1333</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>campanella</i>, <a href="#page1223">1223</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>davisianus</i>, <a href="#page1437">1437</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">favosus, <a href="#page1334">1334</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ornatus, <a href="#page1333">1333</a>.</p> + <p>Pterocorys, <a href="#page1316">1316</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">apis, <a href="#page1318">1318</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aquila, <a href="#page1317">1317</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">barbadensis, <a href="#page1318">1318</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">campanula, <a href="#page1316">1316</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">carinata, <a href="#page1316">1316</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">columba, <a href="#page1317">1317</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">falcifera, <a href="#page1317">1317</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hirundo, <a href="#page1318">1318</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macroptera, <a href="#page1321">1321</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">melitta, <a href="#page1319">1319</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pipetta, <a href="#page1320">1320</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">prismatica, <a href="#page1320">1320</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhinoceros, <a href="#page1320">1320</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sabæ, <a href="#page1317">1317</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricornis, <a href="#page1320">1320</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tubulosa, <a href="#page1319">1319</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">turgida, <a href="#page1319">1319</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">zittelii, <a href="#page1321">1321</a>.</p> + <p>Pterocorythium, <a href="#page1320">1320</a>.</p> + <p><i>Pterocyrtidium</i>, <a href="#page1316">1316</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>barbadense</i>, <a href="#page1318">1318</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>zittelii</i>, <a href="#page1321">1321</a>.</p> + <p>Pteropilium, <a href="#page1326">1326</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bombus, <a href="#page1443">1443</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clathrocanium, <a href="#page1327">1327</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">eques, <a href="#page1327">1327</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hoplites, <a href="#page1327">1327</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyramis, <a href="#page1443">1443</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sphinx, <a href="#page1443">1443</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stratiotes, <a href="#page1326">1326</a>.</p> + <p>Pteroscenium, <a href="#page1151">1151</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arcadophorum, <a href="#page1152">1152</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arcuatum, <a href="#page1152">1152</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macropodium, <a href="#page1153">1153</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pinnatum, <a href="#page1152">1152</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinulosum, <a href="#page1152">1152</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripocolpum, <a href="#page1153">1153</a>.</p> + <p><i>Pterosyringium</i>, <a href="#page1319">1319</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tubulosum</i>, <a href="#page1319">1319</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Pylobotryida</span>, <a href="#page1119">1119</a>.</p> + <p>Pylobotrys, <a href="#page1121">1121</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cerebralis, <a href="#page1122">1122</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fontinalis, <a href="#page1122">1122</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">putealis, <a href="#page1121">1121</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Pylodiscida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page561">561</a>.</p> + <p>Pylodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page570">570</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cardiopylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page571">571</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nephropylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page571">571</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sexangularis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page570">570</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triangularis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page570">570</a>.</p> + <p>Pylolena, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page568">568</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">inermis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page568">568</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">armata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page568">568</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Pylonida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page628">628</a>.</p> + <p>Pylonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page654">654</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circozonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page654">654</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexazonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page655">655</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nephropylium, <span class="correction" + title="Original reads '955'."><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page655">655</a></span>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octacanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page655">655</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadricorne, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page655">655</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stenozonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page656">656</a>.</p> + <p>Pylospira, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page697">697</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrapyle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page698">698</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octopyle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page698">698</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cymbium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page698">698</a>.</p> + <p>Pylospirema, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page697">697</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Pylospyrida</span>, <a href="#page1078">1078</a>.</p> + <p>Pylospyris, <a href="#page1083">1083</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">canariensis, <a href="#page1084">1084</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">denticulata, <a href="#page1083">1083</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trinacria, <a href="#page1083">1083</a>.</p> + <p>Pylospironium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page698">698</a>.</p> + <p>Pylozonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page659">659</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">novemcinctum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page659">659</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octacanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page660">660</a>.</p> + <p class="stanza">Quadriloncharium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page776">776</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Quadrilonchida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page766">766</a>.</p> + <p>Quadrilonchidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page777">777</a>.</p> + <p>Quadrilonche, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page776">776</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mesostaura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page777">777</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">platystaura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page777">777</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">telostaura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page777">777</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrastaura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page776">776</a>.</p> + <p class="stanza">Rhaphidocapsa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page211">211</a>.</p> + <p>Rhaphidococcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page210">210</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>acufer</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page211">211</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>lurianensis</i>, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>simplex</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page216">216</a>.</p> + <p>Rhaphidodrymus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page214">214</a>.</p> + <p>Rhaphidosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page214">214</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>reticulata</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page217">217</a>.</p> + <p>Rhaphidozoum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page46">46</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">acuferum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page46">46</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arachnoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page47">47</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ascensionis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page48">48</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">asperum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page47">47</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">australe, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page48">48</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">capense, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page48">48</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">neapolitanum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page47">47</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pacificum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page46">46</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pandora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page49">49</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">patagonicum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page48">48</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pelagicum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page46">46</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polymorphum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page49">49</a>.</p> + <p>Rhizoplegma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page275">275</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lychnosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page275">275</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyacanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page275">275</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">radicatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page276">276</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1793">{1793}</span>spirale, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page275">275</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigonacanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page276">276</a>.</p> + <p>Rhizosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page283">283</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">leptomita, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page284">284</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serrata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page284">284</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigonacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page283">283</a>.</p> + <p>Rhodosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page83">83</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page83">83</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">melitomma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page83">83</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">palliata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page83">83</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentaphylla, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page83">83</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Rhodospyrida</span>, <a href="#page1087">1087</a>.</p> + <p>Rhodospyris, <a href="#page1088">1088</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triceros, <a href="#page1089">1089</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricornis, <a href="#page1089">1089</a>.</p> + <p>Rhopalastrella, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page526">526</a>.</p> + <p>Rhopalastromma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page528">528</a>.</p> + <p>Rhopalastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page526">526</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arcticum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page529">529</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>bandaicum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page525">525</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clavatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page528">528</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexaceros, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page529">529</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>hexagonum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page525">525</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">irregulare, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page528">528</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lagenosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page527">527</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">malleus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page527">527</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">martellum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page528">528</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pistillum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page527">527</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triceros, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page529">529</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>trispinosum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page525">525</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">truncatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page526">526</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ypsilinum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page528">528</a>.</p> + <p>Rhopalatractus, <a href="#page1360">1360</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fenestratus, <a href="#page1361">1361</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">foveolatus, <a href="#page1361">1361</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fusiformis, <a href="#page1361">1361</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentacanthus, <a href="#page1361">1361</a>.</p> + <p>Rhopalocanium, <a href="#page1359">1359</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cortinium, <a href="#page1359">1359</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">delphicum, <a href="#page1360">1360</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lasanum, <a href="#page1359">1359</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ornatum, <a href="#page1359">1359</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>prismaticum</i>, <a href="#page1357">1357</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pythia, <a href="#page1360">1360</a>.</p> + <p>Rhopalodictyum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page589">589</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">abyssorum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page589">589</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bifidum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page590">590</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">curvatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page591">591</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elongatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page591">591</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">subacutum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page590">590</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">truncatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page589">589</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">zittelii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page590">590</a>.</p> + <p class="stanza">Sagena, <a href="#page1605">1605</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">crucifera, <a href="#page1606">1606</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pertusa, <a href="#page1606">1606</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ternaria, <a href="#page1606">1606</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triangula, <a href="#page1606">1606</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Sagenida</span>, <a href="#page1605">1605</a>.</p> + <p>Sagenoscena, <a href="#page1610">1610</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coronata, <a href="#page1611">1611</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciata, <a href="#page1611">1611</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ornata, <a href="#page1610">1610</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">penicillata, <a href="#page1611">1611</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spathillata, <a href="#page1611">1611</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stellata, <a href="#page1610">1610</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Sagmarida</span>, <a href="#page1612">1612</a>.</p> + <p>Sagmarium, <a href="#page1612">1612</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">plegmosphærium, <a href="#page1612">1612</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spongodictyum, <a href="#page1612">1612</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigonizon, <a href="#page1612">1612</a>.</p> + <p>Sagmidium, <a href="#page1613">1613</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">crucicorne, <a href="#page1613">1613</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">multicorne, <a href="#page1614">1614</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadricorne, <a href="#page1614">1614</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricorne, <a href="#page1613">1613</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">unicorne, <a href="#page1613">1613</a>.</p> + <p>Sagoplegma, <a href="#page1614">1614</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyramidophora, <a href="#page1614">1614</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scenophora, <a href="#page1615">1615</a>.</p> + <p>Sagoscena, <a href="#page1608">1608</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">castra, <a href="#page1608">1608</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciarium, <a href="#page1609">1609</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">debilis, <a href="#page1609">1609</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fragilis, <a href="#page1610">1610</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gracilis, <a href="#page1609">1609</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pellorium, <a href="#page1609">1609</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">prætorium, <a href="#page1609">1609</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tentorium, <a href="#page1608">1608</a>.</p> + <p>Sagosphæra, <a href="#page1607">1607</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coronilla, <a href="#page1608">1608</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcilla, <a href="#page1607">1607</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">penicilla, <a href="#page1607">1607</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigonilla, <a href="#page1607">1607</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">verticilla, <a href="#page1607">1607</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Sagosphærida</span>, <a href="#page1601">1601</a>.</p> + <p>Saturnalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page131">131</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">annularis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page132">132</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circoideus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page132">132</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circularis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page131">131</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cyclus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page132">132</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rotula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page133">133</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trochoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page132">132</a>.</p> + <p>Saturnalium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page132">132</a>.</p> + <p>Saturninus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page146">146</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triplex, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page146">146</a>.</p> + <p>Saturnulus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page141">141</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">annulus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page141">141</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circulus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page141">141</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ellipticus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page141">141</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">planetes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page142">142</a>.</p> + <p><i>Schizomma</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page645">645</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>quadrilobum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page645">645</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Semantida</span>, <a href="#page953">953</a>.</p> + <p>Semantidium, <a href="#page960">960</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">haeckelii, <a href="#page961">961</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexastoma, <a href="#page960">960</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sexangulum, <a href="#page960">960</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">signatorium, <a href="#page961">961</a>.</p> + <p>Semantis, <a href="#page956">956</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">biforis, <a href="#page956">956</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dipyla, <a href="#page957">957</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">distephanus, <a href="#page957">957</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">distoma, <a href="#page957">957</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sigillum, <a href="#page957">957</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinescens, <a href="#page958">958</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Semantiscida</span>, <a href="#page956">956</a>.</p> + <p>Semantiscus, <a href="#page966">966</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexapodius, 966,</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexapylus, <a href="#page967">967</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexaspyris, <a href="#page966">966</a>.</p> + <p>Semantrum, <a href="#page958">958</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bütschlii, <a href="#page959">959</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mülleri, <a href="#page959">959</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrifore, <a href="#page958">958</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">signarium, <a href="#page960">960</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sphragisma, <a href="#page959">959</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrapylum, <a href="#page959">959</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrastoma, <a href="#page959">959</a>.</p> + <p>Sepalospyris, <a href="#page1081">1081</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">platyphylla, <a href="#page1081">1081</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyphylla, <a href="#page1081">1081</a>.</p> + <p>Sethamphora, <a href="#page1249">1249</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aerostatica, <a href="#page1252">1252</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ampulla, <a href="#page1251">1251</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">costata, <a href="#page1251">1251</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecapleura, <a href="#page1250">1250</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">enneapleura, <a href="#page1250">1250</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">favosa, <a href="#page1252">1252</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexapleura, <a href="#page1250">1250</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">microstoma, <a href="#page1252">1252</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mongolfieri, <a href="#page1251">1251</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serrata, <a href="#page1251">1251</a>.</p> + <p>Sethocapsa, <a href="#page1310">1310</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ampulla, <a href="#page1311">1311</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bulla, <a href="#page1311">1311</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lagena, <a href="#page1310">1310</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macroceros, <a href="#page1310">1310</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nidus, <a href="#page1311">1311</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyriformis, <a href="#page1310">1310</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">staurocephala, <a href="#page1311">1311</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Sethocapsida</span>, <a href="#page1309">1309</a>.</p> + <p>Sethocephalus, <a href="#page1298">1298</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">eucecryphalus, <a href="#page1298">1298</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">platycryphalus, <a href="#page1298">1298</a>.</p> + <p>Sethochytris, <a href="#page1239">1239</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">barbadensis, <a href="#page1239">1239</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyramis, <a href="#page1240">1240</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triangula, <a href="#page1240">1240</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triconiscus, <a href="#page1239">1239</a>.</p> + <p>Sethoconus, <a href="#page1290">1290</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ampliatus, <a href="#page1291">1291</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">anthocyrtis, <a href="#page1296">1296</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bimarginatus, <a href="#page1295">1295</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cervus, <a href="#page1292">1292</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clathratus, <a href="#page1295">1295</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cucullaris, <a href="#page1290">1290</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">facetus, <a href="#page1296">1296</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gracilis, <a href="#page1295">1295</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1794">{1794}</span>hexagonalis, <a + href="#page1293">1293</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">larvatus, <a href="#page1282">1282</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">longisetus, <a href="#page1294">1294</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lophophæna, <a href="#page1292">1292</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mitra, <a href="#page1291">1291</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nassa, <a href="#page1293">1293</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">orthoceras, <a href="#page1294">1294</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pileus, <a href="#page1291">1291</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">profundus, <a href="#page1294">1294</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rayianus, <a href="#page1291">1291</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">setosus, <a href="#page1296">1296</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tabulatus, <a href="#page1293">1293</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trichostylus, <a href="#page1294">1294</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trochus, <a href="#page1290">1290</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">venosus, <a href="#page1297">1297</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">verrucosus, <a href="#page1293">1293</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">virgultus, <a href="#page1296">1296</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Sethocorida</span>, <a href="#page1289">1289</a>.</p> + <p>Sethocorys, <a href="#page1301">1301</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">achillis, <a href="#page1301">1301</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ajacis, <a href="#page1302">1302</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphora, <a href="#page1302">1302</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">armadillo, <a href="#page1302">1302</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">odysseus, <a href="#page1302">1302</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">patrocli, <a href="#page1301">1301</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Sethocyrtida</span>, <a href="#page1288">1288</a>.</p> + <p>Sethocyrtis, <a href="#page1298">1298</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">agamemnonis, <a href="#page1300">1300</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cancrina, <a href="#page1292">1292</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cassis, <a href="#page1301">1301</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diomedis, <a href="#page1292">1292</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">menelai, <a href="#page1299">1299</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">oxycephalis, <a href="#page1299">1299</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pleuracantha, <a href="#page1300">1300</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">subacuta, <a href="#page1300">1300</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Sethodiscida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page422">422</a>.</p> + <p>Sethodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page422">422</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cristatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page424">424</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echinatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page424">424</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lenticula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page423">423</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macrococcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page423">423</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macroporus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page422">422</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">micrococcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page423">423</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">microporus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page422">422</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">phacoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page422">422</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">radians, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page423">423</a>.</p> + <p>Sethomelissa, <a href="#page1207">1207</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hymenoptera, <a href="#page1238">1238</a>.</p> + <p><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Sethoptera'">Sethopera</span>, <a + href="#page1232">1232</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lagena, <a href="#page1233">1233</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">oceania, <a href="#page1232">1232</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyrum, <a href="#page1232">1232</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricostata, <a href="#page1232">1232</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Sethoperida</span>, <a href="#page1232">1232</a>.</p> + <p>Sethophæna, <a href="#page1285">1285</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">enneaptera, <a href="#page1286">1286</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexaptera, <a href="#page1286">1286</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyptera, <a href="#page1286">1286</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetraptera, <a href="#page1285">1285</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Sethophænida</span>, <a href="#page1285">1285</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Sethophormida</span>, <a href="#page1143">1143</a>.</p> + <p>Sethophormis, <a href="#page1243">1243</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arachnium, <a href="#page1247">1247</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">asteriscus, <a href="#page1244">1244</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">astrodiscus, <a href="#page1244">1244</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aurelia, <a href="#page1248">1248</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciata, <a href="#page1243">1243</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecaster, <a href="#page1248">1248</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">enneactis, <a href="#page1247">1247</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">enneastrum, <a href="#page1246">1246</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">eupilium, <a href="#page1247">1247</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">floscula, <a href="#page1249">1249</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonalis, <a href="#page1245">1245</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexalactis, <a href="#page1245">1245</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">leptopilium, <a href="#page1249">1249</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">leptoscenium, <a href="#page1249">1249</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">medusa, <a href="#page1244">1244</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octalactis, <a href="#page1245">1245</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentalactis, <a href="#page1244">1244</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rotula, <a href="#page1246">1246</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triloba, <a href="#page1246">1246</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">umbrella, <a href="#page1248">1248</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Sethopilida</span>, <a href="#page1195">1195</a>.</p> + <p>Sethopilium, <a href="#page1202">1202</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cyrtopus, <a href="#page1202">1202</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macropus, <a href="#page1203">1203</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">orthopus, <a href="#page1202">1202</a>.</p> + <p>Sethopyramis, <a href="#page1253">1253</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bicornis, <a href="#page1256">1256</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cyclomma, <a href="#page1255">1255</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecalactis, <a href="#page1256">1256</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">enneactis, <a href="#page1254">1254</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>eupilium</i>, <a href="#page1247">1247</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonalis, <a href="#page1255">1255</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexalactis, <a href="#page1253">1253</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">maxima, <a href="#page1256">1256</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrata, <a href="#page1254">1254</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadratella, <a href="#page1254">1254</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scalaris, <a href="#page1253">1253</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosa, <a href="#page1255">1255</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trapezoides, <a href="#page1254">1254</a>.</p> + <p>Sethornithium, <a href="#page1356">1356</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dictyopterum, <a href="#page1356">1356</a>.</p> + <p>Sethosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page71">71</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">entosiphonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page71">71</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">entosolenia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page71">71</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>rhodococcus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page237">237</a>.</p> + <p>Sethostaurium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page438">438</a>.</p> + <p>Sethostaurus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page433">433</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conostaurus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page433">433</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coronatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page434">434</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page434">434</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gigas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page435">435</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">orthostaurus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page433">433</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">recurvatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page434">434</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhombostaurus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page434">434</a>.</p> + <p>Sethostylium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page428">428</a>.</p> + <p>Sethostylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page429">429</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dentatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page429">429</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dicylindrus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page428">428</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">distyliscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page428">428</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>endostylus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page413">413</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hastatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page429">429</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serratus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page429">429</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spicatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page430">430</a>.</p> + <p>Siphocampe, <a href="#page1490">1490</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">annulosa, <a href="#page1500">1500</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">caminosa, <a href="#page1500">1500</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">erucosa, <a href="#page1500">1500</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrantalis, <a href="#page1501">1501</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spiralis, <a href="#page1501">1501</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tubulosa, <a href="#page1500">1500</a>.</p> + <p>Siphocampium, <a href="#page1501">1501</a>.</p> + <p>Siphocampula, <a href="#page1499">1499</a>.</p> + <p><i>Siphonaspis</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page823">823</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cristata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page823">823</a>.</p> + <p>Siphonosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page104">104</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">chonophora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page107">107</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conifera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page106">106</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cyathina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page105">105</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fragilis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page106">106</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">infundibulum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page105">105</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macrosiphonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page107">107</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">marginata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page104">104</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pansiphonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page104">104</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">patinaria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page105">105</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pipetta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page108">108</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polysiphonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page106">106</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serpula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page107">107</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">socialis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page106">106</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tubulosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page105">105</a>.</p> + <p>Solenosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page112">112</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amalthea, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page115">115</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ascensionis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page115">115</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cornucopiæ, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page115">115</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">megalactis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page114">114</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pandora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page113">113</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serpentina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page114">114</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">variabilis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page113">113</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">venosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page114">114</a>.</p> + <p>Soreuma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page713">713</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">acervulina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page714">714</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">acinosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page713">713</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">irregulare, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page713">713</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">setosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page714">714</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page714">714</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">subglobosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page713">713</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Soreumida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page712">712</a>.</p> + <p>Sorolarcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page715">715</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">larnacillifer, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page715">715</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrapylifer, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page715">715</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">terminalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page715">715</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Sphærellaria</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page49">49</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Sphæridea</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page50">50</a>.</p> + <p>Sphærocapsa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page798">798</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page798">798</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dentata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page798">798</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page798">798</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1795">{1795}</span>pavimentata, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page798">798</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Sphærocapsida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page795">795</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Sphæroidea</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page50">50</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Sphærophracta</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page795">795</a>.</p> + <p>Sphærospyris, <a href="#page1099">1099</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">globosa, <a href="#page1100">1100</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadriforis, <a href="#page1100">1100</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sphæra, <a href="#page1100">1100</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Sphærostylida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page133">133</a>.</p> + <p>Sphærostylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page138">138</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clio, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page139">139</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cottus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page140">140</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diadema, 139,</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">flexuosus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page138">138</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hippocampus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page139">139</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">liostylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page138">138</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ophidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page140">140</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigla, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page140">140</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Sphærozoida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page38">38</a>.</p> + <p>Sphærozoum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page40">40</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>acuferum</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page46">46</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">alveolatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page43">43</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">araucaria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page44">44</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arborescens, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page44">44</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">armatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page43">43</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>atlanticum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page40">40</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>bicellulare</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page25">25</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>bifurcum</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page33">33</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circumtextum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page45">45</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page42">42</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furculosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page42">42</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>fuscum</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page43">43</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">geminatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page45">45</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hamatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page41">41</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexactinium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page41">41</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>inerme</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page25">25</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>italicum</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page40">40</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">medusinum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page41">41</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>neapolitanum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page47">47</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octoceras, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page44">44</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>orientale</i>, <a href="#page1763">1763</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovodimare, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page42">42</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pelagicum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page28">28</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">punctatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page43">43</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>punctatum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page42">42</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrigeminum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page44">44</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>sanderi</i>, <a href="#page1763">1763</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>spinulosum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page40">40</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stellatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page45">45</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triactinium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page41">41</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigeminum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page43">43</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">variabile, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page45">45</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">verticillatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page44">44</a>.</p> + <p>Spiremarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page692">692</a>.</p> + <p>Spirema, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page692">692</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diplospira, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page693">693</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">flustrella, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page692">692</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lentellipsis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page692">692</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">melonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page692">692</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">subglobosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page693">693</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Spiremida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page691">691</a>.</p> + <p>Spiremidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page693">693</a>.</p> + <p>Spirocampe, <a href="#page1511">1511</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">allospira, <a href="#page1511">1511</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">callispira, <a href="#page1511">1511</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyspira, <a href="#page1511">1511</a>.</p> + <p>Spirocyrtidium, <a href="#page1509">1509</a>.</p> + <p>Spirocyrtis, <a href="#page1508">1508</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cornutella, <a href="#page1509">1509</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diplospira, <a href="#page1510">1510</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hemispira, <a href="#page1510">1510</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">holospira, <a href="#page1509">1509</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">merospira, <a href="#page1510">1510</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scalaris, <a href="#page1509">1509</a>.</p> + <p>Spirocyrtoma, <a href="#page1509">1509</a>.</p> + <p>Spironetta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page701">701</a>.</p> + <p>Spironilla, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page702">702</a>.</p> + <p>Spironium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page701">701</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arbustum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page702">702</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diagonale, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page702">702</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page701">701</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page702">702</a>.</p> + <p>Spongaster, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page596">596</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page597">597</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">orthogonus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page598">598</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentacyclus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page598">598</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadratus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page597">597</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scyllæus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page598">598</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetras, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page597">597</a>.</p> + <p>Spongasteriscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page594">594</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">armatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page595">595</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clavatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page595">595</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page595">595</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mucronatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page595">595</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">myelastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page596">596</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page594">594</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadricornis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page596">596</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetraceros, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page596">596</a>.</p> + <p>Spongatractus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page350">350</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fusiformis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page351">351</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pachystylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page350">350</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">streptacanthus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page351">351</a>.</p> + <p>Spongechinus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page272">272</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cavus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page273">273</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>multiaculeatus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page271">271</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serrulatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page273">273</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">setosus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page273">273</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Spongellipsida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page341">341</a>.</p> + <p>Spongellipsis, <span class="correction" title="Original reads '34'."><a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page341">341</a></span>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aplysina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page342">342</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aspera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page342">342</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lævis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page342">342</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">setosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page342">342</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page342">342</a>.</p> + <p>Spongiomma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page270">270</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">asteroides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page272">272</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clavatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page271">271</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">denticulatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page270">270</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">helioides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page271">271</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">multiaculeum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page271">271</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">radiatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page270">270</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spathillatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page270">270</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Spongiommida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page270">270</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Spongobrachida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page587">587</a>.</p> + <p>Spongobrachium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page587">587</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ellipticum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page588">588</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lanceolatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page588">588</a>.</p> + <p>Spongocore, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page346">346</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">chrysalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page346">346</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cincta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page346">346</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="correction" + title="Original reads 'diplocylindrus'.">diplocylindrica</span>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page346">346</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">puella, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page347">347</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pupula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page347">347</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">velata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page347">347</a>.</p> + <p><i>Spongocyclia</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page577">577</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>charybdœa</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page593">593</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cycloides</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page578">578</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>elliptica</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page588">588</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>orthogona</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page598">598</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>scyllæa</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page598">598</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>triangularis</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page578">578</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Spongocyclida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page573">573</a>.</p> + <p>Spongocyrtis, <a href="#page1188">1188</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arachnoides, <a href="#page1189">1189</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">montis ovis, <a href="#page1189">1189</a>.</p> + <p>Spongodictyon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page90">90</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arcadophoron, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page91">91</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cavernosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page91">91</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spongiosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page90">90</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigonizon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page91">91</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Spongodiscida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page573">573</a>.</p> + <p>Spongodisculus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page576">576</a>.</p> + <p>Spongodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page576">576</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>aculeatus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page583">583</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">biconcavus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page577">577</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>charybdœus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page593">593</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cycloides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page578">578</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ellipticus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page588">588</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">favus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page577">577</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">florealis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page578">578</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mediterraneus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page576">576</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>orthogonus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page598">598</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>quadricornis</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page596">596</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">radiatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page576">576</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">resurgens, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page577">577</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>scyllæus</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page598">598</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spiralis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page578">578</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spongocyclia, <span class="correction" + title="Original reads '378'."><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page578">578</a></span>.</p> + <p>Spongodruppa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page349">349</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elliptica, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page350">350</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">frangula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page349">349</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lentisca, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page349">349</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pistacia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page349">349</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page350">350</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">terebintha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page349">349</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Spongodruppida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page348">348</a>.</p> + <p>Spongodrymus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page272">272</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1796">{1796}</span>abietinus, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page272">272</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elaphococcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page272">272</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Spongolarcida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page613">613</a>.</p> + <p>Spongolarcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page613">613</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphicentria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page614">614</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dimensivus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page613">613</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lentellipsis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page613">613</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triaxonius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page613">613</a>.</p> + <p>Spongolena, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page587">587</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cypselura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page588">588</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhopalura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page587">587</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spongura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page587">587</a>.</p> + <p>Spongoliva, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page352">352</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amygdalina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page352">352</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cerasina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page352">352</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">daturina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page353">353</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">opuntina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page352">352</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">persicina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page352">352</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">prunulina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page352">352</a>.</p> + <p>Spongolonche, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page579">579</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphistyla, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page580">580</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conostyla, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page580">580</a>.</p> + <p>Spongolonchis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page149">149</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">compacta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page149">149</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">laxa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page149">149</a>.</p> + <p>Spongomelissa, <a href="#page1209">1209</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spongiosa, <a href="#page1210">1210</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Spongophacida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page575">575</a>.</p> + <p>Spongophacus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page579">579</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">periphæna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page579">579</a>.</p> + <p>Spongophortis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page711">711</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">larnacilla, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page711">711</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">radiosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page711">711</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spongiosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page711">711</a>.</p> + <p>Spongopila, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page274">274</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dichotoma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page274">274</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">verticillata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page275">275</a>.</p> + <p>Spongoplegma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page89">89</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">antarcticum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page90">90</a>.</p> + <p>Spongoprunum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page347">347</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphicylindrus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page348">348</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphilonche, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page347">347</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">atractuas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page348">348</a>.</p> + <p>Spongopyramis, <a href="#page1260">1260</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spongiosa, <a href="#page1261">1261</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spongoplecta, <a href="#page1261">1261</a>.</p> + <p>Spongosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page282">282</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">helioides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page283">283</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pachystyla</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page350">350</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page282">282</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadricuspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page283">283</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>rhabdostyla</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page584">584</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">streptacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page282">282</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Spongosphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page52">52</a>.</p> + <p>Spongospira, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page578">578</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>florealis</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page578">578</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>spiralis</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page578">578</a>.</p> + <p>Spongostaurus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page582">582</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page582">582</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hastatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page582">582</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadratus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page582">582</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serratus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page582">582</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Spongostylida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page148">148</a>.</p> + <p>Spongostylidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page150">150</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">streptacanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page150">150</a>.</p> + <p>Spongostylus, <span class="correction" title="Original reads '749'."><a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page149">149</a></span>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gladiatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page150">150</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hastatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page149">149</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>prunococcus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page354">354</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serratus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page150">150</a>.</p> + <p>Spongothamnus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page274">274</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page274">274</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scoparius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page274">274</a>.</p> + <p>Spongotripus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page580">580</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">irregularis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page581">581</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">neumayri, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page581">581</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">regularis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page580">580</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">strepsiceros, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page581">581</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ypsilon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page581">581</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Spongotrochida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page579">579</a>.</p> + <p>Spongotrochiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page585">585</a>.</p> + <p>Spongotrochus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page585">585</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>arachnius</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page583">583</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">brevispinus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page586">586</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>craticulatus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page583">583</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ehrenbergii, <a href="#page1763">1763</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>heteracanthus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page584">584</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">longispinus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page586">586</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">multispinus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page586">586</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">parma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page587">587</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scutella, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page586">586</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Spongurida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page339">339</a>.</p> + <p>Spongurus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page343">343</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">asper, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page344">344</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cylindricus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page344">344</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">phalanga, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page343">343</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">radians, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page345">345</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>salpa</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page614">614</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spongechinus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page345">345</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stuparius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page343">343</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stypticus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page343">343</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricolus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page344">344</a>.</p> + <p>Spongoxiphus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page353">353</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">prunococcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page354">354</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sphærococcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page353">353</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page6">6</a>.</p> + <p>Spyrida, <a href="#page1015">1015</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Spyridina</span>, <a href="#page1015">1015</a>.</p> + <p><i>Spyridobotrys</i>, <a href="#page1083">1083</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>trinacria</i>, <a href="#page1083">1083</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Spyroidea</span>, <a href="#page1015">1015</a>.</p> + <p>Stauracantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page761">761</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bifurca, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page764">764</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diplostaura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page762">762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">johannis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page763">763</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">murrayana, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page763">763</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">orthostaura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page762">762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pinnulata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page763">763</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrifurca, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page764">764</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scalaris, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page763">763</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stauraspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page764">764</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrastaura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page762">762</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Stauracanthida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page758">758</a>.</p> + <p>Stauracanthidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page764">764</a>.</p> + <p>Stauracanthonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page762">762</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Stauracontida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page163">163</a>.</p> + <p>Stauracontium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page163">163</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">antarcticum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page165">165</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciferum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page164">164</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">daturæforme, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page164">164</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">papillosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page165">165</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">setosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page165">165</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sparganium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page165">165</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetracanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page164">164</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetracontium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page164">164</a>.</p> + <p>Stauractinium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page478">478</a>.</p> + <p>Stauractura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page477">477</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">medusina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page478">478</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page478">478</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetragona, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page478">478</a>.</p> + <p>Stauracturium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page477">477</a>.</p> + <p>Stauralastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page540">540</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">antiquum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page541">541</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clavigerum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page541">541</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciforme, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page540">540</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dilatatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page541">541</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">horridum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page542">542</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lanceolatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page540">540</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ordo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page540">540</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhopalophorum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page541">541</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">staurolonche, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page542">542</a>.</p> + <p>Staurancistra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page162">162</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadricuspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page162">162</a>.</p> + <p>Staurasparium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page831">831</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Stauraspida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page830">830</a>.</p> + <p>Stauraspidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page831">831</a>.</p> + <p>Stauraspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page831">831</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page831">831</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page832">832</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stauracantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page832">832</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">xiphacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page831">831</a>.</p> + <p>Staurectodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page416">416</a>.</p> + <p>Staurentodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page416">416</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Staurocaryida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page167">167</a>.</p> + <p>Staurocaryum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page167">167</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arborescens, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page167">167</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Staurocromyida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page166">166</a>.</p> + <p>Staurocromyum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page166">166</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrispinum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page166">166</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadruplex, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page166">166</a>.</p> + <p><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Staurocylia'">Staurocyclia</span>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page465">465</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page465">465</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">magniducis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page466">466</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">phacostaurus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page465">465</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serrata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page465">465</a>.</p> + <p>Staurodictya, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page506">506</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ciliata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page506">506</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1797">{1797}</span>cruciata, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page507">507</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elegans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page507">507</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">grandis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page508">508</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">medusa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page506">506</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ocellata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page508">508</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrispina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page507">507</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">splendens, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page508">508</a>.</p> + <p>Staurodoras, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page168">168</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">liassica, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page168">168</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mojsisovicsi, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page168">168</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spongosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page168">168</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">wandæ, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page169">169</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Staurodorida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page168">168</a>.</p> + <p>Staurolithium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page771">771</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cruciatum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page771">771</a>.</p> + <p>Staurolonche, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page159">159</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aperta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page159">159</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">brunonis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page159">159</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">epicurii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page161">161</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">feuerbachii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page160">160</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gassendii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page161">161</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagona, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page158">158</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">holbachii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page160">160</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lucretii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page161">161</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">moleschottii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page160">160</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pertusa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page159">159</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinozæ, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page159">159</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">straussii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page160">160</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Staurolonchida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page158">158</a>.</p> + <p>Staurolonchidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page162">162</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">artioscelides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page162">162</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">perspicuum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page162">162</a>.</p> + <p>Stauropelta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page859">859</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page859">859</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stauropora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page859">859</a>.</p> + <p>Staurosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page153">153</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">andreæ, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page154">154</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">apostolorum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page155">155</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bartholomæi, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page156">156</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">christiana, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page153">153</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">crassa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page155">155</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page153">153</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">jacobi, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page154">154</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">johannis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page153">153</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">judæ, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page155">155</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">matthæi, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page156">156</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pauli, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page153">153</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">petri, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page153">153</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">phillippi, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page154">154</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">simonis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page154">154</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">thaddæi, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page156">156</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">thomæ, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page155">155</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Staurosphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page151">151</a>.</p> + <p>Staurospira, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page507">507</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Staurostylida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page152">152</a>.</p> + <p>Staurostylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page156">156</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">germanicus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page157">157</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">græcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page156">156</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">latinus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page157">157</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Staurotholida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page670">670</a>.</p> + <p>Staurotholonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page675">675</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">alternatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page675">675</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bicruciatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page675">675</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">biquadratum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page675">675</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lenticulare, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page676">676</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octodoratium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page676">676</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octodoronium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page676">676</a>.</p> + <p>Staurotholus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page673">673</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page673">673</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">decastylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page674">674</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecastylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page674">674</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octostylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page674">674</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polystylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page674">674</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadratus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page673">673</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrastylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page673">673</a>.</p> + <p>Stauroxiphos, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page163">163</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gladius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page163">163</a>.</p> + <p>Stegaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page819">819</a>.</p> + <p>Stephanastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page549">549</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">capitatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page549">549</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadratum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page549">549</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhombus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page549">549</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Stephanida</span>, <a href="#page937">937</a>.</p> + <p>Stephaniscus, <a href="#page965">965</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">medusinus, <a href="#page965">965</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrifurcus, <a href="#page965">965</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrigatus, <a href="#page965">965</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrapodius, <a href="#page965">965</a>.</p> + <p>Stephanium, <a href="#page952">952</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrupes, <a href="#page952">952</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrapus, <a href="#page952">952</a>.</p> + <p>Stephanolithia, <a href="#page953">953</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>mülleri</i>, <a href="#page959">959</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>spinescens</i>, <a href="#page958">958</a>.</p> + <p>Stephanophæna, <a href="#page1178">1178</a>.</p> + <p>Stephanospyris, <a href="#page1042">1042</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cordata, <a href="#page1042">1042</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">excellens, <a href="#page1043">1043</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">verticillata, <a href="#page1043">1043</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Stephida</span>, <a href="#page931">931</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Stephoidea</span>, <a href="#page931">931</a>.</p> + <p>Stichocampe, <a href="#page1443">1443</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">convergens, <a href="#page1444">1444</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">divergens, <a href="#page1444">1444</a>.</p> + <p>Stichocapsa, <a href="#page1515">1515</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">compacta, <a href="#page1517">1517</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">compressa, <a href="#page1516">1516</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cylindrica, <a href="#page1518">1518</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexacola, <a href="#page1517">1517</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">monstrosa, <a href="#page1517">1517</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">paniscus, <a href="#page1518">1518</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentacola, <a href="#page1517">1517</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyriformis, <a href="#page1516">1516</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrigata, <a href="#page1515">1515</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">radicula, <a href="#page1518">1518</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">subglobosa, <a href="#page1516">1516</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">subligata, <a href="#page1518">1518</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetracola, <a href="#page1515">1515</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricincta, <a href="#page1516">1516</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Stichocapsida</span>, <a href="#page1511">1511</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Stichocorida</span>, <a href="#page1468">1468</a>.</p> + <p>Stichocorys, <a href="#page1479">1479</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bærii, <a href="#page1479">1479</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">huschkei, <a href="#page1480">1480</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mülleri, <a href="#page1480">1480</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">okenii, <a href="#page1480">1480</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">panderi, <a href="#page1479">1479</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rathkei, <a href="#page1480">1480</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">wolffii, <a href="#page1479">1479</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Stichocyrtida</span>, <a href="#page1434">1434</a>.</p> + <p>Stichocyrtis, <a href="#page1489">1489</a>.</p> + <p>Sticholagena, <a href="#page1449">1449</a>.</p> + <p>Stichopera, <a href="#page1447">1447</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clavata, <a href="#page1449">1449</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lagena, <a href="#page1448">1448</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovata, <a href="#page1448">1448</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pectinata, <a href="#page1449">1449</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serrata, <a href="#page1448">1448</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">verticillata, <a href="#page1449">1449</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Stichoperida</span>, <span class="correction" + title="Original reads '1147'."><a href="#page1447">1447</a></span>.</p> + <p>Stichoperina, <a href="#page1448">1448</a>.</p> + <p>Stichophæna, <a href="#page1465">1465</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">darwiniana, <a href="#page1465">1465</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gœtheana, <a href="#page1466">1466</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nonaria, <a href="#page1466">1466</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">novena, <a href="#page1466">1466</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ritteriana, <a href="#page1465">1465</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Stichophænida</span>, <a href="#page1463">1463</a>.</p> + <p>Stichophænidium, <a href="#page1465">1465</a>.</p> + <p>Stichophænoma, <a href="#page1466">1466</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Stichophormida</span>, <a href="#page1454">1454</a>.</p> + <p>Stichophormis, <a href="#page1454">1454</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cornutella, <a href="#page1455">1455</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lucerna, <a href="#page1455">1455</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">novena, <a href="#page1455">1455</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyramidalis, <a href="#page1454">1454</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">radiata, <a href="#page1456">1456</a>.</p> + <p>Stichophormiscus, <a href="#page1455">1455</a>.</p> + <p>Stichophormium, <a href="#page1454">1454</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Stichopilida</span>, <a href="#page1436">1436</a>.</p> + <p>Stichopilidium, <a href="#page1438">1438</a>.</p> + <p>Stichopilium, <a href="#page1436">1436</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bicorne, <a href="#page1437">1437</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">campanulatum, <a href="#page1438">1438</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cortina, <a href="#page1437">1437</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">costatum, <a href="#page1437">1437</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">davisianum, <a href="#page1437">1437</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macropterum, <a href="#page1438">1438</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pectinatum, <a href="#page1439">1439</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">thoracopterum, <a href="#page1439">1439</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triserratum, <a href="#page1438">1438</a>.</p> + <p>Stichopodium, <a href="#page1447">1447</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dictyopodium, <a href="#page1447">1447</a>.</p> + <p>Stichopterium, <a href="#page1444">1444</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dictyopodium, <a href="#page1445">1445</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pterocanium, <a href="#page1445">1445</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">virgineum, <a href="#page1445">1445</a>.</p> + <p><i>Stichopterygium</i>, <a href="#page1442">1442</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tanypterum</i>, <a href="#page1442">1442</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1798">{1798}</span><i>anomalum</i>, + <a href="#page1442">1442</a>.</p> + <p>Stigmosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page68">68</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">actinocentra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page68">68</a>.</p> + <p>Stomatodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page502">502</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphistomus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page502">502</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">osculatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page503">503</a>.</p> + <p>Streblacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page706">706</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">calcarina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page706">706</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hastigerina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page707">707</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">siderolina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page706">706</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Streblacanthida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page704">704</a>.</p> + <p>Streblonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page704">704</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bulimina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page705">705</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">globigerina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page704">704</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">planorbulina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page705">705</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polymorphina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page705">705</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pulvinulina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page706">706</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rosalina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page705">705</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>siderolina</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page706">706</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">uvigerina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page704">704</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Streblonida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page702">702</a>.</p> + <p>Streblopyle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page707">707</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">helicina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page707">707</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spirulina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page707">707</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Streblopylida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page704">704</a>.</p> + <p>Stylactis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page532">532</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>triangulum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page533">533</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>zittelii</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page534">534</a>.</p> + <p>Stylartus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page357">357</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bipolaris, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page357">357</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bicuspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page357">357</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">palatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page358">358</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">penicillus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page358">358</a>.</p> + <p>Stylatractus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page328">328</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">carduus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page330">330</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">compactus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page329">329</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">disetanius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page331">331</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fusiformis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page329">329</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">giganteus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page329">329</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">neptunus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page328">328</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">papillosus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page331">331</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sethoporus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page330">330</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">variabilis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page330">330</a>.</p> + <p>Stylectodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page413">413</a>.</p> + <p>Stylentodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page413">413</a>.</p> + <p>Stylochlamydium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page514">514</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">æquale, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page515">515</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">asteriscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page514">514</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">limbatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page514">514</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">perispirale, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page515">515</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spongiosum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page516">516</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">venustum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page515">515</a>.</p> + <p>Stylocoronis, <a href="#page982">982</a>.</p> + <p>Stylocromyum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page147">147</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphiconus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page147">147</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphipyramis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page147">147</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>tetraphractum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page335">335</a>.</p> + <p>Stylocyclia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page462">462</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page463">463</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>arachnia</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page510">510</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dimidiata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page462">462</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">excavata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page463">463</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">prionacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page462">462</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Stylocyclida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page461">461</a>.</p> + <p>Stylodictya, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page509">509</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arachnia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page510">510</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>bispiralis</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page497">497</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">centrospira, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page512">512</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clavata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page513">513</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dujardinii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page513">513</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echinastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page513">513</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>forbesii</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page510">510</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gracilis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page509">509</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">haeckelii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page510">510</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hastata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page510">510</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">heliospira, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page512">512</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hertwigii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page513">513</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">multispina, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page510">510</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ocellata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page508">508</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octogonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page511">511</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">perispira, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page511">511</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>quadrispina</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page507">507</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">setigera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page512">512</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">solmaris, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page511">511</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>splendens</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page508">508</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stellata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page510">510</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Stylodictyida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page503">503</a>.</p> + <p>Stylodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page413">413</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphistylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page413">413</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">endostylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page413">413</a>.</p> + <p>Stylosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page133">133</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">calliope, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page134">134</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>carduus</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page330">330</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clio, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page134">134</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>coronata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page326">326</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dixyphos, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page135">135</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">erato, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page137">137</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">euterpe, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page135">135</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>flexuosa</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page138">138</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>hippocampus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page324">324</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hispida, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page136">136</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>holosphæra</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page150">150</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">jugata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page137">137</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>lævis</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page327">327</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">liostylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page136">136</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>megadictya</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page301">301</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">melpomene, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page135">135</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">musa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page133">133</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nana, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page136">136</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ophidium</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page140">140</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyhymnia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page134">134</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>radiosa</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page334">334</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">setosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page135">135</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>spinulosa</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page332">332</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>sulcata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page333">333</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">terpsichore, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page137">137</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>testudo</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page325">325</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">thalia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page137">137</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">urania, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page134">134</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Stylosphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page121">121</a>.</p> + <p>Stylospira, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page512">512</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>arachnia</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page513">513</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>dujardinii</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page513">513</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>heliospira</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page512">512</a>.</p> + <p>Stylospongia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page584">584</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>huxleyi</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page585">585</a>.</p> + <p>Stylospongidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page586">586</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>geddesii</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page585">585</a>.</p> + <p>Stylostaurus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page157">157</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">caudatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page157">157</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gladiatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page158">158</a>.</p> + <p>Stylotrochiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page583">583</a>.</p> + <p>Stylotrochus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page583">583</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arachnius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page583">583</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">craticulatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page583">583</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">geddesii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page585">585</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">helianthus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page584">584</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">heteracanthus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page584">584</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">huxleyi, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page585">585</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhabdostylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page584">584</a>.</p> + <p>Stypolarcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page614">614</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spongiosus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page614">614</a>.</p> + <p>Styposphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page86">86</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spongiacea, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page87">87</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spumacea, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page87">87</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stupacea, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page87">87</a>.</p> + <p class="stanza">Taurospyris, <a href="#page1058">1058</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bovina, <a href="#page1058">1058</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cervina, <a href="#page1058">1058</a>.</p> + <p>Tessarasparium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page835">835</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Tessaraspida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page830">830</a>.</p> + <p>Tessaraspidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page838">838</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>quadratum</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page838">838</a>.</p> + <p>Tessaraspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page835">835</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arachnoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page836">836</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circularis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page837">837</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">concreta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page838">838</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diodon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page837">837</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>elegans</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page844">844</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>icosastaura</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page846">846</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page836">836</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">irregularis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page838">838</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">micropora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page827">827</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentagonalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page836">836</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page838">838</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadriforis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page837">837</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rotunda, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page838">838</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetragonalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page836">836</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigonalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page836">836</a>.</p> + <p>Tessarastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page547">547</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">brunonis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page548">548</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">democriti, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page548">548</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinozæ, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page546">546</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">straussii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page547">547</a>.</p> + <p>Tessarospyris, <a href="#page1045">1045</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clathrobursa, <a href="#page1045">1045</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1799">{1799}</span>nuciformis, <a + href="#page1046">1046</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">seminulum, <a href="#page1046">1046</a>.</p> + <p><i>Tetracorethra</i>, <a href="#page1044">1044</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>mirabilis</i>, <a href="#page1044">1044</a>.</p> + <p>Tetracoronis, <a href="#page981">981</a>.</p> + <p>Tetracranastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page552">552</a>.</p> + <p>Tetracubus, <a href="#page994">994</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Tetracyrtida</span>, <a href="#page1434">1434</a>.</p> + <p>Tetrahedrina, <a href="#page1238">1238</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyramidalis, <a href="#page1238">1238</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyriformis, <a href="#page1238">1238</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadricornis, <a href="#page1239">1239</a>.</p> + <p>Tetralacorys, <a href="#page1370">1370</a>.</p> + <p>Tetraphormis, <a href="#page1243">1243</a>.</p> + <p>Tetraplagia, <a href="#page911">911</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">abietina, <a href="#page912">912</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">geometrica, <a href="#page911">911</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">phænaxonia, <a href="#page911">911</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Tetraplagida</span>, <a href="#page941">941</a>.</p> + <p>Tetraplecta, <a href="#page923">923</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pinigera, <a href="#page924">924</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadricornis, <a href="#page924">924</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrahedra, <a href="#page923">923</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Tetraplectida</span>, <a href="#page923">923</a>.</p> + <p>Tetrapyle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page645">645</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cardiopyle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page646">646</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circopyle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page645">645</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circularis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page645">645</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cladacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page648">648</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page647">647</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecaceros, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page649">649</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fusiformis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page646">646</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nephropyle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page645">645</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page648">648</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pleuracantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page646">646</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pluteus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page649">649</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>polyacantha</i>, <a href="#page1761">1761</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadricornis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page647">647</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrigata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page648">648</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadriloba, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page645">645</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">staurophora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page647">647</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetracantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page647">647</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">transversa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page646">646</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">turrita, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page649">649</a>.</p> + <p>Tetrapylonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page657">657</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">armatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page659">659</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octacanthum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page658">658</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pantellipticum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page658">658</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrangulare, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page658">658</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">reniforme, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page658">658</a>.</p> + <p>Tetrarrhabda, <a href="#page1044">1044</a>.</p> + <p>Tetrasolenia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page113">113</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>quadrata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page113">113</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>venosa</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page114">114</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Tetrasphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page52">52</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Tetraspyrida</span>, <a href="#page1043">1043</a>.</p> + <p>Tetraspyris, <a href="#page1043">1043</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">calcarata, <a href="#page1045">1045</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cubica, <a href="#page1044">1044</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scoparia, <a href="#page1045">1045</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stephanium, <a href="#page1044">1044</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetracorethra, <a href="#page1044">1044</a>.</p> + <p>Tetroniscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page487">487</a>.</p> + <p><i>Thamnospyris</i>, <a href="#page1070">1070</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>thamnopodia</i>, <a href="#page1071">1071</a>.</p> + <p>Thalassicolla, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page18">18</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>acufera</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page46">46</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">australis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page20">20</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cavispicula</i>, <a href="#page1551">1551</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">maculata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page21">21</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">melacapsa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page21">21</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nucleata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page20">20</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>papillosa</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page22">22</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pelagica</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page23">23</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pellucida, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page19">19</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>punctata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page25">25</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>sanguinolenta</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page22">22</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spumida, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page19">19</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">zanclea, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page19">19</a>.</p> + <p>Thalassicollarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page18">18</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Thalassicollida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page10">10</a>.</p> + <p>Thalassicollidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page20">20</a>.</p> + <p>Thalassolampe, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page16">16</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">margarodes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page16">16</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">maxima, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page17">17</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>primordialis</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page13">13</a>.</p> + <p>Thalassophysa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page21">21</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">papillosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page22">22</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pelagica, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page23">23</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sanguinolenta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page22">22</a>.</p> + <p>Thalassopila, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page17">17</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cladococcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page17">17</a>.</p> + <p>Thalassoplancta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page36">36</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">brevispicula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page36">36</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cavispicula</i>, <a href="#page1551">1551</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">longispicula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page36">36</a>.</p> + <p>Thalassosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page31">31</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">belonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page31">31</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>bifurca</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page33">33</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhaphidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page31">31</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Thalassosphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page29">29</a>.</p> + <p>Thalassoxanthium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page32">32</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bifurcum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page33">33</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cervicorne, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page33">33</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page33">33</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexactinium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page32">32</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">medusinum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page32">32</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octoceras, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page34">34</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovodimare, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page34">34</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">punctatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page34">34</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triactinium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page32">32</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triradiatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page32">32</a>.</p> + <p>Thecosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page78">78</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">æquorea, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page80">80</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">capillacea, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page81">81</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diplococcus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page81">81</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecactis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page82">82</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">entactinia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page81">81</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">favosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page79">79</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">floribunda, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page79">79</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">icosactis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page82">82</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">inermis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page80">80</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">maxima, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page82">82</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">medusa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page80">80</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">micropora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page81">81</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">phænaxonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page79">79</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triplodictyon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page79">79</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Thecosphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page78">78</a>.</p> + <p>Theocalyptra, <a href="#page1397">1397</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cornuta, <a href="#page1398">1398</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">discoides, <a href="#page1398">1398</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">orci, <a href="#page1397">1397</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">veneris, <a href="#page1397">1397</a>.</p> + <p>Theocampana, <a href="#page1422">1422</a>.</p> + <p>Theocampe, <a href="#page1422">1422</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cassis, <a href="#page1424">1424</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">collaris, <a href="#page1425">1425</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">costata, <a href="#page1426">1426</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cryptocephala, <a href="#page1426">1426</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cryptoprora, <a href="#page1423">1423</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ehrenbergii, <a href="#page1422">1422</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="correction" + title="Original reads 'geminata'.">gemmata</span>, <a href="#page1425">1425</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">megalopora, <a href="#page1425">1425</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nucula, <a href="#page1423">1423</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovulum, <a href="#page1424">1424</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pirum, <a href="#page1423">1423</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sphærothorax, <a href="#page1424">1424</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stenostoma, <a href="#page1423">1423</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">versipellis, <a href="#page1425">1425</a>.</p> + <p>Theocentra, <a href="#page1424">1424</a>.</p> + <p>Theocapsa, <a href="#page1426">1426</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aldrovandi, <a href="#page1428">1428</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aristotelis, <a href="#page1427">1427</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bærii, <a href="#page1430">1430</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cuvieri, <a href="#page1430">1430</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">darwinii, <a href="#page1431">1431</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">democriti, <a href="#page1427">1427</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">forskalii, <a href="#page1429">1429</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">galeni, <a href="#page1427">1427</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gessneri, <a href="#page1428">1428</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lamarckii, <a href="#page1430">1430</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">linnæi, <a href="#page1429">1429</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">malpighii, <a href="#page1428">1428</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mülleri, <a href="#page1431">1431</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pallasii, <a href="#page1429">1429</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">plinii, <a href="#page1427">1427</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rathkei, <a href="#page1430">1430</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sarsii, <a href="#page1431">1431</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">schwannii, <a href="#page1431">1431</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">wolffii, <a href="#page1429">1429</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">wottonis, <a href="#page1428">1428</a>.</p> + <p>Theocapsetta, <a href="#page1426">1426</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Theocapsida</span>, <a href="#page1426">1426</a>.</p> + <p>Theocapsilla, <a href="#page1427">1427</a>.</p> + <p>Theocapsomma, <a href="#page1428">1428</a>.</p> + <p>Theocapsura, <a href="#page1430">1430</a>.</p> + <p>Theoconus, <a href="#page1399">1399</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1800">{1800}</span>ægeus, <a + href="#page1400">1400</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amplus, <a href="#page1402">1402</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ampullaceus, <a href="#page1402">1402</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ariadnes, <a href="#page1402">1402</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">campanulatus, <a href="#page1400">1400</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dionysius, <a href="#page1402">1402</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ficus, <a href="#page1403">1403</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">jovis, <a href="#page1401">1401</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">junonis, <a href="#page1401">1401</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">laterna, <a href="#page1403">1403</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">longicornis, <a href="#page1401">1401</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">orthoconus, <a href="#page1400">1400</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">zancleus, <a href="#page1399">1399</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">zanguebaricus, <a href="#page1400">1400</a>.</p> + <p>Theocorax, <a href="#page1399">1399</a>.</p> + <p>Theocorbis, <a href="#page1401">1401</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Theocorida</span>, <a href="#page1396">1396</a>.</p> + <p>Theocoronium, <a href="#page1415">1415</a>.</p> + <p>Theocorusca, <a href="#page1407">1407</a>.</p> + <p>Theocorys, <a href="#page1414">1414</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">alauda, <a href="#page1418">1418</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ampullacea, <a href="#page1402">1402</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">apollinis, <a href="#page1418">1418</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">attenuata, <a href="#page1417">1417</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bachabunda, <a href="#page1417">1417</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cretica, <a href="#page1415">1415</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dianæ, <a href="#page1416">1416</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ficus</i>, <a href="#page1403">1403</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hyalothorax, <a href="#page1417">1417</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>longicornis</i>, <a href="#page1370">1370</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">martis, <a href="#page1419">1419</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mercurii, <a href="#page1419">1419</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">minervæ, <a href="#page1419">1419</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">obliqua, <a href="#page1417">1417</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovata, <a href="#page1416">1416</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">plutonis, <a href="#page1416">1416</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scolopax, <a href="#page1416">1416</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sphærophila, <a href="#page1418">1418</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tuberculata, <a href="#page1419">1419</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">turgidula, <a href="#page1415">1415</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">veneris, <a href="#page1415">1415</a>.</p> + <p>Theocorypha, <a href="#page1405">1405</a>.</p> + <p>Theocorythium, <a href="#page1416">1416</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Theocyrtida</span>, <a href="#page1395">1395</a>.</p> + <p>Theocyrtis, <a href="#page1405">1405</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">aspera, <a href="#page1408">1408</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">barbadensis, <a href="#page1406">1406</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cylindrica, <a href="#page1406">1406</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elegans, <a href="#page1406">1406</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macroceros, <a href="#page1407">1407</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">microtheca, <a href="#page1407">1407</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">œnophila, <a href="#page1408">1408</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">paupera, <a href="#page1407">1407</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">proserpinæ, <a href="#page1408">1408</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ptychodes, <a href="#page1408">1408</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trachelius, <a href="#page1405">1405</a>.</p> + <p>Theodiscoma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page414">414</a>.</p> + <p>Theodiscura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page415">415</a>.</p> + <p>Theodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page413">413</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">christianus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page414">414</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">divinus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page414">414</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nirwana, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page415">415</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trinitatis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page414">414</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">vanitatis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page415">415</a>.</p> + <p>Theopera, <a href="#page1357">1357</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">chytropus, <a href="#page1358">1358</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cortina, <a href="#page1358">1358</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fusiformis, <a href="#page1357">1357</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">luscinia, <a href="#page1358">1358</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">prismatica, <a href="#page1357">1357</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyramis, <a href="#page1357">1357</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Theoperida</span>, <a href="#page1354">1354</a>.</p> + <p>Theophæna, <a href="#page1394">1394</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">corona, <a href="#page1394">1394</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nonaria, <a href="#page1395">1395</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Theophænida</span>, <a href="#page1393">1393</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Theophormida</span>, <a href="#page1366">1366</a>.</p> + <p>Theophormis, <a href="#page1366">1366</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">callipilium, <a href="#page1367">1367</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciata, <a href="#page1367">1367</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">medusa, <a href="#page1367">1367</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">senaria, <a href="#page1368">1368</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Theopilida</span>, <a href="#page1315">1315</a>.</p> + <p>Theosyringium, <a href="#page1409">1409</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pipetta, <a href="#page1409">1409</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">siphonium, <a href="#page1409">1409</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tibia, <a href="#page1409">1409</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tubulus, <a href="#page1411">1411</a>.</p> + <p>Theopilium, <a href="#page1321">1321</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cranoides, <a href="#page1322">1322</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricostatum, <a href="#page1322">1322</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triradiatum, <a href="#page1322">1322</a>.</p> + <p>Theopodium, <a href="#page1328">1328</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pyramidale, <a href="#page1328">1328</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricostatum, <a href="#page1328">1328</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Therospyrida</span>, <a href="#page1055">1055</a>.</p> + <p>Therospyris, <a href="#page1058">1058</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">canis, <a href="#page1058">1058</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">felis, <a href="#page1059">1059</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">leo, <a href="#page1059">1059</a>.</p> + <p>Tholartus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page663">663</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">isocolus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page664">664</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">paniscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page664">664</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sagitta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page665">665</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricolus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page664">664</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripanis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page665">665</a>.</p> + <p>Tholocubus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page677">677</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tessellatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page677">677</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tesseralis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page678">678</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tesserarius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page677">677</a>.</p> + <p>Tholodes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page665">665</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cupula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page665">665</a>.</p> + <p>Tholoma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page671">671</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">metallasson, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page672">672</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrigeminum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page672">672</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Tholonida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page660">660</a>.</p> + <p>Tholonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page678">678</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bicubicum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page678">678</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ellipticum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page679">679</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page679">679</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sphæricum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page679">679</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sphæronium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page679">679</a>.</p> + <p>Tholospira, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page699">699</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cervicornis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page700">700</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dendrophora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page700">700</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hystrix, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page700">700</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nautiloides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page699">699</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page696">696</a>.</p> + <p>Tholospirema, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page699">699</a>.</p> + <p>Tholospironium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page700">700</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Tholospyrida</span>, <a href="#page1077">1077</a>.</p> + <p>Tholospyridium, <a href="#page1079">1079</a>.</p> + <p>Tholospyris, <a href="#page1078">1078</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cupola, <a href="#page1080">1080</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fenestrata, <a href="#page1079">1079</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">galeata, <a href="#page1079">1079</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ramosa, <a href="#page1079">1079</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripodiscus, <a href="#page1079">1079</a>.</p> + <p>Tholospyrium, <a href="#page1078">1078</a>.</p> + <p>Tholostaurus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page670">670</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cruciformis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page670">670</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecabeles, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page671">671</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octobelonis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page671">671</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polybelonis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page671">671</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrigatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page670">670</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrabelonis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page671">671</a>.</p> + <p><i>Tholothauma</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page682">682</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ellipsoides</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page682">682</a>.</p> + <p>Thoracaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page862">862</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bipennis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page862">862</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circopora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page862">862</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ellipsoides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page862">862</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">nephropora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page862">862</a>.</p> + <p>Thyrsocyrtis, <a href="#page1350">1350</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>anthophora</i>, <a href="#page1491">1491</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arborescens, <a href="#page1350">1350</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>bachabunda</i>, <a href="#page1417">1417</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>bromia</i>, <a href="#page1349">1349</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>dionysia</i>, <a href="#page1402">1402</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="#page1351">1351</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>jacchia</i>, <a href="#page1402">1402</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>lyæa</i>, <a href="#page1348">1348</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>œnophila</i>, <a href="#page1408">1408</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>radicata</i>, <a href="#page1351">1351</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>reticulata</i>, <a href="#page1274">1274</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhizodon, <a href="#page1350">1350</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhizopodium, <a href="#page1351">1351</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhizopus, <a href="#page1351">1351</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trifida, <a href="#page1352">1352</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Tiarospyrida</span>, <a href="#page1078">1078</a>.</p> + <p>Tiarospyris, <a href="#page1082">1082</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphora, <a href="#page1083">1083</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">galea, <a href="#page1082">1082</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mitra, <a href="#page1082">1082</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pervia, <a href="#page1082">1082</a>.</p> + <p>Toxarium, <a href="#page995">995</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bifurcum, <a href="#page997">997</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1801">{1801}</span>circospyris, <a + href="#page995">995</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">constrictum, <a href="#page996">996</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cordatum, <a href="#page996">996</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">costatum, <a href="#page997">997</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcatum, <a href="#page997">997</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pedatum, <a href="#page997">997</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">subcirculare, <a href="#page996">996</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">thorax, <a href="#page996">996</a>.</p> + <p>Toxellium, <a href="#page995">995</a>.</p> + <p>Toxidium, <a href="#page996">996</a>.</p> + <p>Toxonium, <a href="#page997">997</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Trematodiscida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page491">491</a>.</p> + <p>Trematodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page492">492</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>concentricus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page492">492</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>ellipticus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page494">494</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>flustrella</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page493">493</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>haeckelii</i>, <a href="#page1763">1763</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>helicoides</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page496">496</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>heterocyclus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page494">494</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>macroporus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page493">493</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>microporus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page493">493</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>orbiculatus</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page492">492</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>sorites</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page493">493</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>soritoides</i>, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p>Triacartus, <a href="#page1436">1436</a>.</p> + <p><i>Triactinosphæra</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page590">590</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>zittelii</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page590">590</a>.</p> + <p>Triactiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page432">432</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricuspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page432">432</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page432">432</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripyramis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page432">432</a>.</p> + <p>Tribonosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page98">98</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">centripetalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page98">98</a>.</p> + <p>Triceraspyris, <a href="#page1029">1029</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arborescens, <a href="#page1032">1032</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">corallorrhiza, <a href="#page1031">1031</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cortiniscus, <a href="#page1030">1030</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">damæcornis, <a href="#page1032">1032</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">didiceros, <a href="#page1030">1030</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="#page1031">1031</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gazella, <a href="#page1031">1031</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">giraffa, <a href="#page1031">1031</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">longicornis, <a href="#page1032">1032</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">maniculata, <a href="#page1031">1031</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripodiscus, <a href="#page1030">1030</a>.</p> + <p><i>Trichogromia</i>, <a href="#page1661">1661</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>hirsuta</i>, <a href="#page1661">1661</a>.</p> + <p>Tricircarium, <a href="#page985">985</a>.</p> + <p>Tricirconium, <a href="#page986">986</a>.</p> + <p>Tricolocampe, <a href="#page1411">1411</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphizona, <a href="#page1413">1413</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arcta, <a href="#page1414">1414</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cingulata, <a href="#page1414">1414</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cylindrica, <a href="#page1412">1412</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">doliolum, <a href="#page1414">1414</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">panthera, <a href="#page1413">1413</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polyzona, <a href="#page1412">1412</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pupa, <a href="#page1412">1412</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stenozona, <a href="#page1413">1413</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">urnula, <a href="#page1413">1413</a>.</p> + <p>Tricolocampium, <a href="#page1412">1412</a>.</p> + <p>Tricolocamptra, <a href="#page1413">1413</a>.</p> + <p>Tricolocapsa, <a href="#page1431">1431</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">brownii, <a href="#page1433">1433</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">decandollei, <a href="#page1433">1433</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dioscoridis, <a href="#page1432">1432</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">linnæi, <a href="#page1432">1432</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">schleidenii, <a href="#page1433">1433</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">theophrasti, <a href="#page1432">1432</a>.</p> + <p>Tricolocapsium, <a href="#page1433">1433</a>.</p> + <p>Tricolocapsula, <a href="#page1432">1432</a>.</p> + <p>Tricolospyris, <a href="#page1097">1097</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">baconiana, <a href="#page1098">1098</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">kantiana, <a href="#page1098">1098</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">leibnitziana, <a href="#page1098">1098</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">newtoniana, <a href="#page1098">1098</a>.</p> + <p><i>Tricranastrum</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page541">541</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>wyvillei</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page551">551</a>.</p> + <p>Trictenartus, <a href="#page1440">1440</a>.</p> + <p>Tricyclarium, <a href="#page987">987</a>.</p> + <p>Tricyclidium, <a href="#page984">984</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dictyospyris, <a href="#page984">984</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">semantrum, <a href="#page985">985</a>.</p> + <p>Tricyclonium, <a href="#page987">987</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Tricyrtida</span>, <a href="#page1313">1313</a>.</p> + <p>Tridictyopus, <a href="#page1145">1145</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conulus, <a href="#page1145">1145</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elegans, <a href="#page1145">1145</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">vatillum, <a href="#page1145">1145</a>.</p> + <p>Trigonactinium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page472">472</a>.</p> + <p>Trigonactura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page471">471</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lanceolata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page472">472</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pythagoræ, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page471">471</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhopalastrella, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page471">471</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page472">472</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigonobrachia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page472">472</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigonodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page472">472</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trixiphos, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page473">473</a>.</p> + <p>Trigonacturium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page471">471</a>.</p> + <p>Trigonastrum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page539">539</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gegenbauri, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page539">539</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">krohnii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page539">539</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">regulare, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page539">539</a>.</p> + <p>Trigonocyclia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page464">464</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triangularis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page464">464</a>.</p> + <p>Triodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page566">566</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lenticula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page566">566</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigonus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page567">567</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page567">567</a>.</p> + <p>Triolena, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page564">564</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexabelone, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page564">564</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">primordialis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page564">564</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tribelone, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page564">564</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigonalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page564">564</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trispinosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page564">564</a>.</p> + <p>Trioniscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page486">486</a>.</p> + <p>Triopyle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page564">564</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">circulus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page565">565</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cordigera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page565">565</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagona, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page565">565</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">renigera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page565">565</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinigera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page566">566</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigona, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page565">565</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Triopylida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page563">563</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Triosphærida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page52">52</a>.</p> + <p>Triospyridium, <a href="#page1032">1032</a>.</p> + <p>Triospyris, <a href="#page1030">1030</a>.</p> + <p>Triospyrium, <a href="#page1030">1030</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Triostephida</span>, <a href="#page967">967</a>.</p> + <p>Triostephus, <a href="#page983">983</a>.</p> + <p>Tripilidium, <a href="#page1140">1140</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cladopodium, <a href="#page1142">1142</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clavatum, <a href="#page1141">1141</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cortina, 1140,</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">costatum, <a href="#page1141">1141</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dichopodium, <a href="#page1142">1142</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">elongatum, <a href="#page1142">1142</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hemisphæricum, <a href="#page1140">1140</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lychnocanium, <a href="#page1141">1141</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovatum, <a href="#page1141">1141</a>.</p> + <p>Triplagia, <a href="#page908">908</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">horizontalis, <a href="#page909">909</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">primordialis, <a href="#page909">909</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triradialis, <a href="#page909">909</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Triplagida</span>, <a href="#page908">908</a>.</p> + <p>Triplecta, <a href="#page921">921</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triactis, <a href="#page922">922</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triangulum, <a href="#page921">921</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Triplectida</span>, <a href="#page921">921</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Triplozonaria</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page656">656</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Tripocalpida</span>, <a href="#page1133">1133</a>.</p> + <p>Tripocalpis, <a href="#page1135">1135</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cortinaris, <a href="#page1137">1137</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">galea, <a href="#page1136">1136</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">plectaniscus, <a href="#page1136">1136</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricostata, <a href="#page1136">1136</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triserrata, <a href="#page1136">1136</a>.</p> + <p>Tripocoronis, <a href="#page981">981</a>.</p> + <p>Tripocubus, <a href="#page994">994</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Tripocyrtida</span>, <a href="#page1192">1192</a>.</p> + <p>Tripocyrtis, <a href="#page1201">1201</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>challengeri</i>, <a href="#page1231">1231</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">plagoniscus, <a href="#page1201">1201</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">plectaniscus, <a href="#page1202">1202</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripodiscus, <a href="#page1202">1202</a>.</p> + <p>Tripodictya, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page505">505</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page505">505</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tribelonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page505">505</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigonaria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page505">505</a>.</p> + <p>Tripodiscinus, <a href="#page1143">1143</a>.</p> + <p>Tripodisculus, <a href="#page1144">1144</a>.</p> + <p>Tripodocorys, <a href="#page1142">1142</a>.</p> + <p>Tripodonium, <a href="#page1137">1137</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">campanulatum, <a href="#page1137">1137</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovatum, <a href="#page1137">1137</a>.</p> + <p>Tripodiscium, <a href="#page1143">1143</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">campanula, <a href="#page1144">1144</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1802">{1802}</span>clavatum, <a + href="#page1143">1143</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcatum, <a href="#page1144">1144</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ovatum, <a href="#page1143">1143</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ramosum, <a href="#page1144">1144</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sphærocephalum, <a href="#page1144">1144</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tristylospyris, <a href="#page1143">1143</a>.</p> + <p>Tripospyrantha, <a href="#page1025">1025</a>.</p> + <p>Tripospyrella, <a href="#page1026">1026</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Tripospyrida</span>, <a href="#page1025">1025</a>.</p> + <p>Tripospyris, <a href="#page1025">1025</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">capitata, <a href="#page1025">1025</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clavata, <a href="#page1028">1028</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conifera, <a href="#page1027">1027</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cortina, <a href="#page1025">1025</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cortiniscus, <a href="#page1026">1026</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">diomma, <a href="#page1026">1026</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">eucolpos, <a href="#page1029">1029</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>euscenium</i>, <a href="#page1147">1147</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="#page1021">1021</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexomma, <a href="#page1028">1028</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">semantidium, <a href="#page1029">1029</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">semantis, <a href="#page1026">1026</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">semantrum, <a href="#page1027">1027</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tessaromma, <a href="#page1028">1028</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tribrachiata, <a href="#page1029">1029</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triomma, <a href="#page1026">1026</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triplecta, <a href="#page1027">1027</a>.</p> + <p>Tripospyrissa, <a href="#page1027">1027</a>.</p> + <p>Tripospyromma, <a href="#page1028">1028</a>.</p> + <p>Tripterocalpis, <a href="#page1137">1137</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">conoptera, <a href="#page1138">1138</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ogmoptera, <a href="#page1138">1138</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">phylloptera, <a href="#page1138">1138</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Tripylea</span>, <a href="#page1521">1521</a>.</p> + <p><i>Trisolenia</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page113">113</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>megalactis</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page114">114</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>zanguebarica</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page97">97</a>.</p> + <p>Trissocircus, <a href="#page985">985</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">binellipsis, <a href="#page985">985</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">globus, <a href="#page986">986</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lentellipsis, <a href="#page985">985</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octahedrus, <a href="#page986">986</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octostoma, <a href="#page986">986</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Trissocyclida</span>, <a href="#page982">982</a>.</p> + <p>Trissocyclus, <a href="#page986">986</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sphæridium, <a href="#page987">987</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stauroporus, <a href="#page987">987</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triaxonius, <a href="#page987">987</a>.</p> + <p>Trissopilium, <a href="#page1138">1138</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lithomelissa, <a href="#page1139">1139</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetraplecta, <a href="#page1139">1139</a>.</p> + <p>Tristephaniscus, 984,</p> + <p>Tristephanium, <a href="#page982">982</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dimensivum, <a href="#page983">983</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hertwigii, <a href="#page983">983</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octopyle, <a href="#page983">983</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadricorne, <a href="#page984">984</a>.</p> + <p>Tristylocorys, <a href="#page1140">1140</a>.</p> + <p>Tristylospyris, <a href="#page1032">1032</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clavipes, <a href="#page1033">1033</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="#page1034">1034</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">palmipes, <a href="#page1033">1033</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ramosa, <a href="#page1034">1034</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">scaphipes, <a href="#page1033">1033</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triceros, <a href="#page1033">1033</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripodiscium, <a href="#page1034">1034</a>.</p> + <p>Tristylospyrula, <a href="#page1033">1033</a>.</p> + <p>Tristylospyrium, <a href="#page1034">1034</a>.</p> + <p>Trizonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page637">637</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphibelonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page638">638</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">constrictum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page637">637</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">decabelonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page639">639</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecabelos, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page640">640</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexabelonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page639">639</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page638">638</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octobelonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page639">639</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octogonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page638">638</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pleurobelonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page638">638</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">staurobelonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page639">639</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tricinctum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page637">637</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Trochodiscida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page412">412</a>.</p> + <p>Trochodisculus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page417">417</a>.</p> + <p>Trochodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page417">417</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cenophacus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page417">417</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cingillum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page419">419</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">echiniscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page418">418</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">medusinus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page417">417</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">odontotrochus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page418">418</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">solaris, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page418">418</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stellaris, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page418">418</a>.</p> + <p>Trypanosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page109">109</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">coronata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page110">110</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dentata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page110">110</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">terebrata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page110">110</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">transformata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page111">111</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trepanata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page110">110</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Tympanida</span>, <a href="#page987">987</a>.</p> + <p>Tympanidium, <a href="#page1003">1003</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">barbadense, <a href="#page1004">1004</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">binoctonum, <a href="#page1004">1004</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">foliosum, <a href="#page1003">1003</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinosum, <a href="#page1003">1003</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">staurocircum, <a href="#page1004">1004</a>.</p> + <p>Tympaniscus, <a href="#page1001">1001</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bipes, <a href="#page1001">1001</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">corona, <a href="#page1001">1001</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dipodiscus, <a href="#page1001">1001</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>dizonius</i>, <a href="#page973">973</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecaster, <a href="#page1002">1002</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fibula, <a href="#page1002">1002</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrupes, <a href="#page1002">1002</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tripodiscus, <a href="#page1002">1002</a>.</p> + <p>Tympanura, <a href="#page1003">1003</a>.</p> + <p>Tympanomma, <a href="#page1004">1004</a>.</p> + <p>Tuscarantha, <a href="#page1706">1706</a>.</p> + <p>Tuscaretta, <a href="#page1707">1707</a>.</p> + <p>Tuscaridium, <a href="#page1709">1709</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cygneum, <a href="#page1709">1709</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lithornithium, <a href="#page1710">1710</a>.</p> + <p>Tuscarilla, <a href="#page1708">1708</a>.</p> + <p>Tuscarora, <a href="#page1706">1706</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">belknapii, <a href="#page1708">1708</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bisternaria, <a href="#page1706">1706</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="correction" + title="Original reads 'cygneum'."><i>cygnea</i></span>, <a href="#page1709">1709</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">murrayi, <a href="#page1706">1706</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">porcellana, <a href="#page1708">1708</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetrahedra, <a href="#page1707">1707</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tubulosa, <a href="#page1707">1707</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">wyvillei, <a href="#page1707">1707</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Tuscarorida</span>, <a href="#page1702">1702</a>.</p> + <p>Tuscarusa, <a href="#page1707">1707</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">medusa, <a href="#page1709">1709</a>.</p> + <p class="stanza">Urocyrtis, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amaliæ, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">emmæ, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stephanii, <a href="#page1762">1762</a>.</p> + <p class="stanza">Xanthiosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page119">119</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">capillacea, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page119">119</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">erinacea, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page120">120</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lappacea, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page120">120</a>.</p> + <p>Xiphacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page758">758</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">alata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page761">761</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ancorata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page760">760</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ciliata, 761</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>cruciata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page754">754</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">crucifera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page759">759</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">emarginata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page759">759</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">falcata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page759">759</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>foliosa</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page754">754</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">macroptera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page760">760</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>murrayana</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page763">763</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>pectinata</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page757">757</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">platyptera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page761">761</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadridentata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page758">758</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>serrata</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page757">757</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinulosa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page759">759</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">stauroptera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page760">760</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigonoptera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page760">760</a>.</p> + <p>Xiphacanthidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page760">760</a>.</p> + <p>Xiphacanthonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page758">758</a>.</p> + <p>Xiphatractus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page332">332</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">armadillo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page332">332</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">chlamydophorus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page333">333</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dasypus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page333">333</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">euphractus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page332">332</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">glyptodon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page334">334</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">radiosus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page334">334</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">spinulosus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page332">332</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sulcatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page333">333</a>.</p> + <p>Xiphodictya, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page503">503</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphibelonia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page503">503</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphirrhopalia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page504">504</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">staurospira, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page504">504</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">heliospira, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page504">504</a>.</p> + <p>Xiphoptera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page777">777</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><span class="pagenum" id="page1803">{1803}</span>dodecactena, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page778">778</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">icosactena, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page778">778</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tessaractena, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page778">778</a>.</p> + <p>Xiphosphæra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page123">123</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">astræa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page126">126</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>bipolaris</i>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page297">297</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ceres, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page126">126</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">clavigera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page126">126</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">euphrosyne, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page124">124</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">flora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page125">125</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gæa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page123">123</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gigantea, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page125">125</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hebe, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page127">127</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">luna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page123">123</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">juno, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page125">125</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">maxima, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page124">124</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pallas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page124">124</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">planeta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page123">123</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">venus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page123">123</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">vesta, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page126">126</a>.</p> + <p>Xiphospira, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page504">504</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Xiphostylida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page122">122</a>.</p> + <p>Xiphostylus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page127">127</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">alauda, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page128">128</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">alca, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page130">130</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">alcedo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page127">127</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">anhinga, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page128">128</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ardea, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page131">131</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cuculus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page129">129</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">edolius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page130">130</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">emberiza, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page131">131</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">falco, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page130">130</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">gallus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page128">128</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">motacilla, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page127">127</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">phasianus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page127">127</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">picus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page129">129</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trochilus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page129">129</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trogon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page129">129</a>.</p> + <p class="stanza"><span class="sc">Zonarida</span>, <a + href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page682">682</a>.</p> + <p>Zonarium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page684">684</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octangulum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page685">685</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrigatum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page685">685</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrispinum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page685">685</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetratholium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page685">685</a>.</p> + <p>Zonaspis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page833">833</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">æquatorialis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page834">834</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cingulata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page834">834</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">fragilis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page833">833</a>.</p> + <p>Zonidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page687">687</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octostylium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page688">688</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octotholium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page688">688</a>.</p> + <p>Zoniscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page686">686</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexathalamius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page686">686</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexatholius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page687">687</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">octacanthus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page667">667</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rectangulus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page686">686</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetracanthus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page687">687</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Zonodiscida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page411">411</a>.</p> + <p>Zonodiscus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page412">412</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">saturnalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page412">412</a>.</p> + <p>Zygacantha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page746">746</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">complanata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page748">748</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">compressa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page747">747</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">costata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page746">746</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dichotoma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page747">747</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dicopa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page748">748</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">foliacea, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page748">748</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">furcata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page747">747</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">lanceolata, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page746">746</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">semicompressa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page748">748</a>.</p> + <p>Zygacantharium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page746">746</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Zygacanthida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page742">742</a>.</p> + <p>Zygacanthidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page747">747</a>.</p> + <p>Zygacanthonium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page748">748</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Zygartida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page397">397</a>.</p> + <p>Zygartus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page401">401</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">chrysalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page401">401</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">doliolum, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page401">401</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>larvalis</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page398">398</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em"><i>virginis</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page369">369</a>.</p> + <p>Zygocampe, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page399">399</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">chrysalidium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page400">400</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">corasium, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page400">400</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pupula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page399">399</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Zygocampida</span>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page392">392</a>.</p> + <p>Zygocircus, <a href="#page945">945</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">acacia, <a href="#page947">947</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bütschlii, <a href="#page948">948</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dodecanthus, <a href="#page947">947</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">hexagonus, <a href="#page947">947</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pentagonus, <a href="#page946">946</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">polygonus, <a href="#page947">947</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">productus, <a href="#page958">958</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">rhombicus, <a href="#page946">946</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sagittalis, <a href="#page946">946</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">tetragonus, <a href="#page946">946</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">trigonus, <a href="#page946">946</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">triquetrus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page347">347</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Zygocyrtida</span>, <a href="#page1015">1015</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Zygospyrida</span>, <a href="#page1021">1021</a>.</p> + <p>Zygospyris, <a href="#page1055">1055</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">equus, <a href="#page1056">1056</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">quadrupes, <a href="#page1055">1055</a>.</p> + <p>Zygostaurus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page774">774</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">amphithectus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page774">774</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">arcuatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page774">774</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">caudatus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page775">775</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">cornutus, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page775">775</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">frontalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page775">775</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">longicornis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page774">774</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">sagittalis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44525/44525-h/44525-h.htm#page775">775</a>.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Zygostephanida</span>, <a href="#page970">970</a>.</p> + <p>Zygostephaniscus, <a href="#page972">972</a>.</p> + <p>Zygostephanium, <a href="#page972">972</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">constrictum, <a href="#page973">973</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dizonium, <a href="#page973">973</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">paradictyum, <a href="#page973">973</a>.</p> + <p>Zygostephanus, <a href="#page970">970</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">bicornis, <a href="#page972">972</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">dissocircus, <a href="#page971">971</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">mülleri, <a href="#page971">971</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">ramosus, <a href="#page971">971</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">reniformis, 972</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">serratus, <a href="#page971">971</a>.</p> + <p style="margin-left:1.40em">violina, <a href="#page972">972</a>.</p> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="x-larger">Notes.</span></p> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_1" href="#NtA_1">[1]</a> + <p><i>Cystidium</i> = Small vesicle; <span title="kystidion" + class="fsn">κυστίδιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_2" href="#NtA_2">[2]</a> + <p><i>Nassella</i> = Small wicker cage for fishing.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_3" href="#NtA_3">[3]</a> + <p><i>Triplagia</i> = Triangular or three-radial; <span title="triplagios" + class="fsn">τριπλάγιος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_4" href="#NtA_4">[4]</a> + <p><i>Plagiacantha</i> = Having spines on the sides; <span title="plagios" + class="fsn">πλάγιος</span>, <span title="akantha" + class="fsn">ἄκανθα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_5" href="#NtA_5">[5]</a> + <p><i>Tetraplagia</i> = Four-sided; <span title="tetraplagios" + class="fsn">τετραπλάγιος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_6" href="#NtA_6">[6]</a> + <p><i>Plagoniscus</i> = Side-windlass; <span title="plagos" + class="fsn">πλᾶγος</span>, <span title="oniskos" + class="fsn">ὀνίσκος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_7" href="#NtA_7">[7]</a> + <p><i>Plagonidium</i> = Small side-article; <span title="plagônidion" + class="fsn">πλαγωνίδιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_8" href="#NtA_8">[8]</a> + <p><i>Plagiocarpa</i> = Having its fruit (the central capsule) on the side; <span + title="plagiokarpos" class="fsn">πλαγιόκαρπος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_9" href="#NtA_9">[9]</a> + <p><i>Hexaplagia</i> = Six-sided; <span title="hexaplagios" + class="fsn">ἑξαπλάγιος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_10" href="#NtA_10">[10]</a> + <p><i>Plagonium</i> = Side-article; <span title="plagos" + class="fsn">πλᾶγος</span>, <span title="ônion" + class="fsn">ὤνιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_11" href="#NtA_11">[11]</a> + <p><i>Polyplagia</i> = Manifold; <span title="polyplagios" + class="fsn">πολυπλάγιος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_12" href="#NtA_12">[12]</a> + <p><i>Triplecta</i> = Hunting net with three beams; <span title="tris" + class="fsn">τρίς</span>, <span title="plektê" + class="fsn">πλεκτή</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_13" href="#NtA_13">[13]</a> + <p><i>Plectophora</i> = Bearing a hunting net; <span title="plektê" + class="fsn">πλεκτή</span>, <span title="phoros" + class="fsn">φόρος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_14" href="#NtA_14">[14]</a> + <p><i>Tetraplecta</i> = Hunting net with four beams; <span title="tetra" + class="fsn">τέτρα</span>, <span title="plektê" + class="fsn">πλεκτή</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_15" href="#NtA_15">[15]</a> + <p><i>Plectaniscus</i> = Shell of wickerwork; <span title="plektaniskos" + class="fsn">πλεκτανίσκος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_16" href="#NtA_16">[16]</a> + <p><i>Periplecta</i> = Surrounded by a hunting net; <span title="peri" + class="fsn">περί</span>, <span title="plektê" + class="fsn">πλεκτή</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_17" href="#NtA_17">[17]</a> + <p><i>Hexaplecta</i> = Hunting net with six beams; <span title="hexa" + class="fsn">ἕξα</span>, <span title="plektê" + class="fsn">πλεκτή</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_18" href="#NtA_18">[18]</a> + <p><i>Plectanium</i> = Small wickerwork or network; <span title="plektanê" + class="fsn">πλεκτάνη</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_19" href="#NtA_19">[19]</a> + <p><i>Polyplecta</i> = Much entwined; <span title="polyplektos" + class="fsn">πολύπλεκτος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_20" href="#NtA_20">[20]</a> + <p><i>Archicircus</i> = Primordial ring; <span title="archi" + class="fsn">ἀρχί</span>, <span title="kirkos" + class="fsn">κίρκος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_21" href="#NtA_21">[21]</a> + <p><i>Lithocircus</i> = Ring of silex; <span title="lithos" + class="fsn">λίθος</span>, <span title="kirkos" + class="fsn">κίρκος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_22" href="#NtA_22">[22]</a> + <p><i>Zygocircus</i> = Yoked or symmetrical ring; <span title="zygon" + class="fsn">ζυγόν</span>, <span title="kirkos" + class="fsn">κίρκος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_23" href="#NtA_23">[23]</a> + <p><i>Dendrocircus</i> = Ring bearing trees; <span title="dendron" + class="fsn">δένδρον</span>, <span title="kirkos" + class="fsn">κίρκος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_24" href="#NtA_24">[24]</a> + <p><i>Cortina</i> = Tripod.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_25" href="#NtA_25">[25]</a> + <p><i>Stephanium</i> = Small crown or garland; <span title="stephanion" + class="fsn">στεφάνιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_26" href="#NtA_26">[26]</a> + <p><i>Semantis</i> = Signet-ring; <span title="sêmantis" + class="fsn">σημαντίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_27" href="#NtA_27">[27]</a> + <p><i>Semantrum</i> = Signet-ring; <span title="sêmantron" + class="fsn">σήμαντρον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_28" href="#NtA_28">[28]</a> + <p><i>Semantidium</i> = Small signet-ring; <span title="sêmantidion" + class="fsn">σημαντίδιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_29" href="#NtA_29">[29]</a> + <p><i>Clathrocircus</i> = Lattice-ring; <span title="klêthron" + class="fsn">κλῆθρον</span>, <span title="kirkos" + class="fsn">κίρκος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_30" href="#NtA_30">[30]</a> + <p><i>Cortiniscus</i> = Small cortina or tripod.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_31" href="#NtA_31">[31]</a> + <p><i>Stephaniscus</i> = Small coronet or garland; <span title="stephaniskos" + class="fsn">στεφανίσκος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_32" href="#NtA_32">[32]</a> + <p><i>Semantiscus</i> = Small signet-ring; <span title="sêmantiskos" + class="fsn">σημαντίσκος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_33" href="#NtA_33">[33]</a> + <p><i>Zygostephanus</i> = Yoked ring; <span title="zygon" + class="fsn">ζυγόν</span>, <span title="stephanos" + class="fsn">στέφανος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_34" href="#NtA_34">[34]</a> + <p><i>Zygostephanium</i> = Small yoked ring; <span title="zygon" + class="fsn">ζυγόν</span>, <span title="stephanion" + class="fsn">στεφάνιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_35" href="#NtA_35">[35]</a> + <p><i>Coronidium</i> = Small crown; <span title="korônidion" + class="fsn">κορωνίδιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_36" href="#NtA_36">[36]</a> + <p><i>Acanthodesmia</i> = Thorn-band; <span title="akantha" + class="fsn">ἄκανθα</span>, <span title="desmion" + class="fsn">δέσμιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_37" href="#NtA_37">[37]</a> + <p><i>Eucoronis</i> = Good crown; <span title="eu" class="fsn">εὖ</span>, <span + title="korônis" class="fsn">κορωνίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_38" href="#NtA_38">[38]</a> + <p><i>Plectocoronis</i> = Crown with framework; <span title="plektos" + class="fsn">πλεκτός</span>, <span title="korônis" + class="fsn">κορωνίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_39" href="#NtA_39">[39]</a> + <p><i>Podocoronis</i> = Crown with feet; <span title="pous" + class="fsn">ποῦς</span>, <span title="korônis" + class="fsn">κορωνίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_40" href="#NtA_40">[40]</a> + <p><i>Tristephanium</i> = Small crown with three rings; <span title="tris" + class="fsn">τρίς</span>, <span title="stephanion" + class="fsn">στεφάνιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_41" href="#NtA_41">[41]</a> + <p><i>Tricyclidium</i> = Composed of three small crossed circles; <span title="tris" + class="fsn">τρίς</span>, <span title="kyklidion" + class="fsn">κυκλίδιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_42" href="#NtA_42">[42]</a> + <p><i>Trissocircus</i> = Composed of three crossed circles; <span title="trissos" + class="fsn">τρισσός</span>, <span title="kirkos" + class="fsn">κίρκος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_43" href="#NtA_43">[43]</a> + <p><i>Trissocyclus</i> = Composed of three crossed rings; <span title="trissos" + class="fsn">τρισσός</span>, <span title="kyklos" + class="fsn">κύκλος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_44" href="#NtA_44">[44]</a> + <p><i>Protympanium</i> = Primordial drum; <span title="protympanion" + class="fsn">προτυμπάνιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_45" href="#NtA_45">[45]</a> + <p><i>Acrocubus</i> = Perfect cube; <span title="akros" + class="fsn">ἄκρος</span>, <span title="kybos" + class="fsn">κῦβος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_46" href="#NtA_46">[46]</a> + <p><i>Toxarium</i> = Small bow; <span title="toxarion" + class="fsn">τοξάριον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_47" href="#NtA_47">[47]</a> + <p><i>Microcubus</i> = Small cube; <span title="mikros" + class="fsn">μικρός</span>, <span title="kybos" + class="fsn">κῦβος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_48" href="#NtA_48">[48]</a> + <p><i>Octotympanum</i> = Drum with eight gates; <span title="oktô" + class="fsn">ὀκτώ</span>, <span title="tympanon" + class="fsn">τύμπανον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_49" href="#NtA_49">[49]</a> + <p><i>Tympaniscus</i> = Little drum; <span title="tympaniskos" + class="fsn">τυμπανίσκος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_50" href="#NtA_50">[50]</a> + <p><i>Tympanidium</i> = Small drum; <span title="tympanidion" + class="fsn">τυμπανίδιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_51" href="#NtA_51">[51]</a> + <p><i>Paratympanum</i> = Side-drum; <span title="para" + class="fsn">παρὰ</span>, <span title="tympanon" + class="fsn">τύμπανον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_52" href="#NtA_52">[52]</a> + <p><i>Lithotympanum</i> = Drum of silex; <span title="lithos" + class="fsn">λίθος</span>, <span title="tympanon" + class="fsn">τύμπανον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_53" href="#NtA_53">[53]</a> + <p><i>Dystympanium</i> = Hideous drum; <span title="dys" + class="fsn">δύς</span>, <span title="tympanion" + class="fsn">τυμπάνιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_54" href="#NtA_54">[54]</a> + <p><i>Prismatium</i> = A small prism; <span title="prismation" + class="fsn">πρισμάτιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_55" href="#NtA_55">[55]</a> + <p><i>Pseudocubus</i> = False cube; <span title="pseudos" + class="fsn">ψεῦδος</span>, <span title="kybos" + class="fsn">κῦβος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_56" href="#NtA_56">[56]</a> + <p><i>Lithocubus</i> = Cube of silex; <span title="lithos" + class="fsn">λίθος</span>, <span title="kybos" + class="fsn">κῦβος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_57" href="#NtA_57">[57]</a> + <p><i>Circotympanum</i> = Drum with rings; <span title="kirkos" + class="fsn">κίρκος</span>, <span title="tympanon" + class="fsn">τύμπανον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_58" href="#NtA_58">[58]</a> + <p><i>Eutympanium</i> = Nice small drum; <span title="eu" class="fsn">εὖ</span>, + <span title="tympanion" class="fsn">τυμπάνιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_59" href="#NtA_59">[59]</a> + <p><i>Tripospyris</i> = Basket with a tripod; <span title="tripos" + class="fsn">τρίπος</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_60" href="#NtA_60">[60]</a> + <p><i>Triceraspyris</i> = Basket with three horns; <span title="trikeras" + class="fsn">τρίκερας</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_61" href="#NtA_61">[61]</a> + <p><i>Tristylospyris</i> = Basket with three styles; <span title="tristylos" + class="fsn">τρίστυλος</span>, <span + title="spyris" class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_62" href="#NtA_62">[62]</a> + <p><i>Cephalospyris</i> = Head-like basket; <span title="kephalê" + class="fsn">κεφαλή</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_63" href="#NtA_63">[63]</a> + <p><i>Dipospyris</i> = Basket with two feet; <span title="dipous" + class="fsn">δίπους</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_64" href="#NtA_64">[64]</a> + <p><i>Brachiospyris</i> = Basket with two arms; <span title="brachiôn" + class="fsn">βραχίων</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_65" href="#NtA_65">[65]</a> + <p><i>Dendrospyris</i> = Basket with arborescent feet; <span title="dendron" + class="fsn">δένδρον</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_66" href="#NtA_66">[66]</a> + <p><i>Dorcadospyris</i> = Basket with two horns, similar to an antelope; <span title="dorkas" + class="fsn">δορκάς</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_67" href="#NtA_67">[67]</a> + <p><i>Gamospyris</i> = Basket with two feet grown together; <span title="gamos" + class="fsn">γάμος</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_68" href="#NtA_68">[68]</a> + <p><i>Stephanospyris</i> = Basket with a garland; <span title="stephanos" + class="fsn">στέφανος</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_69" href="#NtA_69">[69]</a> + <p><i>Tetraspyris</i> = Basket with four feet; <span title="tetra" + class="fsn">τέτρα</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_70" href="#NtA_70">[70]</a> + <p><i>Tessarospyris</i> = Basket with four feet; <span title="tessara" + class="fsn">τέσσαρα</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_71" href="#NtA_71">[71]</a> + <p><i>Hexaspyris</i> = Basket with six feet; <span title="hexa" + class="fsn">ἑξά</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_72" href="#NtA_72">[72]</a> + <p><i>Liriospyris</i> = Lily-basket; <span title="leirion" + class="fsn">λείριον</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_73" href="#NtA_73">[73]</a> + <p><i>Cantharospyris</i> = Basket with six feet, like a beetle; <span title="kantharos" + class="fsn">κάνθαρος</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_74" href="#NtA_74">[74]</a> + <p><i>Clathrospyris</i> = Latticed basket; <span title="klêthron" + class="fsn">κλῆθρον</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_75" href="#NtA_75">[75]</a> + <p><i>Aegospyris</i> = Goat-basket; <span title="aigospyris" + class="fsn">ἀιγοσπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_76" href="#NtA_76">[76]</a> + <p><i>Pentaspyris</i> = Basket with five feet; <span title="penta" + class="fsn">πέντα</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_77" href="#NtA_77">[77]</a> + <p><i>Zygospyris</i> = Bilocular basket, with paired halves; <span title="zyga" + class="fsn">ζυγά</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_78" href="#NtA_78">[78]</a> + <p><i>Elaphospyris</i> = Deer-basket; <span title="elaphos" + class="fsn">ἔλαφος</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_79" href="#NtA_79">[79]</a> + <p><i>Taurospyris</i> = Bull-basket; <span title="tauros" + class="fsn">ταῦρος</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_80" href="#NtA_80">[80]</a> + <p><i>Therospyris</i> = Basket with four feet, like a beast; <span title="thêr" + class="fsn">θὴρ</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_81" href="#NtA_81">[81]</a> + <p><i>Petalospyris</i> = Leaf-basket; <span title="petalos" + class="fsn">πέταλος</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_82" href="#NtA_82">[82]</a> + <p><i>Anthospyris</i> = Flower-basket; <span title="anthos" + class="fsn">ἄνθος</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_83" href="#NtA_83">[83]</a> + <p><i>Ceratospyris</i> = Horned basket; <span title="keras" + class="fsn">κέρας</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_84" href="#NtA_84">[84]</a> + <p><i>Gorgospyris</i> = Medusiform basket; <span title="gorgô" + class="fsn">γοργώ</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_85" href="#NtA_85">[85]</a> + <p><i>Circospyris</i> = Basket with a ring; <span title="kirkos" + class="fsn">κίρκος</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_86" href="#NtA_86">[86]</a> + <p><i>Dictyospyris</i> = Net-basket; <span title="diktyon" + class="fsn">δίκτυον</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_87" href="#NtA_87">[87]</a> + <p><i>Tholospyris</i> = Basket with a cupola; <span title="tholos" + class="fsn">θόλος</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_88" href="#NtA_88">[88]</a> + <p><i>Lophospyris</i> = Basket with a crest; <span title="lophos" + class="fsn">λόφος</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_89" href="#NtA_89">[89]</a> + <p><i>Sepalospyris</i> = Basket with leaves; <span title="sêpalon" + class="fsn">σήπαλον</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_90" href="#NtA_90">[90]</a> + <p><i>Tiarospyris</i> = Basket with a cap; <span title="tiara" + class="fsn">τιάρα</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_91" href="#NtA_91">[91]</a> + <p><i>Pylospyris</i> = Basket with gates; <span title="pylê" + class="fsn">πύλη</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_92" href="#NtA_92">[92]</a> + <p><i>Acrospyris</i> = Basket with an apical spine; <span title="akra" + class="fsn">ἄκρα</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_93" href="#NtA_93">[93]</a> + <p><i>Phormospyris</i> = Wicker-basket; <span title="phormos" + class="fsn">φορμός</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_94" href="#NtA_94">[94]</a> + <p><i>Patagospyris</i> = Basket with a patagium; <span title="patageion" + class="fsn">πάταγεῖον</span>, <span + title="spyris" class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_95" href="#NtA_95">[95]</a> + <p><i>Rhodospyris</i> = Rose-basket; <span title="rhodon" + class="fsn">ῥόδον</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_96" href="#NtA_96">[96]</a> + <p><i>Desmospyris</i> = Basket with a band or string; <span title="desmos" + class="fsn">δεσμός</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_97" href="#NtA_97">[97]</a> + <p><i>Androspyris</i> = Man-like wicker basket; <span title="anêr" + class="fsn">ἀνήρ</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_98" href="#NtA_98">[98]</a> + <p><i>Lamprospyris</i> = Splendid wicker-basket; <span title="lampros" + class="fsn">λαμπρός</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_99" href="#NtA_99">[99]</a> + <p><i>Amphispyris</i> = Basket with a cap on both sides; <span title="amphi" + class="fsn">ἀμφί</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_100" href="#NtA_100">[100]</a> + <p><i>Tricolospyris</i> = Wicker-basket with three joints; <span title="trikôlos" + class="fsn">τρικῶλος</span>, <span + title="spyris" class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_101" href="#NtA_101">[101]</a> + <p><i>Perispyris</i> = Wicker-basket surrounded by an envelope; <span title="peri" + class="fsn">περί</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_102" href="#NtA_102">[102]</a> + <p><i>Sphærospyris</i> = Spherical wicker-basket; <span title="sphaira" + class="fsn">σφαῖρα</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_103" href="#NtA_103">[103]</a> + <p><i>Nephrospyris</i> = Kidney-shaped basket; <span title="nephros" + class="fsn">νεφρός</span>, <span title="spyris" + class="fsn">σπυρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_104" href="#NtA_104">[104]</a> + <p><i>Botryopera</i> = Basket with grapes; <span title="botrys" + class="fsn">βότρυς</span>, <span title="pêra" + class="fsn">πήρα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_105" href="#NtA_105">[105]</a> + <p><i>Cannobotrys</i> = Grape with tubes; <span title="kanna" + class="fsn">κάννα</span>, <span title="botrys" + class="fsn">βότρυς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_106" href="#NtA_106">[106]</a> + <p><i>Acrobotrys</i> = Perfect grape; <span title="akros" + class="fsn">ἀκρός</span>, <span title="botrys" + class="fsn">βότρυς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_107" href="#NtA_107">[107]</a> + <p><i>Botryocella</i> = Grape-pinnace; <span title="botrys" + class="fsn">βότρυς</span>, <span title="kella" + class="fsn">κέλλα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_108" href="#NtA_108">[108]</a> + <p><i>Lithobotrys</i> = Stone grape; <span title="lithos" + class="fsn">λίθος</span>, <span title="botrys" + class="fsn">βότρυς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_109" href="#NtA_109">[109]</a> + <p><i>Botryocyrtis</i> = Basket with grapes; <span title="botrys" + class="fsn">βότρυς</span>, <span title="kyrtis" + class="fsn">κυρτίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_110" href="#NtA_110">[110]</a> + <p><i>Pylobotrys</i> = Grape with an aperture; <span title="pylê" + class="fsn">πύλη</span>, <span title="botrys" + class="fsn">βότρυς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_111" href="#NtA_111">[111]</a> + <p><i>Botryocampe</i> = Caterpillar with a grape; <span title="botrys" + class="fsn">βότρυς</span>, <span title="kampê" + class="fsn">κάμπη</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_112" href="#NtA_112">[112]</a> + <p><i>Phormobotrys</i> = Grape basket; <span title="phormos" + class="fsn">φόρμος</span>, <span title="botrys" + class="fsn">βότρυς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_113" href="#NtA_113">[113]</a> + <p><i>Tripocalpis</i> = Urn with three feet; <span title="tripous" + class="fsn">τρίπους</span>, <span title="kalpis" + class="fsn">καλπίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_114" href="#NtA_114">[114]</a> + <p><i>Tripodonium</i> = Shell with three feet.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_115" href="#NtA_115">[115]</a> + <p><i>Tripterocalpis</i> = Urn with three wings; <span title="tripteros" + class="fsn">τρίπτερος</span>, <span + title="kalpis" class="fsn">καλπίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_116" href="#NtA_116">[116]</a> + <p><i>Trissopilium</i> = Small hat with three wings; <span title="trissos" + class="fsn">τρίσσος</span>, <span title="pilion" + class="fsn">πίλιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_117" href="#NtA_117">[117]</a> + <p><i>Archipilium</i> = Primordial hat; <span title="archipilion" + class="fsn">ἀρχιπίλιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_118" href="#NtA_118">[118]</a> + <p><i>Tripilidium</i> = Small hat with three feet; <span title="tria" + class="fsn">τρία</span>, <span title="pilidion" + class="fsn">πιλίδιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_119" href="#NtA_119">[119]</a> + <p><i>Tripodiscium</i> = Shell with three small feet; <span title="tria" + class="fsn">τρία</span>, <span title="podiskion" + class="fsn">ποδίσκιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_120" href="#NtA_120">[120]</a> + <p><i>Tridictyopus</i> = Shell with three lattice-feet; <span title="tria" + class="fsn">τρία</span>, <span title="diktyon" + class="fsn">δίκτυον</span>, <span title="pous" + class="fsn">πούς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_121" href="#NtA_121">[121]</a> + <p><i>Euscenium</i> = Nice small tent; <span title="eu" class="fsn">εὖ</span>, + <span title="skênion" class="fsn">σκηνίον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_122" href="#NtA_122">[122]</a> + <p><i>Cladoscenium</i> = Small tent with branched axis; <span title="klados" + class="fsn">κλαδός</span>, <span title="skênion" + class="fsn">σκηνίον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_123" href="#NtA_123">[123]</a> + <p><i>Archiscenium</i> = Primordial tent; <span title="archi" + class="fsn">ἀρχί</span>, <span title="skênion" + class="fsn">σκηνίον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_124" href="#NtA_124">[124]</a> + <p><i>Pteroscenium</i> = Small tent with wings; <span title="pteron" + class="fsn">πτερόν</span>, <span title="skênion" + class="fsn">σκηνίον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_125" href="#NtA_125">[125]</a> + <p><i>Peridium</i> = Small pouch; <span title="pêridion" + class="fsn">πηρίδιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_126" href="#NtA_126">[126]</a> + <p><i>Archipera</i> = Primordial pouch; <span title="archi" + class="fsn">ἀρχί</span>, <span title="pêra" + class="fsn">πήρα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_127" href="#NtA_127">[127]</a> + <p><i>Archibursa</i> = Primordial bottle; <span title="archi" + class="fsn">ἀρχί</span>, <span title="byrsa" + class="fsn">βύρσα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_128" href="#NtA_128">[128]</a> + <p><i>Bathropyramis</i> = Pyramid with ladders; <span title="bathron" + class="fsn">βάθρον</span>, <span title="pyramis" + class="fsn">πυραμίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_129" href="#NtA_129">[129]</a> + <p><i>Cinclopyramis</i> = Lattice-pyramid; <span title="kinklis" + class="fsn">κιγκλίς</span>, <span title="pyramis" + class="fsn">πυραμίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_130" href="#NtA_130">[130]</a> + <p><i>Peripyramis</i> = Pyramid with an envelope; <span title="peri" + class="fsn">περί</span>, <span title="pyramis" + class="fsn">πυραμίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_131" href="#NtA_131">[131]</a> + <p><i>Litharachnium</i> = Spider-web of silex; <span title="lithos" + class="fsn">λίθος</span>, <span title="arachnion" + class="fsn">ἀράχνιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_132" href="#NtA_132">[132]</a> + <p><i>Cladarachnium</i> = Spider-web with branched threads; <span title="klados" + class="fsn">κλαδός</span>, <span title="arachnion" + class="fsn">ἀράχνιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_133" href="#NtA_133">[133]</a> + <p><i><span class="correction" title="Printed 'Cyrtophormis' (with purported + derivation), corrected by Errata.">Cystophormis</span></i> = bladder-basket; <span title="kystê" + class="fsn">κυστή</span>, <span title="phormis" + class="fsn">φορμίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_134" href="#NtA_134">[134]</a> + <p><i>Haliphormis</i> = Sea-basket; <span title="hals" + class="fsn">ἅλς</span>, <span title="phormis" + class="fsn">φορμίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_135" href="#NtA_135">[135]</a> + <p><i>Archiphormis</i> = Primordial-basket; <span title="archi" + class="fsn">ἀρχί</span>, <span title="phormis" + class="fsn">φορμίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_136" href="#NtA_136">[136]</a> + <p><i>Halicalyptra</i> = Sea-veil; <span title="hals" + class="fsn">ἅλς</span>, <span title="kalyptra" + class="fsn">καλύπτρα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_137" href="#NtA_137">[137]</a> + <p><i>Carpocanistrum</i> = Small fruit-basket; <span title="karpos" + class="fsn">καρπός</span>, <span title="kanistron" + class="fsn">κανίστρον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_138" href="#NtA_138">[138]</a> + <p><i>Arachnocalpis</i> = Urn enveloped by spider's web; <span title="arachnê" + class="fsn">ἀράχνη</span>, <span title="kalpis" + class="fsn">καλπίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_139" href="#NtA_139">[139]</a> + <p><i>Phænocalpis</i> = Urceolate shell; <span title="phaina" + class="fsn">φαῖνα</span>, <span title="kalpis" + class="fsn">καλπίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_140" href="#NtA_140">[140]</a> + <p><i>Phænoscenium</i> = Tent-shaped shell; <span title="phaina" + class="fsn">φαῖνα</span>, <span title="skênion" + class="fsn">σκηνίον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_141" href="#NtA_141">[141]</a> + <p><i>Calpophæna</i> = Urceolate shell; <span title="kalpis" + class="fsn">καλπίς</span>, <span title="phaina" + class="fsn">φαῖνα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_142" href="#NtA_142">[142]</a> + <p><i>Archiphæna</i> = Primordial shell; <span title="archi" + class="fsn">ἀρχί</span>, <span title="phaina" + class="fsn">φαῖνα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_143" href="#NtA_143">[143]</a> + <p><i>Cornutella</i> = Small horn; diminutive of cornu.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_144" href="#NtA_144">[144]</a> + <p><i>Cornutanna</i> = Horn-shaped; <i>Cornuta</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_145" href="#NtA_145">[145]</a> + <p><i>Archicorys</i> = Principal helm; <span title="archikorys" + class="fsn">ἀρχίκορυς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_146" href="#NtA_146">[146]</a> + <p><i>Cyrtocalpis</i> = Basket-urn or wicker-pitcher; <span title="kyrtos" + class="fsn">κύρτος</span>, <span title="kalpis" + class="fsn">καλπίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_147" href="#NtA_147">[147]</a> + <p><i>Mitrocalpis</i> = Turban basket; <span title="mitra" + class="fsn">μίτρα</span>, <span title="kalpis" + class="fsn">καλπίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_148" href="#NtA_148">[148]</a> + <p><i>Spongocyrtis</i> = Spongy basket; <span title="spongos" + class="fsn">σπόγγος</span>, <span title="kyrtis" + class="fsn">κυρτίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_149" href="#NtA_149">[149]</a> + <p><i>Halicapsa</i> = Sea-capsule; <span title="hals" + class="fsn">ἅλς</span>, <span title="kapsa" + class="fsn">κάψα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_150" href="#NtA_150">[150]</a> + <p><i>Archicapsa</i> = Primordial capsule; <span title="archikapsa" + class="fsn">ἀρχίκαψα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_151" href="#NtA_151">[151]</a> + <p><i>Dictyophimus</i> = Net goblet; <span title="diktyon" + class="fsn">δίκτυον</span>, <span title="phimos" + class="fsn">φιμός</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_152" href="#NtA_152">[152]</a> + <p><i>Tripocyrtis</i> = Basket with a tripod; <span title="tripos" + class="fsn">τρίπος</span>, <span title="kyrtis" + class="fsn">κυρτίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_153" href="#NtA_153">[153]</a> + <p><i>Sethopilium</i> = Small fenestrated hat; <span title="sêthô" + class="fsn">σήθω</span>, <span title="pilion" + class="fsn">πίλιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_154" href="#NtA_154">[154]</a> + <p><i>Lithomelissa</i> = Stone bee; <span title="lithos" + class="fsn">λίθος</span>, <span title="melissa" + class="fsn">μέλισσα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_155" href="#NtA_155">[155]</a> + <p><i>Psilomelissa</i> = Smooth bee; <span title="psilos" + class="fsn">ψιλός</span>, <span title="melissa" + class="fsn">μέλισσα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_156" href="#NtA_156">[156]</a> + <p><i>Spongomelissa</i> = Spongy bee; <span title="spongos" + class="fsn">σπόγγος</span>, <span title="melissa" + class="fsn">μέλισσα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_157" href="#NtA_157">[157]</a> + <p><i>Clathrocanium</i> = Basket of network; <span title="klêthra" + class="fsn">κλῆθρα</span>, <span title="kaneon" + class="fsn">κάνεον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_158" href="#NtA_158">[158]</a> + <p><i>Lamprodiscus</i> = Splendid disk; <span title="lampros" + class="fsn">λαμπρός</span>, <span title="diskos" + class="fsn">δίσκος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_159" href="#NtA_159">[159]</a> + <p><i>Lampromitra</i> = Splendid turban; <span title="lampros" + class="fsn">λαμπρός</span>, <span title="mitra" + class="fsn">μίτρα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_160" href="#NtA_160">[160]</a> + <p><i>Callimitra</i> = Beautiful turban; <span title="kallis" + class="fsn">κάλλὶς</span>, <span title="mitra" + class="fsn">μίτρα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_161" href="#NtA_161">[161]</a> + <p><i>Clathromitra</i> = Lattice-turban; <span title="klêthra" + class="fsn">κλῆθρα</span>, <span title="mitra" + class="fsn">μίτρα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_162" href="#NtA_162">[162]</a> + <p><i>Clathrocorys</i> = Lattice-helmet; <span title="klêthra" + class="fsn">κλῆθρα</span>, <span title="korys" + class="fsn">κόρυς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_163" href="#NtA_163">[163]</a> + <p><i>Eucecryphalus</i> = Nice net-cap, <span title="eu" class="fsn">εὖ</span>, + <span title="kekryphalos" class="fsn">κεκρύφαλος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_164" href="#NtA_164">[164]</a> + <p><i>Amphiplecta</i> = Shell at both poles open, with framework around; <span + title="amphiplêkta" class="fsn">ἀμφίπληκτα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_165" href="#NtA_165">[165]</a> + <p><i>Lychnocanium</i> = Lantern-basket: <span title="lychnos" + class="fsn">λύχνος</span>, <span title="kaneon" + class="fsn">κάνεον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_166" href="#NtA_166">[166]</a> + <p><i>Lychnodictyum</i> = Lantern with network; <span title="lychnos" + class="fsn">λύχνος</span>, <span title="diktyon" + class="fsn">δίκτυον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_167" href="#NtA_167">[167]</a> + <p><i>Sethopera</i> = Sieve-pouch; <span title="sêthô" + class="fsn">σήθω</span>, <span title="pêra" + class="fsn">πήρα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_168" href="#NtA_168">[168]</a> + <p><i>Lithopera</i> = Stone-pouch; <span title="lithos" + class="fsn">λίθος</span>, <span title="pêra" + class="fsn">πήρα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_169" href="#NtA_169">[169]</a> + <p><i>Micromelissa</i> = Small bee; <span title="mikros" + class="fsn">μικρός</span>, <span title="melissa" + class="fsn">μέλισσα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_170" href="#NtA_170">[170]</a> + <p><i>Peromelissa</i> = Pouch-bee; <span title="pêra" + class="fsn">πήρα</span>, <span title="melissa" + class="fsn">μέλισσα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_171" href="#NtA_171">[171]</a> + <p><i>Sethomelissa</i> = Sieve-bee; <span title="sêthô" + class="fsn">σήθω</span>, <span title="melissa" + class="fsn">μέλισσα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_172" href="#NtA_172">[172]</a> + <p><i>Tetrahedrina</i> = Small tetrahedron; <span title="tetraedron" + class="fsn">τετράεδρον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_173" href="#NtA_173">[173]</a> + <p><i>Sethochytris</i> = Sieve-pot; <span title="sêthô" + class="fsn">σήθω</span>, <span title="chytris" + class="fsn">χυτρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_174" href="#NtA_174">[174]</a> + <p><i>Clathrolychnus</i> = Fenestrated lantern; <span title="klêthra" + class="fsn">κλῆθρα</span>, <span title="lychnos" + class="fsn">λύχνος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_175" href="#NtA_175">[175]</a> + <p><i>Sethophormis</i> = Sieve-basket; <span title="sêthô" + class="fsn">σήθω</span>, <span title="phormis" + class="fsn">φορμίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_176" href="#NtA_176">[176]</a> + <p><i>Sethamphora</i> = Sieve-pitcher; <span title="sêthô" + class="fsn">σήθω</span>, <span title="amphoreus" + class="fsn">ἀμφορεύς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_177" href="#NtA_177">[177]</a> + <p><i>Sethopyramis</i> = Sieve-pyramid; <span title="sêthô" + class="fsn">σήθω</span>, <span title="pyramis" + class="fsn">πυραμίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_178" href="#NtA_178">[178]</a> + <p><i>Plectopyramis</i> = Woven pyramid; <span title="plektos" + class="fsn">πλεκτός</span>, <span title="pyramis" + class="fsn">πυραμίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_179" href="#NtA_179">[179]</a> + <p><i>Spongopyramis</i> = Spongy pyramid; <span title="spongos" + class="fsn">σπόγγος</span>, <span title="pyramis" + class="fsn">πυραμίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_180" href="#NtA_180">[180]</a> + <p><i>Acanthocorys</i> = Spiny Helmet; <span title="akantha" + class="fsn">ἄκανθα</span>, <span title="korys" + class="fsn">κόρυς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_181" href="#NtA_181">[181]</a> + <p><i>Arachnocorys</i> = helmet with a cobweb; <span title="arachnê" + class="fsn">ἀράχνη</span>, <span title="korys" + class="fsn">κόρυς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_182" href="#NtA_182">[182]</a> + <p><i>Anthocyrtoma</i> = Flower-arch; <span title="anthos" + class="fsn">ἄνθος</span>, <span title="kyrtôma" + class="fsn">κύρτωμα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_183" href="#NtA_183">[183]</a> + <p><i>Anthocyrtis</i> = Flower-basket; <span title="anthos" + class="fsn">ἄνθος</span>, <span title="kyrtis" + class="fsn">κυρτίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_184" href="#NtA_184">[184]</a> + <p><i>Anthocyrtium</i> = Flower-basket; <span title="anthos" + class="fsn">ἄνθος</span>, <span title="kyrtion" + class="fsn">κύρτιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_185" href="#NtA_185">[185]</a> + <p><i>Anthocyrtidium</i> = Small flower-basket; <span title="anthos" + class="fsn">ἄνθος</span>, <span title="kyrtidion" + class="fsn">κυρτίδιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_186" href="#NtA_186">[186]</a> + <p><i>Carpocanium</i> = Fruit-basket; <span title="karpos" + class="fsn">καρπός</span>, <span title="kaneon" + class="fsn">κάνεον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_187" href="#NtA_187">[187]</a> + <p><i>Sethophæna</i> = Sieve-shell; <span title="sêthô" + class="fsn">σήθω</span>, <span title="phaina" + class="fsn">φαῖνα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_188" href="#NtA_188">[188]</a> + <p><i>Clistophæna</i> = Closed shell; <span class="correction" + title="Original reads '[Greek: s/êthô]'."><span title="kleistos" + class="fsn">κλειστός</span></span>, <span + title="phaina" class="fsn">φαῖνα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_189" href="#NtA_189">[189]</a> + <p><i>Sethoconus</i> = Sieve-cone; <span title="sêthô" + class="fsn">σήθω</span>, <span title="kônos" + class="fsn">κῶνος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_190" href="#NtA_190">[190]</a> + <p><i>Periarachnium</i> = Shell enveloped by cobweb; <span title="peri" + class="fsn">περί</span>, <span title="arachnion" + class="fsn">ἀράχνιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_191" href="#NtA_191">[191]</a> + <p><i>Sethocephalus</i> = Sieve-head; <span title="sêthô" + class="fsn">σήθω</span>, <span title="kephalê" + class="fsn">κεφαλή</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_192" href="#NtA_192">[192]</a> + <p><i>Sethocyrtis</i> = Sieve-basket; <span title="sêthô" + class="fsn">σήθω</span>, <span title="kyrtis" + class="fsn">κυρτίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_193" href="#NtA_193">[193]</a> + <p><i>Sethocorys</i> = Sieve-helmet; <span title="sêthô" + class="fsn">σήθω</span>, <span title="korys" + class="fsn">κόρυς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_194" href="#NtA_194">[194]</a> + <p><i>Lophophæna</i> = Shell with a top-knot; <span title="lophos" + class="fsn">λόφος</span>, <span title="phainô" + class="fsn">φαίνω</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_195" href="#NtA_195">[195]</a> + <p><i>Dictyocephalus</i> = Latticed head; <span title="diktyon" + class="fsn">δίκτυον</span>, <span title="kephalê" + class="fsn">κεφαλή</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_196" href="#NtA_196">[196]</a> + <p><i>Sethocapsa</i> = Sieve-capsule; <span title="sêthô" + class="fsn">σήθω</span>, <span title="kapsa" + class="fsn">κάψα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_197" href="#NtA_197">[197]</a> + <p><i>Dicolocapsa</i> = Two-jointed capsule; <span title="dikôlos" + class="fsn">δίκωλος</span>, <span title="kapsa" + class="fsn">κάψα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_198" href="#NtA_198">[198]</a> + <p><i>Cryptocapsa</i> = Hidden capsule; <span title="kryptos" + class="fsn">κρυπτός</span>, <span title="kapsa" + class="fsn">κάψα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_199" href="#NtA_199">[199]</a> + <p><i>Pterocorys</i> = Helmet with wings; <span title="pteron" + class="fsn">πτερόν</span>, <span title="korys" + class="fsn">κόρυς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_200" href="#NtA_200">[200]</a> + <p><i>Theopilium</i> = Divine hat; <span title="theos" + class="fsn">θεός</span>, <span title="pilion" + class="fsn">πίλιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_201" href="#NtA_201">[201]</a> + <p><i>Corocalyptra</i> = Coif or hood of a girl; <span title="korê" + class="fsn">κόρη</span>, <span title="kalyptra" + class="fsn">κάλυπτρα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_202" href="#NtA_202">[202]</a> + <p><i>Dictyoceras</i> = Reticulated horn; <span title="diktyon" + class="fsn">δίκτυον</span>, <span title="kera" + class="fsn">κέρα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_203" href="#NtA_203">[203]</a> + <p><i>Pteropilium</i> = Small hat with wings; <span title="pteron" + class="fsn">πτερόν</span>, <span title="pilion" + class="fsn">πίλιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_204" href="#NtA_204">[204]</a> + <p><i>Theopodium</i> = Divine foot; <span title="theos" + class="fsn">θεός</span>, <span title="podion" + class="fsn">πόδιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_205" href="#NtA_205">[205]</a> + <p><i>Pterocanium</i> = Basket with wings; <span title="pteron" + class="fsn">πτερόν</span>, <span title="kaneon" + class="fsn">κάνεον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_206" href="#NtA_206">[206]</a> + <p><i>Pterocodon</i> = Bell with wings; <span title="pteron" + class="fsn">πτερόν</span>, <span title="kôdôn" + class="fsn">κώδων</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_207" href="#NtA_207">[207]</a> + <p><i>Dictyocodon</i> = Net-bell; <span title="diktyon" + class="fsn">δίκτυον</span>, <span title="kôdôn" + class="fsn">κώδων</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_208" href="#NtA_208">[208]</a> + <p><i>Pleuropodium</i> = Shell with ribs and feet; <span title="pleura" + class="fsn">πλεῦρα</span>, <span title="podion" + class="fsn">πόδιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_209" href="#NtA_209">[209]</a> + <p><i>Podocyrtis</i> = Basket with feet; <span title="pous" + class="fsn">πούς</span>, <span title="kyrtis" + class="fsn">κυρτίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_210" href="#NtA_210">[210]</a> + <p><i>Thyrsocyrtis</i> = Basket with a thyrsus or apical rod; <span title="thyrsos" + class="fsn">θύρσος</span>, <span title="kyrtis" + class="fsn">κυρτίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_211" href="#NtA_211">[211]</a> + <p><i>Dictyopodium</i> = Shell with latticed feet; <span title="diktyon" + class="fsn">δίκτυον</span>, <span title="podion" + class="fsn">πόδιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_212" href="#NtA_212">[212]</a> + <p><i>Lithornithium</i> = Siliceous bird; <span title="lithos" + class="fsn">λίθος</span>, <span title="ornithion" + class="fsn">ὀρνίθιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_213" href="#NtA_213">[213]</a> + <p><i>Sethornithium</i> = Latticed bird; <span title="sêthô" + class="fsn">σήθω</span>, <span title="ornithion" + class="fsn">ὀρνίθιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_214" href="#NtA_214">[214]</a> + <p><i>Theopera</i> = Divine pouch; <span title="theos" + class="fsn">θεός</span>, <span title="pêra" + class="fsn">πήρα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_215" href="#NtA_215">[215]</a> + <p><i>Rhopalocanium</i> = Basket with clubs; <span title="rhopalon" + class="fsn">ῥόπαλον</span>, <span title="kaneon" + class="fsn">κάνεον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_216" href="#NtA_216">[216]</a> + <p><i>Rhopalatractus</i> = Spindle with clubs; <span title="rhopalon" + class="fsn">ῥόπαλον</span>, <span title="atraktos" + class="fsn">ἄτρακτος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_217" href="#NtA_217">[217]</a> + <p><i>Lithochytris</i> = Pot of silex; <span title="lithos" + class="fsn">λίθος</span>, <span title="chytris" + class="fsn">χυτρίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_218" href="#NtA_218">[218]</a> + <p><i>Theophormis</i> = Divine basket; <span title="theos" + class="fsn">θεός</span>, <span title="phormis" + class="fsn">φορμίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_219" href="#NtA_219">[219]</a> + <p><i>Phormocyrtis</i> = Plaited basket; <span title="phormos" + class="fsn">φορμός</span>, <span title="kyrtis" + class="fsn">κυρτίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_220" href="#NtA_220">[220]</a> + <p><i>Alacorys</i> = Wing-helmet.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_221" href="#NtA_221">[221]</a> + <p><i>Cycladophora</i> = Bearing a female robe; <span title="kyklas" + class="fsn">κυκλάς</span>, <span title="phoros" + class="fsn">φόρος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_222" href="#NtA_222">[222]</a> + <p><i>Calocyclas</i> = Beautiful female robe; <span title="kalos" + class="fsn">καλός</span>, <span title="kyklas" + class="fsn">κυκλάς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_223" href="#NtA_223">[223]</a> + <p><i>Clathrocyclas</i> = Fenestrated female robe; <span title="klêthra" + class="fsn">κλῆθρα</span>, <span title="kyklas" + class="fsn">κυκλάς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_224" href="#NtA_224">[224]</a> + <p><i>Lamprocyclas</i> = Splendid female robe; <span title="lampros" + class="fsn">λαμπρός</span>, <span title="kyklas" + class="fsn">κυκλάς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_225" href="#NtA_225">[225]</a> + <p><i>Diplocyclas</i> = Female robe with a double girdle; <span title="diploos" + class="fsn">δίπλόος</span>, <span title="kyklas" + class="fsn">κυκλάς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_226" href="#NtA_226">[226]</a> + <p><i>Hexalatractus</i> = Spindle with six wings; <span title="hexala" + class="fsn">ἕξαλα</span>, <span title="atraktos" + class="fsn">ἄτρακτος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_227" href="#NtA_227">[227]</a> + <p><i>Theophæna</i> = Divine shell; <span title="theos" + class="fsn">θεός</span>, <span title="phaina" + class="fsn">φαῖνα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_228" href="#NtA_228">[228]</a> + <p><i>Theocalyptra</i> = Divine veil; <span title="theos" + class="fsn">θεός</span>, <span title="kalyptra" + class="fsn">καλύπτρα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_229" href="#NtA_229">[229]</a> + <p><i>Cecryphalium</i> = Net-cap; <span title="kekryphalion" + class="fsn">κεκρυφάλιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_230" href="#NtA_230">[230]</a> + <p><i>Theoconus</i> = Divine cone; <span title="theos" + class="fsn">θεός</span>, <span title="kônos" + class="fsn">κῶνος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_231" href="#NtA_231">[231]</a> + <p><i>Lophoconus</i> = Cone with a crest; <span title="lophos" + class="fsn">λόφος</span>, <span title="kônos" + class="fsn">κῶνος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_232" href="#NtA_232">[232]</a> + <p><i>Theocyrtis</i> = Divine basket; <span title="theos" + class="fsn">θεός</span>, <span title="kyrtis" + class="fsn">κυρτίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_233" href="#NtA_233">[233]</a> + <p><i>Theosyringium</i> = Divine tube; <span title="theos" + class="fsn">θεός</span>, <span title="syringion" + class="fsn">συρίγγιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_234" href="#NtA_234">[234]</a> + <p><i>Lophocyrtis</i> = Basket with a crest; <span title="lophos" + class="fsn">λόφος</span>, <span title="kyrtis" + class="fsn">κυρτίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_235" href="#NtA_235">[235]</a> + <p><i>Tricolocampe</i> = Caterpillar with three joints; <span title="tris" + class="fsn">τρίς</span>, <span title="kôlon" + class="fsn">κῶλον</span>, <span title="kampê" + class="fsn">κάμπη</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_236" href="#NtA_236">[236]</a> + <p><i>Theocorys</i> = Divine helmet; <span title="theos" + class="fsn">θεός</span>, <span title="korys" + class="fsn">κόρυς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_237" href="#NtA_237">[237]</a> + <p><i>Axocorys</i> = Helmet with an internal axis; <span title="axis" + class="fsn">ἄξις</span>, <span title="korys" + class="fsn">κόρυς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_238" href="#NtA_238">[238]</a> + <p><i>Lophocorys</i> = Helmet with a top crest; <span title="lophos" + class="fsn">λόφος</span>, <span title="korys" + class="fsn">κόρυς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_239" href="#NtA_239">[239]</a> + <p><i>Theocampe</i> = Divine caterpillar; <span title="theos" + class="fsn">θεός</span>, <span title="kampê" + class="fsn">κάμπη</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_240" href="#NtA_240">[240]</a> + <p><i>Theocapsa</i> = Divine capsule; <span title="theos" + class="fsn">θεός</span>, <span title="kapsa" + class="fsn">κάψα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_241" href="#NtA_241">[241]</a> + <p><i>Tricolocapsa</i> = Three-jointed capsule; <span title="trikôlon" + class="fsn">τρικῶλον</span>, <span title="kapsa" + class="fsn">κάψα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_242" href="#NtA_242">[242]</a> + <p><i>Phrenocodon</i> = Bell with diaphragm; <span title="phrên" + class="fsn">φρήν</span>, <span title="kôdôn" + class="fsn">κώδων</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_243" href="#NtA_243">[243]</a> + <p><i>Stichopilium</i> = Hat with a row of joints; <span title="stichos" + class="fsn">στίχος</span>, <span title="pilion" + class="fsn">πίλιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_244" href="#NtA_244">[244]</a> + <p><i>Artopilium</i> = Loaf-hat; <span title="artos" + class="fsn">ἄρτος</span>, <span title="pilion" + class="fsn">πίλιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_245" href="#NtA_245">[245]</a> + <p><i>Pteropilium</i> = Winged hat; <span title="pteron" + class="fsn">πτερόν</span>, <span title="pilion" + class="fsn">πίλιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_246" href="#NtA_246">[246]</a> + <p><i>Stichocampe</i> = Caterpillar with a row of joints; <span title="stichos" + class="fsn">στίχος</span>, <span title="kampê" + class="fsn">κάμπη</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_247" href="#NtA_247">[247]</a> + <p><i>Stichopterium</i> = Row-wing; <span title="stichos" + class="fsn">στίχος</span>, <span title="pterion" + class="fsn">πτέριον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_248" href="#NtA_248">[248]</a> + <p><i>Podocampe</i> = Caterpillar with feet; <span title="pous" + class="fsn">πούς</span>, <span title="kampê" + class="fsn">κάμπη</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_249" href="#NtA_249">[249]</a> + <p><i>Stichopodium</i> = Row-foot; <span title="stichos" + class="fsn">στίχος</span>, <span title="podion" + class="fsn">πόδιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_250" href="#NtA_250">[250]</a> + <p><i>Stichopera</i> = Row-pouch; <span title="stichos" + class="fsn">στίχος</span>, <span title="pêra" + class="fsn">πήρα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_251" href="#NtA_251">[251]</a> + <p><i>Cyrtopera</i> = Basket-pouch; <span title="kyrtos" + class="fsn">κύρτος</span>, <span title="pêra" + class="fsn">πήρα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_252" href="#NtA_252">[252]</a> + <p><i>Artopera</i> = Bread-pouch; <span title="artos" + class="fsn">ἄρτος</span>, <span title="pêra" + class="fsn">πήρα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_253" href="#NtA_253">[253]</a> + <p><i>Stichophormis</i> = Row-basket; <span title="stichos" + class="fsn">στίχος</span>, <span title="phormis" + class="fsn">φορμίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_254" href="#NtA_254">[254]</a> + <p><i>Phormocampe</i> = Latticed caterpillar; <span title="phormos" + class="fsn">φόρμος</span>, <span title="kampê" + class="fsn">κάμπη</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_255" href="#NtA_255">[255]</a> + <p><i>Artophormis</i> = Bread-basket; <span title="artos" + class="fsn">ἄρτος</span>, <span title="phormis" + class="fsn">φορμίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_256" href="#NtA_256">[256]</a> + <p><i>Cyrtophormis</i> = Plaited-basket; <span title="kyrtos" + class="fsn">κύρτος</span>, <span title="phormis" + class="fsn">φορμίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_257" href="#NtA_257">[257]</a> + <p><i>Artophæna</i> = Bread-shell; <span title="artos" + class="fsn">ἄρτος</span>, <span title="phaina" + class="fsn">φαῖνα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_258" href="#NtA_258">[258]</a> + <p><i>Stichophæna</i> = Row-shell; <span title="stichos" + class="fsn">στίχος</span>, <span title="phaina" + class="fsn">φαῖνα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_259" href="#NtA_259">[259]</a> + <p><i>Lithostrobus</i> = Cone of silex; <span title="lithos" + class="fsn">λίθος</span>, <span title="strobos" + class="fsn">στρόβος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_260" href="#NtA_260">[260]</a> + <p><i>Dictyomitra</i> = Net-cap; <span title="diktyon" + class="fsn">δίκτυον</span>, <span title="mitra" + class="fsn">μίτρα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_261" href="#NtA_261">[261]</a> + <p><i>Stichocorys</i> = Row-helmet; <span title="stichos" + class="fsn">στίχος</span>, <span title="korys" + class="fsn">κόρυς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_262" href="#NtA_262">[262]</a> + <p><i>Artostrobus</i> = Bread-cone; <span title="artos" + class="fsn">ἄρτος</span>, <span title="strobos" + class="fsn">στρόβος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_263" href="#NtA_263">[263]</a> + <p><i>Lithomitra</i> = Stone-cap; <span title="lithos" + class="fsn">λίθος</span>, <span title="mitra" + class="fsn">μίτρα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_264" href="#NtA_264">[264]</a> + <p><i>Eucyrtidium</i> = Nice small basket; <span title="eu" + class="fsn">εὖ</span>, <span title="kyrtidion" + class="fsn">κυρτίδιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_265" href="#NtA_265">[265]</a> + <p><i>Eusyringium</i> = Nice small tube; <span title="eu" class="fsn">εὖ</span>, + <span title="syringion" class="fsn">συρίγγιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_266" href="#NtA_266">[266]</a> + <p><i>Siphocampe</i> = Caterpillar with a tube; <span title="siphôn" + class="fsn">σίφων</span>, <span title="kampê" + class="fsn">κάμπη</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_267" href="#NtA_267">[267]</a> + <p><i>Lithocampe</i> = Stone-caterpillar; <span title="lithos" + class="fsn">λίθος</span>, <span title="kampê" + class="fsn">κάμπη</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_268" href="#NtA_268">[268]</a> + <p><i>Spirocyrtis</i> = Spiral basket; <span title="speira" + class="fsn">σπεῖρα</span>, <span title="kyrtis" + class="fsn">κυρτίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_269" href="#NtA_269">[269]</a> + <p><i>Spirocampe</i> = Spiral caterpillar; <span title="speira" + class="fsn">σπεῖρα</span>, <span title="kampê" + class="fsn">κάμπη</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_270" href="#NtA_270">[270]</a> + <p><i>Cyrtocapsa</i> = Basket-capsule; <span title="kyrtos" + class="fsn">κύρτος</span>, <span title="kapsa" + class="fsn">κάψα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_271" href="#NtA_271">[271]</a> + <p><i>Stichocapsa</i> = Jointed capsule; <span title="stichos" + class="fsn">στίχος</span>, <span title="kapsa" + class="fsn">κάψα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_272" href="#NtA_272">[272]</a> + <p><i>Artocapsa</i> = Bread-shaped capsule; <span title="artos" + class="fsn">ἄρτος</span>, <span title="kapsa" + class="fsn">κάψα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_273" href="#NtA_273">[273]</a> + <p>Ueber die Phæodarien, eine neue Gruppe kieselschaliger mariner Rhizopoden, <i>Sitzungsb. + med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena</i>, December 12, 1879, pp. 3, 4.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_274" href="#NtA_274">[274]</a> + <p><i>Phæocolla</i> = Brown jelly; <span title="phaios" + class="fsn">φαιός</span>, <span title="kolla" + class="fsn">κόλλα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_275" href="#NtA_275">[275]</a> + <p><i>Phæodina</i> = Provided with brown pigment; <span title="phaiôdion" + class="fsn">φαιώδιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_276" href="#NtA_276">[276]</a> + <p><i>Cannobelos</i> = Bearing hollow tubular arrows; <span title="kanna" + class="fsn">κάννα</span>, <span title="belos" + class="fsn">βέλος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_277" href="#NtA_277">[277]</a> + <p><i>Cannorrhaphis</i> = Bearing hollow tubular needles; <span title="kanna" + class="fsn">κάννα</span>, <span title="rhaphis" + class="fsn">ῥαφίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_278" href="#NtA_278">[278]</a> + <p><i>Catinulus</i> = Small cup or dish.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_279" href="#NtA_279">[279]</a> + <p><i>Mesocena</i> = Hollow in the centre, annular; <span title="meson" + class="fsn">μέσον</span>, <span title="kenos" + class="fsn">κενός</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_280" href="#NtA_280">[280]</a> + <p><i>Dictyocha</i> = Net-possessing; <span title="diktyon" + class="fsn">δίκτυον</span>, <span title="echô" + class="fsn">ἔχω</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_281" href="#NtA_281">[281]</a> + <p><i>Distephanus</i> = Double corona; <span title="distephanos" + class="fsn">διστέφανος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_282" href="#NtA_282">[282]</a> + <p><i>Cannopilus</i> = Hat with tubes; <span title="kanna" + class="fsn">κάννα</span>, <span title="pilos" + class="fsn">πίλος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_283" href="#NtA_283">[283]</a> + <p><i>Aulactinium</i> = With radial tubes; <span title="aulos" + class="fsn">ἀυλός</span>, <span title="achtis" + class="fsn">ἀχτίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_284" href="#NtA_284">[284]</a> + <p><i>Aulacantha</i> = Tubular spine; <span title="aulos" + class="fsn">ἀυλός</span>, <span title="akantha" + class="fsn">ἄκανθα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_285" href="#NtA_285">[285]</a> + <p><i>Aulographis</i> = Tubular style; <span title="aulos" + class="fsn">ἀυλός</span>, <span title="graphis" + class="fsn">γραφίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_286" href="#NtA_286">[286]</a> + <p><i>Auloceros</i> = Tubular horn; <span title="aulos" + class="fsn">ἀυλός</span>, <span title="kerôs" + class="fsn">κέρως</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_287" href="#NtA_287">[287]</a> + <p><i>Aulospathis</i> = Tube with whirls; <span title="aulos" + class="fsn">ἀυλός</span>, <span title="spathis" + class="fsn">σπαθίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_288" href="#NtA_288">[288]</a> + <p><i>Aulodendron</i> = Tubular tree; <span title="aulos" + class="fsn">ἀυλός</span>, <span title="dendron" + class="fsn">δένδρον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_289" href="#NtA_289">[289]</a> + <p><i>Orona</i> = Hilly or tuberculate shell; <span title="oros" + class="fsn">ὄρος</span>, <span title="ônê" + class="fsn">ὠνή</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_290" href="#NtA_290">[290]</a> + <p><i>Orosphæra</i> = Sphere with hilly elevation; <span title="oros" + class="fsn">ὄρος</span>, <span title="sphaira" + class="fsn">σφαῖρα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_291" href="#NtA_291">[291]</a> + <p><i>Oroscena</i> = Shell with tent-shaped elevations; <span title="oros" + class="fsn">ὄρος</span>, <span title="skênê" + class="fsn">σκηνή</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_292" href="#NtA_292">[292]</a> + <p>In the plate the number is omitted by mistake. The figure is above in the middle.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_293" href="#NtA_293">[293]</a> + <p><i>Oroplegma</i> = Hilly shell of framework; <span title="oros" + class="fsn">ὄρος</span>, <span title="plegma" + class="fsn">πλέγμα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_294" href="#NtA_294">[294]</a> + <p><i>Sagena</i> = Drag-net; <span title="sagênê" class="fsn">σαγήνη</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_295" href="#NtA_295">[295]</a> + <p><i>Sagosphæra</i> = Spherical armour; <span title="sagê" + class="fsn">σάγη</span>, <span title="sphaira" + class="fsn">σφαῖρα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_296" href="#NtA_296">[296]</a> + <p><i>Sagoscena</i> = Armour with tents; <span title="sagê" + class="fsn">σάγη</span>, <span title="skênê" + class="fsn">σκηνή</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_297" href="#NtA_297">[297]</a> + <p><i>Sagenoscena</i> = Net with tents; <span title="sagênê" + class="fsn">σαγήνη</span>, <span title="skênê" + class="fsn">σκηνή</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_298" href="#NtA_298">[298]</a> + <p><i>Sagmarium</i> = Covering of a shield, armour; <span title="sagmarion" + class="fsn">σαγμάριον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_299" href="#NtA_299">[299]</a> + <p><i>Sagmidium</i> = Small armour, military clock; <span title="sagmidion" + class="fsn">σαγμίδιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_300" href="#NtA_300">[300]</a> + <p><i>Sagoplegma</i> = Armour of framework; <span title="sagê" + class="fsn">σάγη</span>, <span title="plegma" + class="fsn">πλέγμα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_301" href="#NtA_301">[301]</a> + <p><i>Aularia</i> = Tubular shell; <span title="aularia" + class="fsn">ἀυλάρια</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_302" href="#NtA_302">[302]</a> + <p><i>Aulosphæra</i> = Tubular sphere; <span title="aulos" + class="fsn">ἀυλός</span>, <span title="sphaira" + class="fsn">σφαῖρα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_303" href="#NtA_303">[303]</a> + <p><i>Auloscena</i> = Tubular tent; <span title="aulos" + class="fsn">ἀυλός</span>, <span title="skênê" + class="fsn">σκηνή</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_304" href="#NtA_304">[304]</a> + <p><i>Auloplegma</i> = Tubular framework; <span title="aulos" + class="fsn">ἀυλός</span>, <span title="plegma" + class="fsn">πλέγμα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_305" href="#NtA_305">[305]</a> + <p><i>Aulophacus</i> = Tubular lens; <span title="aulos" + class="fsn">ἀυλός</span>, <span title="phakos" + class="fsn">φακός</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_306" href="#NtA_306">[306]</a> + <p><i>Aulatractus</i> = Spindle composed of tubes; <span title="aulos" + class="fsn">ἀυλός</span>, <span title="atraktos" + class="fsn">ἄτρακτος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_307" href="#NtA_307">[307]</a> + <p><i>Aulonia</i> = Tubular object; <span title="aulos" + class="fsn">ἀυλός</span>, <span title="ônion" + class="fsn">ὠνίον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_308" href="#NtA_308">[308]</a> + <p><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Aulastrus'."><i>Aulastrum</i></span> = + Tubular star; <span title="aulos" class="fsn">ἀυλός</span>, + <span title="astron" class="fsn">ἄστρον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_309" href="#NtA_309">[309]</a> + <p><i>Aulodictyum</i> = Tubular net; <span title="aulos" + class="fsn">ἀυλός</span>, <span title="diktyon" + class="fsn">δίκτυον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_310" href="#NtA_310">[310]</a> + <p><i>Cannosphæra</i> = Sphere with tubules; <span title="kanna" + class="fsn">κάννα</span>, <span title="sphaira" + class="fsn">σφαῖρα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_311" href="#NtA_311">[311]</a> + <p><i>Cœlacantha</i> = Hollow spine; <span title="koilos" + class="fsn">κοιλός</span>, <span title="akantha" + class="fsn">ἄκανθα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_312" href="#NtA_312">[312]</a> + <p><i>Lithogromia</i> = Siliceous <i>Gromia</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_313" href="#NtA_313">[313]</a> + <p><i>Entocannula</i> Shell with an internal tube.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_314" href="#NtA_314">[314]</a> + <p><i>Pharyngella</i> = Shell with an internal pharynx.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_315" href="#NtA_315">[315]</a> + <p><i>Porcupinia</i>, in memory of H.M.S. "Porcupine" by which the first British deep-sea + explorations were carried out during the years 1869 and 1870.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_316" href="#NtA_316">[316]</a> + <p><i>Cortinetta</i> = Diminutive of <i>Cortina</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_317" href="#NtA_317">[317]</a> + <p><i>Medusetta</i> = Small Medusa.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_318" href="#NtA_318">[318]</a> + <p><i>Euphysetta</i> = Diminutive of <i>Euphysa</i> (a Medusa).</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_319" href="#NtA_319">[319]</a> + <p><i>Gazelletta</i> = Named in memory of the German ship "Gazelle," which was engaged in + deep-sea soundings during the years 1874 to 1876, under the command of Captain Schleinitz + (Naturalist, Professor Studer).</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_320" href="#NtA_320">[320]</a> + <p><i>Gorgonetta</i> = Diminutive of <i>Gorgo</i>, Medusa.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_321" href="#NtA_321">[321]</a> + <p><i>Polypetta</i> = Diminutive of <i>Polypus</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_322" href="#NtA_322">[322]</a> + <p><i>Castanarium</i> = Shell similar to a chestnut, <i>Castanea</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_323" href="#NtA_323">[323]</a> + <p><i>Castanella</i> = Diminutive of <i>Castanea</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_324" href="#NtA_324">[324]</a> + <p><i>Castanidium</i> = Small chestnut; <span title="kastanidion" + class="fsn">καστανίδιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_325" href="#NtA_325">[325]</a> + <p><i>Castanissa</i> = Diminutive of <i>Castanea</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_326" href="#NtA_326">[326]</a> + <p><i>Castanopsis</i> = Shell similar to a chestnut; <span title="kastanon" + class="fsn">κάστανον</span>, <span title="opsis" + class="fsn">ὄψις</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_327" href="#NtA_327">[327]</a> + <p><i>Castanura</i> = Chestnut with tails; <span title="kastanon" + class="fsn">κάστανον</span>, <span title="oura" + class="fsn">ὀυρά</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_328" href="#NtA_328">[328]</a> + <p><i>Circoporus</i> = Shell with circles of pores; <span title="kirkos" + class="fsn">κίρκος</span>, <span title="poros" + class="fsn">πόρος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_329" href="#NtA_329">[329]</a> + <p><i>Circospathis</i> = Shell with verticils around the spines; <span title="kirkos" + class="fsn">κίρκος</span>, <span title="spathis" + class="fsn">σπαθίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_330" href="#NtA_330">[330]</a> + <p><i>Circogonia</i> = Polyhedron with circles of pores; <span title="kirkos" + class="fsn">κίρκος</span>, <span title="gônia" + class="fsn">γωνία</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_331" href="#NtA_331">[331]</a> + <p><i>Circorrhegma</i> = Shell with circles of fissures; <span title="kirkos" + class="fsn">κίρκος</span>, <span title="rhêgma" + class="fsn">ῥῆγμα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_332" href="#NtA_332">[332]</a> + <p><i>Circostephanus</i> = Shell with circular coronets; <span title="kirkos" + class="fsn">κίρκος</span>, <span title="stephanos" + class="fsn">στέφανος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_333" href="#NtA_333">[333]</a> + <p><i>Tuscarora</i>, named from the American ship "Tuscarora," commanded by Captain Belknap, + which made a splendid series of deep-sea soundings in the Pacific Ocean in 1875.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_334" href="#NtA_334">[334]</a> + <p><i>Tuscarusa</i>, derivation from <i>Tuscarora</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_335" href="#NtA_335">[335]</a> + <p><i>Tuscaridium</i>, derivation from <i>Tuscarora</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_336" href="#NtA_336">[336]</a> + <p><i>Concharium</i> = Small mussel; <span title="koncharion" + class="fsn">κογχάριον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_337" href="#NtA_337">[337]</a> + <p><i>Conchasma</i> = Bivalved shell-fish; <span title="konchasma" + class="fsn">κογχάσμα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_338" href="#NtA_338">[338]</a> + <p><i>Conchellium</i> = Small bivalved mussel; <span title="konchellion" + class="fsn">κογχέλλιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_339" href="#NtA_339">[339]</a> + <p><i>Conchidium</i> = Similar to a bivalved mollusc; <span title="konchidion" + class="fsn">κογχίδιον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_340" href="#NtA_340">[340]</a> + <p><i>Conchonia</i> = Bivalved shell like a mussel; <span title="konchê" + class="fsn">κόγχη</span>, <span title="onia" + class="fsn">ὄνια</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_341" href="#NtA_341">[341]</a> + <p><i>Conchopsis</i> = Similar to a bivalved shell-fish or mussel; <span title="konchê" + class="fsn">κόγχη</span>, <span title="opsis" + class="fsn">ὄψις</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_342" href="#NtA_342">[342]</a> + <p><i>Conchoceras</i> = Mussel with horns; <span title="konchê" + class="fsn">κόγχη</span>, <span title="keras" + class="fsn">κέρας</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_343" href="#NtA_343">[343]</a> + <p><i>Cœlodoras</i> = Hollow spear; <span title="koilos" + class="fsn">κοίλος</span>, <span title="doras" + class="fsn">δόρας</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_344" href="#NtA_344">[344]</a> + <p><i>Cœlodendrum</i> = Hollow tree; <span title="koilos" + class="fsn">κοίλος</span>, <span title="dendron" + class="fsn">δένδρον</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_345" href="#NtA_345">[345]</a> + <p><i>Cœlodrymus</i> = Forest of hollow trees, <span title="koilos" + class="fsn">κοίλος</span>, <span title="drymos" + class="fsn">δρυμός</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_346" href="#NtA_346">[346]</a> + <p><i>Cœlodasea</i> = Hollow thicket, <span title="koilos" + class="fsn">κοίλος</span>, <span title="dasea" + class="fsn">δάσεα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_347" href="#NtA_347">[347]</a> + <p><i>Cœlotholus</i> = Hollow cupola; <span title="koilos" + class="fsn">κοίλος</span>, <span title="tholos" + class="fsn">θόλος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_348" href="#NtA_348">[348]</a> + <p><i>Cœlothauma</i> = Hollow wonder; <span title="koilos" + class="fsn">κοίλος</span>, <span title="thauma" + class="fsn">θαῦμα</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_349" href="#NtA_349">[349]</a> + <p><i>Cœlothamnus</i> = Hollow thicket; <span title="koilos" + class="fsn">κοίλος</span>, <span title="thamnos" + class="fsn">θάμνος</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_350" href="#NtA_350">[350]</a> + <p><i>Cœlographis</i> = Hollow style; <span title="koilos" + class="fsn">κοίλος</span>, <span title="graphis" + class="fsn">γραφίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_351" href="#NtA_351">[351]</a> + <p><i>Cœlospathis</i> = Hollow whorl; <span title="koilos" + class="fsn">κοίλος</span>, <span title="spathis" + class="fsn">σπαθίς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_352" href="#NtA_352">[352]</a> + <p><i>Cœlodecas</i> = Shell with ten hollow styles; <span title="koilos" + class="fsn">κοίλος</span>, <span title="dekas" + class="fsn">δεκάς</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_353" href="#NtA_353">[353]</a> + <p><i>Cœlostylus</i> = Hollow style; <span title="koilos" + class="fsn">κοίλος</span>, <span title="stylos" + class="fsn">στύλος</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_354" href="#NtA_354">[354]</a> + <p><i>Cœloplegma</i> = Hollow framework; <span title="koilos" + class="fsn">κοίλος</span>, <span title="plegma" + class="fsn">πλέγμα</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_355" href="#NtA_355">[355]</a> + <p><i>Cœlagalma</i> = Hollow ornament: <span title="koilos" + class="fsn">κοίλος</span>, <span title="agalma" + class="fsn">ἄγαλμα</span>.</p> + </div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44526 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/44526-h/images/cover.jpg b/44526-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 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